IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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PhotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WeBSTeil,N.Y.  I45S0 

(716)  •72-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  c  which  nr.sy  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
S 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  peiiicui^e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  init  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6tA  fiim^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 

n 


D 


D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  peliiculAes 


~T]    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
'    Pages  d^colories,  tachet^es  ou  piqu6es 


Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachdes 


r~^    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit^  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I    Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Th 
to 


Th 
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of 
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Or 
be 
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fin 
sio 
or 


Th( 
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Ma 
difl 
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befl 
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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

>/ 

12X 


16X 


2DX 


24X 


28X 


32X 


aire 

'<  details 
ues  du 
t  modifier 
ger  une 
t  filmago 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanlcs 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Dana  Porter  Arts  Library 
Univanity  of  Waterloo 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quelity 
possible  considering  the  condition  end  legibillty 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  fiim6  f ut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArositt  de: 

Dana  Porter  Arts  Library 
University  of  Waterloo 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  le  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  fiimi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
flimage. 


lies 


OriginsI  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrsted  Impres- 
sion, or  the  bacit  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exempiaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  fiimte  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustretion,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exempiaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


re 


Meps,  pistes,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  retios.  Those  too  lerge  to  be 
entirely  included  In  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diegrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  difftrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciichA,  11  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cesssire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  le  mAthode. 


y  errata 
id  to 

It 

ie  pelure, 

9on  A 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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CO 


OMB  OP  THK 

LOi 


Tuite  le  in 
facolta  dell'  a 
zione  delie  ide 


DICTIONARY, 


PRACTICAL,  THEORETICAL,  AND  HISTORICAL, 


OP 


COMMERCE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL    NAVIGATION. 


i 


BV 


\« 


J.   R.    MCCULLOCH,  ESQ. 


\ 


EDITED  BY 


Hi^NRY  VETHAKE,  LL.D. 


ONK  OF  THE  PROFESSORS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA;  MEMBER  OF  THE  AMERICAN  PH(- 
LOSOPHICAL  society;  author  OF  A  TREATISE  ON  POLITICAL  ECONOMY;  ETC. 


Tune  le  invenzloni  Ic  piA  benemnritc  del  genere  umano,  e  che  hanno  svillupato  I'in^ngno  e  la 
fncnltft  deir  animo  nostro,  sono  quelle  che  accnstano  I'  uomo  all'  uomo,  e  facilitano  la  cominunica- 
zione  delle  idee,  dei  biaogni,  dei  sentimenti,  e  riducano  il  genere  umano  a  inassa.  Vebbi. 


IN   TWO   VOLUMES. 
VOL.  I. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
THOMAS  WARDLE,  15  MINOR  STREET. 


/ oc  / 

v.  / 


STEREOTYPED  DV  L.  JOHNSON. 


184  0.  Pro- 


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r    .;' 


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Un;vc.-..-y  oi 


J.  I  JV 


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i 


"TliMiiirli  iiiiiiH'diiitcly  and  prininrily  written  fi)r  tlip  inprrtiantf,  lliis  Comniprrial  Dirtionary  will  ho 
of  use  Id  ivcry  man  i)t'  hiisincss  or  cif  ciirinsity.  'I'luTi'  is  no  man  who  is  no!  in  sipinc  dt'LTcc  a  nicr- 
I  liaril  :  \\  Im  liaH  nul  sonii'lliiii)!  ti>  Imy  and  sdnirtliinu  t<i  sril,  and  wIid  dix'M  nut  llii'rcf'uri-  want  sncli 
irisiriic'iiiins  a:*  may  tcacli  him  tlii!  trnc  valnc  of  imsHcs.sions  iir  loinmndilit's.  'I'lii'  drsi  ri|iti<inH  ot'tlit* 
irlli  and  wati'r  whiili  this  vcdnim'  runt  lin.x.  may  lii'  ninally  |ili'asnii:  and  iimMiiI 
(ilhiT  iNatnral  llititory.  'I'lic  ili'siri|ili(ins  ol'  |iiirlsand  lilics  may  in>lrm  t 
.1,..  ...^..-.w..: ,1  ,...1 t.;..  .......    ....^....... I  ti... 


pr.'iliiilidiis  dl'  llic 
I  llii'  s|ic'rnlalisl  »  illi  any 


Im  iIii'  s|ic'riilaiisl  »  illi  any  ciihiT  iNatnral  lliiitiiry.  'i'lic  ili'sirijilidiis  nf  piirls  and  lilics  may  in>lrni  ( 
till'  i.'>'ci(ria|iln'r  as  wril  as  it'  tlicy  were  t'liiiiid  in  Imoks  a|>|irci|irialc^d  oidy  In  liis  own  S(  ii'iiic ;  ami  lln- 
iliM'iriiii'S  Ml' Inmls.  insiiraini'K,  ciirri'iicy,  ni<>nn|iMlirs,  i'\i'liani.'i'H,  and  dniirs,  is  sci  dim  issary  to  tli<! 
|iidili('ian.  Ilial  witlnnil  it  In;  can  liu  uf  no  iitiu  (jitliur  in  tlie  council  or  lliu  ^cnali',  imr  can  Kjipuk  or 
ttiink  jiislly  I'ilhcr  on  war  or  trade. 

■  We,  tlieret'ore,  liojir  that  we  shall  not  repent  the  lalionr  of  ronipilinc  this  work,  nor  Halter  onr- 
- '  '•  ,  in  prediiiimi  a  I'avoiiralde  recepliMn  to  a  liMok  which  no  condition  of  lif 


Hi'lves  nnreasonalily,  in  prednilni;  a  lavoiirajde  receplion 

iia>  conlrilinte  to  Ihc^  adraiila|,'e  ol  an  iiiai  niaKe  or  ri'ceive  laws.  oi  an  inai 

Imy  or  sell,  of  all  that  wish  to  kuup  or  iiiiprovu  their  pus^vssiuiis,  of  all  lliat  desire  to  he  rich,  and  all 


th;il  desire  to  he  wise.' 


JuilNSUN,  Vrefaceto  Hull's  Diet. 


Entered  accordhiK  to  Act  of  (;on|;resi),  in  the  year  If'Sd,  hy 

Thomas  W  uini.i:, 

in  the  Clerk's  Ollice  of  the  District  Conrt  of  the  Kaslerii  District  of  I'eiinsvlvania. 


In  o( 
Comme 
and  plai 
author's 

With 
fined  hii 
citizens, 
artichis 
Imports 
articles 
ralty  Co 

Tiiere 
procurini 
Besides  1 
Treasury 
consulted 
our  large 
"  Financi 
fjister,"  c 
contains  i 
injr  tilt)  i 
Hazard's 
weekly  r 
patronagf 

It  is  p 
Enirlish  { 
time,  a  p; 
in  the  i)( 
second  V( 
lions  by  1 
article  Fi 
others,  a] 
brought  (] 


PREFACE 


OP 


THE   AMERICAN   EDITOR. 


In  offering  to  the  public  an  American  edition  of  Mr.  M'CuUoch's  valuable 
Commercial  Dictionary,  it  is  unnecessary  to  add  any  thing,  concerning  tlic  object 
and  plan  of  the  work,  to  what  will  be  found  in  the  s\ibjoined  extracts  from  the 
author's  prefaces  to  the  several  editions  of  it  wiiich  have  appeared  in  England. 

With  respect  to  the  labours  of  the  present  editor,  he  has  for  the  most  part  con- 
fined himself  to  matters  relating  to  his  own  country,  or  of  especial  intt>rest  to  its 
citizens.  Considerable  information  of  this  nature  will  be  found  appended  to  the 
articles  Aliens,  IJanking,  ('oal,  Coins,  Cotton,  Importation  and  I'^xportation, 
Imports  and  Exports,  Iron,  Roads,  Silk,  and  TarilT,  as  well  as  others.  A  few 
articles  have  been  inserted  on  sul)jects  not  treated  by  the  author ;  such  as  Admi- 
ralty Courts,  Liverpool,  London,  &c. 

Tiiere  is,  generally  speaking,  an  extreme  dilficulty  in  the  United  States  of 
procuring  statistical  information,  which  may  i)o  depended  upon  for  its  accuracy. 
Besides  tiie  reports,  from  time  to  time  made  to  Congress,  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  by  committees  of  that  body,  the  principal  sources  that  have  been 
consulted  for  the  purpose  are  the  commercial  newspapers  i)ublished  in  some  of 
our  large  cities,  particularly  the  Philadelphia  Commercial  List, — Mr.  Ilaguet's 
"  Financial  Register, — and  the  "  United  States  Commercial  and  Statistical  Re- 
gister," edited  by  Samuel  Hazard.  Tlie  former  of  the  two  works  just  mentioned 
contains  a  greater  mass  of  facts,  mingled  witli  mucii  valuable  dis(piisition,  respect- 
ing the  subjects  to  which  it  is  devoted,  tlian  is  to  be  found  elsewhere.  Mr. 
Hazard's  work  has  just  reached  the  close  of  its  first  volume.  It  is  published  in 
weekly  numbers,  abounds  in  useful  information,  and  is  deserving  of  extensive 
patronage. 

It  is  proper  to  mention  that  this  American  has  been  reprinted  from  the  last 
English  edition.  Tiie  supplement  to  this,  however,  not  having  been  received  in 
time,  a  page  or  two  was  unavoidably  omitted  to  be  incorporated  with  tlie  rest  of  it 
in  the  body  of  the  work,  hut  will  be  found  in  a  supplement  at  the  end  of  the 
second  volume.  In  the  same  supplement,  too,  the  reader  will  find  further  addi- 
tions by  the  American  editor ;  some  of  which,  relating  to  the  United  States,  (the 
article  Fish,  for  example,)  could  not  be  prepared  for  an  earlier  insertion;  and 
others,  again,  consist  of  the  statistics  of  the  commerce  of  certain  foreign  ports, 
brought  down  to  a  later  date  than  is  given  by  the  author. 

iii 


B 

(A 

■ 

i 

\ 


EXTRACTS 


FROM   THE 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION 


Tt  has  tirrn  llic  wish  of  the  Autlior  ami  PiiltlishiTs  of  this  Work,  that  it  should  ho  an 
cxtoiisivi'ly  iisclul  as  |)ns.sihlo.  If  they  he  not  dcccivi'd  in  thoir  rxprctations,  it  may  be 
advantaRfously  cniiiloycd,  as  a  sort  of  nide  miciitii,  l>y  nu'rchaiits,  tradi'rs,  ship-ownrrs,  and 
slii|)-iiiasl('rs,  ill  condiu'tiiiu;  the  di'taiis  of  their  n'spi-clivc  l)usiiicsscs.  It  is  hoju'd,  howrver, 
tliat  this  oliji'c't  has  hci'n  altaiiicd  witliout  omitliiiLt  the  coiisidrration  of  any  ti>]iic,  incident 
to  the  sulijfct,  that  srcnicd  cak-uiated  to  niajits  the  hook  generally  serviceable,  and  to  reconi- 
inend  it  to  the!  attention  of  all  ela^sses. 

J I  id  our  oliject  been  merely  to  consider  commert'c  as  a  srienee,  or  to  inves|ii;atp  its  prin- 
ciplis,  we  should  nut  have  adopted  the  form  of  a  Uielionary.  Unt  eommerce  is  not  a 
f-'ciiuee  <»nly,  l)Ut  also  an  (irl  of  the  utmicit  praeti('ai)le  importance,  and  in  the  prosecution 
of  which  a.  very  lart;e  pro|)ortion  of  the  population  of  every  civilist-d  country  is  actively 
eriiriiired.  Hence,  to  be  generally  useful,  a  work  on  eonnuerce  shouhl  combine  practice, 
theory,  and  history,  IJillereut  readers  may  resort  to  it  for  ditlerent  pur])oses  ;  and  ivery 
4ine  slioidd  be  alile  to  fnul  in  it  clear  and  accurate  infonnalion,  whether  his  object  l)e  to  make 
liiinself  familiar  with  di'taiis,  to  ac(iuire  a  knowledije  of  principles,  or  to  learn  the  revolu- 
tions that  have  taken  place  in  the  various  departments  of  trade. 

'i'he  followiujj;  short  outline  of  what  this  Work  contains  may  enable  the  reader  toestimate 
the  probability  of  its  fulliliiuK  tlu^  objects  for  which  it  has  been  intended: — 

I.  It  contains  accounts  of  the  various  articles  which  fi>rm  the  subject  matter  of  com- 
mercial transactions.  To  their  English  names  are,  for  the  most  part,  subjoiucd  tluiir  synony- 
mous appelliitions  in  French,  (ierman,  Italian,  Russian,  Spanish,  <Vc. ;  and  sometimes, also, 
in  .Arabic,  Hindoo,  Chinese,  and  other  Eastern  languages.  We  have  endeavoured,  by  con- 
sulliiit;  the  best  authorities,  to  make  the  descri|)tions  of  commodities  as  accurate  as  possible; 
and  have  pointed  out  the  tests  or  marks  by  which  their  goodness  may  be  ascertained.  The 
places  wiiere  they  are  produced  are  alsospecifu-d  ;  the  ([uantities  exported  from  such  |)laccs; 
and  tin"  ditlerent  regulations,  duties,  <?cc.  alfecting  their  iin|)ortatioii  and  exportation,  have 
been  carefully  stated,  and  their  inlluence  examined.  The  jjrices  of  nu.  ,:r  ides  h.ivc  been 
given,  sometimes  lor  a  lengtheiu'd  period.  Historical  notices  are  insertv;d  !iustrati\o  of  the 
rise  and  progress  of  the  trade  in  the  most  important  artich's ;  and  it  is  ho,ied,  that  the  in- 
formation embodied  iu  these  notices  will  be  found  to  be  as  authentic  as  it  is  interestiug, 

II.  The  Work  contains  a  general  article  on  Commkuci:,  explanatory  of  its  nature,  prin- 
ciples, and  objects,  and  embracing  an  in(|uiry  into  the  policy  of  restrictions  intended  to  pro- 
mote industry  at  home,  or  to  advance  the  public  interests  by  excluding  or  restraining  foreign 
competition.  Exclusive,  however,  of  this  general  article,  we  have  separately  examined  the 
operation  of  the  existing  restrictions  on  the  trade  in  particular  articles,  and  with  particular 
countries,  in  the  accounts  of  those  articles,  and  o'"  the  great  sca-jjort  towns  belonging  to  the 
countries  referred  to.  There  must  of  course,  be  more  or  less  of  sameness  in  the  discussion 
of  such  points,  the  princijile  which  runs  through  them  l)eing  identical.  But  in  a  Dictionary 
this  is  of  no  consetjuence.  'I'he  reader  seldom  consults  more  than  one  or  two  articles  at  ii 
time ;  and  it  is  of  inlinitely  more  im))ortaiice  to  bring  the  whole  subject  at  once  before  liini, 
than  to  seek  to  avoid  the  appearance  of  repetition  by  n-ferring  Iroui  one  article  to  another. 
In  this  Work  such  references  are  made  as  seldom  as  possible. 

III.  The  articles  which  more  jiarticularly  refer  to  conunercial  navigation  are  Avkuagk, 
Bills  ok  L.\iii.n(;,  Bottomiiv,  CuAitTKiii'AUTv,  EiiKUiUT,  Mastku,  Navication  Laws, 
OwNKiis,  Hi:(iisTHv,  Salvaui;,  Skamk.n,  iSiiii's,  Wiikck,  &.C.  These  articles  embrace  a 
pretty  full  exposition  of  the  law  as  to  shipping  :  we  have  particularly  endeavoured  to  exhibit 
the  |)rivileges  enjoyed  by  British  sliips;  the  conditions  and  formalities,  the  observance  of 
which  is  necessary  to  the  ac([uisition  and  preservation  of  such  privileges,  and  to  the  trans- 
ference of  |)roperty  in  ships ;  the  responsibilities  incurrei!  by  the  masters  and  owners  in 
their  capacity  of  public  carriers ;  and  the  reciprocal  duties  and  obligations  of  owners,  nias- 

a  2  V 


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1 


tl  PKEFACE. 

tors  anil  Rramrn.  In  thin  (Ippnrfmoni,  wt>  lui\c  iiiiuli'  rnnsiiJrrnMo  hit  of  the  trratiHO  of 
liortl  'IViittrdcii  on  tlif  hnw  of  S|ii|)|iinfr, — a  work  that  rfllfctM  very  ureal  rrnlit  on  t\w 
Icureiinn  and  tali'nU  of  its  noMo  aiillior.  Tin-  Konistry  Act  ami  llu-  Navigation  Act  an- 
Riven  with  very  little  aliriilninent.  To  this  heaii  may  also  he  referred  the  urticien  on  the 
Con,  Hkuuinu,  I'lLCHAiin,  and  Wiulk  fislieries. 

IV.  The  prinei|ilert  and  practice  of  coinniercial  arithmetic  and  accounts  are  unfolded  in 
the  articlcH  UooK-Ki:Ki'iN(i,  I)isi:orN-r,  KxciiaMiK,  Intkhk.st  ami  Anmi'ITIKs,  Ac.  'J'he 
article  Hook-kkkimnh  has  lieeti  furninhed  liy  one  of  the  ollicial  as.sii;nee>' under  the  new 
bankrupt  act.  Ii  exhihitM  a  view  of  thiri  important  art  aH  actually  iiraetised  in  the  most 
c.itenHivc  mercantile  houses  in  town,  'i'he  tallies  for  calculating  interest  and  amniitieH  nro 
believed  to  be  more  complete  than  any  hitherto  given  in  any  work  not  treating  profesiiedly 
of  Buch  Hubjects. 

V.  A  eonsideralile  class  of  articli>s  may  be  regarded  as  dcRcriptive  of  the  various  menUK 
and  devices  that  have  been  fallen  upon  for  extending  and  f.icilituting  cmiunerce  anil  naviga- 
tion. Of  these,  taking  them  in  their  order,  the  articles  Banks,  Uiiokkhs,  IJtovs,  ('a.nai.s, 
Cauavans,  ('auiiikiis,  Coins,  <'ol(inii:s,  Comcaniks,  Co\sfi,s,  ('onviy,  Docks,  Fac- 

TOHS,    FaIIIS    ami    MaHKKTS,    LlliMT-MOI'SKS,    MoNKV,    1'a  ItT  >  K  USUI  I',    I'll.oTAOK,  I'oST- 

Ofkick,  Kaii.-ii(iaiis,  Uoahs,  Thkat-ks  (('oMMnaci  ai.),  \V'i;i(iiiTs  ami  M»:tsi  hks,  Ac. 
are  among  thiMiiost  important.  In  the  article  Hanks,  the  reailer  will  lind,  besides  an  I'X- 
position  of  the  principles  of  banking,  a  pretty  full  account  (derived  principally  from  otficial 
hources),  of  the  Hank  of  England,  the  private  banks  of  liondon,  and  the  KiigliKh  provincial 
banks;  the  Scotch  and  Irish  banks;  and  the  most  celebnited  foreign  banks  :  to  complete 
this  dejiartnient,  nn  account  of  Savinu's'  lianks  is  sulijoiiied,  with  a  set  of  rules  which  may 
bo  taken  as  a  model  for  such  institutions,  'i'here  is  added  to  the  article  Coins  a  'J'abic  of 
the  assay,  weight,  and  sterling  value  of  the  princijial  Ion  ign  gold  and  silver  coins,  deduceii 
from  assays  made  at  the  London  and  Paris  mints,  t;»ki:n,  by  permission,  from  the  last  edition 
of  iJr.  Kelly's  Caiuliist.  'I'he  article  Coi.omks  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  work  : 
it  contains  a  sketch  of  the  ancient  and  modern  systems  of  colonisation ;  an  exuiniimtion  of 
the  princi[iles  of  colonial  jiolicy ;  ami  a  view  ef  the  extent,  tr.iile,  population,  and  resource.-i 
of  the  colonics  of  this  and  other  countries.  In  this  article,  and  in  the  articles  Cai-i;  ok 
(■(Kill  lIoi'K,  Hai.iiax,  C^iKHKc,  Sviinkv,  and  Van  Dikmi.n's  liANii,  recent  and  authentic 
information  is  given,  which  those  intending  to  emigrate  will  lind  worthy  of  their  atieiitioii. 
*  *  •  The  statements  in  the  articles  liWiiiT-iiorsKs  and  I'ilotauf.  have  been  mostly  fur- 
nished by  the  Trinity  House,  or  derived  from  Parliamentary  papers,  and  may  be  implicitly 
relied  upon.  In  the  article  VVkkihts  anii  .Mkasi'uks  the  reader  will  lind  tables  of  the 
ecjuivalents  of  wine,  ale,  and  Winchester  measures,  in  Iin|ierial  measure. 

VI.  Besides  o  general  article  on  the  constitution,  advantages,  and  disadvantages  of  Com- 
panies, accounts  are  given  of  the  principal  associations  existing  in  (Jreal  IJritiin  lor  the. 
purpose  of  conducting  commercial  undertakings,  or  undertakings  subordinate  to  and  con- 
nected with  commerce.  Among  others  (exclusive  of  the  IJnnking  and  Dock  ('ompanies 
already  referred  to)  may  be  mentioned  the  East  Iniha  CoMi-ANV.the  (Jas  Companiks, 
the  Insi'Kanck  Companiks,  the  Minini;  ('ompaniks.  the  Watkii  CoMPAN'ir.s,  &c.  The 
article  on  the  J']ast  India  Company  is  of  considerable  length  ;  it  contains  a  pretty  conipleti^ 
sketch  of  the  rise,  progress,  and  present  stale  ^,(  the  Hritish  trade  w  itli  India ;  a  view  :A  ihc- 
revenuc,  jiopulalion,  &c,  of  our  Indian  dominions  ;  anil  an  estimate  of  the  inlluence  of  the 
Company's  monopoly.  AA'e  have  endeavoureil,  in  treating  of  Insurance,  to  supply  what  we 
think  a  desideratum,  by  giving  a  distinct  ami  plain  statenu'nl  of  its  principles,  and  a  brief 
notice  of  its  history  ;  with  an  account  of  the  rules  and  practices  followed  by  individuals 
and  companies  in  transacting  the  more  impurtant  departments  of  the  business;  and  of  the 
terms  on  which  houses,  lives,  &c.  are  commonly  insured.  The  part  of  the  article  which 
peculiarly  respects  marine  insurance  has  been  contributed  by  a  practical  gentleman  o'"inuch 
knowledge  and  experience  in  that  branch. 

VII.  In  addition  to  the  notices  of  the  I'xcisc  and  (,'usloms  regulations  airecling  particular 
commodities  given  under  their  names,  ihe  reader  will  lind  ariicles  under  the  heads  of  Cc  s- 

TOMS,  EXCISK,  ImPOIITATION  anii   EXPOIITATION,  I.UKXSKS,  .SmViJIH.IN;;,  W'AUKIiOl'SIMi, 

&c.  which  comprise  most  of  the  jiractical  details  as  to  the  business  of  the  Excise  and  Cus- 
toms, particularly  the  latter.  The  most  important  Customs'  Acts  are  given  with  very  little 
abridgment,  and  being  printed  in  small  letter,  they  occupy  comparatively  little  sjiace.  'J''he 
article  Taiufi--  contains  an  account  of  the  various  duties,  drawbacks,  and  bounties,  on  the 
importation  and  exjiortatiim  of  all  sorts  of  connnodities  into  and  from  this  country. — (See 
Preface  to  Second  Edition.)  We  once  intended  to  give  the  tarili's  of  some  of  the  principal 
('ontincntal  states;  but  from  the  frequency  of  the  changes  made  in  them,  they  would  very 
soon  have  become  obsolete,  and  would  have  tended  rather  to  mislead  than  to  instruct.  Bui 
the  reader  will  notwithstanding  lind  a  gooil  deal  of  information  as  to  foreign  duties  under 
the  articles  Caiiik,  Uantzic,  Havuk,  Napi.ks,  Nkw  V'ouk,  Thikstk,  <S:c. 

VIII.  Among  the  articles  of  a  miscellaneous  description,  may  be  specilied  Ai.ik^s,  Ap- 

rB£HTlC£,   AUCXIUM^CU,    BaLA>C£     Ut    TuAUE,    UAKKllUrXcr,   Cu:4TUAUAMJ,    CuiiDlT 


rUKFACE. 


Ttt 


Han«*kvth'  Lr,A(ii'r.,  iMPonTA  aih  IIm-hutm,  iMPHKHsMr.fT,  Ihmiax  Isi.aniii,  \f  aimtimii 
Law,  I'atkm'h,  I'awvhidikixii,  I'ihaiy,  INti'ri.Ariox,  I'iikchmh  Mctai.*,  I'iiiikh,  I'lti- 

VATKt.llS,     I'rHI.H'AXIH,     CJI'AHANTINC,     H».VK»IK     AMI      IjX  I'KN  IlITI'Il  K,     'I\l.l.r     'I'lllllF, 

Thick  Hvstkm,  A.c. 

1\.  Aci'iiimtM  nrc  ijivrn,  uiulrr  thoir  proprr  hcailH,  r)f  tlii>  priiicipal  (>in|ii)riuinN  with  which 
thlH  counlry  litis  iiiiy  iiniiiriliati'  indTcoiirsi' ;  of  tlir  ciiiiiiiuiiliticM  ihiimIIv  t'\|iiirti'il  fnini  and 
iiiiportfd  itito  thfiii ;  of  (hrir  iiioiiii'H,  vvt'ii;lits,  iiiiil  tnt'iiHurcH ;  mid  of  niuIi  of  tlirir  iristitii- 
tiiiiH,  ciistoiim,  ami  rc'^'iihitioiiM,  with  rrMpect  lo  coiiiuiitci!  mid  iiaviijiitioii,  us  Hi'einrd  to  di*- 
wrvr  iioiicf,  'I'licrc  urr  occasionally  Hiili|oiiicd  to  these  iiccouiits  of  the  urcat  sca-portn, 
jirctty  full  Ktatt'inciits  of  tlui  trade  of  the  countries  in  which  Ihey  are  Nitiiated,  us  in  th«  in- 
stunccH  of  'Vlkxaniiuh,  Amstkiiuvm,  Hoimikaii,  Caihz,  (3\i.ci  ita,  Cw  io>,  ('iir»;>- 

IIAIiKM,    I)A\i'/lC,    MaV\NNAII,   llvVIlK,   .\  V  i'l.KS,  IS' K  W     VlHIK,    l*AI.KHMII,    I'l.'l' KIIS  II  I' lllill. 

Km  UK  .lA.Nr.iiio,  Smviin  >, 'I'ltif.si'K,  Vi;iu  (3«i/.,  (Stc.  'J'o  have  atteiiiiitcd  to  <lo  this 
HystiMnatically  woiild  have  increased  the  xi/.e  of  the  work  beyond  all  rea^niialile  liniils,  nnil 
eiiiliiirrassed  it  with  details  nowise  intcrestin!?  to  the  Mimlish  reader.  'I'he  plan  we  havn 
adopted  has  enahleil  us  to  triMt  of  such  matters  as  niiijlit  lie  supposed  of  iiMporlance  in  MnR- 
Lind,  and  to  reject  the  rest.  W'c  hclieve,  however,  that,  iiotwithslandiiii?  this  si  '..'ctiDii,  thono 
wlio  roinpare  this  work  with  others,  will  liml  that  it  contains  a  much  lariter  rnass  of  au- 
thentic infortn.itioii  respectiiii;  the  trade  and  iiavii^niioii  of  foreign  countricH  than  in  to  he 
found  in  any  other  rini;lish  puliiication. 

The  reader  may  lie  inclined,  iierhajis,  to  think  that  it  must  lie  iiiipossilile  to  eiiihrace  tho 
discussion  of  so  many  sulijects  in  a  simple  octavo  volume,  without  Ireatiiii;  a  lame  propor- 
tion in  a  very  hrief  and  nnsatisliiciory  manner.  Hut,  in  point  of  fact,  this  sin;,'li'  octavo 
contains  alioiil  as  much  letter-press  as  is  ciint^iined  in  two  ordinary  li>lio  voluiues,  and  moro 
tiiaii  is  contained  in  Macpherson's  Annals  of  (!ommerce,  in  four  lari;e  volumes  ipiarto,  puli- 
lished  at  n/,  Hk.\  This  extraordinary  condensation  has  lieeii  etrected  without  any  sacritice 
cither  of  lieauty  or  disiiiictness.  <'oiild  we  suppose  that  the  siihstance  of  the  hook  is  at  all 
cipial  to  its  form,  there  would  Im'  little  niom  for  doulit  us  to  its  success. 

Aware  that,  in  a  work  of  this  niliire,  accuracy  in  matters  of  fad  is  of  primary  import- 
ance, we  have  rarely  made  any  staii'iiicnt  without  mentionini;  our  authority.  I'lVcept.  too, 
in  the  case  of  Ii.miUs  in  every  one's  hands,  or  Dictionaries,  the  pu'^e  or  chapter  of  the  works 
referred  to  is  ijenerally  specilied  ;  experience  havini;  taught  lis  that  the  coineiiient  practice 
of  Htrinuinij  together  a  list  of  authorities  at  tho  end  of  an  article  is  much  ol'tener  a  cloak  for 
ignorance  than  nn  evidence  of  research. 

Our  oliject  I'cing  to  descrihe  articles  in  the  state  in  which  tliey  are  olHred  for  sale,  wo 
have  not  entered,  except  when  it  was  necessary  to  give  precision  or  clearness  to  their  de- 
scrip'i^ii,  into  any  details  as  to  the  processes  followed  in  their  maiinl'icture.     •      •      » 

Such  is  a  rough  outline  of  what  the  reader  may  expect  to  iiu'ct  with  in  this  Dictionary. 
We  do  not,  however,  (latter  ourselves  with  the  noti<in  that  he  will  consider  that  all  that  has 
been  attempted  has  heen  properly  executed.  In  a  work  emhracing  such  an  extreim  range  anil 
diversity  of  siihjcets,  as  to  many  of  which  it  is  exceedingly  dillicult,  if  not  ipiite  inqiossilile, 
to  obtain  accurate  information,  no  one  will  be  olVeiuled  should  he  detect  a  fi'w  errors.  At  tho 
same  time  we  can  honestly  say  that  neither  labour  nor  exjiense  has  been  spared  to  render  the 
work  worthy  of  the  public  coiil'ulence  and  patronage.  'J'he  author  has  been  almost  iiice-isantly 
engaged  upon  it  for  upwards  of  three  years ;  and  he  may  be  said  to  have  spent  the  |)revioui* 
part  of  his  lite  in  preparing  for  the  undertaking.  He  has  derived  vahiable  assistance  from 
Home  distinguisheil  ollicial  gentlemen,  and  from  many  eminent  merchants ;  and  has  en- 
deavoured, wherever  it  was  practicable,  to  build  iiis  conclusions  upon  oll'icial  ilocumenLs. 
But  iti  very  many  instances  he  has  been  obliged  to  adopt  less  authentic  dat.i;  and  he  does 
not  su|)pose  that  he  has  had  sagacity  enough  always  to  resort  to  the  best  authorities,  or  that, 
amidst  conllicting  and  contradictory  statements,  he  has  uniformly  selected  those  most  worthy 
of  being  relied  upon,  or  that  the  inlereiices  he  has  drawn  are  always  such  as  the  real  circum- 
stances of  the  case  would  warrant.  Hut  lie  has  done  his  best  not  to  be  wanting  in  llieso 
res|iects.  Not  being  engaged  in  any  sort  of  biiNiness,  nor  being  umler  any  description  of 
obligation  to  any  political  party,  there  was  nothing  to  induce  us,  in  any  instance,  to  conceal 
or  pervert  the  truth.  We  have,  therefore,  censured  freely  and  openly  whatever  we  consi- 
dered wrong  ;  but  the  grounds  of  our  opinion  are  uniformly  assiiined  ;  so  that  the  reader 
may  always  judge  for  himself  as  to  its  correctness.  Our  sole  object  has  been  to  produce  a 
work  that  should  be  generally  useful,  p.irticularly  to  merchants  ami  tr.aders,  and  which  should 
be  creditable  to  ourselves.  Whether  we  have  succeeded,  the  award  of  the  public  will  show; 
and  to  it  we  submit  our  labours,  not  with  "  I'rigid  inditrerence,"  but  with  an  anxious  hope 
that  it  may  he  found  we  have  not  misemployed  our  time,  and  engaged  in  an  undertaking 
too  vast  for  our  limited  means. 

The  following  notices  of  some  of  tho  most  celebrated  Commerciiil  Dictionaries  may  not, 
perhaps,  be  unacceptable.  At  all  events,  they  will  show  that  there  is  at  least  room  for  tho 
present  altemiit. 

The  (Jrand  Didiunnaire  de  Commerce,  begun  and  princiiially  executed  by  M.  Savary, 


i 


\ 


Vltl 


i»m:i*A('K. 


ln«|M'ttiir  (if  Ciinlomn  nl  Pnrli,  nitti  romiilcti d  liy  liii«  lirolhrr,  the  AMm''  Hjivnry.  funon  of 
hi.  Muiir,  vviiN  |iiil>lirtlinl  lit  i'liriM  in  liV.I,  iii  Isvn  \ii|iiiiii'm  Icilin  :  ii  xii|i|i|i'nii'iitiil  miIiiiik' 
U'ltiK  iiclili'il  in  li:ll).  'I'IiIk  wiim  the  lirit  work  iifllii-  kirul  lliiil  ii|i|iniri'il  in  nnHlrrn  Kurii|>f; 
llMil  luiH  rurin>lu'il  till'  |)iilii'ipiil  part  nf  tlii'  in.iti'riulH  I'ur  liioM  ot  (linsi-  hy  wliirll  it  liai  lirriv 
t'nlliiwi'il.  Till'  iinili-rtakiliL;  wns  lilu'rally  |iiitriiiiiM'il  liy  lln'  Trriirli  Kiivrrnnii'iit,  who  jiiHtly 
cii|iiii(lrrril  llial  a  ( 'oiiiiiicrcial  Uirlioiiary.  it  wi'll  lAi'iutril,  wniilil  In-  iiI' nutiniiul  iiii|iiirt.iiii'i'. 
Hftii'i!  II  ciiiiNiili'ral''",  unil,  iuilt'rtl,  (liu  iiiohI  viiIii.iIiIc,  |iiirtiiMi  ol'  M.  NavuryV  work  i-*  coin* 

Iiili'il  troiii  Mriiinirs  Hnit  liiiii,  liv  iirilrr  of  uuxcniiiK'nt,  l<y  tlit'  iiiH|HM'tiirH  of  inaiiiifai'tiirrs  in 
•'riiiMi',  ami  I'y  tlio  I'niirli  rcin«ul-<  in  forriuii  toiiiilricii.  An  i'nlari{ril  ami  iiii|iriiMil  I'liiion 
of  llii'  IHrli'iiiiiiiin  wiirt  |iiililihlii  il  .it  (iriii'vu  in  1 /•")(1,  in  nix  folio  \ii|uinrM.  I'nt  tlif  lii'^t 
oiiilion  is  tliiit  of  ('(i|ii'nliaiti'ii,  in  li\i'  \oluiiiti«  folia;  the  firiit  uf  whicli  uji|iL'ari-il  in  l'i.'>!i, 
Uiiil  till'  lait  in  IV(i.'). 

More  tli.iii  till'  liiilf  of  tliiK  work  (•oll^i,'t«  of  inallor  nlt<)«Hli(r  forclRn  to  Uh  proper  olijirt. 
It  in,  in  fact,  II  Horlof  Dinionary  of  ManiifacliirrH  as  wi  II  im  of  ('oiniiH'rci';  ilrwriplioiis  In  ini; 
given,  wliii-li  are,  neceKHiirily  |ierliaps,  in  nio-tt  iiiiitiiiire.-i  exeeeiliimly  iiii'oiii|ilet(',  iiiiil  wliicli 
the  waiil  of  plati'H  olteil  remltrM  uiiinti  llii;ll<le.  of  the  iiielluxlK  foiloweil  in  the  iii.iniifactiiro 
uf  the  eoininoilitii  s  ileserilieil.  it  i^  also  lilleil  with  li'imtheneil  arlieles  on  Hulijects  of  natural 
llinlory,  on  the  live  lawn  anil  prixile.e-.  of  ilillerent  eoiponitions,  anil  a  variety  of  huhjeels 
nowise  ciiniiei'ieil  w  itii  eoMiiniri'ial  pursiiils.  Mo  one,  li'>\veM'r,  iieeil  look  into  it  Inr  any 
tU'Vilo|piiieiil  of  s. mini  prini'i|ileH,  or  for  enlarijeil  \iews.  it  is  \aliiali|e  an  a  re|ii'rtoiy  of  faetH 
n'latiiiif  to  co'iiineice  ami  iiiaiinl'aetiiri's  at  the  eiiinineneeiiieiit  of  last  eentiiry.  <'o!li'ileil  with 
luuilalile  eare  iiiii!  imlll^lry  ;  hut  the  spirit  wliieli  per\ailes  it  is  that  of  u  eiistonis  ollirer,  ami 
not  that  of  a  inerrliaiit  or  a  philosopher.  "Siiunut  dtiiin  stx  rijUxlnns,  il  lemf  p/iili/t  if  ii^arcr 
tru  liflinrs  i/ii'ii  lis  rniiiliiirc,  il  tim  iiiiixi/iiis  niilxili/rii  tin  priiurm  du  cinninirce  tt  dc 
I'illi/listrii  iililintiu  III  /iri,'<i/ur  Iniijoiirs  ,•.»*  i/ni^ix  il  .sail  iip/iniliiiliitll" 

'I'he  preei'iliiii;  extrael  is  fnun  the  i'rospertiis,  in  one  volume  oi'lavo,  piihiisheil  hy  the 
Ahhi'  Moi'i'lli't,  ill  litil),  of  a  new  Coinineieial  Dii'tionary,  to  lie  ronipliti'il  in  I'lve  or  pro- 
bahly  >i\  vuliinii's  folio.  Tiiis  l'ro>pertns  is  a  wmk  of  sterliiiir  merit;  ami  fVoin  the  iie- 
kiio\vli'ilL;e(l  iearninu.  talents,  ami  eap.ii  ity  of  its  author  for  lahorions  exertion,  there  ran  he 
no  ilouht  that,  liail  the  projecti'ii  J)ii'lioiiary  lieen  coinpleteil,  it  woiilil  liave  hern  iiil'initely 
Hll|ieriiir  to  that  of  Sa\aiy.  it  appears  (I'rospeeliis,  pp.  ;t.');j — '.i'l'.t.)  tliat  .Moreilet  h.el  hieii 
t>ii){aueil  for  a  iiiiiiiher  of  years  in  pieparations  lor  this  threat  work  ;  ami  that  he  hail  aiiiasseil 
a  lari>e  eolleition  of  liook^^  ami  iiianiisiripls  relative  to  the  eoiiinieree,  navigation,  ciiiniiirs, 
orts,  t'i:!'.  of  I'' ranee  ami  other  rountni's.  'l"he  enterprise  was  lieiiUii  uiiiler  the  auspices  of 
M. 'IVuilaine,  liitemlant  of  rinaiiie,  ami  was  patroiiiseil  hy  .Messrs.  I, 'Averily  ami  IJeitin. 
Co'ii|)troili'is  ( Jeiieral.  iJul  whether  it  wereowiiii;  to  the  ui'.;iiiilie  liatine  of  the  umler- 
takini;,  to  the  author  having;  heeoiiie  too  inueli  eni;rosseii  witii  other  pnr-iiits,  the  want  of 
BuHieielit  eneoiiranenieiit,  or  some  other  Ciiiise.  no  part  of  the  proposed  IJietioiiiiry  ever  ap- 
jienrcd.  \\'e  are  iiinoraiit  of  the  fate  of  tlie  valnahle  collection  of  inaiiuscripts  iiiiuli!  hy  the 
Ahhe  .Moreilet.     His  hooks  were  solil  at  I'aris  witiiiii  lliese  lew  years. 

A  (Joinniercial  Dietioiiiiry,  in  three  volumes  ■Ito,  foriniii'.;  part  of  the  I'hiei/r/oprdle 
Ni't/iiii/ii/iir,  was  imhlisheil  at  I'aris  in  17s:i.  Il  is  very  unei|uully  execiiteii,  ami  contains 
numerous  artieli's  tliat  iiiifht  have  liten  advanlaneously  left  out.  The  oiiilors  acknowle(l;ri> 
ill  their  IVi'face  that  tliey  have,  in  most  instances,  heeii  olilined  to  liorrow  from  Savary.  'J'he 
best  parts  of  tlie  work  are  copied  from  the  edition  of  the  'J'niiti  Ginvriil  dc  diiniiitrcc  of 
Kicard,  puiilished  at  Amsleniani  in  178 1,  in  two  vohmies  Ito. 

'I'he  earliest  (commercial  IJiclionary  ]mhlished  in  Kiit^laiid,  was  compiled  hy  Malachy 
Postletliwayt,  Ksij,,  a  diligent  and  indefatit;ahle  writer.  The  first  part  of  the  first  edition 
iijipeured  in  1  751.  Tiie  last  edition,  in  two  enormous  I'olio  volumes,  was  puiilished  in  1774. 
It  is  charj{eahle  with  the  same  defects  as  that  of  M.  Savurv,  of  wliieh,  imieed,  it  is  for  the 
most  part  a  iiti'ral  translation.  'I'lie  author  has  made  no  elVort  to  condense  or  comliine  the 
statements  under  dillerenl  articles,  which  are  frei|uently  not  a  little  contradictory  ;  at  tlic 
same  time  that  many  of  them  are  totally  unconnected  with  commerre. 

Ill  17<jl,  Hichard  lioit,  Esq.  puhlisiied  a  (.'ominercial  dictionary  in  one  pretty  lar^e  foliu 
volume.  The  best  jiart  of  this  work  is  its  Prefice,  which  was  coiitriluileil  iiy  Dr.  .lolinson. 
It  is  for  tlie  most  part  ahriii)i;ed  from  I'ostiethwayt ;  hut  it  co:itains  some  useful  original  ar- 
ticles, mixed,  liowevcr,  with  many  alien  to  the  suhject. 

Ill  17()f),  a  ('omniereial  Dictionary  was  puiilished,  in  two  rather  thin  folio  volumes,  hy 
Thomas  Mortimer,  Esii.,  at  that  time  Vice-f^oiisui  fur  the  Netherlands.  This  is  a  more 
commodious  and  better  urraii[;ed,  liut  not  a  more  valuatiie  work  than  that  of  J'ostletiiwayt. 
Tlic  plan  of  the  author  emiiraces,  like  that  of  liis  predecessors,  too  j^reat  a  variety  of  olijecls; 
more  tlian  half  the  work  being  filled  with  neo^^raphicid  articles  and  articles  describing  the 
processes  carried  on  in  dillerent  departments  of  niaiiufacturing  industry  ;  there  arc  also  ar- 
ticles on  very  many  sulijects,  sucli  as  architecture,  the  natural  history  of  tiie  ocean,  the  land- 
tax,  the  (|uali(icalioiis  of  surgi'oiis,  iVc,  the  relation  of  wiiich  to  commerce,  navigation,  or 
manufactures,  it  seems  I'iliicull  to  discover. 

In  1810,  a  Coiuniircial  Dictionary  was  publi:3hed,  in  one  thick  octavo  volume,  purporting 


to  tic  by 
do  with 
appearei 
merilK. 
it  rontai 
useful  n 
HO   that, 
that  roo 
Work  lie 
tcchnic 
on  eoniii 
together 
oni{ra\in 
the  I'our 
liufx .' 
like   sci 
depend«. 
articles, 
nieiits  ad 

III  an 
on  romi 


PRF'.FACR. 


il 


li>  l»  liy  Mr.  Morlimor.     Wo  iintlrrittninl,  howo/tT,  llml  he  hml  Iml  lillli-,  if  nny  thina,  to 

do  with  ilM  riitiipilution,     Il   in  i|uili<  iiiiwortliy  i>t'  llic  Hiilijrri,  ami  nt  ilic  i'| Ii  when  it 

ap|i<>arc<l.  Il  hiiit  all  the  f;iiiltH  of  tliow  liy  wliich  it  win  iirritdfij,  wiili  l>iit  li-w  |M'iiiliiir 
irifritn.  H«'ini{  riof  only  ii  hirliomiry  of  (Jotiiinrrcc  itinl  NiiviKutioii,  Imt  of  .MuiiiiliniiiriM, 
it  rotituiiiit  iiccniiiilH  of  till' cllllrrfitt  iirlx  :  Imt  to  ili>Hi'rili<>  t|icM<<  in  it  Na'infiii'lory  iiiiil  rriilly 
UHcfiil  rniiliiicr,  would  r<"|uirr  Hrvt'riil  voIiimiim,  iiiiiI  |Iii<  i'ii-o|M'riilioii  of  >niiiiy  iniliviiliiulH  : 
no  that,  whilo  thn  nf('oiiiit-<  rrfcrn-d  to  iirt-  worth  vrrv  liltlr,  lliry  occu|iy  ko  |iirt{<'  a  H\inrt' 
thnt  room  Ihim  not  htrri  Irfl  for  the  propfr  diNciixhioii  of  tlioHC  NnlijrctH  Iroiii  winch  :ilonf  tlio 
Work  diTivcH  wliatfvcr  \aU\v  it  jiohhcmhi-k,  'I'Iiiih,  iIiiti-  it  an  arlirli'  of  Iwnity-lwo  pu^rii 
tcrhniiMlly  dfwriliinn  *'"'  varionn  procrHm-H  of  tin'  art  of  painlin'^,  wlnli-  the  u'i'iirral  iiMii-li' 
on  roinnicrcc  in  roniprlHi'd  in  Ufn  than  (U'o  |iagi'i«,  'I'hf  articlrH  on  I'oin  and  iiioncy  ilo  not 
togrlhrr  oroiipy  four  paic>4,  lii'iiiir  roiiNidi'ralily  \v»n  than  the  Mpacc  allodcd  to  ilic  arlirlcs  on 
onvrnvirn;  and  ctrhiiiff.  Thrri'  \*  not  a  word  naid  an  to  the  cirruinHtanct'K  which  dctcrininit 
the  I'ouiiw'  of  I'xchanno  ;  anil  the  iinportani  Kiiliji-ct  of  crcilit  l^^  diKpoMi'd  of  in  ^•^^s  ilian  tint 
iiiim .'  l'«ihB|iM,  howivcr,  Ihf  urcatcst  defect  in  the  work  in  itH  imil  want  of  any  lliinn 
like  Kcieiiei'.  No  attempt  in  ever  made  to  cxphiii  the  principles  on  which  any  operaiiori 
(lepeiid«.  Hvery  ihini;  iH  trrateil  ax  if  it  were  enipirieal  and  arliitrary.  Kxeept  in  the  le^iil 
artieleH,  no  authorities  are  (pioted,  ho  that  very  little  dependence  can  1)C  placed  on  the  nlati^ 
nients  advanced. 

In  another  ("ommercini  Dictionary,  rrpuhliHhrd  within  ihene  few  yenrH,  llie  ueneral  article 
on  roininerce  roiisistx  of  a  di»ieiissiiiti  with  rexpect  to  tirnple  and  coiii|ionnd  deniaiul,  and 
Himple  and  doiilile  competition:  luckily  the  article  doen  not  fill  ipiite  a  |iui;e ;  heiii^  consi- 
derably shorter  than  the  description  of  the  kaleidoscope. 

I'luler  these  circumstances,  we  do  think  llial  there  is  room  for  n  new  Dictionary  of  Com- 
nieree  and  ('oinmercial  .Navii^ntion  :  and  whatever  may  he  thought  of  our  work,  it  cannot 
be  said  liiat  in  bringing  it  into  the  ticld  wc  arc  encrouching  on  ground  already  fully  occupied. 


■ 
■I 

i 


EXTRACTS 

FRO.n  TUB 

PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


6 

1 


The  first  impression  of  this  Dictionary,  consisting  of  2,000  copies,  was  entirely  sold  off 
in  less  than  nine  months  from  the  tiate  of  its  publication.  We  feel  very  deeply  indebted  to 
the  public  for  this  une(|uivoeal  proof  of  its  approbation;  and  wc  have  endeuv.iired  to  evince 
our  gratitude,  by  labouring  to  render  the  work  less  un<leserviiiR  a  continuance  of  the  favour 
with  which  it  has  been  honoured.  In  the  prosecution  of  this  object,  we  can  truly  alVirin  wc 
have  Rrudi?ed  neither  labour  nor  expense.  We  have  subjected  every  [lart  of  the  work  to  a 
careful  revision  ;  have  endeavoured  to  eradicate  the  errors  that  had  crept  into  it;  to  im|)rove 
those  parts  that  were  incomplete  or  defective ;  and  to  supply  such  articles  as  had  lieen 
omitted.  We  dare  not  flatter  ourselves  with  the  idea  that  wo  have  fully  succeeded  in  these 
objects.  The  want  of  recent  and  accurate  details  as  to  severil  important  subjects,  has  been 
an  obstacle  we  have  not,  in  all  cases,  been  able  to  overcome  ;  l)Ut  those  in  any  degre  familiar 
with  sucli  investigations  will  not,  perhaps,  be  disposed  severely  to  censure  our  deficiencies  in 
this  resfiect. 

The  changes  in  the  law  bearing  upon  commercial  transactions  have  been  carefully  speci- 
fied. Copious  al)stracts  of  all  the  late  Customs  Acts  are  ,":ontained  in  the  articles  Coloniks 
Axn  Coi.osY  TiiAHK,  Impohtation  ami  Exi'oiiTATios,  Navioatioj*  Laws,  REoisTur, 

tS.MrOOLINO,   WAHKHOfSI.NO,  &C. 

The  abolition  of  the  East  India  Company's  commercial  monopoly,  and  the  great  and 
growing  interest  that  has  in  conse(|uencc  been  excited  amongst  all  classes  as  to  the  com- 
mercial capabilities  and  practices  of  India,  China,  and  other  Eastern  countries,  have  made 
us  bestow  peculiar  attention  to  this  department.  The  articles  Banhkok,  Batavia,  Bom- 
iiAr,  BusiiiuK,  BrssuiiA,  Calcctta,  Canton,  Coi.lmho,  East  Inhia  Compaxv  ami 
East  Imiiks,  Imiioo,  Macao,  Maiihas,  Manilla,  Mocha,  Mi'scat,  Nanoasacki,  Ran- 
goon, 8iN(iAi'ouK,  Tatta,  Tka,  &c.  contvlii,  it  is  believed,  a  greater  mass  of  recent  and 
Well-authenticated  details  as  to  the  commerce  of  the  vast  countries  stretching  from  the 
Arabic  Gulf  to  the  Chinese  Sea,  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  otlier  English  publication. 


i 


PKEFACE. 


In  compilinj;  these  and  other  articles,  we  derived  much  valuable  assistance  from  John 
Crawfuril,  Ksq. 

The  article  Uankino  is  mostly  new.  Besides  embodyinp;  the  late  act  prolonging  the 
charter  of  the  Bank  of  Enfilniid,  and  the  more  important  details  given  in  the  Report  of  the 
Select  Committee  on  the  Renewal  of  the  Uank  (Jliarter,  this  article  contains  some  novel 
and  important  information  not  elsewhere  to  be  met  with.  No  account  of  the  issues  of  the 
Bank  of  England  has  hitherto  been  jiublished,  that  extends  farther  back  than  1777.  But 
this  deficiency  is  now.  for  the  first  time,  supplied  ;  the  Directors  having  obligingly  furnished 
us  with  an  account  of  the  issues  of  the  Bank  on  the  28lh  of  February  and  the  .Slst  of 
August  of  each  year,  from  l(i!>8,  within  four  years  of  its  establishment,  down  to  the  present 
time.  We  have  also  [)rocured  a  statement,  from  authority,  of  the  mode  of  transacting  busi- 
.less  in  the  Bank  of  Scotland  ;  and  have  been  able  to  supply  several  additional  particulars, 
both  with  respect  to  British  and  to  foreign  banks. 

We  have  made  many  additions  to,  and  alterations  in,  the  numerous  articles  descriptive 
of  the  various  commodities  that  form  the  materials  of  commerce,  and  the  hisioric;d  notices 
by  which  some  of  tiiem  are  accompanied.  We  hope  they  will  be  found  more  aicurate  and 
complete  than  formerly. 

The  Ciazetteer  department,  or  that  embracing  accounts  of  the  j)rincipal  foreiuii  emporiums 
with  which  this  country  maintains  a  direct  ii;  rcourse,  was,  perhaps,  the  mi  st  delective  in 
the  old  edition.  If  it  be  no  longer  in  this  predicament,  the  improvement  bus  been  princi- 
pally owing  to  ofl'icial  co-operation.  'J'he  sort  of  information  we  desired  as  to  the  great  sea- 
port towns  could  not  be  derived  from  books,  nor  fiom  any  sources  accessible  to  the  public ; 
and  it  was  necessary,  therefore,  to  set  about  exploring  others.  In  this  view  wc  drew  up  a 
series  of  queries,  embracing  an  investigation  of  imports  and  exports,  commercial  and  ship- 
ping regulations,  ])ort  charges,  duties,  tScc,  that  might  be  transmitted  to  any  port  in  any  part 
of  the  world,  'i'here  would,  however,  in  many  instances,  have  been  much  dilliculty  in 
getting  them  answered  with  the  recjuisite  care  and  attention  by  private  individuals;  and  the 
scheme  would  have  had  but  a  very  partial  success,  had  it  not  been  for  the  friendly  and 
eflt'ctual  interference  of  Mr.  Poulett  'i'homson.  Alive  to  the  importance!  of  having  the 
queries  projierly  answered,  he  voluntarily  undertook  to  use  his  inlluence  with  Loiil  I'aliner- 
gton  to  get  them  transmitted  to  the  Consuls.  This  the  Noble  Lord  most  readily  did  ;  and 
answers  have  been  received  from  the  greater  number  of  these  functionaries.  'J'liere  is,  of 
course,  a  considerable  inequality  amongst  them  ;  but  they  almost  all  embody  a  great  deal  of 
valuable  information,  and  some  of  them  are  drawn  u\)  with  a  degree  of  skill  and  sagacity, 
and  display  an  extent  of  research  and  a  capacity  of  observation,  that  rellect  the  highest 
credit  on  their  authors. 

The  information  thus  obtained,  added  to  what  we  received  through  other,  but  not  less 
authentic  channels,  supplied  us  with  the  means  of  describing  twice  the  number  of  foreign 
8ca-porta  noticed  in  our  former  edition ;  and  of  enlarging,  amending,  and  correcting  the 
accounts  of  such  as  were  noticed.  Besides  much  fuller  details  than  have  ever  been  previ- 
ously published  of  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  trade  of  many  of  these  places,  the  reader 
will,  in  most  instances,  find  a  minute  account  of  the  regulations  to  be  observed  respecting 
the  entry  and  clearing  of  ships  and  goods,  with  statements  of  the  dilferent  public  charges 
laid  on  shipping,  the  rates  of  commission  and  brokerage,  the  duties  on  the  principal  goods 
imported  and  exported,  the  prices  of  provisions,  the  regulations  as  to  quarantine,  the  practice 
as  to  credit,  banking,  &c.,  with  a  variety  of  other  particulars.  We  have  also  descrilied  the 
ports ;  and  have  specified  their  depth  of  water,  the  course  to  be  steered  by  vessels  on  entering', 
with  the  rules  as  to  pilotage,  and  the  fees  on  accounts  of  pilots,  light-houses,  &c.  As  it  is 
very  difiicult  to  convey  a  sufficiently  distinct  idea  of  a  sea-port  by  any  description,  we  have 
given  plans,  taken  from  the  latest  and  best  authorities,  of  about  a  dozen  of  the  ])rincipal 
foreign  ports.  Whether  we  have  succeeded,  is  more  than  wc  can  venture  to  say  ;  but  we 
hope  we  have  said  enough  to  satisfy  the  reader,  that  we  have  spared  no  pains  to  furnish 
him  with  authentic  information  on  this  important  department. 

The  Taiuff,  or  Table  of  Duties  on  Imports,  &c.,  in  this  edition,  is  highly  important  and 
valuable.  It  is  divided  into  three  columns  :  the  first  containing  an  account  of  the  existing 
duties  payable  on  the  importation  of  foreign  products  for  home  use,  as  the  same  were  fixed 
by  the  act  of  laot  year,  3  &4  Will.  IV.  cap.  5(!.  The  next  column  exhibits  the  duties  pay- 
able on  the  same  articles  in  1819,  as  fixed  by  the  .Act  59  Geo.  III.  cap.  5*2. ;  and  the  third 
and  last  column  exhibits  the  duties  as  they  were  fixed  in  17S7  by  Mr.  Pitt's  Consolidation 
Act,  the  27  Geo.  III.  cap.  13.  The  duties  are  rated  throughout  in  Imperial  weights  and 
measures ;  and  allowances  have  been  made  for  dilferences  in  the  mode  of  charging,  &c. 
The  reader  has,  therefore,  before  him,  and  may  compare  together,  the  present  customs' 
duties  with  the  duties  as  they  stood  at  the  end  of  the  late  war,  and  at  its  commencement. 
No  similar  Table  is  to  be  met  with  in  any  other  work.  We  arc  indebted  for  it  to  J.  D. 
Hume,  Esq.,  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  at  whose  suggestion,  and  under  whose  direction,  it  has 
been  prepared.    Its  compilation  was  a  work  of  great  labour  and  difficulty ;  and  could  not 


PREFACE. 


XI 


less 


Ixed 

lay- 
liird 


_     » 
Ins 

Int. 

Id. 

lias 
Lot 


have  been  accomplisheil  by  any  one  not  thomu^hly  ac(iuaintccl  witli  the  customs  acts,  and 
the  various  chanu;t's  in  the  mode  of  assessing  the  duties.     Its  accuracy  may  be  rchcd  on. 

The  article  Slavks  ami  Slavf.  Tuadk  contains  a  full  abstract  of  the  late  iiiiportaiit 
statute  fur  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

Amona;  the  new  articles  of  a  miscellaneous  description,  may  be  specified  those  on  Alikns, 
Ionian  Islands,  Popilation,  Tai.lt  Thadi:,  Trl'ck  Svstkm,  &c. 

On  the  whole,  we  trust  it  will  be  found,  that  the  work  has  been  improved  throughout, 
either  by  the  correction  of  mistakes,  or  by  the  addition  of  new  and  useful  matter.  IStill, 
however,  we  are  well  aware  that  ii  is  in  various  respects  defective ;  but  we  are  not  without 
hopes  that  those  who  look  into  it  will  be  indulgent  enough  to  believe  that  this  has  been 
owing  as  muoh  to  the  extreme  difficulty,  or  rather,  perhaps,  the  impossibility,  of  obtaining 
accurate  information  respectinir  some  of  the  subjects  treated  of,  as  to  the  want  of  care  and 
attention  on  our  part.  Even  as  regards  many  important  topics  connected  with  the  eoinmerco 
and  manufactures  of  Great  Britain,  we  have  had  to  regret  the  want  of  authentic  details, 
and  been  obliged  to  grope  our  way  in  the  dark.  Nothing,  indeed,  can  exceed  the  accuracy 
and  luminous  arrangement  of  the  customs  accounts  furnished  by  the  Ins[)ector  (Jeneral  of 
Imports  and  Exports.  Hut,  owing  to  the  want  of  any  details  as  to  the  cross-channel  trade 
between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  value  of  these  accounts  is  much  diminished.  The 
condition  anil  habits  of  the  people  of  Ireland  and  of  Great  Britain  are  so  very  dilfiTcnt,  that 
conclusions  deduced  from  considering  the  trade  or  consumption  of  the  United  Kingdom  en 
ntas.se,  are  generally  of  very  little  value ;  and  may,  indeed,  unless  carefully  sifled,  be  the 
most  fallacious  imaginable  ;  while,  owing  to  the  want  of  any  account  of  the  traije  between 
the  two  great  divisions  of  the  empire,  it  is  not  possible  accurately  to  estimate  tiie  consump- 
tion of  either,  or  to  obtain  any  sure  means  of  judging  of  their  respective  progress  in  wealth 
and  industry.  As  respects  manufactures,  there  is  a  still  greater  deficiency  of  trustworthy, 
comprehensive  details.  We  submitted  the  articles  relating  to  them  in  this  work,  to  the 
highest  practical  autti'i"iies ;  so  that  we  incline  to  think  they  are  about  as  accurate  as  they 
can  well  be  rendered  in  the  absence  of  ollicial  returns.  It  is  far,  however,  from  creditable 
to  the  country,  that  we  should  be  obliged,  in  matters  of  such  importance,  to  resort  to  private 
and  irresponsible  individuals  for  the  means  of  coming  at  the  truth.  Statistical  science  in 
Great  Britaiti  is,  indeed,  at  a  very  low  ebb  :  and  we  are  not  of  the  number  of  those  who 
suppose  that  it  will  ever  be  materially  improved,  unless  government  become  more  sensible, 
than  it  has  hitherto  shown  itself  to  be,  of  its  importance,  and  set  machinery  in  motion, 
adequate  to  procure  correct  and  comprehensive  returns. 

The  statistical  Tables  published  by  the  Board  of  Trade  embrace  the  substance  of  hun- 
dreds of  accounts,  scattered  over  a  vast  mass  of  Parliamentary  papers.  They  seem  to  bo 
compiled  with  great  care  and  judgment,  and  are  a  very  valuable  acquisition.  We  have  fre- 
quently been  largely  indebted  to  them.  But  their  arrangement,  and  their  constantly  in- 
creasing number  and  bulk,  make  them  ((uite  unlit  for  being  readily  or  advantageously 
consulted  by  })ractical  men.  Most  part  of  the  returns  relating  to  the  principal  articles  given 
in  this  work,  go  back  to  a  much  more  distant  period  than  those  published  by  the  Board  of 
Trade. 

We  have  seen  no  reason  to  modify  or  alter  any  Pkinciple  of  eoMMnneiAL  poi.icv  ad- 
vanced in  our  former  edition.  In  some  instances,  we  have  varied  the  exposition  a  little,  but 
that  is  all.  In  every  case,  however,  we  have  separated  the  practical,  legal,  and  historical 
statements  from  those  of  a  speculative  nature  ;  so  that  those  most  disposed  to  dissent  from 
our  theoretical  notions  will,  we  hope,  be  ready  to  admit  that  they  have  not  been  allowed  to 
detract  from  the  practical  utility  of  the  work.     *     *     * 

The  important  service  done  to  us,  or  rather  to  the  public,  by  Mr.  Poulett  Thomson,  in  the 
obtaining  of  the  Consular  Returns,  is  a  part  only  of  what  we  owe  to  that  gentleman.  We 
never  applied  to  him  for  any  sort  of  information  which  it  was  in  his  power  to  supply,  that  he 
did  not  forthwith  place  at  our  free  disposal.  That  system  of  commercial  policy,  of  which 
the  Right  Honourable  gentleman  is  the  enlightened  and  eloquent  defender,  has  nothing  to 
fear  from  publicity.  On  the  contrary,  the  better  informed  the  pulilic  become,  the  more  fully 
the  real  facts  and  circumstances  relating  to  it  are  brought  before  them,  the  more  will  they 
be  satisfied  of  the  soundness  of  the  measures  advocated  by  Mr,  Thomson,  and  of  their  bein? 
eminently  well  fitted  to  promote  and  consolidate  the  commercial  greatness  and  prosperity 
of  the  empire. 

It  is  proper,  also,  to  state,  that  besides  the  Board  of  Trade,  all  the  other  departments  of 
government  to  which  we  had  occasion  to  apply,  discovered  every  anxiety  to  be  of  use  to  us. 
We  have  been  particularly  indebted  to  .Mr,  Spring  Rice ;  Sir  Henry  Parnell ;  Mr.  Wood, 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Stamps  and  Taxes ;  Mr,  Villiers,  Ambassador  at  Madrid ;  aiid 
Mr.  Mayer,  of  the  Colonial  Olfice. 


■ 

•4 


\ 


ADVERTISEMENT 


TO   THE 


LAST  ENGLISH  EDITION. 


In  this  cilition  all  the  more  important  returns  and  accounts  as  to  the  Trape,  Navioa- 
Tios,  and  CoNsuMr-Tiox  of  Great  Britain  and  other  countries,  have  been  brought  down 
to  the  latest  period.  In  some  iriHtance^,  too,  the  form  of  the  returns  has  been  changed,  and 
new  ones,  (iriiwn  up  on  a  more  comprehensive  plan,  and  embracing  various  additional  parti- 
culars, have  been  suiistituted  for  those  previously  embodied  in  the  work.  In  illustration  of 
this,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  tables  now  given  under  the  article  Imi'outs  and  Exi'oitTS  ; 
they  will,  it  is  l)elieved,  be  found  to  contain,  within  a  brief  space,  the  conipletest  view 
hitherto  laid  before  the  public  of  the  recent  trade  of  the  en)pire.  A  few  articles  have  also 
been  rewritten,  among  which  may  be  specilicd  those  on  Liuhthouses,  Bom  hay,  Malta, 
SriiNKv,  &c. 

The  Sui'i'i.KMKNT  given  with  this  edition  has  been  greatly  enlarged,  and,  it  is  hoped, 
materially  ini()roved.  It  contains  as  much  matter  as  would  till,  if  printed  with  types  of 
medium  size,  a  large  octavo  volume,  and  embraces  a  good  deal  of  important  information 
not  elsewhere  to  be  met  with.  Neither  labour  nor  expense  has  been  spared  to  render  it  in- 
structive and  trustworthy.  It  embodies  the  principal  part  of  the  Supplement  issued  in  De- 
cember, 18H(),  and  has,  among  others,  articles  on  the  following  subjects;  viz.  Austriait 
TAUiKh-,  and  Commercial  Treaty  with  Austria  ;  Joint-Stock  Banks,  embracing  a 
complete  list  of  these  establishments,  with  an  examination  of  the  principles  on  which  they 
should  be  founded;  New  Ccstoms  Act  for  Bknoal;  New  Coinaoe  of  America  and 
India  ;  State  of  the  Buitish  Cotton  Manifactlmie  from  1816  to  1838,  both  inclusive; 
Tables  showing  the  extent  of  the  Forekjn  Trade  of  the  Country  during  each  of  the  ten 
years  ending  with  1838.  with  remarks;  Trade  with  Prussia,  Prussian  Commercial 
Leaoue  and  Taiiikk;  Railways  and  Railway  Legislation;  Classification  of 
Siiii's;  State  of  the  Sugar  Trade;  Alterations  in  the  British  and  Russian  Tariffs; 
Commercial  Treaty  with  Turkey;  with  notices  of  Civita  Vecciiia,  Galacz,  Guay- 
AauiL,  Port  Lamar,  Montevideo,  Moulmein,  Rostock,  &c. 

The  author  has  been  able  to  avail  himself,  in  preparing  this  edition,  of  some  very 
valuable  communications.  In  this  respect,  he  is  under  especial  obligations  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Prussia.  With  a  liberality  of  which  there  are  a  few  (if  any)  examples,  it  has  not 
merely  taken  pains  to  supply  him  with  ample  and  authentic  details  as  to  the  Commerce, 
Population,  Finances,  &c.,  of  that  flourishing  kingdom,  but  has  authorised  him  to  make 
any  use  he  pleased  of  the  information  so  communicated,  without  stipulation  or  condition 
of  any  kind. 

We  ha\e  also  been  indebted  to  various  private  and  ofTicial  gentlemen,  at  home  and  abroad, 
for  many  useful  hints  and  valuable  statements.  Mr.  Porter,  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  allowed 
us  the  use  of  several  unpul)lished  returns  belonging  to  his  department ;  Mr.  Wood,  Chair- 
man of  the  Board  of  Excise,  and  Mr.  Mayer,  of  the  Colonial  OHice.  gave  us  every  assist- 
ance in  their  power;  the  intervention  of  Mr.  Hall,  late  vice-consul  for  the  republic  of 
Uriiguay,  at  Liverpool,  and  of  Mr.  Kreeft,  consul  for  Mecklenburg,  has  enaliled  us  to  furnish 
the  commercial  world  with  accurate  details  as  to  the  ports  of  Montevideo,  Rostock,  &c. ; 
and  gentlemen  resident  in  Bombay,  Calcutta,  Malta,  Singapore,  &c.,  have  supplied  im- 
portant inforinalion.  We  arc  sorry  that  our  limits  will  not  permit  of  our  specifying  the 
difl'erent  parties  to  whom  we  have  been  indebted ;  but  we  beg  them  to  accept  our  best 
thanks  for  their  attentions.  We  are  most  anxious  to  have  the  means  of  correcting  the 
errors  into  which  we  may  have  fallen,  and  of  rendering  our  book  as  accurate  as  possible. 
This,  however,  can  only  be  etiecled  by  gentlemen  apprising  us  of  the  changes  that  are  con- 
stantly taking  place  in  the  regulations  under  which  commerce  is  conducted,  and  in  the 
channels  in  which  it  is  carried  on.  This  information,  so  important  to  the  mercantile  world, 
might,  sometimes,  be  communicated  without  much  trouble,  and  will  always  be  most  grate- 
fully received  by  us. 

xU 


i 


DICTIONARY 


or 


COMMERCE 


xTin 


COMMERCIAL  NAVIGATION. 


-ii-AM,  j\rM,  or  Aii>r,  a  measure  for  liquids,  used  at  Amsterdam,  Antwerp,  Hamburgh, 
Frankfort,  &c.  At  Amsterdam  it  is  nearly  equal  to  41  English  wine  gallons,  at  Antwerp 
to  36i  ditto,  at  Hamburgh  to  38  J  ditto,  and  at  Frankfort  to  39  ditto. 

ABANDONMENT,  in  comnierec  and  navigation,  is  used  to  express  the  abandoning  or 
surrendering  of  the  ship  or  goods  insured  to  the  insurer. 

It  is  held,  by  the  law  of  England,  that  the  insured  has  the  right  to  abandon,  and  to  eompcl 
the  insurers  to  pay  the  whole  value  of  the  thing  insured,  in  every  case  "  where,  by  the 
happening  of  any  of  the  misfortunes  or  perils  insured  against,  the  voyage  is  lost  or  not  worth 
pursuing,  and  the  projected  adventure  is  frustrated ;  or  where  the  thing  insured  is  so  damaged 
and  spoiled  as  to  be  of  little  or  no  value  to  the  owner ;  or  where  the  salvage  is  very  high  ; 
or  where  what  is  saved  is  of  less  value  than  the  freight;  or  where  further  expense  is 
necessary,  and  the  insurer  will  not  undertake  to  pay  that  expense,"  &c. — {Marshall,  book  i. 
cap.  13.'§  1.) 

Abandonment  very  frequently  taker  place  in  cases  of  capture ;  the  loss  is  then  total,  and 
no  question  can  arise  in  respect  to  it.  In  cases,  however,  in  which  a  ship  and  cargo  are 
recaptured  within  such  a  time  that  the  object  of  the  voyage  is  not  lost,  the  insured  is  not 
entitled  to  abandon.  The  mere  stranding  of  a  sliip  is  not  deemed  of  itself  such  a  loss  as 
will  justify  an  abandonment.  If  by  some  fortunate  accident,  by  the  exertions  of  the  crew, 
or  by  any  borrowed  assistance,  the  ship  be  got  olT  and  rendered  capable  of  continuing  her 
voyage,  it  is  not  a  total  loss,  and  the  insurers  are  only  liable  for  the  expenses  occasioned  by 
the  stranding.  It  is  only  where  the  stranding  is  followed  by  shipwreck,  or  in  any  other  way 
renders  the  ship  incapable  of  prosecuting  her  voyage,  that  the  insured  can  abandon. 

It  has  been  decided,  that  damage  sustained  in  a  voyage  to  the  extent  of  forty-eight  per 
cent  of  the  value  of  the  ship,  did  not  entitle  the  insured  to  abandon.  If  a  cargo  be  damaged 
in  the  course  of  a  voyage,  and  it  appears  that  what  has  been  saved  is  less  than  the  amount 
of  freight,  it  is  held  to  be  a  total  loss. — {Park  on  Insurance,  cap.  9.) 

When  by  the  occurrence  of  any  of  the  perils  insured  against,  the  insured  has  acquired  a 
right  to  abandon,  he  is  at  liberty  either  to  abandon  or  not,  as  he  thinks  proper.  He  is  in  no 
case  bound  to  abandon ;  but  if  he  make  an  election,  and  resolve  to  abandon,  he  must  abide 
by  his  resolution,  and  has  no  longer  the  power  to  claim  for  a  partial  loss.  In  some  foreign 
countries  specific  periods  are  fiixed  by  law  within  which  the  insured,  after  being  informed  of 
the  loss,  must  elect  either  to  abandon  or  not.  In  this  country,  however,  no  particular  period 
is  fixed  for  this  purpose ;  but  the  rule  is,  that  if  the  insured  determine  to  abandon,  he  must 
intimate  such  determination  to  the  insurers  within  a  reasonable  ;)fr/orf  after  he  has  got  intelli- 
gence of  the  loss, — and  unnecessary  delay  in  making  this  intimation  being  interpreted  to 
mean  that  he  has  decided  not  to  abandon. 

No  particular  form  or  solemnity  is  required  in  giving  notice  of  an  abandonment.  It  may 
be  given  either  to  the  underwriter  himself,  or  the  agent  who  subscribed  for  him. 

The  effect  of  an  abandonment  is  to  vest  all  the  rights  of  the  insured  in  the  insurers.  The 
latter  become  the  legal  owners  of  the  ship,  and  as  such  are  liable  for  all  her  future  outgoings, 
and  entitled  to  her  future  earnings.     An  abandonment,  when  once  made,  is  irrevocable. 

In  case  of  a  shipwreck  or  other  misfortune,  the  captain  and  crew  are  bound  to  exert  them- 
selves to  the  utmost  to  save  as  much  property  as  possible :  and  to  enable  them  to  do  this  without 
prejudice  to  the  right  of  abandonment,  our  policies  provide  that,  *'  in  case  of  any  loss  or  mifl- 
A  1 


m 

i 


6 
1 


1 


ABATEMENT. 


fortune,  the  insured,  their  factors,  servants,  and  nssiuins,  shall  be  at  litierty  to  sue  and  labour 
about  the  defence,  safeguard,  and  recovery  of  the  goods,  and  merchandises,  and  ship,  &,c., 
without  prejudice  to  tiie  insurance ;  to  the  charges  whereof  the  insurers  agree  to  contribute, 
each  according  to  the  rate  and  quantity  of  his  subscription." 

"  From  tlic  nature  of  his  situation,"  says  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall,  "  the  captain  has  an  im- 
phed  authority,  not  only  from  the  insured,  but  also  from  the  insurers  and  all  others  interested 
in  the  ship  or  cargo,  in  case  of  misfortune,  to  do  whatever  he  thinks  most  conducive  to  thu 
general  interest  of  all  concerned  ;  and  they  arc  all  bound  by  his  acts.  Therefore,  if  the  ship 
be  disabled  by  stress  of  weather,  or  any  other  peril  of  the  sea,  the  captain  may  hire  another 
vessel  for  the  transport  of  the  goods  to  their  port  of  destination,  if  he  think  it  for  the  interest 
of  all  concerned  that  he  should  do  so  :  or  he  may,  upon  a  capture,  appeal  against  a  sentence 
of  condemnation,  or  carry  on  any  other  proceedings  for  the  recovery  of  the  ship  and  cargo, 
provided  he  has  a  probable  ground  for  doing  so ;  or  he  may,  upon  the  loss  of  the  ship, 
invest  the  produce  of  the  goods  saved  in  other  goods,  which  he  may  ship  for  his  original 
port  of  destination  ;  for  whatever  is  recovered  of  the  effects  insured,  the  captain  is  accountable 
to  the  insurers.  If  the  insured  neglect  to  abandon  when  he  has  it  in  his  power  to  do  so,  he 
adopts  the  acts  of  the  captain,  and  he  is  bound  by  them.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  insurers, 
after  notice  of  abandonment,  suffer  the  captain  to  continue  in  the  management,  he  becomes 
their  agent,  and  they  are  bound  by  his  acts." 

As  to  the  sailors,  when  a  misfortune  happens,  they  are  bound  to  save  and  preserve  the 
merchandise  to  the  best  of  their  power;  and  while  they  are  so  employed,  they  are  entitled  to 
wages,  so  far,  at  least,  as  what  is  saved  will  allow  :  but  if  they  refuse  to  assist  in  this,  they 
shall  have  neither  wages  nor  reward.  In  this  the  Rhodian  law,  and  the  laws  of  Olcroii, 
Wisby,  and  the  Hanse  Towns,  agree. 

The  policy  of  the  practice  of  abandonment  seems  very  questionable.  The  object  of  an 
insurance  is  to  render  the  insurer  liable  for  whatever  loss  or  damage  may  be  incurred.  But 
this  object  does  not  seem  to  be  promoted  by  compelling  him  to  pay  as  for  a  total  loss,  when, 
in  fact,  the  loss  is  only  partial.  The  captain  and  crew  of  the  ship  arc  selected  by  the  owners^ 
are  their  servants,  and  are  responsible  to  them  for  their  [iroceedings.  But  in  the  event  of  a 
ship  being  stranded,  and  so  damaged  that  the  owners  arc  entitled  to  abandon,  the  captain 
and  crew  become  the  servants  of  the  underwriters,  who  had  nothing  to  do  with  their  ap- 
pointment, and  to  whom  they  are  most  probably  altogether  unknown.  It  is  admitted  that  a 
regulation  of  this  sort  can  hardly  fail  of  leading,  and  has  indeed  frequently  led,  to  very  great 
abuses.  We,  therefore,  are  inclined  to  think  that  abandonment  ought  not  to  be  allowed 
where  any  property  is  known  to  exist;  but  that  such  property  should  continue  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  owners  and  their  agents,  and  that  the  underwriters  should  be  liable  only  for  tho 
damage  really  incurred.  The  first  case  that  came  before  the  British  courts  with  respect  to  an 
abandonment  was  decided  by  Lord  Hardwicke,  in  1744.  Mr.  Justice  Buller  appears  to  have 
concurred  in  the  opinion  now  stated,  that  abandonment  should  not  have  been  allowed  in  cases 
where  the  loss  is  not  total. 

For  furth  ir  information  as  to  this  subject,  see  the  excellent  works  of  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall 
(book  i.  cap.  1.3)  ;  and  of  Mr.  Justice  Park  (cap.  9)  on  the  Law  of  Insurance. 

[  The  law  of  abandonment  has  been  pronounced  by  Lord  Eldon  to  be  one  of  tho  most 
uncertain  branches  of  the  law;  and  Mr.  Benecke,  in  his  work  on  Indemnity,  expresses  the 
opinion — an  opinion  sanctioned  by  Chancellor  Kent — that  little  reliance  is  to  be  put  on  any 
general  principles  in  determining  what  that  law  is  in  a  particular  ease,  but  that  recourse 
must  be  had,  for  this  purpose,  to  actual  decisions.  See  Kenfs  Commentaries,  Lecture  48. 
—Am.  Ed.] 

ABATEMENT,  or  Rebate,  is  the  name  sometimes  given  to  a  discount  allowetl  for  prompt 
payment ;  it  is  also  used  to  express  the  deduction  that  is  sometimes  made  at  the  customhouse 
from  the  duties  chargeable  upon  such  goods  as  are  damaged.  This  allowance  is  regulatetl 
by  the  6  Geo.  4  c.  107.  §  28.  No  abatement  is  made  from  the  duties  charged  on  coffee, 
currants,  figs,  lemons,  oranges,  raisins,  tobacco,  and  wine. 

(  No  abatement  is  to  be  made,  on  account  of  damage  on  the  voyage,  from  the  duties  pay- 
able on  the  following  drugs,  viz:  cantharides,  cocculus  Indicus,  Guinea  grains,  ipecacuanha, 
jalap,  nux  vomica,  opium,  rhubarb,  sarsaparilla,  and  senna. — 4  &l  5  Will.  4.  c.  89,  §  5. — 
Sup.) 

[  In  the  United  States,  in  respect  to  all  articles  imported,  that  have  been  damaged  during  the 
voyage,  whether  subject  to  a  duty  ad  valorem,  or  which  are  chargeable  with  a  specific  duty, 
either  by  number,  weight  or  measure,  the  appraisers  (appointed  for  the  purpose)  shall  as- 
certain and  certify  to  what  rate  or  per  centage  the  said  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  arc 
damaged,  and  the  rate  or  per  centage  of  damage,  so  ascertained  and  certified,  shall  be  deducted 
from  the  original  amount  suliject  to  a  duty  ad  valorem,  or  from  the  actual  or  original  number, 
weight,  or  measure,  on  which  specific  duties  would  have  been  computed  :  Provided  that  no  al- 
lowance for  the  damage  on  any  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  that  have  been  entered,  and  on 
which  the  duties  have  been  paid,  or  secured  to  be  paid,  and  for  which  a  permit  has  been 
granted  to  the  owner  or  consignee  thereof,  and  which  may,  on  examining  the  same,  prove  to 


ACACIA— ACIDS. 


8 


be  (InmacfPil,  shall  be  mode,  unless  proof,  to  nsoertain  such  damage,  shall  be  lodgod  in  the 
customhouse  of  the  port  or  place  where  such  goods,  wares,  or  mereliandiso,  have  been  landed, 
within  ten  days  after  the  landing  of  such  merchandise.  And  every  j)erson  wlio  shall  he  ap- 
pointed to  ascertain  the  damage,  during  the  voyage,  of  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise, 
shall  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  or  athrmation  for  the  faithful  ]<erformance  of  the  duties 
assigned  him.  See  Act  2d  March,  1799,  "  to  regulate  the  collection  of  duties  on  imports 
and  tonnage,"  sec.  52,  where  the  form  of  the  oath  or  alfirmatiun  just  mentioned  may  bo 
found. 

The  mode  of  appraisement  is  pointed  out  in  the  act  of  March  Ist,  1823,  supplementary  to 
that  of  March  2d,  1 7Wi.—Am.  Ed.] 

ACACIA.     Sec  CiiM  AnAiiir. 

ACAPUIiCO,  a  celebrated  seaport  on  the  western  coast  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  Ifi"  ,50J'  N., 
long.  99°  40'  W.  Population  uncertain,  Init  said  to  be  from  4,000  to  5,000.  The  harbour 
of  Acapulco  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  vi'orld,  and  is  capable  of  containing  any  number  of 
ships  in  the  most  perfect  safety.  Previously  to  the  emancipation  of  Spanish  America,  a  galleon 
or  large  ship,  richly  laden,  was  annually  sent  from  Acapulco  to  Manilla,  in  the  Philippine 
Islands :  and  at  her  return  a  fair  was  held,  which  was  nmch  resorted  to  by  strangers.  But 
this  sort  of  intercourse  is  no  longer  carried  on,  the  trade  to  Manilla  and  all  other  places  being 
now  conducted  by  private  individuals.  The  exports  consist  of  bullion,  cochineal,  cocoa, 
wool,  indigo,  &c.  The  imports  principally  consist  of  cotton  goods,  hardware,  articles  of 
jewellery,  raw  and  wrought  silks,  spices,  and  aromatics.  Acapulco  is  extremely  inihealthy  ; 
and  though  it  be  the  principal  port  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  its  commerce  is  not  very 
considerable.  The  navigation  from  Acapulco  toGuayaijuil  and  Callao  is  exceedingly  tedious 
and  diflicult,  so  that  there  is  but  little  intercourse  between  Mexico  and  Peru.  The  moneys, 
weights,  and  measures,  are  the  same  as  those  of  Spain  ;  for  which  see  Camiz. 

[Ruschenberger,  who  visited  Acapulco  in  1830,  states  its  population  to  be  about  3000  ; 
and  this  he  asserts  to  be  greater  than  it  ever  was  previous  to  tlie  separation  of  Mexico  from 
Spain. — Am.  Ed.] 

ACIDS  are  a  class  of  compounds  which  arc  distinguished  from  all  others  by  the  following 
properties.  They  are  generally  possessed  of  a  very  sliarp  and  sour  taste ;  redden  the  infu- 
sions of  blue  vegetable  colours ;  are  often  highly  corrosive,  and  enter  into  combination  with 
the  alkalies,  earths,  and  metallic  oxides ;  forming  compounds  in  which  the  characters  of  the 
constituents  are  entirely  destroyed,  and  new  ones  produced  diilcring  in  every  respect  from 
those  previously  existing.  The  quality  or  strength  of  an  acid  is  generally  ascertained,  either 
by  its  specific  gravity,  which  is  found  by  means  of  the  hydrometer,  if  the  acid  be  liquid,  or 
by  the  quantity  of  pure  and  dry  subcarbonate  of  potass  or  soda,  or  of  carbonate  of  limo 
(marble)  which  a  given  weight  of  the  acid  requires  for  its  exact  neutralization.  This  latter 
process  is  termed  Acidimetry,  or  the  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  real  acid  existing  in  any  of 
the  liquid  or  crystallized  acids. 

The  principal  acids  at  present  known  arc,  the  Acetic,  Benzoic,  Bor.acic,  Bromic,  Carbonic, 
Citric,  Chloric,  Cyanic,  Fluoric,  Ferroprussic,  Gallic,  Hydrobromic,  Hydriodic,  Iodic,  Lactic, 
Malic,  Margaric,  Meconic,  Muriatic  or  Hydrochloric,  Nitrous,  Nitric,  Oleic,  Oxalic,  Phospo- 
ric,  Prussic  or  Hydrocyanic,  Purpuric,  Saccholactic,  Suberic,  Sulphurous,  Sulphuric,  Tartaric, 
Uric,  and  many  others  which  it  would  be  superfluous  to  detail.  It  is  the  most  important 
only  of  these,  however,  that  will  be  here  treated  of,  and  more  particularly  those  employed  in 
the  arts  and  "lanufactures. 

.Acetic  or  jiyroUgneous  ocirf.— This  acid,  in  its  pure  and  ronrontrnted  form,  is  obtained  frnni  the  fluid 
niiittiT  whicli  passes  over  in  <listill!iti(>n,  wlicn  wood  is  exposed  to  lieat  in  dose  iron  cjlinders.  Tliis 
(laid  is  a  mixture  of  ai-etic  acid,  tar,  and  a  very  voliitile  ctlier  ;  from  tliese  tlie  acid  inr\y  he  separated, 
after  a  seeond  distillation,  hy  saturating  with  elialk,  and  evaporating  to  dryness  ;  an  arelate  of  lirnu 
is  thus  proc\ired,  wliieh,  hyinixtiire  with  sulpliati!  of  sndn,  (Glauber's  salt,)  is  decomposed,  the  re- 
sultinir  compounds  being  an  insoluble  sulphate  of  lime,  and  a  very  s(dulile  aciMate  of  soda  ;  thi'se  are 
easily  separated  from  each  other  by  solution  in  water  and  filtration  ;  the  acetate  of  soda  being  ob- 
tained in  the  crystalline  form  by  evaporation.  From  this,  or  the  acetate  of  lime,  some  inaTiutaclurers 
employing  the  former,  others  the  latter,  y\\i\  acetic  acid  is  obtained  hy  distillation  with  sulphuric  acid  ; 
(oil  ol  vitriol  ;)  as  thus  procnred,  it  is  a  colourless,  volatile  tluid,  having  a  very  pungent  and  refresh- 
ing odour,  and  a  strong  acid  taste.  Its  strength  should  be  ascertained  hy  the  quantity  of  marble  re- 
((uired  f<ir  its  neulrali/.ntion,  as  its  specific  gravity  does  not  give  a  correct  imiication.  It  is  employed 
in  the  preparation  of  the  acetate  uf  lead  (sugar  uf  lead)  in  many  of  the  pharmaceutical  compounds, 
atul  also  as  an  antiseptic. 

Vinegar  is  an  impure  and  very  dilute  acetic  acid,  obtained  by  exposing  either  weak  wim's  or  in- 
fnsions  of  malt  to  the  air  and  a  slow  fermentation  ;  it  contains,  besides  tin'  pure  acid,  a  large  ipiantity 
of  colouring  matter,  some  nmcilage,  ami  a  little  spirit ;  from  these  it  is  ri'adily  separated  by  <listilla- 
tion.  Thi>  impurities  with  which  this  distilled  vim'gar  is  someliim^s  adulterated,  or  with  which  it  is 
accidentally  contaminated,  are  oil  of  vilriid,  added  to  increase  the  acidity,  and  oxides  of  tin  or  copper, 
arising  from  the  vinegar  having  been  distilled  through  tin  or  copper  worms.  These?  may  bo  easily 
detected;  the  oil  of  vitriol  hy  the  addition  of  a  littli;  solution  of  nniriate  of  barytes  to  the  distilled 
vinegar,  which,  should  the  acid  be  present,  will  cause  a  dense  white  precipitate  ;  and  the  oxides  of  tin 
or  copper  by  the  addition  of  water  impregnated  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  Vinegar  is  employerl  in 
many  culinary  and  domestic  operations,  and  also  very  largely  in  the  manufacture  of  the  carboimie  of 
lead,  (white  lead.) 

Benuiie  acid — i^xists  naturally,  formed  in  the  gum  benzoin,  and  may  he  procured  either  hy  suh. 
inittinj;  the  benzoin  in  tine  powder  to  repeated  sublimations,  or  by  digesting  it  with  linn:  and  water, 


■ 
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0 
1 


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0 


4  ACIDS. 

Ktrninine  nff  the  rlenr  Rolutlon,  nnd  nddintr  nitirlntic  nrld,  wliirh  pntprn  into  rnmliinntion  with  the 
liiiip,  iinil  tlir  liiMi7,(iic  iirid,  l>eiiiK  nearly  iiiMoliihlt^  iii  vviilcr,  t'alU  iin  a  wliilc  |i(i\v(li;r;  tliin  may  bi; 
fiirtliiT  piiritii'd  liy  a  Niildiiiintinii.  Ilcn/iiic  acid  Ih  of  a  liciiiitiriil  prarl^'  uiiitt'  Cdlniir  tvhrii  purr,  lias 
a  vrry  peculiar  nrnmatic  oddiir,  and  an  acrid,  acid,  nnd  liillcr  tanlc ;  it  is  nsi'd  in  ninkinc  paslillcs  nnd 
pprt'iiint'd  incrnHt;.  This  acid  uIho  ucciira  in  the  halsnniB  of  Tiilu  nnd  I'crii,  and  in  tin;  nrinc  o(  the 
luirHH  und  cnw. 

Buracir  iirid—'nf  found  in  nn  nncnndiincd  stalo  in  many  nf  the  hnl  pprinps  of  Tuscany,  i\9  also  at 
Rcsso  in  llic  Klorcntinc  territory,  from  whence  it  has  received  the  name  of  Sensolin.  In  Thibet,  I'er- 
fia,  and  South  America,  it  occiiVh  in  condiination  with  soda,  and  Ih  imported  from  thu  former  place 
into  !lii.-<  country  in  a  crystalline  form,  under  tin.'  name  of  Tirical.  These  crystals  are  coated  witli  ii 
rancid,  fatty  substance,  and  require  to  be  purified  by  repeated  solutions  nnd  cryslalli/.ationii ;  after 
whicli  it  is  sold  under  the  appellation  of  borax  ;(bi-bnrnte  of  soda  ;)  from  a  hot  solution  nf  this  salt  tlit^ 
horacic  aciil  is  readily  obtained,  by  the  addition  of  sulphuric  acid  in  sliffht  excess;  sulphate  uf  soda  is 
formed,  and  the  horacic  acid  crystalli/(s  as  the  solution  cools.  When  pure,tlH!Be  crystals  are  white, 
and  have  an  nnctnoiis  creasy  feel ;  they  are  soluble  in  alcohol,  comniunicatiuB  a  pfeen  tinpe  to  its 
flame  ;  when  fused  it  forms  a  transparent  plass,  and  has  been  found  by  Mr.  Fnraday  to  nnite  with  the 
oxide  of  lead,  prodncinc  a  very  uniform  (.'lass,  free  from  all  defects,  und  wvM  adapted  for  the  purpose 
of  telescopes  and  other  ustrcuioinical  instruments.  Uora.x  is  much  employed  in  the  arts,  particularly 
in  ineiallur!.'ic  operations  as  a  flux  ;  also  in  enamellinp,  and  in  iiharmacy. 

Carbonic  ariil. — This  acid  occurs  very  abundantly  in  nature,  combined  with  lime,  maenpsin.bnrytes, 
Aerial  acid,  lixed  air,  mephitic  acid  ;  from  any  of  these  it  is  easily  separated  by  the  addition  of  nearly 
any  of  the  other  acids.  In  its  nncombined  form,  it  is  a  transparent,  gaseous  fluid,  having  a  density 
of  IS3,  atmospheric  nir  beins  unity  ;  it  is  absorbed  to  a  considerable  extent  by  water,  and  when  the 
water  is  rendererl  slichtly  alkaline  by  the  addition  of  carbonate  of  sodn,  and  a  larjie  quantity  of  gus 
forced  into  it  by  pressure,  it  forms  the  well-known  refresliinf;  bcvera)!e,  soda  water.  This  gas  is  also 
formed  in  very  large  quantities  during  comlnistion,  respiraticui,  and  fermentatiiui.  Carbonic  acid  gas 
is  destructive  of  animal  life  and  combustion,  and  from  its  creat  weight  nrcumulates  in  the  bottoms  of 
deep  wells,  cellars,  caves,  &;c.,  which  have  been  closed  for  a  long  period,  and  numerous  fatal  accidents 
arise  fre(|Ueiitly  to  persons  entering  such  places  incautiously;  the  precaution  slnnild  always  be  taken 
of  introducing  a  lighted  candle  prior  to  the  descent  or  entrance  of  any  one  ;  for  should  the  candle  he 
pxtingiiislied,  it  would  be  dangerous  to  enter  until  properly  ventilated.  Tlieconiliinalions  of  carbonic 
acid  with  the  alkalies,  earths,  and  metallic  oxides  are  termed  carbonates. 

Cilric  iicid — exists  in  a  free  state,  in  the  juice  of  the  lemon,  lime,  and  other  fruits,  combined  how- 
ever with  mucilage,  anil  sometimes  a  little  sugar,  which  renders  it,  if  rerinired  to  be  preserved  for  a 
long  period,  very  liable  to  ferment ;  on  this  account,  the  crystallized  citric  acid  is  to  be  preferred.  It 
is  prepared  by  saturating  the  lemon  juice  with  chalk  ;  the  citric  acid  combines  with  the  lime,  forming 
an  iusidiilile  compound,  while  the  carbonic  acid  is  lilierated ;  the  insoluble  citrate,  after  being  well 
washed,  is  to  bi"  acted  upon  by  dilute  sulphuric  and,  which  forms  sulphate  of  lime,  and  the  citric  acid 
enters  into  solution  in  the  water  ;  by  filtration  and  evaporation  the  citric  acid  is  obtained  in  colourless 
transparent  crystals.  The  chief  uses  to  which  it  is  applied  are  as  a  preventive  of  sea  scurvy,  and  in 
making  refreshing  acidulous  or  elTurvescing  drinks;  fur  which  latter  purpose  it  is  peculiarly  tilted 
from  its  very  pleasant  flavour. 

Flunric  arid — is  found  in  the  well-known  mineral  fltior  spar  in  combination  with  lime  ;  from  which  it 
is  procured  in  the  liquid  form,  by  distillation  with  dilute  sulpliiiric  acid  in  a  leaden  <ir  silver  retort;  the 
receiver  should  be  of  the  same  material  as  the  retort,  and  kept  cool  by  ice  or  snow. 

This  nci  1  is  gaseous  in  its  pure  form,  highly  corrosive,  and  intensely  acid  ;  it  is  rapidly  absorbed  hy 
water,  communicating  its  properties  to  that  Hiiid.  Its  chief  use  is  for  etching  on  glass, "which  it  cor- 
rodes with  great  rapidity.  For  this  purpose  ;i  thin  coating  of  wax  is  to  be  melted  on  the  surface  of  the 
glass,  and  the  sketch  drawn  by  a  tine  hard-pointed  instriiment  through  the  wax;  the  li(|uid  acid  is 
then  poured  on  it,  and  at>er  a  short  time,  on  the  removal  of  the  acid  and  coating,  an  etching  will  he 
found  in  the  substance  of  the  glass.  A  very  excellent  application  of  this  property,  possessed  by  fluoric 
acid,  is  in  tln^  roughing  the  shades  for  table  lainiis.  All  the  metals,  e.xcept  silver,' lead,  and  platina,are 
acted  upon  by  this  acid. 

GiiUic  acid. — The  source  from  which  this  acid  is  generally  obtained  is  the  nut  gall,  a  hard  protube- 
rance produced  on  the  oak  by  the  puncture  of  insects.  The  most  simple  method  of  proc\iring  the  acid 
in  its  pure  foru\,  is  to  submit  the  galls  in  tine  powder  to  sublimation  in  a  retort,  taking  care  that  the 
heat  be  applied  slowly  and  with  caution;  the  other  processes  require  a  very  long  period  for  their 
completion.  When  pure,  gallic  acid  has  a  white  and  silky  appearance,  nnd  n  highly  astringent  and 
slightly  acid  taste.  The  nut  galls,  which  owe  their  properties  to  the  gallic  acid  they  contain,  are  em- 
ployed very  extensively  in  the  arts,  for  dyeing  and  staining  silks,  cloths,  and  woods  of  a  black  colour; 
this  is  owing  to  its  forming  with  the  oxide  of  iron  an  intense  black  precipitate.  Writing  ink  is  made 
on  the  same  principle  ;  a  very  excellent  receipt  of  the  late  Dr.  Black's  is,  to  take  3  oz.  of  the  best 
Aleppo  galls  in  tine  powder,  1  oz.  sulphate  of  iron,  (green  vitriol,)  1  nz.  logwood  finely  rasped,  1  oz. 
gum  arable,  one  pint  of  the  best  vinegar,  one  pint  of  soft  water,  and  8  or  10  cloves  ;  in  this  case  the 
black  precipitate  is  kept  suspended  by  the  gum. 

Ifijdrindic  acid, — a  compound  of  iodine  anil  hydrogen,  in  its  separate  form  is  of  very  little  importance 
in  the  arts;  its  combinations  with  potass,  soda,  and  other  of  the  inctuUic  oxides,  will  he  treated  of 
liereafter. 

Milxc  ufirf— exists  in  the  juices  of  many  fruits,  particularly  the  apple,  as  aUo  in  the  berries  of  the 
service  and  mountain  ash. 

Meronic  ucid—ia  found  in  opium,  in  combination  with  morphia,  forming  the  meconate  of  morphia,  on 
which  the  action  of  opium  princijially  depends. 

Muriatic  ncid,  or  spirit.i  uf  salts. — This  acid  (the  hydrochloric  of  the  French  chemists)  is  mantifactiired 
from  the  chloride  of  sodium  (dry  sea  salt)  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid,  (oil  of  vitriol.)  The  most 
economical  proportions  are  20  pounds  of  fused  salt,  and  20  pounds  of  oil  of  vitriol  previously  mixed 
with  an  equal  weight  of  water;  these  are  placed  in  an  iron  or  earthen  pot,  to  which  an  earthen  liead 
nnd  receiver  are  adapted,  and  submitted  to  distillation  ;  the  muriatic  acid  passes  over  in  the  vaporous 
form,  and  may  be  easily  condensed.  The  liquid  ncid  thus  obtained  should  have  n  specific  gravity  of 
M7,  water  hi.'ing  equal  to  100;  it  has  a  strong  acid  taste,  and  a  slight  yellow  colour  ;  this  is  owing  to 
a  small  quantity  of  oxide  of  iron.  Uy  redistillation  in  a  glass  retort  at  a  low  temperature,  it  may  be 
obtained  perfectly  pure  and  colourless.  It  sometimes  contains  a  little  sulphuric  ncid  ;  this  is  detected 
by  a  solution  of  muriate  of  barytes.  Muriatic  acid,  in  its  nncombined  stnte.  is  nn  invisible  elastic  gas, 
having  a  very  strong  attinity  for  water ;  that  fluid  absorbing,  at  a  temperature  of  40°  Fahri-iiheit,  480 
times  its  volume,  and  the  resulting  liquid  acid  has  a  density  of  121.  So  great  is  this  attraction  for  water, 
that  when  the  gas  is  liberated  into  the  air,  it  combines  with  the  moisture  always  present  in  that  me- 
dium, formingdense  white  vapours.  Its  combinations  with  the  alkalies,  &c.  nre  termed  muriates  ;  those 
of  the  greatest  importance  are,  the  muriates  of  tin,  ammonia,  barytes,  and  sea  salt.  The  test  for  the 
presence  of  n-.uriatic  acid  in  any  liquid  is  the  nitrate  of  silver,  (lunar  caustic,)  which  causes  a  curdy 
white  precipitate. 

J\ntric  acid,  or  aquafortis.— Thia,  which  is  one  of  the  most  useful  acids  with  which  the  chemist  is 


ACIDS. 


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list  is 


neqilftlnted.  In  prepnrod  hy  arlinit  upon  sallpi'tro  (iiiirn  nr  nitratp  of  potass')  with  oil  of  vitriol ;  tho 
proportions  hrst  siiili'd  fur  litis  piirpcisi'  arc,  llirri-  parts  l)y  wriL'liI  of  iiiln'  anil  two  ol'  nil  nf  vitriol ; 
or  100  nilre,  and  til)  oil  of  vitri>>l  pri'vioiiHly  diliiti-il  with  'io  of  wati-r  ;  )'ltlii'r  of  Ihrsr  |ir<i|iortions  will 
prodiiro  a  very  o.xccllcnt  acid.  Wlit'ii  snbinitli'd  lo  distillation,  wliiih  hIhmiIiI  In'  iiindui  li'd  In  earthen 
or  |;lasH  vessels,  the  nitric  acid  passes  over  in  the  form  of  vapour,  and  a  hisiilphate  of  potass  (sal 
niixnni)  remains  in  the  retort. 

Nitric  acid  of  commerce  lias  usually  a  dark  orange-red  colour,  Kivinif  off  copious  fumes,  and  havint; 
a  specific  gravity  of  IJO.  water  heinc  100.  It  is  sIronL'ly  acid  and  liiulily  corrosive.  It  may  he  idiiained 
P'rfi'clly  colonrli'ss  liy  a  second  distillation,  rejectiiiK  the  lirsl  portion  that  passes  over,  l!  is  much 
employed  in  the  arts,  for  etching  on  copper-pl.ites  for  engraving  ;  also,  for  the  se  pi  ration  of  silver  from 
g<dd,  in  the  process  of  i|iiarlation.  In  pharmacy  and  surgery  i!  is  e.xteiisively  iisi'd,  and  is  employed 
for  destroying  contagiiins  elHiivia.  (Nimbini'd  with  muriatic  acid,  it  forms  aqua  regia,(iiitro-murialiK 
Hcid,)  used  as  a  solvent  for  gold,  pliitina.  &c.  This  aild  is  freipienlly  contaminated  with  the  iiiuriatir. 
and  sulphuric  acids  ;  these  may  he  detected  hy  the  following  iiietlioils. — A  portiuii  of  the  suspected 
ncid  should  he  diluted  with  three  or  four  times  its  vuliime  nf  distilled  water,  and  ilividiil  into  two 
glasses  ;  to  one  of  which  nitrate  of  silver  (lunar  caustic  in  sMliilion)  is  to  he  adiled,  anil  to  tlie  other, 
nitrate  of  haryles;  if  miirialic  acid  he  present,  a  while  curdy  precipitate  will  ho  thrown  down  hy  the 
former :  and  if  sulphuric,  a  white  granular  precipitate  hy  the  latter. 

Oiiilir  (irii/— occurs  in  comhinalion  with  potass  as  hinoxalate  of  potass  in  the  different  varieties 
of  sorrel,  from  whence  the  hinoxalate  of  potass  has  heeii  termed  salt  of  sorrel.  This  acid  is 
usually  prepared  hy  the  action  of  nitric  aciil  upon  sugar,  evapor.iling  the  solution,  afier  the  action  has 
ceased,  to  the  consistence  of  a  syrup,  and  redissolving  and  recrystallizing  the  crystals  which  are  thus 
procured. 

It  is  sold  in  small  white  ndcnlar  crystals,  of  a  strongly  arid  taste  and  highly  poisonous,  and  some- 
times ill  its  external  appearance  hears  a  si  rung  similarity  to  Kpsom  salts,  (siilphale  of  magnesia,)  which 
it  has  heen  unfortunately  freiiiiently  mistaken  for.  It  is  instantly  distinguished  from  Kpsom  salts  hy 
placing  a  small  crystal  upon  the  toiiL'ue ;  when  its  strong  acid  taste,  compared  with  the  iiaiiseoiia 
bitter  of  the  sulphate  of  magnesia,  will  ho  quite  a  sutlicient  criterion.  In  cases  of  poisoning,  however, 
hy  this  acid,  lime,  or  chalk,  mixed  with  water  to  form  a  cream,  should  he  immediately  aihiiini.-tered, 
the  comhiiiations  of  oxalic  acid  with  these  suhstances  being  perfectly  inert.  It  is  employed  in  removing 
ink  stains,  iron  moulds,  &c.  from  linen  and  leather ;  the  best  proportions  for  these  purposes  are,  1  oz. 
of  the  acid  to  a  pint  of  water.  The  most  delicate  lest  of  the  presence  of  oxalic  acid  is.  a  salt  of  lime 
or  lime-wali'r,  with  either  of  which  it  forms  a  white  precipitate,  iiiBolublu  in  wati'r,  but  sidiihle  in 
acids.     Its  combinations  are  termed  oxalates. 

Phusphnric  arid — is  of  very  little  importance  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  except  as  forming 
with  lime  the  earth  of  hones, (phosphate  of  lime.)  It  is  prepared  by  heating  bones  to  whiteness  in  a 
furnace;  from  this  phosphoric  acid  is  obtained  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid,  still  coinliined,  how- 
ever, with  a  small  quantity  of  lime.  The  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  phosphorus,  the  latter  being  added 
gradually  and  in  siiiall  pieces,  yields  this  acid  in  u  statu  of  purity;  its  combinations  arc  termed 
phosphates. 

Pninsir  acid,  or  hydrocyanic  ncirf.— This  acid,  which  is  the  most  virulent  and  poisonous  acid  known, 
is  contained  in  peach  hlossoms,  bay  leaves,  and  many  other  vegetable  productions,  which  owe  their 
peculiar  odour  to  the  presence  of  p'russic  acid.  For  the  purposes  of  medicine  and  chemistry,  this  acid 
is  prepared  either  by  distilling  one  part  of  the  cyanuret  of  mercury,  one  part  of  muriatic  acid  of  specilic 
gravity  115,  and  six  parts  of  water,  six  parts  of  prussic  acid  being  collected;  or,  hy  dissolving  a 
certain  weight  of  cyanu'ot  of  mercury,  and  passing  a  current  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  thrniiglithB 
solution,  until  the  whole  of  the  mercury  shall  he  precipitated  ;  if  an  excess  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen 
should  be  present,  a  little  cnrhoiiate  of  lead  (white  lead)  will  remove  it;  on  tillering,  a  colonrle.ss 
prussic  acid  will  be  obtained.  Hy  the  first  process,  which  is  the  one  followed  at  Apotliecaries'  Hall, 
the  acid  has  a  density  095,  water  being  equal  to  1,000;  by  lli<!  latter,  it  maybe  procured  of  any  required 
strength,  depending  on  the  quantity  of  cyanuret  of  mercury  dissolved.  The  best  lest  for  the  presence 
of  this  acid  is,  first  to  add  a  small  quantity  of  the  protosulphate  of  iron  (solution  of  creeii  vitriol,) 
then  a  little  solution  of  potass,  and  lastly  diliiled  sulphuric  acid  ;  if  prussic  acid  be  present,  prussian 
blue  will  be  formed.  Its  combinations  are  called  prussiates  or  hydrocyanates  ;  when  in  its  concentrated 
form,  it  is  so  rapid  in  its  elfects  that  large  animals  have  been  killed  in  the  short  space  of  SO  seconds, 
or  from  a  miniile  to  a  ininnle  and  a  half 

Sulphurous  ^rid—in  formed  whenever  sulphur  is  burnt  in  atmospheric  air:  it  is  a  suffocating  and 
pungent  gas.  strongly  acid,  bleaches  vegetable  colours  with  great  rapidity,  and  arrests  the  process  of 
vinous  fermentation.  For  these  purposes  it  is  therelore  very  much  employed,  especially  in  bleaching 
woollen  goods  and  straws.  Fermentation  may  be  immediately  arrested  hy  luirning  a  small  quantity 
of  sulphur  in  casks,  and  then  racking  off  the  wine  while  still  fermenting  into  them  ;  this  frequently 
gives  the  wine  a  very  unpleasant  taste  of  sulphur,  which  is  avoided  by  the  use  of  sulphate  of  potass, 
made  by  impregnating  a  solution  of  potass  with  sulphurous  acid  gas. 

Sulphuric  acid,  or  oil  of  vitriol— c;i\\v.i\  oil  of  vitriol  from  its  having  been  Ibrmerly  manufactured  from 
green  vitriol. (sulphate  of  iron.)  In  some  parts  of  the  Continent  this  process  is  still  followed.  The 
method  generally  adopted  in  this  country,  is  lo  introduce  nine  parts  of  sulpliur.  intimately  mixed  with 
one  part  of  nitre,  in  a  state  of  active  comhiislion.  into  large  leaden  chambers,  the  bottoms  of  which 
are  covered  with  a  stratum  of  water,  i^ulpliurous  and  nitrous  acid  pases  are  generated,  which  enter- 
ing into  combination  form  a  white  crystalline  solid,  which  falls  to  fhe  bottom  of  the  chamber;  tho 
instant  that  the  water  comes  in  contact  with  it,  this  solid  is  decomposed  with  a  hissing  noise  and  ef- 
fervescence, sulphuric  acid  combines  with  the  water,  and  nitrou.-t  gas  is  liberated,  which  combining 
with  oxygen  from  the  air  of  the  chamber,  is  converted  into  nitrous  acid  gas,  again  combines  with  sul- 
phurous acid  gas,  and  again  falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  chamber  :  this  process  continues  as  long  as  the 
combustion  of  the  sulphur  is  kept  up.  or  as  long  as  atmospheric  air  remains  in  the  chamber  ;  the  nitrous 
acid  merely  serving  as  a  means  for  the  transference  of  oxygen  from  the  atmosphere  to  the  sulphurous 
acid,  to  convert  it  into  sulphuric  acid.  The  water  is  removed  from  the  chamber  when  of  a  certain 
strength,  and  replaced  hy  fresh.  These  acid  waters  are  then  evaporated  in  leaden  boilers,  and  finally 
concentrated  in  glass  or  platina  vessels.  As  thus  manufactured,  sulphuric  acid  is  a  dense  oily  fluid, 
colourless,  intensely  acid,  and  highly  corrosive,  and  has  a  specific  gravity  of  l,8lti,  water  being  equal 
to  1,000.  This  acid  is  the  most  important  with  which  we  are  acquainted  ;  it  is  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  the  nitric,  muriatic,  acetic,  phosphoric,  citric,  tartaric,  and  many  other  acids;  also  in  the 
preparation  of  chlorine,  for  the  manufacture  of  the  bleaching  i)owder,(oxymuriate  of  lime  or  chloride 
of  lime,)  for  the  preparation  of  sulphate  of  mercury,  in  the  manufacture  of  calomel  and  corrosive  sub- 
limate, and  in  innumerable  other  chemical  manufactures.  In  the  practice  of  physic  it  is  also  very 
much  employed.  It  usually  contains  n  little  oxide  of  lead,  which  is  readdy  detected  I:;'  diluting  the 
acid  with  about  four  times  its  volume  of  water,  and  allowing  the  sulphate  ( f  lead  to  subside.  Its  com- 
binations are  denominated  sulphates.  The  fuming  sulphuric  acid,  as  manufactured  at  Nordhausen, 
contains  only  one-halfthe  quantity  of  water  in  its  composition. 

Tartaric  acid. — This  acid  is  procured  from  the  cream  of  tartar,  (bitartrate  of  potass.)  obtained  by 
purifying  tiie  crust  wliicb  separates  during  the  fermeutation  of  wines  by  solution  and  crystallization, 
a2 


i 


6 


ACORNS— ADJUSTMENT. 


Wlion  Ihio  piirifirrt  liitnrtrnio  \f  diHuntvi'it,  nnd  linin  or  rnrlmtintp  of  lime  nrldod,  an  innnliiMp  fnrlrntP 
of  liiiii' l-ills.  wliH  li  iifltT  \va^llillc  sliniilil  In  inlcd  ii|ii>n  hv  Hiil|iliiiric  iiciil ;  ciiliiliiilf  ol' liiiir  in  thii* 
foriiiiil,  iiml  tlir  tartarir  aciil  riiliTH  jiiId  Hulnliiiri,  anil  may  lie  dlilairird  by  rva|)or:ilinii  nnil  rryotallj- 
znlion.  It  in  rniiilnynl  vrry  niiicli  JnllicarlH,  in(!ili(i)-i(rimiiit.',n»  alsn  in  niakinm'  ctrrrvfiicinR  draiiglitii 
nnd  imwdiTH  in  pliarniary. 

Urir  iiriil-  iri  an  animal  acid  <if  vi>ry  lillli'  jmpiirlanrc,  rxccpt  in  n  sciiMililir  ))(iint  of  vii-w  ;  it  cxisU 
in  thiT.xrri'nn'nls(iffiL'rp(;ntH,  tc»  tlio  unionnt  of '.15  p«'r  ci'nt.aiiil  fnrniB  tin:  lm»in  of  ninny  uf  the  urinary 
cnlcnli  and  uravcl. 

N.  U.   I'/ni  iirlirlr,  nvil  that  on  nikniif.i,  hare  hrrn  fnrnUhtil  hii  iiti  iihlr  prnrfirnl  rhemht. 

ACOItNS  ((i(!r.  Ekheln,  Erktrn ,-  Kr.  (ildiids,-  It.  llhiundt: ,-  Sp.  Bellofas ;  Riis. 
Schedudii ,-  Lat.  (Jlimde.i),  the  srcd  or  fruit  of  the  oak.  Acorns  formed  u  part  of  the  food  of 
man  in  early  aRcs,  and  freiiucnt  iillusion  is  iniidc  in  the  clasHios  to  this  circuinstance.  ( I'irgil, 
Georir.  lib.  i.  liii.  8.;  Ovid.  Met.  lib.  i.  lin.  106,  <Srr.)  In  Bome  countries  they  are  still  used, 
in  periods  of  scarcity,  as  a  substitute  for  bread.  With  us  they  are  now  rarely  used  except  for 
fatleninc;  hogs  and  poultry.  They  are  said  to  make,  when  toasted,  with  the  addition  of  a  lit- 
tle fresh  butter,  one  of  the  best  substitutes  for  coH'ee.     Their  taste  is  astrinpent  and  bitter. 

ACORUS  {Calamus  aromaticm),  sweet  fluR,  or  sweet  rush,  a  red  or  knotty  root,  about 
the  thickness  of  the  little  finger,  and  wvcnil  inches  long.  "  'i'hc  root  of  the  sweet  flag  has  a 
pleasant  aromatic  odour,  similar  to  that  of  a  mixture  of  cinnninon  and  allspice.  The  tasto  is 
warm,  pungent  bitterish,  and  aromatic." — (niiimnon's  DiKpematory.)  The  root,  which  is 
used  in  medicine,  was  formerly  imported  from  the  Levant,  but  it  is  now  obtained  of  an  equally 
good  quality  from  Norfolk. 

ACRK,  a  measure  of  land.  The  Imperial  or  standard  English  acre  contains  4  roods,  each 
rootl  40  poles  or  perches,  each  pole  272^  square  feet;  and  consequently  each  acre  =43,560 
square  feet.  Previously  to  the  introduction  of  the  new  system  of  weights  and  measures  by 
the  act  5  Geo.  IV.  cap.  74,  the  acres  in  use  in  dilferent  parts  of  England  varied  considerably 
from  each  other  and  from  the  standard  acre ;  but  these  customary  measures  are  now  abolish- 
ed. The  Scotch  acre  contains  four  roods,  each  roo«]  40  falls,  and  each  fall  36  ells;  the  ell 
being  equal  to  37'06  Imperial  inches.  Hence  the  Imperial  is  to  the  Scotch  acre  nearly  as  1 
to  li,  one  Scotch  acre  l)eing  equal  to  1-261  Imperial  acres.  The  Irish  acre  is  equal  to  1  acre 
2  roods  and  19 j-y^ poles;  30J  Irish  being  equal  to  49  Imperial  acres, 

[The  standard  English  acre  is  the  acre  in  use  in  the  United  States. — Am.  Ed.] 

ADAMANTINE  SPAR  (Hind.  Corundum),  a  stone  so  called  from  its  hardness,  found 
in  India,  Ava,  China,  &c.,  crystallized,  or  in  a  mass.  It  is  ascertained  to  be  a  species  of  sap- 
phire. The  Indian  variety  is  the  best.  Colour  grey,  with  shades  of  green  and  light  brown ; 
fracture  foliated  nnd  sparry,  sometimes  vitreous.  It  is  brittle,  and  so  hard  as  to  cut  rock  crystal 
and  most  of  the  gems.  Specific  gravity  from  371  to  4-18.  The  Chinese  variety  differs  from 
the  Indian  in  containing  grains  of  magnetic  iron  ore  disseminated  through  it,  in  being  gene- 
rally of  a  darker  colour,  and  having  externally  a  chatoyant  lustre ;  its  specific  gravity  is 
greater,  and  its  hardness  somewhat  inferior.     It  is  employed  to  polish  gems. 

ADJUSTMENT,  in  commercial  navigation,  the  settlement  of  a  loss  incurred  by  the 
insured. 

In  the  case  of  a  total  loss,  if  the  policy  be  an  open  one,  the  insurer  is  obliged  to  pay  the 
goods  according  to  i\\c\x prime  cost,  that  is,  the  invoice  price,  and  all  duties  and  expenses  in- 
curred till  they  arc  put  on  board,  including  the  premium  of  insurance.  Whether  they  might 
have  arrived  at  a  good  or  a  bad  market,  is  held  by  the  law  of  England  to  be  immaterial.  The 
insurer  is  supposed  to  have  insured  a  constant  and  not  a  variable  sum ;  and  in  the  event  of  a 
loss  occurring,  the  insured  is  merely  to  be  put  into  the  same  situation  in  which  he  stood  be- 
fore the  transaction  began.  If  the  policy  be  a  valued  one,  the  practice  is  to  adopt  the  valua- 
tion fixed  in  it  in  case  of  a  total  loss,  unless  the  insurers  can  show  that  the  insured  had  a 
colourable  interest  only,  or  that  the  goods  were  greatly  overvalued.  In  the  case  of  all  partial 
losses,  the  value  of  the  goods  must  be  proved. 

"  The  nature  of  the  contrart  between  the  insured  and  insurer  is,"  says  Mr.  Justice  Park, 
"  that  the  goods  shall  come  safn  to  the  port  of  delivery  ;  or,  if  they  do  not,  that  the  insurer 
will  indemnify  the  owner  to  the  nniount  of  the  value  of  the  goods  stated  in  the  policy.  Wher- 
ever then  the  property  insured  is  lessened  in  value  by  damage  received  at  sea,  justice  is  done 
by  putting  the  merchant  in  the  same  condition  (relation  being  had  to  the  prime  cost  or  value 
in  the  policy)  in  which  he  would  have  been  had  the  goods  arrived  free  from  damage ;  that 
is,  by  paying  him  such  proportion  of  the  prime  cost  or  value  in  the  policy  as  corresponds 
with  the  proportion  of  the  diminution  in  value  occasioned  by  the  damage.  The  question 
then  is,  how  is  the  proportion  of  the  damage  to  Ik;  ascertained  1  It  certainly  cannot  be  by 
any  measure  taken  from  the  prime  cost;  but  it  may  be  done  in  this  way : — Where  any  thing, 
as  a  hogshead  of  sugar,  happens  to  be  spoiled,  if  you  can  fix  whether  it  be  a  third,  a  fourth, 
or  a  fifth  worse,  than  the  damage  is  ascertained  to  a  mathematical  certainty.  How  is  this  to  be 
found  out  ?  Not  by  any  price  at  the  port  of  shipment,  but  it  must  be  at  the  port  of  delivery, 
when  the  voyage  is  completed  and  the  whole  damage  known.  Whether  the  price  at  the  lat- 
ter be  high  or  low,  it  is  the  same  thing ;  for  in  either  case  it  equally  shows  whether  the 
damaged  goods  are  a  third,  a  fourth,  or  a  fifth  worse  than  if  they  had  come  sound ;  conse- 
quently, whether  the  injury  sustained  be  a  third,  fourth,  or  fifth  of  the  value  of  the  thing. 


And  ns 
third,  fi 


SfiV 


ADMEASUREMENT— ADMIRALTY  COURTS. 


the 

tho 
ni- 
ght 
The 
of  a 
be- 
alua- 
lad  a 


that 

onds 

Etion 

le  by 

ling, 

irth, 

0  be 

)trn, 

lat- 

the 

nso- 

ing. 


And  ns  the  insurer  pays  the  whole  prime  rost  if  the  tiling  be  wholly  lost,  «o  if  it  he  only  a 
third,  fourth,  or  fifth  worse,  he  pays  a  third,  fourth,  or  fifth,  not  of  the  value  for  which  it  is 
Fold,  hxil  (if  the  value  ufated  in  the  pollri/.  And  when  no  valuation  is  stated  in  the  poliey, 
the  invoice  of  the  cost,  with  the  addition  of  all  charge,  and  the  premiuniofumurance,  shall  bo 
the  foundation  upon  which  the  loss  shall  be  computed." 

Thus,  suppose  a  policy  to  be  efTecfed  on  gomls,  the  prime  cost  of  which,  all  expenses  in- 
rlude<l,  amounts  to  1 ,000/. ;  and  supi)0<c  further,  that  these  goods  would,  had  they  safely 
reached  the  port  of  delivery,  have  brought  1,200/.,  but  that,  owing  to  damage  they  have  met 
with  in  the  voyage,  they  only  fetch  800/. ;  in  this  ease  it  is  plain,  inasmuch  as  goods  that 
would  otherwise  have  l)een  worth  1,200/.  are  only  worth  800/.;  that  they  have  been  deterior- 
ated ime-third,  and  hence  it  follows,  conformably  to  what  has  been  stated  above,  that  the  in- 
surer must  pay  one-third  of  i\\c\r  prime  cost  (1,000/.),  or  333/.  6.v.  8rf.  to  the  insured. 

In  estimating  the  value  of  goods  at  the  port  of  delivery,  the  gross  and  not  the  ndt  proceeds 
of  the  sales  are  to  be  taken  as  the  standard. 

A  ship  is  valued  at  the  sum  she  is  worth  at  the  time  she  sails  on  the  voyage  insured,  in- 
cluding the  expenses  of  repairs,  the  value  of  her  furniture,  provisions,  and  stores,  the  money 
advanced  to  the  sailors,  and,  in  general,  every  expense  of  the  outfit,  to  which  is  added  the  pre- 
mium of  insurance. 

When  an  adjustment  is  made,  it  is  usual  for  the  insurer  to  endorse  upon  the  policy  "  ad- 
justed this  loss  at  (so  much)  jh  r  cent,,"  payable  in  a  given  time,  generally  a  month,  and  to 
sign  it  with  the  initials  of  his  name.  This  is  considered  as  a  note  of  hand,  and  as  such  id 
prima  facie  evidence  of  the  debt,  not  to  be  shaken,  but  by  proving  that  fraud  was  used  in  ob- 
taining if,  or  that  there  was  some  misconception  of  the  law  or  the  fact  upon  which  it  was 
made.  See,  for  a  further  discussion  of  this  subject,  the  article  Marine  Insuramce,  Park 
on  the  Law  of  Insurance  (cap.  6.),  and  Marshall  (Iwok  i.  cap.  l4.). 

[Sec  also  Kent's  Comrnenlaries,  Lecture  48. — Am,  Ed.] 

ADMEASUREMENT.  Sec  Tonnaoe. 

[ADMIRALTY  COURTS  have  authority  to  try  and  determine  all  maritime  causes,  or 
such  injuries,  which,  though  they  are  in  their  nature  of  common  law  cognizance,  yet,  being 
committed  on  the  high  seas,  out  of  the  reach  of  the  ordinary  courts  of  justice,  are  therefore  to 
be  remedied  in  a  peculiar  court  of  their  own.  When  the  court  of  admiralty  has  not  original 
jurisdiction  of  the  cause,  though  there  should  arise  in  it  a  question  that  is  projjcr  for  the 
cognizance  of  that  court,  yet  this  does  not  alter  or  take  away  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the 
ordinary  courts  of  law.  And  so,  vice  versa,  if  it  has  jurisdiction  of  the  original,  it  has  also 
jurisdiction  of  all  consequential  questions,  though  properly  determinable  at  common  law. 

If  part  of  any  contract,  or  other  cause  of  action,  arises  upon  the  sea,  and  part  upon  the  land, 
the  common  law  excludes  the  admiralty  court  from  its  jurisdiction.  Seamen's  wages,  how- 
ever, though  the  contract  for  them  be  made  upon  land,  as  is  nearly  always  the  case,  are  re- 
garded as  a  proper  object  of  the  admiralty  jurisdiction ;  that  is,  provided  the  contract  be  to 
receive  their  wages  in  the  usual  manner,  and  be  not  under  seal. 

The  criminal  jurisdiction  of  the  admiralty  courts,  as  well  in  England  as  in  the  United 
States,  has  been  conferred  upon  them  by  statute,-  in  the  former  country  by  the  act  of  the  28th 
of  Henry  VIII.  c.  15.;  and  in  the  latter  by  the  judiciary  act  of  1789,  and  other  subsequent 
acts,  explaining  or  enlarging  its  provisions.  I3y  one  of  these  additional  acts  (that  of  182.')), 
the  jurisdiction  in  question  is  made  to  comprehend  all  ofl'ences  which  "  shall  be  committed  on 
board  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  belonging  to  any  citizen  or  citizens  of  the  United  States,  while 
lying  in  a  port  or  place  within  the  jurisdicliox  of  any  foreign  state  or  sovereign,"  by  any  per- 
son whose  offence,  if  committed  on  board  of  such  ship  or  vessel  on  the  high  seas  would  be 
cognizable  by  the  courts  of  the  United  States ;  provided,  "  that  if  such  olfender  shall  be  tried 
for  such  offence,  and  acquitted  or  convicted  thereof,  in  any  competent  court  of  such  foreign 
state  or  sovereign,  he  shall  not  be  subject  to  another  trial."  This  act  also  provides  that  the 
admiralty  jurisdiction  shall  extend,  or  it  is  perhaps  mure  proper  to  say  that  it  assumes  that  such 
jurisdiction  does  actually  extend,  to  certain  crimes  committed  "  in  any  arm  of  the  sea,  or  in 
any  river,  haven,  creek,  basin,  or  bay  "  of  the  United  States,  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  any 
particular  state. 

In  case  of  prizes  in  time  of  war  between  our  own  nation  and  another,  or  between  two 
other  nations,  which  are  taken  at  sea  and  brought  into  our  ports,  the  courts  of  admiralty  have 
an  exclusive  jurisdiction  to  determine  the  same  according  to  the  law  of  nations.  The  prize 
jurisdiction  extends  also  to  captures  made  in  foreign  ports,  and  to  ail  captures  made  on  land 
by  any  force  or  armament,  should  a  portion  of  it  partake  of  a  naval  character. 

The  court  of  admiralty  in  England  is  held  before  the  lord  high  admiral,  or  his  deputy, 
who  is  called  the  judge  of  the  court,  for  the  trial  of  civil  causes,  which  are  determined  by  the 
judge  without  the  aid  of  a  jury.  The  proceedings  l)ear  much  resemblance  to  those  of  the 
civil  law,  but  are  not  entirely  founded  thereon ;  and  the  court  likewise  adopts  and  makes  use 
of  other  laws,  as  occasion  requires ;  such  as  the  Rhodian  laws  and  the  laws  of  Oleron ;  the 
whole  being  corrected,  altered,  and  amended,  by  acts  of  parliament  and  common  usage,  and 
a  body  of  jurisprudence  being  thus  formed,  which  owes  its  authority  only  to  its  reception  by 
consent  of  the  crown  and  people. 


■ 

i 

0 

1 


ADVANCE— AfJTO. 


For  thi'  IriiU  of  prrsons  rlmri^rd  witli  tlic  ciiniiiiiHAioii  of  crimos,  thrroor  four  roinmiHHionpra 
(amon((  whom  two  couiinoii  law  Jiidj^rM  iir<'  UKiiully  itppoiiitfil)  iirc  iiddnl  to  tlii^  iidiiiiriil  or 
hiri  defiuty ;  niid  mi  iiidictinriit  lifiim  lirxl  t'oiiiid  liy  ii  u;r;iiid  jury  of  Iwi-lve  men,  tht-y  aro  to 
bo  tried  by  n  petit  jury,     'J'lie  proree<liiii)M  should  ho  acrordiiiK  to  tlie  hiwn  of  the  Iniid. 

Adniirulty  jurisdictioii  in  the  I'nited  States  is  vested  in  th<'  federal  eourts,  and  ix  <'xerei«Hl 
by  them  on  priiu'iples  altogether  annlo^nurt  to  those  liy  whieh  the  KriKlish  rourts  of  admiralty 
are  p^uided.  Hy  tlie  act  of  1789,  before  referred  to,  the  trial  of  all  rauseM  shall  lie  hy  jury, 
4'xeeptini;  civil  causes  of  admiralty  or  maritime  iuris<lictii)n.  See  Itlacksloni'it  (.'iniiinenlni- 
ries,  book  U.  c.  5  and  7.  and  book  4.  c.  IS).  Also  Kent's  CumineiUaries,  Lecture  17. — Am, 
Ed.] 

ADVANCE  Implies  money  paid  k'fore  ijoods  are  delivered,  or  upon  eoriHitfiiment.  It  !■ 
usual  with  merchants  to  advance  from  a  half  to  two-thirds  of  the  value  of  giukls  consigned 
to  them,  on  beini;  re(iuired,  on  their  rcceivinj;  invoice,  bill  of  lading,  ordcrH  tu  innuro  tlicm 
from  sea  risk,  (Ste. 

AUVEIi'/'lsEMENT,  in  its  general  sense,  is  any  information  as  to  any  fact  or  circum- 
etance  that  has  occurred,  or  is  expected  to  occur;  but,  in  a  commercial  sense,  it  is  under- 
stood to  relate  only  to  sfiecific  intimations  with  respect  to  the  sale  of  articles,  tlie  furmatiuit 
and  dissolution  of  partnershij)s,  bankruptcies,  meelintrs  of  creditors,  &c.  Until  last  year,  a 
duty  of  ;j«.  6f/.  was  charged  upon  every  advertisement,  long  or  short,  inserted  in  the  Gazette, 
or  in  any  newspa()er,  or  literary  work  published  in  parts  or  lunnbers.  This  duty  added 
about  100  (jor  cent,  to  the  cost  of  advertising,  for  the  charge  (exclusive  of  the  duty)  for 
inserting  an  advertisement  of  the  ordinary  length  in  the  ncwspapi-rs  rarely  cxcccmIs  3s. 
or  4s.     In  I83a,  the  duty  produced  155,401/.  in  (Jreat  BriUiin,  and  15,24!)/.  in  Ireland. 

I.iiHt  ycnr  0*^3,*))  tlii>  duly  on  lulvcrliscmi'iits  wrs  ri'ibiird  to  Li.t'irf.;  mid  iIiih,  we  liavc  luxlnaht,  will 
orciisiim  siicli  an  incrciinc  of  iidvcrliMini.'  ;is  to  prrvi'iii  ilic  rrvciiiir  Irnm  licinc  iniitrrially  iiijuri'd  by 
the  ri'diii'tinii.  lint,  instead  of  licinc  innililii'd  nirrrly,  tjiis  in  a  duty  that  iinelit  tu  lie  wMoily  rrpealtMl. 
Its  ('iM'ratiiin  is  nci'i'ssarily  iinist  nin'i)nal,  ami,  in  many  instaiires,  most  oppri'ssive.  Can  any  tiling 
he  niiirc  ularinuly  iinjiisl  ilian  to  impose  the  same  duly  im  a  mitiii-  of  thi>  piildication  ol'  u  sixpenny 
pamphli't,  or  ot'a  servant  lieliiL'  out  iitplare,  as  on  an  Intimation  iil'the  sap'  nt'a  valiialile  estate  f  Hut 
us  it  is  altoprthi'r  impnssilih'  to  impose  lln."  dnty  or.  an  ml  vnlnrrm  prinriplr,  this  injustice  ranntit  lie 
ohviatt'd  so  InnL'  as  it  is  maintaiiiri!.  In  a  comnierri.il  (•oiiiitry,  a  dnty  on  adviTtiseiinMits  is  peculiarly 
olijeclionahli',  inasmiuli  as  il  checks  the  circulation  ol' iiilormatinn  ol'  much  impiirtuncu  to  merrantile 
men.  We,  thi'refiire,  hope;  Ihat  this  unjust  and  iinpulitic  tax  may  he  spredily  Kiven  up.  Its  ahandon- 
nient  would  not  cause  any  diniiniition  of  revenue  ;  for  it  is  almiiilaiitly  certain  that  its  loss  would  he 
more  than  ni:ide  np  hy  th^  increased  iirodiictiveness  of  the  duties  on  paper  nml  newspaper  stamps, 
For  an  actoiint  of  the"  operation  of  the  stamp  duly  on  liicrature,  see  JiuoKs. 

ADVICE  is  usually  given  by  one  merchant  or  bunker  to  another  hy  letter,  informing; 
him  of  the  bills  or  drafts  drawn  on  him,  with  nil  particulars  of  date,  or  sight,  the  sum,  to 
whom  made  payable,  (Sec.  Where  bills  appear  for  acceptance  or  payment,  they  are 
frequently  refused  to  be  honoured  for  want  of  adi'lce.  It  is  also  necessary  to  give  advice, 
as  it  prevents  forgeries :  if  a  merchant  accept  or  pay  a  bill  for  the  honour  of  any  other 
person,  he  is  bound  to  advise  him  thereof,  and  this  should  always  be  done  under  an  act  of 
honour  by  a  notary  public. 

AGARIC,  a  fungus  growing  on  the  trunks  of  trees.  That  produced  in  the  Levant  from 
the  larch  is  accounted  the  best.  It  is  brought  into  the  shops  in  irregular  pieces  of  diflerent 
magnitudes,  of  a  chalky  whiteness,  and  very  light.  The  Im-sI  is  easily  cut  with  a  knife,  is 
friable  between  the  fingers,  and  has  no  hard,  gritty,  or  coloured  veins.  It  is  used  in  medicine 
and  dyeing. — (Lewis,  Mat.  Med.) 

AG.\TE  (popularly  Cormklian),  {(icr.  Achat ;  D\i.  Aehaat;  Fr.A^rife:  li.  Airata; 
Rus.  Agnt ;  Lat.  Achates),  A  genus  of  semi-pellucid  gems,  so  called  from  the  Greek 
a;^*Ti:,  because  originally  found  on  the  banks  of  the  river  of  that  name  in  Italy.  It  is  never 
wholly  opaque  like  jas{)cr,  nor  transparent  as  cpiartz-crystal ;  it  takes  a  very  liigh  polish, 
and  its  opaque  parts  usually  present  the  appearance  of  dots,  eyes,  veins,  zones,  or  bands. 
Its  colours  are  yellowi-sh,  reddish,  bluish,  milk-white,  honey-orange,  or  ochre-yellow,  llesh- 
blood,  or  brick-red,  reddish-brown,  violet-blue,  and  brownish-green.  It  is  found  in  irregular 
rounded  nodules,  from  the  size  of  a  pin's  head  to  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter.  The 
lapidaries  distinguish  agates  according  to  the  colour  of  their  ground;  the  liner  semi-trans- 
parent kinds  being  termed  oriental.  The  most  beautiful  agates  found  in  (Jreat  Britain  are 
commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Scotch  pelihks.  and  are  met  with  in  different  parts  of 
Scotland,  but  principally  on  the  mountain  of  Cairngorm;  whence  they  are  sometimes 
termed  Cairngorms,  The  German  abates  are  the  largest.  Some  very  fine  ones  have  been 
brought  from  Siberia  and  Ceylon.  They  are  found  in  great  plenty  at  the  eastern  extremity 
of  the  settlement  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  and  are  still  met  with  in  Italy.  But  the 
principal  mines  of  agate  are  situated  in  the  little  principality  of  Rajpepla,  in  the  province  of 
Gujrat,  fourteen  miles  distant  from  the  city  of  Broach,  where  they  are  cut  into  beads, 
crosses,  snufl'-boxes,  &c.  They  are  exported  in  considerable  quantities  to  other  parts  of 
India,  and  to  this  country;  and  hence,  perhaps,  the  jewellers'  term  "  broach." 

AGENT.     See  Factor. 

AGIO,  a  term  used  to  express  the  difference,  in  point  of  value,  between  metallic  anii 
paper  money;  or  between  one  sort  of  metallic  money  and  another. 


A 

Alal, 
foiim 
from 
'J'be 
of  re 
HUsee 
it  is 
used 
orien 
papal 
Franc 
AL 


ALADASTER— AT.E  AND  BEER. 


0 


xnta; 
Jrcek 


and 


ALABASTER  (r.or.  Ahhantrr ;  It.  Afiihistro,-  Fr.  Allmtre ;  Rus,  Aluhn.itr .•  Lnt. 
Alatiastriten).  A  kiml  of  Btonc  rfsM'inlilinn  nmrlilp,  Imt  Hotter.  I'lulcr  tliin  tmiric  arc  ron- 
foimilril  two  miniT.ilH,  tlip  iiypunms  niul  riikarrnu^  iilnlmHtrrH ;  they  nro  wholly  iliNliiict 
from  onrlt  otlicr  when  pure,  hut  in  some  of  the  viiriotioH  mv  oiTiiKionally  inixnl  to>;t'lhiT. 
Th»'  former,  when  ofii  white,  or  yt'llnwish.  or  (jreeiiiwh  colour,  semi-triiiiH|mrent,  imil  rii|palilo 
of  roreiviiii;  it  |)olish,  is  rm|tl()ye<l  hy  Ktntiinries.  It  in  very  easily  worked,  h\it  it  in  not 
Husceptihlc  of  u  polinh  eipinl  to  marlilp.  (,*aleareou«  nlahasler  is  heavier  than  tho  former; 
it  iit  not  HO  iiarti  aH  marhle,  hut  in  notwithHtniuliiiK  Hunceptihle  of  a  K'xxI  polish,  and  i.s  morn 
UHod  in  statuary.  The  slatnnries  distini;uiHh  alahaster  into  two  Horts,  the  rommon  and 
oriental.  Npain  and  Italy  yield  the  hest  alulianter.  That  prmlure<l  at  Montunia,  in  tho 
papal  states,  is  in  the  hii^liest  esteem  for  its  heautil'ul  whiteness.  Inferior  sorts  ore  found  in 
France  and  (Jermaiiy,    Alalmster  is  wroupfht  into  tallies,  vases,  statues,  rhimiiey-pieees,  &c. 

AIi('()HOI,  (tanr.NT  si'iuit),  (Fr.  Esprit  ile  Vin,-^*("t.  Wriit^eSxt ;  \\.  Spiritnardeiile, 
Spiritii  di  Vino,  Ar'/tiarzenlf),  the  name  uiven  to  the  pure  npirll  ohtairiahle  hy  distillation, 
and  suliseiiuent  reetification,  from  all  licpiors  that  have  \inderK"nr  the  vinous  fermentation, 
and  from  none  hut  sueh  as  are  suseeptible  of  it.  It  is  lii^ht,  trans|)arent,  colourless,  of  u 
sharp,  penetratinu,  ai;reeahle  smell,  and  a  warm  stimulatiui;  taste.  It  is  (|uite  the  same, 
whether  obtained  from  hraiidy,  wiiu-,  whiskey,  or  any  other  fluid  which  has  been  fermented. 
The  specific  gravity  of  alcohol  when  perfectly  pure  is  from  '7\)'i  to  -HOO,  that  of  water  beini; 
1,000;  but  the  slronirest  spirit  atlorded  by  mere  distillation  is  about 'H'-JO  ;  alcohol  of  tho 
shops  is  about  -HWy  or  •H4(>.  Alcohol  cannot  Iw  frozen  by  any  known  dei^ree  of  cold.  It 
boils  at  174°.  It  is  the  only  dissolvent  of  many  resinous  sulwlanccs;  and  is  extensively  used 
in  medicine  and  the  arts. — (IJrii.  A.  T.  Thonini')!,  Ure,  <.\r.) 

ALDKR,  the  liefula  alntis  of  botanists,  a  forest  tree  abundant  in  Kn^land  and  most 
parts  of  Europe.  It  thrives  liest  in  marshy  prounds,  and  on  the  bunks  of  rivers.  It  rarely 
attains  to  a  very  great  size ;  its  wood  is  extrenwiy  durable  in  water  or  in  wet  ground  ;  and 
hence  it  is  much  used  for  piles,  ])lari'iiing,  pumps,  pipes,  sluices,  and  generally  for  all 
purposes  where  it  is  kept  constantly  wet.  It  soon  rots  when  exposed  to  the  weather  or  to 
damp ;  and  when  dry,  it  is  much  subject  to  worms.  The  colour  of  the  wowl  is  reddish 
yellow,  of  ditrerent  shades,  and  nearly  uniform.  Texture  very  uniform,  with  larger  septa 
of  the  same  colour  as  the  wood.  It  is  soft,  and  works  easily. — {Tredgold's  Principles  tf 
Carpentri/.) 

ALE  and  BEER,  well-known  and  extensively  used  fermented  liquors,  the  principle  of 
which  is  extracted  from  several  sorts  of  grain,  but  most  commonly  from  barley,  after  it  has 
undergone  the  process  termed  malting. 

1.  Hisloricul  Nat  ice  of  Ale  and  liter, — The  manufacture  of  ale  or  beer  is  of  very  high 
antiquity.  Herodotus  tells  us,  that  owing  to  the  want  of  wine,  the  Egyptians  drank  a  liquor 
fermented  from  barley  (lib.  ii.  cap.  77.).  The  use  of  it  was  also  very  anciently  introduced 
into  Greece  and  Italy,  though  it  does  not  appear  to  have  ever  been  very  extensively  used  in 
these  countries.  Mead,  or  mctheglin,wivs  probably  the  earliest  intoxicating  liquor  known  in 
the  North  of  Europe.  Ale  or  beer  was,  however,  in  common  use  in  Germany  in  the  time 
of  Tacitus  (.V'*r/i.  Germ.  cap.  23.).  "All  the  nations,"  says  Pliny,  "who  inhabit  the 
West  of  Europe  have  a  liquor  with  which  they  intoxicate  themselves,  made  of  com  and 
water  (friii^e  inudidu).  The  manner  of  making  this  liquor  is  somewhat  diircrcntin  Gaul, 
Spain,  and  other  countries,  and  it  is  called  by  many  various  names;  but  its  nature  and  pro- 
perties are  everywhere  the  same.  The  people  of  Spain,  in  particular,  brew  this  liquor  so 
well  that  it  will  keep  good  for  a  long  time.  So  exquisite  is  the  ingenuity  of  mankind  in 
gratifying  their  vicious  appetites,  that  they  have  thus  invented  a  method  to  make  water 
itself  intoxicate." — {Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xiv.  cap.  22.)  Tho  Saxons  and  Danes  were  passion- 
ately fond  of  beer;  and  the  drinking  of  it  was  supposed  to  form  one  of  the  principal  enjoy- 
ments of  the  heroes  admitted  to  the  hall  of  Odin. — (Mallet's  Northern  Antiipiities,  cap.  6, 
&c.)  The  manufacture  of  ale  was  early  introduced  into  England.  It  is  mentioned  in 
the  laws  of  Ina,  King  of  Wessex  ;  and  is  particularly  specified  among  the  liquors  provided 
for  a  royal  banquet  in  the  reign  of  Edv^'ard  the  Confessor.  It  was  customary  in  the  reigns 
of  the  Norman  princes  to  regulate  the  price  of  ale ;  and  it  was  enacted,  by  a  statute  passed 
in  1272,  that  a  brewer  should  be  allowed  to  sell  two  gallons  of  ale  for  a  penny  in  cities,  and 
three  or  four  gallons  for  the  same  price  in  the  country. 

The  use  of  hops  in  the  manufacture  of  ale  and  beer  seems  to  have  been  a  German 
invention.  They  were  used  in  the  breweries  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  begiiuiing  of  tho 
fourteenth  century ;  but  they  do  not  seem  to  have  been  introduced  into  England  till  200 
years  afterwards,  or  till  the  l)eginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.  In  1530,  Henry  VIII. 
enjoined  brewers  not  to  put  hops  into  their  ale.  It  would,  however,  appear  that  but  Httlo 
attention  w.is  paid  to  this  onler;  for  in  1552  hop  plantations  had  begun  to  be  formed. — 
(Beckinann's  Hist.  Invent,  vol.  iv.  pp.  336—341.  Eng.  cd.)  The  addition  of  hops  renders 
ale  more  palatable,  by  giving  it  an  agreeable  bitter  taste,  while,  at  the  same  time,  it  fits  it  for 
being  kept  much  longer  without  injury.  Generally  speaking,  the  English  brewers  employ 
a  much  larger  quantity  of  hops  tlian  the  Scotch.    The  latter  are  in  the  habit  of  using,  in  brew- 

2 


\ 

I 


10 


ALE  AND  nEHR. 


itiK  tliP  fine  T'MiiiliurKh  alo,  from  a  |iuiiiiil  tti  ii  |m)uii<I  and  a  hulf  of  hopt  for  rvrry  hu«hel  of 
tniilt. 

'i.  Dinlhidt'on  hrlwffn  Ale  and  llrer,  nr  I'lrrlrr. — Tliin  «li*tinrli(m  hn*  \vci\  nbly  rlucU 
(luti'd  liy  Dr. 'I'liiiniiiH  'riuminon,  in  liix  v:iluiilili'  artiilc  i>ii  Urtwiim,  in  the  Nti|ii)liTiii'iit  to 
till' Kncy  l<>|>ii''liii  Hrilmniiiu  : — "  Untli  iili*  niul  lii-cr  arr  in  (Jrciil  Hritiiin  ittitniru'd  liy  for- 
mrntiitioii  from  the  mult  of  Imrli-y  ;  tmt  llicy  dilK'r  from  riicli  ollii-r  in  wvcnil  |)iirti<'uIiirH, 
Alt' in  li«lit-ciil()urfd,  liriHk,  iiml  MwnliNh,  or  iit  IimmI  frt-e  from  liilter;  while  Iwi-r  i*  dark- 
coliiurod,  hillrr,  itnd  much  Ii-hh  hrisk.  What  in  riilli-d  pnrirr  in  Kii«linid  in  u  Miu'cirn  of 
IiiTr;  nnd  tin-  Icrm  "  porlt-r"  itt  prcKirit  ^il;nifll•H  whiit  win  formerly  culled  t/roiiij  licrr. 
'l"he  orininiil  ilillerence  hrtwei-ii  ale  and  heer  whk  owiiii;  to  the  mult  from  which  they  wero 
|)r<'|)ared.  Ale  malt  wuh  dried  at  a  very  low  heal,  and  e»>n^*«>^|uently  wnn  of  a  pale  colour ; 
while  licer  or  porter  malt  was  driiil  at  a  hiuher  tem|H'rature,  and  hail  of  coiiKeipience  acijuircd 
11  hrowii  colour.  'I'lii^  incipient  diarrint;  l>atl  developed  a  peculiar  and  a^reealile  hitter 
tiwte,  which  WBH  connnuiiicated  to  the  licer  alorij;  with  the  dark  colour.  'I'Ihh  hitler 
taste  rendered  heer  more  a^reealile  to  the  palate,  and  leHO  injnrioUH  to  the  constitution  than 
nie.  It  was  conweipiently  niainifactured  in  ijreater  (piantilien,  nnd  Honn  lieenme  the  common 
drink  of  till- lower  ranks  in  llnijland.  When  malt  liecaine  hiu[h  priced,  in  eoiHciiuenop  of 
llie  heavy  taxes  laid  upon  it,  and  the  unat  increase  in  the  pnc«'  of  harley  which  took  place 
dnrini^  the  war  of  the  French  revolution,  the  brewers  found  out  that  a  greater  quantity  of  wort 
of  a  uiven  stremjtii  could  lie  prt-jiared  from  pale  mult  than  from  hrown  malt.  'I'he  eonsc- 
<pience  was  that  jiale  malt  was  suhsiituted  for  hrown  malt  in  the  hrcwiiiir  of  ])orter  nnd  heer. 
We  do  not  mean  that  the  whole  malt  emjiloyed  was  pale,  hut  n  eonsiderahie  proportion  of 
it.  'J'he  wort,  of  course,  was  tmich  paler  than  hefore  ;  and  it  wanted  that  ai^reeahle  hitter 
flavour  wdiidi  characterized  porter,  and  made  it  so  much  relished  hy  most  pulates.  The 
porter  brewers  endeavoured  to  remedy  these  defects  by  several  nrtii'icial  additions.  At  tho 
name  time  various  sulislitutes  were  tried  to  su|iply  the  place  of  the  agreeable  bitter  couj- 
municated  to  porter  by  the  use  of  hr<nvn  malt.  (Quassia,  cocculus  inilicus,  and  wi-  believe 
even  opium,  were  employeil  in  succession  :  but  none  of  them  was  found  to  answer  tho 
purpose  sufllcieMlly.  Whether  the  use  of  these  substances  be  still  persevered  in  we  do  not 
know  ;  but  we  rather  believe  tiiat  they  arc  not,  at  least  by  the  Londoti  porter  brewers." 

.3.  Ai/u/feratiiin  nf  Ale  and  Heir — suhntilutiim  of  Ii  w  Grain  fur  Midf. — The  use  of  tho 
articles  other  than  malt,  referred  to  by  Ur.  Thomson,  has  been  cxpr«'ssly  forbidden,  under  heavy 
|H'nalties,  by  repeated  acts  of  parliament.  The  act  ."JG  (Jco.  3.  c.  58,  has  the  following  clauses : — 

"  Nil  liri'wor  or  rlriilrr  in  nr  n'liiilcr  of  Immt  shall  receive  or  have  ia  his  piisspssion,  nr  make,  nr  use, 
nr  iiii\  with,  nr  put  into  any  wnrls  or  heiT,  any  liqunr,  extract,  calx,  or  ntln'r  material  nr  preparation 
tor  the  pnrpii.->i'  urdarlvenini!  thii  cnlnar  of  wnrtii  or  Immt  ;  nr  any  liipior,  extriiot,  ralx,  nr  nther  mate- 
rial or  pri'p:ir:iti'in  nllier  than  lirown  malt,  eronnil  nr  nnuriMnid,  as  coMiinntily  iined  in  lirewinK;  nr 
shall  ri'ci'ivi',  nr  havi'  in  his  piiHrfession,  nr  nie,  nr  mix  with,  nr  put  into  any  wnrts  or  heer,  any  mo- 
lasses, hnney,  liipinrire,  vitriol,  ipiassla.  rncrnlns  inihcns,  uraini  nrparailise,  (iiiim-it  pepper,  or  opium, 
or  any  extract  or  preparatimi  nf  mnlasses,  Imncy,  lii|nnrii  e,  vitrini,  ipiassia,  cncciilns  imliins,  urains 
of  paradise,  (iiiinea  pepper,  nr  opium,  nr  any  artirle  or  i>rei>iiraliun  whatgnerer  fur  or  an  a  milmlilute  for 
mult  nr  hops,  npnn  pain  that  all  hui  h  liipinr,  extract,  lalx,  nxdasses,  Imncy,  vitrini,  qniissia,  cncciilns 
Indicns,  (.'rains  nl'  paradise,  (ininra  pepper,  npinm,  extract  article,  and  pri-parntioii  as  afnrcsaid,  and 
nisn  the  said  wnrts  and  heer,  shall  lie  fnrt'citeil.  together  with  the  casks,  vessels,  or  ollwr  packaees, 
nnd  may  lie  seized  liv  any  nilirer  nf  excise ;  and  sncli  brewer  of,  dealer  in,  or  retailer  of  heer,  sooHeiid- 
ins,  shall  (nr  each  otrenci-  forfeit  '200/. 

"No  driiRL'ist,  or  vender  nf  or  draler  in  draps,  or  rheinlst,  nrnthor  person  whatever,  rIihII  sell,  senil 
or  deliver  in  any  licensed  lirewer  nf,  or  dealer  in.  or  retailer  of  heer,  knnwinu  him  to  he  so  licensed,  or 
reputed  tn  be  so  licensed,  or  to  any  otlur  person  fur,  nr  on  uccnuiit  »(,  or  in  trust  for,  or  fnr  the  use  of 
Hiicli  brewer,  dealer,  nr  retailer,  any  cn|ouriii<i,  frnm  whatever  material  made,  or  any  other  material 
nr  preparation  other  than  iingrouiul  brinrn  mull,  fnr  the  purpose  of  darkeiiine  the  cnloiir  nf  wnrts  or 
lieer  ;  nr  any  liiinnr  nr  preparalinn  hiTitnfnre  or  hereafter  made  use  of  fnr  darkenins  the  colniir  of 
worts  nr  beer,  or  any  molasses  or  other  articles,  as  meiitinned  in  the  tirst  sectinn,  for  or  as  a  snbslituto 
fnr  mall  or  Imps  respectively  ;  and  if  any  driiiliiist,  or  vender  of  or  dealer  in  driiu's,  or  any  chemist,  nr 
other  person  whatever,  shall  sn  do,  all  such  liquor  calb'd  ccdniirinif,  and  material  or  preparation  for 
the  purpiise  aforesaid,  and  liquor  and  preparation  used  fnr  darkeniii!!  the  cnlniir  nf  wnrts  nr  beer,  mo- 
lasses, and  article  or  preparation  to  be  used  as  a  sabstitnte  fnr  malt  or  hops,  shall  be  forfi'itiul,  and  niay 
be  seized  by  any  officer  of  excise  ;  and  the  druggist,  vuiidur,  dealer,  chemist,  or  other  person  so  otreiid- 
ins,  shall  forfeit  :>mi." 

Uy  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  51,  fnr  the  repeal  of  the  ale  and  lioer  duties,  it  is  enacted  (JIT),  "  that  no 
brewer  shall  have  in  his  brewery,  nr  in  any  part  nf  his  entered  premises,  or  in  any  mill  connected  with 
ffiich  brewery,  any  raw  or  nnnialteil  corn  or  uralii ;  and  all  nnmalted  corn  nr  uraiii  which  shall  be 
found  in  such  brewiin;  premiiies  nr  mill,  and  all  malted  corn  nr  criiin  with  wliiili  such  iinmalted  corn 
or  irraiii  may  have  been  mixed,  hIiiiII  be  forfeited,  and  may  be  seized  by  any  ntlicer,  tnjri'tlier  with  all 
vessels  nr  packaL'es  in  which  such  raw  or  iiniiialled  corn  nr  erain  sliall  be  contained,  or  in  which  such 
nnmalted  corn  or  urain,  and  the  malted  corn  or  train  with  which  the  same  may  have  been  mixed,  shall 
be  containuii;  and  every  brewer  sicill  fnr  every  such  {ilfence  forfeit  200/." 

4.  Descriptions  if  Ale  and  Beer. — Previously  to  1823,  there  were  only  two  sorts  of  beer 
allowed  to  be  brewed  in  England,  viz.  slronir  beer,  that  is,  beer  of  the  value  of  16.i.  and  up- 
wards the  barrel,  exclusive  of  the  duty  ;  and  snidll  heer,  or  beer  of  the  value  of  less  than 
16,?.  a  barrel,  exclusive  of  the  duty.  In  18~3.  however,  an  act  was  passed  (4  Geo.  4.  c.  51,) 
authorizing  the  brewing,  under  certain  coiiditiims,  of  an  interinediule  beer.  But  this  sort 
of  beer  was  cither  not  suited  to  the  public  taste,  or,  which  is  more  probable,  the  restrictions 
laid  on  the  brewers  deterred  them  from  engaging  extensively  in  its  manufacture. 

This  limitation  and  classification  of  the  dillercnt  sorts  of  ale  and  beer,  according  to  their 


I 


I 


KiiKland 
t^cntland 
Ireland 


AT.E  AND  IW.VM. 


11 


■nt  no 
IwitU 

III    ll(! 

cnril 
bi  :ill 
Isiii'li 
Lliitll 


I  beer 
up- 
Ithan 
51,) 
1  sort 
lions 


Ihcir 


Ktrrni;lh,nrii;intitc<l  in  lln'  iliilirN  luiil  u|»inilit'iii ;  iiml  now  tliiit  iIichc  iIiiticHlxivr  Ix'cn  rc|M.>al> 
cd.iili'  mill  Ix'tT  ni;iy  In'  lir»'wt'il  of  any  lifjjri'c  of  NtrrnKlli,     'I'his  m  mi  tiiiniriiNi' mlMiniiiiti'. 

ft.  Httfulationit  mi  litt/ii:  MunufuclHrr  uf  Air  ami  Hnr. — Siiicc  ilic  iiluilititin  ol  llu-  Immt 
(liitici*  (lifMf  n-KtiliitionN  unr  very  U  Vi  inul  hiniplt';  iiiid  CDiiMiitt  only  iti  lukiiiit  oiil  n  lici'iini-. 
cntcriiii;  tilt'  pri-iniHi'M,  ami  itliHlniniiiK  '<  '»  tin-  umcoI  any  articlt-,  oilier  iliaii  niiill,  in  tin- 
|irc|iiirution  of  (lie  lict'r.  A  Itri'w.-f  uwini?  any  (ilurr  or  riiiihli-tun,  liir  llii'  |iuriioM'  of  hrcwinid 
williout  liiivirm  ni.uli'  ani'ntry  (hi-rt'oi  «'  ilic  noarcsi  r»(  .^eollln',  t'orli'ilH  I'orrvfry  miicIi  olli'iicu 
"0(1/.;  anil  all  llii'  world,  linr,  atitl  nrnti^ialu  for  niaklnu  l\>*'  buini",  londlicr  with  the  inahli- 
luii,  Hr«>  forliiit'd,  an<i  iriav  In     '  '"d  liy  any  iti\ufr.     lirrwrrn  olmtrmling  oniicra  HJiall,  for 


every  hiuIi  ollinri-,  fortiilKM)/.— ^  '    Will.  4.  c.  .^1.  ^  |   Ift,  16.) 


fry  HIUII  oiii'iK  r,  lorii'ii  nnu. —  (^       ►»(//.  1.  c.  ."JI.  "J  ^    »•>,  to.; 

fi.  ljiceii.tr  Dulirg. —  i\iiiiilicr  iif  Urnrrm. — The  llci-iise  dolii's  payable  by  brcwiTM  of  uio 
and  b«Tr,  under  the  art  (i  (ieo.  4.  c.  81,  uiid  'lie  nunilierri  of  Kuch  lietiis*  ■<  granted  durinij  iho 
ycam  182'J  uiid  i*^.Vi  ure  iw  fulluwH  : — 


Niiiiilicr  II 

'  Llri'iiHuii 

Sillll<<  rli:i 

rci'il 

irriii 

li'il 

fur  LIct'iKcii, 

l»2ll. 

1H32. 

£      >. 

it. 

roninion  liri'wcrH  of  «trnnii  licpr,  nnt  rxcpcilInK  20  Jinrrcls      - 

0      10 

0 

2,^54 

H.sns 

Exccriliiif!    2(1  uiiil  not  exriH-itiiiK  .Ml  linrriiU     - 

m                  m                  - 

1       0 

0 

4,N71 

I),«I4 

—            .^O                 —                 1(10     — 

•                  -                  . 

1      10 

(1 

fi.Wl 

0,102 

—           1(K)                 —             1.000    — 

-                  .                  . 

2      0 

n 

11,5C.2 

10,H2S 

—        l,n(K»                —             8.(KI0     — 

•                  a                  . 

.1      0 

0 

2(17 

010 

—       a.lHIO                —             5,000     — 

-                  >                 . 

7     10 

n 

2411 

i>^ 

—       ft.lMK)                —             T,.")!)!)    — 

•                  ■                  . 

11       5 

0 

f.3 

121 

—       7,500                 —            10,000    — 

-                  .                  . 

15      0 

0 

21 

71 

—      10.0(H)                —           20.00(1     — 

-                  •                  . 

:io     0 

0 

32 

hi) 

—     aO.O(K»                —           30.00(1     — 

... 

45       0 

0 

5 

23 

—      .10,000                 —           40,000    — 

... 

lid       0 

0 

2 

(1 

V,\e lini:        -        -        -         40.000    — 

... 

75       0 

n 

12 

10 

llri'WiTs  iiflnlilc  lieernnly,  not  exct't'illiiit  20  burn 

Im 

0     10 

0 

22 

51 

I'Uti'ciilni;  20  ami  not  exii'viliiiK  ,'iO  hiirritlit 

... 

1       0 

0 

H 

U 

—         'M                —              loo      — 

... 

1      10 

0 

13 

12 

KuiTiliiic      .        .        -        .     luo      — 

... 

2      0 

0 

111 

27 

Uclall  ItrfwcnxifntronBliPor    -        .        -        . 

. 

9      S 

() 

1.27U 

50 

Till'  cri'iit  ini'ri'ndi'  in  llic  iiiinilifr  oflirowern  in  1H32,  nR  roinpnrpd  with  1S20,  Is  In  Im'  nsrrilicil  to  tliu 
aliiiliijiiii  of  ilii!  I r  (liilirH  in  Ih3ll.     'I'lu;  iiureaMi'  Hiiire  1N32  Iiiih  mil  lircn  very  iiialenal. 

N.  It.  'I'lie  liurri'l  I'onlalim  30  iiallnim,  iir  4  llrklMH  of  0  KalliiiiH  eaili,  liii|ii'rlal  iiieni'iiri'.  It  '\*  nnacteil 
(I  Will.  4.  c.  51.  J  7),  lliiil,  rriim  till!  KHIi  of  Oitolier,  1^30,  lirewerH  are  lii  pay  lliiir  liremie  duly  \\c- 
corilini!  to  III!'  malt  used  hy  Ihi'iu  In  lirewiiid,  '"id  Iliat  every  brewer  hIiuII  be  ileemed  to  have  breweil 
one  barrel  of  heer  for  every  two  biiHlieU  of  malt  used  by  tnuli  brewer. 

Arroiint  of  the  Number  of  llrewers,  Mi'cnHed  VictiiallerH,  I'ersoiiM  Iicen»pd  for  the  xrile  of  Deer,  tn  be 
ilniiil(  on  and  otrilie  i'remiseH,  Ue..;  with  tlii!  Uiiaiililiex  of  Malt  iiHed  by  sin  h  llrewerH,  &c.  in  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  Ireland,  diiriiiR  the  Vear  \hib.—  (l>arl.  Paper,  No.  251).  rte»8.  1H30.) 


Colleclioiif. 

Number  of 

Nunilier  tvhn  brew  their 
own  Beer. 

Buiheli  ot  Mill  cnniunieJ  by  each 
Clan. 

i 

'i 

% 

1 
> 

Peranni  Hcenied  lo 
It'll  H«r. 

d 

> 

ITrwuia  llcrtlBlti  to 
■til  Hl'lT. 

e 

% 

> 

Penoni  licenmi  lo  1 
sell  Heer.           | 

To  !» 
drunk  on 

ihF 
FrcniiMi. 

Nnl  lo  Ik- 
ilrunk  on 

Ihc 
Premises. 

Tu  be 
Jrunk    on 

tllB 

Prt-nii^eB. 

Not  lo  be 
drunk  on 

the 
Preiniiri. 

To  b« 
drunk   on 

the 
Preniites. 

Not  to  be 
drunk  on 

the 
Prt-niiie*. 

Knelaml 
Scotland 
Ireland 

2,(l!)<t  54,.551 
242  17,020 
245  -       - 

35,531) 

4,11H 

25,002 
335 

14,840 

«87 

10,412,440 

988,800 
1, 820,587 

'J,.521,7!I7  3,702,417 
149,380 

21H,()1() 

L'tiilf!  Kinvitom. 

2„Wi  71,577 

35,53(1 

4,118 

20,21)7 

14,840 

1187 

l'.).230,827 

9,1)71, 17713,702,417 

218,1)10 

It  in  enacted,  (1  Will.  4.  c.  51.,)  that  every  person  w  ho  shall  Bell  any  beer  nr  ale  in  less  quantities 
than  four  and  a  half  );alloii»,  or  two  do/.eii  reputetl  i|iiurt  buttles,  to  be  drunk  elsewhere  than  on  tliu 
premises  where  sold,  shall  be  deemed  a  dealer  in  beer. 

7.  Progressive  Consumption  of  Ale  and  Beer. — Malt  liquor  early  became  to  the  labouring 
classes  of  England  what  the  inferior  sorts  of  wine  are  to  the  people  of  France,  at  once  a 
necessary  of  life  and  a  luxury  ;  the  taste  for  it  was  universally  diflusetl.  There  are,  however, 
no  means  by  which  an  estimate  can  be  formed  of  the  quantity  actually  consumed  previously 
to  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  But  duties,  amounting  to  2,«.  6</.  a  barrel  on  strong,  and  to  ad. 
a  barrel  on  small  ale  or  beer,  were  imposed,  for  the  first  time,  in  1660.  These  duties  being 
farmed  until  1684,  the  amount  of  the  revenue  only  is  known;  and  as  there  are  no  means  of 
ascertaining  the  proportion  which  the  strong  bore  to  the  small  beer,  the  quantities  that  paid 
duty  cannot  be  s{)ei'ilied.  But,  since  the  collection  of  the  duty  was  intrusted  to  oiHcers  em- 
ployed by  government,  accurate  accounts  have  been  kept  of  the  quantities  of  each  sort  of 
beer  on  which  duty  was  paid,  as  well  as  the  rate  of  duty  and  its  amount.  Now,  it  apiiears, 
that,  at  an  average  of  the  ten  years  from  1684  to  169.3  inclusive,  the  amount  of  ale  annually 
charged  with  duty  was  as  follows : — Strong  ale        -        -        4,367,S!i3  barrels. 

Small  do.         -        -        2,376,278       do. 


I 


0 
0 


13 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


Soon  after  the  Revolution  several  temporary  duties  were  imposed  on  ale  and  beer ;  but  in 
1694  they  were  consolidatt-d,  the  established  duties  being  then  lixed  at  4s.  9d.  a  barrel  on  the 
strong,  and  at  Is.  3d.  on  the  small  beer,  instead  of  2s.  dd.  and  6d.,  which  had  been  the  rates 
previously  to  1690.  This  increase  of  duty  had  an  immediate  cllect  on  the  consumption,  the 
quantity  brewed  during  the  ten  years  from  1694  to  1703  being  as  follows: — 
Strong  ale  -  -  -  3,374,604  barrels. 
Small  do.  ...        2,180,764     do. 

The  whole  of  this  decrease  must  not,  howevi,.*,  be  ascribed  to  the  increase  of  the  beer  duties 
only  ;  the  duties  on  malt  and  hops  having  been,  at  the  same  time,  considerably  increased, 
operated  partly,  no  doubt,  to  produce  the  effect. 

During  the  five  years  ending  with  17.50,  the  ale  brewed  amounted,  at  an  average,  to  3,803- 
5S0  barrels  of  strong,  and  2,162,1)40  barrels  of  small. — {Hamilton's  Principles  of  I'axcUion, 
p.  -5.5.) 

The  ale  brewed  in  private  families  for  their  own  use  has  always  been  exempted  from  any 
duty ;  and  it  may,  perhaps,  be  supposed  that  the  falling  off  in  the  consumption,  as  evinced  by 
the  statements  now  given,  was  apparent  only,  and  that  the  decline  in  the  public  brewery 
would  be  balanced  by  a  proportional  extension  of  the  private  brewery.  But,  though  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  quantity  of  beer  brewed  in  private  families  was  increased  in  con- 
sequence of  the  peculiar  taxes  laid  on  the  beer  brewed  for  sale,  it  is  abundantly  certain  that  it 
was  not  increased  in  any  thing  like  the  ratio  in  which  the  other  was  diminished.  This  is 
established  beyond  all  dispute,  by  the  fact  of  the  consumption  of  malt  having  continued  very 
nearly  stationary,  notwithstanding  the  vast  increase  of  population  and  wealth,  from  the  be- 
ginning of  last  century  down  to  T/.'jO,  and,  indeed,  to  1830! — (Sec  Malt.)  Had  the  fact, 
as  to  malt,  been  different,  or  had  the  demand  for  it  increased  proportionally  to  the  increase  of 
population,  it  would  have  shown  that  the  effect  of  the  malt  and  beer  duties  had  not  been  to 
lessen  the  consumption  of  beer,  but  merely  to  cause  it  to  be  brewed  in  private  houses  instead 
of  public  breweries ;  but  the  long  continued  stationary  demand  for  malt  completely  negatives 
this  supposition,  and  shows  that  the  falling  off  in  the  beer  manufactured  by  the  public 
brewers  has  not  been  made  up  by  fi'iy  equivalent  increase  in  the  supply  manufactured  at  home. 

I.  An  JiKcnunt  of  the  Quantity  of  the  difTereiit  Sorts  nf  lieer  made  in  Encland  and  Wales,  in  each 
Year  from  1*87  to  1825,  both  inclusive,  the  Rate  of  Uutv,  and  the  total  Produce  of  the  Duties 
(English  Ale  Oallons).  


Years 

ended 

5th  July. 

Strong  Beer. 

Table  Ueer. 

Small  Deer. 

Total  amount  of 
Duty. 

Barrels. 

Rate  of 
Duty. 

Barrels. 

Rate  ol 
Duly. 

Barrels. 

Rale  of 
Duty. 

1787 

4,426,482 

8s.  Orf. 

485,620 

3*.  0(i. 

1,342,.301 

U.  id. 

£1,9.32,922    lOs.Sd 

1T88 

4,304,895 

— 

524,176 

— 

1,334,947 

— 

1,889,580    17    4 

178!) 

4,437,831 

— 

514,<H)0 

— 

1,244.046 

— 

1,9.35,.303     16    0 

17!)0 

4,525,950 

— 

546,260 

— 

1,282,157 

— 

1,977,796      2    8 

1791 

4,751,588 

— 

579,742 

— 

1,347,086 

— 

2,078,602      4    8 

179'! 

5,082,293 

—J 

625,260 

— 

1,401,870 

— 

2,220,161      4    0 

1703 

5,107,830 

620,207 

— 

1,414,255 

— 

2,254,454    14    4 

1794 

5,011,320 

— 

586,554 

— 

1,446,9.39 

— 

2,188,973    14    0 

1795 

5,037,804 

— 

576,464 

— 

1,45.3,0.36 

— 

2,198,460      5     4 

1796 

5,504,453 

— 

665,630 

— 

1,479,1.30 

— 

2,385,234      7    4 

1797 

5,839,027 

— • 

584,422 

— 

1,518,512 

— 

2,524,748      4    8 

1793 

5,784,467 

— 

692,064 

— 

1,547,570 

— 

2,510,267    14    8 

1799 

5,774,311 

— 

611,151 

— 

1,597,139 

— 

2,507,872    19    8 

1800 

4,824,306 

— 

574,995 

— 

1,360,502 

— 

2,106.671     15    8 

1801 

4,735,574 

— 

500,025 

— 

1,191,930 

— 

2,048,(i95      7    0 

1S02 

5,345,884 

9    5 

392,022 

— 

^  .976,787 

— 

2,.321,I98      0    4 

1803 

5,582,516 

— 

1,660,828 

— 

2,782,263    13    4 

1804 

5,265,023 

10    0 

1,779,570 

— 

2,810,768    10    0 

1805 

5,412.131 

— 

1,776,807 

— 

2,883,746      4    0 

1806 

5,443,502 

— 

1,771,754 

— 

2,898,926      8    0 

1807 

5,577,176 

— 

1,732,710 

— 

2,961,859      0    0 

1808 

5,.57 1,360 

— 

1,710,243 

— 

2,956,704      6    0 

1809 

5,513,111 

— 

1,682,8!H> 

— 

2,924,845      8    0 

1810 

5,753,319 

— 

l,0.35,5s8 

— 

3,040,218      «    0 

1811 

5,iHI2,903 

— 

1,649,.')64 

— 

3,116,407    18    0 

1812 

5,8(i(),S()9 

— 

1,. 593.395 

— 

3,089,774      0    0 

1813 

5,382,916 

— 

1,455,759 

— 

2,8.37,048    18    0 

1814 

5,624,015 

— 

1,432,729 

— 

2,955,280      8    0 

1815 

6,150,544 

— 

1,518,.302 

— 

3,227,102      4    0 

1816 

5,9^2,379 

— 

1,514,867 

— 

3,142,676      4    0 

1817 

5,236,018 

— 

1,453,960 

— 

2,7()3,420      0    0 

1818 

5,361,009 

— 

1,434,612 

— 

2,825,168    14    0 

1819 

5,629,240 

— 

1,460,214 

— 

2,960,644      8    0 

1820 

5,29(i,701 

— 

1.444,290 

— 

2,7!»2,779    10    0 

1821 

5,575,8.30 

— 

1,439,970 

— 

2,931,912      0    0 

1822 

5,712,937 

— 

1,492,281 

— 

3,(KI5,696    12    0 

1823 

6,177,271 

— 

1,419,589 

— 

3,230,594      8    0 

1824 

6,188,271 

■" 

1,401,021 

Intermediate 

Beer. 

3,234,237    12    0 

1825 

6,500,064 

— 

1,485,750 

— 

9,559 

5    0 

3,401,296    15    0 

4 
1 


< 


It  a 
pul)lic 
in  17f= 
fjuulil 
less,  ci 
eifects 


Vear,  ei 
Ml  Join 


182( 
1S27 

1828 

1629 

1830 


1826 
1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 


N.  B.  Tl 
III.  An  ac( 


Years  ei 


It  has  b( 

since  the  c 

and  restric 

the  consun 

1830.     Bi 

Wales  dun 

the  middle 

increasing, 

we  have  se 

last  centur 

of  the  pres'i 

purcha.sc  U 

sumption  h 

southern  c< 

been  introd 

ing  general 

has  been  re 

improvemei 

independen 

teen  million 

*  The  alp  t_ 
than  the  forn 


B 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


13 


ountof  1 

y- 

!     lOw 

8d 

t    17 

4 

1    It) 

U 

(      2 

8 

4    8 

4    0 

14    4 

14    0 

5    4 

7    4 

4    8 

14    8 

19    8 

15    8 
7    0 

0    4 

13    4 

10    0 

4    0 

8    0 

0    0 

6    0 

8    0 

6    0 

IS    0 

0    0 

18    0 

8    0 

4    0 

4    0 

0    0 

14    0 

I      8    0 

J    10    0 

I      0    0 

?    12    0 

1      8    0 

r    12    0 

1    15    0 

It  appears  from  the  forPc;oinp;  tabic,  tlint  the  quantity  of  strong  beer  manufactured  by  the 
pul)lic  brewers  had  increased  about  a  third  since  1787;  but  the  quantity  of  malt  consumed 
in  17fi7  was  quite  as  prreat  as  in  1828;  a  fact,  which  shows  conclusively,  either  that  the 

«*  quality  of  the  beer  brewed  in  the  public  breweries  has  been  deteriorated  since  1787,  or  that 

less,  comparatively,  is  now  brewed  in  private  families ;  or,  which  is  most  probable,  that  both 
effects  have  been  produced. 

II.  An  acroiint  nniio  (liiiiiitily  of , 'ill  tlip  diflToront  f  nrts  of  Hccr,  statfid  in  Hiirrcls,  niiidc  inrnrli  Vcir, 
from  5rli  of.l:iim:iry  ls25,"lo  5tli  of  January  1830;  thi-  Hates  of  Duty  prr  Harri'l  in  carli  Y(!iir.  and 
Total  Amount  llicrc'of  in  (•;i(li  Year  in  Eniiland  and  Hcotland.— (f«W.  Pnjicr,  No.  UK).  Sess.  1>30.) 


Ypan  ended 
5tJi  Janu.try. 


1S28 
1S27 

1828 

1629 

1830 


1826 

1827  I 

1623  I 

1829  I 

18,30  I 


ENGLAND. 


Nunibpr  of  Birrels,  Imperial  Measure.* 


Strong. 


7,0(18,1)3 
4,177.225 
2,512,707 
3,895,220 
2..5()0,(l  13 
■3.911.519 
2,(il7.ti91 
3.5t)9.3(14 
2,379.930 


Rile 

HIT 

Darrel. 

S. 

</. 

9 

10 

9 

0 

9 

10 

9 

0 

9 

10 

9 

0 

9 

10 

9 

0 

9 

10 

Table, 


1,000, 
1,010. 

502. 

989, 

512, 

977. 

552. 

879. 

500, 


899 
720 
927 
827 
481 
902 
4.57 
879 
5'.K) 


Rate  per 
IJarrel. 


Intermediate. 


S.     d. 
1     lU 


9,} 
11.1 

9i- 


1  Hi 

1  9.1- 

1  Hi 

1  9i 

1  lU 


fi.KiO 

7,707 

\  17,158 
62,617 
\     55,498 


Hate  per 
Darrcl. 


S.     d. 

4    11 


Total  Amount  of 
Duty. 


£         f.  d. 

3,192,779  10  4 

3,205,441  U  6 

3,128,017    U  0 

3,217,612    2  11 

2,917,628    8  4 


SCOTLAND. 


133,903 

11(),.591 

5.515 

102,709 

9,250 

101,175 

17,218 

04,387 

10,506 


.<. 

(/. 

9 

10 

9 

0 

9 

10 

9 

0 

9 

10 

9 

0 

9 

10 

9 

0 

U 

10 

s. 

d. 

204,035 

lU 

219,722 

n 

51,013 

iij 

187.873 

91- 

53,420 

\n 

178,530 

9i 

08,913 

H,V 

101,488 

9L 

07,890 

lU 

\  - 


s.     d. 


£  s.  d. 

91,731  2  2 

79,931  4  7 

72,855  4  4 

76,665  9  11 

71,733  17  6 


N.  B.  The  duty  on  beer  being  repealed  in  1630,  there  are  no  later  accounts  of  the  quantity  brewed. 

III.  An  account  of  the  Number  of  Barrels  nf  St  rone  Beer  exported  in  each  Year,  from  5th  of  January 

1825  to  5th  of  January  18.30. 


ri826 
1827        - 
Years  ended  5th  of  January       -         J  1828 

1829 
U8.TO 

Number  of  Barrels  (Imperial  Measure) 
exported  from 

Eni!land. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

.5.3,013 
42.002 
69.471 
71,842 
74,902 

1,827 
1,079 
2,509 
.3..304 
3,131 

9,855 

lo.ono 

11.201 
14,499 
15,207 

The  exports  in  1832  were  70,130  barrels. 
It  has  been  contended  by  some,  that  the  condition  of  the  bulk  of  the  people  has  declined 
since  the  commencement  of  the  late  French  war;  and  that  this  decline,  and  not  the  duties 
and  restrictions  on  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  malt  and  beer,  has  been  the  real  cause  that 
the  consumption  of  malt  liquors  continued  stationary  during  the  thirty  years  ending  with 
1830.  But  nearly /oitr  millions  of  persons  were  adtled  to  the  population  of  England  and 
Wales  during  the  eighteenth  century,  and  it  is  admitted,  on  all  hands,  that  the  condition  of 
the  middle  and  lower  classes  was,  at  the  same  time,  vastly  improved.  Instead,  however,  of 
increasing,  as  no  doubt  it  would  have  done  but  for  some  very  powerful  counteracting  cause, 
we  have  seen  that  the  consuniption  of  malt  liquor  continued  stationary  during  the  whole  of 
l(ist  century,  so  that  the  fair  presumption  is,  that  it  continued  stationary  during  that  period 
of  the  present  century  already  referred  to,  not  because  the  people  have  become  less  able  to 
purcha.sc  beer,  but  becausS  the  same  causes  which  formerly  prevented  the  increase  of  con- 
sumption have  continued  to  operate.  If  we  except  a  portion  of  the  peasantry  in  some  of  the 
southern  counties,  where  the  pernicious  practice  of  paying  wages  out  of  the  poor's  rates  has 
been  introduced,  it  will  be  found  that  the  condition  of  tlie  labouring  classes  has  been,  speak- 
ing generally,  changed  very  much  for  the  better  during  the  last  thirty  years.  Their  health 
has  been  remarkably  im()roved ;  a  result  which  could  hardly  have  taken  place  without  an 
improvement  ni  their  habits  as  to  cleanliness,  and  in  their  ordinary  accommodations ;  and, 
independent  of  this  circumstance,  the  fact  that  the  lower  classes  have  lodged  upwards  oi  fif- 
teen millions  sterling  in  Savings'  Banks,  and  that  upwards  of  a  million  of  them  are  members 

*  The  ale  gallon  contains  282  cubic  inclies,  and  the  Imperial  gallon  277i :  the  latter  being   t   part  less 
than  the  former.  '' " 

B 


hi 


u 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


of  Friendly  Societies,  shows  pretty  clearly  that,  though  they  may  not  be  anywhere  so  com- 
fortable as  could  be  wished,  and  though,  in  Kent,  Hampshire,  and  some  other  southern  coun- 
ties, they  are  exposed  to  very  great  privations,  their  condition  is,  on  the  whole,  superior  to 
what  it  has  ever  previously  been.  It  has  further  been  contended,  that  if  the  decline  in  the 
consumption  of  beer  cannot  be  ascribed  to  any  fdling  off  in  the  condition  of  the  people, 
or  in  their  power  to  purchase  malt  li(iuors,  the  fair  inference  is,  that  it  has  originated  in  a 
change  of  taste ;  and  the  increased  consumption  of  spirituous  liquors  that  has  taken  place 
of  late  years  has  been  appealed  to  in  proof  that  such  is  the  fact.  13ut  this  increase  has  been 
very  greatly  exaggerated  :  admitting,  however,  that  the  circumstances  are  really  such  as  have 
been  represented,  the  question  instantly  recurs,  to  what  is  this  change  of  taste  owing  ?  How 
comes  it  that  the  people  of  England  should  be  less  partial  than  heretofore  to  that  palatable 
and  nutritious  beverage  to  which  they  ha^e  been  long  accustomed,  and  that  they  should  be 
resorting  to  ardent  spirits  and  other  deleterious  compounds,  destructive  alike  of  their  health 
and  morals  !  If  we  mistake  not,  it  will  be  found  to  be  wholly  owing  to  the  duties  and  restric- 
tions that  have  been  laid  on  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  beer. 

8.  Dulien  on  Ale  and  Beer:  old  licensing;  Si/stcin. — The  duty  on  malt  is  20.v.  Sd.  a  quar- 
ter; on  hops  'id.  a  pound  ;  and  on  strong  beer,  which  forms  live-tenths  of  the  whole  quantity 
brewed,  the  duty  was  {)s.  lOd.  a  barrel.  It  is  commonly  estimated,  that  from  three  to  three 
and  a  half  barrels  of  beer  are  manufactured  from  a  quarter  of  malt;  and  that  each  quarter  of 
malt  requires  twelve  pounds  of  hops.  Now,  supposing  that  three  and  a  quarter  barrels  of 
beer  are  produced  from  a  quarter  of  malt,  the  duties  alFecting  it,  down  to  tho  10th  of  October, 
1830,  were 


Duty  laid  directly  on  malt 

Beer  duty  on  three  and  a  quarter  barrels 

Hop  duty 


5. 

d. 

20 

8 

31 

11 

2 

0 

54s.  7d. 


and  dividing  this  sum  of  ^is.  Id.  by  3J,  „he  duties  affecting  each  barrel  of  beer  will 
be  lis. 

Such  duties  are  obviously  oppressive.  The  price  of  barley  does  not  at  an  average  exceed 
35s.  per  ([uarter.  But  the  duties  on  malt  or  beer  produced  from  a  quarter  of  barley  (exclu- 
sive of  the  hop  duty)  amounted  to  52s,  Id.,  being  equal  to  150  per  cent,  upon  the  cost  of  the 
barley  employed  !  Need  we  seek  elsewhere  for  the  cause  of  the  stationary  demand  for  malt 
liquors  ]  The  taxes  on  wine,  British  spirits,  tea,  and  coffee,  do  not,  in  any  case,  exceed  100 
per  cent.  Nor  can  there  be  a  doubt  that  the  disproportionately  heavy  l)urden  that  has  thus 
been  imposed  on  the  natural  and  healthy  beverage  of  the  lower  classes  has  principally  con- 
tributed to  lessen  its  consumption,  and  to  cause  them  to  resort  to  less  salubrious  substitutes. 

In  another  point  of  view,  the  beer  duties  were  still  more  indefensible.  They  affected  only 
that  description  of  beer  which  was  brewed  for  sale  ,-  and  as  all  the  higher  classes  brewed  their 
own  beer,  the  duty  fell  only  on  the  lower  and  middle  ranks  of  the  community,  and  particularly 
the  former.  It  is  singular,  that  a  tax  so  grossly  unequal  and  oppressive  should  have  been  so 
long  submitted  to.  Should  the  public  necessities  require,  at  any  future  period,  that  an  effort 
should  be  made  to  increase  the  revenue  from  beer,  the  fair  and  proper  method  would  be  to 
increase  the  malt  duties.  They  affect  alike  those  who  brew  the  beer  which  they  consume, 
and  those  who  buy  it  from  a  public  brewer.  Their  increase  would  not  require  the  employ- 
ment of  any  additional  officers  ;  for  it  is  obvious,  that  the  same  officers  and  regulations  that 
serve  to  collect  a  duty  of  20s.  8d.  would  equally  serve  to  collect  a  duty  of  30s. ;  and,  what  is 
most  important,  an  increase  of  this  sort  would  not  require  any  interference  with  the  process 
of  brewing. 

I^ut  besides  the  obstacles  to  the  consumption  of  beer  arising  from  the  oppressive  duties 
with  which  it  was  burdened,  the  system  recently  in  force  of  granting  licences  for  its  sale,  op- 
posed obstacles  that  were  hardly  less  formidable.  Previously  to  1830,  no  one  could  open  a 
house  for  the  sale  of  beer  without  first  obtaining  a  licence  renewable  annually  from  the  magis- 
trates ;  and  as  these  functionaries  were  accustomed  oidy  to  grant  licences  to  the  occupiers  of 
particular  house.9,  the  brewers  naturally  endeavoured,  in  order  to  ensure  the  sale  of  their  beer, 
cither  to  buy  up  those  houses  or  to  lend  money  upon  them:  and  in  many  extensive  districts 
a  few  large  capitalists  succeeded  in  engrossing  most  of  the  public  houses ;  so  that  even  the 
appearance  of  competition  Wiis  destroyed,  and  a  ready  market  and  good  prices  secured  for  the 
very  worst  beer  I 

We,  therefore,  look  upon  the  abolition  of  the  beer  duties,  and  the  granting  permission  to 
all  individuals  to  retail  beer  upon  taking  out  an  excise  licence  costing  2/.  2s.,  as  liighly  advan- 
tageous measures.  The  repeal  of  the  duty  has  put  an  end  to  the  unjust  distinction  that  previous- 
ly obtained  ;  the  poor  man  is  no  longer  burdened  with  a  heavy  tax,  from  which  the  noble  and 
affluent  of  the  land  were  exempted  ;  but  all  classes  are  j)laccd,  in  so  far  at  least  as  the  duties 
on  beer  are  concerned,  in  the  same  situation.  The  fall  of  price  caused  by  the  abolition 
of  the  duty,  by  rendering  beer  more  easily  obtainable,  will  do  much  to  check  the  consui.q)- 
lion  of  spirits ;  and  will,  at  the  same  time,  powerfully  contribute  to  tlic  health  and  comfort  of 


Jh 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


15 


Ion  to 
Idvaii- 

vious- 
|e  and 

lutics 
Llition 

artof 


the  poor.  The  change  in  the  moilc  of  licensing  houses  for  the  retail  of  beerhns  introduced 
into  the  trade  that  sj-stem  of  free  competition  tliat  is  so  advantageous.  It  is  no  Ioniser  in 
the  power  of  any  combination  of  brewers  to  maintain  tlie  price  of  beer  at  an  unnatural  eleva- 
tion ;  and  the  public  may  now  depend  on  being  supplied  with  malt  liquors  at  the  lowest  price 
that  will  serve  to  indemnify  the  brewers. 

9.  Compluints  of  the  Increase  of  Beer  Shops. — In  despite,  however,  of  what  has  now 
been  stated,  it  is  strenuously  objected  to  the  late  measure  for  licensing  houses  for  the  sale  of 
beer,  that  it  has  led  to  their  excessive  multiplication  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  has, 
in  eonsecjuenee,  had  a  most  pernicious  influence  on  the  public  morals:  but  there  do  not  seem 
to  be  any  good  grounds  for  such  statements.  'J'he  whole  number  of  [)ublic  houses  licensed 
for  the  sale  of  beer  and  ak  on/i/  in  England  and  M'ales,  during  the  year  ended  3 1st  of 
March  1833,  was  4,82 1 ;  while  47.280  houses  were  licensed,  during  the  same  year,  for  the  sale 
of  beer,  ale,  and  spirits. — (Par!.  Paper,  No.  426.  8css.  1833.)  Whatever,  therefore,  may 
be  the  inconveniences  arising  from  the  number  of  the  latter,  it  does  seem  ludicrous  to  imagine 
that  they  can  be  materially  increased  by  the  opening  of  the  beer  shops.  On  the  contrary,  we 
should  think  that  every  measure  which  has  a  tendency  to  substitute  beer  shops  for  spirit  must 
he  advantageous ;  and  such  is  the  precise  elfect  of  the  act  1  Will.  4.  cap.  04.  Its  privileges  arc 
acquired  by  those  only  who  confme  themselves  to  the  sale  of  beer;  and  until  it  has  been 
shown  that  the  drinking  of  beer  is  less  advantageous,  or  more  pernicious,  than  the  drinking 
of  .spirits,  we  shall  not  be  inclined  to  lay  much  stress  on  the  complaints  so  frequently  put 
forth  as  to  the  number  of  beer  shops.  In  order,  however,  to  check  their  unnecessary  multi- 
plication, and  to  ensure  as  far  as  possible  the  maintenance  of  good  order  in  them,  it  might  be 
expedient,  perhaps,  to  increase  the  licence  duty,  and  the  security  required  from  those  apply- 
ing for  a  licence,  and  to  facilitate  the  sup|)ression  of  disorderly  houses  :  but  v*e  protest  against 
any  attempt  to  lessen  the  number  of  puiilic  houses  l)y  reviving  the  olu  licensing  system,  with 
the  injustice  and  jobbing  inseparable  from  it,  and  from  every  modification  of  it. 

10.  Existiiiir  Rei^ulatiuns  with  respect  to  the  Sale  of  Beer. — The  sale  of  ale,  beer,  &c.  by 
retail  in  England,  is  now  regulated  by  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  64.,  of  which  we  subjoin  a  pretty 
full  abstract. 

I.ircnsi's  tn  bp  crantod  liy  rommissiniiprs  of  p\rise,  or  liy  pprpniis  atillinrispd  liy  them  ;  to  cost  2?.  2s. 
a  year;  not  to  authorise  the  sale  of  wine  or  spirits  ;  not  to  li<^  iirantcil  to  slierilfs'  ollucrs,  nor  to  any 
piMsoii  pxiMiiting  tl.i'  lecal  process  of  any  court  ol' justice,  nor  to  any  person  not  being  a  lionseliolcltr 
assessed  to  tlie  parisli. — J  2. 

The  party  requiriui;  sucli  lirrnce  to  enter  inton  bond  to  the  commieflionora,  with  one  sutfirient  surety 
in  tlie  penalty  of  20/.,  or  witli  two  sntiirient  sureties  in  the  penalty  of  111/,  each,  for  tlie  payment  of 
any  penally  or  sum  of  money,  not  e.xieediiif;  the  amount  of  such  'Ml.  or  1(1/.  respectively,  wjiich  shall 
lie  incurred  for  any  offiMifu  liixainst  this  act  liy  the  party  to  whom  such  licence  shall  In- );iiiiiled  ;  and 
no  person  licensed  to  sell  beer  by  retail,  or  not  being  a  householder  paying  the  poor  rates,  shall  be 
surety  in  any  such  bond. — J  ll  4,  5. 

Kvery  person  who  shall  be  licensed  under  this  act,  shall  cause  to  be  painted,  in  letters  three  inches 
at  least  in  lenirth,  in  white  upon  a  black  iiround,  or  in  black  upon  a  white  proiind,  publicly  visible  ami 
lesible,  upon  a  board,  to  be  placed  over  tin,'  door  of  the  house  in  which  such  person  shall  he  licensed, 
the  christian  and  surname  of  the  persons  mentioned  in  such  licence,  at  full  lenjith,  toirether  with  the 
words  ••  Licensed  to  sell  Iteer  by  Uetail ;"  and  every  such  person  shall  keep  up  such  name  and  words 
duriiii!  all  the  time  that  such  person  shall  continue  so  licensed,  ujion  jiain  of  forfeiting  for  every  omis- 
sion 10/.— J  (i. 

j\o  person  to  sell  any  beer  by  retail,  under  this  act,  after  the  expiration  of  any  licence  uranted,  nor 

ill  any  lioiist?  not  speciiied  in  such  licence  ;  and  any  person  selling  I r  by  retail,  not  being  duly  licensed, 

as  (lie  keeper  of  a  cominon  inn,  ale-house,  or  victualling-bouse  ;  or  if  any  such  person,  so  licensed, 
shall  deal  in  or  retail  any  wine  or  spirits,  he  shall,  for  every  such  otience,  forfeit  20/.,  half  to  go  to  the 
informer  and  half  to  the  king  ;  such  penalty  to  be  recovered  as  other  excise  penalties  ;  and  the  powers 
of  the  (!xcise  act  7  &,  N  (!.  4  c.  ;■>:!,  &c.  extended  to  this  act.— J  }  7,  t*.  !). 

I'er.-ons  trading  in  partnership,  and  in  one  house,  shall  not  be  oblisjed  to  take  nut  more  than  one 
licence  in  any  one  year  :  provided  also,  that  no  one  licence  shall  authorise  any  [lersoii  to  sell  beer,  in 
any  other  than  the  house  inentioiiiMl  in  such  licence.^ — J  10. 

In  cases  of  riot  or  expected  riot  or  tumult,  every  person  licensed  under  this  act,  and  keepinc  any 
hnnse  situate  within  their  jurisdictions, shall  close  his  hoiiseat  any  time  which  the  justice  or  justices 
shall  direct ;  and  every  such  person  who  shall  keep  open  his  house  at  or  after  any  hour  at  which  such 
justices  shall  have  so  ordered  or  directed  such  house  to  he  closed,  shall  be  deemiMl  lo  have  not  main- 
tained good  order  and  rule  therein,  and  to  be  guilty  of  an  ollenci^  against  the  tenor  of  his  license. — D  11. 

livery  person  licensed  to  sell  beer  by  retail,  shall  sell  (except  in  cpiantities  less  than  a  half  pint)  by 
the  galiim,  quart,  |iint,  or  half  pint  measure,  sized  according  to  the  standard  ;  and  in  default  thereof, 
he  shall  fur  every  such  otVeiice  I'orfeil  the  illegal  measure,  and  pay  not  exceeding  lO.*.,  together  with 
the  costs  of  the  conviction,  to  he  recovered  within  thirty  days  next  after  that  on  w  liicli  such  ofl'ence 
was  coinmitteil,  before  two  justices  ;  such  pi'iially  to  be  over  ami  above  all  penalties  to  which  the  of- 
fender may  be  liable  under  any  other  act. — J  12. 

Kvery  seller  of  beer  by  retail,  having  a  licence  under  this  act,  who  shall  permit  any  person  to  be 
guilty  of  drunkenness,  or  disorderly  conduct,  in  tlii^  house  ineiitioneil  in  such  licence,  shall  fnrfeit  the 
Slims  following:  for  the  tirst  otVeiice,  not  less  than  10.-.  nor  more  than  .'i/.  as  the  justices,  belnre  whom 
such  retailer  shall  he  convicted,  shall  adjudge  ;  and  for  the  sei(}nd  ntlince,  any  sum  not  less  than  5/. 
n<ir  more  than  10/.;  iiiid  for  the  third  otfence,  any  sum  not  less  than  2(1/.  nor  more  than  .'id/.;  and  it 
shall  bi' lawful  for  the  justices,  before  whom  any  such  conviction  for  sncli  lliird  olliiiie  shall  take 
place,  to  adjudce,  if  they  shall  think  lit,  that  sui  li  ollender  shall  bi>  disiiualitied  from  sellim.'  beer  by 
retail  for  the  space  of  two  years  next  ensiiinij  such  conviction,  and  also  that  no  beer  shall  be  s(dd  by 
retail,  by  any  person  in  the  Inuise  mentioned  in  the  liceni  e  (d"  such  oHeiidi'r;  and  if  any  person  so 
licensed  shall,  knowingly,  sell  any  beer,  ale,  or  porter,  made  otherw  ise  than  from  mall  and  hops,  or 
pliall  mix,  or  cause  to  he  mixed,  any  drugs  or  other  pernicicuis  ingredients,  with  any  beer  sold  in  his 
house,  or  shall  fraudulently  dilute,  or  in  any  way  adulterate,  any  such  beer.  >iicli  clVinder  shall,  for 
the  first  olfeiice,  forfeit  not  less  than  10/.  nor  any  niorc  than  20/.,  and  for  the  ai  com!  such  ofieiicu  aucU 


16 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


offiindor  shall  be  nrtjiidcfirt  to  be  (lif^qunlifleil  from  aplllng  beer,  ale,  or  porter,  by  retail,  for  the  term  of 

two  yr!>.r:<,  or  to  fi)rtrit  not  less  thiiii  20/.  nor  iiiiiri!  than  Ml.,  and  Hliall  bo  subjft't  to  a  like  penalty  at 
every  lion^ir  wli(<ri'  lie  shall  coininit  such  otIVnci' ;  niul  it'  any  person  shall,  during  any  term  in  wliicli 
it  shall  not  bi;  lawt'nl  for  beer  to  be  sold  by  retail  on  the  premises  of  any  oliViidrr,  sell  any  brer  by  re- 
tail on  sneli  premises,  knowing  that  it  was  not  lawful  to  be  sold,  such  ott'ender  shall  forfeit  not  b-ssthau 
I'.il.  nor  more  than  '2(1/.;  every  person  sutt'ering  the  conditions  of  the  licence  to  be  infringed  tu  b« 
deemed  guilty  of  disorderly  conduct. — }  13. 

Retailers'  houses  not  to  be  open  before  four  in  the  morning,  nor  after  ten  in  the  evening;  nor  he- 
tweiMi  the  hours  often  in  the  forenoon  ami  oik!  in  the  afternoon,  nor  at  any  time  between  the  bourfl 
of  threi'  and  live  in  the  afternoon,  on  any  Sumlay,  (Jcjod  Friday,  (Jhrlstnias-day,  or  any  day  appointed 
for  a  piiblie  fast  or  thanksgiving;  and  any  person  offemling  herein  shall  forfeit  40i*.  for  every  ollence; 
every  separate  sab^  to  be  deemed  a  separate  otfeiicf!. — i  14. 

All  penalties  under  this  act,  e.vcept  for  selling  beer  by  any  person  not  (Inly  licensed,  shall  be  reco- 
vered, upon  the  information  of  any  person  betore  two  justices  in  petty  sessions;  ami  every  such  pe- 
nalty shall  he  prosecuted  fir  witliiii  three  calendar  months  ne.xt  after  the  olfence  ;  and  every  |)erson 
licensed  under  this  act,  who  shall  he  convicted  befori!  two  justices,  shall,  unless  proof  be  adduced  to 
tli(!  satisfaction  of  such  justices,  that  such  person  bad  been  theretofore  convicted  before  two  Justices, 
within  tile  space  of  twelve  calendar  ninnths  next  preceding,  be  adjiidgi'd  by  such  justices  to  be  guilty 
of  a  first  olfence  against  this  act,  and  t<i  forfi'it  and  pay  any  penalty  by  this  act  iuiposed  for  such  of- 
fence, or  if  no  spevitic  penalty  be  imposed,  then  any  sum  not  exceeding  5/.,  together  with  the  costs  of 
the  conviction  ;  ami  if  proof  he  aildiiced  to  the  satisfaction  of  such  justices,  that  such  person  had  been 
previously  convicted,  williin  the  space  of  twelve  calendar  months  next  preceiiing,  of  one  such  oHi.'iice 
only,  such  person  to  be  adjudired  guilty  of  a  second  olfence  against  this  act,  a  d  to  t'orfeit  and  pay  any 
penalty  by  this  act  imposed  for  such  offence,  or  if  no  specific  penalty  be  so  inipos(Ml,  then  any  sum  not 
exceeding  10/.,  together  with  the  costs  of  conviction;  and  if  proof  shall  be  adduceil  that  such  person 
had  been  previously  convicted  within  the  space  of  eighteen  calendar  months  next  preceding,  of  two 
such  separate  offences,  and  if  proof  be  adduced  that  such  person,  so  chanjeil,  is  guilty  of  the  otfenco 
charged  auainst  him,  such  person  shall  In;  adjudged  to  be  guilty  of  a  third  otfeiice  against  this  act,  and 
to  forfeit  and  pay  any  penalty  imposed  by  this  act,  in  respect  of  such  ollence,  or  if  no  such  sjiecitic 
penalty  shall  he  imposed,  then  to  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  50/.  together  with  the  costs  of  convic- 
tion.— l)  la. 

The  party,  convicted  of  any  such  third  oflTence,  may  appeal  to  the  general  sessions,  or  quarter  ses- 
sions, then  next  ensuing,  unless  held  within  twt.'lve  days  after  conviction,  and  in  that  case,  to  the  then 
next  suliseiiiient  sessions  ;  and.  in  such  case,  the  party  convicted  shall  enter  into  a  recognizance,  with 
two  sureties,  personally  to  appear  at  the  said  ceneral  or  (piarter  sessions,  to  abide  the  jiidgmeiit  of  the 
court ;  and  to  pay  such  costs  as  shall  be  by  the  court  awarded  :  or,  in  failure  of  the  parly  convicted 
cnt(>ring  into  such  rccogni/ance,  such  conviction  shall  remain  good  and  valid;  and  tlie  said  justices 
who  shall  take  such  recognizance  are  also  reiiuired  to  bind  the  person  w  ho  shall  make  such  charges 
to  appear  at  such  ueneral  or  iinarter  sessions,  then  and  thereto  give  evidence  against  the  person 
charged,  and,  in  like  manner,  tn  bind  any  other  person  who  shall  have  any  knowledge  of  such  offence  ; 
and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  general  or  quarter  sessions  to  adjudge  such  person  to  be  guilty  of 
such  third  offence  against  this  act,  and  such  adjudication  shall  be  llnal  :  and  it  sliall  be  lawful  for  such 
general  or  quarter  sessions  to  punish  such  offender  by  fine,  not  exceeding  100/.,  fogetlier  with  the 
costs  of  such  appeal,  or  to  adjudge  the  licence  to  be  forfeited,  or  that  no  beer  be  sold  by  retail  in  the 
house  for  the  term  of  two  years,  and  if  such  licence  tiball  ho  adjiid(ieil  to  bo  firfiMtcd.  it  slinll  hence- 
forth be  void  ;  and  whenever,  in  such  case,  the  licence  of  sucli  oflemler  shall  be  adjudged  to  be  void, 
such  ofhiiider  .shall  be  deemeil  incapable  of  sidling  beer,  ale,  or  porter,  by  retail,  in  any  house  kept  by 
liim.  for  the  space  of  two  years,  to  he  computed  from  the  time  of  such  adjudication;  iind  any  licence 
granted  to  such  piirson  during  such  term  shall  be  void. — !/  11). 

In  detViiilt  of  payment  of  penalties,  proceedings  may  he  had  against  the  sureties. — }  19. 

Any  person  summoned  as  a  witness,  who  shall  iiesilect  or  refuse  to  appear,  and  not  make  such  rea- 
sonable excuse  for  such  neglect,  &c.  as  shall  he  admitted  by  such  justices  of  sessions,  or  who,  appear- 
ing, shall  ret'iise  to  be  examined,  shall,  on  conviction,  forfeit  not  exceeding  10/. — J  20. 

Offenders  refusing  or  neglecting,  within  seven  days  after  conviction,  to  pay  the  penalty  imposed, 
and  any  costs  assessed,  such  justices  may  issue  their  warrant,  to  levy  the  amount  by  distri'ss  and  sale, 
together  with  the  costs  of  distress  and  s.-'ile;  and  in  every  such  case,"such  offenders,  if  in  cnstoily.  shall 
he  forthwitli  discharged  ;  but  if  the  goods  and  chattels  are  not  siiflicient,  such  justices  may  commit  the 
offender  to  Uw.  common  gaol  or  house  of  correction  for  not  exceeding  one  calendar  month,  if  the  pe- 
nalty shall  not  be  above  5/. ;  for  not  exceeding  three  calendar  months,  if  the  penalty  shall  be  above  5/. 
and  "not  more  than  10/. ;  and  for  not  exciMMliim  six  calendar  niontlis,  if  the  penaltv  shall  be  above  10/.; 
provided,  that  whenever  such  offender  shall  pay  to  the  gaoler  or  keeper,  or  to  wiiomsoever  such  jus- 
tices sliall  have  appointed,  the  penalty  and  costs,  togetli(!r  with  all  the  costs  of  apprehension  and  con- 
veyance to  gaol,  at  any  time  previous  to  the  expiration  of  the  lime  for  which  such  offender  shall  have 
been  committed,  such  offender  shall  be  forthwith  discharged. — }  21. 

No  conviction  under  this  act,  nor  any  adjudication  made  upon  appeal  therefrom,  shall  be  quashed 
for  want  of  I'oriii,  nor  removed  by  certiiirari.—i  '27. 

Everv  action  against  any  justice,  constable,  or  other  person,  for  any  thing  done  in  execution  of  his 
duty  under  this  act,  to  be  coiumeiiciul  within  three  calendar  months,  and  not  afterwards ;  and  if  any 
person  Ik-  sued,  he  may  plead  the  ueneral  issue,  and  give  the  special  matter  in  iividence.— J  'iS, 

This  act  not  to  affect  the  two  universities,  nor  the  vintners' company  in  liOndon  ;  nor  to  prohibit 
the  sale  of  beer  at  fairs,  as  heretofore. 

11.  Scotch  Ah  and  Beer  Duties. — The  duties  on  ale  and  beer  in  Scotland  have  been  for 
a  lengthened  period  the  same  as  in  England. 

At  the  union  in  1707,  the  English  duties  on  ale  and  beer  were  introduced  into  Scotland. 
But,  besides  strong  and  small  beer,  the  Scotch  had  an  intermediate  species,  which  they  called 
two-penny,  and  which  was  their  favourite  beverage.  The  duty  on  this  description  of  beer 
was  fixed,  at  the  union,  at  2s.  \^d.  a  barrel.  For  thirty  years  after  its  imposition,  the  quan- 
tity of  two-penny  that  paid  duty  was  always  above  400,000,  and  .sometimes  exceeded 
500,000  barrels  a  year.  But  in  1760  the  duty  on  two-penny  was  increa.scd  to  3s.  4:}rf.  and 
the  consumption  immediately  fell  off  to  between  100,000  and  200,000  barrels!  The  quan- 
tity that  paid  duty  in  1800  amounted  to  149,803  barrels.  The  manufacture  of  this  species 
of  beer  cea-sed  entirely  in  1802. 

No  account  has  been  kept  of  the  quantity  of  beer  brewed  in  Ireland  since  1809,  when  it 
amounted  to  900,300  barrels.— (.If-wfitwwr/ o/j  Intoxicating  Liquors,  p.  3,53.)  Perhaps  it 
may  now  amount  to  from  1,000,000  to  1,200,000  barrels. 


12 
mere 
any  i 
niana 
was 
tlierci 
same 
2s.  7fl 
the  1) 
lirc\v» 
nieus. 
sum  o 

In 
from  t 
mode 
the  coi 
costing) 
porter, 
1834, 
premisf 
subscril 
cost  of 
on  the 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


17 


iaslieil 

1  of  his 
I  if  any 

Iroliiliit 
Icn  for 


ItlanJ. 
Icallcd 
beer 
Iquan- 
IccJcd 

/.  and 
|quan- 

pccies 

!ien  it 
laps  it 


12.  deffuhtiniys  as  io  the  Exportation  uf  Beer. — Aln  or  beer  exported  to  foreiKti  pnrts  as 
mercbaiulisc  in  allowed  a  (Irawback  olTw.  the  barrel  of  30  gallons,  Imp.  hums,  lint  before 
any  debenture  for  the  above  (lra\vt)aek  shall  be  paid,  the  exporter  or  bis  principal  tliik  or 
manager  shall  make  oath  theicon,  before  the  proper  otlicer  of  excise,  that  fneli  ale  or  beer 
was  put  on  board  the  exporting  ship  as  merehandise  to  be  sent  beyond  seas,  and  no  part 
thereof  for  tlie  shii)'s  use  ;  and  that,  aecordin}!;  to  the  best  of  his  knowledRe  and  belief,  tlio 
same  lias  been  brewed  wholly  from  malt  which  lias  been  eharu;ed  with  and  paid  the  duty  of 
2s.  "ad.  a  bushel,  and  shall  also  specify  in  such  oath  the  time  when  and  the  place  where  ;  and 
the  brewer,  being  an  entered  and  licensed  brewer  for  sale,  by  whom  such  beer  or  ale  was 
brewed,  and  that  the  quantity  of  malt  used  in  brewing  was  not  less  than  two  bushels  (Imp. 
nieas.)  for  every  .'iO  gallons  of  such  beer  or  ale.  Persons  making  false  statements  forfeit  the 
sum  of  200/.  and    the  debenture  is  void.— (1   Will.  4.  cap.  .'jl.  §  11.) 

In  consecpience  of  the  complaints,  whether  well  or  ill  foun<led,of  the  inconveniences  arising 
from  the  increase  of  beer  shops — (see  Did.  p.  14),  a  material  change  has  been  made  in  the 
mode  of  licensing  iiouses  for  the  sale  of  beer.  Under  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  (14. — {Did.  p.  14), 
the  commissioners  of  excise,  or  other  persons  duly  authorised,  were  bound  to  grant  licenses, 
costing  2/.  2.?.  a  year,  to  all  persons  not  excepted  in  the  act,  empowering  them  to  sell  ale,  beer, 
porter,  cider,  &c.  to  be  drunk  iudijfercntlij  either  on  or  ojf  the  freininea.  IJiit  the  act  of 
1834,  4  &  .")  Will.  4.  e.  85.  made  the  obtaining  of  a  licence  to  retail  beer  to  be  drunk  on  the 
premises  contingent  on  the  applicant  being  able  to  produce  a  certificate  of  good  character, 
subscritied  by  certain  persons  rated  at  a  certain  amount  to  the  poor:  it  has  also  raised  tho 
cost  of  such  licence  to  3/.  3,v. ;  and  reduced  the  cost  of  a  licence  to  sell  beer  not  to  be  drunk 
on  the  premises  to  1/.  Is.     We  subjoin  a  full  abstract  of  the  act : — 

Verfnvti  iippljiinir  fur  a  Licence  to  fell  Deer  Io  be.  ilriivk  on  the  I'revii.te.i,  to  depnsile  a  cerlifcnir  of  ffond, 
Clinrartrr,  ,\'( . —  I'.vcrv  p(!rs(iM  a|>|ilyiMt!  fur  a  liiiMicc  tii  sell  liicr  orciiler  liy  ri'tiiil,  tii  hii  dniiik  in  tlie 
li')iis('  iir  cin  the  preiiiiscs,  shall,  in  iiddition  to  IIh'  npiilicatimi  siitlnu  I'orlh  the  iiarlicniiirs  rniniri'il  by 
till'  ail  1  Will.  1.  c.  til.,  a  II  null  My  pniiliK  e  to  ami  ilcpnsit  with  the  (iiniiiiissiiiiirrs  (ilCxriM',  idllcitur.  nr 
oilier  persiin  antliiirisi'il  tn  iiraiit  such  liicnci'  within  the  parish  nr  place  in  which  the  pirsiMi  appUiii); 
intends  to  sell  heer  or  cider  liy  retail,  a  certil'icate  sifincil  liy  0  persons  ri'sidinu  in  and  lieiim  and  ile- 
scribiiii!  Iheiiiselves  to  lie  inhabitants  of  such  parish,  place,  &c.  and  respectively  rated  therein  to  the 
poor  at  not  less  than  (i/.,  or  <ici:iipyinu  a  house  therein  rated  to  tlic  poor  at  not  bss  than  !>/  ,  none  of 
whom  shall  he  maltsters,  coininoii  brewers,  or  persons  licensed  to  sell  spirituous  lii|Uors  or  beer  or  ci- 
der by  retail,  nor  owners  or  proprietors  of  any  Iiouses  licensed  to  sell  lii|Uors,  beer,  or  cider  by  retail, 
statintr  that  the  person  applyim;  for  the  liceiici!  is  of  L'ood  character;  and  at  the  foot  of  such  certificate 
one  of  Ihe  overseers  of  the  parish,  township,  or  place  shall  certify  (if  the  fact  be  so)  that  sm  h  fi  per- 
sona are  inliabitaiil.s  respectively  rated  a.s  aforesaid  ;  and  such  cerliticate  shall  respectively  be  in  the 
form  of  the  schedule  aniii'xeil  to' this  act:  provided  always,  that  in  any  parish,  township;  ofdistrict 
ninintainiiif;  its  own  poor,  in  which  there  are  not  1(1  inliabitaiiis  rated  to  their  relief  f>  the  anioiiiit  of 
fi/.  each,  or  not  occiipyiiis;  hoiisis  respectively  rated  to  the  poor  at  b/.  each  (not  beiiis!  maltsters,  coin- 
inoii  breweis,  or  persons  licensed  to  sell  spiVitiioiis  li(|iiors  or  beer  or  cider  by  retail.)  the  certificate 
of  the  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  such  parish,  township,  or  district  inaintaiiiin<!  ils  own  poor,  as  are 
rated  to  the  amount  of  61.  each,  shiill  be  deemed  to  he  a  Hutlit'iuiit  cerliticate  for  the  purposes  of  tliis 
act.— ?2. 

Penalty  on  Orerseers.—  .\ny  overseer  wlio  shall,  witliotit  duo  cause,  refuse  to  certify  that  tho  persons 
who  have  siL'ned  till!  certilicati!  are  respectively  rated  to  llie  poor's  rate  as  aforesaid,  to  forfeit  not 
more  than  .')/.—}  '.i. 

Bcrrilnnik  in  Slieils. — Any  person  licensed  under  the  art  1  Will.  4.  c.  til.,  to  sell  beer,  cider,  &r.  not 
to  be  consumed  on  the  premises,  who  shall  employ,  permit,  or  siilfer  any  person  or  persons  to  take  or 
carry  any  beer,  &c.  from  his  house  or  premises,  to  be  drunk  or  consiinnil  for  his  benelit  or  prolil,  in 
any  other  house,  lent,  shed,  &.c.  beloiii;inu  to.  or  hired,  used,  or  occupied  by  such  licensed  person,  such 
beer,  &c.  shall  hi'  held  to  have  been  consumed  on  the  premises,  and  the  person  sellint;  the  same  shall 
be  subject  loilie  like  fort'eitiires  and  penalties  as  if  it  had  been  actually  drunk  or  toiisumod  in  a  lioiise 
or  upon  premises  iiceiiseil  only  for  the  sale  thereof — J  1. 

ti'.llcttina. — Provisions  for  bilbtliiK.' soldiers  under  inutiiiy  acts  to  extend  only  to  those  licensed  to 
Fell  beer  or  cider  to  be  driiiiU  in  Ihe  house  or  on  the  premises,  and  not  to  extend  to  those  licensed  to 
sell  beer  not  to  be  consumed  on  the  premises  — I)  ft. 

.luslieea  to  reirnliile  the  Dpeninir  nnil  Vlosinfr  of  Ifoiiaen. — .Tnstices  in  petty  sessions  are  authorised  to 
fi.x  the  hours  at  which  houses  anil  premises  licensed  to  sell  beer  under  this  act  shall  be  opened  and 
closed;  lint  any  person  Ibinkiii^  himself  aL'!.'rieveil  by  any  such  order  may  appeal  at  any  time,  within 
4  monllis  from  its  dale,  to  the  justices  in  ipiarter  sessions,  (Ml  (.'ivin;;  the  justices  niakiii!;  the  luder  11 
days"  notice  of  his  intention  ;  and  the  deiision  of  the  justices  in  i|iiarter  si'ssions  shall  be  tiiial  :  pro- 
vided, however,  that  the  hour  to  be  fixed  for  openiiiL'  any  house  shall  not  in  e.iiy  case  he  earlier  'liau  5 
o'clock  ill  the  iiiorniiii!,  nor  for  closiiiL'  the  same  later  than  II  o'clock  at  iii!.'lit,  or  before  1  o'di'ck  in 
the  afternoon  on  Sunday,  (iood  Friday,  ('liristmas-l)ay,  or  any  day  appointed  for  a  public  fast  or 
thaiiksirix  iiiL' ;  and  the  hours  so  fixed  by  the  justices,  with  reference  to  the  districts  within  their  juris- 
dictions, shall  be  taken  to  he  the  hours  to  he  obsi'rved  and  complied  with  under  this  act  as  fully  as  it* 
the  same  hail  been  specially  appointed  by  it. — }  t). 

Constiihles.  i\-r.  to  ri.-it  licen.-e'l  //»i/.m'.s.  — All  constables  and  oflicers  of  police  are  aniliorised  tn  enter 
into  all  houses  licensed  to  sell  beer  or  spirituous  lii|iiors  to  he  consumed  upon  the  premises  whenever 
they  shall  think  proper ;  and  if  any  person  licensed  as  aforesaid,  or  any  servant  or  person  in  his  em- 
ploy or  by  his  direction,  shall  rel'iise  to  admit  such  constables,  &c.  into  such  house  or  premises,  tliu 
person  liaviti!!  the  licence  shall  for  the  lirst  ofFeiice  forfeit  ami  pay  any  sum  not  exceediiif:  f>l.,  lojieiher 
with  the  costs  of  conviction,  to  be  recovered  within  'M  ilays  bel'ore  one  or  more  justices  ;  and  it  shall 
be  lawful  for  any  two  or  more  justices,  upon  any  persiui  heiiin  convicted  of  siichotfence  for  the  second 
time,  to  adjiidue  (if  they  think  tit)  that  such  oHeiider  he  distiiialilied  from  selliiift  beer,  ale,  porter,  ci- 
der, or  perry,  by  retail,  for  1!  years  after  sutli  conviction,  or  lor  sutli  shorter  space  as  they  may  think 
proper. — i  7. 

Penaltii  for  makimr  or  vsin/r  fiilsc  Certijirnles. — Persons  certifyinc  any  matter  liaviug  reference  to 
this  act  as  true,  who  know  the  same  to  be  false,  or  nsina  any  cerliticate,  knowiii!.'  the  same  to  be 
forced,  shall,  on  conviction  of  such  olfence  before  2  or  more  justices,  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  20;.;  and 
every  licence  ijranled  to  any  person  niakiii)!  use  of  any  cerlitiiate  to  obtain  the  same,  such  person 
knowing  such  certilicatc  to  bo  forged,  or  the  matters  cerlitied  tlioroiu  to  bo  false,  sliall  bi;  void  to  aU 
b2  3 


■ 

i 


) 

•i 


18 


ALE  AND  BEER. 


intents  ami  piirpnsrs;  nml  tiny  person  usinu  siirh  rprlificnte  slitill  be  dlii(]imlificil  for  ever  from  ob- 
lai?iini;  a  liirnif  to  sell  hecr  or  rider  by  riitnil. — }  8. 

JVii  lirrnrr  In  br  aninttd  without  ii  Ce'rtijicnle.—^n  licenre  for  the  pnl((  of  liror  or  cider  by  retnil  to  be 
cnnsMined  or  drniik  in  tlin  linnse  or  on  tlie  premises  stiiill  lie  cranted,  except  upontlie  eortifirnte  hereby 
recpiired  :  provided,  tliat  in  all  extra-parocliinl  places tbncerlificate  rei|nired  by  this  act  may  beaignud 
and  t'iven  by  inlialiitants  rated  to  the  jioor  at  (i/.  in  any  adjoininu  parish  or  parishes,—}  !). 

/{(tiiilers  to  proihice  their  /.ireiicc.i  on  Keqiiisition  if'i,  Miiri.itriite.i.—hx  case  any  complaint  he  laid  bo- 
fnre  a  justices  against  any  licensiMl  person  for  an  ofTence  ncainst  the  tenor  of  his  licence,  or  afaiiist 
this  act  or  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  t>4.,  the  said  jnslices  may  reipiire  such  person  to  prodnce  his  licence  he- 
fore  them  for  their  examination  ;  ami  if  he  wilfully  neglect  or  refuse  so  to  do,  he  shall  forfeit  for  such 
olfence  any  sum,  not  exceediii);  S/.,  the  said  jnslices  shall  think  proper ;  and  snch  person  may  lie  con- 
victed. pro(  (veiled  apaiiist,  and  dealt  with  for  such  olfence  in  the  same  manm-r.  miilatis  iiiiilui'iilis,  as  ia 
directed  hy  the  act  I  Will.  1.  r.  (il.  with  repard  to  persons  jruilty  of  a  first  olfence  against  said  act; 
nnd  the  penalty  imposed  for  such  olfence  is  to  lie  apjilied  in  the  manner  that  a  penalty  for  a  lirsl  of- 
fence against  said  act  is  directed  to  he  applied.—}  l(t. 

CiiiiliniKuirf  of  Fdirrr.i,  i*fc.—'Vhc  powi'rs,  provisions,  nnd  penalties  of  1  Will.  4.  c.  64.  to  apply  to 
persons  licensed  iimler  tliis  act,  and  to  their  sureties.  &c. — }  11. 

Jlrl  1  ll'ill.  4.  f.  til,  to  continue  in  force,  except  as  hereliy  altered.—}  12. 

l)iitii.<  on  Beer  Licencen  nniler  the  I  K'ill.  4.  r.  (il.  refeo'ial^  mid  iieir  Dniir."  prnnted  in  lieu  thereof. — 
From  and  after  thi!  passing  <if  this  act,  the  duties  payalde  on  excise  licences  for  the  sale  of  beer  hy  re- 
tail under  ihi^  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  ti4.  shall  cease,  and  in  lieu  of  snch  dutius  there  ghull  be  paid  upon  the 
licences  hereby  authorized  to  be  granted  the  duties  following;  viz. : 

For  .inil  tipnn  rvery  licence  to  be  t.-iken  o\it  tty  any  person  for  the  I  For  .intl  upon  every  licence  to  he  taken  out  by  any  penion  for  the 
sale  of  liecr  l)y  reLiil,  not  to  Ije  drunk  or  coii»uiii«hI  in  or  upou  sale  of  berr  by  retail,  lo  be  drunk  or  coiismiied'  iii  or  upon  the 
the  house  or  premises  where  sold,  the  annual  sum  of  W.  Iv.  |      house  or  premises  where  sold,  the  annual  sum  of  3/.  3j Sec.  13. 

The  duties  to  be  under  the  management  of  commissioners  of  excise,  and  to  be  recovered  iiiid  nc- 
connteil  for  iimler  the  provisions  of  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  (i4. — }  14. 

Jifot  to  affect  Dntij  on  lArenren  to  Retail  Cider  and  Pfrcy.- \olhincin  this  act  shall  affect  the  amount 
ofditly  payalile  under  the  1  Will.  4.  c.  fi4.  on  licenses  to  retail  cider  and  perry;  litit  every  such  licence 
shall  specil'y  whether  it  lie  granted  for  the  sale  <if  cider  ami  perry  liy  retail  not  to  lie  drtinli  in  the  house 
or  preniise.s'where  sold,  or  for  the  retail  of  the  same  to  he  drunk  intlie  house  or  premises  where  sold. 
-}  1,5. 

l.irenreit  underthi.i  Jiet  not  to  authorise.  Pemonn  to  nell  fUne. — No  licence  granted  under  the  act  1  Will. 
4.  c.i)4.  and  this  act  shall  authorise  any  person  to  take  out  or  hold  any  licence  for  the  sale  of  wine, 
spirits,  or  sweets  or  made  wines,  or  mead  or  nietheglin  ;  and  if  any  person  licensed  under  the  act  1 
Will.  4.  c.  fi4.  and  this  act  shall  permit  or  siid'er  any  wine,  spirits,  &"c.  to  lie  lirouglit  into  his  house  or 
premises  to  be  drunk  or  consumed  there,  or  shall  sulfei  iIk'Hi  to  he  ilrtink  orc<insuim!d  in  his  house  or 
premises,  he  shall,  over  ami  aliove  any  e.xcise  penalties  to  which  he  may  he  stiliject.  forfeit  20/. — }  1(5 

Penaltij  on  unlicem-ed  Persons. — ,"<iich  persons  selling  heeraml  cider  liy  retail  to  he  drunk  offthe  pre- 
mises. Wl.  ;  to  he  drunk  on  the  premises.  20/. — }  17. 

Board  over  the  Door. — F,vt:ry  person  licensed  to  sell  beer,  cider,  or  perry,  hy  retail,  under  the  autho- 
rity of  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  (i4.  and  this  act,  shall,  on  the  board  retiniri'd  by  the  former  act  to  he  placed 
ovi-r  his  door,  paint  and  keep  thereon,  ;itter  the  words  '•  liciMised  to  sell  lieer  or  cider  liy  retail,"  the 
additional  worils  "not  to  he  drunk  im  the  premises,"  or  "to  In;  drunk  on  the  premises,"  as  the  case 
niav  he,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  the  penalty  imposed  hy  such  act  for  not  having  such  hoard  over  the  door. 

— }1N. 

What  is  retailing  of  Beer,  iVf— Kvery  sale  of  beer,  or  of  elder  or  perry,  in  any  less  quantitv  than  4i 
gallons,  shall  he  deemed  and  taken  to  he  a  sale  hy  retail.—}  10. 

Penalties  for  siilinir  Spirits  or  Wire  irithoat  Airrnrc. —Persons  licensed  to  sell  heer  orcider  underthe 
act  1  Will.  4.  c.  (il.  and  this  act,  who  sell  spirits  or  wine,  swi'els,  &c.  without  heing  licenseil,  are  lia- 
ble to  the  penalties  imposed  by  the  laws  of  excise  for  selling  spirits  or  wine,  sweets,  &c.  without  li- 
cence.— }  20. 

Certiorate  not  to  he  required  for  Houses  in  certain  Situations,  if  Population  exceed  5,000. — The  hefnrc- 
mentidiied  ceriilicale  shall  not  he  reipiired  as  to  any  house  situated  within  the  cities  of  London  and 
Westminster,  or  within  any  parish  or  place  within  the  hills  of  mortality,  nor  within  any  city  or  town 
corporate,  nor  within  the  distance  of  1  mile  from  the  placiMised  at  the  last  election  as  the' place  of 
election  or  pulling  place  ofany  town  returning  a  meniher  to  parliament,  provided  that  the  population, 
determined  according  to  the  last  parliamentary  census  taken  in  such  city.  town.  &c.  shall  exceeif 
5,000:  provided,  that  no  licence  for  the  sale  of  heer,  ale,  porter,  cider,  or  perry  hy  retail  on  the  premi- 
ses in  the  cities  if  London  and  Westminster,  or  in  any  parish  within  tht^  hill's  of  mort.'ility,  or  in  any 
such  city  or  town  corporate,  or  town  returning  a  memher  to  parliament  as  before  mentioned,  shall  he 
grantedatler  the  5th  day  of  April,  ISIKi,  unless  the  hoiist?  or  premises  specified  as  those  in  which  heer 
or  cider  is  intended  to  lie  sold  shall  he  of  the  value  of  10/.  per  annum.— }  21. 

Scrrire  of  Summons. — Summonses  or  orders  not  legally  served,  unless  hy  some  constable  or  other 
peace  otficer. — }  22. 

Commencement.— Kcl  shall  commence  and  take  eiTect  from  and  after  the  10th  day  of  October,  1834.— 
{23. 

Form  of  Certificate  referred  to  in  }  2. 

We,  the  undersiened,  bein^  inhabitants  of  the  parisii  [irr  township,  at  tfie  can  moy  /*!  of  ^^i\ 

respectively  rited  to  the  poor  at  not  hss  than  6/.  per  aiiiunii,  and  none  of  us  beine  niiltsien,  common  brewers,  or  persons  licensed  to  sell 
ipiriluous  iiijuors,  or  bei.i^  licensed  lo  sell  beer  or  cider  by  retail,  do  hereby  certify,  that  ,i.  B.,  dwelling  in  Itnot 

[ture  specify  tfK  ttrttt,  lam,  fyc.\  in  the  said  ptrish  [or  township,  &c. )  is  ^  person  of  zn<»\  character. 

[Hen  xtuart  llu  day  of  ligniiig  Hit  cerlificalc] 
(S;gncd)  >;.  F.  ~ 

U.  II. 
I.  K. 
L.  M. 
N.  (). 
P.  Q. 
I  do  hereby  certify.  That  all  the  alwve-jnentioned  persons  ss-hose  names  are  subscrihcri 
(or  township,  &c.]  of 


(cl 


[Here  xtate  the  ruid£nce  c 
suns  signing.] 


of  the  per- 


to  this  rprtificate  are  itihabj tints  oi  ihe  parish 
rated  to  6/.  to  the  relief  uf  the  poor  of  the  said  pnrisli. 

C.    D. 

[Overseer  of  the  parish  or  township,  SiC] 
Date. 

Sup.) 
[Ale,  porter,  and  beer,  are  made  in  the  United  States  in  large  quantities ;  and  their  con- 
sumption appears  to  be  steadily  increasing. 

Tlie  early  emigrants  from  Great  Britain  brought  with  them  their  tastes  and  habits ;  and 
we  find,  at  an  early  period,  that  breweries  were  established  on  a  small  scale  in  all  the  princi- 
pal seaports.    Their  success  to  the  south  of  the  Potomac  was  prevented  by  the  lieat  of  the 


i 


■^ 


ALEXANDRIA. 


10 


aii'l 

to  si-ll 
Blreet 


*■  lh€  per* 

lie  parish 

|>,  &c.] 

•) 

con- 

1;  and 

Irinci- 
If  the 


climate,  together  with  the  short  Juration  of  the  winter.  In  Buhimore,  Philadrlphia,  New 
Yorlt,  and  Boston,  however,  they  have  succeeded,  and  continue  to  flourish.  Breweries  are 
also  to  be  found  in  large  numbers  throughout  the  state  of  New  York ;  and  there  is  scarcely  a 
village  in  it  where  good  ale  cannot  be  procured.  Along  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  river,  almost 
every  town  has  one  or  more  breweries,  and  some  of  these  are  of  a  considerable  she.  At  Al- 
bany, the  business  is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent.  Beer  was  brewed  in  Philadeljihia  previous 
to  the  revolutionary  war.  The  manufacture  of  porter  was  introduced  here  at^er  the  peace ; 
which  was  soon  followed  by  that  of  ale.  These  two  articles  are  now  generally  manu- 
factured ;  and  beer,  properly  so  called,  is  rapidly  going  into  disuse.  A  continued  extension  of 
the  business  of  brewing  has  been  taking  place  in  Pennsylvania,  and  throughout  the  western 
country.  We  find  breweries  at  all  the  principal  towns  along  the  banks  of  the  Ohio.  At 
Pittsburg,  Wheeling,  and  Cincinnati,  there  are  a  number,  which  not  only  supply  those  places 
and  the  surrounding  country,  but  furnish  large  quantities  for  export  down  the  Ohio  and 
the  Mississippi.  And  large  <juantities  are  exported  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  states 
generally,  where  their  consumption  is  fast  taking  the  place  of  that  of  ardent  spirits. 

The  quality  of  the  malt  litjuors  manufactured  in  the  United  States  has  improved  in  the  last 
few  years,  and  will  now  not  suffer  by  a  comparison  with  the  best  foreign.  From  the  great  abun- 
dance and  low  price  of  the  staple  articles  from  v^'hich  they  are  made,  no  temptation  exists  to 
adulterate  them.  The  public,  consequently,  are  furnished  with  a  pure  and  wholesome 
beverage. 

Nearly  all  the  beer,  ale,  and  porter,  which  arc  imported  in  the  United  States,  is  brought  to 
us  from  Great  Britain.  A  small  portion  of  what  is  imported  is  re-exported,  for  the  most  part 
to  the  island  of  Cidia.  The  countries  to  which  the  corresponding  articles  of  domestic  pro- 
duction are  chiefly  exported,  we  have  no  means  of  stating  with  any  aiTuracy  ;  since  they  arc 
classed  together  with  cider  in  the  annual  statements  of  the  commerce  of  the  United  States, 
made  to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  We  may  mention  that  this  class  of  our 
products  is  chiefly  exported  to  the  British  North  American  Colonies,  Cuba,  Texas,  the  Bri- 
tish West  Indies,  and  Mexico. — Aiu.  Ed.] 

ALEXANDRIA,  so  called  from  its  founder,  Alexander  the  Great,  the  principal  sea-port 
of  Egypt,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  situated  about  12  miles  W.  of  the  Canopic 
moutli  of  the  Nile  ;  the  Pharos  being  in  lat.  31°  12^  N.,  long.  29°  .53V  E.  The  situation 
of  this  famous  city  was  most  admirably  chosen.  Until  the  discovery  of  the  route  to  India 
by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Egypt  formed  the  natural  seat  of  the  commerce  between  the 
eastern  and  western  worlds ;  and  Alexandria  was  placed  in  the  most  favourable  position  in 
Egypt  for  an  emporium.  It  is  the  only  port  on  the  whole  northern  coast  of  that  country 
where  there  is,  at  once,  deep  water,  and  security  for  shipping  throughout  the  year.  The 
ports  of  Rosetta  and  Damietta,  the  former  on  the  west,  and  the  latter  on  the  eastern  arm  of 
the  Nile,  arc  both  difficult  of  entrance,  each  having  a  bar,  upon  which  there  is  always  a 
dangerous  surf.  Ships  bound  for  Alexandria  avoid  this  serious  inconvenience  ;  and  by  means 
of  an  artificial  navigation,  stretching  from  the  city  to  the  western  branch  of  the  Nile,  it  has 
for  a  while  at  least,  almost  the  same  facilities  of  internal  navigation  that  are  enjoyed  by  the 
cities  referred  to. 

It  may  be  proper,  however,  to  mention  that  this  artificial  communication  with  the  Nile 
has  not  always  lieen  open.  It  existed  in  antiquity,  but  fell  into  decay  during  the  barbarism 
of  more  modern  times.  After  being  shut  up  for  some  centuries,  it  has  been  re-opened  by 
Mohammed  Ali,  who  has  dug  a  canal  from  Alexandria  to  Fouah  on  the  Nile,  about  27  miles 
above  Rosetta.  This  important  work  is  48  mdes  in  length,  90  feet  in  breadth,  and  from  1.5  to 
18  feet  deep.  It  was  opened  in  1819  ;  but  owing  partly  to  the  nature  of  the  ground,  partly 
to  some  delects  in  its  construction,  and  partly  to  the  mud  deposited  by  the  water  of  the  Nile, 
it  is  diiricult  to  keep  in  repair;  and  cannot  now,  it  is  said,  be  navigated  except  during  the 
period  of  the  inundation.  Its  free  navigation  at  all  jieriods  would,  however,  be  of  the  greatest 
advantage,  not  to  Alexandria  only,  but  to  all  Egypt ;  and  it  is  believed  that  this  might  be 
secured  by  facing  the  canal  with  brick,  and  putting  it  otherwise  into  good  order. 

Ports,  i^-r. — Till!  ancient  city  was  situatpil  n  little  ninri!  inland  than  the  mndornonp,  nppnsit,»  to  the 
small  island  of  I'liardfi,  on  wliich  was  cri'ctcd  tlip  liiilithoiise,  so  rclidiratcd  in  antiqnity. — (CV«ir  ile 
BillnCirili,  lili.  iii.  cap.  H'i.)  This  island  was,  partly  by  artilicial  means,  and  partly  by  natural  causes, 
pradnally  Juinecl  to  the  land  liy  a  mnnnd,  and  on  this  tiKMiew  tnwu  is  principally 'built.  The  isth- 
nnis  and  island  have  now  the  form  of  a  T,  its  head  heins;  N.  I',,  and  S.  W.  A  sijuare  ca.stle  or  tower, 
built  on  a  small  islet  or  rock, at  thee.vtremity  of  a  mole  projectinsifrom  the  north-east  anele  of  the  city, 
is  still  called  the  I'haros.  and  a  lijrht  is  regularly  exhibited  npim  it.  On  each  side  of  the  city  there  "is 
a  port,  'i'hat  on  the  western,  or  African  side,  called  the  Old  I'ort,  is  by  far  the  lariiest  ancf  best.  It 
stretches  from  the  town  westwards  to  Marabcuit,  about  six  miles,  and  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  wide. 
It  is  bonmled  on  the  north,  partly  by  the  western  tonirne  or  aiurle  of  the  island  on  which  the  city  is 
partially  built,  ami  partly  by  rocks  and  sand  banks.  It  has  three  entrances.  The  tirst,  or  that  nearest 
the  city,  havinc  17  feet  water,  is  about  two  miles  S.  W,  from  the  larce  building,  situaled  n  little  to  the 
westw  ard  of  the  lown,  called  the  palace  ;  but  it  is  too  narrow  a-ul  dithcult  to  be  attempted  by  any  one 
not  thornuffhiy  acquainted  with  the  port.  'The  eastern  side  of  the  second  or  middle  enlraiu-e  is  marked 
by  buoys  which  lie  about  two  miles  and  three  quarters  S.  W.  from  the  palace;  it  is  about  a  quarter 
oi'a  mile  wide,  and  has,  where  shallowest,  27  feet  water.  The  third  or  western  entrance  has  its  irent- 
frn  bodiidary  within  about  three-eighths  of  a  mile  fpom  the  east  end  of  Marabout  island  ;  it  is  about 
Iialf  a  mile  wide,  and  1ms  from  25  to  27  feut  water  in  its  shallowest  places.    This  last  is  the  best  en- 


20 


ALEXANDRIV. 


trnnrr.  Sliips.  wlif  n  in,  niny  nnrlinr  rlnsi"  tn  ilic  town  in  froiii  VI  In  4(1  fcof  Mnlnr.  nml  lliprn  in  cnnA 
anoliiirapc  in  dcrp  wiilfrall  iilnni,'  tin;  shore.  KorciLMirrs  wcri'  t'liriiicrly  cxclinlril  iVdin  this  port  ;  hut 
this  priiliilillliin  rm  hinL'cr  rxisl.s. 

Till'  iii'W  iir  Asiatic  liarhoiir  i»  dii  lhr>  raoli-rn  niilo  of  the  town.  A  rork  rjillcil  llir  Dlanmnil  IIps  a 
litllc  tn  IIm'  I'list  iifllic  I'liiiroH  inwiT;  nnil  Hliips  cntiTini;  the  purl  nnL'lil  Id  have  lliis  rock  almnt  '  rn- 
lilcV  li'ML'th  im  the  riehf.  Iftlicy  i.'''t  mncli  t'nrrhi'r  id  IIm'  h'Tl,  iIm'v  will  cinni'  in  rniiiMrl  \\  iili  n  -jiniil 
which  strclrhcs  westward  rrinn  llie  I'harillrin.  or  little  Inwer.  on  \\\r  east  side  ol'lhe  purl.  'I'he  \vat«r 
inwnedialely  within  the  pcirt  S,  VV,  fr(nn  the  I'harcH  is  I'rDni  liO  to  1(1  feit  deep;  lint  the  spaie  fur  aii- 
rhiira'.'e  is  very  limited,  an. I  is  exposed  Id  the  norllierly  irales  ;  iind  the  eronnd  hein','  I'mil  and  roeky, 
Initipen  raldes  are  verv  apt  t'l  chafe,  ainl  several  aicidenls  have  happened  In  rnnseiinenre  Id  fihips  nn- 
proviiled  with  iron  rallies.  Ordinary  tides  rise  2  feel  ;  Imt  ilnriii!.'  the  overtlnw  nf  the  .\i|,  tlie  rise  in 
4  f''el.     Variation  IH^  west.— (See  I'lmi  of  .llrmndrin.  hv  I. lent.   I'allie.) 

JInrieni  miil  Miiltrn  Cf'ir— I'lnler  the  I'toleniies  and  Honians.  Alexandria  was  the  first  rtinmiprciM 
rity  in  the  Wdrld.  It  sntfired  ereally  hv  its  redtntion  hy  the  Sarai'ens  in  (illl;  lint  it  rontiniied  to  ho 
h  place  ofconsiilerahle  commercial  ilnporlance  till  Ihi' despotism  of  the  .Mamelukes  and  Turks,  and  the 
discovery  nCihe  rnnte  to  India  hy  the  Cape  of  (Jood  Mope,  ((inipleted  its  rnin.  I'lnler  the  I'lideniie.s, 
the  popnlation  is  helieved  Id  have  ainonnled  to  aliont  .'l(Hi,0()(l.  and  the  city  was  adorned  hy  a  vast  num- 
ber of  mas-'nificent  strnctnres.  At  present  the  population  varies  wilh  the  seasons  of  the  year,  hut, 
when  irre.itest,  it  is  imt  siiiipcised  to  exi'eed  2.'),II(H);  anil  may  vary  lietween  this  amount  atlil  1(1.(11)0  or 
is.nno.  'I'll,,  appearance  of  the  modern  town  is  most  nnprnniisinL'  "It  may  hejnstly  said,  that  in  the 
new  city  of  Alexamlria  we  liml  a  poor  orphan,  whose  sole  inheritance  has  lieen  the  veneralile  name 
of  its  father.  The  vast  extent  of  the  ancient  city  is  contracted  in  the  new,  lo  a  little  neck  of  land  lifi- 
tween  the  two  ports.  The  most  sn|ierli  temples  are  ihan(!eil  into  plain  mosiines  ;  the  most  manniliceiit 
Jialaces  Into  houses  of  a  had  slrncliire  ;  the  royal  seal  Is  Income  a  prison  for  slaves  ;  an  opnletit  ami 
linmerons  iieople  has  L'iveii  way  to  a  small  nnmlier  of  f 'reji;ii  traders,  and  to  a  mMllilnile  of  wretches, 
tlial  are  lhi>  servants  of  those  on  whom  Ihey  itepirnl  :  a  place  formerly  so  famiins  for  Ihe  extent  of  its 
rrimnierce.  is  no  longer  any  lliiiiL'  more  than  a  mere  place  ofemharkint',  in  line,  it  is  not  a  phienix  that 
revives  from  It.s  own  ashes,  it  is,  at  most,  a  reptile,  sprnnir  from  the  dirt,  the  ilnsi,  and  corrnption  with 
which  the  .Mcoran  has  infected  the  whole  connlrv." — (.N')ri/c»'<  'J'rarrls,  \',na.  trans.  Hvii  ed,  p.  H7.) 
There  is  reason,  however,  to  think  that  this  strikinL' description,  thonyli  ace n rale  at  Ihe  time  wlien  il  was 
written  (IT.'IT).  conveys  tnnnnfavonralile  an  idea  of  the  present  stateof  .Mexaiiilria.  The  visorons  i!0- 
VernimMit  of  Mohammed  Ali.  hy  iiilrnilMcinp  comparative  security  and  l'ooiI  order  into  i;i:ypt,has  lat- 
terly revived  the  coinniercu  of  Alexamlria,  which  has  again  hecinne  a  jihice  of  considerahli.'  importance 
ill  the  tradini;  world. 

7'™(/c  e/ ,4;fr(/«(/ri«.— The  imports  principally  consist  nf  cotton  stnlTs,  tiiiilior,  hardware,  iron  and 
till,  tohacco,  macliinery,  ammniiilion.  silk  goods,  WDoUeiis,  slaves,  &c.  The  exports  consist  of  raw 
cotton,  wheat  and  harley,  rice,  linen,  Max,  linseed,  sugar,  coU'ee  (from  the  lied  Sea),  drugs,  gums,  sal- 
ammoiiiac,  salfroii,  w.ix,  &c. 

The  princi|i,il  articles  of  importation  into  this  conntry  from  Kgypt  are  cotton,  flaxand  linseed,  senna, 
and  gnin.  Of  these,  cotton  is  hy  far  the  most  important.  We  hegan  to  iiin)ort  it  in  l>2;t;  and  since 
thuM  the  imports  have  been  as  tollows : — 


Folic 


Years. 

Hales. 

:^,()22 

111,023 

•i:,(i21 

Years. 

Hales. 

Years. 

Hales. 

1S21 
182.') 
1S2() 

1V2T 
l^2'^ 

1S20 

22,l.'>0 

,T2.syi 
ai.T.'i!) 

Is.'iO 
is;tl 
IS32 

lt,7.-|2 
,'!'^,12l 
41,183 

In  1S32,  the  Trench  imported  2.').80T  hales  of  F.gyptian  cotton  ;  the  imports  at  Trieste  dnringthp  same 
year  were  ahont  .10.000  hali's;  and  those  at  Leghorn  and  Cenoa  were,  tngetlier,  ahont  the  same  as  at 
Trieste.     The  hale  of  Egyptian  cottmi  weiglis  alioiii  220  lbs,     This  important  trade  owes  its  existence 
iitirely  to  the  exertions  if  the  I'acha,  hy  whom  the  cotton  plantations  have  been  estahlished. 

'd   is  all  long-staple,  but  of  two  sorts  :  one  called  in  Kg.., , _ 

island  seed,  called  in  Egypt  Sennaar,  and  in  Kngland 


almost  en 

The  cotton  export 


imich  below  an  average.     Heans  are  ,  ^, ,.,.-,,.  ,,  ,,,,,,,„,,,,,  , _ 

Kiigland,  but  rarely,  if  ever,  with  advantage  to  the  importers.     They  are  very  inferior  to  Knglisli 
heans,  and  are  peculiarly  subject  to  the  worm.     iNo  oats  are  raised  in  ligypt.  the  horses  being  entirely 

' i  .-i    ■■      Hesides  cotton,  the  I'acha  has  turned  his  attention  to  the  culture  of  sugar,  indigo,  fee. 

■  ■■  ■  '  not  verv  considerahli 


fed  upon  harley.     - 

The  first   has  long  been  raised   in  Kgypt,  hnt  the  exports  are  not  very  conside. 

.some  extent.     The  date-palm  thrives   in  every  part  of  I'gypt,  and  the  fruit  is  largely  exported.     It  is 


■>ilk  is  grown  to 

,   ..,..,, .,  ,   .,,,,,,,  , of  Kgypt,  and  the  fruit  is  largely  exported.     It  is 

singular,  that  notwithstanding  the  luxuriance  of  many  of  its  vegetable  productions,  Kgypt  shonld  be 
tute  oftimher. — {LnrcLs'  Jieparl  i</ls2T,  ini  Ihe  I'lice  uf  Fortii;,!  Cum,  jMin.  nf  KriJ.it.  120., 


entirely  ileslit 

and  prh-dtf  iitfnniiiitinti.) 


ml  private  htfnniititinit.) 

In  l^:)l,  there  entered  the  port  of  Alexandria  1,21.'5  ships,  of  the  burden  of  li)'^.2fW  tons.  Of  these, 
lie  Austrian  were  the  most  iiuinerous;  next,  the  English  and  Ionian;  and  then  the  Trench,  Sardi- 
ian,  Snanish,  &c. 


The  duties  on  iinpor 

duty  would  compensate  the  I'acha  for  the  abolition  of  most  of  his  mo 

doubt  lliat  his  subjects  would  be  materially  henetited  by  the  change. 


— 1 -    J   •■   |.. -. ft   ,'  I,    iimi  II  iMiiiill   1111.1, •.i:M.,ii    iiii:iii>iMiii:, 

duty  would  compensate  the  I'acha  for  the  abolition  of  most  of  his  moiiupulies ;  and  there  can  be  little 


ALEXANDRIA. 


21 


IP  as  at 
istflnce 
ilislicd. 
'.iisliind 
Incliind 
iiles  of 

TllR 

oin  soa- 
■ipally 
■ir  rral 

irodiice 

of  till! 

amity 

I'.vpry 

very 

;lit  to 

InL'lish 

liliri'ly 

iScc. 

own  to 

It  ia 

mill  lie 

1'20., 


hieiish 

Intilish 

iiaiiK.'s 

zauro 

iriples 
niTce. 

IStOIMS 

little 


PfiUa/  of  the  Pacha. — It  is  to  be  roRrpttcd  that  Mohammed  Ali,  who,  in  many  rcspcets, 
is  one  of  the  most  extrnonlinnry  persons  of  the  ape,  should  have  no  Ju»t  idea  of  tiie  |iriiu'i{iles, 
by  the  adoption  of  whirh  his  plana  of  improvement  micfht  be  perpetuated,  and  industry  be 
rendered  really  flourishini?.  He  leaves  nolhinR  to  the  discretion  and  onter|)riKe  of  individuals. 
He  may,  indeed,  he  said  to  bo  the  sole  proprietor,  manufacturer,  farmer  general,  and  whole- 
sale merchant  of  Egypt.  He  has  monopolised  the  entire  foreign  trade  of  the  country ;  and  has 
fixed  the  prico  to  be  [laid  for  every  article  to  the  cultivator,  and  the  price  at  which  it  is  to  bo 
sold  to  the  foreigner.  Hence  the  extension  of  cultivation,  and  the  growth  of  conuiierce  and 
manufactures,  have  been  of  no  real  advantage  to  the  bulk  of  the  nation ;  and  hence,  also,  tho 
risk,  ill  the  event  of  the  reins  of  government  falling  into  less  vigorous  or  able  hands,  that  the 
fabric  of  apparent  prosperity  which  the  Pncha  has  been  attempting  to  niise,  may  fall  to 
pieces :  but  wc  would  fain  hope  that  the  influence  of  the  many  intelligent  Europeans  now  in 
Egypt,  and  the  obsi>rvations  which  the  Egyptians  sent  to  England  and  France  by  the  I'acha 
caimot  fail  to  have  made  upon  the  advantages  resulting  from  the  security  of  property  and  tho 
freedom  of  industry,  may  be  instrumental  in  paving  the  way  for  the  gradual  introduction  of 
a  more  enlarged  and  liberal  system. 

Ancient  Trade  of  Alrxandriu. — As  already  remarked,  Alexandria  was,  for  a  long  series 
of  years, — first  under  the  Greek  successors  of  Alexander,  and  subseijuently  under  the  Ko- 
mans, — the  principal  c??/rey)o/ of  the  ancient  world.  Most  jiart  of  the  trailic  between  Asia 
and  Europe  that  had  at  a  more  early  period  centered  at  Tyre,  was  gradually  diverted  to  this 
new  emporium.  An  intercourse  between  the  ports  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Egyi)t,  and  those 
on  the  op])Ositc  coast  of  Arabia,  had  subsisted  from  a  very  early  pcriwl.  That  between 
Egv'pt  and  India  was  more  recent.  It  was  at  first  carried  on  by  ships,  which  having  sailed 
down  the  Red  Sea  from  Myos  Hormos  and  Berenice,  coasted  along  the  Arabian  shores  till 
they  reached  Cape  Kasselgate,  whence  a  short  course  brought  them  to  India  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Indus.  This  was  the  course  followed  during  the  dynasty  of  the  Ptolemies : 
but  about  80  years  after  Egypt  had  been  annexed  to  the  Roman  emi)ire,  Hippalus,  the  com- 
mander of  an  Egyptian  ship  trading  to  India,  having  observed  the  regular  shifting  of  the  trade 
winds,  ventured  to  sail  with  the  western  monsoon  from  the  Straits  of  Babelmandeb  right 
across  the  Arabian  Ocean ;  and  was  fortunate  enough,  after  a  prosperous  voyage,  to  arrive  at 
Musiris,  in  that  part  of  India  now  known  by  the  name  of  the  Malabar  coast.  Having  taken 
on  board  a  cargo  of  Indian  produce,  Hippalus  returned  in  safety  with  the  eastern  monsoon  to 
Egypt.  This  discovery  was  deemed  of  so  much  importance,  that  the  name  of  the  discoverer 
was  given  to  the  wind  which  had  carried  him  across  the  ocean  to  India :  and  how  trifling  so- 
ever this  voyage  may  now  appear,  those  who  consider  that  Hippalus  had  no  compass  by 
which  to  direct  his  course,  and  that  owing  to  this  circumstance,  and  tho  otherwise  imperfect 
state  of  the  art  of  navigation,  the  ancients  seldom  ventured  out  of  sight  of  land,  even  in  seas 
with  which  they  were  well  acquainted,  will  be  forward  to  admit  that  his  enterprise  and  <lar- 
ing  were  nowise  inferior  to  his  success ;  and  that  he  was  well  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of  his 
contemporaries  and  the  respect  of  posterity. 

From  the  epoch  of  this  discovery,  fleets  traded  periodically  from  Egypt  to  Musiris,  convey- 
ing the  products  of  Europe  to  India,  and  conversely.  The  Indian  goods  having  been  landed 
at  Myos  Hormos  and  Berenice,  were  thence  conveyed  by  caravans  to  Coptos  (the  modern 
Kenne),  on  the  Nile,  where  they  were  put  on  board  lighters  and  sent  to  Alexandria,  whence 
they  were  distributed  all  over  the  western  world.  The  goods  sent  to  India  were  conveyed 
to  Myos  Hormos  and  Berenice  by  the  same  route.  Myos  Hormos  was  situated  on  the  shore 
of  the  Arabian  gulf,  about  a  degree  to  the  north  of  the  modern  port  of  Cosseir.  The  dis- 
tance from  it  to  Coptos,  in  a  straight  line,  is  about  70  English  miles.  Berenice  was  situated 
a  good  way  further  to  the  south,  being  nearly  under  the  tropic.  It  was  built  by  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus.  Its  distance  from  Coptos  is  stated  by  Pliny  at  258  Roman  miles ;  the  dilTerent 
resting  places  on  the  road  were  determined  by  the  wells,  and  the  journey  occupied  about  12 
days.  Ptolemy  seems  to  have  preferred  this  station  to  Myos  Hormos,  though  the  land  car- 
riage to  Coptos  was  so  much  further,  from  its  greater  proximity  to  the  Straits  of  Babelmandeb, 
and  its  lessening  the  voyage  up  the  Red  Sea. 

Pliny  says  that  the  cost  of  the  Indian  commodities  brought  to  Rome  through  Alexandria 
was  increased  a  hundred  fold  (centupHcato  veneant)  by  the  expence  of  carriage,  &c.  We 
suspect  that  this  is  a  rhetorical  exaggeration,  meaning  merely  that  their  price  was  very  ma- 
terially enhanced.  If  the  increase  was  to  any  thing  like  the  extent  mentioned,  it  must  have 
been  owing  to  the  imposition  of  oppressive  tolls  and  duties,  for  it  could  not  possibly  have 
been  occasioned  by  the  mere  expenses  of  conveyance.* — {Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  vi.  cap.  23.; 
Anieilhon,  Commerce  des  Eiryptiens,  pp.  161 — 176.  &c. ;  Kobertson's  Ancient  India,  note 
20.  &c.) 

Besides  this  important  traffic,  which  supplied  Rome  and  the  western  world  with  the  silks, 

*  111  the  Kith  contiiry,  the  cost  of  Imliaii  coninioilities  hroiiirht  to  Wpstern  Europe  hy  way  of  Alex- 
andria anil  Ali'ppo  was  about  three  tinii's  tho  oost  of  those  hrought  hy  llie  Cape  of  (Jood  Hope.— (See 
post.  Kast  India  (;ompanv,  Ifisfonjof.)  Hut  Ksypt  was  then  oecupleil  hy  the  Mamelukes  and  Turks, 
who  threw  every  sort  of  obslaclu'iii  llie  way  of  comuturcu,  and  luaded  it  with  the  moat  oppreasivo 
exactiund. 


I 


22 


ALICANT. 


npicrii,  precious  stonoH,  nnd  othrr  prnduptu  of  Araluii  nml  Indin,  n  grrnt  trndc  in  com  was 
Ciirrit'd  on  from  Alcxdiiilriii  to  lioiiir.  Ki;y|)l.  for  :i  Icimthciifd  |i('riod,  constitutt'd  tlir  irriiimry 
from  whicli  Hoinc,  hiiiI  uftcrwiirdu  ('OiiHtiiiitiiio|ilc,  drew  the  |)riri('i|ial  part  of  tiifir  HupplioH; 
and  ilM  jiosst'Msion  wu.i,  on  tliat  acconnt,  rci'konfd  of  tlic  utmost  coimt'iiurncc,  AiiijiistuB 
cniployrd  nu-rchantmrn  of  a  larger  nizi'  than  any  tliat  iuid  prt'viously  traded  in  the  Mrditer- 
ranean,  to  convey  tlie  corn  of  Knyjit  to  Ostia.  'J'hcy  were  escorti'd  by  sluiw  of  war.  The 
fleet  received  tin  natnes  of  sami  and  fiH.v  tinli<ik ;  and  enjoyed  Keveral  peculi:ir  privileuies. 
The  sliips  liclonjjinc;  to  it  were  fl\e  oidy  ones  authorised  to  lioist  llie  Hmail  .sail  called  xitp- 
pantm,  when  they  drew  near  the  roasts  of  Italy.  Some  of  the  fast-sailing  vessels  attached 
to  the  licet  were  sent  on  before,  to  i;ive  notice  of  its  approach;  and  a  de|)Utation  of  senators 
went  down  to  Ostia  to  receive  the  ships,  which  anchored  amid  the  acclamations  of  an  im- 
mense number  of  spectators,  'I'he  captains  were  oliliijed  to  make  oath  that  the  corn  on 
board  their  ships  was  that  which  had  been  delivered  to  them  in  K^'ypt,  and  that  the  caru;oes 
Were  entire  as  shi|)pe(l. — {llutt,  duiiitnercc  it  Nim^iition  des  Ancicns,  cap.  xlviii. ;  Sciiccx 
Ejilsf.  cap.   Ixxvii.  &c.) 

Inferrourse  with  Inaia  hi/  Alrxnndri'a. — Thes«>  few  details  will,  perhaps,  servo  to  pivc  a 
faint  idea  of  the  importance  of  Alexandria  in  the  commerce  of  antiijuity.     It  is  impossible, 
indeed,  for  any  one-  to  p;lance  at  a  map  of  the  world,  or  of  the  ancient  hemisphere,  and  not 
to  |ierceive  that  Kiiyj)!  is  the  natural  ciilrrpof  of  the  commerce  between  Hindostan  and 
Europe.     Nothinii  but  the  barbarism  in  which  it  has  been  so  lonp;  involved,  could  make  the 
intercourse  with  India  and  the  Kast  be  wholly  carried  on  by  the  (Jape  of  (Jood  Hope.     The 
dillicidty  of  navicalinc;  the  Hed  Sea  Rcema  to  have  been   much  exajjijerated.     (Jenerally 
speakiu)^,  its  western  side  is  shallow  and  infested  with  coral  reefs ;  but  on  the  Arabian  side 
the  water  is  deep  and  unobstructed  ;  and  vessels  availinir  themselves  of  the  proper  seasons 
for  sailiii)?  up  and  down  the  sea,  may  navigate  it  oxju'ditiously,  and  in  perfect  safety. — (See 
Ciiptdin  Chrnnei/s  Report  in  I'aprrs  rcliillnfr  to  India,  printed  by  order  of  t'u   House  of 
Commons,  Auprust  IC,  1832.)     We  have,  therefore,  little  doubt  that,  in  the  e\ent  of  frood 
order  and  civilisation  beinc;  aprain  establii-hed  in  Egypt,  some  considerable  pji-tun  of  the 
Indian  trade  will  revert  to  its  ancient  chaiuicl.     There  is  not,  we  apprehend,  much  reason  to 
think  that  the  project  entertained  by  the  J'tolemies,  of  cutting  a  canal  across  the  Tthmus  of 
Suez,  will  ever  succeed.     The  distance  is  not  great,  but,  notwithstanding  this  circumstance, 
and  the  flatness  of  the  ground,  the  fact  of  its  consisting  almost  wholly  of  moveable  i);>.rehed 
sand,  presents  obstacles  to  the  undertaking,  that  Volney  (  Voyage  en  Si/rle,  &c.  cap.  xiv.) 
and  other  good  judges,  have  declared  insuperable.    The  route  by  Cosseir  (nearly  the  same 
as  that  by  Myos  Hormos)  seems,  nil  things  considered,  to  present  the  fewest  obstacles.    The 
water  in  the  port  of  (^osseir  is  deej),  and  the  anchorage  pretty  good. — (Chesnci/'s  Report.) 
The  distance  from  Cosseir  to  Kenno  (Coptos)  may  be  taken  a;  'bout  70  English  miles ;  and 
it  would  not  be  very  difficult  to  construct  a  road  between  these  points.   After  reachingKenne, 
the  goods  would,  as  of  old,  be  embarked  on  the  Nile  for  Alexandria,  «Stc.     Hence  the  im- 
portance, in  a  general  point  of  view,  of  the  civilisation  of  Egypt.      Even  were  it  productive 
of  no  other  consequences  than  the  facilitating  of  the  correspondence  between  Europe  and 
the  East,  it  would  not  be  easy  to  overrate  its  importance  ;  but  the  fair  pre3umi)tion  undoubt- 
edly is,  that  other  results  would  follow  ;  and  that  the  Mediterranean  ports  would  in  future 
derive  the  principal  part  of  their  Indian  commodities  by  way  of  Alexandria.     The  more 
westerly  European  ports  would  continue,  we  believe,  to  use  the  present  channel  of  inter- 
course with  India. 

Whether  these  anticipations  are  ever  destined  to  he  realised,  it  is  impossible  to  say;  but 
the  progress  already  made  by  Mohammed  Ali  in  introducing  a  better  order  of  things  into 
Egypt,  and  the  present  state  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  which  seems  fast  falling  to  pieces,  would 
apjiear  to  warrant  the  conclusion  that  important  changes  may  be  expected  in  the  East.  At 
all  events,  the  brief  statements  now  made,  can  hardly  be  deemed  out  of  place  in  a  work  in- 
tended to  exhibit,  however  imperfectly,  the  history,  principles,  and  channels,  as  well  as  the 
details  of  commerce. 

AJilCANT,  a  sea-port  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  in  lat.  38°  20'  41"  N.,  long.  0°  30' 
W.  Population  about  14,500,  and  declining.  The  port  is  an  open  and  spacious  bay, 
between  Cape  de  la  Huerta  on  the  north-east,  ond  Isla  Plana  on  the  south,  distant  from  each 
other  S.  W.  and  N.  E.  about  10  miles.  Ships  may  enter  on  any  course  between  these 
points,  steering  direct  for  the  castle,  which  stands  on  an  eminence  about  400  f(;ct  high. 
Those  of  considerable  burden  moor  N.  and  S.,  distant  from  i  to  1  mile  from  shore,  in  from 
4  to  8  fluhoms  water;  they  are  exposed  to  all  winds  from  E.  N.  E.  to  S.  by  W. ;  but  the 
holding  ground  is  good,  and  there  is  no  instance  during  the  last  twenty  years  of  a  shij)  having 
been  driven  from  her  moorings.  Small  craft  lie  alongside  the  inoje,  which  is  already  ;120 
yards  in  length,  and  is  to  be  projected  still  further  into  the  sea.  There  are  no  pilots,  'i'he 
trade  of  A I  leant,  though  still  considerable,  has  declined  much  within  the  lust  few  years  ;  a 
consequence  partly  of  the  emancipation  of  America  from  the  Spanish  yoke,  but  more  of  the 
oppressive  duties  laid  on  the  importation  of  most  articles  of  foreign  produce  in  Spain — (see 
Baiicelosa),  and  the  extensive  smuggling  carried  on  from  Cadiz  and  Gibraltar.   Its  exports 


'I 
I 


ALIENS. 


93 


0°30' 

Ills  buy, 
oin  each 

tlll'SC 

et  hij^h. 
in  from 
l)iit  the 
liaviiifj 
lily  :i20 
1;.  The 
c-ars;  a 
of  the 
II — (see 
exports 


conHist  principally  of  harillti,  ahnonds,  wine,  ami  rnisinn,  with  amall  (pmnlitiiM  ,  '"  oHvph,  olivo 
oil,  liraiuly,  fins,  salt,  wool,  silk,  aiiisi',  I've.  Tlif  iiariila  of  Alicaiit,  wliirli  is  >>(  llu"  finest 
(|Uality,  is  almost  wholly  takrii  olV  by  Entilaiul.  The  exports  aniouiil  to  from  5((,()()()  to 
yO.Odit  (|uintals.*  The  celebrateil  sweet  wine,  tent  (vitiu  tiiitu),  is  exported  from  this  port, 
principally  for  Hra/il;  a  little  dry  wine  )joes  to  liibraltar.  Almonds,  of  which  about  10, 000 
(piintals  are  exported,  no  mostly  to  llamburnh,  'I'lie  raisins  are  not  of  the  finest  (juality  ; 
thoso  l)ro\in!it  to  l'hii;land  are  prnicipally  used  in  confectionary.  Oil,  whicli  was  formerly 
Kent  in  lar^e  «|uantities  to  iStmih  America,  is  now  comparatively  neglected.  Dates  are  ex- 
ported, and  are  not  unfreciuently  sold  here  as  Uarbary  dates.  The  imjiorls  consist  [irinci- 
pally  of  linen,  salted  lish,  tobacco,  nridii,  iron,  tindier,  sunar,  coilt-e,  indigo,  cochineal,  cotton 
and  cotton  stntls,  &<•.  The  linens,  of  which  from  H.'iO.tlOO  to  .'iOO.OOO  yar<ls  are  amiually 
imported,  are  furnished  almost  wholly  by  France  and  (ienoa.  In  IS.Tl,  there  entered  the 
port  of  Alicant  l.')?  fiireinn  vessels,  of  the  burden  of  ]C>'im  tons;  of  these  were  Dritish  .'Jl, 
burden  ii.Tl'J  tons;  French  '1.5,  burden  ;},080  tons;  S^ardiniaii  40,  burden  '1,1()()  tons; 
Wwedish  .'),  burden  1,U50  tons,  A:c. 

It  was  statctl  in  the  fiirmer  edition  of  tliis  work,  that  hirgr  (|unntilies  of  Benicarlo  wiiio 
were  shipped  at  Alicant  for  ('ettc :  hut  this  is  a  mistake  ;  almost  all  the  Uenicarlo  beinn 
shipped  from  the  northern  ports  of  \  alchcia,  and  principally  from  Benicarlo,  whence  it  has 
its  name. — (/«^'/l*s's  Spain  in  1 8:10.  i  .  'M'2.) 

Sliipiiin/r  Chiirirr.i.~'¥\\v!>i:  vary  ai-i  ic'  iif  to  lilt?  Iinrilcii  of  tlic  ship,  ami  llir  oiMiiitry  tn  wliirli  sin; 
li('lciii|.'H.  On  a  slii|i  ut'3UU  toil!)  uiiluadi lit;  and  loading  iiii.vud  cargoi^s,  lliey  would  lie,  iiicliidlng  cmidul- 
U({u,  US  Iblliius  :  — 


£    .1.    d. 

0    !)    4 

Swcilisli 

11  12     1} 

Kiish'inii  - 

IS     7  10 

Diili'h 

15  111  III} 

Aini'rican 

£  s.    d. 

13  t  nil 

II  U  ia| 

13  I'.i    \\i 

1,1  17  lOJ 


Spanish 
Hrillsli 
I'rriicli 
Daiiisli 

Ciinlom-l/ouse  ReiriiUitions. — A  nianift'st  of  (lie  rartio,  llii'  hIi1|>'s  toniinpe,  and  niinilirr  cifircw,  must 
bo  lirrsi'iiti'd  williiii  '21  limirs  alter  pratli|iM'  liciiiu  ulvrii.  when  two  iiU'iirrsari'  put  nil  liiiard  In  prrvcnt 
siiiii)!i!llii);.  'I'lic  ciinsiuni'i'H  thrn  niaki;  entry  iil'the  artlili'sninsipned  tn  them,  and  iililain  iiii  nrderto 
land  and  lirinL'  tliein  tn  the  (.'iistdin-hiiiise,  where  they  are  iiispected,  and  the  ihities  iiscertiiined  ;  lint 
hetore  oliiaiiiini.'  this  order,  the  lonsiunees  must  pnidiiie  a  rrrtijiciile  nf  uriirin  from  the  Spanish  cipiisnl 
at  the  part  nf  ladliic,  if  it  he  in  a  fnrelmi  roiintry.  for  wlthinit  this  the  entry  is  not  allnwed,  and  llio 
Kiiiids  are  depiisiteil  In  the  ('nsliini-hiiiise  until  It  he  ohtaiiii'd.  When  the  dis('liart.'e  is  iiiinpleted,  the 
vi'HSid  is  searihed  liy  the  surveyor,  wlm  reports  liavinu  dune  so  to  the  collectdr.  To  load  the  wlinhs 
or  part  of  an  mitward  carL'o.the  master  has  to  report  his  intention  to  the  collector,  who  fives  his  order 
permlttiiii;  cooils  to  lie  shipped,  and  the  shippers  make  their  specihc  entries.  When  the  vessel  is 
loaded,  the  waitini;  oHieers  make  their  return  to  the  colleitnr ;  who,  on  heinc  presented  with  the 
receipts  of  tlip  ciiptain  of  the  pnrt  iiiid  of  the  Pratii|ne  ntliie  fur  their  ri'spective  charges,  grants  Ilia 
clearance,  iipnn  which  a  hill  of  health  is  ohtained,  and  the  vessel  is  clear  for  sea. 

If'urehoiisiiiir  Kiji^trm. — (ioods  that  leay  he  lecally  imported,  may  he  deposited  in  honded  warehouses 
for  twelve  months,  payiiij;,  in  lieu  of  all  charges,  'i  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  but  at  the  end  iif  the  year  they 
must  be  either  taken  for  liome  consiimplion  or  re-shipped.  The  2  per  rent,  is  charged,  whether  the 
goods  lie  for  a  day  or  the  whole  year.  In  charging  duties,  no  allowance  is  made  for  waste  or  damage 
in  the  warehouses. 

Ka'rsiif  Comiiiifsinnnn^  usually  21 -percent,  on  sales  and  purchases ;  i  per  cent,  is  commonly  charged 
on  tlii^  ne^'otiatioii  of  hills,  (joods  are  conniioiily  sold  at  three  moiitliH'  credit.  Ordinary  discount  at 
the  rate  ofO  pur  cent,  per  annum. 

Alicant  is  not  a  favourable  place  f.ir  repairing  ships,  and  provisions  of  all  sorts  are  ncarco  and  dear. 

Vessels  with  foul  bills  of  health,  or  coming  from  an  infiMted  or  suspected  place,  though  with  clean 
bills,  are  usually  ordered  to  I'ort  Mahoii  to  perform  i|iiarantine.  But  vessels  coining  with  clean  bills 
obtain,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  immediate  pratii|Ue. 

Mineij. — .\ccounls  are  kept  at  Alicant  in  liliras  of  20  siieldog  ;  each  sueldo  containing  12  dineros  ; 
the  libra,  also  called  the  peso,  —  10  reals  :  and  a  real  of  Alicant  -  27-2  inaravedis  of  plate,  or  51'2  nia- 
ravedis  vellon.     The  libra  may  be  valui'd  at  'in.  tW.  sterling,  and  the  real  at  •lii)'.  ditto. 

H'cUrht.i  and  Measures. — The  cargo-  2j  quintals  =  lOarrohas.  The  arroba  cf insists  either  of  24  large 
pounds,  or  of  30  small  ditto  ;  thi;  latter  having  12  C^astilian  ounces  to  the  pound,  the  former  18.  The 
arroba  =  27  lbs.  (i  o/..  avoirdupois  ;  but  at  the  Custom-house  the  arroba  =  25  lbs.  of  Hi  o/..  each. 

The  principal  corn  measure  is  the  cahiz  or  calhse,  conlainins;  12  barchillas,  06  medios,  or  192  quar- 
tillos.    The  caliiz  =  7  Winch.  Iiiishels,  nearly. 

The  principal  liquid  measure  is  the  cantaro  of  8  medios,  or  If)  qtiartilloa.  The  cantaro=  303  Eng- 
lish wine  gallons.     The  toniielada  or  ton  contains  2  pi|ies,  Ml  arrohas,  or  100  cantaros. 

The  yard  or  vara,  divided  into  4  palinos,  is  =  2'.I'JH,  or  very  nearly  30  English  inches. 

(Consul's  Jinsicer  to  Circalar  Queries  ;  Iiiglins's  Upaiii  in  1830,  vol.  ii.  p.  SOl.&c;  Kelli/s  Cambist,  &.C.) 

ALIENS,  According  to  the  strict  sense  of  the  term,  and  the  interpretation  of  the  com- 
mon law,  all  individuals  born  out  of  the  dominions  of  the  crown  of  England  {alibi  natus) 
are  aliens  or  foreigners. 

It  is  obvious,  however,  that  this  strict  interpretation  could  not  be  maintained  without  very 
great  inconvenience  ;  and  the  necessity  of  making  exceptions  in  favour  of  the  children  born 
of  native  parents  resident  in  foreign  countries  was  early  recognised.  The  25  Edw.  3  stat.  2. 
enacts,  that  all  children  born  abroad,  provided  bufh  the  parents  were  at  the  time  of  their 
birth  in  allegiance  to  the  king,  and  the  mother  had  pas.sed  the  seas  by  her  husband's  con- 
sent, might  inherit  as  if  born  in  England.  And  this  relaxation  has  been  carried  still  fur- 
ther by  several  modern  statutes :  so  that  all  children  born  out  of  the  king's  legiance,  whose 
fathers,  or  grandfathers  by  the  father's  side,  were  natural  horn  subjects,  are  now  deemed  to 
be  themselves  natural  born  subjects;  unless  their  ancestors  were  outlawed,  or  banished 

*■  This  is  the  consul's  statement.    Mr.  Ingliss  represents  the  exports  as  considerably  greater. 


< 

f 

i 

6 
1 


! 

0 


24 


ALIENS. 


beyond  soa  fi)r  hiffh  treason,  or  were  at  the  birth  of  kuoIi  children,  in  tho  sorvice  of  a  prince 
utrnniity  with  (jrrnt  liritnin. 

JV*(i/Mr(//»«./'Mri  ./.'J/i(/i«.  -MictiK  mnv  hf  nntiirnli!<iMl  liy  nrt  of  piirlmmpnl,  wliicli  piilt  llii'iii  In  I'Xirlly 
till'  miiiii'  I'dnilllliiii  n-i  tiiiiiirhl  liiirii  siil>Ji'<  t",  <'\i'i  pt  lliiit  iIk'V  iin-  iii('ii|)alili'  nf  Ihmiiu  iiii'iiil»'n<  iit'  tliii 
J'rivy  ('iiiiiii  il,  dl'  lH-iiii(  I'liM  led  III  MiTvr  in  parliaiiirnt,  or  of  liiililjng  any  iilliie  <il'  (riMt  nnilor  tliu 
iri'Wii. 

A  ifrni'.rn  \n  fin  nlicn  horn,  who  Imp  nhtnlnnl  li'ilfr*  pnli'nt,  ei  donaliime  rtgin,  to  mnko  hirii  nn  Kna- 
lUli  nnhji'i't.  Ill'  on  iipii'n  n  kinil  of  niiilillc  Hliitlnn  lii'iwi'cn  a  n.'iliirni  Imrii  Hiihji'rt  niiil  iin  iillrn.  Ili) 
liiav  a('i|iiiri>  laiiils  liv  piiri'liasi'  iir  ili'\ iir,  liiit  rmt  hy  iiilii'ril.uu'i'  ;  ami  may  iriiii^mlt  hik  li  lands  In  IiIh 
( liililrrn  liiirn  allir  Ins  ili'iii/.alinii.  Iml  iini  in  i|iii:4i>  linrii  hifi^n-  —iHliuk^ioHi'^  dun.  ImmiK  I  rap.  10.) 

An  iiliiMi  may  aUn  lie  naliiralMnl  liy  I'lTvrtiK  nn  hnaril  any  nf  Iiim  Ma.|i'iit\'H  xliipx  of  war,  in  tiinc  of 
war.  fnr  lliri'i'  v>' ir.i,  or.  If  a  proclaniulinn  liaa  bfcri  ImmiiviI  In  tliut  rtrutt,  for  two  yearn.— (0  «(».  4, 
cup.  111'.),  i  i  in;  IT.) 

hiftucncc  iif  Ihf  Renidetif.e  nf  Aliem. — There  eon  bo  no  doubt  tlint,  generally  npeakintr, 
tho  resort  of  torfi(Tiiern  to  a  eoiintry,  and  their  renideneo  in  it,  are  highly  eoiuhicivo  to  itH 
iiitere.-<t«.  'J'hoHe  who  emiijrate  in  order  to  |)ra(li!ie  tiieir  ealiitin  in  an  old  netlli'd  eounlry, 
are  jiretty  uniforndy  dintiiit;uir<!\t'tl  for  activity,  enterpriHC,  and  tjood  conduct.  'J'he  riativo 
iiili:ibitaiit.-<  bave  ho  many  Hdvantai^ex  on  tiieir  xide,  that  it  would  lie  alwurd  to  sup[ioMe  that 
foreigners  hhoulil  ever  come  into  any  thiiiu;  like  HucccHsful  competition  with  them,  unless 
they  were  acipiaiiited  witii  some  branch  of  trath"  or  manufacture  of  which  the  otberH  were 
ignorant,  or  possessed  superior  skill,  industry,  or  economy.  Hut  whether  aliens  practise  new 
arts,  or  introduce  more  perfect  processes  into  the  olil,  or  dispbiy  superior  economy,  A,c., 
their  iiitlux  cannot  fail  to  be  of  the  very  greatest  advantage.  They  practically  instruct  thoso 
among  whom  they  reside  in  what  it  most  concerns  them  to  know,  that  is,  in  lho.se  depart- 
ments of  art  and  science  in  whidi  they  are  inferior  to  others;  and  enable  them  ti>  avail 
themselves  of  whatever  foreign  sagacity,  skill,  or  jiractice  has  produced  that  is  most  perfect. 
It  is  not  easy,  indeed,  to  overrate  the  benefits  conferred  on  most  countries  by  the  resort  of 
ahens.  Previously  to  the  invention  of  jirinting  there  was  hardly  any  other  way  of  becoming 
acquainted  with  foreign  inventions  and  discoveries  ;  and  even  now  it  is  far  easier  to  learn 
any  nijw  art,  method,  or  process,  from  the  example  and  instruction  of  those  familiar  with  its 
details,  than  from  llie  best  possible  descriptiens.  The  experience,  indeed,  of  every  ago  and 
country  shows  that  the  progress  of  nations  in  the  career  of  arts  ami  civilisation  depends 
more  on  the  freedom  of  commerce,  and  on  the  liberality  with  which  they  liavc  treated 
foreigners,  than  on  almost  any  thing  else. 

En!(li,sh  Iii'ifi.slafion  as  to  Aliens. — 13iit,  notwithstanding  what  has  been  stated  above,  an 
antipathy  to  resident  foreigners  srems  to  be  indigenous  to  all  rude  and  uncivilised  nations. 
Whatever  is  done  by  them  ajipears  to  be  so  much  taken  from  the  employment,  and,  conse- 
quently, from  the  subsistence  of  the  citizens;  while  the  advantages  resulting  from  the  new 
arts  or  improved  practices  they  introduce,  for  the  most  part  manifest  themselves  only  by  slow 
degrees,  and  rarely  make  any  impression  on  the  multitude.  Hence  the  jealousy  and  aver- 
sion with  which  foreigners  are  uniformly  regarded  in  all  countries  not  far  advanced  in 
civilisation.  The  early  Greeks  and  Romans  looked  upon  strangers  as  a  species  of  enemies, 
with  whom,  though  not  actually  at  war,  they  maintained  no  sort  of  friendly  intercourse. 
"  Honlis,''  says  (Jicero,  "aptid  majnres  nostros  is  dicebatur,  fjuem  nunc  perfi;rinuin  did' 
mus." — (J)e  Off.  lib.  i.  cap.  12.)  It  may,  therefore,  lie  considered  as  a  striking  proof  of 
the  good  sense  and  liberality  of  those  by  whom  it  was  framed,  that  a  clause  is  inserted  in 
Magna  Charta  which  has  the  encouragement  of  commerce  for  its  object;  being  to  the  effect, 
that  "  all  merchants  (if  not  openly  prohibited  before)  shall  have  safe  and  sure  conduct  to 
depart  out  of  and  to  come  into  England,  to  reside  in  and  go  through  England,  as  well  by 
land  as  by  water ;  to  buy  and  sell  without  any  manner  of  evil  tolls,  hy  the  old  and  rightful 
customs,  except  in  time  of  war ;  and  if  they  be  of  a  land  making  war  against  us,  and  such 
be  found  in  our  nation  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  they  shall  be  attached  without  harm  of 
hody  or  goods,  until  it  be  known  unto  us,  or  our  chief  justice,  how  our  merchants  be  entreated 
in  the  land  making  war  against  us ;  and  if  our  merchants  he  well  entreated  there,  shall  be 
so  likewise  here." 

But  until  the  era  of  Edward  I.  the  stipulation  in  the  Great  Charter  as  to  foreign  mer- 
chants seems  to  have  been  little  attended  to.  It  is  doubtful  whether,  previously  to  his  reign, 
they  could  either  hire  houses  of  their  own,  or  deal  except  through  the  medium  of  some 
Englishman.  Hut  this  intelligent  prince  saw  the  advantage  that  would  result  to  the  trade 
and  industry  of  his  suiijects  from  the  residence  and  intercourse  of  Germans,  Flemings, 
Italians,  and  other  foreigners,  who,  at  that  time,  were  very  superior  to  the  Engli.sh  in  most 
branches  of  manufactures  and  commerce.  He,  therefore,  exerted  himself  to  procure  a  repeal 
of  some  of  the  more  oppressive  restrictions  on  aliens,  and  gave  them  a  charter  which  con- 
veyed considerable  privileges.*  Down,  however,  to  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  it  continued 
to  be  customary  to  arrest  one  stranger  for  the  debt,  and  even  to  punish  him  for  the  crimes 


♦This  charter  was  ronfirmcil  by  Edward  III.  in  13i*.  Amonp  otiior  clauses,  il  has  tho  following, 
viz  :  Isl,  That  on  any  trial  hclwrcn  foreigners  and  Englishmen,  ihe  Jury  shall  he  half  foreigners  ;  'M, 
That  a  proper  person  shall  lie  appolnied  in  London  to  he  juslii  iarv  for  fonifM  im'rchaMls  ;  and  3d, 
That  there  shall  be  but  one  weight  and  measure  throughout  the  kiiigdoui.— (.<JiK/er«on,  anno  1302.) 


AI.IKNS. 


25 


I  enemies, 

ercourse. 

Utin  did' 

proof  of 

IserU'tl  in 

10  effect, 

nduct  to 

well  by 

rightful 

iiid  such 

lliarin  of 

futrcated 

shall  be 

Ign  mcr- 
lis  reign, 
|of  some 
10  trade 
neniings, 
Jin  most 
la  repeal 
lich  con- 
Intinucd 
:  crimes 


lllnwing, 
licrs  ;  M, 
!inil  'id, 
k303.) 


(itid  misdi'mcnnnrs  'tr  ohcrrtf  Tl  niny  npp<'ar  cxtrnoriliniry  thai  \hc  ciriwn  iitjiisiit'e  of  thi« 
hnrl>artiiiM  rcuuliiliiin  cmt  prrniilti'd  it  to  ln' iiilijitt'd  ;  mid  yrl  it  wa^  proliiilily.  iit  one  jMri'id, 
the  (•iiiifiiori  liivv  lit  iiin^t  Kiirii|i>'iiii  nlatt-n.  Ax  hhhii,  Iiuvvcmt,  im  the  t'lUiiidiitiiiMM  of  L(iiiid 
unliT  and  lixiliKntioii  liei^'iti  In  lie  laid,  ilH  operatinil  wmh  Nem  tn  l>e  inoHt  periiiciiaH,  In 
IM'^T),  Kiiward  II.  i  ulcrcd  iiitn  a  tdiivenliiin  with  llie  N'eiirliiiiw,  in  vvliiili  it  \v,h  e\|ire>M|y 
Ktijiiilaled  tliat  thev  >)iiiii|ii  have  tidl  lilierly  to  ennie  to  I'higland  to  buy  and  m'II  enininodilieM, 
willruit  being  Italilr  fur  Ihe  deblrt  or  criniex  of  iitherM.  (.'nnventionH  In  the  Haiiie  r'tfecl  were 
(*nt4'r<'d  into  with  dtbrr  Inreimiern.  At  lei^lh,  in  1:15:),  lhi'«  liiHgraeeful  prai'tiie  wiit  put  an 
end  to  by  '-'7  I'Mwanl  :i,  stut.  ii.  cap.  17.;  il  being  providi'd  in  thin  Htiitiile,  nol  only  ili:it  no 
«traiii;er  shall  br  iii<  )ii'iii'hed  fur  tlie  trespaNH  or  ilebt  of  uimiher,  but  that,  in  the  e\iiit  <if  a 
war  breakin.;  nut  u  :\{  any  f'lrei^n  power,  its  Mubji  «'tn,  residing  aninni^Mt  uh,  hIiiiII  be  warned 
thereof  by  proelajii  inn,  unil  be  allowed  forty  day-*  lo  arrangi^  their  all'airH,  and  tn  depart  nut 
of  the  kingdom »  m,  1  ihal,  under  Bpeeial  eirrunistancen,  this  term  iimy  be  extended.  There 
are  few  acts  in  Ihe  statute-book  that  rellect  more  credit  on  their  propotiers,  or  that  Imvu  been 
more  advantagcinis  than  thii4. 

In  coiiHe(pienre  of  the  eneouragcment  given  by  Kdward  III.  to  Fueh  of  the  woollen 
manufacturers  of  Flandi  rs  as  chose  lo  immigrate  to  England,  a  good  many  came  over ;  and 
it  is  from  their  imiiiigralion  that  we  may  dale  the  improvement  and  importance  of  the 
woollen  mamifaclurc  in  this  country. — (See  V\'oollf.v  Mam  k.u  ti  hi;.)  IJiit  this  jmlicy, 
however  wise  and  judicious,  was  excct^lingly  unpnpular.  'i'he  foreigners  were  npcnly  in- 
sulted, and  their  lives  endangered,  in  London  and  other  huge  towns  ;  unil  a  few  of  then!  in 
conse(|neiice  returned  to  Flandi'rs.  Edward,  however,  was  not  to  be  driven  fnim  his  purpose 
by  an  unfnuiuled  clamour  of  this  sort.  A  proclamation  was  issui'tl,  iu  which  every  person 
accused  of  disturbing  or  attacking  the  foreign  weavers  was  ordered  to  be  couunilleil  lo  INew- 
gale,  and  threatened  with  the  utmost  severity  of  punishment.  In  a  parliaini'iit  held  at  York, 
in  i:i:jr>,  an  act  is  passed  for  the  better  protection  and  security  of  foreign  merchants  and 
others,  by  which  ja'ii.Jtics  were  inllicted  on  all  who  gave  them  any  disturbance.  This  seems 
to  have  liad  the  ellect,  for  a  while,  at  least,  of  preventing  any  outrages. 

The  corporations  of  London,  liristnl,  and  other  great  towns,  have  been  at  all  times  the 
principal  enemies  to  the  immigration  of  foreigners.  Perhaps,  indeeil,  they  were  not  nioro 
hostile  to  them  ibaii  to  such  of  their  own  countrymen,  belonging  to  another  part  of  the  king- 
dom, as  shoidd  have  attempted  to  settle  amongst  them  without  being  free  of  tlieir  corporation. 
But  in  denouncing  foreigners  they  had  the  national  prejudice  on  their  side  ;  and  their 
att.'mpts  to  conl'irm  and  extend  their  monopolies  by  their  exclusion  were  regarded  as  the 
noblest  elfjrts  of  patriotism  !  Edward  III.  was  fully  aware  of  the  real  motives  by  which 
they  V.  ere  actuatccl,  and  steadily  resisted  their  pretensions.  But  in  the  reigns  of  his  succes- 
sors they  succeeded  better  :  some  of  these  were  feeble  and  unfortunate,  whilst  others  enjoyed 
the  crown  only  by  a  disputed  title,  and  in  defiance  of  powerful  competitors.  The  support 
of  the  great  towns  was  of  the  utmost  consequence  to  such  princes,  who,  whatever  might  be 
their  own  opinion  as  to  its  policy,  could  hardly  venture  to  resist  the  solicitations  of  such 
powerful  bodies  to  exclude  strangers,  and  to  impose  restrictions  on  commerce.  From  the 
death  of  Edward  III.  to  the  reign  of  Eli/.abeth,  the  progress  made  by  the  country  was  not 
inconsiderable,  but  it  was  little  promoted  by  legislative  enactments.  'I'hroughDUt  the  whole 
of  this  period,  Ihe  influence  of  corporations  seems  to  have  predominated  in  all  matters 
relating  to  trade  and  the  treatment  of  foreigners ;  and  our  legislation  partook  of  the  selfish, 
monoiiolizing  character  of  the  source  whence  it  was  principally  derived.  \V'erc  the  acts 
and  proceedings  as  to  aliens  the  only  memorials  of  our  policy  from  i:377  to  15G0,  we  should 
certainly  seem  lo  have  retrograded  materially  during  the  interval.  Some  of  these  acts  were 
passed  with  so  little  consideration,  and  were  so  very  absurd,  that  they  had  to  be  immediately 
repealed.  Of  this  sort  was  the  statute  of  the  8  Henry  G.  cap.  24.,  to  the  effect  '*  that  no 
Englishman  shall  within  this  realm  sell,  or  cause  to  be  sold,  hereafter,  to  any  merchant  alien, 
any  manner  of  merchandises,  but  only  for  ready  payment  in  hand,  or  else  in  merchandises 
for  merchandises,  to  be  paid  and  contented  in  hand,  upon  jjain  of  forfeiture  of  the  same." 
But  as  an  enactment  of  this  sort  was  very  speedily  found  to  be  more  injurious  to  ourselves 
than  to  the  foreigner,  it  was  repealed  in  the  following  sessions. 

The  more  tyrannical  their  conduct  in  other  respects,  the  more  were  our  princes  disposed 
to  humour  the  national  prejudice  against  foreigners.  If  not  a  cheap,  it  was,  at  least,  an  easy 
method  of  actjuiring  popularity.  In  the  very  first  parliament  after  the  accession  of  Richard  III., 
ft  statute  was  passed  full  of  the  most  ridiculous,  contradictory,  and  unfounded  allegations  as 
to  the  injury  sustained  by  the  inllux  of  foreigners,  and  laying  ihein  under  the  most  oiipressivc 
restraints.  Considering,  indeed,  the  sort  of  treatment  to  which  aliens  were  then  exposed,  it 
may  excite  surprise  that  they  should  ever  have  thought  of  visiting  the  country ;  and,  in  point 
of  fact,  it  apjK'ars  that  the  resort  ol  foreign  merchants  to  our  ports  was  materially  im[iaired 
by  the  statutes  referred  to,  and  others  of  the  same  description.  This  is  evident  from  the  act 
19  Henry  7.  cap.  (>.,  where  it  is  stated  that  "  woollen  cloth  is  not  sold  or  uttered  as  it  hath 
been  in  divers  parts,"  and  that  "  foreign  commodities  and  merchandises  are  at  so  dear  and 
exceeding  high  price,  tliat  tlie  buyer  cannot  live  thereon."  But  in  despite  of  tliis  authorilu- 
C  4 


■ 


0 
0 


26 


ALIENS. 


1 


tive  exposition  of  the  mischiefs  nrisinp  from  the  restrnints  on  aliens,  and  on  trade,  they  were 
both  increased  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  And  it  was  not  till  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  that 
the  pretensions  of  the  corporations  seem  to  have  been  disrcRardcd,  and  an  attempt  made  to 
act.  not  by  starts,  but  consistently,  on  the  policy  of  Edward  III. 

The  influx  of  foreigners  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  was  occasioned  chiefly  by  the  per- 
secutions of  the  Duke  of  Alva  and  the  Spaniards  in  the  Low  Countries.  '.  i.e  friends  of 
the  reformed  religion,  which,  at  the  time,  was  far  from  l>eing  firmly  established,  and  the 
government,  were  glad  to  receive  such  an  accession  of  strength  ;  and  from  the  superiority 
of  the  Flemings  in  commerce  and  manufactures,  the  immigrants  contributed  materially  to 
the  improvement  of  the  arts  in  England.  It  would  seem,  however,  that  the  ministers  of 
Elizabeth  contented  themselves,  perhaps  r.hat  they  might  not  excite  the  public  prejudice, 
with  declining  to  enforce  the  laws  againr,  aliens,  without  taking  any  very  active  steps  in 
their  favour. 

In  the  reign  of  James  I.  the  corporation  of  London  renewed  with  increased  earnestness 
their  complaints  of  aliens.  In  1622,  a  proclamation  was  issued,  evidently  written  by  James 
himself,  in  which,  under  pretence  of  keeping  "  a  due  temperament"  between  the  interests  of 
the  complainants  and  those  of  the  foreigners,  he  subjects  the  latter  to  fresh  disabilities. 

Since  the  revolution,  more  enlarged  and  liberal  views  as  to  conduct  to  be  followed  with 
respect  to  aliens  have  continued  to  gain  ground :  several  of  the  restraining  statutes  have 
fallen  into  disuse,  while  others  have  been  so  much  modified  by  the  interference  of  the  courts, 
which  have  generally  been  inclined  to  soften  their  severity,  that  their  more  offensive  provi- 
sions are  become  inoperative.  In  1708,  an  act  was  passed,  notwithstanding  the  strenuous 
opposition  of  the  corporations,  for  the  general  naturalisation  of  all  foreign  protestants ;  but 
the  prejudice  against  them  was  still  so  powerful  that  it  was  repealed  within  about  three  years. 
Some  unsuccessful  attempts  have  since  been  made  to  carry  a  similar  measure.  One  of  these, 
about  the  middle  of  last  century,  occasioned  the  publication  by  Dr.  Tucker  of  two  excellent 
pamphlets,  in  which  the  policy  of  the  naturalisation  act  is  most  ably  vindicated,  and  the  argu- 
ments against  it  successfully  exposed.*  But  no  such  statute  has  hitherto  been  passed,  and 
aliens  still  continue  subject  to  various  disabilities. 

Dhabililirs  nf  Jtlienn. — The  jirinripal  of  tlipsp  rejiards  the  po?s«ssinn  nf  fixed  property.  It  is  ruled 
that  lands  piirchasod  by  an  alien  fnr  his  own  use,  may  ho  seized  by  the  king.  "If,"  says  BInckstone, 
"hrt  could  acquire  a  permanent  property  inlands,  he  must  owe  an  alleuianc.,!,  equally  pi^rnmnent  with 
that  property,  to  the  king  of  Kngland  ;  which  would  probably  be  inconsistent  with  thiit  which  h(!  owes 
to  his  own  natural  liege  lord;  besides  that,  thereby  the  nation  might  in  him  he  subject  to  foreign 
influence,  and  feel  many  other  incon  vrnitmces.  Wherefore  by  the  civil  law  such  contracts  were  made 
void,  but  the  prince  had  no  such  advantage  of  forfeiture  thereby  as  with  us  in  England." — (Commen- 
taries, hook  i.  cap.  10.) 

An  alien  cannot  take  a  benefice  without  the  king's  consent,  nor  can  he  enjoy  a  pl.tce  of  trust,  or 
take  a  grant  of  lands  from  the  crown.  Aliens  may,  however,  acquire  property  in  money,  goods,  or 
other  personal  estate,  and  may  have  houses  for  the  purpose  of  their  habitation,  and  for  carrying  on 
their  business.  They  may  bring  actions  as  to  their  personal  elTects,  and  may  dispose  of  them  by  will. 
The  droit  iVauhaine  (jus  ulbinatii.i,  i.  e.  alibi  nalus),  or  the  right  of  the  crown  to  succeed  to  the  effects 
of  an  alien  at  his  death,  so  long  the  custom  in  France,  never  obtained  in  England.  If  an  alien  abroad 
die  intestate,  his  whole  property  here  is  distril)uted  according  to  the  law  of  the  country  where  he 
resided;  but  such  residence  must  have  been  stationary,  and  not  occasional,  otherwise  the  foreign 
nuinicipal  regulations  will  not  apply  to  the  property. 

Aliens  may  trade  as  freely  as  natives  ;  and  for  these  many  years  past,  the  duties  of  package  and 
tcavupe  in  the  port  of  London,  repealed  in  18311,  were  the  only  peculiar  duties  with  which  they  were 
burdened.  The  statutes  of  Henry  VIII.  restraining  alien  artificers  from  working  for  themselves,  are 
understood  to  have  been  repealed  by  the  Stat,  5  Eliz.  cap.  7.;  and  they  are  quite  at  liberty  to  employ 
themselves  as  they  please. 

Aliens  indicted  for  felony  or  misdemeanor  are  tried  by  a  jury  of  which  half  are  foreigners ;  a 
privilege  they  have  enjoyeii,  as  already  seen,  with  some  partial  interruptions,  from  the  reign  of 
Edward  I. 

Conditions  of  Residence. — During  the  late  war,  aliens  were  placed  under  the  surveillance  of  the 
police  ;  they  were  obliged  to  send  frequent  reports  of  their  residence,  and  of  the  mode  in  which  tliey 
were  employed  ;  and  were  liable  to  he  sent  out  of  the  kingdom  at  any  moment  by  an  order  from  the 
secretary  of  state.  The  conditions  under  which  they  now  reside  amongst  us  are  embodied  in  the  7 
Geo.  4.  cap.  54. 

This  act  re(|uires  every  master  of  a  vessel  arriving  from  foreign  parts  to  declare  in  writing  the  names, 
rank,  occupations,  &c.  of  all  aliens  on  board  such  vessel,  or  who  have  been  landed  from  it  any  where 
within  the  realm.  Such  declaration  to  be  made  immediately  on  arrival :  neglecting  or  refusing  to 
make  it,  or  making  a  false  one,  is  punished  by  the  forfeiture  of  20/.,  ami  a  further  sum  of  10^  for  each 
alien  in  such  vessel,  or  landed  from  it  within  the  realm.  Aliens  ftona/(/e  employed  in  the  navigatic  i 
of  the  vessel  are  e.vcepted. — J  1. 

The  act  then  goes  on  to  lay  down  the  conditions  of  residence,  which  are  merely  that  every  alien  is 
required  to  m,".e  a  declaration  and  registry,  renewed  half  yearly,  or  oftener  if  required  by  the  secre- 
tary of  state,  of  his  name,  abode,  and  occupation.  Aliens  neglecting  to  make  such  declaration,  or 
making  a  false  one,  are,  for  every  such  offence,  to  forfeit  any  sum  not  exceeding  50/.,  or  be  imprisoned 
any  time  not  exceeding  six  months,  at  the  discretion  of  two  justices. 

Policy  nf  the  Laws  as  to  Aliens. — The  reasons  assigned  by  Mr.  Justice  Blackstone  and 
others  for  preventing  aliens  from  acquiring  fixed  property  seem  to  be  very  unsatisfactory. 
In  small  states  there  might  be  grounds,  perhaps,  for  fearing  lest  the  easy  admission  of  aliens 
to  the  rights  of  citizenship  should  give  them  an  improper  bias ;  but  in  a  country  like  Eng- 
land, such  apprehensions  would  be  quite  futile.     In  this  respect  the  example  uf  Holland  seems 

*  Historical  remarks  on  the  late  Naturalization  Bill,  1731 ;  Queries  occasiuned  by  the  late  Naturali- 
zation Bill,  1752. 


ALIENS. 


27 


quite  decisive.  Notwithstanding  the  comparatively  limited  population  of  that  country,  it 
was  "  the  constant  policy  of  the  republic  to  make  Holland  a  per]ietual,  safe,  and  secure 
asylum  for  all  persecuted  and  oppressed  strangers ;  no  alliance,  no  treaty,  no  regard  for, 
nor  nolicitat'  Ml  of  any  potentate  whatever,  has  at  any  time  been  able  to  weaken  or  destroy, 
or  make  the  state  recede  from  protecting  those  who  have  fled  to  it  for  their  own  security 
and  self-preservation," — {Propumds  fur  amending  the  Trade  of  Hulland,  printed  by  authori- 
ty.    Lond.  1?51.) 

A  short  residence  in  the  country,  and  a  small  payment  to  the  state,  was  all  that  was  re- 
quired in  Holland  to  entitle  a  foreigner  to  every  privilege  enjoyed  by  a  native.  And  it  is  of 
importance  to  remark,  that  it  has  not  been  so  much  as  insinuated  that  this  liberal  conduct 
was  in  any  instance  productive  of  a  mischievous  result.  On  the  contrary,  all  the  highest 
authorities  consider  it  as  one  of  the  main  causes  of  the  extraordinary  progress  made  by  the 
republic  in  wealth  and  commerce.  It  is  said  in  the  oHicial  paper  just  quoted,  that ''  Through- 
out the  whole  course  of  all  the  persecutions  and  oppressions  that  have  occurred  in  other 
countries,  the  steady  adherence  of  the  republic  to  this  fundamental  law  has  been  the  cause 
that  many  i)eople  have  not  only  fled  hither  for  refuge,  with  their  whole  stock  in  ready  cash, 
and  their  most  valuable  etfects,  but  have  also  settled  and  established  many  trades,  fabrics, 
manufactures,  arts,  and  sciences,  in  this  country ;  notwithstanding  the  iirst  materials  for  the 
said  fabrics  and  manufactures  were  almost  wholly  wanting  in  it,  and  not  to  be  procured  but 
at  a  great  expense  from  foreign  parts."  (Ibid.) 

With  such  an  example  to  appeal  to,  we  are  warranted  in  affirming  that  nothing  can  bo 
more  ridiculous  than  to  suppose  that  any  number  of  foreigners  which  it  is  at  all  likely  should 
ever  come  to  England  under  the  most  liberal  system,  could  occasion  any  political  inconve- 
nience ;  and  in  all  other  respects  their  immigration  would  be  advantageous.  A  general  natu- 
ralisation act  would,  therefore,  as  it  appears  to  us,  be  a  wise  and  politic  measure.  It  might: 
be  enacted,  that  those  only  who  had  resided  three  or  four  years  in  the  country,  and  givea 
proofs  of  their  peaceable  conduct,  should  be  entitled  to  participate  in  its  advantages. 

(Sonin  parts  of  this  articln  have  heen  hnrrowud  from  the  Treatise  on  Cummerce  wriltcju  for  the 
Society  for  tlie  Uilfiision  of  Useful  Kiiowh-'dire,  hy  the  author  of  this  Work.) 

(The  act  7  Geo.  4  cap.  54.  referred  to  in  the  Dicfionari/  (p.  20.),  has  been  repealed  by 

the  act  6  Will.  4.  cap.  11.,  which  enacts  in  its  stead  some  new  regulations  of  which  the 

principal  are,  that — 

Every  master  of  a  ship  arrivincr  from  foreign  parts  shall,  to  the  hest  of  his  knowledge  and  belief, 
immediately  derlare,  in  writing,  to  the  chief  otiicer  of  customs,  the  name  or  names,  rank,  occupatioti, 
&c.  of  any  alien  or  aliens  on  hoard  his  ship,  or  who  may  have  landed  therefrom  at  any  place  within 
the  realm,  under  a  penalty  of'U)l.  for  omission  or  false  declaration  ;  and  of  10/.  for  every  alien  omitted 
in  tlie  declaration:  this  regulation  does  not,  however,  e.xtend  to  foreign  mariners  navigating  the 
vessel. — $  2. 

On  arrival  in  tliis  country,  the  alien  is  to  declare  his  name,  description,  &c.  and  to  produce  his  pass- 
port ;  which  declaration  is  to  be  registi'red  hy  the  olhcer  of  customs,  who  is  to  deliver  a  certilicate  to 
the  alien.  A  copy  of  this  declaration  is  to  he  transmitted,  within  two  days,  to  the  secretary  of  state, 
or  (if  the  alien  lami  in  Ireland)  to  the  chief  secretary  of  the  I,ord  Lieutenant.  The  original  certificate 
given  to  the  alien  is  to  he  transmit'ed  to  the  secretary  of  state  on  his  leaving  the  country.  New  cer- 
tificates to  he  granted  in  lieu  of  sncli  as  may  he  lost,  without  fee,  under  a  penally  of  "iO/.  forging 
certificates,  or  falsely  personating  aliens,  i)uiiishahle  hy  imprisonment,  not  exceeding  three  months, 
or  hy  fine,  not  exceeding  lOOZ.— {  j  3,  4,  5,  &c. — Sup.) 

[There  are  no  denizens  in  the  United  States.  Every  inhabitant  of  the  country  is  either  a 
citizen  or  an  alien. 

Citizens  are  either  natives,  or  such  persons  as  have  become  citizens  in  accordance  with  the 
laws  which  have  been  enacted  by  Congress  on  the  subject  of  naturalization. 

Native  citizens  again  are,  first,  all  persons  who  have  been  born  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States  since  the  declaration  of  American  Independence,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1770  ;  and 
secondly,  every  person  who  was  a  native  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States  previous  to  that 
date,  provided  he  remained  in  the  country  afterwards. 

Naturalized  citizens  are,  in  the  first  place,  all  persons  who  fulfil  or  comply  with  the  con- 
ditions prescr'hed  in  the  acts  of  Congress,  concerning  naturalization,  of  the  years  1802,  1804, 
181S,  1810,  1824,  and  1828.  The.se  conditions  are,  first,  that  the  person  applying  to  bo  na- 
turalized be  a  free  white  person,  of  the  age  of  21  years  or  more.  Secondly,  he  must,  on  oath 
or  affirmation,  before  some  federal  or  state  court,  or  its  clerk,  two  years  at  least  previous 
to  his  application  to  becom.e  a  citizen,  have  declared  his  intention  to  take  this  step ;  un- 
less he  has  been  a  resident  in  the  United  States  before  and  ever  since  the  18th  day 
of  June,  1812,  the  date  of  the  declaration  of  war  against  Great  Britain;  or  unless  he 
has  resided  here  during  the  last  three  years  of  his  minority,  with  the  intention,  during  the 
last  three  years  of  his  residence,  of  becoming  a  citizen.  Thirdly,  he  must  have  resided  with- 
in the  United  States  five  years  at  least,  and  within  the  state  or  territory,  where  the  court  to 
which  he  applies  is  at  the  time  held,  one  year  at  least;  but  the  oath  of  the  applicant  shall, 
in  no  case,  be  allowed  to  prove  his  residence.  Fourthly,  he  must  cause  it  to  appear  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  court  that,  during  the  time  of  his  residence,  he  has  behaved  as  a  man  of  a  good 
moral  character,  attached  to  the  principles  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  well 
disposed  to  the  good  order  and  liappiness  of  the  same.  Fifthly,  he  must  renounce  ( 


ery  I 


28 


ALKALIES. 


order  of  nobility  which  he  may  have  held  in  the  kingdom  or  state  from  which  he  came. 
Sixthly,  ho  must  make  oath  or  affirmation  that  ho  will  supjmrt  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  renounce  and  abjure  all  ullogiance  to  any  foreign  sovereign  or  state.  No  alien, 
however,  who  shall  be  a  native  citizen,  denizen,  or  subject,  of  any  sovereign  or  state,  with 
whom  the  United  States  shall  be  at  war,  at  the  time  of  his  application,  shall  be  then  admit- 
ted to  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

Besides  the  persons  who  may  have  complied  with  or  fulfilled  the  conditions  above  enume- 
rated, their  children,  as  also  the  children  of  snch  persons  as,  previous  to  the  passing  of  any 
law  on  the  subject  by  the  government  of  the  United  States,  may  have  become  citizens  of  any 
one  of  the  said  states,  under  the  laws  thereof,  being  under  the  age  of  21  years,  at  the  time  of 
their  parents  being  so  naturalized  or  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship,  shall,  if  dwelling  in 
the  United  States,  be  considered  as  citizens  of  the  United  States;  and  the  children  of  persona 
who,  on  or  before  the  14th  day  of  April  1802,  were  citizens  of  the  United  States,  shall, 
though  born  out  of  the  limits  and  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  be  considered  as  citizens 
of  the  United  States. 

And  again,  it  is  enacted  that  if  any  person,  who  shall  have  made  the  preliminary  declara- 
tion of  intention  to  become  a  citizen  as  required  by  law,  shall  die  before  he  is  actually  natu- 
ralized, his  widow  and  children  shall  be  considered  as  citizens  of  the  United  States ;  and  they 
shall  be  entitled  to  all  rights  and  privileges  as  such,  upon  taking  the  oaths  which  the  law  )>re- 
scribes. 

Every  citizen  of  the  United  States  enjoys  the  same  rights  and  privileges ;  excepting  only 
that  a  naturalized  citizen  must  have  been  such  for  seven  years  to  be  eligible  as  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  for  a  period  of  nine  years  to  be  eligible  as  a  member  of 
the  Senate  of  the  Union,  and  that  none  but  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  at  the  time  of 
the  adoption  of  the  federal  constitution,  can  be  elected  to  the  office  of  President  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  Governor  in  some  of  the  states. 

Aliens  cannot  act  as  jurors ;  they  have  not  the  right  of  voting  at  elections ;  and  they  are 
disabled  from  holding  any  office,  either  in  the  states,  or  under  the  government  of  the  United 
States.  In  many  of  the  states  (chiefly  the  older  ones)  they  are  incapable  of  acquiring  and 
holding  any  real  estate.  If  an  alien  purchase  land,  or  take  it  by  devise,  it  is  at  once  liable  to  bo 
forfeited  to  the  state.  His  rights  to  and  power  over  personal  or  moveable  property  are  the 
same  precisely  as  those  of  citizens.  (See  Kent's  Commentaries,  Lec!ure  a.*).)  The  general 
reader  may  also,  for  an  abstract  of  the  law  relating  to  aliens,  as  it  regards  their  right  of  holding 
and  conveying  property  in  the  diflferent  states  of  the  Union,  consult  the  "  American  Almanac" 
for  1838.— /1»».  Ed.] 

ALKALIES.  The  distinguishing  characters  of  these  bodies  are,  a  strong  acrid  and  power- 
fully caustic  taste ;  a  corrosive  action  upon  all  animal  matter,  destroying  its  texture  with  con- 
siderable rapidity ;  exposed  to  the  atmosphere,  when  in  their  caustic  state,  they  absorb  car- 
bonic acid  with  great  rapidity,  and  become  carbonated  (or  mild).  Their  action  upon  vegeta- 
ble colours  also  alTords  us  means  by  which  the  presence  of  an  nncombined  or  carbonated 
alkali  may  be  detected ;  the  yellow  colour  of  turmeric  is  changed  to  a  red-brown  tint  when 
immersed  into  solutions  containing  them  ;  the  blue  colour  of  the  litmus,  after  being  reddened 
by  an  acid,  is  again  restored;  the  infusions  of  the  red  cabbage,  the  violet,  and  many  other 
purple  vegetable  colours,  are  converted  to  green.  Litmus  paper  reddened  by  carbonic  acid 
is,  however,  the  most  delicate  test  of  the  presence  of  an  alkali.  With  the  various  acids  they 
also  combine,  forming  the  very  important  and  extensive  class  of  compounds  generally  called 
salts ;  a  salt  being  any  compound  formed  by  the  union  of  an  acid  with  an  alkali  or  a  metallic 
oxide. 

.Alkalimetry.— TUp  nietlind  by  wliich  tlie  value  nftho  alkalipp.  or  carlionatod  alkalies,  is  ilotnrmined, 
bpins  of  ((insidpriihlc  iiii|inrt!iiic(?  in  a  fnininerciiil  point  of  view,  wt?  sliiill  here  treat  it  somewhat  in 
detail.  It  is  an  established  f;ict,  that  49  parts  by  weiulit  of  oil  of  vitriol  of  the  sijecifu-  cravity  IHISS, 
are  exactly  equivalent  to  the  ncMitralisiiliou  of  7(1  pans  by  weiiiht  of  pure  i:irb(uiiite  of  potash,  or  48 
of  pure  po"i:iss,  or  51  of  tarlionate  of  soda,  or  32  of  soda  ;  and  that  70  parts  of  oil  of  vitriol  will  there- 
fore bi?  necessary  to  neutralisi!  KM)  parts  of  carbonate  of  potass  ;  hence,  by  employing  a  plass  tube 
of  about  two  ounces'  capacity,  ami  accurately  divided  into  100  ei]Mal  parts,  takiiitf  70  (,'raiu3  of  oil  of 
vitriol,  and  dihitini!  it  with  water,  to  make  the  100  measures  ccunplele,  every  measure  of  this  dilute 
acid  must  be  e(|ual  to  a  grain  of  pure  ( arbonate  of  potass.  The  per  ceiitage  of  real  carbonate  of 
potass  existing  in  any  sample  of  pearlash  may  be  at  once  ascertaineil  by  taking  100  grains  of  tlie  sam- 
jde,  dissolving  it  in  hot  water,  straining,  and  adtling  by  degrees  100  [ueasures  of  the  test  acid  above 
mentioned  ;  the  point  of  iieMtralisation  (when  it  ceases  to  atfect  litinus  paper  or  reddeui  d  litmus) 
being  accurately  ascertained,  thi>  residual  acid  will  L'ive  the  per  centage  <if  impurities  :  for  instance, 
say  that  7.")  measures  of  the  dilute  acid  have  been  employed  to  remh^r  100  grains  of  a  sample  of  pearl- 
ash  perfectly  neutral,  then  we  have  ascertained  that  it  contains  2.')  per  cent,  impurities.  The  same 
procr'ss  of  course  must  be  fcdlowed  in  examining  samples  tif  barilla  or  kelp,  except  that  the  alkali 
contained  in  thiMU,  being  carbonate  of  soda, '.)0-7.')  of  oil  of  vitriol  must  be  emidoyed  instead  of  70. 
The  process  recommended  by  .Mr.  Faraday,  ami  in  which  he  uses  only  one  test  acid,  is  as  follows  : — 
Into  a  tube  about  three-i)uarti-rs  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  tiiu"  and  a  half  long,  and  as  cylindrical 
a.s  possible  throuL'liout  its  whole!  length,  1,000  grains  of  water  are  to  be  wi'ighed,  and  the  space  occu- 
pied marked  on  the  tube  by  a  fine  tile  ;  this  space  is  then  divided  from  above  downwards  into  100 
equal  parts.  At  2.1  It,  or  7f>.')0  parts  from  the  bottiun.  .-iti  extra  line  should  be  made,  and  soda  marked 
opposite  to  it ;  at  IS'.IO  potass  should  be  marked  in  the  same  way ;  at  ,')lt>H,  carbonate!  of  soda  ;  uimI 
at  t>.i,  carlionate  of  potass.  .\  diluted  acid  is  m)w  to  be  prepared,  which  shall  havi'  a  specific  gravity 
1  127;  and  this  is  niudu  by  mixing  intiiaatuly  togethur  19  parts  by  weight  of  oil  of  vitriol,  and  61  of 


ALKALIES. 


29 


tormined, 
'\vli;it  171 
ty  IHISri, 
irili,  or  48 
.-ill  therc- 
lass  tiiho 
of  oil  of 
lis  dilute! 
lonnte  of 
'tlio  siini- 
rid  iihovn 

litinii.s) 
iiistiinci!, 
of  pi'iirl- 
hi'  saiiio 
hi'  !ilk:ili 
ad  of  TO. 
illows  ;  — 
linilriial 
ICC  oicii- 
inlo  101) 
I  tnarkr'd 
'da  ;  mid 

uravilv 
nd  til  ot 


water.  The  method  to  he  fdllnwed  in  the  eiinilnyiiient  of  tlii-i  nriil  is  as  follows  -.—The  ililiite  arid  is 
to  lie  nieasiired  in  the  liilie  up  to  the  line  ii|)|i(isile  to  which  the  alkali  soiichi  lor  is  marked  ;  if  harilla, 
which  rcinlains  carlKiiiate  of  soda,  Mli;!  measures  are  to  he  taken.  'I'lic  KM)  iiieasures  are  then  made 
up  hy  the  addition  of  water,  and  is  then  ready  for  use,  followiiiL'  the  nirlhod  hefore  slated. 

'I'lic  alkalies  are  four  In  niimhrr,  namely,  ammonia  (or  volatile  alkali),  potass  (or  veacialile  alkali), 
sniia  (or  miniiral  alkali),  and  litliia  ;  which  last  is  of  so  little  importance  that  we  shall  not  treat  of  it 
here. 

The  coiuliinations  of  these  alkalies  with  the  various  acids,  whenever  they  form  compounds  of  any 
importance,  will  he  ii'iticed. 

.Immiiiiiii,  or  Spirits  of  Jliirt.<Iinni,  or  Volnlile  Alkali, — in  its  iinconihiiied  form,  is  an  elastic  gaseous 
liody.  Iiavini;  a  very  piiiiKeiit  and  siilfncatim;  odour,  destroys  animal  life,  converts  the  yellow  of  tur- 
meric paper  to  a  lirown,  which,  from  the  volatility  of  the  alkali,  is  afiaiu  restored  hy  aijeiitle  heat  to 
its  .iri'iinal  colour.  'I'liis  t;as  is  rapidly  alisorhed  hy  water,  which  lakes  into  solution  almiit  'M)  times 
its  volume,  foniiinc  the  liipiiil  ammonia,  or  what  is  commiMily  called  harlshorn.  Ammonia  is  liherateil 
whenever  any  of  the  compounds  of  this  alkali  are  acted  upon  hy  potass,  soda,  l:iiie,  and  many  other 
alkaline  earths.  Lime,  from  its  lieine  the  most  economical,  is  generally  employed  :  the  hesl  propor- 
tions for  its  preparations  are  eiiiial  weights  of  sal  aniinoniac  (muriate  of  ammonia),  and  fresh  slaked 
lime.  When  these  are  introduced  into  a  retort,  and  heat  applied,  aniiiionia  is  liherated  in  the  gaseous 
form,  and  is  condiicleil  hy  a  Welter's  safety  tillie  into  a  vessel  of  water,  liy  wliicli  the  gas  is  instantly 
ahsorlied.  Muriate  of  lime  remains  in  the  retort :  sometimes  water  is  added  to  llii>  iiiiMure,  and  then 
<listilled.  As  thus  ohtaiiied,  it  has  a  specific  gravity  of  fiaOor  illO,  water  lieiiig  eipial  to  lOOO.  'J'lie 
most  concentrated  solution  of  ninmonia  has  the  specific,  gravity  ■87.''>. 

Carhnnale  of  Jliiimonin,  or  VohiliJe  Suit,  or  Suhrarhounte  of  Jimyiwnin. — This  salt,  which  is  very  much 
employed  in  various  processes  of  the  arts,  was  formerly  olilained  hy  the  action  of  chalk  (carhonate 
of  li'iie)  upon  miiriaie  of  ammonia  ;  a  dmihle  deciunposition  takes  place.  Carhonic  acid  and  nnimo- 
iiia  ari!  suhlimed  in  vapour,  and  muriate  of  lime  remains  in  the  vessel.  A  iiiiich  less  e.xpcnsive  pro- 
cess is,  however,  now  followcril,  namely,  from  the  waste  gas  lii|uors  ohtained  in  the  piirificalioii  of 
coal  gas  ;  these  are  evaporated,  and  the  lilack  impure  sulphuric  acid  addi'd.  Hy  this  means  a  sulpliatH 
of  ammonia  is  formed,  and  the  carhonate  procured  from  it  hy  the  action  of  powdered  chalk,  as  in  the 
former  process. 

Its  uses  are  principally  in  forming  other  compounds  of  ammonia,  as  smelling  salts  ;  and  it  is  like- 
wise employed  rather  e.vtensivi'ly  hy  pastry-cooks  for  making  light  pastry,  which  is  caused  hy  the 
vidalile  carhonate  of  ammonia  t'scaping  anil  raising  up  the  pastry  hy  the  heat  of  the  oven.  It  is  en- 
tirely dissipated  during  the  haking,  so  that  no  ill  I'd'ect  can  arise  froin  its  use. 

Hoth  this  ((unpoiind  and  the  preceding  act  as  violent  stimulants  on  the  animal  system. 

Muriate  of  Amuwnia,  or  Sal  Ainmnniuc—\\;\f  formerly  hrought  to  this  coiinliy  from  I'gypt,  where  it 
was  procured  hy  suhmitting  the  soot  of  camels'  dung  (there  employed  for  tin  I)  to  siililimation  in 
closed  vessels  ;  it  is,  however,  at  present  manufactured  in  very  large  (luantilies  in  th'  country  in  a 
variety  of  ways.  The  most  economical  processes  are  either  suhmitting  sulphate  of  aimiionia  mi.\<trt 
intimately  with  muriate  of  soda  (sea  salt)  to  suldimation,  or  liy  siihstitiiliiig  the  bittern  of  sea  water, 
which  consists  cliieHy  of  muriate  of  magnesia,  for  the  sea  salt.  In  the  first  process  a  sulphate  of 
Roda  is  formed,  and  the  muriate  of  ammonia,  which,  heing  volatile,  rises  in  the  vaporous  form, anil  is 
condensed  in  the  cool  parts  of  the  apparatus  :  in  the  latter  process,  a  sulphate  of  magnesia  (Kpsoni 
salts)  results.  It  is  generally  from  this  salt  (muriate  of  ammonia)  that  the  lii|iild  ammonia  is  manu- 
factured :  it  is  also  employed  in  tinning  and  siddering.  to  preserve  the  mi'tals  from  o.xidatioii.  It  is  a. 
semi-transparent,  tough  salt,  having  an  acrid  and  cool  taste,  and  is  usually  met  with  in  the  form 
of  hemispherical  masses.  Sal  ammoniac  is  made  at  Calcutta,  and  is  thence  e.\ported  to  (.'rent  Ilri- 
tain,  the  United  States,  and  the  Arahian  and  Persian  gulfs.  In  1824-25,  the  e.\ports  amounted  to 
114  tons. 

Sulphate  nf  jSmmojim. — The  preparation  of  the  sulphate  has  heen  already  given  under  the  head  of 
aniiiionia  ;  it  is  employed  in  the  maiinfacture  hoth  of  flit?  carbonate  and  muriate. 

Jicetute  of  Ammonia. — The  spirit  of  Mindererus  is  ohtained  by  acting  upon  the  carhonate  of  ammo- 
nia by  acetic  acid  ;  the  carbonic  acid  e  apes  with  effervescence,  and  an  acetate  of  umiiionia  i3 
formed  :  it  is  employed  in  medicine  as  a  ti  urifiige. 

All  these  salts  of  ammonia  have  the  following  properties  ; — they  are  volatile  at  a  low  red  heat ;  the 
fixed  alkalies  decompose  them,  combining  with  their  acid,  and  the  ammonia  is  liberated. 

When  combined  with  a  fixed  acid,  such  as  the  boracic  or  phosphoric,  they  are  decomposed,  the  am- 
monia alone  being  volatilised,  and  the  acid  remaining  pure.  This  process  was  described  fur  ublaining 
pure,  phosphoric  acid. 

Pota.ss,  or  yegetable  Alkali. — The  original  source  of  this  alkali  is  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  whence 
is  derived  its  name  of  vegetable  alkali.  When  wood  is  burnt,  and  the  ashes  lixivinteil  with  water, 
boiled,  strained,  and  evaporated  to  dryness,  an  intensely  alkaline  mass  is  obtained,  which  is  known 
by  the  name  of  polasii,  from  this  process  heing  conducted  in  iron  pots.  It  is  then  removed  to  a  re- 
verberatory  furnace,  and  siibiiiitted  to  heat,  and  a  current  of  air.  This  burns  out  extractive  matter 
and  other  impurities,  and  the  salt  assumes  a  pearly  white  colour,  and  is  hence  called  pearlashes. 
Care  should  lie  taken,  during  this  process,  that  the  potashes  do  not  enter  into  fusion,  as  this  would 
destroy  the  full  effect  of  the  operation. 

Pfdr/a.'i/iC'!.— Pearlashes  generally  contain  about  from  00  to  83  or  84  per  cent,  of  pure  carhonate  of 
potass.  Its  uses  in  manufactures  are  nuiiK^roiis  and  important.  It  is  employed  in  making  tlint-glass, 
of  which  it  constitutes  about  one-sixth  of  the  materials  employed  ;  in  soap-making,  especially  for  the 
softer  kinds  of  soap  ;  for  this  purposi',  however,  it  is  first  rendered  caustic  by  means  of  lime.  In  th<! 
rectification  of  spirits,  large  quantities  are  employed  to  combine  with  the  water  previously  in  union 
with  the  spirit. 

Subfarhnnnle  of  Pnta.is,,  or  Salt  of  Tartar — is  used  in  preparing  the  siibcarbonate  of  potass  of  the 
PharinacopfBia  (carbonate  of  potass  of  the  chemical  nomenclature),  and  likewise  in  rendering  hard 
spring  waters  soft,  and  in  cleansing  substances  from  grease;  it  is  soinefinies  called  salt  of  worm- 
wood. When  made  by  the  deflagration  of  two  parts  of  tartar  of  argol  and  one  of  nitre,  it  is  called 
black  flux,  and  is  used  extensively  in  metallurgic  o|)<  rations. 

From  the  siibcarbonate  of  potash  the  pure  and  uncombined  potass  is  obtained,  by  adding  an  equal 
weight  of  fresh  burnt  lime,  previously  slaked,  and  boiling  them  with  h:!lf  their  weight  of  water.  By 
this  process  the  lime  combines  with  the  carbonic  acid,  and  the  potass  remains  in  solution  in  its  caustic 
state;  hy  boiling  the  clear  solution  rapidly  in  iron  vessels,  and  submitting  it  to  fusion,  we  obtain  the 
fused  potass. 

If  it  be  rec|uired  perfectly  pure  for  chemical  purposes,  it  is  necessary  to  evaporate  in  silver  vessels, 
and  dissolve  in  strong  alcohol.  This  takes  up  the  pure  potass,  and  leavi-.^  any  portion  of  the  subcar- 
bnnate  that  may  not  have  been  acted  upon  by  the  lime  ;  then  the  alcohol  is  to  he  distilled  off,  and  the 
potass  fused  at  a  red  heat,  and  poured  out  in  its  liquid  state  on  a  cold  slab.  As  thus  procured,  it  is  a 
while,  brittle  mass,  highly  deliquescent,  absorbing  moisture  and  carbonic  acid  rapidly  from  the  atmos- 
phere. When  evaporated  in  iron  vessels  it  has  a  dirty  colour,  and  lets  full  a  quantity  of  o.xide  of 
i  un,  when  dissolved  in  water,  from  its  having  acted  upon  the  iron  boilers. 


■ 

li 
i 


30 


ALKALIES. 


Potns-i  nets  with  erflat  rnpirtity  upon  nniinnl  siilistiincc".  <I{'stroyiti2  flioir  texture,  and  ia  on  tliid  ac- 
Cdiiiil  ciniiliiyi'cl  iiH  a  caustic,  ami  was  iDriiU'ily  i  ailed  Idjiin  infirinilis. 

Ciirhiimite  (iir,  in  the  clirinical  iKiiiiriiclaliiri',  Hirnitinnoh)  if  P„iiiss — is  prepared  hy  passiuc  car- 
hiiiiic  ai  id  i;as  lliroiiL'li  a  sohilioii  nf  Ilic  snIxarlMJiiiilr  :  and  cvaporalind  at  a  tcrnpi'raluri'  IjiIciw  21'J", 
anil  I  ryslalllsind.  Il  is  used  in  inakinp  cltVrvrsciMi.'  draiijjhts.  It  loses  one  proportion  of  its  curlionic 
acid  wlien  heated,  and  is  converteil  into  tlie  sniicarlioiiate. 

Siiliilnile  iif  I'liliiK.t,  or  Sal  Viihjrhrtfl,  ur  yitnululrtl  'I'urtar — is  cilitained  l>y  slllnnittint;  tliR  salt, 
which  riMuaiiis  after  the  niannfactnre  of  nitric  acid  from  nitre  and  snlplmric  acid,  to  a  red  heat,  or  by 
ne  iitrali-iini.'  the  e.vciss  of  acid  i  ontaim'd  in  tlial  salt  hy  snlicarlmiiate  of  potass. 

Bisiitphiite.  vf  l'(itii.<s,  iir  Sal  F.nixiim. — This  is  the  salt  mentioned  ahovi',  as  the  residue  from  tin; 
process  for  cditainiuL'  nitric  acid.  It  is  em|doyed,  in  very  larue  «iuantitles.  in  the  uianufacture  of 
alum  ;  also  in  tinniiij,'  iron,  for  pickliuL',  as  il  is  li'rmed  ;  It  is  sometimes  also  used  as  a  tlu.\. 

■Kilriite  nf  rnliish,  J^itrf,  or  Salliielre.—'Hus  salt,  wliiih  is  of  so  much  importance  in  every  hrancli 
nf  the  arts,  is  found  native  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  especially  in  the  i;ast  Indies.  It  is  olit  Miied 
from  soils  (ompi'sed  of  (leromposinj»  (.'ranite,  tin'  felspar  of  which  uives  rise,  as  is  supposed,  to  tlio 
potass.  The  nitric  aciil  is  not  so  easily  accounted  for,  e.vcept  it  is  hy  a  union  of  the  nitrogen  am) 
nxyffen  siases  in  the  atmosplieri'  takinj!  place  in  those  hot  climates ;  for,  frcuii  iiiithenticaled  accounts, 
no  (lecayiii!!  animal  or  ve;,'etalile  matter  exists  in  the  nitre  districts  of  India.  Ity  li.viviaticui  with 
water  till!  nitre  is  dissolveil  from  tin-  soil,  which  is  aL'ain  thrown  out  into  the  air,  to  lie  washed  iIir 
fidlowint'  year;  so  that  it  is  formed  continually.  These  lixiviations  are  then  evaporated  ;  and  when 
of  a  certain  streiiflth,  a  (|uantity  of  coiunion  salt  separates,  which  is  removed  as  it  falls;  and  tilt! 
nitre  is  then  crystallised  and  imported  to  this  cinintry,  always  (luitaininir  a  certain  (|uantity  of  im- 
purities, which'are  deducted  in  the  purchase  of  larjie  quantilies  of  the  article,  heiiiL'  termed  its  refrac- 
tion. It  is  j,'L'iierally  used  for  the  munufacture  of  ^'iinpowder  and  pure  nitric  acid,  retineil  or  recrys- 
tallised. 

iNitre  may  he  also  made  artificially,  in  beds  nf  decayiiiji  vecetahle  or  animal  sulistanies,  mixed  with 
old  mortar,  or  other  refuse  calcarecuis  earth  ;  these  are  watered  occasionally,  too  much  moisture  being 
liurlfiil;  after  a  certain  period,  dependim;  ou  the  rapidity  with  which  the  process  has  gone  on,  the 
whole  is  s'lbmitted  to  lixivialion  tocetlier  with  wood-ashes,  which  (initain  siibcarbonate  of  potass, 
and  which  decomposes  any  nitrate  of  lime  formed,  of  which  there  is  irenerally  a  considerable  iiuantity. 
After  the  liviviation  is  complete,  which  takes  some  time,  the  solution  is  separated  and  boiled  down; 
the  salt  separates  as  in  the  other  jirocess,  and  the  nitie  is  tlii'ii  cry  :;tallised.  It  was  from  this  siMirci! 
that  the  whole  of  the  nitre,  nearly,  employed  by  the  French  during  the  long  protracted  war  with  the 
continental  powers,  was  obtained. 

Nitre  has  a  cold,  peiietratiiisr,  and  nnuaeotis  taste  ;  enters  into  i<;neoua  fiisinn  at  a  sentle  heat,  and 
is  then  moulded  into  round  cakes  called  sal  prunella,  p  is  employed  in  the  mamifictiir"  of  nitric 
acid  ;  of  (imipowder,  which  is  ciunposeil  of  T.")  parts  by  weiaht  of  nitre,  Iti  of  charcoal,  and  il  of  sul- 
phur (the  nitre  for  this  purpose  should  be  of  great  purity);  and  in  the  manufacture  of  oil  of  vitriol  . 
as  a  Hux  it  is  one  of  til!' most  powerful  W'e  possess;  it  is  also  used  t"or  the  preservation  of  animal 
food,  and  in  makinc  friporilic  mixtures  :  1  o/,.  of  nitre  dissolved  in  5  o/,.  of  water  lowers  its  tempera- 
ture If)  degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  theriiioiiieter. —  (See  Sai.tpktrk.) 

Oxaldle  (iiiil  Binoinliite  of  Potiui^. — The  hinoxalate  of  potass,  or  salt  of  lemon,  or  sorrel,  by  both 
which  last  names  it  is  very  commonly  known,  is  procured  from  the  juice  of  the  common  sorrel  (llii- 
me.n  .Vcetosa),  or  the  wood  sorrel  (Oxalis  .\cetosella),  hy  crystallisation,  after  'he  fnulent  matter  has 
been  separated  by  standing  a  few  days.  Its  chief  ii.ses  are,  in  removing  ink  spots  or  iron  moulds; 
and  also  as  a  refreshinir  beverage  when  mixed  with  sugar  and  water. 

The  neutral  oxalate  is  obtained  from  the  salt  by  comhining  the  excess  of  acid  which  it  contains  with 
a  solution  of  siibcarbonate  of  potass.  Is  very  much  used  in  chemistry,  as  the  best  test  of  the  presence 
of  lime. 

Tartriite  and  Bitarfriite  of  Potasn. — Bitartrate  of  potass,  or  cream  of  tartar.  i»,  when  in  its  crude  and 
impure  state,  called  argol.and  is  deposited  in  the  interior  of  wine  casks  during  fermentation,  and  from 
this  source  the  whole  of  the  cream  of  tartar  is  obtained.  It  is  generally  of  a  very  dark  brown  colour, 
but  may  be  piirilied  and  rendered  perfectly  white  hy  solution  uiid  crystallisation.  It  is  employed  very 
extensively  in  dyeing,  hat -ma  king,  and  in  the  preparation  of  tartaric  acid,  and  many  of  the  compounds 
oftartaric  acid,  as  tartar  emetic,  soluble  tartar  (tartrate  of  potass) :  when  heated  to  redness  it  is  con- 
verted into  carbonate  of  potass  and  charcoal ;  mixed  with  half  its  weight  of  nitre  and  thrown  into  a 
red  hot  crucible  it  forms  the  black  Hiix,  and  with  its  own  weight  of  nitre  the  white  flux,  both  of  which 
are  very  much  employed  in  iiietallurgic  operations.  The  tartrate  is  niadi!  by  the  addition  of  siibcar- 
bonate of  potass  to  a  solution  of  the  bitartrate  until  perfectly  neutral :  it  is  used  in  niedicino  us  a  mild 
purgative. 

Ferrocijiimite  or  Priissiate  of  Potass. — This  salt  is  obtained  by  the  action  of  snbcarbonatn  of  potns.i, 
at  a  low  red  heat,  upon  refuse  animal  matter,  such  as  hoofs,  horns,  skin,  (kc,  in  the  proport  on  of  two 
of  siibcarbonate,  to  t'oiir  or  live  of  the  animal  matter.  Uiit  the  process  recommended  hy  M.  tJautier 
is  pret'eralile  ;  he  liiids,  that  when  animal  nnitteris  heated  with  nitre,  it  yields  a  much  larger  iiuantity 
of  the  ferropriissiate  than  when  either  potas.i  or  siibcarbonatw  of  potass  are  employ imI  ;  the  proportions 
he  finds  most  economical  arc!,  1  part  by  weisjiit  of  nitre,  3  parts  of  dry  blood,  and  iron  scales  or  filings 
eipial  to  a  lil'tieth  of  the  blood  employed 

The  coaguhim  of  blood  is  mixed  in'tima'ely  with  the  nitre  and  iron  tilings,  and  dried  by  exposure  to 
the  air;  they  are  then  submitted  to  a  verc  low  red  heat,  in  deep  iron  cylinders,  as  long  as  vapours 
continue  to  be  liberated;  when  cold,  the  contents  are  dissolved  in  12  or  15  times  their  weight  and 
strained.  On  evaporation,  till  of  the  specilic  gravity  1*^1,  and  allowing  it  to  cool,  a  large  (luantity  of 
bicarlKuiate  of  potass  crystallises,  and  by  further  evaporation  till  of  tin'  specilic  gravity  i;)(M),  the  fer- 
ropriissiate o;'  potass  crystallises  on  cooling.  This  is  to  be  recrystallis.'d.  It  is  a  beautiful  yellow 
salt,  very  tough,  having  a  tenacity  similar  to  spermaceti,  and  is  decomposed  at  a  red  heat.  It  is  em- 
ployed very  extensively  in  dyeing  blues,  and  in  calico  printing ;  also  in  the  manufacture  of  Prussian 
blue,  which  is  a  compound  of  the  ferropriissic  acid  and  oxide  of  iron,  prepared  by  adding  1  part  of 
the  ferroprussiate  of  potass  dissolved  in  water,  to  one  part  of  copperas,  and  4  parts  of  alum  in  so- 
lution. 

Chromate  of  Potass. — This  salt  is  obtained  from  the  native  chronmte  of  iron  hy  the  action  ofnitre  at 
a  full  red  heat  in  equal  proportions.  By  solution,  filtration,  and  evaporation,  a  beaiitifnl  lemon-yel- 
low cidoured  salt  results.  It  is  very  much  employed  in  dyeing,  calico  printing,  and  calico  making, 
from  its  producing  bright  yellow  precipitates  with  solutions  of  lead. 

Bichromate  of  Potads—ia  prepared  from  the  above-mentioned  salt,  by  the  addition  nf  nitric  acid  to 
the  yellow  solution  obtained  from  the  heated  mass  by  the  action  of  water;  on  evaporating  this,  a 
dark  red  coloured  salt  crystallises,  which  is  the  bichromate.  This  is  also  very  largely  employed  by 
the  calico  printers,  and  when  mixed  in  solution  with  nitric  acid,  possesses  tlie  property  of  destroying 
vegetable  colours  ;  on  this  account  It  is  of  great  importance,  as  it  at  the  same  time  removes  a  vegeta- 
ble colour,  and  forms  a  base  for  a  yidlow  dye. 

Chlorate  or  Hijperoipnuruite  of  Pofii.t.*.— The  preparation  of  this  salt  is  attended  with  some  little 
ditficulty,  and  requires  u  great  deal  of  nicety.    It  is  ubtuiiied  by  passing  a  current  of  chlorine  gag 


I 

7 


1 


ALKxVNET,  ALLOWANCES. 


31 


nil  [iiia  ac- 

assiiiR  cnr- 
l.ildw'il'i", 
it«  larlniiiic 

{)•  thn  salt, 
heat,  ur  by 

ic  from  liK! 
iit'iiclurt:  of 
x. 

■(■ry  lirancli 
in  olit  liiii'd 
ii.ii'd,  111  tilt; 
ilro^i'ii  !iiii) 
■(I  nt'coinits, 
iuliiin  with 
wiislicd  tlio 
;  ami  wlicii 
lis  ;  anil  llio 
iility  of  iin- 
il  its  rcl'rac- 
I  or  rt'crys- 

,  iiilxrd  witll 
lislurr  l)«'iii!? 
(OIK!  on,  the 
(■  of  potass, 
hliMiiiaiitity. 
olli'd  down ; 
1  this  .sonrci! 
var  with  the 

In  hral,  and 
nr"  of  nitric 
mil  it  of  snl- 
il  of  vitriol  . 
n  of  animal 
its  tcnipcra- 

rrol,  by  both 
I  sorrt'l  (Kn- 
it niatlrr  has 
roil  moulds ; 

ontniiis  with 
till'  presence 

crude  and 
and  from 
iwii  colour, 
iployed  very 
ompoiinds 
19  it  is  con- 
own  into  a 
li  of  which 
of  siilicnr- 
nu  as  a  mild 

!  of  potass. 
On  of  two 
M.  (Jaulier 
I'r  quantity 
jiroportions 
L-d  or  tilings 

'xposuro  to 
as  vapours 
weiaht  and 
quantity  of 
ait),  the  fiT- 
;iful  yellow 
It  is  em- 
of  I'riissian 
IK  1  part  of 
ilum  ill  so- 

ofnitre  at 
lenion-yel- 
co  making, 

itric  acid  to 
Iin|!  this,  a 
inployed  liy 
destroying 
's  a  vegeta- 

some  little 
lilurine  gas 


throiieh  n  solution  of  rnnstic  potass;  llicn  boiline  and  cvaporatlnL' ;  the  first  salt  that  separates  is 
the  cliliiratr  of  potass  ;  and  by  further  evaporation,  muriate  of  iiolass  is  oliiaiiieil.  It  is  used  in 
liiakiiiL'  nialches  for  inslatilaneoiis  lilllit  boxes,  which  are  prepareit  hy  lirsl  ilippiim  the  wood  in  melted 
sulphur,  and  then  into  a  thin  paste,  fornieil  of  .1  parts  chlorate  of  (lolass.  2  [larts  starch,  and  a  little 
veriiiilioii  i  with  sulphur  it  forms  a  very  explosive  compound,  geiiirally  emiiloyed  for  filling  the  per- 
cussion caps  of  fowling-pieces. 

Unilii.  or  Miiiirul  Jllkiih.—TUf  sources  of  this  alkali  in  nature  are  various.  It  is  oliiained  in  combi- 
nation with  c.irlionic  acid,  when  plants  whii  h  urow  hy  the  sea-side  are  burnt.  'I'bi'  ashes  thus  (di- 
laiiieil  are  ( ailed  barilla  and  kelp  ;  and  also  in  some  countries  it  is  found  as  an  etlloresceiice  upon  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  and  is  called  nilniiii  or  natron;  Ibis  occurs  particularly  in  Kirypt  and  South 
ji  America.     Trona  is  also  another  native  carbonate  of  soda,  and  is  exported  from  Tripoli.     In  coinbi- 

itm  iialioM  with  iiiuriatic  acid  it  is  also  found  in  immense  ahiindaiii  e.  I'oriiMnL'  the   rock  salt,  and  sea  salt, 

or  muriate  of  soda.  It  is  ohtaineil  from  the  carbonate  exactly  in  the  same  way  as  potass  is  obtained 
frnin  its  carboii.ite,  namely,  by  boiling  it  with  fresh  burnt  lime  previously  slaked,  decantinn  the  clear 
solution,  and  evaporatini!  and  fusing.  It  is  a  white  brittle  substance,  anil  by  exposure  to  the  air  be- 
comes converted  into  a  dry  carbonate.  Its  uses  in  the  arts  and  manufactures  are  of  considerabb;  im- 
portance. In  soap-niakini.' it  is  employed  in  very  tarL'e  quantities,  and  for  this  purpose  is  iienerally 
lirociired  from  barilla  or  kelp,  by  mi.xini:  them  with  lime,  and  by  the  infusion  of  water  prociirini;  a 
caustic  soda  by  ;  this  is  mixed  with  oil  and  fatty  matters  in  various  proportions,  and  boiled  ;  the  sa- 
poniliealion  of  the  fatty  matter  lakes  place,  and  the  soap  formed  rises  to  the  surface  ;  the  ley  is  then 
drawn  from  benealh.anil  fresh  leys  added,  until  the  soap  is  completely  free  from  oil ;  il  is  then  alloweil 
to  dry.  sSoda  is  also  employed  in  the  maniifaclure  of  plate,  crown,  and  bottle  glass,  though  for  this 
purpose  il  is  Beiierally  in  the  form  of  carbonate  or  sulphate. 

Stibiiirbonnle  nf  Smln.  (In  the  chemical  iionienclatiire  it  is  called  carbonate. )— This  is  generally 
prepared  from  barilla,  which  ciuitaitis  about  from  Hi  lo  21  per  cent.  Ilarilla  is  procured  by  incinerat- 
iiiL'  llie  f^nlsiilu  .«m/«,  anil  other  sea-side  plants  ;  it  is  made  in  larai-  quantities  on  the  coast  of  f  pain. 
Kelp  is  another  impure  carbonate  of  soda,  but  does  not  contain  more  than  4  or  !)  per  cent. ;  it  is  the 
ashes  obiained  from  sea  weeds  hy  incineration,  and  is  made  on  the  northern  shores  of  Scotland. 
From  these,  the  crystallised  carbonate  (or  suticarlionale.  as  it  is  more  freipienlly  called)  is  made  by 
the  addition  of  a  small  quantity  of  water,  boiling,  straininu,  evaporating,  and  skiuiming  otf  the  com- 
mon salt  as  it  forms  lui  the  surface;  on  cooling,  the  snbcarbonale  of  soda  crystallises.  Another  me- 
thod is  by  heaiiim  the  s'llpliale  of  soda  witll  carbonate  of  lime  and  charcoal,  and  then  dissolvine  out 
the  soluble  carbonate;  also,  hy  the  action  of  carbonate  of  potass  (pearlash)  upon  solutions  of  sea 
salt. — (See  Dakili.a  and  Kklp') 

Bicarbiiiiiite  of  .s»(/«— is  procured  by  driving  a  current  of  carbonic  acid  gas  through  soliitiniis  of  the 
carbonate,  and  then  evaporating  at  a  temperature  below  Sli"  Fahrenheit ;  it  is  chiefly  employed  in 
iiiakiuL' soda  water  powders.  This  is  the  carbonate  of  soda  of  the  I'harmacopa'ia.  By  the  ap]ilica- 
tion  of  a  red  heat  it  loses  carbonic  acid,  and  Is  converted  into  the  subcarlionale. 

Sulphate  «./  Huila,  or  Gliitiber  Halts.— 'l'\\\i  salt,  which  has  received  the  name  of  (ilaiiber,  from  it.s  dis- 
coverer, is  the  residue  of  a  great  niiiiiy  chemical  processes;  for  instance,  when  muriate  of  soda  is 
acted  upon  by  oil  of  vitriol,  muriatic  ai  id  and  s'llpbate  of  soda  result  ;  in  makinir  chlorine  0as  for  llie 
manufacture  of  the  chloride  oi  lime,  or  bleachiiiK  powder,  sulphate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  manganese 
result;  the  materials  employed  being  sea  sail,  sulphuric  acid  (oil  of  vitriol),  and  black  oxide  of  inaii- 
gaiiise  ;  also,  in  the  preparation  of  acetic  acid  fromthe  acetate  of  soda,  and  in  the  preparation  of  mu- 
riate of  ammonia  from  sea  salt  and  sulphate  of  ammonia.  Sulphate  of  soda  is  a  cidoiirless,  trans- 
parent salt,  etiloresces  readily  when  exposed  to  the  air,  and  becomes  converted  into  a  dry  powder ; 
it  lias  a  cold,  bitter  tiiste.  It  is  used  for  the  preparation  of  carbonate  of  soda,  and  as  a  medicine.  It 
is  tbunil  native  in  some  countries,  particularly  in  I'ersia  and  Smith  America — frequently  as  an  efflo- 
rescence upon  new  walls. 

jVitritie  of  ^iiilii. — This  salt  is  found  native  in  some  parts  of  the  East  Indies,  and  is  called  from  its 
square  torni,  cubic  nitre;  it  is,  however,  very  little  used. 

Muriate  of  Siiilii,  or  Sen  Salt. — This  compound  is  found  in  immense  quantities  in  the  earth,  and  is 
called  fViiiii  this  circumstance  rock  salt,  or  sal  ireni.  The  mines  of  (;li(>sliire  and  Droitwich,  in  this 
ciuintry,  and  those  in  Poland,  Hungary,  and  Spain,  and  many  others,  afford  immense  quantities  of 
this  compound.  It  is  also  obiained  by  the  evaporation  of  sea  water,  both  spontaneously  in  pits  formed 
for  the  purpose,  and  in  tame  iron  boilers  ;  the  uncrystallisable  fluid  is  called  the  bittern  ;  basket  salt 
is  made  by  placinn  the- salt  after  evaporation  in  conical  baskets,  and  passing  through  it  a  saturated 
solution  of  salt,  which  dissolves  and  carries  off  the  muriate  of  magnesia  or  lime.  I'lire  salt  should 
not  become  moist  by  exposure  to  the  air  ;  it  decrepitates  when  heated  ;  it  is  employed  for  the  prepa- 
ration of  niiirialic  acid,  carbonate  of  soda,  muriate  of  ammonia,  and  many  other  operations ;  jilso  in 
glazing  stone-ware,  pottery,  &,c.;  and  from  its  ttreat  antiseptic  properties,  is  used  largely  for  the  pre- 
servation of  animal  food  ;  as  a  dux  also  in  iiietallurgy. 

Biirnte  of  ifoilii,  or  Biiriir. — This  salt  is  found  in  Tliibetand  Pi^rsia,  deposited  from  saline  lakes;  it  is 
called  tiiical,  and  is  imported  into  this  country,  where  it  is  purified  hy  solution  ;  the  fatty  matter  with 
which  the  tiiical  is  always  coated  being  removed  ;  and  the  solution  evaporafeil  and  crystallised  :  its 
principal  uses  are  as  a  Hux,  from  its  acting  very  powerfully  upon  earthy  substances. 

.\LKANET,  OR  ANCHUSA  (Ger,  Orkanet  ,■  Da.  Onsehmr  ,■  Fr.  Orcaiutte ,■  It.  An- 
cusa  ,■  Sp.  Arcanefa),  a  species  ot"  bugloss  {Anchut<a  tindtrriu  IjIii.).  It  has  been  culti- 
vated in  EiiRland  ;  but  is  found  of  the  finest  tjuality  in  Siberia,  Spain,  and  more  particularly 
in  the  south  of  France,  in  the  vicinity  of  Montpeilier.  The  loots  -^f  ilic  plant  are  the  only 
parts  that  are  made  use  of.  When  in  perfection,  they  are  about  the  thickness  of  the  finger 
having  a  thick  bark  of  a  deep  purpli.sh  red  colour.  This,  when  separated  from  the  whitish 
woody  pith,  imparts  a  fine  deep  red  to  alcohol,  oils,  wax,  and  all  unctuous  substances.  To 
water  it  gives  only  a  dull  brownish  hue.  It  is  principally  employed  to  tint  pomatums  and 
unguents,  wax  used  in  the  making  of  fancy  candles,  oils  employed  in  the  dressing  of  ma- 
hogany, rose-wood,  &c.  The  alkanet  brought  from  Constantinople  yields  a  more  beautiful 
but  less  permanent  dye  than  that  of  France.— (LeiviVs  Mat.  Med. ;  Magnien,  DidUmnuire 
des  Produdions.) 

The  diity,_^\vhich  was  previously  very  oppressive,  was  reduced  in  18.12  to  2.?.  a  cwt.  In  that  year  it 
produced  1,787/.  is.  Sd.  This,  supposing  il  to  have  been  all  charged  with  the  '2s.  u;ity,  shows  a  con- 
sumption of  I7,IS72  cwt.    The  price  varies  from  a7s.  to  ,tis.  a  cwt. 

ALLOWANCES,  TARES,  &c.  In  selling  goods,  or  in  payinc;  duties  v.pon  them,  cer- 
taiti  deductions  are  made  from  their  weights,  depending  on  the  nature  of  the  packages  in 
which  they  are  enclosed,  and  which  are  regulated  in  most  instances  by  the  custom  of  mer- 


32 


ALMONDS. 


rhants,  and  the  rules  laid  down  by  pul)lk-  oiriccs.  Tlipso  allowancos,  as  they  are  termed,  are 
distinguished  by  the  epillietn  Drufty  Tan;  Trett,  and  i'lajf'. 

Dnift  is  n  deduction  from  tlio  originiil  or  gross  Wfijjlil  of  goods,  and  is  suMracted  before  the  tare  is 
taken  ort". 

Tare  is  an  allowance  for  tlic  weight  of  the  h:\g,  box,  cask,  or  other  package,  in  whicli  t'ooda  are 

WCIgli'Ml. 

Heal  or  open  tare  is  tlic  actual  weiclit  of  tlin  parkac"'. 

Ciisloiiinry  tart  is,  as  ils  iianii-  implies,  an  csl^ilplislii'd  allowance,  for  the  weight  of  the  package. 

Computed  tare  is  an  estiiiiatcil  allowanci;  afiri'e<l  upon  at  the  tiini'. 

Average  tare  is  wlicn  a  tew  packages  only  among  several  are  weighed,  tlicirmcan  or  average  taken, 
and  the  rest  tared  ai'cnr(lins;ly. 

Super-tare  is  an  addilioaal  allowance,  or  tare,  where  the  coniinodily  or  package  exceeds  a  certain 
weit'lit. 

When  tare  is  allowed,  the  remainder  is  called  the  nett  weight;  hut  if  trett  be  allowed,  it  is  called 
the  .iiiltle  ti'FiiiUt. 

TritI  is  a  deduction  of  4  lbs.  from  every  101  lbs.  of  suttic!  weight. 

This  allowance,  which  is  said  to  lie  lor  dust  or  sand,  or  for  tli(!  waste  or  w(STr  of  the  coninindity,  was 
formerly  made  on  most  foreign  articles  sohl  by  the  pound  avoirdupois;  but  it  is  now  marly  discon- 
tinued by  merchants,  or  else  allowed  in  the  price.  It  is  wh(dly  abolished  at  the  liust  India  ware- 
houses in  London  ;  ami  neillier  trett  nor  draft  is  allowed  at  the  (,'ustom-honse. 

Cloff,  or  clouirh,  is  another  allowanci!  tliat  is  nearly  obsol.Ii'.  It  is  stated  in  arithmetical  books  to 
be  a  deduction  of  2  lbs.  (rinw  i^very  cwt.  of  the  .leroiitl  mittlr  ;  that  is,  the  remainder  alter  trett  is  sub- 
tracted ;  but  merchiints,  at  present,  know  c  lotfonly  as  a  siiiiill  deduction,  like  draft,  from  the  original 
Weight,  and  this  only  from  two  or  three  articles.— (See  h'lllij'.i  Caviliist,  art.  •'  London.") 

For  an  account  of"the  tares  and  allowunces  at  London,  see  Tabk;  for  tlie  tares  and  allowances  at 
the  (tnr.it  foreii'n  tiading  towns,  see  tlieir  names. 

ALMONDS  {Otx.  Mandelii  i  Hu.  Amandekn  ;  Ft.  Antandes ;  It.  Matidorli ,-  Sp.  Al- 
mendm  ;  Fort.  Amendtt ,-  Uus,  MIndut ,-  Lat.  Ami/irddlw  uinuric,  dukes),  a  kinii  oi medi- 
cinal fruit,  contained  in  a  hard  shell,  that  is  enclosed  in  a  tough  sort  of  cotton  skin.  The 
tree  (Aiiti/i^dafus  coinruunia)  which  produces  this  fruit  nearly  resembles  the  peach  both  in 
leaves  and  blossoms ;  it  grows  spontaneously  only  in  warm  countries,  as  Spain,  and  par- 
ticularly Barbary.  It  flowers  early  in  the  spring,  and  produces  fruit  in  August,  Alinonda 
are  of  two  sorts,  sweet  and  bitter.  They  are  not  distinguishable  from  each  other  but  by  the 
taste  of  the  kernel  or  fruit.  "  The  Valentia  idmond  is  sweet,  large,  and  flat-pointed  at  one 
extremity,  and  compressed  in  the  middle.  The  Italian  almonds  are  not  so  sweet,  smaller, 
and  less  depressed  in  the  middle.  The  Jcrdan  almonds  come  from  Malaga,  and  are  the  best 
sweet  almonds  brought  to  England.  They  are  longer,  flatter,  less  poinU-d  at  one  end  and 
less  round  at  the  other,  and  have  a  paler  cuticle  than  those  we  have  described.  The  sweet 
almonds  are  imported  in  mats,  casks,  and  boxes;  the  bitter,  which  come  chiefly  from  Moga- 
dore,  arrive  in  boxes." — (Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

An  Account  of  the  ditTerent  Descriptions  of  Almonds  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  in  the  Years 
18;fl  and  lH:i2,  the  Kates  of  Duty  thereon,  the  Produce  of  the  Duties,  with  the  countries  from  whence 
the  Almonds  were  bronitlit.  and  specifying  the  (Quantities  brought  from  each. — (Obtained  from  tho 
Custom-lwufe  for  this  Work.) 


Quantities 

Imported. 

Countries  fromwliicn 

imported. 

Bilter  AlmrmJs. 

Jordan  AlmonJj. 

Alrnnnds  of  other  sorts.         1 

1831. 

1832. 

1831. 

1832. 

1831. 

1832. 

Cwt.  qrs.  111. 

Cwl. 

tin.  lbs. 

Cull.  (in.  lla. 

Cwt.  q„.  Ibl. 

Cwt.  f/rs.  lbs. 

Cwl. 

qra.  lb$. 

Germany 

- 

. 

22 

2    5 

— 

_ 

103      3     2 

5 

0    8 

The  Netherlands 

- 

. 

21 

2  24 

. 

» 

0 

1    9 

France 

- 

56    1  22 

43 

1  24 

. 

. 

550    0  22 

549 

1  12 

Portugal,      Azores, 
and  Madeira 

- 

1    2  24 

1    2  10 

0    1    8 

331     2  25 

339 

3    2 

Spain 

1    3    6 

2 

2  16 

2,361     2    3 

1,333    3  U 

2,618    2  10 

1,835 

3  17 

Gibraltar   - 

- 

193    3    7 

. 

_ 

130    0  23 

0    0  18 

232    0  22 

86 

1   12 

Italy 

- 

22    2    6 

18 

2  24 

0    2    0 

0    0    2 

151     3  15 

140 

0    5 

Malta 

- 

_ 

_ 

_ 

0     1     5 

0    0    6 

0    0  27 

Turkey 

- 

_ 

_ 

_ 

0    0  13 

_ 

_ 

Tripoli,  Barbary,  and  \ 
Morocco      -        -   5 

3,115    3  24 

2,697 

0  21 

m. 

. 

5,138    2  11 

6,019 

3  15 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

- 

. 

_ 

. 

. 

0    0    6 

0 

0  14 

Easi  Indies 

- 

. 

_ 

_ 

_ 

. 

1     0  23 

0 

1  24 

U.  States  of  America 

101 

3  13 

. 

_ 

Isles    of    Gaernsey 
Jersey,  and  Man 

Total 

} 

- 

-■      - 

1     1  27 

7    0     1 

25 

3  14 

3,3(12    1     5   12,908 

0  15 

2,194    0  13 

l,;i35    3  16 

9,135    2    9 

9,002 

0  20 

Rates  of  Di 

ity  per  Cwt. 

£  s.    d. 

£ 

s.   d. 

£    .•,-.    rf. 

;£   .f.    //. 

£     .9.     d. 

£ 

.9.     d. 

From  Fofpign  Counlriej 

1  11     8 

0 

4    0 

4  15    0 

2    0    0 

2    7    6 

1 

0    0 

From  British  Postesiioas 

0  15  10 

U 

4    0 

2    7    6 

1    0    0 

2    7    6 

1 

0    0 

Nett  produce  of  the  Duties. 

2,260    6    2 

1,069 

17    1 

7,830    5  11 

5,092    0    6 

7,850  17    6 

5,466 

5    7 

Dtilien  n 
thi'  llritisi 
It  liiriher 
eivlilh  par 
sliowiiii!  tl 
aliiMiiiils  ii 
wliiit  it  hai 
exactly  sin 
The  fair  pt 
(iulies,  \\\\ 

.Mmoiiils 
llarbary  (b 

[Almori 
France  ati 
Afexieo.- 


(iiiardaf 
is  in  piei 
reduced  to 
aromatic  oi 
yet  is  sutfic 
ijiit  is  verv  i 
0.  lleimtii 
till!  JiliiF  /)--• 
funis  its  V 
Hocotrine 


ALOES— ALUM. 


33 


ler  sorts. 

1832. 

'Wl.  qrs.  tbt. 

5     0     8 

0     1     9 

549     1  12 

139    3    2 

*35    3  17 
Hfi     1   12 
.10    0    5 

)19    3  15 

0    0  14 
0    1  24 

25    3  14 

102    0  20 

£   s.    d. 
I     0    0 
1    0    0 

)6    5    7 

Diilirs on ^lmnvdii.~VTi'\\n\\<i}y  to  Ifi32,  nlmoniln  wnro  nmonsthp  mnsit  ernssly  nvrrtnxod  nrtirles  in 
till'  llritisli  liirill';  hut  tin.'  .■iiilijiiincil  slalrinriil  shown  thiil  Ihi-  ihilii's  uirr  thru  iiiultrliilly  rciliicnl 
It  fiirlhrr  iippi'iirs  fniiii  it,  lliat  thmmli  the  duly  on  hitter  aliiKMiils  in  1^3-2  iiiiKnintcil  looijly  iihoiil  our- 
cifhlh  part  ol  iiH  ninoiint  in  IHHl,  thr  rrvcMiiif  (h'rivcd  Croiii  Ihcin  ilid  not  fall  otf  more  than  about  hall', 
Hhowini!  that  the  ronsiiinplioii  had  increaHed  In  a  ^ein//)/!;  proportion  !  'Ihe  revenue  from  Jordan 
almonds  in  IKIl  wanT.KKI/.  ;  ami  in  l^.Ti,  ,MI!W.  ;  Ihoimli  the  diitv  in  the  latter  year  was  les.-<  than  half 
what  it  harl  heen  in  tlio  t'ormer.  The  results  of  the  rednetion  of  the  duty  on  other  sorts  of  alinoml.<i  arH 
evaitly  similar.  This,  therefore,  is  a  strikinc  instance  of  the  heneliiial  intliieme  of  reasonahle  duties. 
The  fair  |iresiimplion  is,  that  in  a  few  years  Ihe  revenue  from  almonds,  umltr  thu  i)rt;seiit  nmderute 
ilnlies,  will  he  ninrh  iireater  than  it  has  ever  Immmi  timJiT  the  liijih  dntieg. 

.Mtnomls  were  wurtli,  in  homl,  in  the  l.omlon  market,  in  Anenst  \^Xi,  Jordan, 75«.  to  100«,  per  cwt.; 
Harhary  (hitler),  3li.  per  ditto  ;  Valencia  (sweet),  7'iv.  to  7;"w.  per  ditto. 

[Almonds  are  chii'fly  iinportnl  into  tlic  United  States  from  the  Mediterranean  iiorts  of 
Frunee  and  Sjmin ;  and  only  an  inconsiderable  amount  ia  re-exported,  for  the  most  part  to 
Mexico. — Am.  Ed.] 

ALOf]S  (Du.  A/oe  ,•  Fr.  Alnr.i  ,•  Ocr.  and  Lat.  Aloe.-  Kns.  Sabir  ,■  Sii.Aloc,-  Arab. 
Mucihur),  a  liitier,  gummy,  resinous,  inspissatetl  juice,  obtained  from  the  leaves  of  the  plant 
of  the  same  name.  There  arc  four  sorts  of  aloes  met  with  in  commerce  ;  viz.  Sucolrine, 
Hepatic,  ('iibal/ine,  and  Cape. 

1.  SiirnirinesTi  railed  from  the  island  nf  Sncntrn,  in  the  Indian  Ooonn,  not  very  distant  from  Cape 
(Jnardaliii,  where  the  plant  (.^lne-.ipirntn).  of  wliich  this  specii'S  is  the  prodnce,  irrows  ahnnilaiitly.  It 
is  in  pieces  of  a  reildish  hrown  c<doiir,  elossy  as  if  varnishi'd,  and  in  soiiii!  d('«re(!  pellucid.  \Vlien 
rednced  to  powder,  it  is  of  a  hrislit  ^'(ddi'n  c(donr.  Its  taste  is  e.xtremely  hitter;  and  it  has  a  pecniiur 
aromatic  odonr.  not  ntdike  that  of  the  nissi-i  apple  decayinsr.  It  s(d'lens  in  the  hand,  and  is  adiiesivc  ; 
yet  is  sntticieiitly  pnlvenileiit.  It  is  iin|)orled  hy  way  oi'  .Smyrnu  and  Alexandria,  in  chests  and  casks, 
lint  is  vi'ry  scarce  in  Kiiyland. 

2.  Ilcimiir. — The  real  hepatic  aines,  po  railed  from  its  liver  rnlniir,  is  lielieved  tn  hi!  tho  produce  of 
the  Jiliie  prrfiilinid,  which  prows  in  Vemen  in  Arahia,  from  which  it  ise.\porleil  to  llomhay,  whence  it 
finds  its  \v;iy  to  I'.iirope.  It  is  duller  in  Ihe  colour,  liitteri'r,  and  has  a  less  pleasant  aroma  than  the 
hocotrine  aloes,  for  which,  however,  it  is  somi'times  sniistitnted.  Ilarliadoes  aloes,  which  is  often 
passed  otf  for  the  hepatic,  is  Ihe  produce  of  the  jJ/i.c  viilffuri-i.  It  is  hrouL'ht  home  in  calaliashea,  or 
lame  coiird  shells,  cnntainini,'  from  (iO  to  70  lbs.  It  is  duskier  in  its  hue  Ih.in  the  llomhay,  or  real  he- 
patic aloes,  and  the  taste  is  more  nauseous,  und  intensely  hilti^r.  The  colour  of  the  powder  is  u  dull 
olive  yellow. 

3.  dnhiilline.  or  irorsr,  .^Iopk  ifvvms  to  ho  merely  the  coarsest  species  or  refuse  of  the  Barbadoes 
nloes.     It  is  used  only  in  veterinary  medicine  ;  mid  is  easily  distiimnished  by  its  rank  fa'tid  smell. 

4.  Cape  Jlloe.f  is  the  prodnce  of  the  Mine  Kpiralii.  which  is  found  in  ureal  abundance  in  the  interior 
of  the  ("ape  colony,  and  in  Melinda.  The  latter  furnishes  Ihe  preater  part  of  the  e.Mractsold  in  Ku- 
rnpe  under  the  name  of  Socotrine  aloes.  The  odour  of  the  Cape  aloes  is  stronger  und  more  disapree- 
[ible  than  that  of  the  .'Socotrine ;  they  have,  also,  a  yellower  hue  on  the  outside;  are  less  glossy, 
softer,  and  more  pliable  ;  the  colour  ofthe  powder  is  more  like  that  of  ganilioge  than  that  of  the  true 
^>ocotrine  aloes. — (.linslie'n  Jfal.  Iiitlini  ;  'I liomnon'ii  iJinpeiisalnrii  and  Altit.  JUedka.) 

Last  year  the  duty  on  aloes  was  reduced  lo  'id.  per  lb.  on  those  from  a  lirilisli  possession,  and  to 
Hrf.  on  those  from  a  t'oreian  country.  The  duty  produced  1,H1(V.  C)s.  2rf.  ofiielt  revenue;  hut  as  Ihe  old 
rates  of  duty  e.visted  during  a  part  of  the  year,  it  does  not  afford  the  means  of  determining  the  con- 
sumption. 

ALOES-WOOD  (GcT.  Aloefwh ;  Da.  Aloehouf,  Paradi/shouf ,-  Fr.  Bois  (T  Aloh .-  It. 
Leipiu  di.  Aloe,-  Sp.  Aloe  ehino ;  Lat.  Lignum  Aloes;  Sans.  A  guru  ;  Malay,  Agi/a; 
Siam.  Ki.ma),  the  produce  of  a  large  forest  tree,  to  be  found  in  most  of  the  countries  be- 
tween China  and  India,  from  the  24th  degree  of  north  latitude  to  the  equator. 

It  seems  to  he  the  result  of  a  diser.scd  action  confined  to  n  small  part  of  a  few  trees,  of  which  the 
rest  of  the  wood  is  wholly  valueless.  It  appears  to  be  more  or  less  frequent  according  to  soil  and 
climate,  and  from  the  same  causes  tn  ditl'er  materially  in  ()uality.  It  is  produced  both  in  Ihe  greatest 
quantity  and  perfection  in  Ihe  countries  and  islands  on  the  east  coast  ofthe  gulf  of  Siani.  This  article 
is  ill  high  repute  for  fumigations,  and  as  incense,  in  all  Hindu,  M(diammedan,nnd  Catholic  countries. 
It  formerly  iirought  a  very  liigh  price,  being  at  one  time  reckoned  nearly  as  valuable  as  gold.  It  is 
now  comparatively  cheap,  though  the  finest  specimena  are  still  very  dear.  The  accounts  of  this  ar- 
ticle in  most  hooks,  even  of  good  authority,  are  singularly  contradictory  and  inaccurate.  This  is  more 
surprising,  as  La  I.oub^re  has  distinctly  stated,  that  it  consisted  only  of  "  certains  endroils  corrontpua 
dans  des  arbres  d'lnie  cerUiine  esp(ce.  Tonte  arlire  de  ccttc  espire  n'eii  a  pas  ;  et  cenx  qui  en  ont,  ne  les 
vtit  pas  luus  en  mimecndroUV—(\U^yti\\m^'  de  Siam,  t.  i.  p.  45.  12mo  ed.)  The  dithcujty  of  finding  the 
trees  which  happen  to  be  diseased,  and  of  getting  at  tlie  diseased  portion,  has  given  rise  to  the  fables 
that  have  been  current  as  to  its  origin.  Tlie  late  Dr.  Uoxburgh  introduced  the  tree  which  yields  this 
production  into  the  Kotanical  (jarden  at  Calcutta,  from  the  hills  to  the  eastward  of  Sylhet,  and  de- 
scribed it  under  Mie  name  of  Aqidllaria  Agalocha. 

ALUM  {Ger.Alaun  ,•  Du.  Aluin ;  Fr.  Aliin  ,•  It.  Alluvie;  Sp.  AUumhre ;  Pus.  Kwasszd; 
Lat.  Alumen  ,-  Arab.  Sheh),  a  salt  of  great  importance  in  the  arts,  consisting  of  a  ternary 
compound  of  aluminum,  or  pure  argillaceous  earth,  potass,  and  sulphuric  acid.  Alum  is 
sometimes  found  native  ;  but  by  far  the  greater  part  of  that  which  is  met  with  in  commerce 
is  artificially  prepared.  The  best  alum  is  the  Roman,  or  that  which  is  manufactured  near 
Civita  Vecchia,  in  the  Papal  territory.  It  is  in  irregular,  ochtahedral,  cry.stalline  masses, 
about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  and  is  opaque,  being  covered  on  the  surface  with  a  farinaceous 
efflorescence.  The  Levant,  or  Roch  alum  is  in  fragments,  about  the  size  of  the  former,  but 
in  which  the  crystalline  form  is  more  obscure;  it  is  externally  of  a  dirty  rose-colour,  and 
internally  exhibits  the  same  tinge,  but  clearer.  It  is  usually  shipped  for  Europe  from 
Smyrna;  but  it  was  anciently  made  at  Roccha,  or  Edessa.  in  Syria;  and  hence  its  name, 
Roch  alum.  English  alum  is  in  large,  irregular,  semi-transparent,  colourless  masses,  having 
a  glassy  fracture ;  not  efflorescent,  and  considerably  harder  than  the  others.    It  is  very 


84 


AMBER— AMIANTHUS. 


inferior  to  oithrr  tho  Roniiin  or  Rorh  iiluni.  Tho  principnl  iisr  of  iiliim  is  in  tlie  nrt  of 
(lyoincr,  na  (I  mordant  f"f  llxiiig  and  Biviiig  ponnancncy  to  colours  wliich  otherwise  would 
notadlipro  at  all,  or  but  for  a  very  short  time  ;  but  it  is  also  used  for  a  great  variety  of  other 
purposes. 

ncrkniaiin  lias  sliinvn  (Ifiitary  af  Tnrriilioiif:,  vol,  i.  art.  "  Alum")  that  tlic  atu'lPiils  wrrt!  iinar- 
(|iiaiiil('(l  with  alum,  and  that  the  siitislaiirc  wliiili  they  drsiu'tiati'ij  as  surli  was  iiirrrly  vitrinlic  earth. 
It  WHS  first  (lisriivcrt'il  hy  tin- Oriciitalfl,  wIid  cstahlislicil  ahiiii  wiirk<  iiiS\rla  in  tliu  llilrlrciith  or 
t'liiirti'i'iith  I'lMitiiry.  Thi'  iihlesl  alum  works  in  KMrope  with  erriti'il  ahoni  tiir  miililli!  ot'thc  lil'ti'i'ntli 
icnlnry.  Tow.irds  tin'  conrlnsiDn  of  tin'  rriun  of  Unrrn  lOli/.alii'lli,  Sir  'I'lioinas  ChaloniT  cslahlishrd 
thi'  first  alnrn  work  in  r,iii;laiid.  ni'ar  Wliltliy.  in  Vorkshiro,  wlicri'  lln'  ]>rin(i|ial  works  of ihi;  sort  in 
this  country  are  still  larrini  on.  'I'lirri'  is  a  larne  ainiii  work  at  llnrli'tt,  nrar  I'aisli'V.  Alum  is 
laru'i'ly  nianufactiired  in  Cliiiia,  and  istlii'iicc  exported  to  ull  the  western  Asiatic  coiiiitrieu.  In  Itilll, 
11,77!)  piciils  ('fib  tons)  were  e.vportcd  from  Canton. 

AMBER    (Gc.T.  liernsfehi ;  Du.  liarnsfefn  ;  Da.  Herns/ cm,  Jiav. ;  Ft,  Amhre  jatine; 

It.  Ainhra  ir'niUa  ,-  8p.  Ainfmr  ,■  Kus.  Jmilur,-  Pol.  liinvzfi/ii ,-  Lat.  SiicrinuDi,  Ekctrtim), 

a  brittle,  liglit,  hard  sul)staiiee,  usually  nearly  transparent,  sometimes  nearly  colourless,  but 

cotnmotdy  yellow,  or  even  deep  brown.     It  has  considerable  lustre.     S])eeific  gravity  1*0()5. 

It  is  found  in  nodules  or  rounded  masses,  varyinc;  from  the  size  of  coar.se  sand  to  that  of  a 

man's  hand.     It  is  tasteless,  without  smell,  excejit  when  pounded  or  heated,  when  it  emits  a 

frasirant  odour.     It  is  liighly  electric.     Most  authors  assert  that  atnbcr  is  bituminous  ;  but 

Dr.  Thomson  states,  that  "  it  is  undoubtedly  of  a  vegetable  origin  ;  and  though  itdiHers  from 

resins  in  some  of  its  properties,  yet  it  agrees  with  them  in  so  many  others,  that  it  may  witii- 

out  impropriety  be  referred  to  them." — (^C/iemix/ri/,  vol.  iv.  j).  147.  .5th  ed.) 

Pieces  of  anilier  occasionally  enclose  parts  of  toads  and  insect?  in  their  siilistancc,  which  art;  heaii- 
tifiilly  preserved.  It  is  principally  found  on  the  shores  of  I'onierania  and  Polish  Prussia;  hut  it  id 
Roiiietimes  diisr  out  of  the  earth  in  Piical  Prussia.  It  is  also  met  with  on  the  hanks  of  the  river  (iia- 
reita.  in  Sicily.  Sometimes  it  is  found  on  the  east  coast  of  Itrilain.  and  in  travel  pits  round  Lon- 
don. The  larijest  mass  of  aiiiher  ever  loiind  was  L'ot  near  the  surface?  of  the  (.'rfuiiid  in  Lithuania. 
It  weifilis  l.S  Ills.,  and  is  preserved  in  the  royal  cahiuet  at  llerlin.  Most  of  the  amiier  imported  into 
this  country  comes  from  the  Italtic,  hut  a  small  qnaiitily  comes  t'rom  Sicily.  Aiiilier  was  in  very  liigli 
estiniiition  amonf;  the  anciiMits,  hiil  is  now  comparatively  iietilected. 

AMBER-GRIS,  on  AMBER-GREASE  (Ger.  Amber ,-  Bii.  Amber ,-  Yr.  Amber<i;rh ; 
It,  Ambrit-gr!n;!u ;  S\t,  Ambiir-ijrri.i ,-  J.at,  Ambra,  Ambra  ij;n'sea),  a  solid,  opaque,  gene- 
rally ash-coloured,  fatty,  inflammable  substance,  variegated  like  marble,  reinarkably  light, 
rugged  and  uneven  in  its  surface,  and  has  a  fragrant  odour  when  heated  ;  it  does  not  etVer- 
vesce  with  acids,  melts  freely  over  the  fire  into  a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  hardly  .soluble 
in  spirit  of  wine.  It  is  found  on  the  sea-coast,  or  floating  on  the  sea,  near  the  coasts  of  India, 
Africa,  and  Brazil,  usually  in  small  pieces,  but  sometimes  in  masses  of  ."iO  or  100  lbs.  weight. 
"  Various  opinions  have  been  entertained  respecting  its  origin.  Some  adirmed  that  it  was 
the  concrete  juice  of  a  tree,  others  thought  it  a  bitumen  ;  but  it  is  now  considered  as  pretty 
well  established  that  it  is  a  concretion  formed  in  the  stomach  or  intestines  of  the  P/ii/nefer 
macrocephaUis,  or  spermaceti  whale. — {Thomsnn'x  Chemistri/.)  Amberjiris  ought  to  bo 
cho.sen  in  large  pieces,  of  an  agreeable  odour,  entirely  grey  on  the  outside,  and  grey  with 
little  black  spots  within.  The  purchaser  should  be  very  cautious,  as  this  article  is  easily 
counterfeited  with  gums  and  other  drugs. 

AMETHYST  (Ger.  Amctfii/sf ;  Fr.  Amefhi/stc  ,■  It.  Amatisfa  ,•  Sp.  Amethtn ;  Lat. 
Amethjjsfus),  a  precious  stone,  of  which  there  are  two  species  dillering  widely  in  quality 
and  value. 

The  Oriental  amethyst  is  a  Rem  of  the  innst  perfect  violet  colour,  and  of  extraordinary  hrilliancy  and 
beauty.  It  is  said  to  he  as  hard  as  the  sapphire  or  rnhy,  with  which  it  also  corresponds  in  its  form 
and  specific  gravity — (See  SAPPillRf:),  ditferiiig  in  colour  merely.  It  has  heeu  met  with  in  India,  Per- 
sia, Siam,  and  other  countries;  hut  it  is  exceedinilly  scarce.  That  found  in  India  is  said  liy  I'liiiy  to 
be  the  best.  {I'rincipatum  ame.thy.fli  Indine  tenent. — Nat.  Hist.  lib.  xxxvii.  cap.  ().)  Mr.  Mawe,  says 
he  had  rarely  seen  an  oriental  amethyst  nlfered  for  sahi,  unless  small  and  inferior  in  colour.  Mr. 
Hope,  the  author  of  Anastasius,  had  in  his  cabinet  the  finest  pern  of  this  sort  in  I'iiirope.  This  exqui- 
site specimen  exceeds  an  inch  in  its  ijreatest  diaiiK^ter;  in  daylight  it  exhibits  the  most  beautiful  vio- 
let colour,  while  by  candle-light  it  is  a  decided  blue. 

The  Orciilental  amethyst  is  merely  coloured  crystal  or  quartz. — "  When  perfect,  its  colour  resembles 
that  of  the  violet,  or  piirple  grape  ;  but  it  not  iinfreiiueiitly  happens  that  the  tinge  is  confined  to  oiio 
jiart  of  the  stone  only,  while  the  other  is  left  almost  colmirless.  When  it  possesses  a  richness,  clear- 
ness, and  nniforniity  of  hue,  it  is  considered  a  gem  of  exquisite  beauty  ;  and  as  it  occurs  of  consider- 
able size,  it  is  suited  to  all  ornamental  purposes.  In  specific  aravity  and  hardness  it  betirs  no  com- 
parison with  the  oriental  amethyst  ;  it  is  also  inferior  in  b(raiity  and  lustre  ;  thoiijih  I  have  often  si'eu 
the  common  amethyst  oirered  for  sale  as  oriental.  Urazll,  Siheria,  and  Ceylon  produce  very  fine  ame- 
thysts :  they  are  found  in  rolled  pieces  in  the  alluvial  soil,  and  finely  cry.stallised  In  fissures  of  rock. 
From  the  first  of  these  localities,  they  have  latidy  been  imported  in  such  (iiiantilies,  as  consider.ihly 
to  d.ninish  their  value  ;  but  as  they  are  the  only  coloured  stones,  e.\ce|)t  iiarneis.  that  are  worn  with 
inoiirninL',  they  still  retain,  wIkmi  perfect,  a  distinguished  rank  aiiiomi  the  precious  ni'iiis.  The  pre- 
sent price  of  inferior  liuht-coloiired  stones,  in  the  roiiL'h  state,  is  alioiit  t!ll.v.  per  pound,  while  those  of 
pood  quality  sell  at  lO.v.  or  12.v.  per  ounce.  Amethysls  calcnl.ited  for  lirooilies  or  se.ils  may  be  pur- 
chased at  from  l.j.<.  to  two  or  three  guineas  each,  tor  which,  ten  years  ago,  treble  that  sum  u  ould  have 
been  given."— (.Vh/cc  on  liiamonih,  '2ded.  pp.  115—117.) 

AMIANTHUS,  ASBESTOS  on  MOILNTAIN  FLAX,  a  mineral  of  which  there  arc 
several  varieties,  all  more  or  less  fibrous,  flexile,  and  elastic.  It  is  inconsuamble  by  a  high 
degree  of  huat ;  and  in  antiquity  the  art  was  discovered  of  drawing  the  fibres  into  threads, 


1 


as  pretty 

riii/seter 

ught  to  lie 

grey  vvitli 

le  is  easily 


illiancy  and 
ill  its  form 
India,  Per- 
ly  I'liiiy  to 

Miiwo,  says 

■nloiir.  Mr. 
I'liis  <\\(iiil- 

aiitiful  vii). 

rpseiiiblrs 
iiii'd  to  Olio 
iicss,  cli'ar- 
it'coiisidiT- 
irs  no  rom- 

ot'tcn  s<'(!ii 
liMi'iiiiii',- 
rc's  of  rork. 
iiiisidcraldy 

worn  Willi 
Till'  prc- 
ilfi  tliiisc  of 
iiy  III'  piir- 
vviiiildhavo 


tlicre  are 
liy  a  hi'jfh 
.0  threads, 


AMMONIACUM— AMSTERDAM. 


35 


and  then  weaving  them  into  eloth.  Pliny  says  that  he  had  seen  napkins  made  of  this  sub- 
stance, which,  wiicn  soiled,  were  thrown  into  the  (ire,  and  that  tliey  were  lietter  cleaned  iiy 
this  means  than  they  could  have  been  by  washing !  Hence  il  obtained  from  the  lireeks 
llie  name  of  A^(:<VTc?  (unilefiled).  Its  principal  use,  as  stated  by  Pliny,  was  to  wrap  the 
bodies  of  the  dead  previously  to  their  being  exposed  on  the  funeral  [lile,  that  the  ashes  of  the 
corpse  might  not  be  mixed  with  those  of  the  wood.  And  in  corroboration  of  this  statement 
wc  may  mention,  that  in  1702,  a  skull,  some  calcined  liones,  and  a  quantity  of  ashes,  were 
found  ut  Rome,  in  a  cloth  of  amianthus  tiine  Homaii  palms  in  length  by  sevt  n  in  width.  Its 
employment  in  this  way  was,  however,  confined  to  a  few  of  the  very  richest  families,  incom- 
bustilile  eloth  being  very  scarce,  and  bringing  an  enormously  high  price.  Kunnii  iiirriitii, 
dijfkilc  lextu  /im/jfcr  hrcvitatuiu.  Cum  immhiiii  ent  wr/uiil  jintia  ixccllcntium  r.tir/^a- 
rilitruin. — (Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xi.x.  cap.  1.)  The  disuse  of  the  practice  of  cremation,  or  of 
burning  the  dead,  caused  the  manufacture  of  amianthine  cloth  to  be  neglected,  Several 
moderns  have,  however,  succeeded  in  making  it ;  but,  if  it  be  not  lost,  the  art  is  now  rarely 
practised. — (For  further  particulars,  see  Rtes's  Ci/cliijnvditi.) 

AMMOiVIACUM  {Vr.  Giintint  Aiiirnonlaijuc  ,■  It.  (lamina  Ammnniaco ;  Sp.  Gonia 
AmiiKiniuMi ;  Lat.  Ainmoniacuin  ,-  Arab.  Fcs/ioti/f),  a  concrete  resinous  juice  obtained  from 
u  plant  resembling  fennel,  found  in  the  north  of  Africa,  Arabia,  Persia,  the  f]ast  Indies,  &e. 
Pliny  says  that  it  derived  its  name  from  its  being  produced  in  tlie  vicinity  of  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Amnion  in  Africa. — {Hist.  Nut.  lib.  xii.  cap.  2;}.)  It  has  a  faint  but  not  ungrateful 
smell ;  and  a  bitter,  nauseous,  sweet  taste.  The  fragments  are  yellow  on  the  outside  and 
white  within,  brittle,  and  break  with  a  vitreous  fracture  ;  their  specilic  gravity  is  1"207. 
The  best  anmioiiiacum  is  brought  from  Persia  by  Bombay  and  Calcutta,  packed  in  cases 
and  chests.  It  is  in  large  masses,  composed  of  small  round  fragments  or  tears,  or  in  separate 
drj'  tears,  wliich  is  generally  considered  a  sign  of  its  goodness.  The  tears  should  be  white 
internally  and  externally,  and  free  from  seeds  or  other  foreign  substances.  Reject  that  which 
is  soft,  dark-coloured,  and  foul.  It  is  used  principally  in  the  materia  medica,  and  the  tjuan- 
tity  imported  is  but  small. — {Recs's  C yclopaidia ;  Thumson's  Dispensatory  ,•  MilOurn's 
Orient.  Com.  <Sfc.) 

AMMONIAC  (SAL).    Sec  Alkaliks  (Muriate  of  Ammonia). 

AMMUNITION,  a  term  expressive  of  the  various  implements  used  in  war. 

No  ammunition  can  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  by  way  of  merchandise,  except 
by  licence  from  his  Majesty,  and  such  licence  is  to  be  granted  for  furnishing  his  Majesty's 
stores  only,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture. — (6  Geo.  4.  c.  107.)  His  Majesty  may  forbid,  by 
order  in  council,  the  exportation  of  any  saltpetre,  gunpowder,  or  any  sort  of  ammunition. 
Any  master  of  a  vessel  exporting  ammunition  when  so  forbidden,  f-hall  for  every  sucholFence 
forfeit  100/.—  (29  Geo.  2.  c.  16.) 

AMSTERDAM,  the  principal  city  of  Holland,  situated  on  the  Y,  an  arm  of  the  Zuyder 
Zee,  in  lat.  52°  2.")'  N.,  and  long.  4°  40'  E.  From  1580  to  1750,  Amsterdam  was,  per- 
haps, the  first  commercial  city  of  Europe;  and  though  her  trade  has  experienced  a  great 
falling  off  since  the  last-mentioned  epoch,  it  is  still  very  considerable.  In  1785,  the  popula- 
tion is  said  to  have  amounted  to  235,000;  in  1814,  it  had  declined  to  180,000,  but  at  present 
it  exceeds  200,000.     The  harbour  is  spacious  and  the  water  deep ;  but  on  account  of  a 

nk  (the  Pampus)  where  the  Y  joins  the  Zuyder  Zee,  large  vessels  going  or  coming  by 

at  sea,  are  obliged  to  load  and  unload  a  part  of  their  cargoes  in  the  loads.  The  navigation 
of  the  Zuyder  Zee  is  also,  by  reason  of  its  numerous  shallows,  very  intricate  and  difiicult ; 
and  as  there  were  no  hopes  of  remedying  this  defect,  it  became  necessary  to  resort  to  other 
means  for  improving  the  access  to  the  port.  Of  the  various  plans  suggested  for  this  pur- 
pose, the  preference  was  given  to  the  scheme  for  cutting  a  canal  capable  of  admitting  tho 
largest  class  of  merchantmen,  from  the  north  side  of  the  port  of  Amsterdam  to  Newdiep, 
opposite  to  the  Texel,  and  a  little  to  the  east  of  the  Helder.  This  canal  has  fully  answered 
the  views  of  the  projectors,  and  has  proved  of  signal  service  to  Amsterdam,  by  enabling 
ships  to  avoid  the  Pampus,  as  well  as  the  dilHcult  navigation  of  the  Zuyder  Zee,  where 
they  were  frequently  detained  for  three  weeks,  and  to  get  to  Newdiep  without  any  sort  of 
risk  in  less  than  24  hours.  The  canal  was  begun  in  1819,  and  completed  in  1825.  The 
ground  between  its  extremities  being  nearly  level,  it  has  only  a  lock  at  each  end ;  and  the 
dues  and  charges  on  account  of  towing,  &c.  are  very  moderate.  At  Newdiep  the  water  is 
deeper  than  in  any  other  port  on  the  coast  of  Holland,  and  ships  are  there  in  the  most 
favourable  position  for  getting  expeditiously  to  sea. — (See  Casals.)  The  imports  princi- 
pally consist  of  sugar,  coffee,  spices,  tobacco,  cotton,  tea,  indigo,  cochineal,  wine  and  brandy, 
wool,  grain  of  all  sorts,  timber,  pitch  and  tar,  hemp  and  flax,  iron,  hides,  linen,  cotton  and 
woollen  stuffs,  hardware,  rock  salt,  tin  plates,  coal,  dried  fish,  &c.  The  exports  consist 
partly  of  the  produce  of  Holland,  partly  of  the  produce  of  her  possessions  in  the  East  and 
West  Indies  and  other  tropical  countries,  and  partly  of  commodities  brought  to  Amsterdam, 
as  to  a  convenient  entrepot,  from  different  parts  of  Europe.  Of  the  first  class  are  cheese  and 
butter  (very  important  articles),  madder,  clover,  rape,  hemp,  and  linseeds,  rape  and  linseed  oils, 
Dutch  linen,  &c,    Geneva  is  principally  exported  from  tScliiedum  and  Kotterdaai ;  oak  bark 


86 


AMSTERDAM. 


priiiciptilly  from  the  latter.  Of  the  second  chiss  are  Hjiicrs,  Mocha  and  Java  cofTee ;  8up;ar  of 
Juvii,  llruzil,  mill  Cuha;  cocliineal,  iiuliKo,  cotton,  tea,  tobacco,  and  all  8ortH  of  Eastern  and 
colonial  products.  And  of  the  third  class,  all  kinds  of  Kraiii,  linens  from  (fcrninny.  tiinlier, 
mid  all  sorts  of  liallic  iirodiice;  IS|)uiiish,  Cierinan,  and  EiiKlish  wools;  French,  Klienish, 
and  }luiif;[arian  wines,  lirandy,  <&.c.  The  trade  of  Amsterdam  may,  indeed,  lie  Huid  to 
coiiijirise  every  article  that  enters  into  the  commerce  of  Europe.  Her  merchants  were 
t'orinerly  the  most  extensive  dealers  in  bills  of  exchange.  And  though  London  bt^  now,  in 
this  respect,  far  superior  to  Amsterdam,  the  latter  t<till  enjoys  a  respectable  share  of  this 
business. 

The  Uank  of  the  Netherlands  was  established  at  Amsterdam  in  1814,  It  is  not,  like  the 
old  Uank  of  Amst«>rdam,  which  ceased  in  1796,  merely  a  luink  of  deposit,  hut  a  bank  of 
deposit  and  circulation  formed  un  the   model  of  the  liank  of  England. — (>)ee   Banks, 

FoHKKi.N.) 

For  an  account  of  the  Dutch  fisheries,  see  the  arlicica  Hchiiimo  FiaHsiir  and  Whale 

FlSilKRT. 

8lii|is  i^iitvring  the  port  of  Amsterdam  (liirinc  the  thnte  Yenrs  nndiiig  with  1631,  8|iecifyiiig  the  Cnaii- 

trifs  whence  they  cuiiiif. 


(;oiintrir!<. 

1H2!>. 

1H3(). 

1831. 

Ports  of  Norway  and  North  Sea                ..... 

Halt ii'.  and  Archiinei^l           ..-.-.. 
Mcclitrrrancan,  Franco,  Sjiaiii,  and  Portugal        .... 

Monlli  Anivrica          ........ 

North  Anifrica         ........ 

West  liidii'S               ........ 

Great  Uritain             .._.-... 
East  Indies  and  China        ....... 

Total 

Hhips. 

4!ll) 

1.134 

113 

7 

4fi 
7!t 
h2 
18 

Hhi|iH. 

7HH 

Wll 

105 

10 

57 

95 

114 

26 

t^hiiiH. 

(lOl 

505 

!)» 

10 

40 

77 

209 

23 

1,!*75 

1,996 

1,624 

There  are  no  means  of  HHCertainine  tin;  tunnrigu  and  the  crews  of  tliese  vessels.  Alioiit  220  or  2,'iO 
large  ships  helonit  to  AniHterdaiii ;  they  a'e  eiiiplnyed  in  tlie  Kast  and  West  India  traders,  and  in 
traiiinK  to  tlie  Baltic,  tlie  Mediterranean,  &r.  There  is  comparatively  little  roasting  trade  at  Ani- 
Btcrdani,  the  cnmmiinicatinn  with  most  other  ports  in  the  vicinity  lieiiig  principally  kept  up  by  caiiaLs, 
and  that  with  Fricsluiid  liy  regular  packets.  Tlie  total  number  of  ships  of  all  sorts  annually  entering 
the  port  uiiiouiits,  at  an  average,  to  about  2,200. 

Account  of  some  of  the  principal  Articles,  specifying  their  Quantities  and  Values,  imported  into 
AiiiEterdam  by  Hea  during  the  Years  1829,  IH30,  and  1831. 


DeDominatinn  of  Mer- 
chandise. 


Coffee,  East  Inlia 

—  West  India 

—  lliltn 
Sugar,  West  India 

—  HavaDnah 

—  nnzil 

—  .Mauritiuf 

—  £a«(  India 

—  Ditto 

—  Ditto 
Cotton  Wool,  American 

Eiyptian 
West  India 
Eail  India 
Tobacco,  Maryland  • 
Virf^inia 
Kentucky  - 
Hides 
Pepper 
Hice 


Linseed 


Wheat 
Rye 

Barley 


. 


1831. 


(Quantity. 


Baft 
Casks 
Bags 


121,500 
1.190 
24,iK0 
l<J,><iO 
17,690 
l,2G0 
27,S00 

7,430 

1,490 
.100 

2,590 
660 

S,220 

fl,nso 

i»<0 

42,000 

2,06o 

5,K)o 

2,26o 

(  3,170-) 
^  or  33,283  ( 
( i)iiartera     \ 


(        13,300 
265,293  i  or  139,6- 
(  quartera 


00) 


1  li«,730 
Lquar'ers 
r  1,100 
!  eqiin!  to 
\  11,550 
(.quarters 


IW90) 
or  192,04')  ^ 
quarters     ) 

290 
or  3,045 
qu.irters 


V.-ilue  in 
Dutch 
Money. 


Florins. 

2,704,5!I0 

299,«S0 

1,942,400 

3,223,610 

,0M2,62S 

2w,l.)0 

486,300 

437,875 

na.soo 

3I,9H0 
34^837 

6.3,610 
963,743 
821,469 

23,5.50 

493,,5C0 

118,244 

408,508 

4,576 

636,190 


4,402,300 


Value 

in  Sler- 

luiK. 


£ 

22j,;iss 

24.990 
161,860 
2H',,617 
90.219 
21,263 
40,540 

38,154 

14,900 

2.655 
29,070 

,5,300 
80,312 
68,4  i5 

1,963 
41,123 

9,8,541 

34,042 

380 


64,CS3 


3,840,900  320,075 


42,340 


3,523 


During  the  year  1831,  there  were  shipped  from  France  for  Holland,  according  to  the  oflirial  accounts 
given  by  the  French  CtiHtoin-house.  5.488..')72  litres,  or  1,372,188  wine  gallons  of  wine.  The  total  im- 
ports of  AniHterdam  in  Is3l  are  estiiniited  in  tim  ^rrMm»  dn  Comwirce  (torn.  i.  p.  2.30.),  at  85,169,700 
francs  (3,400,000/.  sterlina).  and  the  exports  at  72,760,000  francs  (2,910,000/.  sterliii").  Dtiriii"  1831, 
93,.324  lbs.  (English)  of  cheese,  .3S0  tons  of  oil  cake,  2,183  tons  of  oak  bark,  and  23,100  (itiar'ters  nf 
wlieat,  were  exported  from  Amsterdam  for  Ureal  Uritain,    The  exports  for  England  of  butter,  (lax 


h'.tpenn 
with  a  III 
1832,  as  I 


Aahei    . 
UuilU 


AMSTERDAM. 


37 


). 

IH3I. 

H. 

SliijiH. 

SK 

(illl 

)1 

SUS 

IS 

«st 

1) 

10 

57 

40 

W 

77 

14 

2n<t 

16 

23 

W 

1,624 

11. 

i)ue  in 

WllUB 

Dutch 

in  .Slfr- 

toriey. 

liiiK. 

'Itirins. 

£ 

r04,,-||IO 

225,3SS 

W9.SK) 

24,990 

MAIOO 

Ibl.titiO 

IJI.filO 

2H'>,617 

»2.tiiX 

90,219 

r>5,liO 

2l,Jti3 

»6,300 

40,540 

157,875 

38,154 

7R,(tOO 

14,900 

31,980 

2,655 

JS,S37 

29,070 

&1,610 

.^300 

(i3,743 

80,312 

2l,4fi9 

68,45.5 

23. 550 

i,y«3 

93,')C0 

41,125 

IN,i44 

9,R54 

0IS508 

34,042 

4,570 

380 

>6,igo 

54,083 

M,300 

366,858 

10,900 

320,075 

i2,W0 

3,528 

and  t<iw,  clcivpit  iitid  niitmpRH  (of  which  artlclvi  the  Dutch  h.ivc  a  monopoly),  rnnnltz,  lincnii,  hidci, 

4('.,  wiTi.'  very  ( iiiisidir^iliii'. 

y.riietmef  i/  kS/ii/w  i«  .'fm.-Vcn/diii  — Thi-  rxpciisi'g  of  a  Klii|i  iif  300  TnL-linh  torn,  or  1.')«  Diitcli  Inuli, 
with  a  iiiivimI  I'iirKD  (III  Ixiard,  iiiwarilK  mid  oiilward^,  ruiiiiiiK  ,'iiid  di  |KirlliiK  i>y  lli<:  I'unal,  witi'.  In 

IH.'W,  OH  fulillWH:  — 


Arriviiic  from 
(I'ri'at  llritaln. 

Arrivinp  fron 
Mi.'dili.'rranc 

Ihe 

an. 

£    g. 

d. 

£ 

d. 

(/. 

Lock  diii'M  in  Ilin  canal,  and  chargBS— inwards 
Djilii           -           •           -           outwards 

4    10 

2    10 

0 
0 

8 
5 

10 

10 

0 
(1 

MnasoriiiL'  llic  Kliip            .           .           -           .           - 
ToniiaKc  duett,  inwards  and  outwurdt    -           •            - 
A  rliartfi' calli'd  Port  iiioiii'y          -           .           .            - 
Haven  nioiK'v         .-.-•- 

1     10 

S.'i     12 

1     12 

0  13 

1  2 
0      8 
0      ,5 

2  18 

(1 
() 
0 
6 

I 

2 

0 

10 
12 
0 

i:t 

U 
U 
0 
6 

Hiiav  or  key  in.ini'y            .           .           .           .            - 

I'l-riiiilto  coiisiiiiH'  provisions  freu  of  excise  duca 
Clr.aranci!                ...... 

Expeiistjn  of  clearing,  fees,  &c.    -          -          -           - 

Total 

0 
0 

(1 
0 

1 

(1 
0 
2 

2 

12 

18 

0 
0 
fi 
0 

£11      0 

0 

£18 

IG 

0 

Thrri!  is  Ill-Hide.'!,  the  merchants'  and  hrokers'  coniniirtMinn  on  recovering  and  procuring  freights, 
generally  settled  liy  acreenient. 

The  Innmifre  (/wfi/ is  l.'(  ceiitrt  ('Ml.)  the  Netherlands  ton  (nearly  equal  to  the  llritish)  inwards,  and 
the  same  (Hitwards,  with  the  addition  of  the  Syndieale  lax  of  13  per  cent.  It  is  p.'iyalde  only  anre  a 
year  liy  ships  lieariiic  llie  fidlowinj!  tiacs,  viz.  Netherlands,  llritish.  North  American,  Danish,  Iliinover- 
iaii,  liainhiirtth.  Hreiiieii,  l.iiliei  k,  Merklenliiiri!.  Dldeiihuri;,  lliissiaii,  I'ortiiiJuese,  Austrian,  .Syrian, 
Salonira,  Swedish,  NorweBian,  I'russian,  Turkish,  Itio  de  la  I'lata.  Others  pay  571  cents  (llj(/.)  per 
ton  inwards,  and  the  same  outwards  every  voyaiie. 

Thecliarire  calleil  Purl  money  is  payalile  half  on  entry,  and  half  on  departure;  and  that  called  ha- 
ven money  the  same.  Tlie  hire  of  a  horse  for  towing  along  the  whole  line  of  the  canal  amounts  to 
12  llor.  10  cents,  or  ahoiit  I/,  l.i. 

Qiiiirandnf.— The  <iuarantine  station  is  nt  the  island  of  Wiereniten,  near  the  Ilelder. 

Comiiiinsion. — The  usual  rate  of  coiiiinissinn  or  factorage  on  Ihe  purchase  or  sale  of  goods  is  2  per 
cent.,  and  on  hill  transactions  J  and  }  per  cent,  according  to  their  nature. 

Provisions  of  all  sorts  are  ahiindant  at  AinslerdniM,  and  reasonalily  cheap.  The  wages  of  ships* 
carpenters  vary  from  I  flor.  20  cents  to  1  flor.  HO  ciuis  ;  that  is  from  about  2.,-.  to  .3ji.  a  day. 

For  an  account  of  tlie  prices  of  corn  at  Anisterd.im,  see  Cohn  Tn.*DE  and  Cons  Laws. 

Citsloin-hoiisc.  RefTiilntioiin. — Captains  of  ships  are  hound  to  make,  within  24  hours  of  their  arrival 
at  Amsterdam,  or  any  Dutch  port,  a  declaration  in  writing  of  tlio  goods  of  which  their  cargo  consists. 
If  the  captains  lie  init  acquainted  with  the  goods  of  which  the  cargo  consists,  they  must  make  their 
deilarution  under  the  ceneral  term  nt'  merchantlise.  and  e.xhihit  Ihe  hills  of  lading  along  with  the  decla- 
ration. The  Custoui-house  officers  are  instructed  to  inform  the  captains  of  all  formalities  required 
by  law. 

All  coods,  whether  for  home  consumption  or  transit,  may  he  deposited  In  bonded  warehouses.  If 
re-exported  liy  sea,  they  pay  no  duty  ;  hut  if  re-exported  by  canals  or  otherwise  for  the  interior,  they 
are  suhject  to  a  transit  iliity.  The  warehouse  rent  chargeable  per  month  on  a  quarter  of  wheat  (Imp. 
uieas.)  is,  on  an  upper  loft.  1  2-Sth(/.,  on  an  under  do.  lid.;  on  a  ton  (Eng.)  of  sugar  in  casks,  the 
charjte  is  Si/.;  in  chests  or  mats,  M. 

The  buBiness  of  insurance  is  extensively  practised  at  Amsterdam;  the  premiums  are  moderate, 
and  the  security  unexceptionable.  The  high  duty  imposed  in  this  country  on  policies  of  insurance  has 
contributed  to  the  increase  of  this  business  in  llolland. 

Credit.  /J(,•^co'(H^  Jiv.— llolland  is,  and  has  always  been,  a  country  of  short  credit.  A  discount  is 
usually  given  for  prompt  payment,  at  the  rate  of  I  per  cent,  for  six  weeks,  and  of  two  per  cent,  for 
two  months  ;  but  the  terms  of  credit  on  most  articles,  and  the  discount  allowed  for  ready  money,  have 
been  fixed  by  usage,  and  are  regarded  as  essential  conditions  in  every  bargain.  Some  of  the  more 
important  of  these  terms  and  discounts  are  specitied  in  the  followin'g  table.  In  consequence  of  the 
preference  given  in  llolland  to  ready  money  transactions,  it  is  not  a  country  in  which  adventurers 
without  capital  have  much  chance  of  speedily  making  a  fortune.  "Rien,  en  effet,  di;  plus  facile  que 
de  s'dtahlir  k  Amsterdam;  mais  ricn  de  plus  difficile  que  des^y  snntenir  suns  des  grandes  renxnurees, 
Dans  celte  ville,  ort  I'argent  abonde,  oft  on  le  prfite  contre  des  suret^s  it  si  lion  marcli^i,  U  est  pour- 
tant  iinpussible  des'en  prur.urer  Ci  cridit ;  et  sans  argent  il  n'y  a  plus  do  possihilite  d'y  travailler,  que 
de  trouver  quelqu'un  qui  veuille  de  se  charger  d'un  papier  noiiveau  qui  ne  seroit  pas  appuy6  d'un 
credit  que  I'opinion,  la  protection,  oii  des  effets  r^els  feroicnt  valoir  a  la  bourse.  Les  llollandois  sui- 
vent  14-dessus  des  maximes  trSs  austftres,  ni6me  il  l'6gard  des  maisons  d'unecertaine  consideration." 
— (F.ncycloptiie  JHethodique,  Commerce,  t.  ii.  p.  650.)  But  this  austerity  is  not  a  disadvantace,  but  the 
reverse.  It  prevents  commerce  from  degenerating,  as  it  has  too  often  done  in  other  places,  into  gam- 
bling adventures,  and  places  it  on  a  comparatively  solid  foundation.  And  it  should  be  mentioned  to 
the  honour  of  the  Diitcli,  and  as  a  proof  of  the  excellence  of  this  system,  that,  notwithstanding  the 
distress  and  loss  of  trade  occasioned  by  the  invasion  and  occupation  of  their  country  by  the  French, 
the  bankruptcies  in  1795  and  subsequent  years  were  not,  comparatively,  so  numerous  as  in  England 
in  ordinary  seasons!  The  regulations  in  the  Code  Napoleon  as  to  bankruptcy  are  enforced  in 
Holland. 

It  has  long  been  the  practice  in  Holland  to  make,  on  selling  articles,  considerable  deductions  from 
their  weight,  particularly  from  those  of  large  hulk,  as  compared  with  their  value.  These  tares  and 
drafts,  as  they  are  termed,  are  now  fixed  by  ancient  usage:  and  the  most  important  amongst  them 
are  here  specified. 


Tara  and  AUoumnca  on  llit  principal  Articla  told  at 
Amsterdam. 


Tares. 


Allowanccf, 


Aahet   . 
BvilU 


(Dralt  and  Uiscount.) 
months    dis- 
count,   and    1 
per  cent. 


(18 
42  lbs.  per  cask    ■  <     c 

(     per  ceni. 

J  2  per  cent,  and  2 

(      per  cent 


percenL 


Cocoa,  Caracas  -    • 
Maranlum 
Cayenne     • 
Martinique 
"uriuain 


42  lbs. 
ditto  ' 
ditto  . 
ditto  . 
6  [ler  cent 


Coffee,  hMt  and  West  In-  }  bap  3  per    cent., 
dia  in  general   -    t     casks  real  tare 

Bourbon     •    - 


Java  • 
Mocha 


(  10  lbs.  per  original 
)     mat      .... 

14  lbs.  per  gunny  . 

24  Itn,  per  bale     • 


t  per  cent. 


,2  per  cent,  and  3 
perceut. 


g^ 


38 


AMSTERDAM. 


Crillon,  Sunt  inl  TfinnI 

.111  rillirr  kllKll     • 

Cdltnii  y  ini  t«  lit    •     -     - 

IlltliKo,  llcri||)l   ■    •    ■    - 


Cochineal 


*  pf  r  rmt. 
(i  |«r  cnil. 

rul  Ura 

3  i  4  lb«. 


•{ 


GaIIi 

Ciuiuit  Senrtal  •    -    -    . 

B-irltfry  .    -    -    . 

Arabic    •    •    •    . 

I/)f  wood 

I'lutic 

Iliilei,  llurnot  Ayrri,  ftc. 

Llneni,  Flfiiii«ti     *    -    • 

all  olht-r  kinds    • 

Oili, 

Hicc,  Cimlirn    -    •    .    • 

K-ul  India     •    -    • 

Saltpetre 


6  Itii.  or  20  lb«.      . 
{6  U>i.  Ulbi.  or  21 

MIU.  or  JOIIit.    . 
2  «ii<l  .'J  prr  crnl. 
2  (i«r  rent.    ■    • 
2  Iba.  per  biJe  • 


1  p^r  crnt.  »nd  I 

JrtT  Cf  lit. 

I  \twr  crnt. 
[  I  prr  rrnl.  i  p^r 
ffnt.  aiiil  1  per 

cent. 

4  prr  crnt.    »U)( 

rnnnt. 
I  |i«rrrnt.  dtduct. 
i  per  reut.  and  i 

p«r  C(9i)t, 

i  l>rr  rent,  and  2 
per  cent. 


•1 
1 


Li'pmrico      .... 

Spicei,  iwpprr  •  •  ■ 
cinii.iinon  -  • 
clovt-N  and  mice 

pinicntd       •    • 
Dutnif)(9       •    • 

KinRfT     .    •    - 
Sugan,  MariiniijUf     ■ 
St.  ]><iniingo   • 
til.  ('roil     •    • 
Kurnuiii     •    •    ■ 
Kni(lifth  cnloniei  ■ 
Dfiutrara  •    - 
Bcrt)irf  -    .    .    , 
CtuH-ijuibfi   •    •    . 
Brazil,  while  -    ■ 

Ditto,  Muscovado 


Hnvannah  • 
Java       •    • 

Salt 

Tea,  iHJhca  •  •  • 
cotieo  .  •  . 
iouL'honn  •  • 
raintHii  •  •  * 
hyson  •  •  • 
pi'kne  .  .  ■ 
tonquin      •    • 

Tobacco,  Mar>'land 
Virginia  . 


rfil  tare  .... 

tillM. 

8jk  Mlbi.    .    -    . 

r^M  Urr  and  4  Iba. 

jijlbs.  or  Mlbi     . 

Ci2  H<4.  and  above 

<     im 

(  li  per  rent.  •    •    • 
»ll)i.  a  )6lb«.    •     • 


J  per  rfht   and  I 

|«T  rent. 
£  |H-r  rt-iit.  and  I 

prr  rrnt. 

1  \m  rent. 

I  jwr  cnit, 

}2  prr  rrnt.  and  2 

)       prr  crnt. 

il  |MT  mil.  aiut  I^ 
pT  rrnt.         I 
2  piT  rrnl.  and 
per  rent. 

1  per  cent. 

f  I  pf  r  cent. 

i  per  cfDt. 


.2  pfr  rrnl.  ud  2 
lier  Mill. 


MINI. 
48  lU. 


-     t 


;} 


21  Ibii.  h  24  lbs. 


Tin  plates     ■ 

Wool,  Spanish 
Wines  •  -  . 
Madder     ■ 


ISIbi.     -    •    . 
[   jlSltji.  a  42  lbs. 

ranks  f.ired    ■    • 
.      2  and  H  per  cent. 

•     2  per  cent.  •    • 

5  ban  taret),  and  24 
"  J     lbs.  per  17'>  M)S. 


months*    dis. 
count,    2    per 
cent,  and  2  per 
ctnt. 
}2  prr  cent,  and  2 
J        per  cent. 
1  per  cent. 


per  cent. 


casks  tart'd 


Ilerrinp 

Smaltz 

Flax,  hams,  seeds,  geneva, 

(Crain 

Butter 

Hidi-s 

Cheese,  Rdam    .    •    •    . 
Gouda  •    ■    '    . 


2  per  cent,  and  1 
per   ri-nt.    da- 
maged, and    1 
per  cent. 
I  per  cent. 
l2l    months'    dis- 
>      count,    and    I 
y       per  cent. 
I  per  rent. 
10  Ibn,  per  cask, 
and  2  per  cent. 

1  per  cent.  2  per 
cent,  and  2  per 

».      cent. 

2  per  cent 

1  per  cent 
none. 

2  and  1  per  cent 
2  |jer  cent. 

I  per  cent. 


•{ 


The  above  are  the  customary;  tares  and  other  allowance  made  by 
the  merchants  in  their  traniaclioni  with  each  other.  But  in  paying 
the  import  duties  at  the  Customdinuse.  the  tare  upon  goods  paying 
duty  by  weight  is,  with  the  exceptions  undermentioned,  fixed  at  15 
per  cent,  for  such  as  are  in  casks  or  tiarrels,  and  at  H  per  cent,  for 
such  as  are  in  packages,  canisters,  mats,  baskets,  Sic.  Merchants 
dissatisfied  with  these  allowances  may  pay  the  duty  according  to  the 
rtal  weight,  ascertained  by  the  customs  oflicers  at  their  expense. 

Exceptions,— The  tare  upon  grain  imported  in  sacki  is  fixed  at  2 
per  cent. 

Porcelain,  15  per  cent. 
inH;»«  S  '"  cheats,  2; 
inaijo      ^  1^  lerons,  15  per  cent, 

rchesls  from  Havannah,  18  per  cent^  other  places  20  per 


Sugar 


(  in  cheats,  25  per  cent. 
)  i 

cent. 

canisters,  lOper  cent. 

casks  and  packages,  15  and  8  per  cent.  The  tare  upon 
sugar  refined  in  the  interior  and  exported,  is  12  per 
cent,  per  barrel,  8  per  cent,  per  package. 


lllvHiwnfnr  tenkngf  ii»  made  opon  all  Ihjuids,  inrlu<llng  Ina* 

cle  IN  I  h'liify,  M  ((i;|i>v%%,  v>/. 

I'otniiK  rr'iiii  DiiKliiid,  Uir  norlhero  ports  of  l^uroir,  and  Franrt*, 
by  iiilan>t  t).ivi<.iiiiiii,  H  f>rr  rrnt. 

Kdhi  I'rKiirr  liy  le.i,  jiidlntiii  other  countries  by  the  rivers  HhiiM 
an>l  W.tal,  12  per  rrnt. 

Fntni  anv  "iher  i«irt  or  pUre.  14  per  rent. 

Fiti:tlly.  fntiii  Mn.ite\rr  pi  in  llii-  Mint  may  come,  upon  train  oil, 
12  (ttT  rrnt. ;  l>lul>)ii-r,  H  piT  rrnt, 

lu  rasr  hipixls  sli.ill  tiiw- 1  |[h  nt'orrd,  Ufum  tlir  vnyifr,  mirh  leak- 
axe  as  nhall  riusr  llir  iiii|Hirti'r  ro  lir  iliMRh«|)ed  wnh  (he  alliiWAnrn 
tirlnrr  ipenhrl,  he  is  |irriiiiltrd  tn  piy  Ibr  duly  iipmi  ilie  actual 
i(uanlity,  to  be  aiCertainetl  by  the  officers  at  the  tiii|*ortrr'n  es|Hnst-. 

W"»i/v.— Arcimnts  usid  to  br  kept  at  Amsfer«l;im  bv  tlir  pound 
riemiih:^6  itorinsM  20  schillings^  120  slivrrs-  21U  irroars.  1920 
(•rnnings.  Ilul  in  Ih20,  the  dentiial  sysirm  wab  intrMiUirtil.  In 
order,  however,  lo  cauw*  as  IjHIh  incniivriurncr  as  (Hissitilr.  ihi-  fturiu 

It.  Hi(i/.  strrliiiK,  was  made  ihr  unit  of  the  new  syaieni.  I'he  ttorin 
II  ■np|H)«ii|  to  l>e  rlivided  iiilo  U)0  e<)u;il  parta  or  rents;  and  Ibn  oihi-r 
tilvrr  coins  an>  eipial  muHipIrs  or  sub.niultip'rs  of  jr.  'I  he  new 
(old  coin  It  calleit  the  florin  pirre,  and  is  worth  Iti*.  A.|rf.  \rry 
nt^irlv.  flut  acrniinls  are  itill  wiini'iiiiira  krpt  in  the  nid  w.iy  or  by 
the  |Hiund  FIrinish.  I'ar  of  rxchaiiKi>  bt-lween  Auiateidaui  and  Lou* 
don  is  tl  fli<r.  ftH  cents  per  pot'nd  sterling. 

irtir^tf  nnd  Mfiiittrrs  — In  iMiO,  the  French  system  nf  weights 
.itxl  me.isun's  was  intr'hluced  into  the  Netherlauds,  tlie  names  only 
being  chanrel. 

The  /»'/!(/  u  the  unit  cf  wriitht,  and  answers  to  the  French  *i7i'- 
gramtrir.    Itsilivisions  arr  tlit-  oiis,  lood,  wigi|e,  and  korrel. 

The  tile,  which  is  tbr  unit  or  eb-ment  of  lung  measure,  enuals  Iho 
French  ui-trt.  lis  drcimal  divisions  are  the  palm,  duim,  and  iirerp; 
and  its  de^'inial  iiiutliples,  thr  rottde  and  niijie. 

The  vitrkantt  tUe,  or  ^iiuint  ell,  is  the  unit  of  luprrfirial  mea* 
sure  i  and  .ins«irs  lo  thr  rtnfiare  or  in''tre  (am  nf  Franre.  Its  di- 
visions are  the  vierk.intn  palnij  vierkante  duim,  and  the  vii-rkari'o 
atreep  ;  atid  its  multiples,  (he  vierkante  niede  and  vierkanle  bunder. 

The  kuhcke  tlU  is  the  unit  of  measures  of  capacity  ;  and  equals 
the  Frtnrh  ff>rr.  Its  divisions  are  the  kubicke  (talni,  kubicke  duini, 
aiul  kubicke  Ntrcep. 

The  term  trii/e  is  (riven  to  a  kubicke  elle  of  firewoo<I. 

The  knp  ii  the  unit  of  mpisures  for  dry  wares,  and  is  the  cube  of 
thr  palm  :  ;<nswering  lo  the  French  lUrr.  lis  diviition  is  the  inaalie, 
and  its  multiples  thescheiiel  and  mudde  ;  the  I.i1lrrii  als«^i  called  tha 
:/iA,  and  equals  Itie  French  he'ioliire.    llO  mudden  make  I  last. 

The  knn  is  the  unit  for  liquid  measure,  and  is  the  cube  of  th« 
palm  ;  it  CDrreipondslo  the  French  Ixlrt.  Its  divisions  are  the  maat)fi 
and  vingerhoed,  and  100  kans  make  a  vat  or  cask,  which  eijuals  ttio 
French  heclfditre. 

Tho  aiM'thecary's  new  pound  is  12  ounces,  9(3  dnchms,  288  scru- 
ple*, or  5,760  grains ;  and  answers  to  375  grauiines,  or  &,7:}7  Knglislt 
grains. 

By  the  old  nieth<«t  of  ralrulatln^,  which  is  not  yet  entirely  super* 
sede<t,  the  |>ourid  of  Anisterdaiii  was=  to  1-09  lbs.  avuinlupois,  or 
100  lbs.  Amstrnlani  --.  IOS-f(23  lbs.  avoirduftois. 

Thr  laat  or  measure  for  corn  =27  mudden  =::  10  qurs.  5}  busheN 
Wiochesler  measurr.  1'hi-  aain  liquid  meaiiiru  ~  4  ankers  r.  S 
steckans—  21  viertels—  &t  sloops  or  stoppen  =  \2%  mingles  =  250 
pints  s  41  F.n^lish  wine  Kallons, 

The  stoop  ciintalns  f»  l-8ih  pints  English  wine  measure. 

100  mingles  are  equal  to  32  Knclish  wine  gallons,  or  26  l*5th 
Eniflish  beer  gallons,  or  26  '2*3<1  Imperial  gallons. 

French  wine  is  sold  per  honheal  of IH)  mingles. 

Spanish  and  Tortuguese  wine,  per  pipe  of  .    •    ■    •    349  ditto. 

French  bmidy,  per  hogshead  of    •-....    .      30  viertels. 

BetT,  per  barrel  (equal  to  Iheaam)  of I2H  minglea* 

Vegetable  oils,  per  aam,  of 120  ditto. 

Whale  oil,        per  ditto 16  ditto. 

Rum  is  sold  per  anktr  of  2  steckan  —  10^  English  wine  gallons. 

The  foot  of  Amsterdam—  I)  I'Tlh  English  inches. 

The  Rhineland  foot        =  12  ditto. 

The  ell,  doth  measure   =  27  M2th       ditto. 

RockttUt  is  sold  per  hondert  of  401  maaten,  making  20  tons,  or 
4,000  lbs.  Dutch. 

Ptt  ctxil  Is  sold  per  hoeil  of  38  maaten  ;  nine  hoeds  are  five  chal* 
dronsof  Newcastle,  or  six  hm-ds  are  five  chaldrons  of  I/mdon. 

Bxitttr  is  sold  per  barrel ;  the  barrel  of  Levden  is  320  lbs.  nett. — 
that  of  Friesland  28  lbs.  nett— and  the  common  Dutch  barrel  33€  lbs- 
gross. 

A  latt  of  kerringi  is  reckoned  at  12, 13^  or  14  barrels. 

A  latt  of  pitch  is  12  barrels. 

A  last  of  tar  13  barrels. 

A  bag  of  seed  =  2  1-2  Winchester  quarters. 

A  last  for  freight  Is  reckoned  4,000  lbs.  equal  to  two  English  tons, 

Eicht  hogsheads  (nroxhofts)  of  wine 

Twelve  barrels  of  pitch 

Thirteen  barrels  of  tar 

Twenty  chests  of  lemons,  &c. 

4,000  lbs.  of  iron,  copper,  and  colonial  produce 

4,000  lbs.  of  almonds 

2.000  Itw,  of  wool  or  feathers 

A  last  of  wheat  is  considered  10  per  cent,  higher  than  one  of  rye, 
and  the  latter  20  1-2  per  cent,  higher  than  oats  and  10  per  cent,  higher 
than  seed.  A  last  of  ballast  is  only  2,000  lbs.— These  details  have 
been  derived  from  the  answers  by  the  British  Cfinsul  to  the  circular 
querien,  the  /Jtcttonnatre  du  Commerct,  (F.ticy.  Method,)  torn.  ii. 
pp.  664— €50.,  Kdly'i  Cambitt,  private  information^  8fC. 


I 


are  reckoneil 
u  one  l:ist 
in  settling 
the  freiuht 
or  ships. 


Magnitude  nf  the  Commerce  of  Holland  in  the  seventeenth  Century. — Causes  of  its 
Prosperity  and  Decline. — We  believe  we  iieed  make  no  apology  for  embracing  this  oppor- 
tunity to  lay  before  our  readers  the  following  details  with  respect  to  the  commerce  and  com- 
mercial policy  of  Holland.  It  forms  one  of  the  most  instructive  topics  of  investigation; 
and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  so  little  attention  should  have  been  paid  to  it  in  this  country. 

Previously  to  the  commencement  of  the  long-continued  and  glorious  struggle  made  by 
the  Dutch  to  emancipate  themselves  from  the  blind  and  brutal  despotism  of  Old  Spain,  they 
had  a  considerable  marine,  and  had  attained  to  distinction  by  their  fisheries  and  commerce ; 
and  the  war,  instead  of  being  injurious  to  the  trade  of  the  republic,  contributed  powerfully 


to  itii  fxln 
comtiirrt'c  I 
cipiilly  to 
coiumiTcial 
III  lOO'J 
cioiirt  iiilhii 
imporliiiirc, 

Illijc  llllllllir 

till'  ('i)inp:iii 
with  tiictn  t 
wrrt'  ill  III) 
HiiUi  (iiiir, 
with  Hrvcnil 
and  in  Mirin 
liiilnvin,  ill 
(pii'rrd  by  li 
itx  |)iirl  was 
Arcliipoinijci 
striinift'ly  "I" 
Kvery  lir;i 
the  Ualiic 

pO.SSC.-jHioll, 

lu'lbro  tiu'ir  i 
dam  fi'Diii  I), 
the  sixtcciiil 
ilullaiiil,  am 
di'pi'iuii'lit  (II 
tlu-  Haltic  ha 
from  them  t 
and  tar,  tallo 
ships,  and  in 
i\w  Uutcli,  a 
They  have,  s 
wiiich  are  pe 
in  a  sort  of  s 
and  prices  lo 
protitiiig  liy  t 
year.  Kepua 
govornment  t 
of  tliis  enligh 
corn ;  and  lu'i 
'I'lidse  scurcit 
trade  in  con 
Holland,  but 
ready  and  ad 
dam,"  says  & 
the  growth  o 
Holland  for  s 
there  were  c 
200,000/.;  c 
3,000,000/.  n 
Miscel.  Worl 

The  very 
observes,  in  t 
parties  du  mt 
its  n'l/  manq 

Tlie  Bank 
meat  was  to 
coins  import! 
coin  or  bullic 
bank-money ; 
of  one  indiv 
invasion  of  t 

Between  I 
the  French,  1 
estimates  its 
fully  a  half. 


AMSTFRDVM. 


80 


to  '\U  rxtiMiNioii.  Aftrr  tlio  rapluro  of  Anlwi-rp  liy  the  Spntiinnli*.  in  I.IS;',  tin- rtiriHivo 
coiiiiniTie  of  wliicli  it  hml  Ih'I'ii  |Ii(>  cciitro  wiw  r.'iiiovcd  to  tlir  |iorln  of  llolliiiul,  mid  |iriii- 
cipiilly  lo  Atiisicrilaiii,  vvliicli  tlii-ii  ittluiru^d  to  tlio  (liMtiiii'tion  hIic  long  t-iijoyi'il.  of  ilu' lirot 
coiniiirrciiil  city  of  Kiirupc. 

In  IfiO'J,  ttu-  Diitili  F'^iiHt  India  Coinpnny  whm  formcil ;  and  notwithfitniidini;  tlir  pc-ni- 
rioiiK  iidhii'ucf  of  that  nsHociation.  llii-  Indian  trade  incrcasnl  rapidly  in  inaijnitiidc  atul 
iniporlancp.  Ships  (iticd  fither  for  coinnirrcial  or  warlike  purposex,  and  havim;  a  coiihider- 
nlile  nurnlier  of  Hoidicrrt  on  hoard,  were  Kent  ont  within  a  few  years  of  the  estalihshriieiil  of 
the  eonipany.  Ainhoyna  and  the  MoluecaM  werii  first  wresteil  from  the  i'orlnnni'-'e.  and 
with  them  the  Dutch  ohlaincfl  the  monopoly  of  the  Hpiee  trade.  Factories  and  f  iriilicatioriH 
were  in  no  loii^  time  eHlal)lisiied,  from  Bn-morah,  near  the  month  of  tlie  TiifriH,  in  ihe  i'er- 
Hian  (Jnll,  .domj  the  roasts  and  islands  of  India  as  far  an  Japan.  Alliances  wi're  fi)rmeil 
witli  several  of  the  [iidiaii  |)rinces;  and  in  many  parts,  jiarticiilarly  on  the  coasts  of  Ceylon, 
nnd  in  \ttriouH  districts  of  .Vlalahar  and  ('oroinandel,  they  were  themselves  the  Hovcreinns. 
Uatavin.  in  the  iari^e  and  fertile  island  of  .I.iva,  the  greater  part  of  which  hail  liecn  eon- 
<piercil  by  the  Dutch,  formed  tlio  centre  of  their  Indian  commerce;  and  thoinih  unhealthy, 
its  port  was  excellent,  and  it  was  ndmirahly  situated  for  coinmandini;  the  trade  of  the  llastern 
Archipelago.  In  K!.')!,  ilicy  planted  a  colony  nt  the  Cape  of  (Jood  Hope,  which  had  been 
Ktran«ely  neKleeted  hy  the  I'ortuijuese. 

Kvery  branch  of  commerce  was  vigorously  proarcutcd  by  the  Dutch.  Their  trade  with 
tile  Ualtic  was,  however,  by  far  the  most  extensive  and  lucrative  of  which  they  were  in 
jiosse.ssion.  (Juicciardini  mentions  that  the  trade  with  Poland,  Denmark,  Prussia.  (Sfc.,  eveti 
before  their  revolt,  was  so  very  u;reat,  that  (Icets  of  300  ships  arrived  twice  a  year  at  Amster- 
dam from  Dant/.ic  and  Livonia  only  ;  hut  it  iiu  reased  prodigiously  diirintj  the  latter  part  of 
the  sixteenth  and  the  bcginninc;  of  the  seventeenth  centuries.  The  great  population  of 
Jlollaiid,  and  the  liiiiileil  extent  and  unfruilfid  nature  of  the  soil,  render  the  inbabitnnta 
dependent  on  foreigners  for  the  greater  part  of  their  HUpplies  of  corn,  'i'he  countries  round 
the  Ualtic  have  always  furnished  them  with  the  priiu'ipal  part  of  those  sup[)lies  ;  and  it  is 
from  them  that  they  have  lieen  in  the  habit  of  bringing  timber,  iron,  hemp  and  llax,  pitch 
and  tar,  tallow,  ashes,  and  other  bulky  articles  required  in  the  building  of  their  houses  and 
ships,  and  in  various  manufactureit.  Nothing,  however,  redounds  so  much  to  the  credit  of 
the  Dutch,  as  the  policy  they  have  invariably  followed  with  respect  to  the  trade  in  corn. 
They  have,  at  all  times,  had  a  large  capital  embarked  in  this  businesH.  'I'ho  variations 
which  are  j)erpetually  occurring  in  tlic  harvests,  early  led  them  to  engage  very  extensively 
in  a  sort  of  speculative  corn  trade.  When  the  crops  happened  lo  be  unusually  J»ro(lucli^e, 
and  prices  low,  they  bought  and  stored  up  large  quantities  of  grain,  in  the  ex|peetation  of 
profiting  by  the  advance  that  was  sure  to  take  place  on  the  occurrence  of  an  nnfavourablo 
year.  Hepeated  ell'orts  were  maile,  in  periods  when  jirices  were  rising,  to  [trevail  on  the 
government  to  prohibit  exportation ;  hut  they  steadily  refused  to  interfere.  In  conseqiiencn 
of  this  enlightened  jiolicy,  llulland  has  long  been  the  most  imiiortant  European  vntrrpot  for 
corn;  and  her  markets  have  on  all  occasions  been  furnished  with  the  most  abundant  sujiplies. 
Those  scarcities  which  are  so  very  disastrous  in  countries  without  commerce,  or  where  the 
trade  in  corn  is  sul)jected  to  fetters  and  restraints,  have  not  only  been  totally  unknown  in 
Holland,  but  become  a  cojiious  source  of  wealth  to  her  merchants,  who  then  obtained  a 
ready  and  advantageous  vent  for  the  supplies  accumulated  in  their  warehouses.  "Amster- 
dam," says  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  "  is  never  without  700,000  quarters  of  corn,  none  of  it  of 
the  growth  of  Holland;  and  a  dearth  of  only  one  year  in  any  other  part  of  Fiurope  enriches 
Holland  for  seven  years.  In  the  course  of  a  year  and  a  halt',  during  a  scarcity  in  England, 
there  were  carried  away  from  the  porta  of  Southampton,  Bristol,  and  Exeter  alone,  nearly 
2(10,000/.;  and  if  London  and  the  rest  of  England  be  included,  there  must  have  been 
2,000,000/.  more," — {Observations  luuc/ung  Trade  and  Commerce  with  the  Hollander, 
Miscel.  Works,  vol.  ii.) 

The  very  well  informed  author  of  the  Riche.isc  de  la  Jlallande,  published  in  1778, 
observes,  in  allusion  to  these  circumstances,  "  Que  la  disette  de  grains  regne  dans  les  quatro 
parties  du  monde ;  vous  trouverez  du  froment,  du  seigle,  et  d'autres  grains  a  Amsterdam; 
ik  ny  manquent  jamais." — (Tome  i.  p.  376.) 

The  Bank  of  Amsterdam  was  founded  in  1609.  The  principal  object  of  this  establish- 
ment was  to  obviate  the  inconvenience  and  uncertainty  arising  from  the  circulation  of  tlio 
coins  imported  into  Amsterdam  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  merchants  who  carried 
coin  or  bullion  to  the  bank  obtained  credit  for  an  equal  value  in  its  books:  this  was  called 
bank-money ;  and  all  considerable  payments  were  etlected  by  writing  it  oil'  from  the  account 
of  one  individual  to  that  of  another.  This  establishment  continued  to  flourish  till  the 
invasion  of  the  French  in  1795. 

Between  the  years  1651  and  1672,  when  the  territories  of  the  republic  were  invaded  by 
the  French,  the  commerce  of  Holland  seems  to  have  reached  its  greatest  height.  De  Witt 
estimates  its  increase  from  the  treaty  with  Spain,  concluded  at  Munster  in  1613,  to  1669,  at 
fully  a  half.    He  adds,  that  during  the  war  with  Holland,  Spain  lost  the  greater  part  of  her 


S 


8 


J 
8 

i 


40 


AMSTERDAM. 


naval  power ;  that  since  the  pence,  the  Dutch  hatl  obtained  most  of  the  trade  to  that  country, 
which  had  been  previously  carried  on  by  the  Hanscatic  merchants  and  the  Enplish ;  that 
almost  nil  the  coasting  trade  of  Spain  was  carried  on  by  Dutch  shipping ;  that  Spain  had 
even  been  forced  to  hire  Dutch  ships  to  sail  to  her  American  possessions;  and  that  so  great 
was  the  exportation  of  goods  from  Holland  to  Spain,  that  all  the  merchandise  brought  from 
the  Spanish  West  Indies  was  not  sufficient  to  make  returns  for  them. 

At  tnis  period,  indeed,  the  Dutch  engrossed,  not  by  means  of  any  artificial  monopoly,  but 
by  the  greater  number  of  their  ships,  and  their  superior  skill  and  economy  in  all  that 
regarded  navigation,  almost  the  whole  carrying  trade  of  Europe.  The  value  of  the  goods 
exported  from  France  in  Dutch  bottoms,  towards  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century  exceeded 
40,000,000  livres ;  and  the  commerce  of  England  with  the  Low  Countries  was,  for  a  very 
long  period,  almost  entirely  carried  on  in  them. 

The  business  of  marine  insurance  was  largely  and  successfully  prosecuted  at  Amsterdam  ; 
and  the  ordinances  published  in  1551,  1563,  and  1570,  contain  the  most  judicious  regula- 
tions for  the  settlement  of  such  disputes  as  might  arise  in  conducting  this  dithcull  but  highly 
useful  business.  It  is  singular,  however,  notwithstanding  the  sagacity  of  the  Dutch,  and 
their  desire  to  strengthen  industrious  habits,  that  they  should  have  prohibited  insurance  upon 
lives.  It  wfiR  reserved  for  England  to  show  the  advantages  that  might  be  derived  from  this 
beautilul  application  of  the  sci-'ice  of  probabilities. 

In  1690,  Sir  William  P«-  !y  Uimated  the  shipping  of  Europe  at  about  2,000,000  tons, 
which  he  supposed  to  be  .  ^ted  as  follows  : — viz.  England,  500,000 ;  France,  100,000 ; 
Hamburgh,  Denmark,  Swu  ,  and  Dantzic,  250,000 ;  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy,  250,000 ; 
that  of  the  Seven  United  Provinces  amounting,  according  to  him,  to  900,000  tons,  or  to 
nearly  one  half  of  the  whole  tonnage  of  Europe !  No  great  dependence  can,  of  course, 
be  placed  upon  these  estimates ;  but  the  probability  is,  that,  had  they  been  more  accurate, 
the  preponderance  in  favour  of  Holland  would  have  been  greater  than  it  appears  to  be ;  for 
the  official  returns  to  the  circulars  addressed  in  1701  by  the  commissioners  of  customs  to 
the  officers  at  the  difl'erent  ports,  show  that  the  whole  mercantile  navy  of  England  amounted 
at  that  period  to  only  261,222  tons,  carrying  27,196  men. — (^Macphersori's  Annals  of  Com- 
merce, amii>  1701.)   '    ,.       .       ;. 

It  may,  therefore,  be  fairly  concluded,  that,  during  the  seventeenth  century  the  foreign 
commerce  and  navigation  of  Holland  was  greater  than  that  of  all  Europe  besides;  and  yet 
the  country  which  was  the  seat  of  this  vast  commerce  had  no  native  produce  to  export,  nor 
even  a  piece  of  timber  fit  for  ship-building.  All  had  been  the  fruit  of  industry,  economy,  and 
a  fortunate  combination  of  circumstances. 

Holland  owed  this  vast  commerce  to  a  variety  of  causes :  partly  to  her  peculiar  situation, 
the  industry  and  economy  of  her  inhabitants,  the  comparatively  liberal  and  enlightened 
system  of  civil  as  well  as  of  commercial  policy  adopted  by  the  republic ;  and  partly  also  to 
the  wars  and  disturbances  that  prevailed  in  most  European  countries  in  tlic  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  and  prevented  them  from  emulating  the  successful  career  of  the 
Dutch. 

The  ascendancy  of  Holland  as  a  commercial  state  began  to  decline  from  about  the  com- 
mencement of  last  century.  After  the  war  terminated  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
the  attention  of  the  government  of  Holland  was  forcibly  attracted  to  the  state  of  the  ship- 
ping and  foreign  commerce  of  the  republic.  The  discovery  of  means  by  which  their  decline 
might  be  arrested,  and  the  trade  of  the  republic,  if  possible,  restored  to  its  ancient  flourishing 
condition,  became  a  prominent  object  in  the  speculations  of  every  one  who  felt  interested  in 
tlie  public  welfare.  In  order  to  procure  the  most  correct  information  on  the  subject,  the 
Stadtholder,  William  IV.,  addressed  the  following  queries  to  all  the  most  extensive  and 
intelligent  merchants,  desiring  them  to  favour  him  with  their  answers: — 

"  1.  What  is  the  actual  state  of  trade  ?  and  if  the  same  should  be  found  to  be  diminished 
and  fallen  to  decay,  then,  2.  To  inijuire  by  what  methods  the  same  may  be  supported  and 
advanced,  or,  if  possible,  restored  to  its  former  lustre,  repui  ■  and  dignity  ?" 

In  discussing  these  questions,  the  merchants  were  obliged  to  enter  into  an  examination, 
as  well  of  the  causes  which  had  raised  the  commerce  of  Holland  to  the  high  pitch  of  pros- 
perity to  which  it  had  once  attained,  as  of  those  which  had  occasioned  its  subsequent  de- 
cline. It  is  stated,  that,  though  not  of  the  same  opinion  upon  all  points,  they,  speaking 
generally,  concurred  as  to  those  that  were  most  important.  When  their  answers  had  been 
obtained,  and  compared  with  each  other,  the  Stadtholder  had  a  dissertation  prepared  from 
them,  and  other  authentic  sources,  on  the  commerce  of  the  republic,  to  which  proposals 
were  subjoined  for  its  amendment.  Some  of  the  principles  advanced  in  this  dissertation 
apply  to  the  case  of  Holland  only  ;  but  most  of  them  are  of  univcrsiil  application,  and  are 
not  more  comprehensive  than  sound.  We  doubt,  indeed,  whether  the  benefits  resulting 
from  religious  toleration,  political  liberty,  the  security  of  property,  and  the  freedom  of  in- 
dustry, have  ever  been  more  clearly  set  forth  than  in  this  dissertation.  It  begins  by  an 
enumeration  of  the  causes  which  contributed  to  advance  the  comm'  rce  of  the  republic  to  its 
former  unexampled  prosperity ;  these  the  authors  divide  into  three  classes,  embracing  under 


the  first 
moral ; 
marking 


AMSTERDAM. 


41 


the  first  those  that  were  natural  ami  physical ;  under  the  second,  those  they  doiiominateJ 
moral;  anil  under  the  third,  those  which  they  considered  adventitious  and  external;  ru- 
marliing  on  them  in  succession  as  follows  : — 

"  1.  The  Miifiirnl  and  physical  rai\sps  arc  the  advantages  of  the  situation  of  the  roiintry,  on  tlie  sna, 
and  at  tin;  mouth  of  coiisidt'rahlt' rivi'rs ;  its  situation  between  the  norlliern  and  soiitliern  parts, 
which,  hy  hcini;  in  a  nianiiiT  llic  centre  of  all  Kuro|)e,  made  the  republic  become  IheKeiicral  market, 
where  the  merchants  on  botli  sidi's  useil  to  briii!!  Ilieir  superfluous  commodities,  in  order  to  liarter 
and  exchanpe  tlie  same  for  other  poods  they  wanted. 

"Nor  have  the  barrenness  of  the  country,  and  the  necessities  of  the  natives  arisiiiij  from  that  cause, 
less  contributeii  to  set  tlieni  upon  exertiiig'all  their  application,  industry,  and  utmost  stretch  off;enin>-, 
to  fi'tch  from  foreign  countries  what  they  stand  in  need  of  in  their  own,  and  to  support  themselves 
by  trade. 

"  The  abundance  of  fish  in  the  neighbouring  seas  put  them  in  a  condition  not  only  to  supply  their  own 
occasions,  but  witli  the  overplus  to  carry  on  a  trade  with  foreigners,  and  <Mit  of  the  produce  of  thts 
fishery  to  find  an  eciiiivalent  for  what  they  wanted,  through  the  sterility  and  narrow  boundaries  '.ind 
extent  of  their  own  country. 

'•11.  Among  the  moral  and  political  causes  are  to  be  placed.  The  unalterable  maxim  and  funda- 
mental law  relating  to  the  free  exercise  of  ditferent  reliaions  :  and  always  to  consider  lliis  toleration 
and  connivance  as  the  most  effectual  means  to  draw  foreigners  from  adjacent  countries  to  si!ttle  and 
reside  here,  and  so  hecoire  instrumental  to  the  peopling  of  these  provinces. 

"  The  constant  policv  of  the  republic  to  make  this  country  a  perpetual,  safe,  and  secure  asylum  for 
all  persecuted  and  oppressed  strangers.  No  alliance,  no  treaty,  no  regard  for  or  solicitation  of  any 
potentate  whatever,  lias  at  any  time  been  able  to  weaken  or  destroy  this  law,  or  make  the  state  re- 
cede from  protecting  those  who  have  (led  to  it  for  theii  own  security  and  self-preservation. 

"  Througlioiit  the  whole  course  of  all  the  persecutions  and  oppressions  that  have  occurred  in  other 
countries,  the  steady  adherence  of  the  republic  to  this  fundamental  law  has  been  the  cause  that 
many  people  have  liot  only  fled  hither  for  refuge,  with  their  whole  stock  in  ready  cash,  and  their 
most  valuable  effects,  but  have  also  settled,  and  established  many  trades,  fabrics,  manufactories, 
arts,  and  sciences,  in  this  country,  notwithstanding  the  first  materials  for  the  said  fabrics  and  manu- 
factories were  almost  wliolly  wanting  in  it,  and  not  to  be  procured  but  at  a  great  e.xpense  from  foreign 
parts. 

"The  constitution  of  our  form  of  government,  and  the  liberty  thus  accruing  to  the  citizen,  are 
further  reasons  to  which  the  growth  of  trade,  and  its  establishment  in  the  republic,  may  fairly  be 
ascribed;  and  all  her  policy  and  laws  are  put  upon  such  an  equitable  fooling,  that  neither  life, 
estates,  nor  dignities,  depend  on  the  caprice  or  arbitrary  power  of  any  single  individual  ;  nor  is 
there  any  room  for  any  person,  who,  by  care,  frugality,  and  diligence,  has  once  ac(|uired  an  af- 
fluent fortune  or  estate,  to  fear  a  deprivation  of  them  by  any  act  of  violence,  opjiression,  or  in- 
justice. 

"The  administration  of  justice  in  the  country  has,  in  like  manner,  always  been  clear  and  impar- 
tial, and  without  distinction  of  superior  or  infcirior  rank, — whether  the  parties  have  been  rich  or  poor, 
or  were  this  a  foreigner  and  that  a  native  ;  and  it  were  greatly  to  be  wislied  we  could  at  this  day 
boast  of  such  impartial  quickness  and  despatcli  in  all  our  legal  processes,  considering  how  great  an 
influence  it  has  on  trade. 

"To  sum  up  all,  amongst  the  moral  and  political  causes  of  the  former  flourishing  state  of  trade, 
may  be  likewise  plac(>d  the  wisdom  and  prudi.'uce  of  the  administration  ;  the  intrepiit  firmness  of  the 
councils  ;  the  faithfulness  with  which  treaties  and  engagements  were  wont  to  h(!  fulfilled  and  ratified  ; 
and  particularly  the  care  and  caution  practised  to  preserve  tranquillity  and  peace,  and  to  decline,  in- 
stead of  entering  on  a  scene  of  war,  merely  to  gratify  the  ambitious  views  of  gaining  fruitless  or  ima- 
ginary conquests. 

"By  these  moral  and  political  maxims  was  the  glory  and  reputation  of  the  republic  so  far  spread, 
and  foreigners  aiiiinated  to  place  so  great  a  confidence  in  the  steady  determinations  of  a  state  so 
wisely  and  prudently  conducted,  that  a  concourse  of  them  stocked  this  country  with  an  augmenta- 
tion of  inhabitants  and  useful  hands,  whereby  its  trade  and  opulence  were  from  time  to  time  in- 
creased. 

"  III.  Amongst  the  adventitious  and  external  causes  of  the  rise  and  flourishing  state  of  our  trado 
may  be  reckoned — 

"That  at  the  time  when  the  best  and  wisest  maxims  were  adopted  in  the  republic  as  the  means  of 
making  trade  flourish,  they  were  neglected  in  almost  all  other  countries  ;  and  any  one,  reading  the 
history  of  those  times,  may  easily  discover,  that  the  persecutions  on  account  of  religion  throughout 
Hpp.in,  Brabant,  Flanders,  and  many  other  states  and  kingdoms,  hive  powerfully  jiromoted  the  esta- 
blishment of  commerce  in  the  republic. 

"  To  this  happy  result,  and  the  settling  of  manufacturers  in  our  country,  the  long  continuance  of 
the  civil  wars  in  France,  which  were  afterwards  carried  on  in  Germany,  England,  and  divers  other 
parts,  have  also  very  much  contributed. 

"  If  must  be  added,  in  the  last  place,  that  during  our  most  hurthensome  and  heavy  wars  with  Spain 
and  Portugal  (however  ruinous  tl>:ii  period  was  for  commerce  otherwise),  these  powers  had  bolli 
neglected  their  navy ;  whilst  the  navy  of  the  republic,  by  a  conduct  directly  the  reverse,  was  at  the 
same  time  fori;<idable,  and  in  a  capacity  not  only  to  protect  the  trade  of  its  own  subjects,  but  to  an- 
noy and  crush  thiv*  of  their  enemies  in  all  quarters,"* 

We  believe  out  readers  will  agree  with  us  in  thinking  that  these  statements  reflect  the 
greatest  credit  on  the  merchants  and  government  of  Holland.  Nothing,  as  it  appears  to  us, 
could  be  conceived  more  judicious  than  the  account  they  give  of  the  causes  which  princi- 
pally contributed  io  render  Holland  a  great  commercial  commonwealth.  The  central 
situation  of  the  cjuntry,  its  command  of  some  of  the  principal  inlets  to  the  continent,  and 
the  necessity  under  which  the  inhabitants  have  been  placed,  in  consequence  of  the  barren- 
ness of  the  soil  and  its  liability  to  be  overflowed,  to  exert  all  their  industry  and  enterprise, 
are  circumstances  that  seem  to  be  in  a  great  degree  peculiar  to  Holland.  But  though  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  their  influence  has  been  very  considerable,  no  one  will  pretend  to  say 
that  it  is  to  be  compared  for  a  moment  with  the  influence  of  those  free  institutions,  which, 
fortunately,  are  not  the  exclusive  attributes  of  any  particular  country,  but  have  flourished  in 
Phoenicia,  Greece,  England,  and  America,  as  well  as  in  Holland. 


! 


S 


\ 


8 

1 


tt 


*  The  Uissertntion  was  translated  into  English,  and  published  at  London  in  1751. 
from  the  trunslutiuu. 

sS  6 


We  have  quoted 


42 


AMSTERDAM. 


Many  dissertations  have  been  written  to  account  for  the  decline  of  the  commerce  of  Hol- 
land. But,  if  WR  mistake  not,  its  leading  causes  may  be  classed  under  two  prominent  headR, 
viz.  first,  the  natural  growth  of  con)mcrcc  and  navigation  in  other  countries ;  and  second, 
the  weight  of  taxation  at  home.  During  the  period  when  the  republic  rose  to  great  eminence 
as  a  commercial  stale,  England,  France,  and  Spain,  distracted  by  civil  and  religious  dissen- 
sions, or  engrossed  wholly  by  schemes  of  foreign  conquest,  were  unable  to  apply  their 
energies  to  the  cultivation  of  commerce,  or  to  withstand  the  competition  of  so  industrious  a 
people  as  the  Dutch.  They,  therefore,  were  under  the  necessity  of  allowing  the  greater  part 
of  their  foreign,  and  even  of  their  coasting  trade,  to  be  carried  on  in  Dutch  bottoms,  and 
under  the  superintendence  of  Dutch  factors.  But  after  the  accession  of  liouis  XIV.  and 
the  ascendency  of  Cromwell  had  put  an  end  to  internal  commotions  in  France  and  England, 
the  energies  of  these  two  great  nations  began  to  he  directed  to  pursuits  of  which  the  Dutch 
had  hitherto  enjoyed  almost  a  monopoly.  It  was  not  to  be  supposed,  that  when  tranquillity 
and  a  regular  system  of  government  had  been  established  in  France  and  England,  their 
active  and  enterprising  inhabitants  would  submit  to  see  one  of  their  most  valuable  branches 
of  industry  in  the  hands  of  foreigners.  The  Dutch  ceased  to  be  the  carriers  of  Europe, 
without  any  fault  of  their  own.  Their  performance  of  that  function  necessarily  terminated 
as  soon  as  other  nations  became  possessed  of  a  mercantile  marine,  and  were  able  to  do  for 
themselves  what  had  previously  been  done  for  them  by  their  neighbours. 

Whatever,  therefore,  might  have  been  the  condition  of  Holland  in  other  respects,  the 
natural  advance  of  rival  nations  must  inevitably  have  stripped  her  of  a  large  portion  of  the 
commerce  she  once  possessed.  But  the  progress  of  decline  seems  to  have  been  considerably 
accelerated,  or  rather,  perhaps,  the  efforts  to  arrest  it  were  rendered  ineffectual,  by  the  ex- 
tremely heavy  taxation  to  which  she  was  subjected,  occasioned  by  the  unavoidable  expenses 
incurred  in  the  revolutionary  struggle  with  Spain,  and  the  subsequent  wars  with  France 
and  England.  The  necessities  of  the  state  led  to  the  imposition  of  taxes  on  corn,  on  flour 
when  it  was  ground  at  the  mill,  and  on  bread  when  it  came  from  the  oven  ;  on  butter,  and 
fish,  and  fruit ;  on  income  and  legacies ;  the  sale  of  houses ;  and,  in  short,  almost  every 
article  either  of  necessity  or  convenience.  Sir  William  Temple  mentions  that  in  his  time — 
and  taxes  were  greatly  increased  afterwards — one  fish  sauce  was  in  common  use,  which 
directly  paid  no  fewer  than  thirti/  different  duties  of  excise ;  and  it  was  a  common  saying  at 
Amsterdam,  that  every  dish  of  iish  brought  to  table  was  paid  for  once  to  the  fisherman,  and 
six  times  to  the  state. 

The  pernicious  influence  of  this  heavy  taxation  has  been  ably  set  forth  by  the  author  of 
the  Ric/iesse  de  la  Hitllande,  and  other  well-informed  writers ;  and  it  has  also  been  very 
forcibly  pointed  out  in  the  Dissertation  already  referred  to,  drawn  up  from  the  communica- 
tions of  the  Dutch  merchants.  "  Oppressive  taxes,"  it  is  there  stated,  "must  be  placed  at 
the  head  of  all  the  causes  that  have  co-operated  to  the  prejudice  and  discouragement  of  trade; 
and  it  may  be  justly  said,  that  it  can  only  be  attributed  to  them  that  the  trade  of  this  country 
has  been  diverted  out  of  its  channel,  and  transferred  to  our  neighbours,  and  must  daily  he 
still  more  and  more  alienated  and  shut  out  from  us,  unless  the  progress  thereof  be  stopped 
by  some  quick  and  effectual  remedy  :  nor  is  it  difficult  to  see,  from  these  contemplations  on 
the  state  of  our  trade,  that  the  same  will  be  efl'ected  by  no  other  means  than  a  diminution 
of  all  duties, 

"  In  former  times  this  was  reckoned  the  only  trading  state  in  Europe ;  and  foreigners 
were  content  to  pay  the  taxes,  as  well  on  the  goods  they  brought  hither,  as  on  those  they 
came  here  to  buy  ;  without  examining  whether  they  could  evade  or  save  them,  by  fetching 
the  gooils  from  the  places  wliere  they  were  produced,  and  carrying  others  to  the  places 
where  they  were  consumed :  in  short,  they  paid  us  our  taxes  with  j)lcasure,  without  any 
farther  inquiry. 

"But,  since  the  last  century,  the  system  of  trade  is  altered  all  over  Europe:  foreign 
nations,  seeing  the  wonderful  effe.'t  of  our  trade,  and  to  what  an  eminence  we  had  risen 
only  by  means  thereof,  they  did  likewise  ajjjjly  themselves  to  it;  and,  to  save  our  duties, 
sent  their  superfluous  products  beside  our  country,  to  the  places  where  they  are  most  con- 
sumed ;  and  in  return  for  the  same,  furnished  themselves  from  the  first  hands  with  what 
they  wanted." 

But,  notwithstanding  this  authoritative  exposition  of  the  pernicious  effects  resulting  from 
the  excess  of  taxation,  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  state  were  so  great  as  to  render  it  im- 
possible to  make  any  sufficient  reductions.  And,  with  the  exception  of  the  transit  trade 
carried  on  through  the  Rhine  and  the  Meuse,  vhich  is  in  a  great  measure  independent  of 
foreign  competition,  and  the  American  trade,  most  of  the  other  branches  of  the  foreign  trade 
of  Holland,  though  still  very  considerable,  continue  in  a  comparatively  depressed  state. 

In  consequence  principally  of  the  oppressiveness  of  taxation,  but  partly  too,  of  the  exces- 
sive accumulation  of  capital  that  had  taken  place  while  the  Dutch  engrossed  the  carrying 
trade  of  Europe,  profits  in  Holland  were  reduced  towards  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  have  ever  since  continued  extremely  low.  This  circumstance  would  of  itself 
have  sapped  the  foundations  of  her  commercial  greatness.    Her  capitalists,  who  could  hardly 


AMSTERDAM. 


43 


I    \ 


foreign 
risen 

duties, 
ost  can- 
th  what 

ng  from 
■r  it  im- 
it  trade 
dent  of 
in  trade 
te. 

3  exces- 
arrying 
ntoenth 
f  itself 
hardly 


expect  to  clear  more  than  two  or  three  per  cent,  of  nctt  profit  by  any  sort  of  undertaking: 
carried  on  at  home,  were  tempted  to  vest  their  capital  in  other  countries,  and  to  speculate  in 
lonns  to  foreign  governments.  There  are  the  best  reasons  for  thinking  that  the  Dutch  were, 
until  very  lately,  the  largest  creditors  of  any  nation  in  Europe.  It  is  impossible,  indeed,  to 
form  any  accurate  estimate  of  what  the  sums  owing  them  by  foreigners  previously  to  the 
late  French  war,  or  at  present,  may  amount  to;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  at  the  former 
period  the  amount  was  immense,  and  that  it  is  still  very  considerable.  M.  Demeunier 
(Dicfionnai're  de  PEconnmie  Politique,  tome  iii.  p.  720.)  states  the  amount  of  capital  lent 
by  the  Dutch  to  foreign  governments,  exclusive  of  the  large  sums  lent  to  France  during  the 
American  war,  at  seven fij-t /tree  millions  sterling.  According  to  the  author  of  the  Kic/ie.ise 
de  la  Hollande  (ii.  p.  293.),  the  sums  lent  to  France  and  Er.gland  only,  previously  to  1778, 
amounted  to  l,.500,000  livres  tournois,  or  sixty  millions  sterling.  And  besides  these,  vast 
sums  were  lent  to  private  individuals  in  foreign  countries,  both  regularly  as  loar.'?  at  interest, 
and  in  the  shape  of  goods  advanced  at  long  credits.  So  great  was  the  difficulty  of  finding 
an  advantageous  investment  for  money  in  Holland,  that  Sir  William  Temple  mentions,  that 
the  payment  of  any  part  of  the  national  debt  was  looked  upon  by  the  creditors  as  an  evil 
of  the  first  magnitude.  '  They  receive  it,"  says  he,  "  with  tears,  not  knowing  how  to  dis- 
pose of  it  to  interest  with  such  safety  and  ease." 

Among  the  subordinate  causes  which  contributed  to  the  decline  of  Dutch  commerce,  or 
which  have,  at  all  events,  prevented  its  growth,  we  may  reckon  the  circumstance  of  the 
commerce  with  India  having  been  subjected  to  the  trammels  of  monopoly.  De  Witt  ex- 
presses his  firm  conviction,  that  the  abolition  of  the  East  India  Company  would  have  added 
very  greatly  to  the  trade  with  the  East ;  and  no  doubt  can  now  remain  in  the  mind  of  any 
one,  that  such  would  have  been  the  case.*  The  interference  of  the  administration  in  regu- 
lating the  mode  in  which  some  of  the  most  important  branches  of  industry  should  be  car- 
ried on,  seems  also  to  have  been  exceedingly  injurious.  Every  proceeding  with  respect  to 
the  herring  fishery,  for  example,  was  regulated  by  the  orders  of  government,  carried  into 
efiect  under  the  inspection  of  officers  appointed  for  that  purpose.  Some  of  these  reguUitions 
were  exceedingly  vexatious.  The  period  when  the  fishery  might  begin  was  fixed  at  five 
minutes  po*-'  twelve  o'clock  of  the  night  of  the  24th  of  June  !  and  the  master  and  pilot  of 
every  ves.-.i  wing  Holland  for  the  fishery,  were  obliged  to  make  oath  that  they  would 
respect  th'^  ••  it,  m.  The  species  of  salt  to  be  made  use  of  in  curing  dilTcrent  sorts  of 
herrings,'.:  i  >.  ;ed  by  law;  and  there  were  endless  regulations  with  respect  to  the  size 
of  the  barrel-  '  •  ..umber  and  thickness  of  the  staves  of  which  they  were  to  be  made  ;  the 
gutting  and  packing  of  the  herrings;  the  branding  of  the  barrels,  &c.  «&c. — (Hisfoire  des 
Peches,  ^c.  d:i)hi  le.i  Mers  du  Nord,  torn.  i.  chap.  24.)  These  regulations  were  intended  to 
secure  to  the  Hollanders  that  superiority  which  they  had  early  attained  in  the  fishery,  and  to 
prevent  the  reputation  of  their  herrings  from  being  injured  by  the  bad  faith  of  individuals. 
But  their  real  eifect  was  precisely  the  reverse  of  this.  By  tying  up  the  fishers  to  a  system 
of  routine,  they  prevented  them  from  making  any  improvements;  while  the  facility  of  coun- 
terfeiting the  public  marks  opened  a  much  wider  door  to  fraud,  than  would  have  heen  open- 
ed had  government  wisely  declined  interfering  in  the  matter. 

In  despite,  however,  of  the  East  India  monopoly,  and  the  regulations  now  described,  the 
commercial  policy  of  Holland  has  l>een  more  liberal  than  that  of  any  other  nation.  And  in 
consequence,  a  country  not  more  extensive  than  Wales,  and  naturally  not  more  fertile,  con- 
quered, indeed,  in  a  great  measure  from  the  sea,  has  accumulated  a  population  of  upwards 
of  two  millions ;  has  maintained  wars  of  unexampled  duration  with  the  most  powerful 
monarchies;  and,  besides  laying  out  immense  sums  in  works  of  utility  and  ornament  at 
home,  has  been  enabled  to  lend  hundreds  of  millions  to  foreigners. 

During  the  occupation  of  Holland  by  the  French,  first  as  a  dependent  state,  and  subse- 
quently as  an  integral  part  of  the  French  empire,  her  foreign  trade  was  almost  entirely 
destroyed.  Her  colonies  were  successively  conquered  by  England,  and  in  addition  to  the 
loss  of  her  trade,  she  was  burdened  with  fresh  taxes.  But  such  was  the  vast  accumulated 
wealth  of  the  Dutch,  their  prudence,  and  energy,  that  the  influence  of  these  adverse  circum- 
stances was  far  less  injurious  than  could  have  been  imagined ;  and,  notwithstanding  all  the 
losses  she  had  sustained,  and  the  long  interruption  of  her  commercial  pursuits,  Holland 
continued,  at  her  emancipation  from  the  yoke  of  the  French  in  1814,  to  he  the  richest  coun- 
try in  Europe  !  Java,  the  Moluccas,  and  most  of  her  other  colonies  were  then  restored,  and 
she  is  now  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  large  foreign  trade.  Her  connection  with  Belgium  was 
an  unfortunate  one  for  both  countries.  The  union  was  not  agreeable  to  either  party,  and 
has  been  injurious  to  Holland.  Belgium  was  an  agricultural  and  manufacturing  country  ; 
and  was  inclined,  in  imitation  of  the  French,  to  lay  restrictions  on  the  importations  of  most 
sorts  of  raw  and  manufactured  produce.  A  policy  of  this  sort  was  directly  opposed  to  the 
interests  and  the  ancient  practice  of  the  Dutch.  But  though  their  deputies  prevented  the 
restrictive  system  from  being  carried  to  the  extent  proposed  by  the  Belgians,  they  were  una- 

*  For  prnofs  of  ihis.Hop  the  nrticle  on  the  Commerce  of  Ilulland  in  the  Edinburgh  Review,  No.  102., 
from  wliich  uiostpurt  of  those  statements  have  been  taken. 


i 

i 

i 


0 

1 


C 

d 


44 


ANCHOR. 


ble  to  prevent  it  from  boino;  rnrried  to  an  extent  that  materially  affreted  the  trade  of  Holland. 
Whatever,  therefore,  may  be  the  eonseqiicnees  as  to  BolRiuin,  there  ean  be  little  doubt  that 
the  late  separation  between  the  two  divisions  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  will  redound 
to  the  advantaffe  of  Holland.  It  must  ever  be  for  the  interest  of  England,  America,  and  all 
trading  nations,  to  maintain  the  independence  of  a  state  by  whose  means  their  productions 
find  a  ready  access  to  the  great  continental  markets.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Dutch,  pro- 
fiting by  past  experience,  will  adopt  such  a  liberal  and  conciliatory  system  towards  the 
natives  of  Java,  as  may  enable  them  to  avail  themselves  to  the  full  of  the  various  re- 
sources of  that  noble  island.  And  if  they  do  this,  and  freely  open  their  j)orts,  with  as  few 
restrictions  as  possible,  to  the  ships  and  commodities  of  all  countries,  Holland  may  still  be 
the  centre  of  a  very  extensive  commerce,  and  may  continue  to  preserve  a  res])ectable  place 
among  mercantile  nations.  Even  at  this  moment,  after  all  the  vicissitudes  they  have  under- 
gone, the  Dutch  are,  beyond  all  question,  the  most  opulent  and  industrious  of  f]uropean 
nations.  And  their  present,  no  less  than  their  former  state,  shows  that  a  free  system  of 
government,  security,  and  the  absence  of  restrictions  on  industry,  can  overcome  almost  every 
obstacle  ;  "  can  convert  the  standing  pool  and  lake  into  fat  meadows,  cover  the  barren  rock 
with  verdure,  and  make  the  desert  smile  with  flowers." 

(Principal  articles  of  Merclinndise  imported  into  Amsterdam  in  1834  and  1835,  with  the  Stocks  on  hand 
on  till"  31st  Di!cember  each  year. — (Circular  vf  Liibuuchere  <!(•  Co.) 


Teas     .    .    . 

qr.  chests 

Imports  la  1834. 

Stocks  on 
31st  December,  IS34. 

Imports  in  1833. 

Slocks  on 
31st  Dectuiber,  1835. 

16,(100 

10,100 

5.290 

3,.120 

Colfee  ■   -    - 

kiln^. 

20,000,000 

11,000,000 

1 8,250,000 

10,125,000 

C    hhdj. 

19,0271 

700  ■) 

2».509-\ 

1,200-1 

Sugar    •    •    - 

boiefl 
-   i  mats,  &c. 
1     c.tnist. 

>Jj^«  hb,000?000 

7;^      2,750,000 

26,470        ^|,„_ 

3-™       """"• 
,3.^*;      5,750,000 

L    cliestj. 

2,TJiJ 

700j 

2,s20j 

323  J 

Tobicco     •    - 

5  M.  hhds. 
"   }  V  and  K. 

10,203 
68 

7,176 

53 

7,369 

8M2 

4,664 

8 -.2 

Collon       •   - 

tnlfs,  &c. 

I3,'-,23 

1,418 

11,718 

1,697 

Rice,  CarolimL 

casks 

9,000 

2,000 

5,H00 

300 

Java     • 

Lags 

34,000 

24,000 

13,000 

2,3(0 

Pfnper  •    ■    - 
AMlVB     '    •    • 

— 

2,9!i3 

1,200 

3,300 

800 

barrels 

4,469 

440 

2,585 

20 

Hides     -    -    - 

nuniher 

105,100 

26,000 

120,800 

46,700 

Indieo    •    •    - 

J     cases 
I    serniis 

750 

470 

1,493 

1,215 

80 

100 

66 

116 

Dyewoods  •    • 

kiloi!s. 

2,840,000 

2,725,000 

i;,294,000 

4,210,000 

Sup.) 

[The  principal  imports  from  Amsterdam,  as  also  from  Rotterdam,  into  the  United  States, 
are  gin,  madder,  liTiseed  oil,  nutmegs,  Khenish  and  Moselle  wines,  and  sailcloth  or  duck. 
This  last  article  has  a  decided  sujieriority  to  the  corresponding  article  of  any  other  country. 
yVe  may  make  the  same  remark  concerning  the  bolting  cloths  which  are  manufactured  in 
Holland.  Our  millers  give  them  a  preference  to  all  others.  The  herrings  of  the  Dutch 
fisheries  have  long  been  accounted  superior  to  those  caught  elsewhere.  They  are  of  small 
size,  but  very  fat ;  and  the  Dutch  surpass  all  other  nations  in  the  art  of  curing  them.  They 
are  well  known  to  epicures,  but  are,  nevertheless,  imported  into  the  United  States  only  in 
small  quantities.  The  cheese  of  Holland  is  another  article  in  much  repute ;  yet,  like  the 
herring  of  that  country,  it  is  imported  by  us  only  to  a  very  limited  extent. 

It  may  be  here  added  that,  while  we  export  a  certain  amount  of  coffee  to  Holland,  we  also 
import  thence  a  quantity  of  old  Java,  commonly  called  "  government  colfee."  The  wealthier 
portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  our  large  cities  are  its  principal  consumers. 

Our  exports  to  Holland,  which  very  much  exceed  in  value  our  imports  from  that  country, 
are,  in  the  order  nearly  of  their  relative  importance,  tobacco,  cotton,  whale  and  other  fish 
oils,  rice,  brown  sugar,  teas,  cotfee,  pot  and  pearlash,  raw  hides,  sSec. — Am.  Ed.] 

ANCHOR  (Fr,  Ancrc ,-  Lat.  Anchnra ;  Gr.  Ajxu^a),  a  well-known  maritime  instru- 
ment used  in  the  mooring  or  fastening  of  ships.  It  consists  of  a  shank  having  two  hooked 
arms  at  one  end,  and  at  the  other  end  a  bar,  or  stock,  at  right  angles  to  the  arms,  with  a  ring 
to  which  the  cable  is  fastened.  The  arms,  shank,  and  ring  should  be  made  of  the  very  best 
and  toughest  iron;  the  stock  is  for  the  most  part  of  oak,  hut  it  is  frequently  also,  especially 
in  the  smaller  anchors,  made  of  iron.  On  being  let  go,  or  cast  into  the  water,  the  anchor 
sinks  rapidly  to  the  bottom,  and  is  thrown  by  the  stock  into  such  a  position  that  the  fluke, 
or  point  of  one  of  the  arms,  is  sure  to  strike  the  ground  perpendicularly,  and  being  kept  in 
that  direction,  unless  the  bottom  be  particularly  hard  or  rocky,  sinks  into  it,  and  cannot  be 
dislodged,  where  the  ground  is  not  soft  or  oozy,  without  a  violent  effort.  When  the  anchor 
is  dislodged,  it  is  said,  by  the  sailors,  to  crnne  home. 

Seeing  that  the  safety  and  preservation  of  ships  and  crews  are  very  frequently  dependent 
on  their  anchors  and  cables,  it  is  needless  to  say  that  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  these 
should  be  of  the  most  approved  quality  and  construction. 

Every  ship  has,  or  ought  to  have,  three  principal  anchors;  viz.  1st,  the  sheet  anchor,  the 
largest  of  all,  and  only  let  down  in  cases  of  dunger,  or  when  the  vessel  is  riding  in  a  gale  of 
wind ;  2d,  the  best  bower  anchor ;  and  3d,  the  small  buuier  anchor.    There  are,  besides, 


rill 


smaller  ai 
(ir  seven 
being  usu 
bower  ant 
ton. 

To  rii.'^U  I 
miiv  t'kc  li 

i'n  lints  I 
or  thrnniili 
ing  111"  till' 

'/'i>  ircisli 

J.air  «.s-  til 
posHi'ssion 
wlit'thiT  ill 
witliiii  flirt} 
fIi;iII  know 
iiiit  ilH  lii-ii 
nii'iit  as  fii 
disrri'tiiin 
any  iinrliiir 
rrpiirtins 
viT  the  iirti 
iinilrr  .t  poi 
oath  of  oni; 
rstalilislKM 
And  overy  i 
port,  crt'ck, 
any  term  no 

Invent  in 
is  of  very 
President  i 
and  that  tl 
the  sea,  a  p 
Eng.  trans, 
lib.  vii.  cap. 
period  ;  sor 
Since  this  r 
gone  very  li 

ANCHO 
ther  be  too  1 
hold,  and  in 
In  a  rocky  1 
liable  to  cha 
be  neither  t( 
pendicular,  i 
expo.'ted  to  t 
water  that  ii 
little  import! 

The  anchoj 
and  ronimerc 
tirst  which  it 
out  ballast,  oi 
never  conies, 
on  view,  or  f 
penalty  is  inc 
In  pursuance 
regulations  fr 
ships,  in  all  tl 
where  or  nen 
wharfs  or  mo 
placed  in  any 
other  persons 
his  Majesty,  t 
of  the  Navy. 

It  further  p 
said  aiithiiriti 
quantity,  unii 
allowed".  It 
board  shotted 
after  sun-sett 
further  srives 
of  seo.rch  in  s 

AxciioiiA 
ANCHO 

encrasicutiLs 
from  Gorgor 
fresh  pickled 


ANCHORAGE,  ANCHOVY. 


45 


kilnn. 
5,750,000 


instru- 
hooked 
th  a  ring 
ery  best 
pecially 
anchor 
Jiuke, 
kept  in 
mnot  be 
anchor 

pendent 
[at  these 

hor,  the 
gale  of 
besides, 


smnllpr  anchors  for  mooring  in  rivers,  ports,  &c.  The  largest  class  of  mnn-of-war  have  six 
<>r  seven  anchors.  The  weight  of  an  anchor  is  determined  principiiiiy  liy  the  tonnage ;  it 
being  usual  to  allow,  for  every  20  tons  of  a  ship's  burthen,  I  cwt.  for  the  weight  of  lu-r  best 
bower  anchor  ;  so  that  this  anchor  in  a  ship  of  400  tons  should  weigh  about  20  cwt.,  or  a 
ton. 

To  riift,  or  let  rro,  ilir  av-hor,  is  to  let  the  anchor  fall  from  the  ship's  bows  into  the  water,  so  that  it 
may  tiki'  hold  nf  tho  crouiiil. 

7'fl  tlritir  the.  anchor,  is  In  iiiakn  it  conm  homn  ;  that  is,  to  dialndst!  it  from  its  bed,  and  to  drair  it  ovor 
or  throuuh  Ihi'  proiind.  This  may  be  ocriiaiciiicd  by  tli«  uiichor  Immhk  too  lii!ht,  by  the  violent  ptrain- 
ing  of  till'  ciilili'  ill  a  storm  or  a  current,  by  tlii'  ton  grrat  hardnnnH  or  aofliii'ss  of  llie  irnmnil,  &<■. 

Vi)  irriirh  the  anehnr,  is  to  disloilso  it  from  its  hold,  and  hravi!  it  up  by  iiii'aiis  of  tin-  capstaii,  &r. 

J.air  «.s-  to  ^liirhiirs  left,  purled  fnim,  I'j-c. — By  the  1  &.  2  (Ji^o.  4.  c.  75.,  [liliils  and  othrr  persons  takiiiij 
possession  of  ancliors,  rahli's,  and  other  ship  materials,  parted  with,  cut  fnuu,  or  left  by  any  vessel, 
whether  in  distress  or  ollierwise,  shall  give  notiro  of  tlio  same  tn  a  deputy  vii'e-admiral,  or  bis  agent, 
witliin  forty-eiijilt  hours,  on  pain  of  being  considered  as  receivers  of  stolen  gooils ;  and  if  any  person 
shall  knowingly  and  h  ilfully  purchase  any  such  anchor,  &c.  that  shall  have  been  so  obtiiiiied,  with- 
out its  being  sorepiirleil,  he  shall  he  held  to  be  a  receiver  of  stolen  goods,  and  suder  the  like  punish- 
ment as  for  a  inisdeineanoiir  at  conmion  law,  or  be  liable  to  be  trans|>i>rti'd  for  seven  years,  at  the 
discretion  of  the  court.  Any  masli"  nf  a  ship  or  vessel  outward-bound  finding  or  taking  on  board 
any  anchor,  &c.  shall  make  a  true  entry  of  the  circumstance  in  the  log-book  of  such  ship  or  vessel, 
reporting  the  saiiii'  by  the  lirst  possible  opportunity  to  the  Trinity  House,  and  on  his  return  sliall  deli- 
ver the  article  to  the  deputy  vice-ailiniral,  or  his  agent,  nearest  tn  the  port  where  he  shall  arrive, 
under  a  penalty  of  not  more  than  100/.  nor  less  than  30/.,  on  conviction  before  a  niagistratn  on  tlio 
oath  of  one  witness  ;  one  half  tn  go  tn  the  informer,  the  other  half  to  the  Merchant  Seaman's  Society, 
established  by  20  (Jen.  ,1.  c.  .IS. :  ho  shall  alsn  forfeit  double  the  value  of  the  article  to  the  owner. 
And  every  pilot,  hnveller,  bnatman,  lie,,  who  shall  cnnvey  any  anchor,  &c.  tn  any  foreign  harbour, 
port,  creek,  or  bay,  and  sell  and  dispose  of  the  same,  shall  be  guilty  of  felony,  and  be  transpotted  for 
any  term  not  exceeding  seven  years. — (See  Salv.\oe.) 

Invention  of  f he  Anchor. — This  instrument,  admirable  alike  for  its  simplicity  and  clTect, 
is  of  very  considerable  antiquity.  It  was  not,  however,  known  in  the  earliest  ages.  Tho 
President  de  Goguet  has  shown  that  it  was  not  used  by  the  Greeks  till  after  the  Trojan  war ; 
and  that  they  were  then  accustomed  to  moor  their  ships  by  means  of  large  stones  cast  into 
the  sea,  a  practice  which  still  subsists  in  some  rude  nations. — (  On'<j;in  of  Laws,  vol.  ii.  p.  3.30. 
Eng.  trans.)  Pliny  ascribes  the  invention  of  the  anchor  to  the  Tyrrhenian^?. — {Hisf.  Ntif, 
lib.  vii.  cap.  fyS.)  At  first  it  had  only  one  arm,  the  other  being  added  at  a  subsequent 
period  ;  some  authors  say,  by  Anacharsis  the  Scythian. — (Oriiein  of  Laws,  vol.  i.  p.  29.3.) 
Since  this  remote  epoch,  the  form  and  construction  of  tho  instrument  seem  to  have  under- 
gone very  little  change. 

ANCHORAGE,  on  ANCHORING  GROUND.  Good  anchoring  ground  should  nci- 
ther  be  too  hard  nor  too  soft ;  for,  in  the  first  case  the  anchor  is  apt  not  to  take  a  sufficient 
hold,  and  in  the  other  to  drag.  The  best  bottom  is  a  stiff'  clay,  and  next  to  it  a  firm  sand. 
In  a  rocky  bottom  the  flukes  of  the  anchor  are  sometimes  torn  away,  and  hempen  cables  arc 
liable  to  chafe  and  be  cut  through.  It  is  also  essential  to  a  good  anchorage  that  the  water 
be  neither  too  deep  nor  too  shallow.  When  too  deep,  the  pull  of  the  cable,  being  nearly  per- 
pendicular, is  aj-i  w  jciii  the  anchor  out  of  the  ground  ;  and  when  too  shallow,  the  shij)  is 
exposed  to  the  danger,  when  riding  in  a  storm,  of  striking  the  bottom.  Where  a  ship  is  in 
water  that  is  land-locked,  and  out  of  the  tide,  the  nature  of  the  ground  is  of  comparatively 
little  importance. 

The  anchorage  of  ships,  especially  ships  of  war,  being  a  subject  of  great  importance  tn  the  naval 
and  commercial  interests  of  the  kingdom,  several  statutes  have  been  enacted  with  respect  to  it.  The 
lirst  which  it  is  necessary  to  notice  I  .ire  is  1(!  Geo.  2.  c.  2"^.  It  prohiliits  masters  of  ships  from  casting 
out  ballast,  or  rubbish  nf  anv  kind,  into  any  liarbnur  or  channel,  except  nn  the  land  where  the  tide 
never  comes,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  not  mnre  than  5/.  nor  less  than  50»'.  nn  conviction  before  a  justice 
on  view,  or  on  tile  oath  of  one  wittiess,  or  of  being  committed  to  prison  for  two  mniiths  ;  which 
penalty  is  increased  tn  10/.,  over  and  above  the  expense  nf  remnving  the  same,  by  .')l  Geo.  3.  c.  159. 
In  pursuance  of  the  same  object,  .51  Geo.  3.  c.  1,59.  enables  the  Lords  of  tho  .\iliiiirally  to  establi.sti 
regulations  for  the  preservafinn  of  the  king's  monrage  nr  anchnrage,  as  well  as  for  those  nf  merchant 
ships,  in  all  the  ports,  harbours,  channels,  &c.  &c.  of  the  United  Kingilnin,  as  far  as  the  tide  flows, 
where  or  near  tn  which  his  Majesty  has,  or  may  hereafter  have,  any  docks,  dock-yards,  arsenals, 
wharfs  or  mnnrings.  It  prnhibifa  all  descriptions  iif  private  ships  from  being  moored,  nr  anchnred,  or 
placed  in  any  of  his  Majesty's  moorings,  &c.  without  special  licence  obtained  from  the  .\iliuiralty,  or 
other  persons  appointed  tn  grant  such  licenses,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  nnt  exceeding  Itt/.,  nne  ninieiy  to 
his  Majesty,  the  other  tn  the  informer,  on  conviction  before  any  justice  of  the  peace  or  cnmmissinner 
of  the  Navy. 

It  further  prnhihits  tho  breaming  of  private  vessels  in  such  places,  otherwise  than  appointed  by  the 
said  authority  nf  the  Admiralty  ;  and  the  receiving  nr  having  gunpowder,  beyond  a  certain  limited 
qinmtity,  under  a  penalty  of  .5/.  for  every  five  pounds'  weight  of  such  powder  beyond  the  (iiiantily 
allowed.  It  prohibits,  likewise,  all  such  private  vessels,  in  any  such  places,  having  any  guns  nn 
board  shntted  or  loaded  with  ball,  as  well  as  tiring  and  discharging  any  such  before  sun-rising  and 
after  sun-setliiig,  nr  er  a  penalty  of  51.  for  every  gun  so  shntt'd,  and  10/.  for  every  gun  sn  tired.  It 
further  gives  to  every  officer  of  vessels  of  war,  tn  harbnur-masters,  and  ntbers  in  their  aid,  a  right 
of  search  in  all  private  vessels  so  moored  in  such  places,  and  inflicts  a  penalty  of  10/.  on  resistance. 

An'ciiouaok  also  means  a  duty  laid  on  ships  for  the  use  of  the  port  or  harbour, 

ANCHOVY  {Fi.  Anchois  {  It.  Acctughe ;  Lat,  Encrajticnlus),  a  small  fish  (Clupea 

encrasicolus  Lin.),  common  in  the  Mediterranean,  resembling  the   sprat.     Those  brought 

from  Gorgona  in  the  Tuscan  Sea  arc  esteemed  the  best.     They  should  be  chosen  small, 

fresh  pickled,  white  outside  and  red  within.    Their  backs  should  be  round.    The  sardine,  a 


» 


5 


\ 


1 

0 

i 


46 


ANGELICA— ANTWERP. 


fish  which  is  flatter  anil  larger  than  the  anchovy,  is  frequently  suhstituted  for  it.    About 
180,000  lbs.  arc  annually  entered  for  home  consumption. 

ANOEIilCA,  a  large  umbelliferous  plant  with  hollow  jointed  stalks,  of  which  there  are 
peveral  varieties.  It  grows  wild,  and  is  cultivated  in  moist  places  near  London,  and  in  most 
European  countries  from  Lapland  to  Spain.  Its  roots  are  thick,  fleshy,  and  resinous  ;  have 
a  fragrant  agreeable  smell,  and  a  bitterish  pungent  taste,  mixed  with  a  pleasant  sweetness 
glowing  on  the  lips  and  palate  for  a  long  time  after  they  have  been  chewed.  To  preserve 
thetn,  they  must  be  thoroughly  dried,  and  kept  in  a  well-aired  place.  The  other  parts  of 
the  plant  have  the  same  taste  and  flavour  as  the  roots,  but  in  an  inferior  degree.  Tlie  leaves 
and  seeds  do  not  retain  their  virtue  when  kept.  The  London  confectioners  make  a  sweet- 
meat of  the  tender  stems.  The  faculty  used  to  direct  that  none  but  the  roots  of  Spanish 
angelica  should  be  kept  by  the  druggists.  In  Norway  the  roots  are  sometimes  used  as  bread, 
and  in  Iceland  the  stalks  are  eaten  with  butter.  Here  the  plant  is  used  only  in  confec- 
tionary and  the  materia  medica. — (Lewis's  Mat.  Med.  .•  Rees's  Ci/clapsedia,  j^c.) 

Tlic  iliity  of  ^s.  per  cwt.  on  AnBclicii  prodiicvil,  in  1832,  275i.  2«.  lOd.,  showing  tliiil  1,375  cwt.  had 
been  ent<!ru(l  for  lionie  consuniptiiin. 

ANISE,  on  ANISUM  (Ft.  Anls ;  It.  Anice,-  hat.  Anisum),  a  small  seed  of  an  oblong 
shape.  It  is  cultivated  in  Germany,  but  the  best  comes  from  Spain.  It  is  also  a  product  of 
China,  whence  it  is  ex[)orted.  It  should  be  chosen  fresh,  large,  plump,  newly  dried,  of  a 
good  smell,  and  a  sweetish  aromatic  taste. 

ANKER,  a  liquid  measure  at  Amsterdam.  It  contains  about  lOJ  gallons  English  wine 
measure. 

ANNOTTO,  oil  ARNOTTO  (Fr.  liocoti ,-  Ger.  Orlean  ,•  It.  Ori'ami),  a  species  of  red 
dye  formed  of  the  pulp  enveloping  the  seeds  of  the  Bixa  oretlana,  a  plant  common  in  South 
America,  and  the  East  and  West  Indies ;  but  dye  is  made,  at  least  to  any  extent,  only  in  the 
first.  It  is  prepared  by  macerating  the  pods  in  boiling  water,  extracting  the  seeds,  and  leav- 
ing the  pulp  to  subside  ;  the  fluid  being  subsequently  drawn  off,  the  residuum,  with  which 
oil  is  sometimes  mixed  up,  is  placed  in  shallow  vessels  and  gradually  dried  in  the  shade.  It 
is  of  two  sorts,  \\%.Jlag  or  cahe,  and  roll  annotto.  The  first,  which  is  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant article  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  is  furnished  almost  wholly  by  Cayenne,  and 
comes  to  us  principally  bj  way  of  the  United  States.  It  is  imported  in  square  cakes,  weigh- 
ing 2  or  3  lbs.  each,  wrapped  in  banana  leaves.  When  well  made,  it  ought  to  be  of  a 
bright  yellow  colour,  soft  to  the  touch,  and  of  a  good  consistence.  It  imparts  a  deep  but  not 
durable  orange  colour  to  silk  and  cotton,  and  is  used  for  that  purpose  by  the  dyers.  Roll 
annotto  is  principally  brought  from  Brazil.  The  rolls  are  small,  not  exceeding  8  or  .3  oz.  in 
weight ;  it  is  hard,  dry,  and  compact,  brownish  on  the  outside,  and  of  a  beautiful  red  colour 
within.  The  latter  is  the  best  of  all  ingredients  for  the  colouring  of  cheese  and  butter ;  and 
is  now  exclusively  used  for  that  purpose  in  all  the  British  and  in  some  of  the  continental 
dairies.  In  Gloucestershire  it  is  the  practice  to  allow  an  ounce  of  annotto  to  a  cwt.  of  cheese ; 
in  Cheshire,  8  dwts.  are  reckoned  sufficient  for  a  cheese  of  60  lbs.  When  genuine,  it  neither 
aflTcets  the  taste  nor  the  smell  of  cheese  or  butter.  The  Spanish  Americans  mix  annotto  with 
their  chocolate,  to  which  it  gives  a  beautiful  tint. — {Grays  Supplement  to  the  Pharmaco- 
pxias  i  Luudon's  Encyc.  of  Agriculture,  a:id  private  information.) 

At  an  avernpe  of  the  three  years  cndina  with  1831,  the  annotto  entered  for  home  co  .nniptinn 
amounted  to  128,528  lbs.  a  year.  Previously  to  1832,  tlie  dnty  on  fliiR  annnttn  was  18.f.  8(/.  a  cwt.,  and 
on  other  sorts  51.  I'is. ;  hnt  the  duty  is  nnv  reduced  to  l.s.  a  cwt.  on  the  former,  and  to  4«.  on  the  lat- 
ter. This  judicious  and  liberal  reduction  will,  we  have  no  doulit,  be  followed,  by  a  considerable  in- 
crease of  consumption.  The  price  of  (lag  annotto  varies  in  the  niarl(et  from  tii/.  to  Is.  per  lb.,  and  of 
roll  from  \s.  to  Is.  (iiZ. 

ANNUITIES.    See  Ixtehest  and  Awwtjities. 

ANTIMONY  (Ger.  and  Du.  Spiesglas;  Ft.  Antimoine ,-  \t.  Antimonio  ;  "Rns.  Anti- 
monia ;  Lat.  Antimonium),  a  metal  which,  when  pure,  is  of  a  greyish  white  colour,  and 
has  a  good  deal  of  brilliancy,  showing  a  radiated  fracture  when  broken  ;  it  is  converted  by 
exposure  to  heat  and  air  into  a  white  oxide,  which  sublimes  in  vapours.  It  is  found  in 
Saxony  and  the  Hartz,  also  in  Cornwall,  Spain,  France,  Mexico,  Siberia,  the  Eastern  Islands, 
and  Martaban  in  Pegu.  We  are  at  present  wholly  supplied  with  this  metal  from  Singapore, 
which  receives  it  from  Borneo ;  it  is  imported  in  the  shape  of  ore,  and  commonly  as  ballast. 
It  is  about  as  hard  as  gold ;  its  specific  gravity  is  about  6*7 ;  it  is  easily  reduced  to  a  very 
fine  powder;  its  tenacity  is  such  that  a  rod  of  ^\,th  of  an  inch  diameter  is  capable  of  sup- 
porting 10  lbs.  weight.  Antimony  is  used  in  medicine,  and  in  the  composition  of  metal 
types  for  printing.  The  ores  of  antimony  are  soft,  and  vary  in  colour  from  light  lead  to  dark 
lead  grey  ;  their  specific  gravity  varies  from  4*4  to  G"8  ;  they  possess  a  metallic  lustre,  are 
brittle,  and  occur  in  the  crystallised  massive  forms. — (Thomson's  Chemistry,  and  private 
information.) 

ANTWERP,  the  principal  sea-port  of  Belgium,  long.  4°  28'  E.,  lat.  51°  14'  N.  A  large, 
well  built,  and  strona;ly  fortified  city,  situated  on  the  Scheldt.  It  has  about  CJ.OOO  iidiabi- 
tants.    Previously  to  its  capture  by  the  Spaniards,  under  Farness,  in  1585,  Antwerp  was  one 


of  the  great 
at  the  frealj 
the  Scheldt 
Belgium  by 
was  begun,  i 
of  the  larget 
with  the  gre 
present  centi 
By  a  decree 
and  may  be 
consist  of  CO 
consist  of  cot 


( 


Money. — Ai 

divided  into  2( 

ri.v  dollars 

ColNN.)     The 

H'eiglits  anil 

in  the  Nether! 

is  the  unit  of  v 

Of  tlu!  ohl  w 

avoirdupois,  Id 

equal  to  3quin 

Of  the  old  ni 

rial  iinarter.s  v 

Of  the  wei(.'li 

of  Fratu:e,  or  2 

Ciislom-liuusi 

must  make,  wi 

specifying  the 

price  at  the  tim 

cajnain,  and  at' 

Sltiiii>injr.—T\ 

been  as  follows 

Years 
1824 
1825 
182a 

Of  the  800  sh 
Hull,  48  from  H 
from  Rio  .hineirc 
February  1820.) 

The  commerce 
gians  and  Dutch. 


Comparative  81 


Articles 


Aihes,  U.  s. 

—     KuasJa 
Coflfee         .    . 
CoKoa        .    . 
Hi.les,  S.  A.    ■ 
lodigo        .    . 

Pimento  .  . 
Pepper,  unill  • 
nice  .    . 

Sunr 

Tea  .  . 

Tobacco  .  . 

Logwood  .  . 

Fuitic  .  . 


In  the  Imports  o 
for  this  pott.    Tilt 

Thi 


Places. 


Great  Britain       -    -  . 
S.  America  and  W.  Indi 

United  States       .    .  . 

Continent  of  Europe  - 

Eaillndiej      .    .    .  . 

Jeney  and  Ouemiey  . 

TolaU     .    .  . 


ANTWERP. 


47 


<us.  Anti' 

plour,  and 

[iverted  by 

found  in 

In  Islands, 

lingapore. 

las  ballast. 

1  to  a  very 

|ile  of  sup- 

of  metal 

Id  to  dark 

lustre,  are 

Id  private 

A  large, 

|0  inhabi- 

was  one 


of  the  greatest  commercial  cities  of  Europe ;  but  it  sufTered  much  by  that  event.  In  1648, 
at  the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  it  was  stipulated  by  Spain  and  Holland,  that  the  navigation  of 
the  Scheldt  should  be  shut  up ;  a  stipulation  which  was  observed  till  the  occupation  of 
Belgium  by  the  French,  when  it  was  aboli.shed.  In  1803,  the  improvement  of  the  harbour 
was  begun,  and  extensive  new  docks  and  warehouses  have  since  been  constructed.  Ships 
of  the  largest  burden  come  up  to  the  town,  and  goods  destined  for  the  interior  are  forwarded 
with  the  greatest  facility  by  means  of  canals.  Almost  all  the  foreign  trade  of  Belgium  is  at 
present  centred  in  Antwerp,  which  has  again  become  a  place  of  great  commercial  importance. 
By  a  decree  issued  in  1814,  all  gootls  are  allowed  to  be  warehoused  in  Antwerp  en  entrepot, 
and  may  be  exported  on  paying  a  charge  of  i  per  cent,  udvulurem.  The  exports  chiefly 
consist  of  corn,  seeds,  linen,  lace,  carpets,  flax,  tallow,  hops,  &c.  The  imports  principally 
consist  of  cotton,  wine,  hardware,  sugar,  tobacco,  cotfee,  and  all  sorts  of  colonial  [iroduce. 

Jl/nnpi/.— Acromits  are  now  coiuiiinnly  kopt  in  ftorina  of  ISlfi,  worth  Is.  BJrf.  stcrlitic.  Tlio  florin  is 
divided  into  20  sous,  and  llicsoii  into  Struts.  Korrneriv  lucoimts  wtTc  kept  in  tin;  ponnd  Klcinisli  -  2^ 
rix  dollars  =  (■>  ttorins  =2(1  siliilliiius^  120  slivers  " Ui  (fronts  =  1, 1120  penninjis.— (Sci!  Table  of 
Coins.)     The  par  of  cxclianai;  lietween  Antwer|>  London  is  11  tlorins  58tcnls  per  pniiiul  sttrliiijf. 

Weijihts  and  Mai.snres.—tt\,  a  law  of  IHlti,  tlii^  1  .1  ii  system  of  weiclits  and  measures  was  adopled 
in  llie  Netlierlanda  on  tlie  Ist  of  January,  1820  ;  1ml  the  old  denominalions  are  relaiiied.  The  punil 
is  IhK  unit  of  weiaht,  and  iinswers  to  Ihe  French  kilogramme.— (See  AMSTtRDA.M.) 

Of  the  old  weights,  wliich  are  still  occiisioniiUy  referred  to,  the  iiiiiiitiU  of  100  llis.  is  eriual  to  103i  Ihg. 
avoirdupois,  100  lbs.  avoirdupois  being  consequently  equal  to  908  lbs.  of  Antwerp.  A  schippound  is 
equal  to  3  quintals,  or  300  lbs. ;  a  stone  is  equal  to  8  lbs. 

Of  the  old  measures,  a  viertel  of  corn  =4  macken  ;  .'iTJ  vinrtels  =  last ;  and  40  viertels  =  lOJ  Impe- 
rial quarters  very  nearly.    The  aam  of  wine  contains  50  stoopen,  or  3tii  Enijlish  wine  ftallons. 

Of  the  weiirhts  and  meiisures  now  current,  50}  lbs.  =  112  lbs.  Eniilish  ;  100  lbs.  =  100  kilopramincs 
of  Krance,  or  212}  Antwerp  old  weight.     One  barrel  =20^  fiallons  Kiiflisli  =  100  litres  I'reiich, 

Custom-huuse  He^rulatiutig.—Ca\na\i\a  of  ships  arriving  at  Antwerp,  or  any  of  the  lielgian  ports, 
must  make,  within  24  hours,  a  declaration  in  writing,  of  the  goods  of  which  their  cargo  consists  ; 
specifying  the  marks  and  numbers  of  the  bales,  parcels,  &c. ;  their  value,  according  to  the  current 
price  at  the  lime  when  the  declaration  is  made  ;  the  name  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  as  well  as  that  of  the 
captain,  and  of  the  ctnintry  to  which  she  belongs,  &.c. 

Wii/ipin^'.— The  ships  entering  the  port  of  Antwerp,  during  the  five  years  ending  with  1828,  have 
been  us  follows  : — 


Years. 

1824  - 

1825  - 

1826  - 


Ships. 

Years. 

681 

1827 

800 

1828 

928 

Ships. 
822 
955 


Of  the  800  ships  entering  Antwerp  in  1825,  114  were  from  Liverpool,  119  from  London,  44  from 
Hull,  48  from  Havre,  41  from  Bordeaux,  24  from  Petersburgh,  24  from  New  York,  25  from  Cuba,  26 
from  Kio  .Janeiro,  11  from  Uatavia,  SLC.~(BulUtin  ties  Hcicncea  Ocographiques,  for  January,  1829,  and 
February  1826.) 

The  commerce  of  Antwerp  sufTered  much,  in  1831  and  1832,  from  the  hostilities  between  the  Bel- 
gians and  Dutch.    In  1831,  there  were  only  388  arrivals  of  foreign  ships. 

Comparative  statement  of  the  Imports  of  the  undermentioned  Goods,  at  Antwerp,  since  1827,  and 
of  the  Stocks  at  the  Close  uf  each  year. 


Articles. 

Imports. 

Stocks,  31st  December.            1 

1827. 

1828.   j   1829.  !   183(1. 

1831. 

1832. 

1827. 

182S. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

A>ha,U.  S.         .    - 

barrel! 

7,1.38 

9,647l  11,&12     6,951 

7,432 

8,306 

600 

800 

2,950 

214 

650 

1,800 

—     Kussia       •    • 

caaki 

4,420 

1.501,     3,987      1,639 

72S 

3,338 

1,000 

200 

1,200 

250 

550 

750 

Cotfee         .... 

tons 

23,100 

22,900    23,0S0    21,110 

10,300 

14.700 

8,250 

8,6->0 

8,«0 

4,000 

2,700 

1,900 

Cottoa        .... 

balei 

23,108 

18,324:  33,983    21,845 

13,720 

28,687 

4.420 

5,583 

6,153 

4,700 

1,050 

900 

Hi.le<,S.A.    -    •    . 

No. 

211,349 

148,584  462,577  340,507 

228,896 

362,878 

4,000 

1,150 

43,600 

22,500 

38,500 

92,000 

Indigo        .... 

cheits 

1,337 

2,103 

1,846       1,063 

4:3 

649 

287 

606 

717 

286 

17S 

210 

serons 

599 

380 

723        206 

120 

232 

247 

268 

360 

101 

55 

63 

Pimento      .... 

bap 

1,*19 

1,870 

1,340      2.220 

576 

.562 

500 

500 

200 

100 

200 

200 

Pepper,  imall  •    - 

do. 

22,149 

6,340 

11,522    12,999 

6,4U6 

4,960 

12,500 

6,000 

8,400 

3,000 

4,000 

),000 

Bice           ■    .    - 

ercea 

14,303 

13,961 

IS',712:  23,221 

6,029 

14,438 

2,300 

1,200 

.5,000 

4,500 

700 

300 

—            .    . 

bags 

16,697 

38,8S9 

9><,827!  41,530 

16,483 

10,133 

9,400 

30.000 

13,-.00 

2,500 

3,500 

1,600 

Sugar 

tons 

18,000 

17,800 

24,7?0 

10.511 

9,800 

12,200 

3,370 

2,600 

8,050 

1,250 

1,400 

1,450 

Tm            ... 

uk-igej 

l,3frl 

91 

186 

1,233 

814 

3,778 

2,255 

1,878 

1,335 

391 

15.5 

1,600 

Tobacco     .... 

hhds. 

1,101 

2„T28 

1,552 

2,233 

8,361 

12,823 

373 

717 

225 

40 

1,119 

3,200 

Logwood    .... 

tons 

706 

2,260 

855 

952 

1,23(1 

1,200 

700 

900 

350 

130 

500 

380 

Fgitic         .    .    .    • 

do. 

573 

822 

1,639 

2,033 

2-.5I       313 

220 

300 

490 

570 

340 

25 

In  the  Imports  of  1831  and  1832,  are  included  those  received  through  Ostend  which  were  destined 
for  this  port.    The  stocks  of  these  goods  now  at  Ostend,  or  on  their  way  thence,  are  also  included. 

The  following  goods  were  imported  at  Antwerp  in  1832  from  all  places  : 


Places. 

Coffee. 

Sugar. 

Hides. 

Cotton 

Casks. 

Ilarrels. 

Bags. 

Cask!. 

C.  Braz. 

Rx.Hav. 

Can. 
2,451 

Rarn'ls- 

Bags. 

Ox  Si  Cow. 

65.164 
203,7.56 
66,079 
20,262 

7,616 

362,878 

Bales. 

Great  Britain       .... 
S.  America  and  W.  Indies 
United  Slates       .... 
Continent  o(  Europe    -    • 

East  Indies 

Jersey  awl  Guernsey     •    . 

Totals     .... 

211 
90 

1.5 

2 

162 

101,285 
71,424 
60,102 
11,660 
19,298 

62.3 

1,375 

tMl 

992 

488 

8,103 

30,088 

1,732 

291 

83 

443 
147 
208 
260 

16,316 

3-4 

13,602 

1,078 

12,789 

1,623 

13,754 

521 

301 

179 

246,769 

2,8139 

1,480 

40,299 

2,451 

1,033 

31,3.50 

28,687 

8 

i 

I 

I 


I 


48 


APPLES,  APPRENTICE. 


PItl.CS. 

I'ljppcr. 
n.iifv 

I'illll'litO 
llaili. 
212 
360 

AsllcD. 

Kiel'. 

IlliliKi. 

Toliiic. 

Tea. 

Dycwoiids. 

<J.  Slat. 

Hiisiiia. 

TltTCri. 

llaKi. 

C'litiilt. 

S2G 

61 
21 
41 

649 

Situs 
71 
173 

Hilda. 

I'ack. 

C.Tinif.. 

K.'rnlil. 

(ireat  Rrit  un    .... 
S.  Anjrnr.i  :iml  W.IndIn 
I'nilpil  Steffi    .... 
(>>r;ljticnlnf  Europe 

Ki»t  ImiiM 

Jf  my  inJ  OuernRy     . 

Tnl.ilf      .    .    . 

9U) 
6,000 

779 

7,7W 
2j 

1,522 
2,046 

1,030 

10,7:11 
1,791 

i>,l)5H 
IM 
46 

1,103 

I0,fi.19 

6b3 

l,l'>'i 
2,263 

"1 

315 

662 

H,W6 

.'l..')68 

U,4'i'< 

10,153 

2i2 

12, Ml 

3,73!< 

l,20(i 

31.5 

Condilinnsxiniltr  ir/iirA  GondK  are  golil.—On  pon<ls  (Kmcrally  2  per  rout,  is  nllnwpil  for  pnynifint  in  20 
(liijK,  ami  li  per  cctii.  on  rrtiilit  cil'  <i  weeUs  or  2  niiinllis.  On  cDtlmis,  lit  20  dayH'  rredit,  >')  per  rent, 
iirr  iilliiwcd,  and  IS  per  cent,  on  it  rredit  of2  or  .1  inonttis.  On  UHlieM,  liideti,und  Hngar,  3  pur  cunt,  for 
20  days,  and  IJ  per  rent,  lor  3  niontliH'  credit. 

7!ir(x.— West  India,  Itra/.il,  and  .lava  cnlTee,  in  sinRlu  hacB,  2  per  rent.,  and  Ilavannali  in  joncs,  ^ 
1h.  perliai!  e.vtra.  Uniirlion,  in  wliole  huan,  -U  lli».,  and  in  I  do.  2<  IIih.  IMniento,  pepper,  and  einper 
in  bays,  2  per  cent. ;  on  tin'su  articles,  aw  also  colTee,  in  caskii  and  liarruls,  real  tare.  (lassia  liirnen, 
and  cinnamon  in  hales,  10  per  cent.;  and  in  cln^stB,  0  to  Hi  llis.  per  chest.  Ashes,  12  per  cent.  <lner- 
ritron  hark,  10  percent.  Colton  inhales,  1  per  cent.,  exclusive  of  ropes;  and  in  serous,  (i  Ihs.  per 
sorcin.  Ilnrse  hair,  real  tare.  Iiidi(,'o,  In  chests  or  harrels,  real  tare  ;  and  in  serons,  (ij-  to  7  Ihs.  jiur 
scron.  Kice,  in  casks,  12  per  cent.;  and  in  haps,  2  percent.  Muscovado  snjjars,  in  casks  and  harruls, 
nnd  Ilavannali  clayed,  in  ho.xes,  1 J  per  cent.;  Ura/.il,  in  chests.  Hi  per  cent.;  Java  in  canisters  and 
liaskuts,  il  per  cent. ;  Siuni  and  ManilKt,  in  ha;,'s,  3  per  cent.;  Uencal,  in  triple  ha|!fl,  .'ilhs.  each  :  Hoiir- 
l)on,  in  mats,  ti  per  cent.  Hohea  tea,  exclusive  nf  wrappers,  4(5  llis.  per  chest,  21  llis.  per  i  ditto,  un<l 
13  ills,  per  i  ditto,  M.J  Ihs.  per  }<litto;  tine  hlack  and  green  tea,  12  to  13  Ihs.  per  J  cheat,  (I  Ihs.  per 
l-tith  ditto,  7  Ih.a.  per  i  ditto,  5  Ihs  per  l-12th  ditto,  3  Ills,  per  l-llitli  ditto,  and  2  per  cent,  in  hoxes. 
Tohacco,  real  tare  :  no  draft  or  olhcr  deduction  allowed. — (From  the  Circular  of  Jollie,  Clibburn, 
and  Co.) 

[Our  imports  from  Belgium,  although  they  have  been  steadily  on  the  increase,  are  not  of 
much  moment.  Their  annual  value,  taking  the  average  of  five  years,  amounts  to  no  more 
than  about  330,000  dollars;  which  is  only  a  fourth  part  of  the  value  of  the  exports  from  the 
United  States  to  that  country.  Few  of  the  products  of  Belgium  can  compete  in  our  markets 
•,vith  the  similar  products  of  England,  France,  or  Germany. 

The  principal  article  imported  by  us  from  Antwerp  is  firearms,  and  these  chiefly,  if  not 
exclusively,  fowling  pieces  and  pistols,  manufactured  at  Liege.  Zinc,  for  roofing,  is  another 
article  which  may  deserve  to  be  mentioned.  Although  dearer  than  that  imported  from  Ham- 
burg, and  which  is  brought  to  that  place  from  Silesia,  it  is  preferred  to  the  latter,  on  account 
of  its  superior  pliability.  To  these  articles  may  be  added  linseed  oil,  window  gla.ss,  and  cloths 
and  kersimeres,  the  finest  descriptions  of  which  arc  manufactured  at  Vervins.  Brussels  and 
Mechlin  laces  come  to  us  also  from  Antwerp,  but  only  to  an  inconsiderable  amount. 

We  export  to  Belgium  cotton,  pot  and  pearl  ash,  colVee,  tobacco,  whale  and  other  fish  oil, 
raw  hides,  &c. — Am.  Ed.] 

APPLES,  the  fruit  of  the  Pyrtts  Malus,  or  apple  tree.  It  is  very  extensively  cultivated 
in  most  temperate  climates.  An  immense  variety  and  quantity  of  excellent  apples  are  raised 
in  England,  partly  for  the  table,  and  partly  for  manufacturing  into  cider.  Those  employed 
for  the  latter  purjmse  arc  comparatively  harsh  and  austere.  The  principal  cider  counties  are 
Hereford,  Monmouth,  Gloucester,  Worcester,  Somerset,  and  Devon.  Mr.  Marshall  calculates 
the  produce  of  the  first  four  at  30,000  hhds.  a  year,  of  which  Worcester  is  supposed  to  sup- 
ply 10,000.  Half  a  hogshead  of  cider  may  be  expected,  in  ordinarily  favourable  seasons, 
from  each  tree  in  an  orchard  in  full  bearing.  The  number  of  trees  on  an  acre  varies  from 
10  to  40,  so  that  the  quantity  of  cider  must  vary  in  the  same  proportion,  that  is,  from  5  to  20 
hhds.  The  produce  is,  however,  very  fluctuating ;  and  a  good  crop  seldom  occurs  above  once 
in  three  years. — (Loudon's  Encyc.  of  Agriculture,  S(C,) 

Besides  the  immense  cnnsnmptinn  of  native  apples,  we  import,  for  the  table,  considernbln  snpplies 
of  French  and  Ann^rican  apples,  especially  the  former ;  the  entries  of  foreign  apples  for  home  con- 
sumption having  nmonnted,  at  an  average  of  the  three  years  ending  with  IKil,  to  30,012  bushels  a 
year.  Were  it  not  for  the  oppressive  duty  of  4.«.  a  bushel,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  imports 
would  be  decidedly  larger.  The  apples  produc(!d  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  are  universally  admitted 
to  be  the  finest  of  any  ;  but  unless  selected  and  packed  with  care,  they  are  very  apt  to  spoil  before 
reaching  Enrlnnd.  The  exports  of  apples  from  the  United  States  during  the  year  ended  thu  30Mi  of 
Septeinl)er,  lb32,  amounted  to  6,',)2H  harruls,  valued  at  1,5,314  dollars.  Of  these,  1,370  harruls  wure 
shipped  for  England.— (Pupers  published  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  p.  106.;  Papers  laid  before  Congress, 
15th  of  February,  1833.) 

(Duty  on  apples  reduced  from  As.  to  2s.  a  bushel. — (4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  89.  §  15.) — Sup.) 

[The  apples  in  most  esteem  are  the  various  sorts  of  pippins;  and  the  best  of  these  are  pro- 
duced in  New  York  and  New  Jersey.  From  an  average  of  four  years,  ending  in  1837,  the 
annual  export  of  apples  from  the  United  States  may  be  stated  to  amount  to  19,462  barrels, 
valued  at  35,866  dollars.  Of  this  quantity,  3,237  barrels  were  shipped  for  England  ;  6,782 
wore  sent  to  British  North  American  Colonies ;  and  4,280  to  the  island  of  Cuba. — Am. 
Ed.] 

APPRENTICE,  a  young  person  of  either  sex,  bound  by  indenture  to  serve  some  parti- 
cular individual  or  company  of  individuals,  for  a  specified  time,  in  order  to  be  instructed  in 
£ome  art,  science,  or  trade. 

According  to  the  common  law  of  England,  every  one  has  a  right  to  employ  himself  at 


pleasure 
.sliilutc  [la 
of  .\pprfi 
craft,  or  11 
Kcrvfd  to 
of  a  few  ( 
ever,  the  c 
statute; 
tiKiile  iin  i 
tiiiuod  till 
with  any  i 
ever  ihese 
be  adjustc 
The  ri'g 
this  Hulijcc 
4.  c.  25". 

From  the 
shall  have  1 
doni,  one  ap 
sureinent,  a 


who  shall,  ai 
every  appni 
for  at  bust  I 
and  coiii|)iro 
execution  cii" 

Kvery  ii|ip 
have  al'laiiie 
ter  or  ship-o 
larly  traiisfei 
any  such  app 
voidable  cam 
voyage  upon 
manner  folio 
the  master  tli 

Every  persi 
vessel  of  wh 
npppreiiiice,i 
the  indenture! 
ter  or  owner  ( 

No  stamp  d 

And  by  OG 
the  purposes 
been  enrolled 
first  go  to  sea 
have  been  en 
sea  shall  he  cl 

By  Stat.  7& 
indenture  of  a 

[It  may  bt 
serve  some  r 
the  age  of  eij 
of  natural  eq 
in  every  law 
This  is,  at  Ic 
the  profcssio 
by  requiring 
tion,  and  is  t 
ner,  the  due 

AQUA  P 

AQUAM 

AQUA  V 

Wodka;  La 

lent  to  the  fi 

genna  of  thi 

ARANGt 

as  barrel,  bel 

are  from  twc 

white,  havin] 

long,  being  i 

£ 


AQUA  FORTIS— ARANGOES. 


49 


I'WoiidH. 

IIH. 

K/lnnl. 

200 

315 

«X! 

315 

\)-Sup.) 
are  pro- 
11837,  the 
12  barrels, 
lid ;  6,783 
ba.— Am. 

Ime  parti- 
Iructcd  in 

liimself  at 


plrasurc  in  rvrry  hwfiil  trailc.  UultluM  suund  priiiciplf  was  ulinost  Piitiroly  sulivrrlcd  liy  a 
sl;iluti'  jiasscd  in  tlu"  liflli  yi'ar  of  tin'  ri'lRii  of  Qui't'ii  JOlizalx'tli,  (•(iiniiionly  called  tlio  Siatiilo 
of  Apprfiitiicsliii>.  It  trinftfd  that  no  person  should,  for  the  future,  exereise  any  trade, 
craft,  or  mystery,  at  that  time  exercised  in  Englund  und  Wales,  uidess  he  had  jireviously 
served  to  it  an  a{)prenti(U'shi|>  of  mvin  years  at  least;  so  that  what  had  before  been  a  bye-law 
of  a  few  corporations,  became  the  general  and  statute  law  of  the  kingdom.  Luckily,  how- 
ever, the  courts  of  law  were  always  singularly  disinclined  to  give  ellect  to  the  provisions  of  this 
statute;  and  the  rules  which  they  established  for  its  interpretation  served  materially  to  mi- 
tigate its  injurious  operation,  Uut  though  its  impolicy  had  been  long  apparent,  it  was  con- 
tinued till  1814,  when  it  was  repealed  by  the  54  Ueo.  H.  c.  "Jti.  This  act  did  not  interfere 
with  any  of  the  existing  rights,  privileges,  or  bye-laws  of  the  diilereiit  corporations ;  but  w  her- 
ever  these  do  not  interpose,  the  formation  of  apprenticeships,  and  their  duration,  is  left  to 
be  adjusted  by  tlie  parties  themselves. 

The  regulations  with  resfiect  to  the  tiUving  of  apprentices  on  board  ships,  the  only  part  of 
this  subject  that  properly  comes  within  the  scope  of  this  work,  are  embodied  in  the  '1  tieo. 
4.  c.  25,    They  are  as  follows: — 

Frnm  tlin  1st  of  January,  lH2t,  rvrry  iiiaater  of  a  inrrrlinnt  sliip  oxceedind  llip  l)iir(Icn  of  SO  tons 
shall  havi!  on  buaril  Ills  ship,  »t  tlu!  tiiae  nl'  smli  sliip  ilearint!  out  I'niiii  any  port  <pI'  tlii!  linio'd  Kintf- 
«l(ini,  one  apprentice  or  appn.'iitiieH,  in  the  fdllowiniJ  priiportloii  lu  tliu  mnnber  of  toiisof  her  uilineu- 
suremcnt,  aci'ordiii)!  to  the  certilicute  at  rei,'iKtry  ;  viz : 

For  every  vessel  exceeding  80  tons,  and  under  200  tons,  1  apprentice  at  least, 

200       ■  4(10    —    2 

400        600    —    3        

600 700    —    4        

700  and  upwards    -    -  5 

who  BhHll,  at  the  period  of  lieine  indentured,  rospectiv4'ly  he  under  the  ape  of  17  years  ;  prnvided  that 
every  apprentice  so  to  he  enipliiyed  on  lioiird  any  vessel,  as  nliove  described,  shall  he  duly  indented 
for  at  least  four  years  ;  and  the  ifidi'ntnres  of  every  such  apprentice  shall  he  enrolled  wilh  llie  colh'ctor 
and  c<iniptr(>ller  at  the  Custoin-hiMise  of  the  port  whence  such  vessel  shall  lirst  clear  out  after  the 
execution  of  such  indentures. — i  2. 

Kvery  !ippri'Mlic<!  so  enrolled  is  hereby  exempted  from  servinR  in  his  Majesty's  navy  until  he  shall 
have  attained  the  ape  of21  years  ;  provided  he  is  repularly  servinp  his  time  either  with  his  lirst  mas- 
ter or  ship-owner,  or  some  other  master  or  ship-owner  to  whom  his  indentures  shall  have  been  reuu- 
larly  transl'erred  ;  and  every  owner  or  master  nepleclinp  to  enrol  such  indentures,  or  who  shall  sutler 
iiiiy  such  apjirentice  to  leave  his  service,  except  in  case  fif  death  or  desertion,  sickness,  or  other  niia- 
v<iidable  cause,  to  he  certilii'd  in  the  log  book,  after  the  vessel  shall  have  cleared  outwards  on  iIh: 
voyage  up(m  which  such  vessel  may  be  hound,  shall  for  every  such  offence  forfeit  Itil.,  to  he  paid  in 
manner  fcdlowinp;  that  is  to  say,  one  moiety  by  the  owners  of  such  vessel,  and  the  other  moiety  by 
the  master  thereof^  to  be  levicMl,  recovered,  and  applied,  in  manm'r  hereinafter  mentioned. — }  4- 

Every  person  to  whom  such  apprentice  shall  have  been  hound  may  employ  liim,at  any  time,  in  any 
vessel  of  which  such  person  nuiy  he  the  master  or  owner  ;  and  may  also,  with  the  consent  tif  such 
appprentice,  if  above  IT,  and  if  under  that  age,  with  the  consent  of  his  parents  or  guardians,  transfer 
the  indentures  of  such  apprentice,  by  endorsement  thereon,  to  any  other  person  wlio  may  be  the  mas- 
ter or  owner  of  any  registered  vessel. — i  5. 

No  stamp  duty  shall  be  charged  on  any  such  transfer  hy  endorsement. — }  0. 

And  by  0  Geo.  4.  c.  107.  t)  l.'i8.  it  is  enacted,  that  no  person  shall  he  deemed  to  be  an  apprentice  for 
the  purposes  of  the  preceding  art  (I  Geo.  4.  c.  25.),  uidi'ss  the  imienture  of  such  apprentice  shall  have 
been  enrolled  with  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  from  which  any  such  apprentice  shall 
first  go  to  sea  after  the  date  of  such  imienture  ;  or  in  default  of  sucli  enrolment,  until  tlie  same  shall 
have  been  enrolled  ats(Une  port  from  which  the  ship  in  which  siuh  apjirentice  shall  afterwards  go  to 
sea  shall  be  cleared. 

I)y  Stat.  7  &  8  Geo.  4.  c.  56.  $  7.  it  is  enacted  that  no  higher  duty  than2j>'.  shall  be  charged  upon  the 
indenture  of  any  apprentice  hound  to  serve  at  sea  in  the  merchant  service. 

[It  may  be  stated,  as  a  general  rule,  that  apprentices  in  the  United  States  may  be  bound  to 
serve  some  master  or  mistress,  if  a  male,  till  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  if  a  female,  till 
the  age  of  eighteen.  Every  person,  however,  has  the  right,  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
of  natural  equity,  as  well  as  of  the  common  law  of  England,  to  employ  himself  at  pleasure 
in  every  lawful  occupation,  even  though  he  should  not  have  served  an  apprenticeship  to  it. 
This  is,  at  least,  the  case  in  all  but  a  very  few  occupations,  such  as  that  of  an  auctioneer,  and 
the  professions  of  law  and  medicine,  the  door  of  the  admission  into  which  is  guaided,  either 
by  requiring  a  previous  apprenticeship,  or  by  restrictions  and  regulations  of  a  diflerent  descrip- 
tion, and  is  thus  guarded  on  the  ground  of  securing  to  the  public,  in  the  most  eflectual  man- 
ner, the  due  performance  of  the  services  to  be  rendered. — Am.  Ed.] 

AQUA  FORTIS.    See  Acin  (Nitric). 

AQUAMARINE.    See  Behtl. 

AQUA  VIT.iE.  (Ger.  Aquavit  ,•  Fr.  Eaude  vie ;  It.  Acqua  viie;  Sp.  As;ua  de  vida ;  Rus. 
Wndka;  Lat.  Aquavitse),  a  name  familiarly  applied  to  all  native  distilled  spirits;  equiva- 
lent to  the  eau  de  vie,  or  brandy,  of  the  French,  the  whiskey  of  the  Scotch  and  Irish,  the 
geneva  of  the  Dutch,  &c.  In  this  way  it  is  used  in  the  cxciric  law  relating  to  the  distilleries. 

AR.\NGOES,  a  species  of  beads  made  of  rough  cornelian.  They  are  of  various  forms, 
as  barrel,  bell,  round,  &c.,  and  all  drilled.  The  barrel  shaped  kind,  cut  from  the  best  stones, 
are  from  two  to  three  inches  long,  and  should  be  chosen  as  clear  as  possible,  whether  red  or 
white,  having  a  good  polish,  and  free  from  flaws.  The  bell-shaped  arc  from  one  to  two  inches 
long,  being  in  all  respects  inferior.  Considerable  quantities  were  formerly  imported  from 
E  7 


'< 


5 


\ 


fiO 


ARCHANGEL,  ARGOL. 


Bombay,  for  rr-cxportation  to  Africa ;  l)ut  since  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  the  importa 
and  exports  of  orangoes  have  l)efn  comparatively  trifliii)^. — {Millturn'n  Oriinl,  Com,) 

ARCHAXOEIj,  the  principal  commercial  city  of  the  north  of  Hussia,  in  iat.  01°  M'  N,, 
long.  38°  r)U'  E.  It  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Uwina,  about  30  English  miles 
above  where  it  falls  into  the  White  Hea.  Population,  7,000  or  8,000.  The  harbour  is  at 
the  islatid  of  8ollenliole,  about  a  mile  from  the  town.  The  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dwina 
has  generally  14^  feet  water ;  so  that  ships  drawing  more  than  this  depth  must  be  partially 
loaded  outside  the  bar  from  lighters,  'i'he  Uwina  l)eing  a  navigable  river,  traversing  a  great 
extent  of  country,  remlurs  Archangel  a  considerable  e/j/re/w/.  It  was  discovered  in  15.54, 
by  the  famous  Richard  (Jhaiiccllor,  the  companion  of  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby  in  his  voyage 
of  discovery  ;  and  from  that  period,  down  to  the  foundation  of  I'etersburgh,  was  the  only  port 
in  the  Russian  empire  accessible  to  foreigners.  Though  it  has  lost  its  ancient  imiwrtance,  it 
still  enjoys  a  pretty  extensive  commerce.  The  principal  articles  of  export  are  grain,  tallow, 
flax,  hemp,  timber,  linseed,  iron,  potash,  mats,  tar,  &c.  Deals  from  Archangel,  and  Onega 
in  the  vicinity  of  Archangel,  are  considered  superior  to  those  from  the  Baltic.  Hemp  not  so 
good  as  at  Riga,  but  proportionally  cheaper.  Tallow  is  also  inferior.  Iron  same  as  at 
Pctersburgh,  sometimes  cheaper  and  sometimes  dearer.  The  quality  of  the  wheat  exported 
from  Archangel  is  about  equal  to  that  from  Pett^rsburgh.  The  imports  are  not  very  exten- 
sive. They  consist  principally  of  sugar,  coffee,  spices,  salt,  woollens,  hardware,  &c.  The 
merchants  of  Archangel  arc  said  by  Mr.  Coxe  to  be  distinguished  for  honesty  and  intelligence. 
(Travels  in  the  North  of  Europe,  vol.  iii.  p.  150.) 

Account  of  tliu  Qauntitios  of  the  principal  An  ides  exported  from  Archangel  during  each  of  the  six 

Years  cnilini;  with  1832. 


Articles. 

1827. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1931. 

1832. 

Flax      -    -    poods 

49,855 

54,877 

131,160 

162,383 

266,495 

120,719 

(jrain,  Hurley  cliuts. 

3,(170 

550 

11,765 

1,897 

8,657 

323 

O.its  -    do. 

308,810 

47,l:)7 

352,792 

81,639 

226,109 

27,779 

Ryo    -    do. 

44,10.S 

39,100 

96,4(K) 

157,645 

174,102 

189,486 

Wheat    do. 

2,017 

11,777 

113,739 

83,400 

101,0.37 

37,728 

ITcntp    -    -    poods 

46,079 

45,693 

57,317 

63,057 

53,855 

51,142 

Iron    -    -    -    do. 

6t,3l() 

65,013 

117,261 

116,372 

89.675 

47,.369 

Linseed-    -    chets. 

78,612 

131,801 

136,969 

14".,  158 

9,'i,039 

103,494 

Mats    -    -    pieces 

1,363,334 

530,3.'.3 

051,438 

674,481 

421,119 

841,450 

I'ltch-    -      barrels 

13.460 

9,973 

8,407 

17,917 

8,2.37 

13,434 

Potashes     -   poods 

10,166 

3,9t)7 

3,209 

10,065 

12,823 

9,205 

Tallow     -    -    do. 

100,634 

196,120 

15ti,778 

13.M57 

119,264 

100,263 

Tallow  candles  do. 

2,813 

3,422 

3,773 

4,750 

3,491 

2,937 

Tar    -    -     barrels 

91,226 

70,985 

37,764 

92,548 

52,467 

58,014 

Train  oil    -    poods 

21,217 

17,004 

16,534 

19,169 

4,129 

8,989 

Wood,  Deals  pieces 

382,215 

246,526 

260,771 

41ij,989 

238,660 

234,313 

liattens     do. 

84,745 

7.3,13,t 

75,.1.35 

121,426 

63,175 

43,354 

Deal  ends  do. 

74,644 

56,620 

04,160 

101,285 

53,303 

44,535 

The  total  value  of  the  exports  in  1831  was  estimated  at  14,750,756  rubles,  while  that  of  the  import:! 
was  eslinmted  at  only  1,155,872  rubles.  Dnrlni;  the  same  year  there  arrived  at  Archangel  443  ships  ■ 
of  which  349  were  Uritish,  12  Dutch,  14  Prussian,  12  Mecklenburg,  &c.  ' 

Account  of  the  Number  of  Ships  that  sailed  from  Archangel  during  each  of  the  Six  Years  endini: 

with  1832.  ** 


Years          ... 

1827. 

1828. 

1929. 

1830. 

1831. 

I8:t2. 

Ships 

386 

290 

450 

505 

445 

364 

The  trade  of  Archangel  is  very  much  influenced  by  the  demand  from  the  more  southerly  parts  of 
Europe,  and  especially  from  England,  for  corn.  When  a  brisk  demand  is  anticipated,  oats  are 
brnuzht  in  large  (|uantiti(!s  from  the  interior,  sometimes  even  from  the  distance  of  1,.500  miles,  in 
covered  barks  cap:ible  of  holding  several  hundred  quarters.  But  as  there  are  few  extensive  mercan- 
tile establishments  here,  the  supplies  are  scanty,  except  when  a  larue  demand  has  been  expected  for 
some  time  previously  to  the  season  for  bringing  them  down.— (Orfrfy'a  European  Commerce,  and  pri- 
vate information.) 

JMunted,  IVeighu,  and  Measures,  same  as  at  Petersburg;  which  see. 

ARGOL,  ARGAL,  or  TARTAR,  (Ger.  Weinstein ;  Du.  Wynsteem  Fr.  Tartre :  It. 
Sp.  and  Port.  Tartaro ;  Rus.  Winnni.  kamen,-  Lat  Tartarus),  a  hard  crust  formed  on 
the  sides  of  the  vessels  in  which  wine  has  been  kept ;  it  is  red  or  white  according  to  the  colour 
of  the  wine,  and  is  otherwise  impure.  On  being  purified,  it  is  termed  cream  or  crystals  nf 
tartar.  It  consists  principally  of  bitartratc  of  potash.  White  argol  is  preferable  to  red,  as 
containing  less  drossy  or  earthy  matter.  The  marks  of  good  argol  of  either  kind  are,  its 
being  thick,  brittle,  hard,  brilliant,  and  little  earthy.  That  brought  from  Bologna  is  reckoned 
the  best,  and  fetches  the  highest  price.  Argol  is  of  considerable  use  among  dyers,  as  serving 
to  dispose  the  stutl's  to  take  their  colours  the  better.  Pure  argol,  or  cream  of  tartar,  is  ex- 
tensively used  in  medicine.  It  has  an  acid  and  rather  unpleasant  taste.  It  is  very  brittle, 
and  easily  reduced  to  powder:  specific  gravity  1-95. 

The  duty  on  argol,  which  was  judiciously  reduced  in  1832,  from  2s.  a  cwt.  to  (id.  produced  in  that 
year  678i.  3s.  Id.  of  nett  revenue.    This,  supposing  the  whole  to  have  been  charged  with  the  low  duty, 


would  iihnv 
varied,  llol 
48«   to50». 

ARINT 

Aristnlnch 
Y\'i\\l,  anil 
iiion  head, 
matic  smt 
puiiGfent  ta 
AR.VIS 

Aiuii;i 

of  lead  ()r< 
) tarts  into 
varnish ;  a 
England  it 
glass, 

ARRA( 
Sp.  Arak  . 
in  the  EaK 
Arrack  i 
sort  of  spir 
ments  as  ti 
of  Goa  anc 
inferior  to  t 
from  the  ve 
fera),     Afi 
eighth  part 
and  rice,  wi 
tran.sparenl 
differs  consi 
and  the  un 
to  give  flavo 
recently  iiic 
30,000  gallo 
in  India  as  } 
of  the  royal 
Its  prime  coi 
gallons  are 
bay.     It  is  si 
In  1829,  the 
per  gallon, 

Pariah-arra 
to  be  often  rci 
turn,  in  the  vi 
arrack  be  ine: 
Koinetiines  dls 
barks  of  varici 
J^ul  Tree,  p.  1 

ARROW- 

its  common  i 
Indians.  Tl 
nutritious  foe 
toes.  It  is  a 
where  it  forn 
it  may  so  be 
The  plant  is 
as  to  be  a  co 
Maranta  an 
extremely  w 
(Ainslk's  M 

At  an  avera 
amounted  to  4 
possession  wa 
sumption  may 
10({.  per  lb. 

ARSENK 

Arsenicum). 
of  brilliancy. 
of  garlic,  whi 


ARISTOLOCIIIA— ARSENIC. 


fil 


1832. 


12<),71!) 

3i3 

27,770 

1H'.),4«B 

37,728 

51,142 

47,3«9 

103,404 

841,450 

13,434 

9,205 

100,2H3 

2,937 

58,014 

8,980 

234,313 

43,354 

44,535 


18:)2. 


364 


artre :  It. 
rmed  on 
the  colour 
ystak  of 
to  red,  as 
id  are,  its 
reckoned 
8  serving 
&r,  is  cx- 
•y  brittle, 


would  ulinwnn  impornt'on  nf 27,rr  rwl.  The  iirlro  ot'iirijdl  in  llic  I.diiilon  mnrktt,  In  AiiRnst,  1833, 
vnrii'il.  Ildlouiiii  I'nini  !>'h.  to  5H.i.  piT  rwt.,  Li'^liurii  4h,<.  to  5(lji.  [irt  ilittd,  N:i|iIl-m  Via.  In  48ii.,  Khi.'timh 
•18ji  toOOj. 

ARIHTOI.OCHIA  (Ft.  Srrjjentaire ;  Grr.  Schlans;enwurzel ;  h,  Serpenlnrin  ,•  Lnt. 
Arintnliichia  serpmturia),  the  (Irit'd  root  of  Virginia  Hnuke-root,  or  liirthworl;  it  is  Hinsill, 
linht,  anil  huHhy,  c'onHiHtinpf  of  n  number  of  (ibrcH  nuittP'l  together,  sprung  from  one  com- 
mon head,  of  u  brownish  colour  on  the  outside,  and  pale  or  yellow  within.  It  has  an  aro- 
matic Hmell  KomethiiJi;  like  that  of  valerian,  but  more  agreeable ;  and  a  warm,  bittcriMhi 
puncent  taHte,  very  much  rcHembiing  camphor. — {Ency.  Mdrop.) 

ARMS.    See  FniK-AiiMt*. 

AlUil'IFOUX  (Ger.  lilei/irlanz .•  Ft,  Artfiiifou ,•  \l.  Archifoi^lio ;  Lat.  CH/cna),  a  sort 
of  lead  ore,  very  heavy,  easily  reduced  to  powder,  and  hard  to  melt;  when  it  is  broken,  it 
parts  into  shining  scales  of  a  whitish  colour.  The  potters  use  it  to  give  their  works  a  green 
varnish;  and  in  Kiiglund  it  is  commoidy  called  jwtfers'  ore,  Arquifinix  is  exported  from 
England  in  large  lumps;  it  should  l)e  chosen  heavy,  the  scales  bright  and  resembling  tin- 
glass. 

ARRACK,  OB  RACK  (Ft.  Arac  .•  Gct,  Arrack,  Rack ;  Da,  Arak,  Rak  .■  h,  Araco  .- 
Sp.  Arak  ,•  Port.  Aracu;  Rus.  Arak),  a  spirituous  liquor  manufactured  at  ditlerent  places 
in  the  East. 

Arrack  is  a  term  applied  in  most  parts  of  India,  and  the  Indian  islands,  to  designate  every 
sort  of  spirituous  lii|uor;  a  circumstance  which  accounts  for  the  discrepancy  in  the  state- 
ments as  to  the  materials  used  in  making  it,  and  the  mode  of  its  manufacture.  The  arrack 
of  Cion  and  Hatavia  is  in  high  estintation  ;  that  of  Columbo  or  Ceylon  has  been  said  to  bo 
inferior  to  the  former ;  but  this  is  doubtful.  Goa  and  Columbo  arrack  is  invariably  made 
from  the  vegetable  juice,  fodffi/,  which  flows  by  incision  from  the  coco  nut  tree  (Cocus  nuci- 
fern).  After  the  juice  is  fermented,  it  is  distilled  and  rectified.  It  usually  yields  about  an 
eighth  part  of  pure  spirit.  Hatavia  or  Java  arrack  is  obtained  by  distillation  from  molasses 
and  rice,  with  only  a  small  admixture  of  todily.  When  well  prepared,  arrack  is  clear  and 
transparent ;  generally,  however,  it  is  slightly  straw-coloured.  Its  flavour  is  peculiar;  but  it 
dilfers  considerably,  no  doubt  in  consequence  of  the  various  articles  of  which  it  is  prepared, 
and  the  unequal  care  taken  in  its  manufacture.  In  England,  arrack  is  seldom  used  except 
to  give  flavour  to  punch :  formerly  the  imports  were  quite  inconsiderable ;  but  they  have 
recently  increased  so  as  to  amount,  at  an  average  of  the  years  1829  and  1830,  to  above 
30,000  gallons  a  year.  In  the  East  its  consumption  is  immense.  It  is  issued  to  the  soldiers 
in  India  as  part  of  the  established  rations;  and  it  is  supplied,  instead  of  rum,  to  the  seamen 
of  the  royal  navy  employed  in  the  Indian  seas.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  products  of  Ceylon. 
Its  prime  cost  in  that  island  varies  from  %d.  to  lOrf.  a  gallon  ;  and  from  600.000  to  70(),000 
gallons  are  annually  exported,  principally  to  the  presidencies  of  Bengal,  Madras,  and  Bom- 
bay. It  is  sold  in  Ceylon  by  the  legger  of  150,  and  in  Java  by  the  legger  of  160  gallons. 
In  1829,  the  first  (juality  of  Java  arra"k  sold  in  Batavia  at  160  florins  the  legger,  or  Xs.Q^d. 
per  gallon.     The  second  quality  fetci  jd  125  florins. 

Pariah-arrack  is  n  phrase  used  to  (lesignnte  n  spirit  distilled  in  the  peninsula  of  India,  which  is  said 
to  be  often  rendered  iinwliolesome  by  iin  admixture  of  gaiign  {Cannabis  salioa),  and  a  8i)ccie9  of  Da- 
tura, in  the  view  of  inrrciislng  its  iritoxicatinir  power.  Hut  it  is  not  clear  whether  the  term  pitriah- 
arratk  he  niinmt  to  imply  that  it  is  an  inferior  spirit,  or  an  adulterated  compound.  This  liiinor  is 
eometiinps  distilled  from  coco  nut  toddy,  and  sometimes  from  a  mixture  ofjaKHPry,  water,  and  the 
barks  of  various  trees. — (See  Jiliiburn's  Orient.  Cum.;  and  Mr.  Marshall's  valuable  Essay  vn  tlie  Coco 
JVut  Tree,  p.  18.) 

ARROW-ROOT,  the  pith  or  starch  of  the  root  Maranta  arundinacea.  It  has  received 
its  common  name  from  its  being  supposed  to  be  an  antidote  to  the  poisoned  arrows  of  the 
Indians.  The  powder  is  prepared  from  roots  of  a  year  old.  It  is  reckoned  a  very  wholesome 
nutritious  food ;  it  is  often  adulterated,  when  in  the  shops,  with  the  starch  or  flour  of  pota- 
toes. It  is  a  native  of  South  America  ;  but  has  been  long  introduced  into  the  West  Indies, 
where  it  forms  a  pretty  important  article  of  cultivation.  An  excellent  kind  of  arrow-root,  if 
it  may  so  be  called,  is  now  prepared  in  India  from  the  root  of  the  Curcuma  angustifolia. 
The  plant  is  abundant  on  the  Malabar  coast,  where  the  powder  is  made  in  such  quantities 
as  to  be  a  considerable  object  of  trade.  Some  of  it  has  been  brought  to  England.  Thn 
Maranta  arundinacea  has  been  carried  from  the  West  Indies  to  Ceylon,  where  it  thrives 
extremely  well,  and  where  arrow-root  of  the  finest  quality  has  been  manufactured  from  it. 
(Ainslic's  Mat.  Indica.) 

At  an  averajje  of  the  three  years  endini;  with  1831,  the  arrow-root  entered  for  home  consumption 
amounted  to  441,556  lbs.  a  year.  Previously  to  last  year(l832),  the  dutv  on  arrow-root  from  a  British 
posses.^ion  was  Os.  id.  a  cwt. ;  but  as  it  is  now  reduced  to  U.  a  cwt.,  a'coiisiderable  increase  of  con- 
sumption may  be  expected.  It  was  quoted  in  the  London  market,  in  August,  1833,  at  from  9d.  to  Is. 
lOd.  per  lb. 

ARSENIC  (Ger,  Arsenlk ,-  Ft.  Arsenic ;  It.  and  Sp.  Arsenica  ,■  Rus.  Miischjah  ,-  Lat. 
Arsenicum).  This  metal  has  a  bluish  white  colour  not  unlike  that  of  steel,  and  a  good  deal 
of  brilliancy.  It  has  no  sensible  smell  while  cold,  but  when  heated  it  emits  a  strong  odour 
of  garlic,  which  is  very  characteristic.    It  is  the  softest  of  all  the  metallic  bodies,  and  so  brittle 


S 


', 


5 
8 

I 


I 


5% 


ASAFCF/riDA— ASSIGNEE. 


thnt  it  may  oncily  W  rpiUirod  to  n  vrry  fine  powdrr  by  trituration  in  n  mortar,     Itn  Bprriflc 

gravity  is.')-7fl. — {T/ioniyiin's  Cfirminfri/,) 

Mfliillii-  iirKciilr  M  n.it  iisi'il  In  llic  iirtu,  nml  Ix  not,  thorcrirc,  cxtrnrlril  fnim  ttu'  ore,  rxiTpt  fi)r  tin- 
Iiiir|i()!<ii4  111'  I  x|ii'rlini'iii  nr  nirimiiy  TJir  iirNriiic  nf  nmmii'n  r  Id  Ihi'  w  liili'  cixldc,  nr  nr.trnuiiiH  arnt, 
ol'rhi'iiiimH,  It  in  II  \vh(ri',  lirillli'.  i'iini|ini't  HiiliKtiinrf,  nf  h  (iliiKxy  ii|ii)fnraiic'f  ;  Ik  Itinilnriiiii) ;  Iiiin  iiii 
nrriil  liinli>,  IcavliiK  nii  tlir  iiiiimir  ii  hwi'I'IIhIi  iiii|ir)'Ki<liiM  ;  iiiiil  i«  liiKlily  iiirrnnlvi'.  In  n't  [iii'liillli' 
Kt.'ili',  iirMi'nlu  I'XrrtH  no  mi  ion  im  I  In'  iiiilni:il  xx^lini ;  linl  whrn  hxIiIIhi'iI,  It  Ik  a  inortt  vlnili'iit  |Mils(in. 
I'll!'  ar^tcnic  cit'  tin-  t'linpH  l-i  •oirni'llimv'  iiilnltiTiili'il  with  wlilti-  Hainl,  clialk,  nr  iryiiNnni  :  tin'  t'raml  may 
1)1'  ilrti'ili'ij  hy  hi'atinir  a  Minall  |icirtiMn  of  ihi'  unHiH'ricd  powiliT  ;  wlirii  the  arHrnlc  In  illHslpati'il,  li'av- 
iiiL'  Ihc  nniniritii'x,  IT  llnTi'  In'  any,  hiliiml.  'I'lmnKli  tin:  mmihI  vjnli  til  nl'  all  llir  inlinriil  puHiniH,  llni 
» liili'  oxhli'  III'  arHi'iiic,  or  lln'  arNrnh'  nl'lln'  HlnipH,  Ih  yrl,  when  jmllrloiiNly  ailnilnlHli'ri'il,  a  nii'ilii'lni' 
of  crcat  I'ltlniiy.  It  Ix  iilxo  nnnl  fur  varhniN  pnrpiMi'n  In  tin' art«.  It  Ih  princlpiilly  liii|(orti'(l  from 
Maxiinyainl  llnln'inla.  — ('/'/iiihkdu'.^  Chrmi-lnj  ;  A.  '/'.  '/'hnmnnn'M  DiniirniKiliiry.) 

AMAF(KTI1),\    ((J.«r,    Trufil.ytlnrh ;    Dii.    Dnivelmhrrk ;  Fr.  Ami-frlida  ,•    Sp.  Am. 

fi'tidti ;  Lilt.  Asrt-fdtiila  t   Vet.  Vn^imzih),  n  Runi  roHJii,  coiislHlini;  of  tho  iimplMnntcd  jiiioo 

of  a  inri?!' umlu'lliltTous  jiluiit,  the /-Vri/A/ rt.w/(/7/V/«.     It  m  prixlurrd  in  the  Kouthrrn  pro- 

vinrcH  of  IVrsiii,  and  in  the  territory  of  Mindc,  or  country  iyini?  at  the  moutii  of  the  Indim. 

It  U  cxporlcil  from  ilii'  Pcrtiian  Kiilf  to  Honiliay  ninl  ('iilrnllii,  u  licnci'  It  In  Hcnl  to  Kiiropc.  It  lia«  n 
nanni'iniH,  Hnnn'uhitl  hittiT,  hitlnir  tiinU".  iiinl  an  ('.xcfnuivclv  Htrontf,  I'li'lid,  alliacfiinH  hmu'II  :  tlio  ni'Wi'r 
It  lit.  It  poMNiitHi'H  Ili4  Hinrll  anil  otlnr  pciiiliar  proprrtirH  in  tlir  Kriiitcr  prrfi'illon.  It  Ih  Imporli  iI, 
liiit  kill  i'l  irri«nlar  iiiiiHsui',  In  mats,  riiKks  ami  raurs  ;  tlir  last  lifilii:,  In  (.'cni'ml,  tlir  Iii'hI,  It  Klmnlil 
In- clinirn  I'Ican,  fri'sti,  stronc-Hfi'ntcil,  of  a  pall'  rt'ilill»ll  cnloiir,  varh'itatcil  wllli  a  niimln'r  of  lino, 
W  liiti'  irarM  :  wlirn  lirnki'ii,  it  hIioiiIiI  nonii-wliat  rPMi'iiililo  nuirlilii  in  apprariinrr  ;  anil,  al^rr  lirinurx- 

1)o!ii'il  to  till!  air,  Minnilil  mm  of  a  violil  ml  lolonr.  Tlial  »  lilili  is  siifl,  Mark  anil  foul,  hIioiiIiI  Ih'  ro- 
I'l  li'il.  Till'  parkaiTi's  kIhhiIiI  lii'  rari'fiilly  I'vamiiii'il,  anil  ontjlit  to  lir  liulil,  to  pri'viiil  tin'  smi'll  I'rom 
njiirina  any  ollirr  arliili',  In  \^'l^.  tin'  iinporlH  of  asafii'tnla  anionnti'il  to  l(Ml,77l>  IIih,,  lint  tlii'V  liavi- 
not  hi'i'n  so  larirr  Mlnri> ;  ami  In  l^.'tO,  only  s,7'j'i  ||m.  wrn^  Iniporti'il.  Wo  liavr  not  lisirnril  tin'  ipiaii- 
tily  I'liarnl  fur  coniinmption,  lint  It  niiist  In.'  tritlinil.  In  IIiIh  cnnnlry,  it  u  iihimI  only  in  Ihr  matiTia 
nil  ilira.  In  rrani'i',  It  ii  iisnl  liolli  in  that  tvay,  anil  to  hoiiii'  rxti'iit,  iiIko,  an  a  rnmlimont.  It  H  worth 
in  lionil,  in  Ilir  l.onilon  niarkut,  from '2/.  to  M.  pi;r  cwl. — (Milburn'a  Orient.  Com.;  I'nrl.  I'liprm;  luiil 
jtnntir  infnnimHun.) 

AS.MUJM  {Vt.  Asaref ;  (in.  Hdzelwurzel ,•  8p.  Anaro  (k  Eimipa),  the  root  or  driod 
Iravrs  of  the  asarnbacca.  Tho  loaves  are  nearly  inodorous ;  their  lufto  Hlightly  aromatic, 
bitter,  acrid,  and  nauseoui^.  'I'he  powdt  r  of  the  leaves  is  the  liasis  of  most  cephalic  snulVs, 
A  good  deal  of  their  acrimony  is  lost  in  keepini? :  they  should,  conseiiuently,  be  used  in  as 
recent  a  state  as  possible,  and  dried  without  tlie  ap)ilication  of  much  heat.  Asarabncca  growa 
in  several  jiarts  of  Kngland,  particularly  Lancashire  and  Westmoreland. 

ASH  (Cf)MMO\),  the  Friixiiiiin  excrl.sliir  of  liotanists,  a  forest  tree  of  which  there  arc 

many  varieties.     It  is  abundant  in  Kngland,  and  is  of  the  greatest  utility. 

Till'  ash  is  of  vi-ry  rapid  L'rowtli ;  and,  nnliki'  most  other  trees,  its  valne  Is  rather  inrreased  than 
dirninisln'il  liy  this  firrnmslaiire.  Like  the  rhi'sniit,  the  wood  of  yiuiiiK  trees  is  inoHt  esteemed.  It 
grows  on  a  ureal  varii'ly  of  soils,  Inn  Is  lii'st  when'  the  ^jrowth  has  luen  most  viiioroiis.  It  is  inl'i.'- 
rior  to  ihi'  o.ik  in  slilfni'ss,  anil  is  more  easily  split  ;  hnl  in  toiiuhness  and  elasticity  it  Is  far  superior 
to  the  oak.  or  to  any  other  species  of  tinihpr.  Hence  its  universal  employment  in  all  those  parts  ol* 
machinery  which  liave  to  siislain  sudden  shocks,  such  as  thiMircnmfiiri'nce,  IitiIi,  and  spokes  of 
wheels,  siiip-lilocks,  Arc.  and  in  the  niannfactiire  of  acricnltnral  implements  ;  in  the  laltir.  Indeed,  It 
is  alinost  exclusively  made  use  ot'.  The  want  of  prolonu'eil  dnraliilily  is  Its  L'reutest  ileliil  ;  and  it  is 
loo  flevihle  |o  lie  employed  in  huilillne.  The  wood  of  old  trees  is  of  ii  dark  hrnwn  colour,  sometimca 
beautifully  ti)!ureil  :  the  wood  of  youniflrces  is  lirownish  while,  with  a  shade  of  jfreen.  The  texture 
is  allirnalely  ciinipact  and  porous;  where  the  (.'rowlh  has  lieeii  vigorous,  the  compact  part  of  the 
several  layers  hears  a  greater  proportion  to  the  sponfiy,  and  the  tinilier  is  comparatively  toiiuh,  elas- 
tic, and  ilnrahle.  It  has  neither  taste  nor  smell  ;  and,  when  youii)!,  is  ditlicult  to  work.  The  moun- 
tain ash  {I'linis  :i iic ii pariii)  is  nuile  a  ilill'ereni  tree  from  the  comiiion  ash,  and  its  timlier  is  t'ar  less 
valiialile.— (Trfi/^fu/i/'s  PniicipUs  of  Curpeiitnj ;  Timber  Trees  and  Fruits,  in  Lib.  of  Entertaining 
Knoirlrdire.  tfc.) 

ASHES  (Fr.  Vedasse.,-  Ger.  Waidmche ;  Du.  Weedcui ;  Da.  Veeda.<ike ,•  It.  Ferciabm- 
data;  S[).  Alunibre  de  hez ,•  Rus.  Wvida.sch ;  Lat.  Cinrres  iiifecforii),  the  residuum  or 
cai'diy  part,  of  any  substance  after  it  has  been  burned.  In  commerce,  the  term  is  applied  to 
the  ashes  of  vegetable  substances  ;  from  which  are  extracted  the  alkaline  salts  called  potash 
pearlash,  barilla,  kelp,  &c. ;  which  see. 

.\SPHALT(:M.     See  Brrr.MEy. 

ASS  (Fr.  Aiie  ;  Ger.  Esel;  It.  Asino;  Lat.  Asinus),  the  well-known  quadruped  of  that 
name. 

ASSETS,  in  commerce,  a  term  used  to  designate  the  stock  in  trade,  and  the  entire  prop- 
erty of  all  sorts,  belonging  to  a  merchant  or  to  a  trading  association.  It  is  also  applied  to 
goods  or  property  placed,  for  the  discharge  of  some  particular  trust  or  obligation,  in  the 
hands  of  executors,  assignees,  &c. 

ASSIENTO,  a  Spanish  word  signifying  a  contract.  In  commerce,  it  means  the  contract 
or  agreement  by  which  the  Spanish  government  ceded  first  to  a  company  of  French,  and 
afterwards  (by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht)  to  a  comj)any  of  English  merchants,  the  right  to  im- 
port slaves  into  the  Spani.sh  colonies. — (Rroitirfiain's  Colonial  Polict/,  vol.  i.  p.  439.) 

ASSIGNEE,  a  person  ajipointcd  by  ci/mpctent  authority  to  do,  act,  or  transact  some  busi- 
ness, or  exercise  some  particular  privilege  or  power,  for  or  on  account  of  some  specified 
individual  or  individuals. 

Assignees  may  be  created  by  deed,  or  by  law :  by  deed,  where  the  lessee  of  a  farm  assigns 
the  same  to  another ;  by  law,  where  the  law  makes  an  assignee  without  any  appointment  of 


ihr  por»oM 
nn  JiiteNtii 
to  iniilni^e 
them,— (.•" 
AN.Sj/ 
ASSII 

Ai  (rr 

hy  advertii 
jiartii'M  prei 
nateil  bv  tl 
AICTI 
rotiilitions 
dnii'ii  the 
by  the  pui 
writing  dov 
son  for  wb 
he  do  not  I 

Kverv  am 
rharKed  .'i/  ; 
must  also  I'l 
hlH  liehalfai 
4.  c.M  ) 

Anrtioneet 
their  licenci  . 
each,  to  delii 
nnd  to  pay  tl 
Npecllied  t'inii 
—  (I»«f».  .T 
Auctioneer 
fi(HI/.  and  two 
ttiein  wilhii 
3.  c,  ,M.) 

A  licensed  i 

lie  coiiveyanc 

SO  tieo.  ,'t.  c.  I 

The  followi 

For  every  'i 

lienefit  of  the 

any  part  of  tl 

For  every  '2( 

terest  ill  posse 

houses,  or  hen 

chartered  con. 

Vessels,  and   o 

Iiropnrtion  for 

For  every  4C 

tnrc,  li.xtures.  | 

8u  ill  propiirtlii 

The  duties  ti 

Hy  Stat.  -iV  (i 

Iiricaled  in  Ihi 

and  in  lots  of  t 

and  openly  sh( 

And  the  anc 

S,OOI)i.  with  iw 

thereof  at  the 

cir  woven  in  Ih 

duty,    i  Ii, 

Hy  slat.  41  G 
linnis,  baron,  ( 
sale  thereof  h; 
house  at  the  pi 
auctioneer. 

Hy  slat.  30  « 
.1.  c.'ll.,  all  wh 
Iihaiits,  and  C( 
skins  of  seals  i 
drugs,  nnd  olhi 
of  cahiiiet-mal 
r.  «.);).  i  a.)  jJ,H 
thereof'at  and 
nnd  hy  whom  I 
after  such  poor 
Hy  slat.  I'.Ki 
tels  made  hy  oi 
on  any  sale  m; 
of  customs  or  c 
the  navy  or  vie 
in  execution  ol 
of  tithes:  (9.) 
nierchaiiilise  fr 
facliire  o  siicli 
xveri)  consisrnei 
within  twelve  i 


ASSIZE— AUCTION  FFR. 


M 


ihr  poriioii  i'nlill«'il.  dm  an  cxrciitor  \h  nM><i)(rii'i>  in  law  dt  ilir  (cdintiir,  nnil  nn  ni!riiini<truliir  to 
an  irilcHtntc.  'I'lii- Irrrn  Ih  tnoNt  coiMiMOMly  npplircl  to  the  cri'iliiiirt  nl' ii  iiiinkrii|it  ii|)|iointi'(l 
to  niiiMiii{)'  for  till'  rest,  and  who  lunMijucnlly  liuve  thu  bunkruiit'ri  uHtute  UMiti^nid  uvtr  to 

llU'ni. —  (Wtf   n^NKIII'HT.) 

AN!S|/H.     Sim-  niif:*ii. 

ASSrUANCi:.     Nv  Inhi  n*>«ri:. 

Ar(;'ri().\,  «  imlilic  Kalc  i(('ko()<1«  to  tlio  lii)iht<8t  l>iililrr,  Aiictinnnnro  ncncrnlly  notifirii 
liy  iiilviTtiMcniiMit,  and  arc  ht'ld  in  Konic  i)|H'n  pliu-o.  Tlu'  l)iil(lini;H  may  he  inadr  ritlitT  by 
liartii'H  iircMtnt,  or  liy  the  ant'liunter  under  authority  Riven  to  him  ;  thu  Hale  in  Uhuully  ternii- 
liiiird  hy  the  fall  of  u  hammer. 

AICTIONRKII,  a  perHoii  who  rnnducts  Knlrs  hy  luietion.  Ft  is  hin  duty  lo  Htate  tho 
conditioiiH  of  Hule,  to  declare  the  reH|H'('tive  liiddin^x,  and  to  t)'rminate  the  Hale  hy  humhiiin 
ilium  the  thini;  m)|d  to  the  hi|;heKt  bidder.  An  ntirtioneer  iH  held  to  be  lawfully  authnriMMl 
liy  the  jiurehaHer  to  hIkii  a  eoiitrnet  (or  liim,  whether  it  be  for  lands  or  koimIm.  .And  hi^ 
writing  <lown  the  name  of  the  liiKheHt  bidder  in  Iuh  book  in  Huflieient  to  bind  any  other  per- 
son  tor  whom  the  highest  bidder  jnirchuHcd,  even  though  Huch  i)erHon  he  prenent.  provided 
he  do  not  object  bifiire  nitri/, 

Kverv  anrlioni'ir  iihihI  liiki'  (nit  n  llopnre,  renownlile  nnnimlly  'a  tlif  Mh  n'  Jalv,  f-ir  w  !::.  h  h'  U 
rlwirKi'il  .'1/  ;  mill  it' lie  nrll  khiiiIh  I'lir  llif  Hllle  (if  w  lllrll  1111  i\r.-i'  llirmii  In  »'>"riiilly  .  ^.iiirrj.  Ill 
niiisi  iiIhii  tiiki'  iMiI  siii'li  lircnrp,  iiiili-i<(i  the  (!hiii1h  lie  llie  iirdpi'riv  "I'  »  li  riKeil  I'lTiin;,,  11  a  r  '),<  •.  i» 
liiH  lii-liiill'nriilnnlilii  enttreit  preniiReii,  In  whicli  cute  inch  uilililioiiul  livci  n  I;  ,iot  rMiiii!«<J.  -<l>  fiip. 
4.r,M  ) 

AurlinniMTs  wllliin  the  lliiiltH  of  the  rhlef  exrine  (itTli'P  In  I.iiiiilini  ire  iiniiti.!.  nhe  1  tin-  rirelvn 
tlli'ir  lliiiici',  III  irivr  Hi'iiinly  In  the  rxrJHr  liy  hoiiil,  theiiiHi'lvi'H  In  1,()(MI^  iip.i  !•"  ,1  nueo,'!  in  'MH. 
each,  10  ililiver  in  within  iwenly-eipht  iliiyo  iif  any  h.-iI"  11  true  iiiiil  piinii'ii'i  r  iiMiiiir.'  r(  bik  fi  iale, 
nnil  to  |iny  the  ilntii'K  mi  tlir  s.iiiie.  Ani'liiineerH  Vi'l'iiHlnu  iir  ^'iliiyii'B  I"  (i.ij  ilr-  ihnien  •.■.•.'.'.liii  the 
HpcTiCii'il  time,  fiirl'eil  their  lioiiil  unit  the  IiimuIh  ot"  their  Biiretieii,  an''!  il'.ulilt!  I  iV  a-.i.ouni  i>(  M  :  diitieb. 
—  (l!l«i-«.  3.  c.  i(\.) 

Amtinnecrs  ciirryinB  nn  their  Irnde  without  the  lltnit»  of  the  henil  n(lii«>  niv,  \ninA.  tlietniielveii  lit 
S(HI/,  anil  iwii  nnrrlii'H  In  50/  eiieh,  to  reinler  an  iicroiiiil  i>t'  the  iliitie>  1  rniinc  "''  >.il>'».  i"iil  '':  ."iiy 
Iheiii  within  nix  weekii,  nniler  the  penullieH  nireaily  nientioneil  -(ri  f,,c  3,  <.  .Nl,  !ii.i'  .n  Of.;. 
3.  r   .VI,) 

A  IIi'I'mhi'iI  nnrtinneer  (rninif  from  town  to  town  hy  n  piihllr  nt.'n,  eonrh, .  111!  siniliniiBuor  i  hv  a  piih- 
lir  t'linveyanri',  anil  KelliiiK  llieni  on  riiniinifisiiin  hy  retail  iir  iiiu tixe,  .x  i'  .ra:i»tff  jier-  -  'vishiii  thO 
SO  (ii'ii.  ;<.  r.  tl.  i  <V,  nnil  niiiHt  take  out  a  liawker'x  nnd  peilliir'n  II'  ciice. 

'I'll!'  fiilliiwinu  ilnlii'H  are  paynhlu  on  koihIs  hhIiI  hy  aiirtion  ;— 

K'lr  every 'iO.i.  iif  the  pnrihiiHe  money  arinin){  nr  payahle  hy  virtue  of  un>  aaht  at  .•.ii>-|liif  ,01  tno 
hi'iii'tll  of  the  Kriiwers  nr  lirKt  piirrhaHerM  respectively  of  any  Dheup'ii  wool,  the  ftrovvtll  or  pioiluci?  of 
any  part  of  the  lliiiti.'il  KiiiKiloin,  Id. 

For  every  Sh.i.  of  the  pnrihaHe  nioney  arising  or  payahle  hy  virtue  of  iny  snic  nt  ancti.irv  <  fiiny  ir,- 
teresi  in  possessiiiin  or  re  vers  inn  in  any  freehold,  riistoniary,  ri.iivhnld  or  hiisehiMl  lae.:»-  •"neiii''(it«, 
hniisi's,  or  hereditainenls,  and  any  share  or  shares  in  the  eapifal  or  joint  stoi''  ni'i>,;y  I'.i'p.irHtlnn  or 
charteri'il  I'oiiipany,  and  of  any  anniiitii's  nr  siinis  of  money  rharuid  then  nii,  , mil  r.'.  any  ^hipsla<J 
vessels,  and  of  any  reversionary  interest  in  thi;  puhlic  funds,  and  of  any  l)lal^■  !.r  j"we'.  1  Hnd  bo  -ii 
proportion  for  any  greater  or  less  suiii,7(/. 

Kor  every  4l).<.  of  the  purchase  umney  arising  or  paynblB  hy  virtue  of  imy  sate  '.t  ■iwtion  of  iurnl- 
tare,  li.viiires,  pictures,  hooks,  horses,  and  carriages,  and  all  other  gnods  undclLittcI.-i  i,  liu'.'i.u/er,  .uiil 
80  in  proportion  for  any  greater  nr  less  sum,  \.i. 

The  duties  to  he  paid  hy  the  auctioneer,  agent,  factor,  or  seller  hy  coniniisBion. 

Hy  slat.  211  (ieo.  .').  c.  O.").  i  i  i,  2.,  no  duty  shall  he  paid  for  piece  goods  sold  hy  anctinn.  wovforfa- 
hricated  in  this  kingdom,  which  shall  he  sold  ,  ntire  mi  (he  piece  or  i|iiantity  as  taken  t'roni  tlie  Inoni, 
and  in  lots  of  the  price  of  20/.  nr  upward",  and  so  as  the  same  be  sold  in  no  other  than  entered  p'lccH, 
and  openly  shown  and  exposed  at  such  sale. 

And  the  auctioneer  shall,  hesides  the  hnnd  given  on  receiving  liis  liience  giiv  ■■<  fi'r'l'Ci'  bond  in 
.'1,000/.  with  two  sureties,  that  he  will,  within  Iniirteen  days  after  every  sii'li  Mile,  ilelivc  r;iii  ah  ,.nnt 
thereof  at  the  next  excise  ottice,  and  will  not  sell  hy  auction  any  I'.oods  wove;i  out  of  'his  kiiij.dom, 
or  woven  in  this  kingdom,  which  shall  not  be  Hold  iii  the  entire  piece,  wittiniit  v-iyu'ent  of  the  proper 
duty,    i  (i. 

Uy  Stat.  41  Geo.  3.  c.  91.  J  H.,  all  corn  and  grain  of  evrtry  sort,  flour,  aiv;  meal,  .m  I  -ill  ';r  ■.''.  pork, 
hams,  bacon,  cheese,  and  hiitter,  imported  into  (ireal  Britain,  shall  Ix;  fif  »•  iif  (he  ilulv  oji  'h<!  first 
sale  thereof  hy  auction  on  account  of  the  importer,  bo  as  the  gan'.e  he  entered  .'li  some  custom- 
house at  the  port  (if  importation,  and  the  gale  thereof  he  witlle.  iw-lv;  uinallis  ai.d  by  a  licensed 
auctioneer. 

liy  slat.  .10  (Jeo.  S.  c.  20.,  all  goods  imported  by  way  of  ir>  ••  rliandise  fiul'i  Yuenlav,  r.nd  hy  .12  Geo 
3.  c.'ll.,  all  whale-oil  (and  by  41  (Jen.  3.  c.  42.,  all  elefi'Min  o',  prodiici  il  from  sea-cows  or  sea-ele- 
Iihanls,  and  coininonly  called  "  elepliant's  oil,")  A'h.U''b.)iie,  ambergris,  and  head-matter,  and  all 
skins  of  seals  and  other  animals  living  in  the  1  a.  .ind  also  elephant's  teeth,  palm-oil.  dyeing-wood, 
drugs,  and  other  articles  for  dyers  leie,  and  all  iii:'.hogany  and  other  niaiiufactnred  wood  for  the  use 
of  cabinet-makers  and  other  mnnuu> -.un  rs,  i.iipnrted  in  Brilinh  ships  frnm  Jifrtcu  and  (by  12  (ieo.  3. 
c. '.13.  }  3.)  Jime.rica,ut  tiuy  B'ttish  setthiiient  abroad,  shall  be  free  of  the  excise  duty  nn  the  first  sale 
tliereofat  auction  hy  nr  fnr  the  account  of  the  original  importer  to  whom  the  same  were  consigned, 
and  by  whom  they  were  entered  ai  the  Custom-house,  so  as  such  sale  be  made  within  twelve  moiitha 
after  such  goods  are  imported,  and  the  same  be  sold  by  a  licenced  auctioneer. 

Hy  slat.  I'.Kieo,  3.  c.  ,M).  }  13.,  no  duties  shall  be  laid  (I.)  on  any  sale  by  auction  of  estates  or  chat- 
tels made  by  order  of  the  Court  of  Chancery  or  E.xcheiiuer,  nr  courts  nf  great  sessions  in  Wales  :  (2.) 
on  any  sale  made  hy  the  F.n.il  hilia  or  Hiiitsuv's  Bay  companies  :  (3.)  by  order  of  the  commissioners 
of  customs  or  excise  :  (4.)  by  order  of  the  Board  of  nrdnance  :  (.i.)  by  order  nf  the  coniinissinnerB  of 
the  navy  or  victualling  olfices :  (C.)  on  any  such  sales  made  hy  the  sheritr.  for  the  beneiii  of  creditors, 
in  execution  of  judgment :  (7.)  on  sales  of  goods  distrained  {'or  rent :  (H.)  on  sales  for  non-payment 
of  tithes ;  (9.)  on  sales  of  effects  of  hankriipts  sold  by  assignees :  (10.)  on  goods  imported  hy  way  of 
merchandise  from  any  Brifi.s/i  colony  in  ^iiierira,  the  same  being  nf  the  growth,  produce,  or  iiiann- 
factiire  o  such  cnlnny,  nn  the  first  sale  thereof  nii  account  of  the  original  importer  to  whom  they 
weri!  cnnsiiined,  and  by  whom  they  were  entered  at  the  Ciislnm-hnnse,  so  as  such  sale  he  made 
within  twelve  inontliB  after  importation  (see  59  Ueo.  3.  c.  54.  i  3.) :  (U.)  un  any  ships  or  their  cargoes 
s2 


r  (1 


<i 


1^ 

y 

n 

1 

C 


I 


AUCTIONEER. 


54 


cnnrtcmned  ns  pH/.n,  and  nnld  for  tlip  benefit  of  tlie  raptor :  (12.)  on  nny  ships  or  gnods  wrncked  or 
strundiMl,  solil  fur  the  benefit  of  the  insiirera  or  proprietora:  (13.)  on  the  sale  of  nny  goods  diiinnged 
by  fire,  nnd  sold  for  the;  benefit  of  the  insurers  ;  (11.)  on  any  auelion  to  be  held  on  the  account  of  the 
lord  or  lady  of  the  manor  for  iiranliii!;  any  eopyhohl  or  customary  messiiages,  lands,  or  tenements  for 
the  term  of  a  life  or  lives,  or  any  niimbe'r  of  years  ;  (IS.)  on  any  auction  to  be  held  for  the  letting  or 
demising  any  messungcs,  lands,  or  tenements  for  the  term  of  a  life  or  lives,  or  any  number  of  years 
to  be  created  by  the  person  on  whose  account  such  auction  shall  be  held  :  (Iti.)  on  the  sale  of  any 
wood,  coppice,  "produce  of  mines  or  quarries,  or  materiiila  for  working  the  same  ;  or  on  the  sale  of 
any  cattle,  and  live  or  dead  stock,  or  unnmniifactured  produce  of  land,  so  ns  such  sale  of  woods, 
coppices,  produce  of  mines  or  (luarries,  cattle,  corn,  stock  or  produce  of  land,  may  be  made  whilst 
they  continue  on  the  lauds  producing  tlie  same,  and  by  the  owner  of  such  lands,  or  proprietor  of  or 
adventurer  in  such  mines  or  quarries,  or  by  their  steward  or  agent. 

Uy  Stat.  .Vi  (Jeo.  3.  c.  5'.\.  J  I.,  all  colfee  itiiported  in  any  British  ship  from  any  British  colony  in  Ame- 
rica may  be  sold  by  auction,  free  of  the  auction  duty,  whilst  the  same  shall  remain  in  warehouses  un- 
der the  act  '13  Oeo.  3.  c.  132.  or  any  other  act. 

Certain  articles  from  the  United  States,  as  regulated  by  the  act  59  Geo.  3.  c.  5-1.  J  3.,  and  goods  from 
Portugal  imported  under  stat.  51  Oeo.  3.  c.  47.,  .nay  also  be  sold  by  auction  free  of  duty,  if  on  account 
of  the  orifiiiial  im|iorter,  and  within  twelve  moiillis  of  their  importation. 

By  Stat.  19  fieo.  3.  c.  56.  }  9.,  the  auctioneer,  if  the  sale  he  within  the  limits  of  the  chief  office  of 
excise  in  London,  shall  give  two  days'  notice  at  the  said  office,  elsewhere  three  days'  notice  to  the 
collector  or  at  the  ne.\t  e.vcise  office",  in  writing,  signed  by  him,  specifying  the  particular  day  when 
Buch  sale  shall  bcL'in  ;  and  shall  at  the  same  time,  or  within  twenty-four  Icoura  after,  deliver  a  writ- 
ten or  printed  catalogue,  attested  and  signed  by  such  auctioneer  of  his  known  clerk,  in  which  cata- 
logue shall  be  particularly  enumerated  every  article,  lot,  parcel,  and  thing  intended  to  be  sold  at  such 
auction.  And  if  he  shall  presume  to  make  such  sale  without  delivering  such  notice  and  catalogue, 
or  sell  any  estate  or  goods  not  enumerated  therein,  he  shall  forfeit  2(1/. 

Hv  Stat.  32  (!eo.  3.  c.  11.,  every  auctioneer  who  shall  have  delivered  such  notice  or  catalogue  shall, 
within  28  days  (if  within  the  limits  of  the  chief  office  of  excise,  elsewhere  witliin  six  weeks)  after  the 
day  specified  in  Jiich  notice  for  such  sale,  deliver  at  such  chief  office,  or  to  the  collector  of  excise  in 
wliosi!  collection  such  sale  has  been  or  was  intended  to  be,  a  declaration  in  writing,  setting  forth 
whether  or  not  any  such  sale  had  been  or  was  opened  or  begun  under  such  notice,  or  any  article,  lot, 
parcel,  or  thing  contained  in  such  catalogue  was  bid  for  or  sold  at  such  auction  ;  and  such  auctioneer, 
or  person  acting  ns  his  clerk  as  aforesaid,  shall  make  oath  to  the  truth  of  such  declaration  before  the 
said  commissioners  or  collector,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  50/.  for  every  neglect  or  refusal  of  delivering 
such  declaration,  verified  as  aforesaid. 

The  real  owner  of  any  estate,  goods,  or  cffiicis  put  up  to  sale  by  way  of  auction,  and  bought  in 
cither  by  himself  or  by  his  steward  or  known  agent  employed  in  the  management  of  the  sale,  or  by 
any  other  person  appointed  in  icritina-  by  the  owner  to  bid  for  him,  shall  be  allowed  the  duties,  pro- 
vided notice  in  writing  be  given  to  the  auctioneer  before  such  bidding,  both  by  the  owner  and  person 
intended  to  be  the  bidder,  of  such  person  being  appointed  by  the  owner;  and  provided  such  notice  be 
verified  by  the  oath  of  the  auctioneer,  as  also  the  fairness  of  the  transaction  to  the  best  of  his  know- 
ledge and  belief — (19  Geo.  3.  c.  .50.;  28  Oeo.  3.  c.  37.)  An  auction(!er  employed  in  a  case  of  this  sort, 
and  neglecting  to  take  the  proper  steps  to  prevent  the  duties  f)-oui  attaching,  may  be  obliged  to  pay 
them  himself.  (19  Oeo.  3.  c.  50.) 

If  the  sale  of  an  estate  be  void  through  defect  of  title,  the  commissioners  of  excise,  or  jus- 
tices of  the  peace  in  the  county,  may,  on  oath  being  made,  grant  relief  for  the  duties  paid. 
Claim  must  be  made  within  twelve  months  after  the  sale,  if  rendered  void  within  that  time ; 
or  if  not  rendered  void  within  that  time,  within  three  months  after  the  discovery. 

The  auctioneer  is  by  law  liable  to  pay  the  auction  duties,  but  he  may  recover  the  same 
from  the  vendor.  The  conditions  of  sale  usually  oblige  the  buyer  to  pay  the  whole,  or  a 
part  of  the  duties ;  and  upon  his  refusing  or  neglecting  to  pay  them,  the  bidding  is  void. 

An  auctioneer  who  declines  to  disclose  the  name  of  his  principal  at  the  time  of  sale, 
makes  himself  responsible.  But  if  he  disclose  the  name  of  his  principal,  he  ceases  to  be 
responsible,  either  for  the  soundness  of  or  title  to  the  thing  sold,  unless  he  have  expressly 
warranted  it  on  his  own  responsibility. 

If  an  auctioneer  pay  over  the  produce  of  a  sale  to  his  employer,  after  receiving  notice  that 
the  goods  were  not  the  property  of  such  employer,  the  real  owner  of  the  goods  may  recover 
the  amount  from  the  auctioneer. 

It  has  long  been  a  common  practice  at  certain  auctions  (called  for  that  reason  mock  auc- 
tions) to  employ  puffers,  or  mock  bidders,  to  raise  the  value  of  the  articles  sold  by  their 
apparent  competition,  and  many  questions  have  grown  out  of  it.  It  was  long  ago  decided, 
that  if  the  owner  of  an  estate  put  up  to  sale  by  auction  employ  puffers  to  bid  for  him,  it  is  a 
fraud  on  the  real  bidder,  and  the  highest  bidder  cannot  be  compelled  to  complete  his  contract. 
— (6.  T.  Rep,  p.  642.)  But  it  would  seem  as  if  the  mere  employment  of  puffers  under 
any  circumstances  were  now  held  to  be  illegal.  "  The  inclination  of  the  courts  at  the  present 
time  is,  that  a  sale  by  auction  should  be  conducted  in  the  most  open  and  public  manner 
possible ;  that  there  should  be  no  reserve  on  the  part  of  the  seller,  and  no  collusion  on  the 
part  of  the  buyers.  Puffing  is  illegal,  according  to  a  late  case,  even  though  there  be  only 
one  puffer ;  and  it  was  then  decided  that  the  recognised  practice  at  auctions  of  employing 
such  persons  to  bid  upon  the  sale  of  horses  could  not  be  sustained." — (  Woolrych  on  Com- 
mercial Law,  p.  262.) 

A  party  bidding  at  an  auction  may  retract  his  offer  at  any  time  before  the  hammer  is 
down.  Another  clearly  established  principle  is,  that  verbal  declarations  by  an  auctioneer 
are  not  to  be  suffered  to  control  the  printed  conditions  of  sale ;  and  these,  when  pasted  up 
vnder  the  box  of  the  auctioneer,  are  held  to  be  sufficiently  notified  to  purchasers. 

Auctioneers,  like  all  other  agents,  should  carefully  observe  their  instructions.  Should 
those  who  employ  them  sustain  any  damage  through  their  carelessness  or  inattention,  they 
will  bo  responsible.    They  must  also  answer  for  the  consequences,  if  they  sell  the  property 


intrusteil  to  the 
to  order. 

An  auctionee 
the  penalties  foi 

The  establish 
London.  Persi 
to  invite  strangi 
value,  A  strat 
knocked  down  ( 
needless  to  add, 
to  suppress  moc 

We  subjoin 

An  account  of  tl 
Amount  of  Dm 
who  have  takei 
(Pari.  Paper,  N 


Vears  ended 
6th  of  January, 


1820 
1H21 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 


Account  of  the  Pri 


England 
Scotland 
Ireland 

Year  ended  Sth 


England 
Scotland 
Ireland 

"If ear  ended  5th  o 


England 
Scotland 
Ireland 

Year  ended  5th  n 


Excise  Office 

[Sales  at  public 
the  states,  a  limit 
others,  every  pen 
into  the  public  tr( 

AVERAGE,  1 
the  individuals,  w 
board  it,  belong,  ( 
or  individuals  am 
ation  of  the  ship 
jeant  Marshall, " 
to  save  the  ship  f 
ship,  are  cut  awa' 


54 


AVERAGE. 


65 


intrusted  to  thrir  care  for  less  than  the  price  set  upon  it  by  the  owners,  or  in  a  way  contrary 
to  order. 

An  auctioneer  who  has  duly  paid  the  licence  duty  is  not  liable,  in  the  city  of  London,  to 
the  penalties  for  acting  as  n  broker  without  being  admitted  agreeably  to  the  6  Anne,  c.  16. 

The  establishment  of  mock  auctions  is  said  to  be  a  common  practice  among  swindlers  in 
London.  Persons  are  frequently  placed  at  the  doors  of  such  auctions,  denominated  barkers, 
to  invite  strangers  to  come  in  ;  and  puffers  are  in  wait  to  bid  up  the  article  much  beyond  ite 
value.  A  stranger  making  an  offer  at  such  an  auction  is  almost  sure  to  have  the  article 
knocked  down  to  him.  Plated  goods  are  often  disposed  of  at  these  auctions ;  but  it  is  almost 
needless  to  add,  that  they  are  of  very  inferior  quality.  Attempts  have  sometimes  been  made 
to  suppress  mock  auctions,  but  hitherto  without  much  succesa. 

We  subjoin 

An  nccouiit  of  the  Niimlipr  of  Auction  l.iccnsps  granted  from  the  5th  of  January,  1819,  with  the 
Amount  of  Duty  rccKlviMl  on  SiiFca  by  Auction  ;  distinguishing  each  Vcar,  and  spocifving  those 
who  have  tiikiin  out  Kuch  Licenses  for  Town,  Country,  and  Town  and  Country,  down"  to  1831.— 
(Pari.  Paper,  No.  138.  Sess.  1831.) 


Vears  cniteil 
5th  of  January. 

Number  of 
Auction  Licenm. 

Amount  of  Duty  received  on  Sales 
by  Auction. 

Number  of  Licen»e»  taken  out.                i 

For  Town. 

For  Country. 

For  Town  and 
Country. 

1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 

2,557 
2,770 
2,039 
2,897 
2,939 
2,941 
2,910 
2,981 
.3,119 
2,<r72 
.1,043 
2,467 

£         s.      d. 
256,534     16      9 
225,630       5      9 
802,317    18      2J- 
206„322      8      1 
223,835      4      9 
279,264      1      9J 
3(»8,.591     12      7J 
225,061       9     11 
250,239     10      3 
235,447     18     lOi 
225,258     11       4t 
203,090     17      0 

.127 
338 
309 
343 
334 
338 
357 
607 

2,124 
2,323 
2,523 
2,4.33 
2,493 
2,496 
2,437 
2,.325 
2,577 
2,422 
2,.')19 
2,478 

106 
109 
107 
121 
112 
107 
116 
49 
542 
550 
524 
489 

Account  of  the  Produce  of  the  Auction  I>uties,  in  each  of  the  Three  Years,    nding  the  5th  of  Janu- 
ary 1833,  distinguisliing  tile  Amount  paid  under  separate  Heads. 


England       -       -       _       . 
Scotland       -       -        -       - 
Ireland         .       .        -       - 

Year  ended  ."Jth  of  January,  1831. 

Amount  of  Auction  Duties  on  the  Sale  of 

Total  Produce. 

Esl.ite«,Hous«», 
Annuities, 
Ships.i'lale, 
Jewels,  kc. 

Household  Furni- 
ture, Hontes, 

Carri.t;i'8,  and  all 
other  t^ods 
and  Ctiattels, 

Sheep'j  Wool. 

Foreign 
Produce  (First 
Sale  thereof.) 

£      s.    d. 

72,348J9    6 

7,150    6    7 

1,952  13    5 

£      s.   d. 

12.8,184  13    1 

12,.387  11     3 

9,004  18    8 

£  s.    d. 

11  14    9 
0  19    9 
0    6    9 

£       8.     d. 

2,865  13    4 
85  10  11 

£         3.  d. 

203,411     0    8 

19,624     8    6 

10,957   18  10 

gl,451   19    6 

149,577    3    0 

13    1    3 

2,951     4    3 

233,993     8    0 

England        .       -        -       . 
Scotland       .        -        .        - 
Irelaiul         .        .        -       . 

Year  ended  5th  of  January,  1832. 

76,164    .1    0 
4.803    9    7 
1,610    8    5 

122,088    8  11 

12,014  11     3 

8,847    2    7 

25  10  11 
0  16    9 
0    7    3 

2,857    3    8 

69    7    2 

1    7    5 

201,135    6    6 
16,948    4    9 
10,465    5    8 

228,548  16  11 

82,644    1     0 

142,950    2    9 

26  14  11 

2,927  18    3 

England       -       -        -       . 
Scotland       -       _        -       - 
Ireland         .... 

Year  ended  ."ith  of  January,  1833. 

79,218    9    8 
5,436  13     8 
2,213    5    5 

126,126  15    2 

12,291    3    7 

8,180    5    4 

15  10    6 
1    2    2 

2,604  13    8 

136    0    2 

0  13    2 

208,055    9    0 
17,867  19    7 
10,394    3  11 

86.868    8    9 

146,601    4    1 

16  12    8 

2.831     7    0 

2.16,317  12    6 

E.\cise  Office,  London,  5th  of  August,  1833. 

[Sales  at  public  auction,  in  the  United  States,  are  restricted  in  various  ways.  In  some  of 
the  states,  a  limited  number  only  of  auctio.ieers  is  appointed  by  the  government ;  while  in 
others,  every  person  who  undertakes  to  act  as  an  auctioneer  is  obliged  to  pay  a  certain  sum 
into  the  public  treasury  for  a  license  to  entitle  him  to  do  so. — Am.  Ed.] 

AVER.\GE,  a  term  used  in  commerce  and  navigation  to  signify  a  contribution  made  by 
the  individuals,  when  they  happen  to  be  more  than  one,  to  whom  a  ship,  or  the  goods  on 
board  it,  belong,  or  by  whom  it  or  they  are  insured ;  in  order  that  no  particular  individual 
or  individuals  amongst  them,  who  may  have  been  forced  to  make  a  sacrifice  for  the  preserv- 
ation of  the  ship  or  cargo,  or  both,  should  lose  more  than  others.  "  Thus,"  says  Mr.  Ser- 
jeant Marshall,  "  where  the  goods  of  a  particular  merchant  are  thrown  overboard  in  a  storm 
to  save  the  ship  from  sinking ;  or  where  the  masts,  cables,  anchors,  or  other  furniture  of  the 
ship,  are  cut  away  or  destroyed  for  the  preservation  of  the  whole ;  or  money  or  goods  aro 


I 

i 


■l-J 


66 


AVERAGE. 


.given  ns  a  composition  to  pirates  to  save  the  rest ;  or  an  expense  is  incurred  in  reclaiming 
tile  sliip,  or  defim  ling  a  suit  in  a  foreign  court  of  admiralty,  and  obtaining  lier  discliarge 
from  an  unjust  capture  or  detention  ;  in  these  and  the  iilte  cases,  where  any  sacrifice  is  de- 
liberately and  voluntarily  made,  or  any  expense  fairly  and  bona  fide  incurred,  to  prevent  a 
total  loss,  such  sacrifice  or  expense  is  the  proper  subject  of  a  general  contribution,  and  ought 
to  be  rateably  borne  by  the  owners  of  the  ship,  freight,  and  cargo,  so  that  the  loss  may  fall 
equally  on  all,  according  to  the  equitable  maxim  of  the  civil  law — no  one  ought  to  be  en- 
riched by  another's  loss :  Nemo  debet  locupletari  aliemjactura." 

Upon  this  fair  principle  is  founded  the  doctrine  of  average  contributions  ;  regulations  with 
respect  to  which  having  been  embodied  in  the  Rhodian  law,  were  thence  adopted  into  the 
Koman  law;  and  form  a  prominent  part  of  all  modern  systems  of  maritime  jurisprudence. 
The  rule  of  the  Rhodian  law  is,  that  "  if,  for  the  sake  of  lightening  a  ship  in  danger  at  sea, 
goods  be  thrown  ovcrboanl,  the  loss  incurred  for  the  sake  of  all,  shall  be  made  good  by  a 
general  contribution." — (Dig.  \ih.  14.  tit.  2.  §  1.;  Schomberg  on  the  Maritime  Laws  of 
Rhodes,  p.  60.) 

Formerly  it  was  a  common  practice  to  ransom  British  ships  when  captured  by  an  enemy, 
the  ransom  being  made  good  by  general  average.  But  this  practice  having  been  deemed 
disadvantageous,  it  was  abolished  by  statute  22  Geo.  3.  c.  25.,  which  declares,  "  That  all 
contracts  and  agreements  which  shall  be  entered  into,  and  all  bills,  notes,  and  other  securi- 
ties, which  shall  he  given  by  any  person  or  persons,  for  ransom  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  mer- 
chandise, or  goods,  captured  by  the  subjects  of  any  state  at  war  with  his  Majesty,  or  by  any 
person  committing  hostilities  against  his  Majesty's  subjects,  shall  be  absolutely  void  in  law, 
and  of  no  effect  whatever  ;"  and  a  penalty  of  500/.  is  given  to  the  informer,  for  every  offence 
against  this  act. 

Average  is  either  general  oi particular ;  that  is,  it  either  affects  all  who  have  any  interest 
in  the  ship  and  cargo,  or  only  some  of  them.  The  contributions  levied  in  the  cases  men- 
tioned above,  come  under  the  first  class.  But  when  losses  occur  from  ordinary  wear  and 
tear,  or  from  the  perils  naturally  incident  to  a  voyage,  without  being  voluntarily  encoun- 
tered, such  as  the  accidental  springing  of  -.nasts,  the  loss  of  anchors,  &c.,  or  when  any  pecu- 
liar sacrifice  is  made  for  the  sake  of  the  ship  oiili/,  or  of  the  cargo  onli/,  these  losses,  or  this 
sacrifice,  must  be  borne  by  the  parties  not  immediately  interested,  and  are  consequently  de- 
frayed by  a  particular  average. 

There  are  also  some  small  charges  called  petti/  or  accustomed  averages ;  it  is  usual  to 
charge  one  third  of  them  to  the  ship  and  two  thirds  to  the  cargo. 

No  general  average  ever  takes  place,  except  it  can  be  shown  that  the  danger  was  immi- 
nent, and  that  the  sacrifice  made  ivas  indispensable,  or  supposed  to  be  inn  spensable,  by  the 
captain  and  officers,  for  the  safety  of  the  ship  and  cargo.  The  captain,  on  coming  on 
shore,  should  iiniuediately  make  his  protests;  and  he,  with  some  of  the  crew,  should  make 
oath  that  the  goods  were  thrown  overboard,  masts  or  anchors  cut  away,  money  paid,  or  other 
loss  sustained,  for  the  preservation  of  the  ship  and  ($oods,  {\nd  of  the  lives  of  those  on  board, 
and  for  no  other  purpose.  The  average,  if  not  settled  before,  should  then  be  adjusted,  and  it 
should  be  paid  before  the  cargo  is  landed ;  for  the  owners  of  the  ship  have  a  lien  on  the 
goods  on  board,  not  only  for  the  freight,  but  also  to  answer  all  averages  and  contributions 
that  may  be  due.  But  though  the  captain  should  neglect  his  duty  in  this  respect,  the  suf- 
ferer would  not  he  without  a  remedy,  but  might  bring  an  action  either  against  him  or  the 
Owners. 

The  laws  of  different  states,  and  the  opinions  of  the  ablest  jurists,  vary  as  to  whether  the 
loss  incurred  in  defending  a  ship  against  an  enemy  or  pirate,  and  in  the  treatment  of  the 
wounded  officers  and  men.  should  be  made  good  by  general  or  particular  average.  The 
Ordinance  of  the  Hanse  Towns  (art.  35.),  the  Ordinance  of  1681  (liv.  iii.  tit.  7.  §  6.),  and 
the  Code  de  Commtrce  (art.  400.  §  6.),  explicitly  declare  that  the  charges  on  account  of 
medicine,  and  for  attendance  upon  the  officers  and  seamen  wounded  in  defending  the  ship, 
shall  be  general  average.  A  regulation  of  this  sort  seems  to  be  founded  on  reason.  But 
other  codes  are  silent  on  the  suliject;  and  though  the  contrary  opinion  had  been  advanced 
by  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall,  and  by  Mr.  Justice  Park  in  the  earlier  editions  of  this  work,  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  has  unanimously  decided,  that  in  England  neither  the  damage 
done  to  a  ship,  nor  the  ammunition  expended,  nor  the  expense  of  healing  sailors  wounded 
in  an  action  with  an  enemy  or  pirate,  is  a  subject  of  general  average. — {Abbot  on  the  Law 
of  Shipping,  part  iii.  cap.  8.) 

Much  doubt  has  been  entertained,  whether  expenses  incurred  by  a  ship  in  an  intermediate 
port  in  which  she  has  taken  refuge,  should  be  general  average,  or  fall  only  on  the  ship. 
But  on  principle,  at  least,  it  is  clear,  that  if  the  retreat  of  the  ship  to  port  be  made  in  order 
to  obviate  the  danger  of  foundering,  or  some  other  great  and  imminent  calamity,  the  ex- 
penses incurred  in  entering  it,  and  during  the  time  she  is  forced  by  stress  of  weather,  or 
adverse  winds,  to  continue  in  it,  ought  to  belong  to  general  average.  But  if  the  retreat  of 
the  ship  to  port  be  made  in  order  to  repair  an  injury  occasioned  by  the  unskilfulness  of  the 
master,  or  in  consetjuence  of  any  defect  in  her  outfit,  such,  for  example,  as  deficiencies  of 


water,  provis 
setting  out. 

When  a  s 

because  of  a 

the  accident 

indispensable 

pense  incurrt 

Supposing 

worthy,  or  in 

which  has  sji 

occasioned  b 

ascribable  to 

to  the  freight 

and  for  whatc 

These,  ho\ 

come  who 

in  different  en 

liord  Tenterd 

she  had  taken 

moved  by  lati 

during  such 

an  intermedia 

object  of  gene 

may  also  be  h 

nature  of  its  p 

Perhaps  tlu 

cur  with  Lord 

nations  of  the 

on  any  other  1 

The  questi( 

intermediate  p 

of  opinion  ;  bi 

pretty  obvious 

avert  some  in 

however,  hardl 

that  injuries  d( 

average,  or  sho 

this  princijile  g 

If  in  doing  his 

no  satisfaction 

bound,  both  by 

cargo  to  its  des 

taining  any  ac( 

their  own  exp 

such  subsidiary 

hire  was  a  subj 

considered  as  tl 

when  a  ship  pi 

entering  the  po 

hie  for  leavini^ 

sustained  by  w 

the  wages  of  tl 

fall  wholly  on  t 

It  has  been, 

had  been  oblige 

coming  into  c( 

absolutely  meet 

Judges,  howev( 

discover  any  gc 

«.  482.)— It  se 

of  Rhodes  {Dti 

law  with  respec 

the  judgment. 

in  which  he  all 

certainly  is)  to 

It  is  now  usu 

belonging  to  pa 


AVERAGE. 


57 


water,  provisions,  sails,  &c.,  with  which  she  ought  to  have  been  sufficiently  supplied  before 
setting  out,  the  expenses  should  fall  wholly  on  the    wners. 

When  a  ship  (supposed  to  be  seaworthy)  is  forced  to  take  refuge  in  an  intermediate  port, 
because  of  a  loss  occasioned  by  a  peril  of  the  sea,  as  the  springing  of  a  mast,  &c.,  then,  aa 
the  accident  is  not  ascribable  to  any  fault  of  the  master  or  owners,  and  the  retreat  to  port  is 
indispensable  for  the  safety  of  the  ship  and  cargo,  it  would  seem  that  any  extraordinary  ex- 
pense incurred  in  entering  it  should  be  made  good  by  general  average. 

Supposing,  however,  that  it  could  be  shown,  that  the  ship  was  not,  at  her  outset,  sea- 
worthy, or  in  a  condition  to  withstand  the  perils  of  the  ?  u  •  that  the  mast,  for  example, 
which  has  sprung,  had  been  previously  damaged ;  or  supf  osii  -r  that  the  mischief  had  been 
occasioned  l)y  the  incapacity  of  the  master;  the  whole  blame  would,  in  such  a  case,  be 
ascribable  to  the  owners,  who  besides  defraying  every  expense,  should  be  liable  in  damages 
to  the  freighters  for  the  delay  that  would  necessarily  take  place  in  completing  the  voyage, 
and  for  whatever  damage  might  be  done  to  the  cargo. 

These,  however,  are  merely  the  conclusions  to  which,  as  it  appears  to  us,  those  must 
come  who  look  only  to  principles.  The  law  with  respect  to  the  points  referred  to,  differs 
in  difterent  countries,  and  has  differed  in  this  country  at  different  periods.  "  A  doubt,"  says 
Jjord  Tenterden,  "  was  formerly  entertained  as  to  the  expenses  of  a  ship  in  a  port  in  which 
she  had  taken  refuge  to  repair  the  damage  occasioned  by  a  tempest ;  but  this  has  been  re- 
moved by  late  decisions.  And  it  has  been  held,  that  the  wages  and  provisions  of  the  crew 
during  such  a  period  must  fall  upon  the  ship  alone.  But  if  a  ship  should  necessarily  go  into 
an  intermediate  port  for  the  purpose  only  of  repairing  such  a  damage  as  is  in  itself  a  proper 
object  of  general  contribution,  possibly  the  wages,  &c.  during  the  period  of  such  detention, 
may  also  be  held  to  be  general  average,  on  the  ground  tbat  the  accessory  ^ould  follow  the 
nature  of  its  principal." — (Law  of  Shipping,  part  iii.  cap.  8.) 

Perhaps  the  reader  who  reflects  on  the  vagueness  of  this  passage  will  be  disposed  to  con- 
cur with  Lord  Tenterden's  remark  in  another  part  of  the  same  chapter,  "  That  the  determi- 
nations of  the  English  courts  of  justice  furnish  less  of  authority  on  this  subject  (average)  than 
on  any  other  branch  of  maritime  law." 

The  question,  whether  the  repairs  which  a  ship  undergoes  that  is  forced  to  put  into  an 
intermediate  port  ought  to  be  go-eral  or  particular  average,  has  occasioned  a  great  diversity 
of  opinion  ;  but  the  principles  that  ought  to  regulate  our  decision  with  respect  to  it  seem 
pretty  obvious.  Injuries  voluntarily  done  to  the  ship,  as  cutting  away  masts,  yards,  &c.  to 
avert  some  impending  danger,  are  universally  admitted  to  be  general  average.  It  seems, 
however,  hardly  less  clear,  and  is,  indeed,  expressly  laid  down  by  all  the  great  authorities, 
that  injuries  done  to  the  ship  by  the  violence  of  the  winds  or  the  waves  should  be  particular 
average,  or  should  fall  wholly  on  the  owners.  The  ship,  to  use  the  admirable  illustration  of 
this  principle  given  in  the  civil  law,  is  like  the  tool  or  instrument  of  a  workman  in  his  trade. 
If  in  doing  his  work  he  break  his  hammer,  his  anvil,  or  any  other  instrument,  he  can  claim 
no  satisfaction  for  this  from  his  employer. — (Dig,  lib.  xiv.  til.  2.  §  2.)  The  owners  are 
bound,  both  by  the  usual  conditions  in  all  charterparties,  and  at  common  law,  to  carry  the 
cargo  to  its  destination ;  and  they  must  consequently  be  bound,  in  the  evt  "t  of  the  ship  sus- 
taining any  accidental  or  natural  damage  during  the  voyage,  either  to  repair  that  damage  at 
their  own  expense,  or  to  provide  another  vessel  to  forward  the  goods.  In  point  of  fact,  too> 
such  subsidiary  ships  have  often  been  provided ;  but  it  has  never  been  pretended  that  their 
hire  was  a  subject  of  general  average,  though  it  is  plain  it  has  quite  as  good  a  right  to  be  so 
considered  as  the  cost  of  repairing  the  damage  done  to  the  ship  by  a  peril  of  the  sea.  Hence, 
when  a  ship  puts  into  an  intermediate  port  for  the  common  safety,  the  charges  incurred  in 
entering  the  port,  and  down  to  the  earliest  time  that  the  wind  and  weather  become  favoura- 
ble for  leaving  it,  ought  to  be  general  average ;  but  the  repair  of  any  damage  she  may  have 
sustained  by  wear  and  tear,  or  by  the  mere  violence  of  the  storm,  or  an  accidental  peril,  and 
the  wages  of  the  crew,  and  other  expeiices  incurred  after  the  weather  has  moderated,  should 
fall  wholly  on  the  owners. 

It  has  been,  however,  within  these  few  years,  decided,  in  the  case  of  a  British  ship  that 
had  t)een  obliged  to  put  into  port  in  consequence  of  an  injury  resulting  from  her  accidentally 
coming  into  collision  with  another,  that  so  much  of  the  repair  she  then  underwent  as  was 
absolutely  necessary  to  enable  her  to  perform  her  voyage  should  be  general  average.  The 
Judges,  however,  spoke  rather  doubtfully  on  the  subject;  and  it  is  exceedingly  difTicult  to 
discover  any  good  grounds  for  the  judgment. — (Plummer  and  Another  i;.  Wildman,  3  M.  4r 
S.  482.) — It  seems  directly  opposed  to  all  principle,  as  well  as  to  the  authority  of  the  laws 
of  Rhodes  (Dig,  14.  tit.  2.),  of  Oleron  (art.  9.),  of  Wisby  (art.  12.),  and  to  the  common 
law  with  respect  to  freight.  Lord  Tenterden  has  expressed  himself  as  if  he  were  hostile  to 
the  judgment.  It  is,  indeed,  at  variance  with  all  the  doctrines  he  lays  down  ;  and  the  terms 
in  which  he  alludes  to  it,  "  yet  in  one  case,"  appear  to  hold  it  forth  as  an  exception  (which  it 
certainly  is)  to  the  co'irse  of  decisions  on  the  subject. 

It  is  now  usual  in  this  country,  when  a  vessel  puts  into  port  on  account  of  a  damage 
belonging  to  particular  average,  which  requires  to  be  repaired  before  she  can  safely  proceed 

8 


I 

5 

i 

5 


c 


'J 


58 


AVERAGE. 


on  her  voyage,  to  allow  in  general  avcrngc  tlie  expense  of  entering  the  port  and  unloading, 
to  charge  the  owners  of  the  goods,  or  their  underwriters  with  the  warehouse  rent  and 
expenses  attending  the  cargo,  and  to  throw  the  expense  of  reloading  and  departure  on  the 
freight. 

According  to  the  law  of  England,  when  a  ship  is  injured  hy  coming  into  collision  with 
or  running  foul  of  another,  if  the  misfortune  has  been  accidental,  and  no  blame  can  be 
ascribed  to  either  party,  the  owners  of  the  damaged  ship  have  to  bear  the  loss  ;  but  where 
blame  can  be  fairly  imputed  to  one  of  the  parties,  it,  of  course,  falls  upon  him  to  make  good 
the  damage  done  to  the  other.  The  regulations  in  the  Code  de  Commerce  (art.  407.) 
harmonise,  in  this  respect,  with  our  own.  According,  however,  to  the  laws  of  Oleron  and 
Wisby,  and  the  famous  Fmnch  ordinance  of  1681,  the  damage  occasioned  by  an  accidental 
collision  is  to  be  defrayed  equally  by  both  parlies. 

The  ship  and  freight,  and  every  thing  on  board,  even  jewels,  plate,  and  money,  except 
wearing  apparel,  contribute  to  general  average.  But  the  wages  of  seamen  do  not  contribute ; 
because,  had  they  been  laid  under  this  obligation,  they  might  have  been  tempted  to  oppose  a 
.sacrifice  necessary  for  the  general  safety. 

Difl'erent  states  have  adopted  different  modes  of  valuing  the  articles  which  are  to  contri- 
hute  to  an  average.  In  this  respect  the  law  of  England  has  varied  considerably  at  different 
periods.  At  present,  however,  the  ship  is  valued  at  the  price  she  is  worth  on  her  arrival  at 
the  port  of  delivery.  The  value  of  the  freight  is  held  to  be  the  '.ear  sum  which  the  ship  has 
earned  after  seamen's  wages,  pilotage,  and  al.  such  other  charges  as  come  under  the  name 
of  petty  averages,  are  deducted.  It  is  now  the  settled  practice  to  value  the  goods  lost,  as  well 
as  those  saved,  at  the  price  they  would  have  fetched  in  ready  money,  at  the  port  of  dcliven/, 
on  the  ship's  arrival  there,  freight,  duties,  and  other  charges,  being  deducted.  Each  person's 
share  of  the  loss  will  bear  the  same  proportion  to  the  value  of  his  property,  that  the  whole 
loss  bears  to  the  aggregate  value  of  the  ship,  freight,  and  cargo.  The  i-""essity  of  taking 
the  goods  lost  into  this  account  is  obvious ;  for  otherwise  their  owner  Woald  be  the  only 
person  who  would  not  be  a  loser. 

When  the  loss  of  masts,  cables,  and  other  furniture  of  the  ship,  is  compensated  by  general 
average,  it  is  usual,  as  the  new  articles  will  in  all  ordinary  cases  be  of  greater  value  than 
those  that  have  been  lost,  to  deduct  one  third  from  the  value  of  the  former,  leaving  two 
thirds  only  to  be  contributed. 

But  the  mode  of  adjusting  an  average  will  be  better  understood  by  the  following  example, 
extracted  frf^m  Chief  Justice  Tentcrden's  valuable  work  on  the  Law  of  Shipping,  part  Wi, 
cap.  8. 

"  The  reader  will  suppose  that  it  became  necessary,  in  the  Downs,  to  cut  the  cable  of  a 
ship  destined  for  Hull;  that  the  ship  afterwards  struck  upon  the  Goodwin,  which  compelled 
the  master  to  cut  away  his  mast,  and  cast  overboard  part  of  the  cargo,  in  which  operation 
another  part  was  injured ;  and  that  the  ship,  being  cleared  from  the  sands,  was  forced  to 
take  refuge  in  Ramsgate  harbour,  to  avoid  the  further  efl'ccts  of  the  storm. 


AMOUNT   OF   LOSSE.S. 


o3 


(foods  of  A.  cast  overboard  -  .  - 
Daiiiiee  of  the  pooils  of  II.  by  the  Jettison 
Frciijht  of  the  gooils  cast  overboard 
Price    of   a  new  cable,  anchor,  and" 

mast £300 

Deduct  one  third       -        -       -        100  J 
K.vpcnse  of  bringing  the  ship  off  the  sands 
Pilotage  and   port  duties  going  into  the 
harbour  and  out,  and  conuiiissionto  the 
agent  who  made  the  disbursements 
Expenses  there  .        -        .        -        - 

Adjusting  this  average     .       .       -        - 
Postage     .--..-- 

Total  of  losses  ... 


£ 
600 
200 
100 

200 

50 


VALl'E  OK   ARTICLES  TO   CONTRIDl'TE. 


Goods  of  A.  cast  overboar('.       ... 

Sound  value  of  the  goods  of  B.,  deduct- 
ing freight  and  charges  ... 

Goods  of  (;.       - 

ofD, 

of  E.       

Value  of  the  ship      ..... 

Clear  freight,  deducting  wages,  victuals, 
&.C. 


100 

25 

4 

1 

,1S1        Total  of  contributory  values 

~  irif^orT7rw«rr'io/;  ' 


£ 

too 

1,000 
600 
2,000 
5,000 
2,000 

800 


£ll,NOn 


Then,  11,800/. 

"That  is.  each  person  will  lose  10  per  cent,  upon  the  value  of  his  interest  in  the  cargo,  ship,  or 
freiglit.  Therefore,  A.  loses  50/.,  H.  100/.,  C.  50/.,  I).  200/.,  E.  .500/.,  the  owners  280/. ;  in  all,  I.ISO/. 
Upon  this  calculation,  the  owners  are  to  lose  2.S0/,  ;  liut  they  are  to  receive  from  the  contribution  .'Ml/., 
to  make  good  thiMr  disbursements,  and  100/.  more  for  the  freight  of  the  goods  thrown  ovrboard  ;  or 
480/.,  minus  280/. 

They,  then-fore,  are  actually  to  receive     .........         £200 

A.  is  to  contribute  .50/.,  Imt  has  lost  50')/. ;  therefore  A.  is  to  receive         ...  450 

B.  is  to  contribute  100/.,  but  has  lost  200/. ;  therefore  H.  is  to  receive        ...  100 

Total  10  be  actually  received        -         ^'".'iO 

cc.  "JTso 

On  the  other  hand,  C,  D.,  and  E.  have  lost  nothing,  and  are  to  pay  as  before  ;  viz.-'  I).      200 

(.E.       500 

Total  to  he  actually  paid       -        -         £7M 

which  is  exactly  equal  to  the  total  to  be  actually  received,  and  must  bo  paid  by  and  to  each  person  in 
rateable  projiortion. 


« In  the 

which  app 

value  is  tal< 

of  insuran< 

ranee,  to  dr 

by  the  insi 

cither  bi/  a 

receive,  aga 

of  a  general 

the  goods,  t 

average  whi 

The  subji 

as  insurers, 

contribution 

quently  occi 

which  shoul 

arising  from 

the  perishab 

tion,  it  seenii 

by  the  famoi 

M.  Valin), 

it  exceed  om 

Commerce  ,■ 

three  or  four 

constantly  st 

liarly  perisha 

tain  others  li 

liable  for  part 

and  freight,  h 

is  made  by  a 

lowing  tenout 

average,  unles 

are  warranted 

under  3/.  per 

The  form  oi 

London  Assu 

that  a  ship  ha 

dum ;  and  thi 

partial  loss  up< 

words  "  or  the 

selves  liable  to 

total  losses.     ' 

The  reader 

Marine  Insu 

Shipping,  par 

ance,  cap.  7. ; 

Marine  Insun 

[On  this  v( 

Law.  Lecture 

AVOIRDU 

Wkiguts  ami 


BACON  (( 
Lat.  Lardum) 
impregnated  v 
dried  and  smol 
Berks,  and  M 
fed,  nor  so  wcl 
Dumfries,  Wi 
hams,  of  which 
markets. 

The  imports 


AVERAGE. 


59 


£ 

1,000 
500 
2,000 
8,000 
2,000 

600 


"■  In  the  above  estimate  of  losses,  I  have  includv  1  the  freight  of  the  goods  thrown  overboard, 
vvhich  appears  to  be  proper,  as  the  fitight  of  the  goods  is  to  be  paid,  and  tiicir  supposed 
value  is  taken  clear  of  freight,  as  well  as  other  charges.  In  this  country,  where  the  practice 
of  insurance  is  very  general,  it  is  usual  for  the  broker,  who  has  procured  the  policy  of  insu- 
rance, to  draw  up  an  adjustment  of  the  average  which  is  commonly  paid  in  the  first  instance 
by  the  insurers  without  dispute.  In  case  of  dispute,  the  contribution  may  be  recovered 
cither  by  a  suit  in  equity,  or  by  an  action  at  law,  instituted  by  each  individual  entitled  to 
receive,  against  each  party  that  ought  to  pay,  for  the  amount  of  his  share.  And  in  the  case 
of  a  general  ship,  where  there  are  many  consignees,  it  is  usual  for  the  master,  before  he  delivers 
the  goods,  to  take  a  bond  from  the  diilerent  merchants  for  payment  of  their  portions  of  iho 
average  when  the  same  shall  be  adjusted." 

The  subject  of  average  does  not  necessarily  make  a  part  of  the  law  of  insurance ;  though 
as  insurers,  from  the  terms  of  most  policies,  are  liable  to  indemnify  the  insured  against  those 
contributions  which  are  properly  denominated  general  average,  its  consideration  very  fre- 
quently occurs  in  questions  as  to  partial  losses.  But  in  order  to  confine  assurances  to  that 
which  should  be  their  only  object,  namely,  an  indemnity  against  real  and  important  losses 
arising  from  a  peril  of  the  sea,  as  well  as  to  obviate  disputes  respecting  losses  arising  from 
the  perishable  quality  of  the  goods  insured,  and  all  trivial  subjects  of  difference  and  litiga- 
tion, it  seems  to  be  the  general  law  of  all  maritime  states,  and  is  expressly,  indeed,  provided 
by  the  famous  Ordinance  of  1681  (see  liv.  iii.  tit.  6.  §  47.,  and  the  elaborate  commentary  of 
M.  Valin),  that  the  insurer  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  demand  on  account  of  average,  unless 
it  exceed  one  per  cent.  An  article  (No.  408.)  to  the  same  effect  is  inserted  in  the  Code  de 
Commerce  ,■  and,  by  stipulation,  this  limitation  is  frequently  extended  in  French  policies  to 
three  or  four  per  cent.  A  similar  practice  was  adopted  in  this  country  in  1749.  It  is  now 
constantly  stipulated  in  all  policies,  that  upon  certain  enumerated  articles  of  a  quality  pecu- 
liarly perishable,  the  insurer  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  partial  loss  whatever  ;  that  upon  cer- 
tain others  liable  to  partial  injuries,  but  less  dilHcult  to  be  preserved  at  sea,  he  shall  only  be 
liable  for  partial  losses  above  _^t'e  per  cent. ;  and  that  as  to  all  other  goods,  and  also  the  ship 
and  freight,  he  shall  only  be  liable  for  partial  losses  above  three  per  cent.  This  stipulation 
is  made  by  a  memorandum  inserted  at  the  bottom  of  all  policies  done  at  Lloyd's  of  the  fol- 
lowing tenour : — "  N.  B.  Corn,  fish,  salt,  fruit,  flour,  and  seeds,  are  warranted  free  from 
average,  unless  general,  or  the  ship  be  stranded  ;  sugar,  tobacco,  hemp,  flax,  hides,  and  skins, 
are  warranted  free  from  average  under  6/.  per  cent. ;  and  all  other  goods  free  from  average 
under  3/.  per  cent.,  unless  general,  or  the  ship  be  stranded." 

The  form  of  this  memorandum  was  universally  used,  as  well  by  the  Royal  Exchange  and 
London  Assurance  Companies  as  by  private  underwriters,  till  1 754,  when  it  was  decided 
that  a  ship  having  run  aground,  was  a  stranded  ship  within  the  meaning  of  the  memoran- 
dum ;  and  that  although  she  got  off  again,  the  underwriters  were  liable  to  the  average  or 
partial  loss  upon  damaged  corn.  This  decision  induced  the  two  Companies  to  strike  the 
words  "  or  the  skip  be  stranded"  out  of  the  memorandum ;  so  that  now  they  consider  them- 
selves liable  to  no  losses  which  can  happen  to  such  commodities,  except  general  averages  and 
total  losses.     The  old  form  is  still  retained  by  the  private  underwriters. — (See  Stranuinc.) 

The  reader  is  referred,  for  the  further  discussion  of  this  important  subject,  to  the  article 
Marine  Insurance;  and  to  Mr,  Stevens's  Essay  on  Average,-  Abbott  on  the  Law  of 
Shipping,  part  iii.  cap.  8. ;  Marshall  on  Instirance,  book  i.  cap.  1 2.  s.  7. ;  Park  on  Insur- 
ance, cap.  7. ;  and  Mr.  Beneke's  elaborate  and  able  work  on  the  Principles  of  Indemnity  in 
Maritu  Insurance, 

[On  this  very  perplexed  subject  of  average,  see  also  Kenfs  Commentary  on  American 
Law,  Lecture  47. — Am.  Ed.] 

AVOIRDUPOIS,  a  weight  used  in  determining  the  gravity  of  bulky  commodities. — See 
Weights  and  Measuhes. 


e 

\ 

5 

8 
I 


£11.800 

sliipi  or 
II,  l,bo;, 
ion  ;i.Sli/.. 
ouril ;  or 

£200 

•ino 

100 

£JM 

£  SO 
200 
500 

HTsmi  ill 


B. 


BACON  (Ger.  Speck.-  Du.  Spek.-  Fr.  Lard,-  It.  Span. and  Port.  Lardo ,-  Rus.  Solo ; 
Lat.  Larduni)  is  made  from  the  sides  and  belly  of  the  pig,  which  are  first  thoroughly 
impregnated  with  salt;  then  suftered  to  remain  for  a  certain  period  in  brine ;  and,  lastly, 
dried  and  smoked.  The  counties  of  England  most  celebrated  for  bacon  are  York,  Hants, 
Berks,  and  Wilts.  Ireland  produces  great  quantities  of  bacon  ;  but  it  is  neither  so  clean 
fed,  nor  so  well  cured  as  the  English,  and  is  much  lower  priced.  Of  the  Scotch  counties, 
Dumfries,  Wigton,  and  Kirkcudbright  are  celebrated  for  the  excellence  of  their  bacon  and 
hams,  of  which  they  now  export  large  quantities,  principally  to  the  Liverpool  and  London 
markets. 

The  imports  of  bacon  and  hams  from  Ireland  have  increased  rapidly  of  late  years.    The 


60 


BAGGAGE,  BAHIA. 


average  quantity  imported  during  the  three  years  ondinp  the  25th  of  Marcli,  1800,  only 
amounted  to  4 1 ,958  cwt. ;  whereas  during  the  three  years  ending  with  1830,  tlie  average 
imports  amounted  to  804,380  cwt. ;  and  during  the  tiiree  years  ending  with  1825,  they  had 
increased  to  338,218  cwt.  In  1825,  the  trade  between  Ireland  and  Great  Britain  was 
placed  on  the  footing  of  a  coasting  trade ;  and  bacon  and  hams  are  imported  and  exported 
without  any  specific  entry  at  the  Custom-house.  We  believe,  however,  that  the  imports  of 
these  articles  into  Great  Britain  from  Ireland  amount,  at  present,  to  little  less  than  500,000 
cwt.  a  year.  The  quantity  of  bacon  and  hams  exported  from  Ireland  to  foreign  countries 
is  inconsiderable  ;  not  exceeding  1,500  or  2,000  cwt.  a  year. 

The  duty  on  bacon,  being  28s.  the  cwt.  is  in  cflect  prohibitory.  The  duty  on  hams  is 
the  same  as  on  bacon.  By  the  7  Geo.  4  c.  48.  bacoa  is  not  to  be  entered  to  be  warehoused 
except  for  exportation  only ;  and  if  it  be  so  warehoused,  it  cannot  be  taken  out  for  home 
use. 

BAGGAGE,  in  commercial  navigation,  the  wearing  apparel  and  other  articles  destined 
for  the  sole  use  or  accommodation  of  the  crews  and  passengers  of  ships.  The  following  are 
the  Custom-house  regulations  with  respect  to  baggage : — 

BiifTSngn  nnd  appnret  nccompnnicdby  th«  propriiHor,  worn  and  in  use  (not  made  up  for  the  purpose 
of  being  introduced  into  tliis  country),  exempted  from  nil  duty  on  importation. 

Arlicli's  in  baggase  suliject  to  duty  or  prohibited  mriy  Ik;  left  in  custody  of  the  olfirers  of  cufltoms 
for  a  period  of  »ix  months,  to  Rive  the  party  an  opportunity  of  paying  the  duty  or  taldnc  them  back. 
— ( Custom  Order,  AuBUSt  6.  Ib'ifi.) 

If  unaccompanied  by  proprietor,  proof  must  be  made  by  the  party  that  it  is  as  aforesaid,  and  not 
Imported  ns  merchandise,  otherwise  it  is  suliject  to  a  duty  of  20  per  cent. 

If  not  cleared  at  the  expiration  of  six  months  from  the  date  of  landing,  it  is  liable  to  be  sold  for 
duty  and  charges,  the  residue  (if  any)  to  be  paid  to  the  right  owner  un  proof  being  adduced  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  honourable  Board. 

One  fowling-piece  and  one  pair  of  pistols  accompanying  the  party,  bonH  fide  in  use,  free  per  Cus- 
toms Order,  July  5.  1825. 

Spirits,  being  the  remains  of  passengers'  stores  may  be  admitted  to  entry. —  (0  Geo.  4.  c.  107.  }  107.) 

One  pint  of  drinkable  spirits  of  whatever  strength,  or  half  a  pint  of  cordial  or  Cologne  water,  in 
baggage  for  private  use— free.— ('/"rensiiri/  Order,  October  20.  1820.) 

Carriages  of  British  manufacture,  in  use — free. — (Treasury  Order,  September  26.  1817.) 

Glass,  in  dressing  or  medicine  cases,  of  Britisli  manufacture,  free  upon  proof  that  no  drawback  has 
been  received. — {Treasurij  Order,  December  5.  1S21.)  —  (JVyrcii'*  Tablen.) 

English  Books  reprinted  abroad. — Not  more  than  a  sin/rle  copy  of  each  work  is  allowed  to  be  im- 
ported in  a  passenger's  baggage,  and  for  the  private  use  of  the  party  himself — (Cti.^loms  Order, 
SOth  of  June,  1830.) — Such  works  are  absolutely  prohibited  to  be  imported  as  merchandise. —  (See 
Books.) 

Passengers  denying  having  Foreign  Goods  in  their  Pos.<!ession. — The  following  clause  in  the  act  3  & 
4  Will.  4.  c.  53.  has  reference  to  this  subject : — "  If  any  passenger  or  other  person,  on  board  any  ves- 
sel or  boat,  shall,  upon  being  questioned  by  any  customs  officer,  whether  he  or  she  has  any  foreign 
goods  upon  his  or  her  person,  or  in  his  or  her  possession,  deny  the  same,  and  any  such  goods  shall, 
after  such  denial,  be  discovered  upon  his  or  her  person,  or  in  his  or  her  possession,  such  goods  shall 
be  forfeited,  and  such  person  shall  forfeit  treble  the  value  of  such  goods." — (  37. 

BAHIA,  on  ST.  SALVADOR,  a  large  city  (formerly  the  capital)  of  Brazil,  contiguous 
to  Cape  St,  Antonio,  which  forms  the  right  or  eastern  side  of  the  entrance  of  the  noble  bay 
of  Todos  OS  Santos,  or  All-Saints.  According  to  the  observations  of  M.  Roussin,  the  light- 
house on  the  Cape  is  in  lat.  13°  0'  30"  S.,  long.  38°  30'  W.  The  opposite  side  of  the  en- 
trance to  the  bay  is  formed  by  the  island  of  Taporica,  distant  from  Cape  St.  Antonio  about 
2^  leagues.  But  a  bank  along  the  shore  of  the  island  narrows  the  passage  for  large  ships  to 
about  two  thirds  this  distance.  Another  bank  runs  S.  S.  W.  from  Cape  St.  Antonio  about  1^ 
league.  Within,  the  bay  expands  into  a  capacious  basin,  having  several  islands  and  har- 
bours, the  depth  of  water  varying  from  8  and  10  to  40  fathoms,  affording  ample  accommo- 
dation and  secure  anchorage  for  the  largest  fleets. 

There  is  another  entrance  to  the  bay,  partly  exhibited  in  the  following  plan,  on  the  west  sido 
of  the  island  of  Taporica ;  but  it  is  narrow,  intricate,  and  at  its  mouth  has  not  more  than  6 
feet  water.  Several  rivers  have  their  embouchure  in  the  bay,  which  generally  occasions  a 
current  to  set  from  the  north  end  of  the  island  by  Cape  St.  Antonio ;  when  the  rivers  are 
flooded,  this  current  is  sometimes  very  strong.  The  light-house  at  the  extremity  of  the  capo 
has  no  great  elevation,  and  cannot  be  seen  at  a  distance  of  more  than  3  or  3  J  leagues.  The 
usual  place  of  anchorage  is  abreast  of  the  city,  north  and  south  of  Fort  do  Mar. 

The  city  is  partly  built  on  the  beach,  but  principally  on  pretty  high  ground  immediately 
contiguous.  The  public  buildings,  particularly  tlie  churches,  are  numerous,  and  some  of 
them  magnificent ;  but  the  streets  are  narrow,  ill  paved,  and  filthy.  Population,  1 25,000. 
The  city  is  defended  by  several  ports,  but  none  of  them  are  of  very  great  strength. 

The  trade  of  Bahia  is  very  considerable ;  and  will  no  doubt  continue  to  increase.  The 
average  exports  amount,  at  present,  to  about  45,000  chests  (13  cwt.  each)  of  sugar;  .35,000 
bags  ( 1 70  lbs.  each)  of  cotton  ;  4,000  tons  of  coffee,  with  hides,  tobacco,  rice,  dye  and  fancy 
woods,  bullion,  &c.  The  imports  are  similar  to  those  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  to  which  the  reader 
is  referred  for  some  account  of  the  commerce  of  Brazil,  with  particulars  as  to  duties,  charges, 
&c.  There  are  several  private  building  yards  at  Tapagippe,  in  which  ships  of  all  dimensions 
are  built ;  they  are  handsome,  well  modelled,  and  tlte  timber  very  suitable  for  the  purpose. 


■  4 


JfoniM,  fVci 
alquierc,  or  in 
HH'iis.,  and  ill 
imported  liy  tl 
Eiiglinh  wiiK' 
CoiniHene  Mi 

Wan.— Tim 
be  aniiiired 
Portuguese  cl 


9 
II 


5 

a 


a 


^Pf^j 


lieferences  to 
I'hilipj  D.Tapi 
plan  are  the  soi 

BALACH( 

and  shrimps,  a 
tills  substance 
cast  of  Benga 
Archipelago. 

BALANC] 
and  creditor  si 

BALANC: 
the  value  oftli 
ble  when  the 
value  of  the  i 
the  official  val 
cl^aiidise,  duri 


BALACHONG— BALANCE. 


61 


le  capo 
Tho 


The 
35.000 
1  fancy 

reader 
harges, 

nsions 

)ose. 


Manies,  mifhlK,  and  Measvres  of  nra/.il  siiinB  nH  tliosn  of  Pdrtuiral ;  for  wliicli.  soo  I.ispon.  Thu 
alqiiicre,  or  niciisiiri!  of  nirii,  ricf,  &c.  (litTfrHiii  (lillViciit  proviiiifH,  bciiin  in  nonie  I'iS  liiislicl  Winrli. 
iiif;is.,  ami  iti  otIicrH  1  oiilv.  At  Haliia  it  is  (■.^liiiiiilcd  at  1.  Wine  and  olivo  oil  pay  duly  on  licmi? 
imitorted  tiy  the  \t\\i<',  lioL'Hlicad,  or  liarrfl :  thoy  an-  retailed  liy  llii-  frasco  or  i-nxv  lioltlr  -  4'i  iiiiito 
Eii(,'li«li  wine  nicasiiro.  In  IrtUS,  122  British  Hliips,  carrying  25,l(it)  tons,  entered  Uuliia.— (.^iiKimirc  da 
Coiiimene  Miritiiiic  for  is:!3,  p.5S;).;  nnil  pricate  iiifurmatinn.) 

PUn.—Tiw  siilijoiniMl  wood-nit  convi'ys  a  clearer  and  better  idea  of  this  celebrated  bay  than  could 
lie  aciinired  from  anv  description.  It  Is  copied,  without  any  reduction,  from  a  revised  edition  of  a 
Portiipuese  chart,  puidiahod  by  Mr.  Laurie  ;  and  exhibits  the  banks,  soundingn,  aiicliorajfe,  &c. 


References  to  the  Plan.—\,  Cape,  light-honse,  and  fort  of  St.  Antonio  ;  H,  Fort  do  Mar;  C,  Fort  St. 
Philip;  D,Tapagippe;  E,  Isia  do  Mar ;  P,  Isla  dosFrados;  G,  Fort  Beaumont.  The  figures  in  ths 
plan  are  the  soundings  in  fiithonis. 

BALACHONG,  an  article  consisting  of  pounded  or  bruised  fish.  Small  fish,  with  prawns 
and  shrimps,  arc  principally  employed  in  making  it.  Though  foetid  and  offensive  to  strangers, 
tliis  substance,  used  as  a  condiment  to  rice,  is  largely  consumed  in  all  the  countries  to  the 
east  of  Bengal,  including  the  southern  provinces  of  China,  and  the  islands  of  the  Eastern 
Archipelago.     Its  distribution  gives  rise  to  an  extensive  internal  traffic. 

BALANCE,  in  accounts,  is  the  term  used  to  express  the  difference  between  the  debtor 
and  creditor  sides  of  an  account. 

BALANCE,  in  commerce,  is  the  term  commonly  used  to  express  the  difference  between 
the  value  of  the  exports  from  and  imports  into  a  country.  The  balance  is  said  to  be  favoura- 
ble when  the  value  of  the  exports  exceetls  that  of  the  importis,  and  unfavourable  when  the 
value  of  the  imports  exceeds  that  of  the  exports.  According  to  the  Custom-house  returns, 
the  oliicial  value  of  the  exports  from  Great  Britain,  exclusive  of  foreign  and  commercial  mer- 
chandise, during  the  year  ending  5th  of  January,  1833,  amounted  to  64,582,037/. ;  and  the 


e 

5 


62 


BALANCE. 


ofllcinl  value  of  thr  imports  during  tho  same  year  amounted  to  43,237,4 16/. ;  leaving  a  favour, 
able  balance  of  21,344,021/. 

'I'he  attainment  of  a  favourable  balance  was  formerly  regarded  as  an  object  of  the  greatest 
im[)ortancc.  The  piecious  metals  early  arcjuired,  in  consequence  of  their  being  used  as 
money,  an  artificial  itn|iortimce,  and  were  long  considered  as  the  only  real  wealth  either  in- 
dividuals or  nations  could  possess.  And  as  countries  without  mines  could  not  obtain  supplies 
of  ftiesc  metals  except  in  exchange  for  exported  products,  if  was  concluded,  that  if  the  value 
of  the  commodities  exported  exceeded  that  of  those  imported,  the  balance  would  have  to  be 
paid  by  the  iuiportation  of  an  equivalent  amount  of  the  precious  metals;  and  conversely.  A 
very  larije  pro[)ortion  of  the  restraints  imposed  on  the  freedom  of  commerce,  during  the  last 
two  centurit's,  grew  out  of  this  notion.  The  importance  of  having  a  favourable  balance  be- 
ing universally  admitted,  every  eHurt  was  made  to  attain  it ;  and  nothing  seemed  so  ellectual 
for  this  purpose  as  the  devising  of  schemes  to  facilitate  exportation,  and  hinder  the  importa- 
tion of  almost  all  products,  except  gold  and  silver,  that  were  not  intended  for  future  exporta- 
tion. But  the  gradual  though  slow  growth  of  sounder  opinions  with  respect  to  the  nature 
and  functions  of  money,  showed  the  futility  of  a  system  of  policy  having  such  objects  in 
view.  It  is  now  conceded  on  all  hands  that  gold  and  silver  are  nothing  but  connnodities ;  and 
that  it  is  in  no  respect  necessary  to  interfere  either  to  encourage  their  importation,  or  to  pre- 
vent their  exportation.  In  Ureal  liritain  they  may  be  freely  exported  and  imported,  whether 
in  the  shape  of  coin  or  bullion. — (See  Coin.) 

The  truth  is,  however,  that  the  theory  of  the  balance  of  trade  is  not  erroneous  merely  from 
the  false  notions  which  its  advocates  entertained  with  respect  to  money  ;  it  jiroceeds  on  radi- 
cally mistaken  views  as  to  the  nature  of  commerce.  The  mode  in  which  the  balance  is  usu- 
ally estimated  is,  indeed,  completely  fallacious.  Supposing,  however,  that  it  could  he  cor- 
rectly ascertained,  it  would  be  founil  in  opposition  to  the  common  opinion,  that  the  imports 
into  every  commercial  country  generally  exceed  the  exports ;  and  that  when  a  balance  is  form- 
ed, it  is  only  in  certain  cases,  and  those  of  rare  occurrence,  that  it  is  cancelled  by  a  bullion 
payment. 

I.  The  proper  business  of  the  wholesale  merchant  consists  in  carrying  the  various  products 
of  the  different  countries  of  the  world,  from  the  places  where  their  value  is  least  to  those 
where  it  is  greatest;  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  in  distributing  them  according  to  the  etTect- 
ivc  demand.  It  is  clear,  however,  that  there  could  be  no  motive  to  export  any  species  of  pro- 
duce, unless  that  which  it  was  intended  to  import  in  its  stead  were  of  greater  value.  When 
an  English  merchant  commissions  a  quantity  of  Polish  wheat,  he  calculates  on  its  selling  for 
so  much  more  than  its  price  in  Poland,  as  will  be  sufTicient  to  pay  the  expense  of  freight,  in- 
surance, &c.,  and  to  yield,  besides,  the  common  and  ordinarj-  rate  of  profit  on  the  capital  em- 
ployed. If  the  wheat  did  not  sell  for  this  much,  its  importation  would  obviously  be  a  loss  to 
the  importer.  It  is  plain,  then,  that  no  merchant  ever  did  or  over  will  export,  but  in  the  view 
of  importing  something  more  valuable  in  return.  And  so  far  from  an  excess  of  exports  over 
imports  being  any  criterion  of  an  advantageous  commerce,  it  is  directly  the  reverse ;  and  the 
truth  is,  notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  said  and  written  to  the  contrary,  that  unless  the 
value  of  the  imports  exceeded  that  of  the  exports,  foreign  trade  could  not  be  carried  on.  Were 
this  not  the  case — that  is,  were  the  value  of  the  exports  always  greater  than  the  value  of  the 
imports — merchants  would  lose  on  every  transaction  with  foreigners,  and  the  trade  with  them 
would  be  speedily  abandoned. 

In  England,  the  rates  at  which  all  articles  of  export  and  import  are  officially  valued  were 
fixed  so  far  back  as  1696.  But  the  very  great  alteration  that  has  since  taken  place,  not  only 
in  the  value  of  money,  but  also  in  the  cost  of  most  part  of  the  commodities  produced  in  this 
and  other  countries,  has  rendered  this  official  valuation,  though  valuable  as  u  means  of  de- 
termining their  quantify,  of  no  use  whatever  as  a  criterion  of  the  true  value  of  the  exports 
and  imports.  In  order  to  remedy  this  defect,  an  account  of  the  real  or  declared  value  of  the 
exports  is  annually  prepared,  from  the  declarations  of  the  merchants,  and  laid  before  parlia- 
ment ;  there  is,  however,  no  such  account  of  imports ;  and,  owing  to  the  difficulties  which 
high  duties  throw  in  the  way,  it  is,  perhaps,  impossible  to  frame  one  with  any  thing  like  ac- 
curacy. It  has  also  been  alleged,  and  apparently  with  some  probability,  that  merchants  have 
not  unfrequently  been  in  the  habit  of  exaggerating  the  value  of  articles  entitled  to  drawbacks 
on  exportation;  but  the  recent  extension  and  improvement  of  the  warehousing  system, 
and  the  dimitmtion  of  the  number  of  drawbacks,  must  materially  lessen  whatever  fraud  or 
inaccuracy  may  have  arisen  from  this  source.  Indeed,  as  most  articles  are  charged  with  an 
ad  valirem  duty  of  10s.  per  cent,  on  exportation,  we  should  consider  that,  if  any  thing,  their 
value  would  be  rather  under  than  over-rated.  We  believe,  however,  that  their  declared  value 
comes  very  near  the  truth ;  at  least,  sufficiently  so  for  all  practical  purposes. 

Now  the  declared  value  of  the  exports  in  1832  was  only  36,046,027/.,  being  little  more 
than  half  their  official  value,  and  upwards  of  7,000,000/.  under  the  official  value  of  the  im- 
ports. What  the  excess  of  the  latter  might  be,  had  we  the  means  of  comparing  their  real  value 
with  that  of  the  exports,  it  is  impossible  to  say  :  but  there  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt,  that, 
generally  speaking,  it  would  be  very  considerable.    The  value  of  an  exported  commodity  is 


\ 


estimated  at 
pcnse  incurn 
commodity  in 
sequenfly,  af 
profits,  &c. 

In  the  Uni 
always  excee 
in  the  habit 
commerce,  " 
has  been  nem 
of  the  Unile( 
lieen  occasion 
sequently,  rec 
cost  of  convr 
"  flour  sold  in 
lars.    The  vt 
estimated  at 
when  carried 
on  his  agent  i 
for  which  he 
Spanish  mr  re' 
vested  in  som 
the  freight,  in 
to  100,000  do 
.')3,.500  dollar! 
that  such  a  trii 
tirely  in  the  e 
it  is  equally  el 
though  such  t 
II.  In  the  s( 
that  it  is  paid 
by  the  British 
them,  the  bala 
cannot,  be  disc 
exportable  coji; 
exported  than 
debt,  or  exces> 
over  those  drsi 
the  business  o 
the  least  expe 
or  99,000/.,  wi 
duce,  or  any  c 
would  be  expc 
different  from 
its  exportation 
in  fact,  be  qui 
as  it  is  to  exp< 
where  it  is  Ic 
balance  of  pa; 
out  causing  t 
merchant  wil 
possible  to  in\ 
for  100/.  excl 
under  the  infli 
would  atfemp 
his  object  by  i 
The  argun 
themselves. 
Custom-hous( 
of  the  old  the 
500,000,000 
is  supposed  U 
thing — if  it  h 
single  except! 
an  annual  irr 
But  it  is  cert! 
proportion,  w 


BALANCE. 


03 


estimntrd  nt  the  moment  of  its  beinp;  sent  ahroiul,  nnd  fiffme  its  value  is  inrrraseil  by  the  ex- 
pense incurred  in  transporlinn  it  to  the  place  of  its  destinutinn ;  wiiereas  the  value  of  tiio 
commodity  imported  in  its  stead  is  estimated  after  it  has  arrived  at  its  destination,  and,  con- 
sequently, uilcr  its  value  has  been  enhanced  by  the  cost  of  freight,  insurance,  importer's 
profits,  &c. 

In  the  United  States,  the  vahic  of  the  imports,  as  ascertained  by  the  Custom-house  returns, 
always  exceeds  the  value  of  the  exports.  And  although  our  practical  politicians  have  been 
in  the  habit  of  considerins?  the  excess  of  the  former  as  a  certain  ])roof  of  a  disadvaiitaKeous 
comnierce,  "it  is  nevertheless  true,"  says  Mr.  Pitkin,  "that  the  real  gain  of  the  United  fStiites 
has  been  nenrh/  in  proportion  a.i  their  imparts  have  exceded  their  exportn." — (  Commerce 
of  the  United  Stales,  2(1  cd.  p.  280.)  The  great  excess  of  American  im|)orts  has  in  part 
l)cen  occasioned  by  the  Americans  generally  exporting  their  own  surplus  produce,  and  con- 
sequently, receiving  from  foreigners  not  only  an  equivalent  for  their  exports,  but  also  for  the 
cost  of  conveying  them  to  the  foreign  market.  "  In  1811,"  says  the  author  just  quoted, 
"  flour  sold  in  America  for  nine  dollars  and  a  half  per  barrel,  and  in  Spain  for  fifteen  dol- 
lars. The  value  of  the  cargo  of  a  vessel  carrying  ."1,000  barrels  of  flour  would,  therefore,  bo 
estimated  at  the  period  of  its  exportation  at  47,.'i00  dollars;  but  as  this  flour  would  sell, 
when  carried  to  Spain,  for  7.5,000  dollars,  the  American  merchant  wouM  be  entitled  to  draw 
on  his  agent  in  Spain  for  27,500  dollars  more  than  the  flour  cost  in  America ;  or  than  the  sum 
for  which  he  eoulii  have  drawn,  had  the  flour  been  exported  in  a  vessel  belonging  to  a 
Spanish  merchant.  But  the  transaction  would  not  end  here.  The  75,000  dollars  would  be 
vested  in  some  species  of  Spanish  or  other  European  goods  fit  for  the  .VmcTicnn  market;  and 
the  freight,  insurance,  &c.,  on  account  of  the  return  cargo,  would  probably  increase  its  value 
to  100,000  dollars;  so  that,  in  all,  the  American  merchant  might  have  imported  croods  worth 
.')2,500  dollars  more  than  the  flour  originally  sent  to  Spain."  It  is  as  impossible  to  deny 
that  such  a  transaction  as  this  is  advantageous,  as  it  is  to  deny  that  its  advantage  consists  en- 
tirely in  the  excess  of  the  value  of  the  goods  imported  over  the  value  of  those  exported.  Ami 
it  is  equally  clear  that  America  might  have  had  the  real  balance  of  payments  in  her  favour, 
though  su<-h  transactions  as  the  above  bad  been  multiplied  to  any  conceivable  extent. 

11.  In  the  second  place,  when  a  balance  is  due  by  one  country  to  another,  it  is  but  seldom 
that  it  is  paid  by  remitting  bullion  from  the  del)tor  to  the  creditor  country.  If  the  sum  due 
by  the  British  merchants  to  those  of  Holland  be  greater  than  the  sum  due  by  the  latter  to 
them,  the  balance  of  payments  will  be  against  Britain  ;  but  this  balance  will  not,  and  indeed 
cannot,  be  discharged  by  an  exportation  of  bullion,  unless  bullion  be,  at  the  time,  the  cheapest 
exportable  commodity ;  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  unless  If  maif  be  more  adranlas;eousli/ 
exported  than  any  thins;  else.  To  illustrate  this  [irinciple,  let  us  suppose  that  the  balance  of 
debt,  or  excess  of  the  value  of  the  bills  drawn  by  the  merchants  of  Amsterdam  on  London 
over  those  drawn  by  the  merchants  of  London  on  Amsterdam,  amounts  to  100,01)0/.:  it  is 
the  business  of  the  London  merchants  to  find  out  the  means  of  discharging  this  debt  with 
the  least  expense  ;  and  it  is  plain,  that  if  they  find  that  any  less  sum,  as  96,000/,  97,000/., 
or  99,000/.,  will  purchase  and  send  to  Holland  as  much  cloth,  cotton,  hardware,  colonial  pro- 
duce, or  any  other  commodity,  as  would  sell  in  Amsterdam  for  100,000/.,  no  gold  or  silver 
would  be  exported.  The  laws  which  regulate  the  trade  in  bullion  arc  not  in  any  degree 
diflcrent  from  those  which  regulate  the  trade  in  other  commodities.  It  is  exported  only  when 
its  exportation  is  advantageous,  or  when  it  is  more  valuable  abroad  than  at  home.  It  would, 
in  fact,  be  quite  as  reasonable  to  expect  that  water  should  flow  from  a  low  to  a  high  level, 
as  it  is  to  exp«!ct  that  bullion  should  leave  a  country  where  its  value  is  great  to  go  to  one 
where  it  is  low !  It  is  never  sent  abroad  to  destroy,  but  always  to  find  its  level.  The 
balance  of  payments  might  be  ten  or  a  hundred  millions  against  a  particular  coinitry,  with- 
out causing  the  exportation  of  a  single  ounce  of  bullion.  Common  sense  tells  us  that  no 
merchant  will  remit  100/.  worth  of  bullion  to  discharge  a  debt  in  a  foreign  country,  if  it  bo 
possible  to  invest  any  smaller  sum  in  any  species  of  merchandise  which  would  sell  abroad 
for  100/.  exclusive  of  expenses.  The  merchant  who  deals  in  the  precious  metals  is  as  much 
under  the  influence  of  se//'-/»/ecM/,  as  he  who  deals  in  coffee  or  indigo;  but  what  merchant 
would  attempt  to  extinguish  a  debt,  by  exporting  coffee  which  cost  100/.,  if  he  could  effect 
his  object  by  sending  abroad  indigo  which  cost  only  99/.  1 

The  argument  about  the  balance  of  payment  is  one  of  those  that  contradict  and  confute 
themselves.  Had  the  apparent  excess  of  exports  over  imports,  as  indicated  by  the  British 
Custom-house  books  for  the  last  hundred  years,  been  always  paid  in  bullion,  as  the  supporters 
of  the  old  theory  contend  is  the  case,  there  ought  at  this  moment  to  be  about  450,000,000  or 
500,000,000  of  bullion  in  the  country,  instead  of  50,000,000  or  60,000,000.  which  it 
is  supposed  to  amount  to !  Nor  is  this  all.  If  the  theory  of  the  balance  be  good  for  any 
thing — if  it  be  not  a  mere  idle  delusion — it  follows,  as  every  country  in  the  world,  with  the 
single  exception  of  the  United  States,  has  its  favourable  balance,  that  they  must  be  paid  by 
an  annual  importation  of  bullion  from  the  mines  corresponding  to  their  agsregate  amount. 
But  it  is  certain,  that  the  entire  produce  of  the  mines,  though  it  were  increased  in  a  tenfild 
proportion,  would  be  insufficient  for  this  purpose !     This  rcductio  ad  absurdum  is  decisive 


m 

(3 


ji 


G4 


BALE. 


of  tlip  (Irnrrr  ofrrri!it  thnt  ouRht  to  bo  nttnrhrd  to  thr  ronclusions  rrappctinpr  the  flourwhing 
Rtalc  of"  lti(>  romniiTcp  of  iir<y  cnutitry  drawn  from  the  j'XCi'hh  of  the  i'\\ti'iTU  ovi-r  llus  iin|xirt>) ! 

Not  only,  thorcforo,  \n  the  roinniDii  throry  with  rrspoct  to  the  Imlnnrc  of  tradr  ••rronoouH, 
but  Ihp  very  reverse  of  that  theory  i»  true.  In  t\wjir.st  plnro,  the  viilue  of  the  commodities  im- 
ported l)y  every  country  wliich  ciirries  on  lUi  ndvnntiiu;eou8  commerce  (and  no  otiicr  will  bo 
prosecuted  for  any  considerable  jteriod),  invariably  exeoedn  the  \aiue  of  thoHO  which  whc  ex- 
ports,    rnlesd  Huch  were  the  case,  there  would  plainly  be  no  fiuid  whence  the  merchnntH 
and  others  eiiRaped  in  foreii»n  trade  coulil  ilerive  either  a  profit  on  their  capital,  or  a  return 
for  tiieir  outlay  and  trouble;  and  in  the  KFCond  |)lace,  whether  the  balance  of  liebtH  be  for  4)r 
npiinst  a  country,  that  balance  will  ne-'.her  be  paid  nor  receiveil  in  bullion,  unless  it  be  at 
the  time  the  commodity  by  the  exportation  or  importation  of  which  the  account  njay  be  mo«l 
profitably  settled.     Whatever  the  partisans  of  the  doctrine  as  to  the  balance  may  say  about 
money  beinp  a  preferable  product,  a  Diarr/inndi.sc  par  excellence,  it  is  certain  it  will  never  ap- 
pear in  the  list  of  exports  and  imports,  while  there  is  any  thinp  else  with  which  to  carry  oii 
trade,  or  cancel  debts,  that  will  yield  u  InrKcr  |)rofit,  or  occasion  a  less  expense  to  the  debtors. 
It  is  ditlicult  to  estimate  the  mischief  which  the  absurd  notions  relative  to  the  balance  of 
trade  have  occasioned  in  almost  every  commercial  country  ; — here  they  have  been  particular- 
ly injurious.     It  is  principally  to  the  j)revalencc  of  prejudices  to  which  they  have  given  rise, 
that  the  restrictions  on  the  traile  between  this  country  and  France  arc  to  Ihj  ascribed.     The 
prcaf,  or  rather  the  only,  arpumcnt  insisted  upon  by  those  who  prevailed  on  the  legislature,  in 
the  reign  of  William  and  Mary,  to  declare  the  trade  with  France  a  uumiure.  was  founded  on 
the  statement  that  the  value  of  the  imports  from  that  kingdom  considerably  exceeded  the 
value  of  the  commodities  we  exported  to  it.     The  balance  was  regarded  as  a  Irilmte  paid  by 
England  to  France ;  and  it  was  sagaciously  asked,  what  had  we  done,  that  we  should  be 
obliged  to  pay  so  much  money  to  our  natural  enemy  !     It  never  occurred  to  those  who  so 
loudly  abused  the  French  trade,  that  no  merchant  would  imt)ort  any  commodity  from  France, 
unless  it  brought  a  higher  price  in  this  country  than  tlie  commodity  exported  to  ])ay  it;  and 
that  the  profit  of  the  merchant,  or  the  naticniil  gain,  would  be  in  exact  proportion  to  this  excess 
of  price.     The  very  reasi'ii  assigned  by  these  persons  for  prohibiting  the  trade  allords  the 
best  attainable  proof  of  its  having  been  a  lucrative  one ;  nor  can  there  be  any  doubt  that  an 
unr«'stricted  freedom  of  intercourse  between  the  two  countries  would  still  be  of  the  greatest 
service  to  both. 

[There  are  some  circumstances  which  have  hiid  an  influence  in  determining  the  relation 
of  exports  to  imports  in  the  United  States,  and  which  are  in  a  great  measure  peculiar  to  this 
country.  These  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  brietly  to  notice  here.  Our  readers  will  bear 
in  mind  that  we  use  the  terms  exports  and  imjiorts  in  their  ordinary  and  mercantile  accepta- 
tion, as  including  all  h.  \n  of  eniiiinoilificD,  specie  only  being  excepted. 

1.  While  the  exports  have  been  valued  at  the  exporting  jiort,  the  imports,  until  the  .Id 
day  of  .March,  1S3.3,  were  valued  "by  adding  20  per  cent,  to  the  actual  cost  thereof,  if  im- 
ported from  the  ("ape  of  Good  Hope,  or  from  any  place  beyond  the  same  :  and  10  per  cent, 
on  the  actual  cost  thereof,  if  imjiorted  fr<mi  any  other  [ilace  or  country,  including  all  charges; 
commissions,  outside  packages,  and  insurance,  only  excepted." 

2.  The  profits  of  capital  bring  higher  in  the  United  States  than  in  most  other  countries 
of  the  commereiai  world,  it  follows  that  capital  must  be  continually  flowing  into  thcin  from 
abroad;  thus  swelling  the  imports  beyond  the  amount  they  would  otherwise  be  at. 

3.  The  owner  of  the  capital,  imported  into  the  country,  in  many  cases  does  not  come  with 
his  property,  but  continues  to  reside  where  he  did.  A  certain  amount  of  profits,  or  interest, 
on  the  foreign  capital  employed  in  the  United  States,  is  consequently  remitted  every  yeiir  to 
other  countries.  It  must  hence  be  obvious  that  our  exports  will,  on  this  account,  l)e  rendered 
more  considerable  in  comparison  to  our  imports, 

4.  The  rapid  advances  of  the  country  in  population  and  wealth,  since  its  soparntion  from 
Great  Britain,  and  the  adoption  of  the  jiresent  constitution,  has  required  a  supi)ly  of  the  (irc- 
cious  metals,  for  the  most  part  from  abroad,  much  greater  than  was  sufficient  to  replace  the 
consumj)tion  of  those  metals,  either  as  coin,  or  in  the  arts.  Money  was,  therefore,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  on  this  account,  imjiorted  into  the  United  States,  in  exchange  for  our  exports, 
instead  of  those  other  commodities  which  are  ordinarily  designated  by  the  term  imports. 

a.  The  substitution,  in  a  degree  continually  greater  and  greater,  of  paper  money  for  a  gold 
nnd  silver  currency,  which  has  been  taking  place  during  the  same  period,  must  of  course  have 
diminished  the  efl'ect  just  stated. 

If  we  now  put  these  dillerent  circumstances  together,  two  of  them  operating  in  one  direc- 
tion, and  the  other  three  in  the  ojiposite,  and  if  we  compare  them  also  with  those  which  are  not 
peculiar  to  the  United  States,  but  belong  e(iually  to  every  country,  there  will  be  no  cause  for 
surprise  why  the  general  law  of  the  excess  of  imports  over  exports  should  almost  always  have 
lield  good  among  ourselves. — A»i.  Ed.] 

HALK,  a  pack,  or  certain  quantity  of  goods  or  merchandise;  as  a  hale  of  silk,  cloth,  &c. 

li/ikti  are  always  marked  and  numbered,  that  the  merchants  to  whom  they  belong  may 
know  them ;  and  the  marks  and  numbers  correspond  to  those  in  the  bills  of  lading,  &c.  Selling 


under  tlie  // 

g00d:<    Whill 

H.M.KS. 

UAI.LA: 
a  quantity  ( 
order  to  sin 
ing  overset, 
baggage  of 

The  (|ii;uili 
fiTi'Mi  :  III!'  |i 

llCllllMII,  rMlll'( 

Till'  prii|i"r 
pi'iiiral  »  ill  II 
on  llii'  I'xtri'i 
a  LTi'iit  nvi'IbIi 
III  till'  liolil ;  I 
IliT  Hiiil  hravi 

Till'  (iliji'it 
(Inly  priJHcil,  II 
crniih,  <|iialili<' 
[irn|iiirtiiiii:ilil\ 
II'tiiK  rraiik,  k 

SlitriH'ss  ill  I 
!i(  111  till'  >'  il 
nhoiit  wliii'li  tl 

Craiikiii'SH,  I 
lailiiii;  SI)  aN  ti 
liiiril  ;  fur  win 
li'vcr,  wliirli  i 
Idsi's  lii'r  iiiast.' 

Ki'iici"  the  iir 

Sllll|)!'  (if  till"  Vl 

mill  tn  laiti'  III 
iiiIiIkIiIiih  :  sill- 
(Si'c  Fnlrnnrr': 

The  iiilscliic'v 
pcriciu'i'il  liy  hI 
S|):iiii.  Till"  lia 
liiilil.  to  liiiiiliT 
viiilpntly ;  lint 
priiiit  ns  III  sqiii 
afliT  •.'I'ltiiiB  to 
tlii'ir  fiiiinilrriii 
ciiiployt'il— (Si' 

Sliips  thai  ha 
nfcoriliin!  to  the 
ballast  iillowtMl 


Ouiu. 

To 

iin 

1 

100 

! 

iW 

S 

90 

1 

HO 

1 

74 

1 

04 

1 

.TO 

1 

44 

39 

Till'  iron  linllai 
is  sprimil  and  lev 

The  soil  of  the 

ratiiin,  and  a  siii 

witlioiit  iliii'  aiitl 

qnarrii's.  pin.  & 

her  ofliinst  iintitii 

fiilrrinp.     No  li;i 

a  ton.     The  Trin 

all  liallast  il'inan 

l''or  every  ton  i 

in  the  coal  irailR, 

I'"or  every  such 

For  every  such 

For  every  ton  c 

of  2.1. 

I''or  every  ton  f 

For  every  ton  < 

Anil  for  every  ti 

siini  of  [fill.;  and 

tlio  further  sum  o 

the  further  sum  n 

India  Dock,  the  i 

Outward  East  In 

r  3 


DALKS,  BALLAST. 


05 


inuler  the  hair,  or  umlor  thr  fnrdi*,  h  n  term  um-tl  in  Fruiirp  nnd  otIuT  countries  for  nrlliii^ 
({(loils  wliolcMiilf,  wilhoiit  s:iiii|ili>  ur  |)atti'rii,  uiiil  uiu>|k>M(mI. 

U.MiKS,  liirijc  |iiiMfH  ("ftiiiilH-r. 

HAI,l-AS'r(lJu.  Ililldst ;  Vt.  List;  (Scr.  lialhiM  i  h.Sfiviirrn,-  Sp.  J.ustre  .-iHw.  Ilil/a-f), 
a  (lunntity  of  iron,  NtoiioR,  siiiul,  (jruvt'l,  or  any  other  lu'iivy  iDntcriul,  hiid  in  n  nlii|>'»  hold  in 
oriiiT  to  Hiiili  her  (K'i'|)cr  in  the  wulfr,  iiml  to  render  her  ciiitiihle  of  e;irryini<  sail  without  be- 
111)1  overnet.     All  Hhijw  eleariiiir  oiitwardn,  hiivin^  no  H[uotl»  on  hoard  othir  tliaii  the  |ierMoiiul 


iid  to  l)e  in  lialhist. 


hiivjtjase  01  the  passenKers,  are  Hai 

Till'  iiiiiiMlily  i>r  hiilliiHt  rri|iilri'il  In  1)1  )<lii|m  iiT  i'i|iiiil  liiirilcii  lor  n  viiynKP,  Ih  nt'ti'ii  iniiti'ri.illy  (lif- 
fcri'iii  :  III!'  |>rii|ii>rlliiii  Uviwg  iihviivH  Irsm  iir  iiiorc,  iii'ionlliiK  In  llie  nliiir|tiii'iiM  or  lliitiit'HS  of  tliu  Klijp'a 
liDitiMii.  ciilli'il  hy  si'iiini'ii.  ilic  rtiiiir. 

i'lii'  |irii|>"''  l>:illiHiiiii!  "t'ii  »"lii|>  ilcKiTvcK  pcriilMir  allt'iillon,  for,  iiIiIkhisIi  It  lie  known  llml  slilin  in 
pi'iiirai  l^  ill  ni>t  carry  HiiHiiii'iil  nail,  till  they  art'  lai|i-ii  ho  IIiiU  llirsiirriiri>  ol'ilit'  walir  iii'arly  uliinri'i* 
on  Ihi'  I'Mri'iiir  hri'adtli  .iiIiIhIij|h,  inoriMlian  tlilH  ucni'ral  knowli'difi'  in  rri|ilirril,  IT  llir  nlii|i  liavi- 
a  LTi'at  NVi'iirlil  of  lii'iivy  lialliiMl,  hh  lead,  iron,  &('.  in  llii'  liiilloni,  llir  fciilri'  of  yravily  w  ill  Im'  Imi  low 
III  llii'  liidil  !  Ililx  no  doiilit  will  cnalilc  lirr  lo  iiirry  a  nrrnx  of  Hail.  Imt  it  will,  at  llii!  Htiiiii!  tinii',  iiiako 
liiT  Hail  heavily,  and  ndl  ho  violi'iitly,  an  to  run  iIk'  riMk  of  lii'ini!  disinaHti'il. 

'I'lii'  oliji'i't  in  liallaHtinit  a  hIiIii  i!<,'tlirri-fori',  hii  to  diHpiiHi'  of  tlin  lialluHi  or  I'ariio,  that  Nile  may  be 
duly  poJHt'il.  and  inaiiitaiii  a  proprr  i'i|iiililirliini  on  Ilir  water,  ho  an  neither  to  lie  too  stif,  nor  ton 
rritiili,  ijiialitieH  ei|iially  pernirioiiH.  If  too  Mtill',  nlie  may  carry  iiincli  nail,  lint  lier  velocity  will  not  hi! 
priiportiiinalily  iiicreaned;  whilst  her  iiia»tH  are  endanitered  liy  Hiidden  jerks  and  exteHHive  lahoiirint;. 
If  Inn  crank,  hIic  will  he  iiiitlt  to  carry  nail  wilhoiil  the  rink  of  nvirHeltiiitf. 

StItrni'HH  in  IrilhiHlini!  in  ocraHioneil  hy  dinposini;  a  Inn  ureal  (|iianlily  iif  heavy  hnllnst.  an  lead,  iron, 
fiC  III  the  1.  illoni,  which  thrown  thr  centre  of  uravity  very  near  the  keel  ;  and  iIiih  lieint  the  cenlrt! 
nhiiiil  which  the  viliratioiiH  are  made,  the  lower  it  ih  placed,  the  more  violent  in  the  rollini;. 

('raiikiiesH,  on  the  other  hand,  Ik  nccaHinned  hy  liaviiii;  tnn  little  liallant,  nr  hy  dliiposinii  the  nliip's 
ladiiii!  HO  an  to  raise  the  centre  of  (iravity  ton  hijili  :  thin  alnn  eiidanu'erM  the  inaHH  when  it  hlnwH 
hard;  fnr  when  the  iiiaHtH  ceane  to  lie  perpeiiiliciilar.  they  strain  on  tlie  HhrniiilH  in  the  nature  of  ii 
lever,  which  increaneH  an  the  nine  of  their  nlilli|iiity  ;  ami  It  in  itiiperllilouH  to  add,  that  u  Hliip  that 
IdSi'H  her  iiiaHlH  is  in  creat  daiii;i  r  of  heini!  hint. 

Hence  the  art  nf  liallastiiiK  ennsiHlH  In  placlns  the  centre  of  gravity  to  correspond  with  the  trim  and 
shape  nf  the  vessi-1,  Hd  nn  to  he  neither  loo  hicli  nor  too  low  ;  neither  Inn  far  t'orward,  imr  loo  far  alt  ; 
nnil  In  lade  the  ship  ho  deep,  that  the  Hiirface  nf  tliii  water  may  nearly  rine  to  the  extreme  hreadtll 
iiiiilsliipH  :  HJie  will  then  carry  a  Kood  quantity  of  aail,  iiielinu  hut  little,  and  ply  well  to  windward. — 
(See  h'lilronrr'n  Marine  Dictionary.) 

The  iniHiliievoiiH  conse(|iii'nceH  of  not  iiltendinK  to  the  rlrciiinHtancea  now  mentioned  are  often  ox- 
pcrieaced  hy  slilpn  loadine  harilla,  hrlniHtone,  and  hiicIi  heavy  arliclen,  on  the  coasts  of  SiciU  and 
8|i:iiii.  The  lialiit  there  in  to  cut  larve  i|uaiililieH  of  liniHliwood  and  fa);i!ntH,  and  tn  Hpread  them  in  the 
hold  to  hinder  the  raruo  from  sinkiiiL'  the  centre  of  i;ravity  ton  low,  and  caiislii)!  theHhipto  lalmiir 
vinlcnily ;  hut  it  very  freiiupiilly  happeiiH  that  the  prensiire  of  the  carKo  on  thin  Hurl  nf  diiniiaiie  in  ho 
great  as  In  Hqiiee/,e  it  into  ,i  much  hiii  iller  sp  ico  than  could  at  tirHt  have  lieeii  HUppoHed  ;  ho  ilial  shipa 
after  ■.'ettiii!.'  to  sea  are  sometimes  nlilii;edtn  return  to  pnrt,  tn  iinlnad  a  part  nf  liieir  carifn,  lo  prevent 
their  fnunilerinL'.  In  such  cases,  tirm  diinnaL'e,  such  as  nak  staven,  Hhoiild,  if  poHHihIe,  he  alwayH 
caiplnyed — (See  .lark.inn'/i  Cnaiiiifrcf  nf  Meililerranean,  pp.  i'i^ — l"2S.) 

Ships  that  have  carL'nes  of  light  gondsou  hoard  re<|uire  a  i|uaiitity  ofliallast  ;  increasing,  nf  course, 
nrriirding  to  the  greater  lightness  nf  the  guodi).  The  fullnwing  tahlu  shows  the  average  (|iiantity  of 
bulhiHt  allowed  tu  nhips  of  war  : 

Ballast  allowed  to  the  following  Hhips. 


Gum. 

T'lnnifP. 

Iron,  Ton*. 

.ShinglCT,  Tons. 

ifuim. 

Tiinnnf. 

Imn,  TonJ. 

Shin<ln,  Tiinj. 

iin 

■i.^'H) 

IHO 

.370 

30 

870 

M 

lliO 

100 

2,0!t0 

INO 

370 

32 

700 

65 

140 

i>8 

2.110 

lliO 

3,'iO 

2.S 

000 

00 

100 

flO 

1,N70 

100 

S.'iO 

24 

.500 

50 

S) 

80 

1,620 

140 

300 

22 

4.')0 

50 

70 

74 

1,7(M) 

HO 

270 

20 

400 

50 

00 

04 

1,370 

70 

2(i0 

Sloop     - 

.300 

50 

40 

50 

1,100 

65 

170 

Urig       - 

160 

30 

15 

44 

»00 

(i.'i 

IliO 

Cutter  - 



20 

l-selduniany. 

33 

930 

70 

170 

SInnp     - 

— 

IS 

The  irnn  linllnst  is  t^rst  stored  fore  and  aft,  from  bulk-head  to  bulk-head;  then  the  shingle  ballast 
is  spread  and  hovelled  over  the  irnn. 

The  soil  nf  the  River  Thames  from  I.nndnn  Hridge  to  the  sea  is  vested  in  the  Trinity  House  cnrpn- 
ration,  and  a  sum  nf  10/,  is  to  he  paid  for  every  ton  of  ballast  taken  from  the  channel  of  the  river 
wilhiiut  due  authority  frnin  the  said  cnrporatinn.  .Ships  may  receive  nn  hoard  land  ballast  from  the 
quarries,  pin,  &c.  east  of  Woolwich,  provided  the  quantity  taken  in  a  year  do  not  exceed  the  num- 
ber nftons  untitled  tntlie  Trinity  cnrpnration.  Land  ballast  must  he  entered,  and  !(/.  paid  per  ton  on 
entering.  No  ballast  is  tn  be  put  on  board  before  entry  at  the  ballast  ottice,  under  the  penalty  of  .'i/. 
a  ton.  The  Trinity  Corporation  is  authorised  by  the  3  fleo.  4.  c.  111.  to  charge  the  following  rates  for 
all  ballast  d  'inanded  and  entered  at  the  ballast  ottice,  viz. ; — 

I'nr  every  Inn  (20  cwt.)  of  ballast,  not  being  washed  ballast,  carried  to  any  ship  or  vessel  employed 
in  the  cnal  trade,  the  sum  of  Is. 

For  every  such  ton  carried  to  any  other  British  ship  or  vessel,  the  sum  of  1».  3i/. 

Fnr  every  such  Inn  carried  to  any  foreign  ship  or  vessel,  the  sum  nf  l.«.  Id. 

For  every  ton  of  washed  ballast  carried  to  any  ship  or  vessel  employed  in  the  coal  trade,  the  sum 
of  2.^. 

For  every  ton  of  washed  dilln  carried  to  any  other  Drltish  ship  or  vessel,  the  sum  of  2«.  6d. 

For  every  ton  of  washed  ditto  carried  to  any  foreign  ship  or  vessel,  the  sum  of  3s.  id. 

And  for  every  ton  of  ballast  delivered  in  or  unladen  from  the  Inward  West  India  Dock,  the  ftirther 
sum  of  lOi/.;  and  fnr  every  ton  of  ballast  delivered  in  or  uiilailen  from  the  Outward  West  India  Dock, 
the  further  sum  nf  4rf.;  and  for  every  Ion  of  ballast  delivered  in  or  unladen  from  the  London  Docks, 
the  further  sum  of  4(/.;  and  fnr  every  tnn  of  ballast  delivered  in  or  unladen  from  the  Inward  Kast 
India  Dock,  the  further  sum  of  lOi/.;  and  fnr  every  ton  of  ballast  delivered  in  or  unladen  from  the 
Outward  East  India  Dock,  the  further  sum  of  id  ;  and  for  every  ton  of  ballast  delivered  in  or  un- 
r  2  9 


e 

s 

m 

i 

! 

0 


a 


on 


RAT.SVM. 


Ind^n  (Vom  Iho  CommiTrlnl  I)nrk,  llir  fiirllior  mitn  nf  W.;  nnd  for  rvnry  ton  of  l)iilln«t  <)cllvprcil  In  nr 

iiiiIikIi'Ii  t'r I  III'  i::i->t  <'oiiiilr>   l><<i  k,  I  lie  tiirllirr  niiiii  i>(  Ul  ;  mnl  I'or  ivcry  I  mi  nl  IhiIIihi  ili'livrriil  in 

iininliKlrii  t'niiii  III''  t'lly  r:iii:il.  Ilir  I'lirllii'r  xiiiii  >>t'  li/ ;  iiliil  lor  rvi  r)  Ion  hI' IiiiII.ilI  ilrhviriil  In  mi 
iinliiilin  I'nini  llir  piiirrry  Ciiiiiil,  llii'  riirllnr  iiini  i>(  U  ;  mnl  fur  rvrry  Inn  nf  liiillnHl  ilrlivcri'il  In  nr 
liiil:iili'ii  Iroin  Ihc  Ki'tfi'iil'*  Ciiniil.  tin-  fiirlhi'r  ciiiii  nf  \il. 

Willi  h  fiirlliir  riiliH  nr  priirit  iilinll  In'  |iiiy.ililt'  unit  |iiilil  nviT  nnil  nhovo  llm  ri'KpiM'llvn  rnln  Hrit 
nn'iilliinril 

III  I'^Ti.  Ilir  ertt-'i'  riTrl|il  of  llii'  Hiirn*  |mi(l  nn  iicniiMil  nf  IiiiIIiikI  In  llir  hiillnul  nlllrc,  nn  Ihr  Tliiiiiii'ii, 
niinniiili'il  in 'M.U'JII/    l<)n.   \J.     'I'lin  i'\|ii'|iki-h  iiiiiniiiili'il,  iliiriiiK  llic  hii yi'iir.  In  iilimil  'XIJIIKI/ 

'i'lii' li;il|ii><i  iil'iill  hIij|m  iir  M'l-xi'li  I'liiiiinu  liiln  llii'  ^llllllll'^  Ih  In  lin  iinlaili'ii  liili>  ii  liulitrl ,  i\l  the 
rlnirui' nf  I'll/.  II  Inn  If  any  luilliiKl  hr  llirnw  ii  nr  iiiilnilrn  frcnii  iiiiy  i«lil|i  nr  vrwrnl  liilnilii'  Tliiiinri, 
llin  r!i|itiiln,  iiianlnr,  Atr.  Hiiiill  fnr  I'Vrry  «iirli  ntfi'iiri'  fnrfi'll  'Ml.  Nn  liiilliiHl  In  In  lir  riM  I'lvnl  nn  Imaril 
nllinrwlm'  lliiiii  frniii  ri  liulili'r.  ily  llir  olul  AHinn.  :i.  r.  MU.  il  Ih  t'liiicli'il,  lliiii  nn  iirriinii  kIiiiII,  iiiiilcr 
a  iniiiilly  nf  In/,  iivrr  anil  alinvr  all  i'\|h'iiMi'i4,  ilimliarili'  any  li.'illaxl,  riilihlsli,  /kc.  In  an^  nf  Itii'  |iiirl«, 
liarliniir'*.  rnailMliailH.  naviL'alili'  rivirK,  fir.  nf  tin.'  Hiiltcil  kiiiKiliiin  ;  iinr  laki'  liallaHl  Irnin  any  plai  u 
|iri>liililii  il  liv  lln>  l.nrilH  nf  ilir  Ailiniraliy. 

'I'lii'  iiniHlrrs  nf  all  slii|M  I'li'.'iriiiir  mil  m  l>allaHt,  an-  ri'ipilri'il  In  iiiixwrr  any  i|iii'Nlliiim  llial  iniiy  lin 
put  III  llii'in  liv  till'  iiilli'i'inritnr  cinniitrnllirii,  tniuliliiK  llii'  ilrpartiirr  anil  tlrnliiiatlnii  nf  mitli  HlilpH.— 
(:i  «(  I  II  ill   i  r.  yi.i  HI.) 

II  wfirnuii  ship  ilrar  mil  In  Imllast.thr  iiiiiHlnr  may  takr  wllli  liliii  llrlliHli  inaniifarliirKi!  giiudH  nf 
111!'  valiin  nf 'JO/.,  till'  liiiili'  nf  till'  value  nf  10/.  ami  ."i/.  Wnrlli  fnr  rath  of  llif  <ri;w.—  i?  K7. 

DAI.SAM  ((icr.  Unimm  ,■  Dii.  liiilKeui  ,•  Fr.  Hiiunir  ,•  [t.  niulS|).  Itithiniiii;  I.nl.  Ilnhnmuiii). 
Dnlmiiiis  arc  vi'nctiililc  jiiicrs,  cither  lii|ui(l,  or  vvliich  spoiiliiiicmisly  Itcconic  concrete,  coiiiiht- 
iiiif  (it'll  substance  of  ii  resinous  iiiiture,  comhiiieii  witli  benzoic  acid,  or  which  nre  ci»imli|e  of 
aHonliiiK  liciizoic  acid  liy  lieitiK  heiited  alone,  or  \vitl»  water.  'I'he  liijiiid  lialsiiins  arecopaiva, 
opolialsuin,  lialsain  of  Peru,  storax,  and  Tolu;  the  concrete  aru  benzuiii,  dragon's  hluod,  und 
red  or  concrete  storax. — (/>r.  Vrr.) 

1.  Copitirii  (Fr.  Ituiimr  lir  Copalin  ,•  Gor.  Knpnivn  na/nnm;  S|).  Copayrn),  ohtnined 
from  a  tree  (Cuniiifirii)  Rrowiiitf  in  Noulh  America  and  the  West  India  islands.  'J'he  JarRc.st 
quantity  is  furnished  by  the  province  of  Para  in  IJrazil,  It  is  imported  in  small  casks  conlain- 
in<;  from  1  to  1  }  cwt.  (ienuine  ijood  copaivu  or  copaiba  balsam  has  a  |MTuliar  but  a);reeablo 
odour,  and  a  liilterisli,  hot,  nauseous  taste.  It  is  clear  and  transparent ;  its  ronsistence  is  that 
of  oil ;  but  when  exposed  to  tlie  action  of  the  air  it  beronips  solid,  dry,  and  brittle,  like  resin. — 
( T/ii>niii<)ii\i  Di^peiiKiitori),) 

2.  Ojxihii/saiii  (Fr.  Hii/smnier  ik /ii  Meri/ne ;  It,  Opohnlsamo  ;  Pat.  Itahamum  verum 
ulhiini,  .V.fj^iiptiiicum,  Kfjypt,  /iiilr.sKiii),  the  most  precious  of  nil  the  haUnms,  commonly 
railed  Halm  of  (iilead.  It  is  the  |iroduce  of  a  tree  {Aiiiip'is  niUiukii.ii.i)  indigenous  to 
Arabia  and  Abyssinia,  and  trans]ilanted  at  nn  early  jM'riod  to  Judea.  It  is  obtained  by  cut- 
tim;  the  bark  with  an  axe  at  the  time  that  the  juice  is  in  the  stronRcst  circulation.  The  true 
ImlMam  is  of  a  pale  yellowish  colour,  clear  and  triuisparent,  about  the  cunsistoncc  of  Venice 
turpentine,  of  a  strong,  penetrating,  agreeable,  nromatic  smell,  and  n  slightly  bitterish 
pungent  taste.  By  age  it  becomes  yellower,  browner,  and  thicker,  losing  by  degrees,  like 
volatile  oils,  some  of  its  liner  and  more  subtile  |iarts.  It  is  rarely  if  ever  brought  genuine  into 
this  country  ;  dried  Canada  balsam  being  generally  substituted  for  it.  It  was  in  high  repute 
among  the  nncients;  but  it  is  now  principally  used  us  a  cosmetic  by  the  Turkish  ladies. — 
(Dm.  Vrv  and  Tluiinsun.) 

The  Canada  balsam,  now  referred  to,  is  merely  fine  turpentine.     It  is  the  produce  of  the 

Pinus  liiilsiimrii,  and  is  imported  in  casks,  each  containing  about  1  cwt.     It  has  a  strong, 

but  not  a  disagreeable  odour,  and  a  bitterish  taste;  is  transparent,  whitish,  and  has  the  con 

sistencc  of  eopaiva  balsam. — (See  TrnpEXTiNE.) 

"  S'/.afra  anil  IIimIit  am  the  only  plan's  in  tlic  Jledjaz  where  tlin  linlflam  nf  Mi'rim,  nr  Balessan,  ran 
be  prnriiri'il  in  a  pure  stale.  'I'lit'  Iri'c  frniii  wliicli  il  is  collcctt'd  (jrnws  in  the  iieiplihniiriii);  iiiniin- 
lains,  lint  priiici|ially  upnii  Djehi'l  .><nhli,  and  is  ralli'd,  hy  thi!  Arahs,  lleshi'in.  I  was  infnrnii'd  that  It 
is  frmn  10  In  lA  fret  liiL'li,  with  a  sninnth  triiiik,  and  tliiii  hark.  In  the  iiiidille  nf  siiininer  Hinall  inii- 
simis  are  made  in  the  hark  ;  and  the  jiiire,  whii'li  inimediately  issues,  is  taken  ntl°  with  thn  thiinil) 
nnil.  anil  put  intn  a  vessel :  the  cum  appears  to  liR  of  two  kinds,  one  of  a  white,  and  the  other  nf  a 
yellnwish  while  cnlniir ;  the  tirst  is  the  iiinst  esteemed.  I  saw  In^re  some  nf  the  latter  sort  in  u  small 
slieep-skin,  which  the  lleilouins  use  in  hrin).'in|,'  it  to  market :  it  had  a  strong  turpentine  smell,  and  il.4 
taste  was  hitter.  The  people  nf  S'/.alra  iifliially  adulterate  it  with  sesaniiiin  oil  and  tar.  When  they 
try  its  purity,  they  dip  their  tinker  into  it  and  then  set  it  nn  tire  ;  if  it  hum  without  liurtini;  nr  leaving 
n  mark  on  tlie  linuer,  they  jiidse  it  to  he  of  Kood  ipiallly,  hut  if  it  hum  the  fiiiKer  as  soon  as  it  is  sit 
on  lire,  tliey  iiuisider  it  to  he  adiilK.'rated.  I  renieniher  to  havi,'  read,  in  Itruce's  Travels,  an  ai'miint 
of  the  Minile  of  Iryinc  it.  hy  letting'  a  drop  fall  into  a  cup  tilled  with  water  ;  the  f;"oil  halsam  fallini; 
cnncnlated  to  the  hottuni,  and  the  had  ilissolviii);  and  swiniiiiinK  nn  the  surface.  I  tried  this  expen- 
ineiil,  which  was  unknown  to  the  people  here,  and  found  tlie  drop  swim  iipnii  the  water  ;  I  tried  also 
their  test  hy  lire  upon  the  tinper  of  a  Hedouin,  who  had  to  reiiret  his  temerity  :  I,  therefore,  rejjiirded 
the  halsam  sold  here  as  adulterated  ;  it  was  nf  less  density  than  hnney.  I  wished  tn  piirchasi!  sonic  ; 
but  neither  my  own  liag^nKe,  nor  any  of  the  shops  iil  tSzafra  could  furnish  any  thing  like  a  hotlle  tu 
liolil  it :  the  whole  skin  was  too  dear.  The  Dedoiiins,  who  hriiig  it  here,  usually  deniaiid  two  or  Ihrcc 
dollars  per  pound  for  it  when  (piite  pure ;  and  the  Szafra  Arabs  resell  it  to  the  hndjeys  nf  the  great 
earavan  at  hetween  Hand  \1  dollars  per  p  iiinil  in  an  adulti'rated  state.  It  is  bought  up  jirincipully  by 
Persians." — (Burckhartit's  Travels  in  .Arabia,  vol.  ii.  p.  11^.) 

3,  Balsam  of  Peru  (Fr.  Bauvie  de  Peru  ,-  Ger,  Peruvianischer  Bakam  ,■  Sp,  Balsamo 
de  Quinquina  ,•  Lat.  Bahamuni  Peruvianum),  the  produce  of  a  tree  (Myroxi/lim  Pcrui- 
ferum)  growing  in  the  warmest  parts  of  South  America.  The  balsam  procured  by  inci- 
sions made  in  the  tree  is  called  while  liquid  balsam  ,■  that  which  is  found  in  the  shops  is 
obtained  by  boiling  the  twigs  in  water ;  it  is  imported  in  jars,  each  containing  from  SO  to 


t 


40  \\m.  wen 

wiirin  biite 
of  honey. - 
4.  .V/orr/ 
Arab,  fylii 
ami  the  l,i 
mill  stonix  i 
lioth  kinds 
and  a  picas.i 
colour,  and 

r>.  'Di.'ii. 

Tolu).    ']•! 

Peru;  it  be 

fi.   //(/;:(/ 

Hi  iiziiiiiiiin 

article  of  iiiii 

tioncil.     It 

but  |iarticula 

tained  by  ni 

three  years, 

1(1  or  I  a  yen 

wood.     Till 

diller  wiilelv 

Il  is  iiiiporti'il 

liglit-colourci 

rarely,  liowev 

Tlie  worst  SI 

iiifiiniiiilioii.) 

Mr.  Crawf 

this  article:— 

general  article 

islands.     lien 

ncrording  to  ( 

45,  18.    IJenz 

from  adventiti 

tiiiporia  to  wl: 

from  S,')  to  4 

benzoin,  in  his 

Sjianish  dollar 

is  more  esteem 

don  market,  th 

worst  S^  times 

quantity  geiier 

principal   use 

ceremonies  of  i 

by  the  great  in 

it  with  tobacco 

the  steady  deni 

which  is  inher 

people,  as  in  tl 

p.  418.)     The 

■M,^m  lbs.  a  y 

An  inferior  i 

is  produced  in 

7.  Dni<r<)ni 

Hind.  J-feradui 

the  north  and 

exported  to  CI: 

flag-leaves,  or  i 

externally  and 

of  a  bright  criii 

strong  light,  it 

the  latter  is  res 

cakes ;  the  latt 

Being  a  very  ci 

gums  in  water, 

dragon's  blood 


BALSAM. 


07 


ssnn,  can 
ing  iniiiui- 
I'll  tlial  it 
nail  irii'i- 
lii!  tliiniil) 
)lli<'r  of  a 
ill  u  fiiiiall 
II,  ami  lis 
Vlicii  llicy 
or  Iraviitg 
H  it  is  avl 

II  aci'oiint 

III  falliiii; 
is  ».'X|UTi- 
trieil  alsii 

ri'iianli^d 
:1P(!  some  ; 
1  lllltlll'  tu 

o  or  lliri'L' 
tlie  Rrcal 
cipally  l)> 

Balsamo 
n  Pcrtti- 
.  by  inci- 
:  sliops  is 
om  20  to 


10  Urn.  wrislif.  Tf  hni  n  friirrnnt  nroniulir  uilotir,  miirh  ronrntJilintr  tltut  of  iH'ttanin,  wifli  u 
Wiiriii  liittiTixh  tii^li'.  It  IS  vir«-i(l,  of  II  ilfc|i  ri'ililiHh  linivMi  culniir,  lunl  of  tlu>  cuiiiiiMifiu'i* 
of  honey. — {Thiimxiins  IHs/Mniiifurj/.) 

1.  S/iirnr  (Vt.  S/,ir<i.r  ;  i\vr.  Slri/uxhrimm  ;  \X.  Shmtcr  ;  i*\).  Aziiinhnr  ,■  I. iit.  .S7 i/m,r  ,• 
Aral).  Vsliruk),  the  prodiici' of  ii  tr«v  {Sfi/riix  dj/iriiiii/i)  Kfowiiii;  in  tin- Hoiilh  of  Kiiro|N« 
and  the  Iirviiiit,  Only  two  kinili*  iir*'  found  in  thi' Mho|H:  Ntonix  in  trars,  wltiidi  ix  |iiiri>, 
nrid  Mtorax  in  the  Ininp.  or  red  Htornx,  wliicli  in  tnixcd  with  diiwdiiMt  and  oilier  iinpiirilii'H. 
Jliilh  kiiiilH  art'  lirounht  from  thel.rvnnt  in  chi'nti*  iind  hoxcx.  Htonix  haw  a  fr;itrT:iiif  odour; 
and  a  pIcaHant,  Muli-aridiiloiis,  iili){htly  pungent,  nnd  aroiiiiUic  (ahti- ;  it  in  of  ii  ri'ddinh  lirown 
colour,  and  hritllc. — ('niiiiiiMiii'.i  Itispfn.tiitnri/.) 

.'),  'I'li.'ti,  lt<i/.i<iin  iif  (Vr.  liiiumr  dr  Tiilii  ,■  Iter,  Tiihifttnlirfirr  Unhnm  ;  Hp.  Htilsamii  <le 
Ttilu),  'V\w  Irrc  which  yit'ldn  thix  lialHnin  in  the  naiiii'  iih  that  which  yields  the  lialmim  of 
I'crii;  it  licini;  merely  ihe  while  halsam  of  Peru,  hardened  hy  exposure  to  the  air. 

fi,  Itniziiin,  or  Htnjiiniin  (Kr.  Hrnzolii  ,-  (Ser.  Ikiiztie ;  Hp.  Ilin^ni ;  It.  lilzu'inn,-  I.at. 
Ihiizii!niim  ;  Aral),  I, Hum  ,•  Mind.  Ijiilmn  ,•  .lav.  Mriilitn  ,•  Malay,  Cnntiiii/iiii),  is  an 
nrlicle  of  much  greater  commercial  importance  than  anj  of  those  liiilsams  previously  iiieii- 
tioiied.  It  is  olitaincd  from  a  tree  (S/ifrii.v  Urnznlii)  cultivated  in  Humalra  and  Horiieo, 
but  particularly  the  former.  The  plants  product'  in  the  seventh  year.  'I'he  Iialsam  is  oli- 
taincd liy  makini,'  iiieisions  in  the  hark,  when  it  exudes,  and  is  »cra|ied  olF.  Diiriii);  the  first 
three  years,  the  halHam  is  of  a  clear  white  colour,  after  which  it  liecomes  lirown.  Hiiviiii{  Imrne 
1(1  or  \'i  yenrH,  the  tree  is  cut  down,  a  very  inferior  article  Mufi  olitained  liy  Hcrnpini;  the 
wood.  The  lialsaiiis  priMMired  in  these  ilitrerent  stni»es  are  distini;uishi<i)  in  commerce,  anil 
dillcr  widely  in  value.  Ilcn/.oin  has  a  very  aureealile,  frai;rant  odour,  Iml  hardly  any  taste. 
It  is  imported  in  larije  masses,  packed  in  chests  and  casks.  It  should  he  chosen  full  of  dear, 
liuht-cojoured,  and  while  spots,  having;  the  appearance  of  while  niarlile  when  hntken  :  it  is 
rarely,  however,  to  lie  met  with  in  so  pure  a  state,  hut  the  nearer  the  ajiproaeh  to  it  the  lietter. 
'I'he  worst  sort  is  lilackisii,  and  full  t>f  impurities. — {Mitfmrii'.s  Orient.  Ctuii.,  i\nA  private 
iiijhniiiitioii,) 

Mr.  ('rawfurd  lina  given  the  followinfj^  interestinof  and  authentic  details  with  rr^spect  to 
this  article: — Benzoin,  or  frankincense,  called  in  commercial  laui^iiaife  Benjamin,  is  a  more 
Reueral  article  of  commuree  than  camphor,  though  its  jiroiluction  he  confined  to  the  same 
islands.  Beii/.oin  is  di\ided  in  commerce,  like  camphor,  into  three  fiortu  (iieaii,  lielly,  foot), 
nccordiiip;  to  (jualily,  the  comparative  value  of  which  limy  l>t' expressed  hy  the  tiufurcH  1().'>, 
45,  IS.  Beiiziiin  is  valued  in  proportion  to  its  whiteness,  semi-transparency,  and  frtM'd>)in 
from  adventitious  matters.  According  to  it»  purity,  the  first  sort  may  he  bought  at  the 
iiiipiirta  to  which  it  is  hrouglit,  at  from  50  to  100  dollars  per  picul  (i:<:M  llw.) ;  the  second 
from  '45  to  4.')  dollars;  anil  the  worst  from  H  to  20  ilollars.  According  to  I. inschoten, 
benzoin,  in  his  time,  cost,  in  the  market  of  yunda  Calapa  or  .lacatra,  from  l!),;i  ,  to  2.5 1',", 
Spanish  dollars  the  picul.  By  Niebuhr's  account,  the  worst  InMizoin  of  tlie  Indian  islands 
is  more  esteemcil  by  the  Arabs  tha-i  their  own  In-st  olibanitnt,  or  frankincense.  In  the  Lon- 
don market,  the  best  benzoin  is  fourteen  times  more  valuable  than  (tliliumtm,  and  even  the 
worst  'Ji  times  more  valuable.  Dcnzoin  unually  sells  in  England  at  1(),«.  per  pound.  The 
<iuaiitity  generally  imported  into  England,  in  the  time  of  the  moni>poly,  was  .312  cwts.  The 
principal  use  of  this  commodity  is  iw  incense,  and  it  is  equally  in  request  in  the  religiou^t 
ceremonies  of  (Jalholics,  Mohammedans,  Hindus,  and  Chinese.  It  is  also  used  as  a  luxury 
by  the  great  in  fumigations  in  their  houses  ;  and  the  .lapanese  chiefs  are  fond  of  smoking 
it  with  tobacco.  Its  general  use  among  nations  in  such  various  states  of  civilisation,  anil 
the  steady  demand  for  it  in  all  ages,  declare  that  it  is  one  of  those  commodities,  the  taste  for 
which  is  inherent  in  our  nature,  and  not  the  result  of  a  particular  caprice  with  any  individual 
peojile,  as  in  the  case  of  Malay  camphor  with  the  Chinese, — {Indian  Archipf/aixn,  vol.  iii. 
p.  lis.)  The  imports  of  benzoin,  at  an  average  of  the  three  years  ending  with  1830,  were 
yC,397  lbs.  a  year. 

An  inferior  description  of  benzoin,  the  produce  of  a  ilitrerent  tree  from  the  S/ijrax  benzoin, 
is  produced  in  Siam.     It  is  comparatively  cheap  anil  abundant. 

7.  Dra<r(>ns  lHoud  (Fr,  San^-Dragtm  ,-  Lat.  Snni/^ui.i  Drnconi.t  ,■  Arab.  Damufdkhwain  ,• 
Hind.  Herndukii),  the  produce  of  a  large  species  of  rattan  {Calamus  Draco)  growing  on 
the  nortli  and  north-east  coast  of  Sumatra,  and  in  some  parts  of  Borneo.  It  is  largely 
exjiorted  to  China,  and  also  to  India  and  Europe.  It  is  either  in  oval  drops,  wrapped  up  in 
flag-leaves,  or  in  large  and  generally  more  impure  masses,  composed  of  smaller  tears.  It  is 
externally  and  internally  of  a  deep  dusky  red  colour,  and  when  powdereil  it  should  become 
of  a  bright  crimson  ;  if  it  be  black,  it  is  worth  little.  When  broken  and  held  up  against  a 
strong  light,  it  is  somewhat  transparent :  it  has  little  or  no  smell  or  taste  ;  what  it  has  of 
the  latter  is  resinous  and  astringent.  Dragon's  blooil  in  drojis  is  much  preferable  to  that  in 
cakes ;  the  latter  being  more  friable,  anil  less  compact,  resinous,  and  pure  than  the  former. 
Being  a  very  costly  article,  it  is  very  apt  to  be  adulterated.  Most  of  its  alloys  dissolve  like 
gums  in  water,  or  crackle  in  the  fire  without  proving  inflammable ;  whereas  the  genuine 
dragon's  blood  readily  melts  and  catches  flame,  and  is  scarcely  acted  on  by  watery  liquors. 


i 


68 


BALTIMORE— BANDANAS. 


It.  sells  in  the  market  ot  Singaporr  at  from  IT)  to  Sf)  dollars  jmt  picul,  arronliiig  to  quality; 
but  the  Cliinrsc  luive  tlie  art  of  purifying  and  vi'fining  it,  when  it  sells  at  from  80  to  100 
dollars  per  pirul.  The  price  of  the  best  dragon's  blood  in  the  London  market,  varies  from 
21/.  to  2S/,  per  cwt. — (Milburn's  Orienf.  Com. ,-  Crawfvrd'a  East.  Archip. ;  antii  private 
in f I, r mat  ion.) 

The  nett  duty  on  balsams  imported  into  Great  Britain  in  li  32  amounted  to  2,440/.  8,9.  10</. 

BALTIMORE,  u  large  and  opulent  city  of  the  United  'states,  in  Maryland,  situated  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Patnpseo  river,  about  14  mile"  above  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  bay, 
in  lat.  30°  17'  N.  long.  76°  30'  W.  Population  in  1830,  81,000.  The  harbour  is  spa- 
cious, convenient,  and  the  water  deep.  The  exports  principally  consist  of  tobacco,  wheat  and 
wheat-Hour,  hemp  and  flax,  flax-seed,  Indian  corn,  and  other  agricultural  products,  timber, 
iron,  &c.  The  imports  principally  consist  of  cottons  and  woollen.s,  sugar,  coflee,  U'a,  wine, 
brandy,  silk  gomls,  spices,  rum,  &.C.  There  were  in  1830  ten  banks  in  this  city,  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  6,888,691  dollars;  the  total  dividends  for  the  same  year  amounted  to 
362,118  dollars,  being  at  the  rate  of  S;}  per  cent.  There  were  also  four  marine  insurance 
companies,  with  a  capital  of  1,200,000  dollars,  producing  a  dividend  of  nearly  1.5  per  cent, 
on  the  capital  paid  U]) ;  and  two  fire  insurance  companies,  one  of  which  is  on  the  princi[)le 
of  mutual  guuranti'o. — (Slufemeiif  by  J.  II.  (Joildard,  New  York  Dally  Advcrtn^r,  29tli 
of  January,  1831.)  The  registered,  enrolled,  and  licensed  loimage  belonging  to  Baltimore, 
in  December,  1831,  amounted  to  43,263  tons,  of  which  17,57.'i  tons  were  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade.  The  total  value  of  the  articles  imported  into  Maryland,  in  the  year  ending 
the  30tli  of  September,  1832,  was 4,629,303  dollars;  the  total  value  of  the  exports  during 
the  same  year  being  4,499,918  do.  {Papers  laid  htfire  Comrress,  l.'jth  of  February,  1833.) 
In  Maryland  the  dollar  is  worth  7.v.  Cnl.  currency,  1/.  sterling  being=  1/.  13s.  4(/.  currency. 
For  an  account  of  the  currency  of  the  dillerent  states  of  the  Union,  with  a  table  of  the 
value  of  the  dollar  in  each,  see  Nkw  York  ;  and  to  it  also  the  reader  is  referred  for  an 
account  of  tlie  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States.  Weights  and  measures  same  as  those  of 
England. 

F.rpnrt.t  of  Fhiir. — nnltiinori*  is  onn  of  the  prinripal  port;-  nf  the  United  Stales  for  the  export  of 
flour.  Noiit'  is  allowcil  lo  In-  sliipnrd  from  iiiiy  port  of  tlii'  I]  lion  till  it  has  hi'cn  inspeclt'il  hy  public 
olhccrs  :ip|ioinli'il  fur  Ihn  purpose!  ami  its  iinaliiy  liranilcd  on  the  liarrcl,— (Sec  New  Voiik.)  It  ap- 
pears from  the  reports  of  these  olfloers  that  tht; 'flour  iiispeded  at  Ualtiniore  durinR  the  five  years 
etiding  with  iS30,  was  aa  follows  :— 


BANK. 

of  money ; 
accomniodj 


Yein.. 

Wheat  rioiir. 

Hyp  Flour. 

Indian  Corn  Meal. 

Barrels. 

II.-vll  harri'ls. 

Uarrfls. 

Half  harr.'l». 

llllls. 

30 

415 

1,00!) 

559 

llarrels. 

Half  liarrrls. 

lH2(i 

1827 
1H28 
lH2',t 
ISM 

.'i8;),f)7l 
.SO  1,250 

.s.-n.oio 

4fi(i,144 

587,87.') 

2.'>,35.'i 
22,<I2I 
18.882 
1.%11!) 
111,805 

i,n>)S 

1,874 

4,40!) 
12,777 
4,43(i 

4 
63 

48 

2,699 
S,214 

8,708 
6,483 
5,458 

20 

2 

11 

1 

In  18.'i2  there  were  inspected  518,674  barrels,  and  17,544  half  barrels  of  wheat  flour.  The  inspec- 
tions of  tobacco  durniv'  the!  same  year  amounted  to  21,150  hhds. 

[The  banking  capital  of  Baltimore  had  increased  in  the  early  part  of  1837,  to  ^8,611,359. 
The  registered,  enrolled,  and  licensed  tonnage  belonging  to  it,  on  the  last  day  of  September, 
1837,  was  67,107  tons;  of  which  31,621  tons  were  employed  in  the  coasting  trade,  and 
6799  tons  in  steam  navigation.  The  total  value  of  the  articles  imported  into  Maryland  during 
the  year,  ending  on  the  day  just  mentioned,  was  S7,8.'>7,033  ;  and  the  total  value  of  the 
exports  for  the  same  period  was  $3,789,917. — Am.  Ed.] 

BAMBOO  (Fr.  liambou,  Bainhochh ,-  Ger.  Indlanlscher  Rohr ,-  It.  Bamhu  ,•  Hind. 
Rons ;  Malay,  Bi'duli  ,■  Jav.  I'renu;),  a  species  of  cane,  the  Bamhos  arundlnacea  of 
botanists.  It  grows  every  where  within  the  tropics,  and  is  of  the  greatest  utility  :  strictly 
speaking,  it  is  a  gigantic  grass  with  a  ligneous  stem.  It  often  rises  to  the  height  of  40  or  ^0 
feet,  and  soiiietimes  to  even  double  those  heights.  Like  most  plants  lonf  and  extensively 
cultivated,  it  diverges  into  many  varieties.  Some  of  these  are  dwarfish,  while  others,  instead 
of  being  hollow  canes,  arc  .solid.  The  bamboo  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  in  four  or  five  years 
is  fit  for  many  uses,  but  does  not  bear  fruit  or  grain  till  it  be  25  -ears  old,  after  which  it 
perishes.  The  grain  makes  tolerable  bread.  The  young,  but  gigantic  shoots,  as  they  spring 
irom  the  earth,  make  a  tender  and  good  esculent  vegetable.  The  mature  bamboo  is  employ- 
ed in  an  immense  variety  ofways,  in  the  construction  of  houses,  bridges,  boats,  agricultural 
implements,  &c.  Some  varieties  grow  to  such  a  size  as  to  be,  in  the  largest  part,  near  two 
feet  in  circumference,  and  single  knees  of  these  are  used  as  pails  oi  buckets.  The  Chinese 
are  believed  to  fabricate  their  cheap  and  useful  paper  of  macerated  bamboo.  The  canes  used 
in  Europe  as  walking  stick's  are  not  bamboo:),  but  rattans — a  totally  distinct  class  of  plants. 
Bamboos  are  never  used  for  that  purpose. — (I'rirnfc  It) for  mat  Ion.) 

B.'INDANAS,  silk  handkerchiefs,  generally  led  spotted  with  white.  They  were  formerly 
manufactured  only  in  the  East  Indies ;  but  they  are  now  manufactured  of  a  very  good 
<][uality  at  Glasgow  and  other  places. 


Banks  ai 

circulation. 

deposit  that 

that  are  not 

which  kec|) 

tion  is  appit 

own  ]iayal)l( 

empire ;  but 

a  bank  of  de 

there  are  tna 

(1.)    Villi 

banks  has  ct 

mercial  trans 

would  otherv 

vent,  in  a  gr 

nients,  and 

A  merchant 

little  money 

his  banker ; 

don,  to  his  bt 

venience  of  t 

and  would  n( 

however,  the 

of  a  banker,  t 

for  payment 

arc  at  his  ri.sl 

noted  in  the  i 

"  This  circ 

in  the  cour.se 

These  bills  t 

day  to  preset! 

of  one  or  two 

therefore,  sa\ 

also  reasonab 

oversights,  fr 

marking  it  u| 

In  these  ease 

bill,  the  amot 

rarely  ;  but  v 

—{GlllmrVx 

It  is  on  f 

account  with 

bility :  and  ii 

cumstances,  < 

him  all  the  a! 

common  prai 

municate  infi 

To  provide  f 
liez/.leinent  co 
for  tlie  payiiHi 
acent,  with  an 
jurt  of  the  ^'to 


BxVNKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


69 


BANK.— BANKING.  Banks  arc  cstablishmrnts  intendod  to  serve  for  tho  safe  custody 
of  nmnpy  ;  to  facilitate  its  paymont  by  one  individual  to  another ;  and,  someliines,  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  public  with  loans. 

I.  Bankino  (Gk!«gral  PniNCiPiBs  of). 

II.  Bank  of  Enolaxd  (Account  of). 

III.  Banus  (Enijlish  Pbitate  and  Piiovincial). 

IV.  Banks  (Scotch). 
V.  Banks  (Iiiish). 

VI.  Banks  (Foukion). 

VII.  Banks  (Savings). 


20 
2 

11 
1 


,611,359. 
Scjitoinber, 
trade,  and 

id  during 
due  of  the 

Hind. 

inacen  of 

strictly 


c  formerly 

very  good 


I.  Banking  (Genehal  PniNciPLES  or). 

Banks  are  commonly  divided  into  two  great  classes ;  banks  of  deposit,  and  banks  of 
circulation.  This  division  is  not,  however,  a  very  distinct  one ;  for  there  is  no  bank  of 
deposit  that  is  not,  at  the  same  time,  a  bank  of  circulation,  and  few  or  no  banks  of  circulation 
that  arc  not  also  banks  of  deposit.  But  the  term  banks  of  deposit  is  meant  to  designate  those 
which  keep  the  money  of  individuals  and  circulate  it  oidy  ;  while  the  term  banks  of  circula- 
tion is  applied  to  those  which  do  not  thus  confine  their  circulation,  but  issue  notes  of  their 
own  i)ayable  on  demaml.  The  Bank  of  England  Ls  the  principal  bank  of  circulation  in  the 
cmi)ire  ;  but  it,  as  well  as  the  private  banks  of  England  and  Scotland  that  issue  notes,  is  also 
a  bank  of  deposit.  The  private  banking  establishments  in  London  do  not  issue  notes,  and 
there  are  many  similar  establishments  in  Lancashire,  and  other  parts  of  the  country. 

(1.)  U/iliti/  of  Hnnhs,  Private  Bnnkins;  Companies  of  London. — The  .-sUiblishment  of 
banks  has  contributed,  in  no  ordinary  degree,  to  give  security  and  facility  to  all  sorts  of  com- 
mercial transactions.  They  atford  safe  and  convenient  places  of  deposit  for  the  money  that 
would  otherwise  have  to  be  kept,  at  a  considerable  risk,  in  private  houses.  They  also  pre- 
vent, in  a  great  measure,  the  necessity  of  carrying  money  from  place  to  place  to  make  pay- 
ments, and  enable  them  to  be  made  in  the  most  convenient  and  least  expensive  manner. 
A  merchant  or  tradesman  in  London,  for  example,  who  employs  a  banker,  keeps  b»it  very 
little  money  in  his  own  hands,  making  all  his  considerable  payments  by  drafts  or  checks  on 
his  banker ;  and  he  also  sends  the  various  checks,  bills,  or  drafts  payable  to  himself  in  Lon- 
don, to  his  bankers  before  they  become  due.  By  this  means  he  saves  the  trouble  and  incon- 
venience of  counting  sums  of  money,  and  avoids  the  losses  he  would  otherwise  be  liable  to, 
and  vv'ould  no  doubt  occasionally  incur,  from  receiving  coins  or  notes  not  genuine,  Perhai)s, 
however,  tht>  great  advantage  derived  by  the  merchant  or  tradesman  from  the  employment 
of  a  banker,  consists  in  its  relieving  him  from  all  trouble  with  respect  to  the  presentation 
for  payment  of  due  bills  and  drafts.  The  moment  these  are  transferred  to  the  banker,  they 
are  at  his  risk.  And  if  he  either  neglect  to  present  them  when  due,  or  to  have  them  properly 
noted  in  the  event  of  their  not  being  paid,  he  has  to  answer  for  the  consequences. 

"  This  circumstance  alone  must,  cause  an  immense  saving  of  expense  to  a  mercantile  house 
in  the  course  of  a  year.  TjCt  us  suppose  that  a  merchant  has  only  two  bills  duo  each  day. 
These  bills  may  be  payable  in  distant  parts  of  the  town,  so  that  it  may  take  a  clerk  half  a 
day  to  present  them ;  and  in  largo  mercantile  establishments  it  would  take  up  the  whole  time 
of  one  or  two  clerks  to  present  the  due  bills  and  the  drafts.  The  salary  of  these  clerks  is, 
therefore,  saved  by  keeping  an  account  at  a  banker's:  besides  the  saving  of  expense,  it  is 
also  reasonable  to  suppose  that  losses  upon  bills  would  sometimes  occur  from  mistakes,  or 
oversights,  from  miscalculation  as  to  the  time  the  bill  would  become  due — from  errors  in 
marking  it  up — from  forgetfulncss  to  present  it,  or  from  presenting  it  at  the  wrong  place. 
In  these  cases  the  indorsers  and  drawees  are  exonerated  ;  and  if  the  acceptor  do  not  pay  the 
bill,  the  amount  is  lost.  In  a  banking  house  such  mistakes  occur  sometimes,  though  more 
rarely  ;  but  when  they  do  oceur,  the  loss  falls  upon  the  banker,  and  not  upon  his  customer." 
— (Gilhart'K  Practical  Ohnervation.i  on  Banking.) 

It  is  on  other  grounds  particularly  desirable  for  a  merchant  or  tradesman  to  have  an 
account  with  a  banking  house.  He  can  refer  to  his  bankers  as  vouchers  for  his  respecta- 
bility :  and  in  the  event  of  his  wishing  to  acquire  any  inforiuation  with  respect  to  the  cir- 
cumstances, or  credit,  of  any  one  with  whom  he  is  not  acquainted,  his  bankers  will  render 
him  all  the  assistance  in  their  power.  In  this  respect  they  have  great  facilities,  it  being  the 
common  practice  amongst  the  bankers  in  London,  and  most  other  trading  towns,  to  com- 
municate information  to  each  other  as  to  the  credit  and  solvency  of  their  customers. 

Tn  provide  for  tlie  piitilio  serurity,  tlie  statute  7  &  S  (ten,  4.  c.  2'.».  J  I').  "  for  tlie  piinishnient  of  em- 
liezzlt'iiicMil  fomiiiitlfd  liy  aui'iils  iiitnislcd  willi  properly, "  eiiiiclp,  ••'I'liiit  if  any  inotiey,  or  security 
for  ttiu  payiiiiMit  of  iiioiicy,  stiall  l)e  itilriisted  to  any  liankor,  inercli.int,  lirokor,  alloriiey,  or  otlier 
ani'ut,  with  any  ilirecliou  in  irritiiii'  to  applysiuli  money,  or  any  pari  lliercof,  or  tlie  proceeds  or  any 
part  of  llie  [rocecda  of  siicli  security,  fur  any  purpose  specified  in  such  direction,  and  lie  shall,  in  vio'- 


c 

1 

! 

Hi 

3 

i 

0 

1 


i 

5 


s 


•**■'' 


70 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


tntion  of  cnnd  faitli,  ami  rontrary  to  tlip  piirppsc  so  ppccified.  in  any  wisp  oonvort  to  bin  own  iieo  nr 
benefit  siirli  iiioney,  srcnrity,  or  liroci'eds,  or  niiy  part  tliereofrespertivi'ly.  every  such  offender  shall 
be  cuilty  of  a  niisiiein<iiiiiir,  and  lieinf!  roiivlc.ti'd'thereof,  shall  he  liable,  ai  the  (llsrretiiin  of  the  toiirt, 
to  be  transported  beyond  seas,  for  any  term  not  (exceeding  fourteen  years,  nor  less  than  seven  years, 
or  to  suffer  surh  pniiishment  by  tine  or  imprisonment,  nr  by  both,  as  the  ronrt  shall  award  j  and  if 
;iny  chattel  or  valnahle  security,  or  any  power  id'  attorney  for  the  sale  or  transfer  of  any  share  or  in- 
terest in  any  public  stock  or  fund,  whether  of  this  l<in|^dom,  nr  of  Great  llritain,  or  of  Ireland,  or  of 
any  foreign  state,  or  in  any  fund  of  any  body  corporate,  contpany  or  society,  shall  be  inlrnsled  to  any 
banker,  merchant,  broker,  attorney,  or  other  aceiil,  for  safe  custody,  or  for  any  special  purpose,  irilli- 
vitt  ««// n«f/t»ri(// to  sell,  iieBoliate,  transfer,  or  pb'dge,  and  he  shall,  in  violation  of  good  faith,  and 
eontrary  to  the  object  or  purpose  which  sudi  chattel  or  security,  nr  pnwer  of  attorney,  sliall  have 
l>een  intrusted  to  him.  sell,  negotiate,  IrnnstVr,  pledge,  or  in  any  manner  convert  to  his  own  use  or 
beiielit  such  chattel  or  security,  or  the  (iroceeds  of  the  same,  or  any  part  tliereof,  or  the  share  nr  in- 
terest  in  stock  nr  fund  to  which  sucli  pnwer  of  attorney  shall  relate,  or  any  part  thereof,  every  such 
offender  shall  be  guilty  of  :i  misdemeanor,  and  being  convicted  thereof,  shall  be  liable,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  court,  to  any  of  the  punishments  wliich  the  court  may  award  us  hereinbefor'-  last 
mentioned." 

This  act  is  not  to  affect  trustees  and  mortgagees,  nor  bankers  receiving  money  due  upon  securities, 
nor  securities  u|ion  which  they  have  a  lien,  claim,  or  demand,  entitling  them  by  law  to  sell,  transfer, 
or  otherwise  dispose  of  them,  unless  such  sale,  transfer,  or  other  disposal  shall  extend  to  a  greater 
number  or  part  of  such  securities  or  effects  than  shall  l)U  requisite  for  satisfying  such  lien,  claim, 
&.<:.— 1)  .^O. 

Nothing  in  ttiis  act  is  to  prevent,  impeach,  or  lessen  any  remedy  at  law  nr  in  equity,  which  .nny 
party  aggrieved  by  any  such  offence  might  nr  would  have  had,  had  it  not  been  passed.  No  banker, 
merchant,  &.c.  shall  beconvicted  as  an  offender  against  this  act,  in  respect  of  any  act  done  by  bim,  if 
be  shall  at  any  tinu'  pn^viously  to  his  being  indicted  for  such  <iffence  have  disclosed  nucb  act  on  oath, 
in  consecjuence  of  any  cnmpulsnry  process  of  any  court  of  law  or  equity,  in  any  action  bona  file  insti- 
tuted by  any  party  agcrieved.  or  if  he  sliall  have  disclosed  the  same  in  any  examination  o-  de|)osition 
bet'ore  any  c(unmissinner  nf  bankrupt. — }  52. 

Tlir  Bank  of  EnQ;laiKl,  and  the  private  banldnj^  companies  of  Iiondon  as  well  as  some  of 
ihe  English  provincial  hanks,  charge  no  coinnii.ssion  on  the  payments  i^tade  and  received  on 
account  of  those  who  deal  with  them.  But  they  allow  no  interest  on  the  sums  deposited  in 
their  hands;  and  it  is  either  stipulated  or  distinctly  understood  that  a  person  employing  a 
banker  should,  besides  furnishinc!  him  with  sufllcicnt  funds  to  pay  his  drafts,  keep  an  average 
balance  in  the  banker's  hands,  varying,  of  course,  according  to  the  amount  of  business  done 
on  his  account;  that  is,  according  to  the  number  of  his  checks  or  drafts  to  be  paid,  and  the 
number  of  drafts  and  bids  to  be  received  for  him.  The  bankers  then  calculate,  as  well  as 
they  can,  the  probable  amount  of  cash  that  it  will  be  necessary  for  them  to  keep  in  their 
cotiers  to  meet  the  ordinary  demands  of  their  customers,  and  employ  the  balance  in  discount- 
ing mercantile  bills,  in  the  purcha.^e  of  government  securities,  or  in  some  other  sort  of  pro- 
fitable adventure;  so  that  their  profits  result,  in  the  case  of  their  not  issuing  notes,  from  the 
difference  between  the  various  expen.ses  attendant  on  the  management  of  their  establish- 
ments, and  the  profits  derived  from  such  part  of  the  sums  lodged  in  their  hands  as  they  can 
venture  to  employ  in  an  advantageous  way. 

The  directors  of  the  Bank  of  England  do  not  allow  any  individual  to  overdraw  his  account, 
They  answer  drafts  to  the  full  extent  of  the  funds  deposited  in  their  hands ;  but  they  will 
not  pay  a  draft  if  it  exceed  their  amount.  Private  bankers  are  not  generally  so  scrupulous; 
nio.st  of  them  allow  respectable  individuals,  in  whom  they  have  confidence,  to  overdraw  their 
accounts  ;  those  who  do  so  paying  interest  at  the  rate  of  .5  [ler  cent,  or  whatever  sums  they 
overdraw.  The  possession  of  this  power  of  overdrawing  is  often  a  great  convenience  to 
merchants,  while  it  is  rarely  productive  of  loss  to  the  banker.  The  money  which  is  over- 
drawn is  usually  replaced  within  a  short  period;  sometimes,  indeed,  in  the  course  of  a  day 
or  two.  The  directors  of  the  Bank  of  England  decline  granting  this  facility  from  a  disin- 
clination on  their  part  to  come  into  competition  in  a  matter  of  this  sort  with  private  bankers, 
who  transact  this  kind  of  business  better,  probably,  than  it  could  be  done  by  a  great  esta- 
blishment like  the  Bank. 

1'he  facility  which  banks  alTord  to  the  public  in  the  negotiation  of  bills  of  exchange,  or 
in  the  making  of  payment  at  distant  places,  is  very  great.  Many  of  the  banking  companies 
established  in  different  districts  have  a  direct  intercourse  with  each  other,  and  they  have  all 
correspondents  in  London.  Hence  an  individual  residing  in  any  part  ot' the  country,  who 
may  wish  to  make  a  payment  in  any  other  part,  however  di.stant,  may  effect  his  objoci  hy 
apj)lying  to  the  bank  nearest  to  him.  Thus,  suppose  A.  of  Penzance  has  a  payment  to 
make  to  B.  of  Inverness:  to  send  the  money  by  post  would  be  hazardous;  and  if  there 
were  fractional  parts  >f  a  jiound  in  the  sum,  it  would  hardly  be  practicable  to  make  use  nf 
the  post :  how  then  will  A.  manage  ?  He  will  jmy  the  sum  to  a  banker  in  Penzance,  and 
his  debtor  in  Inverness  will  receive  it  from  a  banker  there.  The  transaction  is  extremely 
simjile  :  the  Penzance  banker  orders  his  correspondent  in  Ijondon  (o  pay  to  the  corresjioiK' 
cut  of  the  Inverness  banker  the  sum  in  (piestion  on  account  of  B. ;  and  the  Inver;iess 
banker,  being  advised  in  course  of  post  of  what  has  been  done,  pisys  B.  A  small  coiniiiissioii 
charged  by  the  Penzance  banker,  and  the  postage,  constitute  the  whole  expense,  'i'liere  is 
no  risk  whatever,  and  the  whole  affair  is  transacted  iii  the  most  commodious  and  cheapest 
manner. 

By  far  the  largest  proportion  both  of  the  inland  bills  in  circulation  in  the  country,  and  also 
of  the  foreign  bills  drawn  upon  Great  Britain,  are  made  payable  in  London,  the  grand  fix'us 


'm 


to  which  al 

And  in  orik 

tropolis  are 

who  curries 

other  banke 

arc  drawn 

Bank  of  Ei 

transactions 

average,  tlia 

In  conseq 

settlement  c 

extensive  coi 

It  is  not,  ind 

efTfcted  ;  bu 

present  r;:qu 

money,  for  t 

that  "iOO  mil 

business  but 

grounds  for 

importance  o 

dered  capable 

ner,  that  wot 

millions  are  e 

l.'JO  millions 

circulation,  i 

merce. 

(2.)  Sub.ii 

may  be  susta 

the  business  ( 

a  large  portio 

paper  instead 

the  objects  of 

this  substitut 

of  the  progre; 

to  enforce  the 

that  they  won 

they  were  ind 

of  whose  solve 

debts  due  by  c 

this  way  has  ( 

profit  by  issuii 

money  in  the 

in  whose  wea 

of  .5,000/.,  grai 

this  note  pass 

to  hand  as  cas 

amount  of  gol 

as  it  continues 

notes,  coins  as 

promise  to  pa 

while  he  thus 

wealth  of  the  ! 

ably  more  com 

be  carried  abo 

observe,  that  it 

no  greater  ^m 

paper.     No  do 

injured  him,  it 

to  the  holder  w 

the  wealth  of  t 

Promissory  i 

who  accept  th 

they  feel  assuri 

pi  red  lo  excite 

additional  notes 

Such,  however, 

declared  kgal  t 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


71 


hnnfre,  or 

companies 

cy  have  all 

nlry,  who 

objort  liy 
lavmrnt  to 
ui  if  ihiTO 
ikf  use  iif 

ZrtllCl'.  i\iul 

t'xtreriifly 
i'sjioik' 
Iiivoruoss 
miinissiim 
'riit-re  is 
rhoapi'st 

,  (111(1  also 
rand  locus 


to  which  all  the  pecuniary  transactions  of  the  empire  arc  ultimately  brought  to  be  adjusted. 
And  in  order  still  further  to  economise  the  use  of  money,  the  principal  bankers  of  the  me- 
tropolis are  in  the  habit  of  sending  a  clerk  each  day  to  the  ckarinir  house  in  Loniliard-strcct, 
who  curries  widi  him  the  various  bills  in  the  possession  of  his  house  that  arc  drawn  upon 
other  bankers ;  and  having  exchanged  them  for  the  bills  in  possession  of  those  others  that 
arc  drawn  upon  his  constituents,  the;  balance  on  the  one  side  or  the  other  is  paid  in  cash  or 
Bank  of  England  notes.  By  this  contrivance  the  bankers  of  London  are  enabled  to  settle 
transactions  to  the  extent  of  several  millions  a  day,  by  the  employment  of  not  more,  at  an 
average,  than  from  200,000/.  to  300,000/.  of  cash  or  Hank  notes. — (See  Clkauimj  HorsK.) 

In  conse()ucnce  of  these  and  other  facilities  alForded  by  the  intervention  of  bankers  for  the 
settlement  of  pecuniary  transactions,  the  money  required  to  conduct  the  business  of  an 
extensive  country  is  reduced  to  a  trifle  only,  compared  with  what  it  would  otherwise  be. 
It  is  not,  indeed,  possible  to  {i>rm  any  very  arcuiate  estimate  of  the  total  saving  that  a  thus 
effected  ;  but,  sup{)osiiig  that  50  ot  60  millions  of  gold  and  silver  and  bank  notes  are  at 
present  r;:(piired,  notwithstanding  all  th<!  devices  that  have  been  resorted  to  for  economising 
money,  for  the  circulation  of  Great  Britain,  it  may,  one  should  think,  be  fairly  concluded, 
that  200  millions  would,  at  the  very  least,  have  been  re((Uired  »'»  transact  an  ecjuul  extent  of 
business  but  for  those  devices.  Ifthit  statement  be  nearly  arciirate,  and  there  are  good 
grounds  for  thinking  that  it  is  rather  under  than  over  rated,  it  strikingly  cxliilits  the  vast 
importance  of  banking  in  a  public  point  of  view.  By  its  mcuus  SO  or  60  millions  are  ren- 
dered capable  of  performing  the  same  functions,  and  in  an  infinitely  more  connnodious  man- 
ner, that  would  otherwise  have  required  four  times  that  sum;  and  supposing  that  20  or  30 
millions  are  employed  by  the  bankers  as  a  capital  in  th;;ir  establishments,  no  less  than  120  or 
130  millions  will  be  altogether  disengaged,  or  cease  to  be  employed  as  an  instrument  of 
circulation,  and  made  available  for  employment  in  agriculture,  manu'ictures,  and  com- 
merce. 

(2.)  Substifullon  of  Banff  Notes  for  Coins.  Mrans  htj  which  the  value  i.f  Bank  Notes 
mat/  he  sustained. — ]\ot  only,  however,  does  the  formation  of  banking  establishments  enable 
the  business  of  a  country  to  be  conducted  with  a  far  less  amount  of  money,  but  it  also  enables 
a  large  portion  of  that  less  amount  to  be  fabricated  of  the  liuxt  valaublc  materials:,  or  of 
paper  instead  of  gold.  It  would,  however,  alike  exceed  the  limits  and  be  inconsistent  with 
the  objects  of  th's  article,  to  enter  into  lengthened  details  with  respect  to  the  mode  in  which 
this  substitution  originally  took  place.  It  is  suH'icient  to  observe,  that  it  naturally  grew  out 
of  the  progress  of  society.  When  governments  became  sufficiently  powerful  and  intelligent 
to  enforce  the  observance  of  contracts,  individuals  possessed  of  written  promisi^s  from  othera 
that  they  would  pay  certain  sums  at  specified  periods,  began  to  assign  them  to  those  to  whom 
they  were  indebted ;  and  vvhcn  those  by  whom  such  obligations  arc  subscribed  are  persons 
of  whose  solvency  no  doubt  can  be  entertained,  they  are  readily  accepted  in  payment  of  the 
debts  due  by  one  individual  to  another.  But  when  the  c'rculation  of  obligations  or  bills  in 
this  way  has  continued  for  a  while,  individuals  begin  to  perceive  that  they  may  derive  a 
profit  by  issuing  them  in  such  a  form  as  to  tit  them  for  being  readily  used  as  a  substitute  tor 
money  in  the  ordinary  transactions  of  life.  Hence  the  origin  of  bank  notes.  An  individual 
in  whose  wealth  and  discretion  the  public  have  confidenc  e  being  applied  to  for  a  loan,  say 
of  .5,000/.,  grants  the  applicant  his  bill  or  note  payable  on  demand  for  that  sum.  Now,  as 
this  note  passes,  in  consequence  of  the  confidence  placed  in  the  issuer,  currently  from  hand 
to  hand  as  cash,  it  is  quite  as  useful  to  the  borrower  as  if  he  had  obtained  an  equivalent 
amount  of  gold;  and  supposing  that  the  rate  of  interest  is  5  per  cent.,  it  will  yield,  so  long 
as  it  continues  to  circulate,  a  revenue  of  250/.  a  year  to  the  issuer.  A  banker  who  issues 
notes,  coins  as  it  were  his  credit  He  derives  the  same  revenue  from  the  loan  of  his  written 
promise  to  pay  a  jerlain  sum,  that  he  would  derive  from  the  loan  of  the  sum  itself;  and 
while  he  thus  increases  his  own  income,  he  at  the  same  time  contributes  to  increase  the 
wealth  of  the  society.  Besides  being  incomparably  cheaper,  bank  notes  are  also  ineomjiar- 
ably  more  commodious  than  a  metal  currency.  A  bank  note  for  1,000/.  or  100,000/.  may- 
be carried  about  with  as  much  facility  as  a  single  sovereign.  It  is  of  importance,  too,  t» 
observe,  that  its  loss  or  destruction,  whether  by  fire,  shipwreck,  or  otherwise,  would  be  of 
no  greater  .mportance  in  a  public  point  of  view,  than  the  loss  or  destruction  of  as  much 
paper.  No  doubt  it  might  be  a  serious  calamity  to  the  holder;  but  whatever  the  exteit  it 
injured  him,  it  would  proportionally  benefit  the  issuer,  whereas  the  loss  of  coin  is  an  injury 
to  the  holder  without  being  of  service  to  any  one  else ;  it  is,  in  fact,  so  much  abstracted  from 
the  wealth  of  the  community. 

Promissory  notes  issued  by  private  individuals  or  associations  circulate  only  because  those 
who  accept  them  have  full  confidence  in  the  credit  and  solvency  of  the  issuers,  or  because 
they  feel  assured  that  they  will  be  paid  when  they  become  due.  If  any  circumstances  trans- 
pired lo  excite  suspicions  as  to  their  credit,  it  would  In?  impossible  for  them  to  circulate  any 
additional  notes,  and  those  that  they  had  issued  would  be  immediately  returned  for  payment. 
Such,  however,  is  not  the  case  with  paper  money  properly  so  caUed,  >>t  with  notes  that  aro 
declared  ligal  tender.    It  is  not  necessary,  in  order  to  sustain  the  value  of  such  notes,  that 


e 

! 

0 


I 

8 

0 


.>««' 


72 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


they  should  be  payable  at  all ;  the  only  thing  that  is  required  for  that  purpose  is,  that  they 
Bhou\d  he  \»sueA  in  limited  Quantifies,  Every  country  has  a  certain  number  of  exchanges 
to  make ;  and  whether  these  are  eflected  by  the  employment  of  a  given  number  of  coins  of  a 
particular  denomination,  or  by  the  employment  of  the  same  number  of  notes  of  the  same 
denomination,  is,  in  this  respect,  of  no  importance  whatever.  Notes  which  have  been  made 
legal  tender,  and  are  not  payable  on  demand,  do  not  circulate  l)ecause  of  any  confidence 
placed  in  the  capacity  of  the  issuers  to  retire  them ;  neither  do  tliey  circulate  because  they 
are  of  the  same  real  value  as  the  commodities  for  which  they  are  exchanged ;  but  they  circu- 
late because,  having  been  selected  to  perform  the  functions  of  money,  they  are,  as  such, 
readily  received  by  all  individuals  in  payment  of  their  debts.  Notes  of  this  descripti  m  may 
be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  tickets  or  counters  to  be  used  in  computing  the  value  of  property, 
and  in  transferring  it  from  one  individual  to  another.  And  as  they  are  no  wise  afiected  by 
fluctuations  of  credit,  their  value,  it  is  obvious,  must  depend  entirely  on  the  quantity  of  them 
in  circulation  aa  compared  with  the  payments  to  be  made  through  their  instrumentality,  or 
tlie  business  they  have  to  perform.  By  reducing  the  supplv  of  notes  below  the  supply 
of  coins  that  would  circulate  in  their  place  were  they  withdrawn,  their  value  is  raised  above 
the  value  of  gold ;  while,  by  increasing  them  to  a  greater  extent,  it  is  proportionally  lowered. 

Hence,  supposing  it  were  possible  to  obti."i  any  security  other  than  immediate  converti- 
bility into  the  precious  met;ds,  tliat  notes  declared  to  be  legal  tender  would  not  br  issued  in 
excess,  but  that  their  number  afloat  would  be  so  adjusted  as  to  preserve  their  value  as  com- 
pared with  gold  nearly  uniform,  the  obligation  to  pay  them  on  demand  might  be  done  away. 
But  it  is  needless  to  say  that  no  such  security  can  be  obtained.  Wherever  the  power  to 
issue  paper,  not  immediately  convertible,  has  been  conceded  to  any  set  of  persons,  it  has  been 
abused,  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  such  paper  has  uniformly  been  over-issued,  or  its  value 
depreciated  from  excess.  It  is  now  admitted  on  all  hands  to  W,  indispensable,  in  order  to 
prevent  injurious  fluctuations  in  the  value  of  money,  that  all  notes  be  made  payable,  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  holder,  in  an  unvarying  quantity  of  gold  and  silver.  This  renders  it  impos- 
sible for  the  issuers  of  paper  to  depreciate  its  value  below  that  of  the  precious  metuls.  1'hey 
may,  indeed,  by  over-issuing  paper,  depress  the  value  of  the  whole  currenCj',  gold  as  v.  ell  as 
paper,  in  the  country  in  which  the  over-issue  is  made ;  but  the  moment  that  they  do  this, 
gold  logins  to  be  sent  abroad;  and  paper  being  returned  uj)on  the  issuers  for  payment,  they 
are,  in  order  to  prevent  the  exhaustion  of  their  coflers,  compelled  to  lessen  their  issues;  and 
thus,  by  raising  the  value  of  the  currency,  stop  the  drain  for  bullion. 

It  does,  however,  appear  to  us,  that  it  is  not  only  necessary,  in  order  to  prevent  the  over- 
issue of  paper,  to  enact  that  all  notes  should  be  payable  on  demand,  but  that  it  is  further 
necessary,  in  order  to  insure  compliance  with  this  enactment,  to  prohibit  any  one  from  issu- 
ing notes  until  he  has  satisticd  the  government  of  his  ability  to  pay  them.  The  circum- 
stances that  excite  public  confidence  in  the  issuers  of  paper  are  often  of  the  most  deceitful 
description  ;  and  innumerable  instances  have  occurred,  of  the  population  of  extensive  dis- 
tricts having  sulFereil  severely  from  die  insolvency  of  bankers  in  whom  they  placed  the 
utmost  confidence.  In  1793,  in  1814,  1815,  and  1816,  and  again  in  1825,  a  very  largo 
proportion  of  the  country  banks  were  destroyed,  and  produced  by  their  fall  an  extent  of  ruin 
that  hiis  hardly  been  equalled  in  any  other  country.  And  when  such  disasters  have  already 
happened,  it  is  surely  the  bounden  duty  of  government  to  hinder,  by  every  means  in  its 
power,  tlieir  recurrence.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  aflirm,  that  we  have  sustained  ten  times 
more  injury  from  the  circulation  of  worthless  paper,  or  paper  issued  by  persons  without  the 
means  of  retiring  it,  than  from  the  issue  of  spurious  coin.  It  is  said,  indeed,  by  those  who  are 
hos'ile  to  interference,  that  coins  are  legal  tenders,  whereas,  notes  being  destitute  of  that 
p'r'.vilege,  those  who  suspect  them  are  at  lilwrty  to  refuse  them  but,  whatever  notes  may  Iks 
mlaw,  they  are,  in  very  many  districts, /j/-flc//ca//i/  and  in  fad,  legal  Uuiders,  and  could  not 
be  rejected  without  exposing  the  parties  to  much  inconvenience.  It  should  also  be  observed, 
that  labourers,  women,  minors,  and  every  sort  of  persons,  however  incapable  of  judging  of 
the  stability  of  banking  establishments,  are  dealers  in  money,  and  consequently  liable  to  be 
imposed  upon.  This,  then,  is  clearly  a  case  in  which  it  is  absolutely  imperative  uiwn 
government  to  interfere,  to  protect  the  interests  of  those  who  cannot  protect  themselves, 
cither  by  compelling  all  individuals  applying  for  stamps  for  notes,  to  give  security  for  their 
payment,  or  by  making  sure,  in  some  other  way,  that  they  have  the  means  of  paying  them, 
and  that  the  circulation  of  the  notes  will  be  a  lienelit  and  not  an  injury  to  the  public, 

A  security  of  this  sort  has  been  exacted  in  the  case  of  the  Bank  of  England;  and  the 
whole  14,C8G,00U/,  lent  by  the  Bank  to  government,  must  be  sacriliced  before  the  holders 
of  her  notes  can  sustain  the  smallest  loss.  Her  stability  has,  therefore,  been  truly  said,  liy 
L)r.  8mith,  to  be  equal  to  that  of  the  British  government.  The  system  of  taking  seciirities 
having  been  found  to  answer  so  well  in  the  case  of  the  Bank  of  England,  i.--  a  powerful 
argument  in  favour  of  its  extension.  Were  securities  taken  fro-'  the  country  banks,  their 
ultimate  failure,  in  the  capacity  of  oanks  of  issue,  wtmld  be  remlered  impossible;  and  a 
degree  of  solidity  would  be  given  to  our  mom-y  system,  which  it  is  idle  to  ex^ject  it  can  ever 
attain,  so  long  as  it  continues  on  its  present  footing. 


It  is  exf 

suggested 
note  will 
engraving, 
this  may 
notes,  their 
and  ti)  le.ssi 
[)roininent 
pression  of 

(3,)   Bai 
to  the  prcsc 
holder,  in 
very  ((uestic 
which  mak( 
branches,  ft 
Bank  are 
this  sort  w 
time  tl:at  it 
The  unjust 
situation  of 
bullion,  not 
is  harder  sti 
latter,  as  we 
quence  her 
render  assis 
diminished, 
were  all,  ho\ 
any  circuins 
sold  or  pledj! 
exchanged, 
entertained  ti 
ers  of  th'-ir  i 
Bank  of  En 
establishmen 
having  done 
gold  from  the 
issue  about,  a 
healthy  state 
perilous  a  sit 
except  the   ] 
panics  or  rur 
as  it  appears 

It  was,  no 
referred  to  v 
sending  note 
from  demant 
the  notes  issi 
would  more 
this  notion  p 
system  of  cu' 
in  the  provin 
London  bein 
of  the  empir 
alFected  by 
might  be,  ai 
over-issue  or 
always,  in  tl 
being,  in  cor 
of  the  count 
with  that  of 
material  to  o 
demand  upo 
defect  that  c, 
is  out  of  tho 
and  cheaper 
redundancy  > 
rence  canno 
G 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


73 


is,  that  they 
if  exchanges 
of  coins  of  a 
uf  the  tiame 
e  been  made 
y  confidence 
lecause  they 
t  they  cireu- 
are,  as  such, 
;ripti  )n  may 
of  property, 
B  aflected  by 
itity  of  them 
nentality,  or 
V  the  supply 
raised  above 
lily  lowered, 
ite  converti- 
br  issued  in 
ilue  as  corn- 
done  away, 
ae  power  to 
,  it  lias  been 
or  its  value 
;  in  order  to 
yal)le,  at  the 
ers  it  impos- 
ituis.  They 
Id  as  v.ell  as 
Ihey  do  this, 
lynient,  they 
issues ;   and 

;nt  the  over- 
[  it  is  further 
from  issu- 
he  circum- 
ost  deceitful 
tensive  dis- 
placed the 
very  largo 
tent  of  ruin 
[»ve  already 
neans  in  ltd 
ttm  times 
without  the 
osc  who  are 
ute  of  that 
ites  may  lie 
could  not 
e  observed, 
judging  of 
liable  to  be 
ative  u|wn 
hemselvfs, 
fi)r  their 
ying  them, 
)lic. 

i ;  and  the 
he  holders 
ly  said,  liy 
securiti>'s 
1  powerful 
nks,  their 
lie ;  and  a 
t  can  ever 


It  is  exceedingly  di(Ticult  to  prevent  the  issue  of  forged  notes.  Various  schemes  have  bcea 
suggested  for  this  purpose;  and  though  it  is  hardly  possible  to  suppose  that  an  hiiiiii'i'hle 
note  will  ever  be  produced,  it  is  contended,  that  by  judiciously  combining  different  sor  ,  of 
engraving,  forgery  may  be  rendered  so  difficult,  as  to  be  but  rarely  attempted.  But  how.  'cr 
this  may  be,  during  the  period  from  1797  to  1819,  when  the  Bankof  England  issued  1/. 
notes,  their  forgery  was  carried  on  to  a  great  extent.  And  the  desire  lo  check  this  pract  co, 
and  to  lessen  the  frequency  of  capital  punishments,  appears  to  have  been  amongst  the  most 
prominent  circumstances  which  led  to  the  return  to  specie  payments  in  1831,  and  the  sup- 
pression of  1/.  notes — (8ee  'i'able  I.) 

(3.)  Bank  iif  Eniflund  Notes  kgal  lender. — According  to  the  law  as  it  stood  j)rcviously 
to  the  present  year  (1834),  all  descriptions  of  notes  were  payable  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
holder,  in  coin  of  the  standard  weight  and  purity.  But  the  policy  of  such  a  regulation  wiis 
very  (juestionable ;  and  we  regard  the  enactment  of  the  late  stat.  3  «Sc  4  Will.  4.  c.  9f^., 
which  makes  Bank  of  England  notes  legal  tender,  every  where  except  at  the  Bank  and  its 
branches,  for  all  sums  above  5/.,  as  a  very  great  improvement.  So  long  as  the  notes  of  the 
Bank  are  themselves  convertible,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  holder,  into  coin,  an  arrangement  of 
this  sort  will,  it  is  obvious,  effectually  prevent  any  over-issue  of  country  paper,  at  the  same 
time  that  it  is  free  from  many  very  serious  disadvantages  that  attached  to  the  former  jiliui. 
The  unjust  liabilities  imposed  upon  the  Bank  of  England  by  the  old  system,  placed  her  in  a 
ciituation  of  great  difficulty  and  hazard.  They  obliged  her  to  provide  a  supply  of  coin  and 
bullion,  not  for  her  own  exigencies  only,  but  for  those  of  a//  the  country  banks;  and,  what 
is  harder  still,  they  exposed  her  to  be  Jeeply  injured  by  any  misconduct  on  the  part  of  the 
latter,  as  well  as  by  the  distress  in  which  they  might  accidentally  be  involved.  In  conse- 
quence her  free  action  has  been  at  all  times  in  some  degree  impeded ;  and  her  power  to 
render  assistance  to  the  banking  and  ni^ '"'titile  interests  in  periods  of  discredit  materially 
diminished.  The  country  banks  kept  but  a  small  supply  of  coin  in  their  coifors.  They 
were  all,  however,  holders,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  of  government  securities ;  and  whenever 
any  circumstance  occurred,  to  occasion  a  demand  upon  them  for  coin,  they  immediately 
sold  or  pledged  the  whole  or  a  portion  of  their  stock,  carried  the  notes  to  the  Bank  to  be 
exchanged,  and  then  carried  the  specie  to  the  country.  Hence,  when  any  suspicions  were 
entertained  of  the  credit  of  the  country  banks,  or  when  a  panic  originated  amongst  the  hold- 
ers of  th»'ir  notes,  as  was  the  case  in  1793  and  18'25,  the  whole  of  them  retreated  upon  the 
Bank  of  England,  and  700  or  800  conduits  were  opened,  to  draw  off  the  specie  of  that 
establishment,  wliich  was  thus,  it  is  evident,  exposed  :o  the  risk  of  stoppage  without 
having  done  any  thing  wrong.  It  was  not  the  drain  for  gold  from  abroad,  but  the  drain  for 
gold  from  the  country,  that  nearly  exhausted  the  Bank's  coffers  in  1825,  and  forced  her  to 
issue  about  a  million  of  I/,  and  2/.  notes,  The  currency  could  not  possibly  b'>  in  a  sound 
healthy  state,  while  the  Bank  of  England,  and,  through  her,  public  credit,  were  placed  in  so 
perilous  a  situation.  But  the  making  of  Bank  of  England  notes  legal  tender  at  all  places 
except  the  Bank,  will  tend  materially  to  protect  her  from  the  injurious  consequences  of 
panics  or  runs  among  the  holders  of  country  bank  paper ;  and  while  it  does  this,  it  will  not, 
as  it  appears  to  us,  in  any  wise  impair  the  securities  against  over-issue  or  depreciation. 

It  was,  no  doubt,  contended  during  the  discussions  on  the  late  act,  that  the  measure  now 
referred  to  would  lead  to  the  depreciation  of  provincial  paper ;  inasmuch  as  the  expense  of 
sending  notes  from  a  distance  to  London,  to  be  exchanged  for  gold,  would  prevent  any  one 
from  demanding  Bank  c  Plngland  notes  from  country  banks  in  good  credit,  till  the  value  of 
the  notes  issued  by  them  -as  so  much  depreciated  below  the  value  of  gold,  that  the  difference 
would  more  than  pay  the  xc'mse  of  sending  men  to  London,  and  bringing  gold  back.  But 
this  notion  proceeds  on  a  .  udica'.  misconception  of  the  nature  of  t!.c  old  "i  tvell  as  of  the  new 
system  of  currency.  There  cannot,  in  point  of  fact,  be  the  least  difference,  as  repects  value, 
in  the  provinces,  between  Bank  of  Eng!  .nd  paper,  now  that  it  is  legal  tender,  and  gold. 
London  being  the  place  where  the  exchanges  are  adjusted,  the  value  of  money  iu  every  part 
of  the  empire  must  depend  on  its  value  in  it ;  and  this,  it  is  plain,  cannot  be  in  any  degree 
affected  by  the  late  measure.  Formerly  the  provincial  currency,  gold  as  well  as  papcT, 
might  be,  and,  indeed,  frequently  was,  depreciated.  This  was  brought  about  either  by  an 
over-issue  on  the  part  of  the  country  banks,  generally  in  the  first  instance,  the  effect,  but 
always,  in  the  end,  the  cause  of  a  rise  of  prices;  or  by  the  issues  of  the  Bankof  England, 
being,  in  consequence  of  an  adverse  exchange,  narrowed  sooner  or  more  rapidly  than  those 
of  the  country  banks.  In  either  case  the  provmcial  currency  being  redundant  as  compared 
with  that  of  the  metropolis,  there  was  a  demand  on  its  issuers  for  bills  on  London ;  but  it  is 
material  to  observe,  that,  unless  their  credit  was  suspected,  there  was  not  in  such  cases,  any 
demand  upon  them  for  gold.  It  is,  indeed,  obvious  that  a  redundancy  of  the  currency  is  a 
defect  that  cannot  be  obviated  by  getting  gold  from  the  country  banks,  unless  (as  hoarding 
is  out  of  the  question)  it  be  intended  to  senu  i;  abroad;  and  that  may  always  be  done  httler 
and  cheaper  by  getting  from  them  Bank  of  England  notes,  or  bills  on  London,  A  local 
reilundancy  of  the  currency  may  take  place  in  future  as  it  has  done  formerly,  and  its  occur- 
rence cannot  be  prevented,  even  though  paper  were  wholly  banished  from  circulation,  so 
G  10 


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I 

< 

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5 
< 


i 
i 

0 


S 

^1 


74 


BANKING  (GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF). 


long  as  the  whole  currency  is  not  Bupplietl  from  one  source,  and  as  Tiondon  is  the  focus 
where  the  exchanges  with  foreign  countries  are  adjusted.  But  the  statements  now  made 
show  that  it  is  a  radical  mistake  to  suppose  that  it  can  take  place  more  readily,  or  to  a  greater 
extent,  under  the  new  system  than  formerly.  In  this  respect  no  change  has  been  made. 
But  while  our  ancient  security  against  over-issue  is  maintained  unimpaired,  the  recent 
arrangements  increase  the  stability  of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  consequently  improve  our 
whole  pecuniary  system. 

If  any  doubt  could  possibly  remain  as  to  the  operation  of  the  new  system,  it  would  be 
removed  by  referring  to  Scotland.  Gold  has  been  practically  banished  from  that  country 
for  a  long  series  of  years ;  and  yet  no  one  pretends  to  say  that  prices  arc  higher  in  Scotland 
than  in  England,  or  that  her  currency  is  depreciated.  The  Scotch  currency  is  kept  at  its 
proper  level,  not  by  the  check  of  gold  payments,  but  by  the  demand  for  bills  on  London ;  and 
it  is  as  effectually  limited  in  this  way  as  it  could  be  were  the  banks  universally  in  the  hal)it 
of  exchanging  their  notes  for  gold.  On  what  grounds,  then,  is  it  to  be  apprehended  that  the 
obligation  to  give  Bank  of  England  notes  or  bills  on  London,  will  be  less  etfectual  in  restrain- 
ing over-issue  in  Yorkshire  oi  Durham  than  in  Scotland  ] 

A  banker  who  issues  notes  must  keep  beside  him  such  a  stock  of  cash  and  bullion,  as 
may  be  sufficient  to  answer  the  demands  of  the  public  for  their  payment.  If  the  value  of 
the  cash  and  bullion  in  his  coffers  were  equal  to  the  value  of  his  notes  in  circulation,  he 
would  not,  it  is  plain,  make  any  profit ;  but  if  he  be  in  good  credit,  a  third,  a  fourth,  or  even 
a  fifth  part  of  this  sum  will  probably  be  sufficient ;  and  his  profit  consists  of  the  excess  of 
the  interest  derived  from  his  notes  in  circulation,  over  the  interest  of  the  sum  he  is  obliged 
to  keep  dormant  in  his  strong  box,  and  the  expenses  of  managing  his  establishment.  The 
Bank  of  England,  as  will  be  afterwards  seen,  keeps  an  average  stock  of  coin  and  bullion 
equal  to  a  third  of  her  liabilities, 

(4,)  Legal  Description  of  Bank  Notes. — Bank  notes  are  merely  a  species  of  promissory 
notes.  They  are  subscribed  either  by  the  parties  on  whose  account  they  are  issued,  or  by 
some  one  in  their  employment,  whose  signature  is  binding  upon  them.  A  Bank  of  England 
note  for  6/,  is  as  follows : — 

N'         I  promise  to  pay  to  Mr.  Thomas  Rippon,  or  Bearer,        N". 
on  Demand,  the  Sum  of  Jf  (tJ0  Pounds. 
1833.  September  9,  London,  9  September,  1833. 

For  the  Gov'  and  Comp^  of  the 
jg  jrCte.  BANK  of  ENGLAND. 

A.  B. 


M 
v^i 


No  particular  form  of  words  is  necessary  in  a  bank  note.  The  essential  requisites  are, 
that  it  should  be  for  a  definite  sum  (in  England  and  Wales  not  less  than  5/.,  and  in  Scot- 
land and  Ireland  not  less  than  I/.),  that  it  should  be  payable  to  bearer  on  demand,  and  that 
it  should  be  properly  stamped.  Promissory  notes,  though  issued  by  bankers,  if  not  payable 
to  bearer  on  demand,  do  not  come  under  the  denomination  of  bank  notes:  they  are  not,  like 
the  latter,  taken  as  cash  in  all  ordinary  transactions;  nor  are  they,  like  them,  assignable  by 
mere  delivery- 

The  circulation  of  notes  for  less  than  5/,  was  restrained  by  law  (stat.  "•  Geo,  3.  c.  .'51.) 
from  1766  to  1797.  In  1808,  it  was  enacted  by  stat  48  Geo,  3,  c.  88„  ih.it  all  bank  notes, 
promissory  notes,  or  other  negotiable  instruments  for  less  than  20s.  should  be  absolutely 
void :  a  per.alty  of  from  20s.  to  5/,,  at  the  discretion  of  the  justices,  being  imposed  on 
their  issuers.  It  was  enacted  by  the  7  Geo,  4.  c,  6,,  that  the  issue  of  all  bank  notes  or  pro- 
missory notes  for  less  than  5Z.  by  the  Bank  of  England,  or  by  any  licensed  English  bankers, 
and  stamped  on  the  5th  of  February,  1826,  or  previously  (after  which  period  such  notes 
were  not  stamped),  should  terminate  on  the  5th  of  April,  1829. 

The  stamp  duties  on  bank  notes  or  promissory  notes  payable  on  demand,  are— 

£   t.  d.  £   s.  d. 
Not  exceeding    110- 

Exceeding  110  and  not  exceeding  2    2    0- 

—  220  —  550- 

—  550  —  10    00- 

—  10  00  —  2000- 
i»  2000  —  30  00- 
•>  30    00  —  5000- 

—  9000  —  100    00- 


£ 

s.  d. 

0 

0    5 

0 

0  10 

0 

1    3 

0 

1    9 

0 

2    0 

0 

3    0 

0 

5    0 

0 

8    6 

^' 


1 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


75 


s  the  focus 
now  made 
to  a  greater 
been  made. 
,  the  recent 
improve  our 

it  would  be 
hat  country 
in  Scotland 
IS  kept  at  its 
lOndon ;  and 
in  the  habit 
ded  that  the 
1  in  restrain- 

d  bullion,  as 
the  value  of 
rculation,  he 
irth,  or  even 
ID  excess  of 
he  is  obliged 
ment.  The 
1  and  bullion 

f  promissory 
issued,  or  by 
I  of  England 


N«. 


of  the 
ND. 


quisites  are, 
ind  in  Scot- 
d,  and  that 
not  payable 
are  not,  like 
signable  by 

3.  c.  51.) 
bank  notes, 

absolutely 
imposed  on 
lotea  or  pro- 
ish  bankers, 

such  notes 


s.  d. 

■0     0    5 

0  10 

1  3 

1  9 

2  0 


[) 


Which  notes  may  be  reissued  afUT  payment,  as  often  as  shall  be  thought  fit,  provided  they 
be  issued  by  a  banker  or  person  who  h;is  taken  out  a  licence,  riMiewable  annually,  and  cost- 
ing 30/.,  to  issue  notes  payable  to  bearer  on  demand.  Any  banker  or  other  person  issuing 
such  re-issuable  notes,  without  being  duly  licensed,  shall  forfeit  100/.  for  every  offence. — (55 
6Vw.  3.C.  184.  §27.) 

These  conditions  do  not  apply  to  the  Bank  of  England,  the  stamp  duties  on  the  notes 
of  that  establishment  being  compounded  for  at  the  rate  of  3,500/.  per  million  of  its  notes  in 
circulation. 

Notes  or  bills  not  payable  to  bearer  on  demand,  are  not  re-is8uable,  under  a  penalty  of  50/. 
— (F^or  the  stamp  duties  affecting  them,  sec  Exciianok.) 

By  the  9  Geo.  4.  c,  23.,  English  bankers  not  in  the  City  of  London,  or  within  three  miles 
thereof,  are  authorised  to  issue  promissory  notes,  and  to  draw  and  issue  bills  of  exchange,  on 
unstamped  paper,  for  any  sum  of  5/.  or  upwards,  expressed  to  be  payable  to  the  bearer  on 
demand,  or  to  order  at  any  period  not  exceeding  7  days  after  sight  {bills  may  also  1*  drawn 
at  any  period  not  exceeding  21  days  after  date),  upon  obtaining  licences,  costing  30/.,  to  that 
effect,  provided  such  bills  of  exchange  be  drawn  upon  bankers  in  London,  Westminster,  or 
Southwark ;  or  provided  such  bills  be  drawn  by  any  banker  or  bankers  at  the  place  where 
he  or  they  shall  be  licensed  to  issue  unstamped  notes  and  bills,  upon  himself  or  themselves, 
or  his  or  their  copartner  or  copartners,  payable  at  any  other  place  where  such  banker  or 
bankers  shall  be  licensed  to  issue  such  notes  and  bills.  Bankers  having  such  licences,  are  to 
give  security  by  bond,  that  they  will  keep  a  true  account  of  all  promissory  notes  and  bills  so 
issued,  and  account  for  the  duties  on  them  at  the  rate  of  3s.  dd,  for  every  100/.,  and  also  for 
the  fractional  parts  of  100/.  of  the  average  value  of  such  notes  and  bills  hi  circulation.  Per- 
sons post-dating  "unstamped  notes  or  bills  shall,  for  every  such  offence,  forfeit  100/. 

(5.)  Le!/;al  Effect  of  the  Payment  cf  Bank  Notes. — Notes  of  the  Bank  of  England  were 
not,  previously  to  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  98.,  like  bills  of  exchange,  mere  securities,  or 
documents  of  debt,  but  were  treated  as  money  or  cash  in  the  ordinary  course  or  trans- 
actions of  business;  the  receipts  given  upon  their  payment  being  always  given  as  for  money. 

Now,  however,  they  are  legal  tender,  every  where  except  at  the  Bank,  for  all  sums  above 
5/.  All  notes  payable  to  bearer  are  assignable  by  delivery.  The  holder  of  a  bank  note  is 
prima  facie  entitled  to  prompt  payment  of  it,  and  caiuiot  be  affected  by  the  previous  fraud 
of  any  former  holder  in  obtaining  it,  unless  evidence  be  given  to  show  that  he  was  privy  to 
such  fraud.  Such  privity  may,  however,  be  inferred  from  the  circumstances  of  the  case.  To 
use  the  words  of  Lord  Tentcrden,  "  If  a  person  take  a  bill,  note,  or  any  other  kind  of  secu- 
rity, under  circumstances  which  ought  to  excite  suspicion  in  the  mind  of  any  reasonable  man 
ac(juaintcd  with  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life,  and  which  ought  to  put  him  on  his  guard  to  make 
the  necessary  inquiries,  and  he  do  not,  then  he  loses  the  right  of  maintaining  possession  of 
the  instrument  against  the  lawful  owner." — (Guild/iatl,  25th  October,  1826.) 

Country  bank  notes  are  usually  received  as  cash.  But  though  taken  as  such,  if  they  be 
presented  in  due  time  and  not  paid,  they  do  not  amount  to  a  payment,  and  the  deliverer  of 
the  notes  is  still  liable  to  the  holdor.  It  is  not  easy  to  determine  what  is  a  due  or  reasonable 
time,  inasmuch  as  it  must  depend  in  a  great  measure  on  the  circumstances  of  each  particular 
case.  On  the  whole,  the  safest  rule  seems  to  be  to  present  all  notes  or  drafts  payable  on  de- 
mand, if  received  in  the  place  where  they  are  payable,  on  the  day  on  which  they  are  received, 
or  as  soon  after  as  possible.  When  they  have  to  be  transmitted  by  post  for  payment,  no  un- 
necessary delay  should  be  allowed  to  intervene. — ( C'hitty'a  Commercial  Law,  vol.  iii.  p. 
590.,  and  the  art.  " Check"  ii  this  Dictionarj'.} 

II,  Bakk  op  ENGLAwn  (Account  op). 

(1.)  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Bank. — This  great  establishment,  which  has  long  been  the 
principal  bank  of  deposit  and  circulation,  not  in  thiscountry  only,  but  in  Europe,  was  founded 
in  1694.  Its  principal  projector  was  Mr.  WilHam  Paterson,  an  enterprising  and  intelligent 
Scotch  gentleman,  who  was  afterwards  engaged  in  the  ill-fated  colony  at  Darien.  Govern- 
ment being  at  the  time  much  distressed  for  vian*  of  money,  partly  from  the  defects  and 
abuses  in  the  system  of  taxation,  and  partly  from  the  difficulty  of  borrowing,  because  of  the 
supposed  instability  of  the  revolutionary  establishment,  the  Bank  grew  out  of  a  loan  of 
1,200,000/.  for  the  public  service.  The  subscribers,  besides  receiving  e/ifA/ per  cent,  on  the 
sum  advanced  as  interest,  and  4,000/.  a  year  as  the  expense  of  management,  in  all  100,000/. 
a  year,  were  incorporated  into  a  society  denominated  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the 
Bank  of  England.  The  charter  is  datod  the  27th  of  July,  1694.  It  declares,  amongst  other 
things,  that  they  shall  "  be  capable  in  law,  to  purchase,  enjoy,  and  retain  to  them  and  their  suc- 
cessors, any  manors,  lands,  rents,  tenements,  and  possessions  whatsoever ;  and  to  purchase 
and  acquire  all  sorts  of  goods  and  chattels  whatsoever,  wherein  they  arc  not  restrained  by 
act  of  parliament ;  and  also  to  grant,  demise,  and  dispose  of  the  same. 

"  'i'hat  the  managemeut  and  government  of  the  corporation  be  committed  to  the  go- 
vernor, deputy  governor,  and  twenty-four  directors,  who  shall  be  elected  between  the  25lh 


i 


i 


\ 


t 

: 

i 

t 


76 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


day  of  Mnrrh  ami  25th  day  of  April,  each  year,  from  among  thn  momliers  of  the  Company 
duly  qunhficd. 

"  That  no  dividend  shall  at  any  time  he  made  hy  the  said  Governor  and  Company,  save 
only  out  of  the  interest,  profit,  or  produce  arising  by  or  out  of  the  said  capital  stock  or  fund, 
or  by  such  dealing  as  is  allowed  by  act  of  parliament. 

"They  must  he  natural  born  subjects  of  England,  or  naturalised  suhjects;  they  shall 
have  in  their  own  name  and  for  their  own  use,  severally,  viz. — the  governor,  at  least  4,000/., 
the  deputy  governor  3,000/.,  and  each  director  2,000/.  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  corpo- 
ration. 

"  'J'hat  thirteen  or  more  of  the  said  governors  and  directors  fof  which  the  governor  or  de- 
puty governor  must  be  always  one)  shall  constitute  a  court  of  directors,  for  the  management 
of  the  affairs  of  the  (Company,  and  for  the  appointment  of  all  agents  and  servants,  which 
may  be  necessarv,  paying  them  such  salaries  as  they  may  consider  reasonable. 

"  Every  elector  must  have,  in  his  own  name  and  for  his  own  use,  M)Ol.  or  more  capital 
stock,  and  can  only  give  one  vole.  Me  must,  if  required  by  any  member  present,  take  the 
oath  of  stock  ;  or  the  declaration  of  stock,  in  case  he  be  one  of  the  people  called  Quakers. 

"  Four  general  courts  to  he  held  in  every  year ;  in  the  months  of  September,  December, 
April,  and  .luly.  A  general  court  may  be  summoned  at  any  time,  upon  the  requisition  of 
nine  proprietors,  duly  ipialified  as  electors. 

"  The  majority  of  electors  in  general  courts  have  the  power  to  make  and  constitute  by-laws 
and  ordinances  for  the  government  of  the  corporation,  provided  that  su<'h  by-laws  and  ordi- 
nances be  not  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  the  kingdom,  and  be  confirmed  and  apj)roved,  accord- 
ing to  the  statutes  in  such  case  made  and  provided." 

The  corporation  is  prohibited  from  engaging  in  any  sort  of  commercial  undertaking  other 
than  dealing  in  bills  of  exchange,  and  in  gold  and  silver.  It  is  authorised  to  advance  money 
upon  the  security  of  goods  or  merchandise  pledged  to  it ;  and  to  sell,  by  public  auction,  such 
goods  as  arc  not  redeemed  within  a  sjiecified  time. 

It  was  also  enacted,  in  the  same  year  in  which  the  Bank  was  established,  by  statute  6 
William  and  Mary,  c.  20.,  that  the  Bank  "  shall  not  deal  in  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchan- 
dise (except  bullion),  or  purchase  any  lands  or  revenues  belonging  to  the  crown,  or  advance 
or  lend  to  their  Majesties,  their  heirs  or  successors,  any  sum  or  sums  of  money  by  way  of 
loan  or  anticipation,  or  any  part  or  parts,  branch  or  branches,  fund  or  funds  of  the  revenue, 
now  granted  or  belonging,  or  hereafter  to  lie  granted  to  their  Majesties,  their  heirs  and  suc- 
cessors, other  than  such  fund  or  funds,  part  or  parts,  branch  or  branches  of  the  said  revenue 
only,  on  which  a  credit  of  loan  is  or  shall  be  granted  by  parliament."  And  in  1697  it  was 
enacted,  that  the  "  common  capital  and  principal  stock,  and  also  the  real  fund  of  the  Gover- 
nor and  C/'ompany,  or  any  profit  or  produce  to  be  made  thereof,  or  arising  thereby,  shall  bo 
exempted  from  any  rates,  taxes,  assessments,  or  impositions  whatsoever,  during  the  conti- 
nuance of  the  Bank ,  and  that  all  the  profit,  benefit,  and  advantage,  from  time  to  time  arising 
out  of  the  management  of  the  said  coi-poration,  shall  be  applied  to  the  uses  of  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  said  corporation  of  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  rate- 
ably,  and  in  proportion  to  each  member's  part,  share,  and  interest  in  the  common  capital  and 
principal  stock  of  the  said  (Jovemor  and  Company  hereby  established." 

It  was  further  enacted,  in  1697,  that  the  forgery  of  the  Company's  seal,  or  of  any  sealed 
bill  or  Bank  note,  should  be  felony  without  benefit  of  clergy,  and  that  the  making  of  any 
alteration  or  erasure  in  any  bill  or  note  should  also  be  felony. 

In  1696,  during  the  great  rccoinage,  the  Bank  was  involved  in  considerable  difficulties, 
and  was  even  compelled  to  suspend  payment  of  her  notes,  which  were  at  a  heavy  discount. 
Owing,  however,  to  the  judicious  conduct  of  the  directors,  and  the  assistance  of  government, 
the  Bank  got  over  the  crisis.  But  it  was  at  the  same  time  judged  expedient,  in  order  to 
place  her  in  a  situation  the  better  to  withstand  any  adverse  circumstances  that  might  after- 
wards occur,  to  increase  her  capital  from  1,200,000/.  to  2,201,171/.  In  1708.  the  directors 
undertook  to  pay  off  and  cancel  one  million  and  a  half  of  Exchequer  bills  they  had  circu- 
lated two  years  before,  at  4A  per  cent.,  with  the  interest  on  them,  amounting  in  all  to 
1,77,5,028/. ;  which  increased  the  permanent  debt  due  by  the  public  to  the  Bank,  including 
400,000/.  then  advanced  in  consideration  of  the  renewal  of  the  charter,  to  3,.375,028/.,  for 
which  they  were  allowed  6  per  cent.  The  Bank  capital,  was  then  also  doubled  or  increased 
to  4,402,343/.  But  the  year  1708  is  chiefly  memorable,  in  the  history  of  the  Bank,  for  the 
act  that  was  .hen  passed,  which  declared,  that  during  the  continuance  of  the  corporation  of 
the  Bank  of  England,  "  it  should  not  be  lawful  for  any  body  politic,  erected  or  to  be  erected, 
other  than  the  said  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  or  for  any  other  per- 
sons whatsoever,  united  or  to  be  united  in  covenants  or  partnership,  exceeding  the  number  of 
6  persons,  in  that  part  of  Great  Britain  called  England,  to  borrow,  owe,  or  take  up  any  sum 
or  sums  of  money  on  their  bills  or  notes  payable  on  demand,  or  in  any  less  time  than  6 
months  from  the  borrowing  thereof." — This  proviso,  which  has  had  so  powerful  an  operation 
on  banking  in  England,  is  said  to  have  been  elicited  by  the  Mine-adventure  Company  hav- 
ing commenced  banking  business,  and  begun  to  issue  notes. 


It  has  been  t 
pnlis  not  issuing 
in  the  act  of  1 7(; 
rally  to  all  Eiigi, 
or  fewer  partner- 
therefore,  ascrili.n 
circulation  coiicl 
their  believing  th 
'J'he  charter  of 
certain,  or  till  ,»  y 
longed  in  1697." 
without  interest,  I 
in  consequence  <>/ 
Oank  have  li(.p„ 
gust,  1855.  under 
heing  given  on  tht 
^e  subjoin 

An  account  of  thn 
>'eH;ms  w..re  „,„,) 
">  l»»veriirii(.ri|  i( 


Dale  nt 
Heiie  wal. 


CoiK 


1697. 


1708. 


1713. 


1764. 


1781. 


1800. 


Ctiartpr  ) 

tlip  e.V| 

'i|">n  |)ii 

ciliud. 

V 

com 

I  viz: 

Chnrtcr  c< 

after  1st 

IJr 

1,001 

Charier  or 

August, 

\U\ 

with 

17.», 

nnnu 

Charter  cm 

Istof  Au 

In 

atSp 

Am 

f  celled 

In  1 

thoris 

parch 

the  ai 

whole 

5  pe 

1727,  ;i 

At  ( 

Bank  i 

3,a7.%0 

3,000,0 

Debt 
Charter  cont 
of  Aupiist, 
Unili! 
which  I 
400,000/ 
the  inte 
In  17 
up  to  b 
of  an  ni 
III  17 
cent,  an 
„^      the    5th 
Charter  conti 
August,  1 
Unri. 

''barter  cnnti 

of  August, 

Und 

vice  f( 

Charter  c  ,... 

I    of  August, 

o2 


178 
ndei 
h 
I 
1 
rier 
for 
cintin 
11 


l_- 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND 


rt 


It  has  been  pretty  ctnnprnlly  imnffined,  from  the  private  liankinjr  companies  in  the  metro- 
polis not  issuiiiff  notes,  lh;it  they  were  Ics^ally  incapacitated  from  doinst  so.  but  ihe  cIhuso 
ill  the  act  of  1708,  whicli  has  been  the  only  restriction  on  the  issue  of  notes,  ap|)lied  ijeno- 
riilly  to  all  England,  and  had  no  peculiar  reference  to  London.  The  fact  that  banks  with  0 
or  fewer  partners  have  not  issued  notes  in  the  metropolis,  as  well  as  in  the  provinces,  is, 
therefori',  ascribable  either  to  their  being  aware  that  their  notes  would  obtain  no  considerable 
circiilaiion  concurrently  with  those  of  a  great  association  like  the  bank  of  Eni;land,  or  fropi 
their  believinij  that  their  issue  would  not  Ih)  profitable. 

The  charter  of  the  Hank  of  England,  when  first  j^ranted,  was  to  continue  for  eleven  years 
certain,  or  till  a  year's  notice  after  the  Ist  of  August,  1705,  The  charter  was  further  pro- 
longed in  lCa7.  In  1708,  the  Bank  having  advanced  400,000/.  for  the  public  service, 
without  interest,  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  corporation  were  prolonged  till  1733.  And 
in  consccjuence  of  various  advances  made  at  different  times,  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the 
Hank  have  been  continued  by  successive  renewals,  till  a  year's  notice,  after  the  first  of  Au- 
gust, IS.'JS,  under  the  proviso  that  they  may  bo  cancelled  on  a  year's  notice  to  that  effect 
being  given  on  the  Ist  of  August,  1845. 

We  subjoin 

An  account  of  tho  successive  Renewals  of  the  Charter,  of  the  Conditions  under  which  these  Ile- 
newuls  were  made,  ami  of  Ihe  Variiitinns  in  the  Amiuint  and  Interest  of  the  I'erinuiieiil  Debt  due 
by  Government  to  the  Bank,  exclusive  of  the  Dead  Weight. 


Date  n( 
Kciiewal. 


1694. 


1697. 


1713. 


1742. 


Condilioni  under  which  Renewali  were  made,  and  Pennanent  Debt  cnntiscled. 


rerniiiiunt  Uebt. 


1764. 


1781. 


1800. 


Charter  granted  under  the  act  5  &  (>  Will.  3.  c.  20.,  rt'deeiii.ihle  upon 
llip  exiiiration  of  12  iiKinlhs'  notice  after  the  Ist  of  August,  170.1, 
Ujicin  payniunt  by  the  public  to  the  Bunk  of  the  demands  therein  spe- 
cified. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  advanced  to  the  public  1,200,000/.,  in 
consideration  of  their  receiving  an  annuity  of  100,001)/.  a  year, 
viz :  8  percent,  interest,  and  4,000/.  for  management 
Charter  continued  by  the  S  t   9  Will.  3.  c.  20.  till  12  months'  notice 
after  lat  of  August,  1710,  on  payment,  &c. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  took  up  and  added  to  their  stock 
1,001,171/.  Exchequer  bills  and  tallies. 
Charter  continued  by  7  Anne,  c.  7.  till  12  months'  notice  after  1st  of 
August,   17,12,  on  payment,  &c. 

Under  this  act  the   Bank  advanced   400,000/.  to  government 

without  interest ;  and   delivered  up  to  bo  cancelled  1,775,027/ 

17.1.  10(/.  Kxchequer  bills,  in  consideration  of  their  receiving  an 

annuity  of  I0fl,50l/.  13.?.,  being  at  the  rate  of  fi  per  cent 

Chartcrcontinued  by  12  Anne,  stut.  I.e.  II.  till  12  months'  notice  after 

1st  of  August,  1742,  on  payment,  &c 

In  1710,  by  the  3  Geo.  1.  c.  8.,  Bank  advanced  to  government, 
at  5  per  cent.        ...... 

And  by  the  same  act,  the  interest  on  the  Exchequer  bills  can- 
C  celled  in  1708  was  reduced  from  6  to  S  per  cent. 

In  1721,  by  8  Geo.  1.  c.  21.,  the  South  Sea  Company  were  au- 
thorised to  sell  200,000/.  government  annuities,  and  corporations 
purchasing  the  same  at  26  years'  purchase  were  authorised  to  add 
the  amount  to  their  capital  stock.  The  Bank  purchased  the 
whole  of  these  annuities  at  20  years'  purchase 

5  per  cent,  interest  was  payable  on  this  sum  to  Midsummer, 
1727,  and  thereafter,  4  per  cent.        .  .  -  . 

At  different  times  between  1727  and  1738,  both  inclusive,  the 
Bank  received  from  the  public,  on  account  of  permanent  debt, 
3,27.%027/.  17«.  10.'/.,  and  advanced  to  it  on  account  of  ditto, 
3,000,000/.:   Difference      - 

Debt  due  hy  the  public  in  1738 
Charter  continued   by  15  Geo.  2.  c.  13.  till  12  months'  notice  after  1st 
of  August,  1761,  on  payment,  &c 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  advanced  1,600,000/.  without  interest, 
which  being  added  to  the  original  advance  of  1,200,000/.  and  the 
400,000/.  advanced  in  1710,  bearing  interest  at  6  per  cent.,  reduced 
the  interest  on  the  whole  to  3  per  cent.  .  -  - 

In  1745,  under  authority  of  19  Geo.  2.  c.  6.,  the  Bank  delivered 
up  to  be  cancelled  986,000/.  of  Exchequer  hills,  in  consideration 
of  an  annuity  of  39,472/.,  being  nt  the  rate  of  3  percent. 

In  1749,  the  23  Geo.  2.  c.  6.  reduced  the  interest  on  the  4  per 
cent,  annuities  held  by  the  Bank,  to3i  per  cent,  for  7  years  from 
the    5th  of  December,  1750,  and  thereafter  to  3  per  cent. 
Charter  continued  by  4  Geo.  3.  c.  25.  till  12  months'  notice  after  Ist  of 
August,  1786,  on  payment,  &c. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  paid  into  the  Exchequer  110,000/.  free 
of  all  charge. 

Charter  continued  by  21   Geo.  3.  c.  60.  till  12  months'  notice  after  1st 
of  August,  1812,  on  payment,  &c. 

Under  this  act  the  Bank  advanced  3,000,0002.  for  the  public  ser 
vice  for  3  years  at  3  percent. 
Charter  continued  by  40  Geo.  3.  c 
of  August,  1833,  on  payment,  &c. 


£        ti.    U. 


1,200,000    0    0 


2,175,027  17  10 
2,000,000    0    0 

4,000,000    0    0 


9,375,027  17  10 


275,027  17  10 


aS 


38.  till  12  months  notice  after  1st 
Carried  forwardi 


9,100,000    0    0 

1,600,000    0    0 
986,000    0    0 


11,686,000    0    0 


■'■I, 


i 

I 


5 


§. 


\ 


'  > 


78 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


An  Arroiint  of  the  miRCRiiHivi'  Rcnownln  of  tlin  Chnrlnr,  &r.—  nmiinued. 


1833. 


Coii'titinni  under  which  Rtttifnali  wrre  maJe,  ■ml  Prrnianrnt  Debt  contnicte'l. 


Iirniii;lit  rorw.'iril 
tTnili'r  this  art  tlic  Hank  ailvanciMl  to  KdViTiiniitnt  ;i,(HNI,0(l(l/.  fi)r 
(1  >■l•ar^^  willidiil  iriliTisI  ;  liiit  in  inirsnuiHc  ot'llii'  n  rdiiiniciKla- 
lldii  dl'llic  cdininitlc'd  dC  |N(I7,  tlir  advaiiiM;  wan  rdntiiincil  willl- 
iint  iiili'ri"<t  till  li  nidntli^  al'lrr  llic  HiKnaliirr  (if  a   di'l'iiitlvi' 
treaty  dl'iiraci'. 

Ill  l>lii,  ilic  Hank,  iindiT  aiillKirily  of  tin'  act  S(i  (ico.  3  c   !Mi. 
ailvanccil  at  3  prr  cent.,  to  hi;  rt'imid  on  or  hiifort^  Isl  (ii  Anmim 
1M33.       -  -  -  -  -  -  - 

Charter  rdntinimil  by  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  OH.  till  12  nidnthii'  nntirc  ntllcr 
l»l  dl'  AiiiiiiHt,  I'^.'i.'i,  witli  a  |iri)viHd  tliat  it  may  hi>  liiHKdIvcd  on  Vi 
niiintlis'  iidlii'i'  al'lir  Isl  iif  AiiL'iiHt,  I'^l.'i,  on  iiayiiicnt,  fee. 

'I'lii.i  ai  lir.  ( Is  iliat  III  future  till'  Dank  n'imll  di'diicl  12(1,01111/.  a 
year  Ironi  i<-  ir  cliarire  nii  aei'iiiiiit  iif  tlie  nianaci'iiii'iit  nf  the 
piihlir  ili'lil  .  .tiid  tliat  a  foiirlli  part  of  tiie  delitiiiiu  liy  tile  piiliiir 
to  till'  Hank,  df  .■l,li:is,2.')(l/.,  he  pi'iil  off 

I'mnaiicnt  ailvjinee  liy  the  Hank  to  the  piililic,  bearinil  interext 
at  3  per  cent.,  independent  of  tiie  iti.t'unceii  on  nctoiint  of  dead 
weiulit  ...  ... 


remiaiiiiit  Dett. 


n,eH6,o()o  0  0 


3,nnn,non  o  o 


M.CbtJ.^OO    0    0 


3,038,230    0    0 


II,()lh,5.'i(l    0    0 


For  furl  tier  detailH  nn  to  til  is  unliject,  «ee  tile  Jlpffnilii  No.  I.  nf  ihr  hepiirt  e/lH32  oh  the  Hrntiral  of 
thi-  Hiiiik  Cliiirter,  ami  tile  ai  Is  of  parliament  referreil  to  in  it  ;  see  also  .lumtn  I'vslUtlitcayt'n  Jlitlury 
vf  Ihe  Hci'fuue,  pp.  ,'tnl — 3111.;   and  Fainiiun  ««  tlie  Fiaidn,  Till  ed.  pji.  H5— 8b.  &.c. 

'J'he  rapitnl  of  the  Bnnk  on  which  (lividrtiJs  are  puitl,  hns  nevor  exactly  coinridcd  with, 
thoujrh  it  ha.s  M'Idotii  dilU-rtHl  very  niaterialiy  from,  the  |)erinHiient  advance  hy  the  Dank  to 
the  public.  We  have  already  .seen  that  it  amounted,  in  1708,  to  4,402,34H/.  Between  that 
year  and  1737  it  was  increased  to  near  9,000,00(1/.  In  1746,  it  a-nounted  to  10,780,000/. 
I'Voni  this  period  it  underwent  no  change  till  1782,  when  it  was  increused  8  per  cent.,  or  to 
ll,ti13,400/.  It  continued  stationary  at  this  sum  down  to  1816,  when  it  was  raised  to 
14,553,000/.  by  an  addition  of  25  ])ci  cent,  from  the  profits  of  the  Bank,  under  the  provi- 
sions of  the  act  56  Geo.  3.  e.  96.  The  late  act  for  the  renewal  of  the  charter,  U  &  4  Will. 
4.  c.  98.,  <lireets  that  the  sum  of  3,();)8,250/.  the  portion  of  the  debt  due  to  the  Bank  to  bo 
rejiaid  by  the  public,  shall  be  deducted  from  the  Bank's  capital ;  which  will,  therefore,  be  in 
future  10,914,750/.— («f/>wr/  (m  Bank  Chartir,  Appen.!so.  33.) 

The  Bank  of  England  has  been  freciuently  afl'eeled  by  panics  amongst  the  holders  of  its 
notes.  In  1745,  the  alarm  occasioned  by  the  advance  of  the  Highlander)^  under  the  Pre- 
tender as  far  as  Derby,  led  to  a  run  upon  the  Bank ;  and  in  order  to  gain  time  to  concert 
measures  for  averting  the  run,  the  directors  adopted  the  device  of  paying  in  shillings  and 
sixpences!  But  they  derived  a  more  ellectual  relief  from  the  retreat  ot  the  Highlanders, 
and  from  a  resolution  agreed  to  at  a  meeting  of  the  ])riiicipal  merchants  and  traders  of  the 
city,  and  very  numerously  signed,  declaring  the  willingness  of  the  subscribers  to  receive 
Bank  notes  in  payment  of  any  sum  that  might  be  due  to  them,  and  pledging  themselves  to 
use  their  utmost  endeavours  to  make  all  their  payments  in  the  same  medium. 

During  the  tremendous  riots  in  June,  1780,  the  Bank  incurred  considerable  danger.  Had 
the  mob  attacked  the  establishment  at  the  commencement  of  the  riots,  the  consequences 
might  have  proved  fatal.  Luckily,  however,  they  delayed  their  attack  till  time  had  been 
adbided  for  providing  a  force  sufficient  to  insure  its  safety.  Since  that  period  a  considerable 
military  force  is  nightly  placed  in  the  interior  of  the  Bank,  as  a  protection  in  any  emergency 
that  may  occur. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1792  and  beginning  of  1793,  there  was,  in  consequence  of  a  pre- 
vious over-issue  on  their  part,  a  general  run  on  most  of  the  private  banks ;  and  about  one 
third  of  these  establishments  were  forced  to  stop  payment.  This  led  to  a  considerable 
demand  for  coin  from  the  Bank. 

The  year  1797  is,  however,  the  most  important  epoch  in  the  recent  history  of  the  Bank. 
Owing  partly  to  events  connected  with  the  war  in  which  we  were  then  engaged — to  loans 
to  the  Emperor  of  Germany — to  bills  drawn  on  the  treasury  at  home  by  the  British  agents 
abroad — and  partly,  and  chiefly,  perhaps,  to  the  advances  most  unwillingly  made  by  the 
Bank  to  government,  which  prevented  the  directors  from  having  a  sufficient  control  over 
their  issues, — the  exchanges  became  unfavourable  in  1795,  and  in  that  and  the  following 
year  large  sums  in  specie  were  drawn  from  the  Bank.*     In  the  latter  end  of   1796  and 

*  So  early  as  December,  1794,  the  court  of  directors  represented  to  government  ttieir  iineasincss 
on  account  of  the  magnitude  of  the  debt  due  liy  the  government  to  the  Hank,  and  anxiously  requested 
n  repayment  of  at  least  a  considerable  part  of  what  had  heen  advanced.  In  January,  1795,  tliey  re- 
solved to  limit  their  advances  upon  treasury  bills  to  ,^(K),000/. ;  and  at  the  same  time  tliey  informed 
Mr.  Pitt  that  it  was  their  wish  that  he  would  adjust  his  measures  for  the  year  in  such  a  manver  ns  vut 
to  depend  iin  any  further  assistance  from  them.  On  the  lllh  of  February,  1790,  they  resolved,  "That  it 
is  the  opinion  of  tliis  court,  founded  upon  the  experience  of  the  late  Imperial  loan,  that  if  any  further 
loan  or  adviiiice  of  money  to  the  emperor,  or  to  any  of  the  foreign  states,  should  in  tlie  present  state 
of  atfairs  take  place,  it  will,  in  all  probability,  prove  fatal  to  the  Bank  of  England.  The  court  of 
directors  do,  therefore,  most  earnestly  deprecate  the  adoption  of  any  such  measure,  and  they  solemnly 
protest  against  any  responsibility  for  the  calauiitoua  consequences  that  may  follow  thcreujion."    Hut 


bcpnnini?  of  17!) 

were  prop.igated 

the  fears  that  wer 

of  the  country  ;  ii 

itself  to  lionilon. 

Siiturdiiy.  the  25l 

colli-rs,  with  ever) 

emergency  an  on 

from  paying  their 

And  after  parliiiiin 

nue  the  restriction 

Ah  soon  as  the 

princi|ial  bankers, 

when  a  resolulinn 

in  1745,  tlioHc  pre: 

to  be  accepted  as  c 

that  the  restriction 

Parliament  bi'ini 

inl-  the  ullliirs  of 

entertained  with  re 

when  the  order  in 

15,513,690/.,  after 

Much  did'erence 

1797;  but,  conside 

seems  abundantly  i 

but  grew  enlireb  ■ 

was  clear  that  no  li 

tion.     And  as  tin 

stantly  retiring  her 

obliged  to  stop  |)nyf 

in  the  Inst  degree  fii 

It  had  been  gen 

R.ink  notes  would  r 

event  showed,  confo 

not  really  the  case. 

of  the  Restriction  A 

tier,  by  being  reeeivt 

majority  of  individi 

moderate,  that  they  r 

the  latter  part  of  181 

discount  of  about  8 

and  it  was  not  until 

Early  in  1810,  they 

having  attracted  the 

mittee  to  inijuire  in 

examined  several  wi 

ability,  they  justly  a 

the  Bank  should  be  i 

tion  was  not,  howevi 

compared  with  gold, 

At  the  period  wh( 

that  there  were  aboi 

ments  multiplied,  thi 

partly  by  the  deprec: 

tained,  but  far  more 

threw  in  the  way  of 

ending  with  181.3. 

course  with  the  Cont 

sustained  a  very  heav 

notwithstanding  these, 
to  our  f.ireigii  allies,  a 
own  better  jiidgiiKMit  t< 
E.vche(iuer,  and  their  d 
occasion,  in  the  then  al 
the  Hank  were  greatly 
rpciors  had  so  strongly 
the  crisis  of  1797.  The 
Sinn  ;  and  it  is  clear,  a 
vertible  into  gold  could 


RANK  OF  ENfJiiAND. 


79 


incsii 

L'stcd 

rnicd 
s  vot 
lat  it 
rllier 
state 
rt  of 
niiily 
But 


brpnninu:  of  1707,  ronsidoruMc  n]>)ir('!iriision»  were  rntrrtninnl  of  invnfiion,  nml  rnmouw 
wprr  i)ro|i  >i;iit»'(l  of  (icHcriil-i  ImvinK  hrcii  nctuiilly  mndo  on  thf  <'oiiMt.  In  conBriimuirp  of 
the  ft'iirn  thiit  wrro  thus  excitt'd,  nirm  were  niiiilf  on  tho  |)roviriri;il  'lanks  in  (lilffrent  jtrtrts 
of  thf  country  ;  iitid  some  of  thoni  hnvino;  failed,  tlii'  panic  hri-ntnc  ccncrnl.  and  fxtcndctl 
itxplf  to  I,ondon.  DrniiitidH  for  ciiHh  poured  in  upon  the  Uiink  from  all  (|uart«TB;  siitd  on 
Siitiirday,  the  25th  of  Fcliruary,  17!)7,  hIiu  hud  oidy  1,272,000/.  of  cnnh  ami  bullion  in  her 
colltTs,  with  every  proH|)ect  of  n  violent  run  tiikini;  plicc  on  the  follovvinir  Moiidiiy.  In  titii! 
enierRency  i»n  order  in  council  was  ixHUcd  on  Munday,  the  2fUh,  prohiliitin)^  the  directors 
from  pnyini?  their  notes  in  cash  until  the  sense  <if  jinrlinmenl  had  heen  taken  on  the  subject. 
And  after  parli^iriicnt  met,  and  the  measure  had  been  much  discusseil,  it  was  nffreed  to  conti- 
nue the  restriction  till  six  months  after  tlit?  siuiiaturc  of  a  definitive  treaty  of  jM'ace. 

As  soon  as  the  order  in  council  prithibitinir  payments  in  cash  appeared,  a  meetini?  of  the 
principal  bankers,  merchants,  traders,  Ac.  of  the  metropolis,  was  held  at  the  MaiiHion-house, 
when  a  resolution  was  ai^rei-d  to,  and  very  numerously  signed,  [iledginf^,  as  had  Ix'en  done 
in  174.5,  those  present  to  acce|)t,  and  to  use  every  nieaiiH  in  their  ])ower  to  cause  Dank  notes 
to  be  accepted  as  cash  in  all  transactiopH.  This  resolution  tended  to  nilay  the  apprehensions 
that  the  restriction  had  excited. 

Parliament  biiiiR  sittinc;  at  the  time,  a  rommittee  was  immediately  appointed  to  exnmirm 
inl  the  alfuirs  of  the  Hank:  and  tlieir  re|)ort  put  to  rest  whatever  doubts  miglit  have  Ik-cii 
entertained  with  respect  to  the  solvency  of  the  establishment,  by  showing  that  at  the  moment 
when  the  order  in  council  ap[)cared,  the  Bank  was  possessed  of  property  to  the  amount  of 
15,.'i  13,090/.,  after  all  claims  ujion  it  had  been  deducted. 

Much  dill'erence  of  ojiinion  has  existed  with  respect  to  the  policy  of  the  restriction  in 
1797;  but,  considerint;  the  p«'ciiliar  circumstances  under  which  it  took  place,  its  expediency 
seems  abundantly  obvious,  'J'lie  run  did  not  oriffinate  in  any  over-issue  of  Hank  |ia|)er ; 
but  Rrew  entireiv  mit  of  political  causes.  Ko  loin;  as  the  alarms  of  invasion  continued,  it 
was  clear  that  no  Hank  pa[)er  immediately  convertible  into  roM  would  remain  in  circula- 
tion. And  as  the  Dank,  though  ])o.^.sessed  of  ample  funds,  was  without  the  means  of  in- 
stantly retiring  her  notes,  she  might,  but  for  the  interference  of  government,  have  been 
obiiuied  to  stop  [laymeiit ;  an  event  which,  had  it  occurred,  must  have  produced  consequences 
in  the  last  degree  fatal  to  the  public  intcre.sts. 

It  had  been  generally  sui)po.scd,  previously  to  the  passing  of  the  Restriction  Act,  that 
Bank  notes  would  not  circulate  unless  they  were  immediately  convertible  into  cash:  but  the 
event  showed,  conformably  to  princii)lcs  that  have  since  been  fully  explained,  that  this  was 
not  really  the  case.  Though  tho  notes  of  the  Bank  of  England  were  not,  at  the  passing 
of  the  Restriction  Act,  publicly  declared  to  be  legal  tender,  they  were  rendered  so  in  prac- 
tice, by  being  received  as  cash  in  all  transactions  on  account  of  government,  and  of  the  vast 
majority  of  individuals.  For  the  first  three  years  of  the  restriction,  their  issues  were  so 
moderate,  that  they  not  only  ke^)t  on  a  par  with  gold,  hut  actually  bore  a  small  premium.  In 
the  latter  part  of  1800,  however,  their  quantity  was  so  much  increased  that  they  fell  to  a 
discount  of  about  8  per  cent,  as  compared  with  gold,  but  they  soon  after  rose  nearly  to  par; 
and  it  was  not  until  1808  that  the  (iecline  of  their  value  excited  any  considerable  attention. 
Early  in  1810,  they  were  at  a  discount  of  about  13A  per  cent.;  and  this  extraordinary  fall 
having  attracted  the  attention  of  the  legislature,  the  House  of  Commons  ajipointed  a  com- 
mittee to  in(|uire  into  the  circumstances  by  which  it  had  been  occasioned.  The  committee 
examined  several  witnesses ;  and  in  their  report,  which  was  drawn  up  with  considerable 
ability,  they  justly  ascribed  the  fall  to  the  over-issue  of  Bank  paper,  and  recommended  that 
the  liank  should  be  obliged  to  resume  cash  payments  within  two  years.  This  recommenda- 
tion was  not,  however,  acted  upon ;  and  the  value  of  Bank  pa{)er  continued  to  decline,  as 
compared  with  gold,  till  1814. 

At  the  period  when  the  restriction  on  cash  payments  took  place  in  1797,  it  is  supposed 
that  there  were  about  280  country  banks  in  existence  ;  but  so  rapidly  were  these  establish- 
ments multiplied,  that  they  amounted  to  above  900  in  1813.  The  price  of  corn,  influenced 
partly  by  the  depreciation  of  the  currency,  and  the  facility  with  which  discounts  were  ob- 
tained, but  far  more  by  deficient  harvests,  and  the  unprecedented  difficulties  which  the  war 
threw  in  the  way  of  importation,  had  risen  to  an  extraordinary  height  during  the  five  years 
ending  with  1813.  But  the  harvest  of  that  year  being  unusually  productive,  and  the  inter- 
course with  the  Continent  being  then  also  renewed,  prices,  influenced  by  both  circumstances, 
sustained  a  very  heavy  fall  in  the  latter  part  of  1813,  and  the  beginning  of  1814.     And  this 

notwithstanding  ttiese,  and  many  other  similar  remonalranceg,  fresh  advances  of  money  were  inadu 
to  our  foreiirn  allies,  and  fresh  demands  upon  the  Bank;  the  direilors  rt'lnclantly  almndoniiig  their 
own  bettLT  jiid?nient  to  what  they  truly  termed  the  *^  pressing  solkitatinns"  of  the  Chancellor  of  the 
ExthiMiucr,  and  their  desire  to  avert  "the  probable  distress  which  a  refusal  (on  tlieir  part)  might 
occasion,  in  the  then  alarming  situation  of  public  affairs."  But  notwithstanding  the  dittiiulties  of 
the  l):ink  were  ereatly  acsravated  by  that  conduct  on  the  part  of  government  against  which  the  di- 
rectors had  so  strongly  protested,  she  could  hardly,  in  any  state  of  her  affairs,  have  got  safely  over 
the  crisis  of  1797.  The  run  upon  the  Bank  that  then  took  place,  was  occasioned  by  alarms  of  inva- 
sion ;  and  it  is  clear,  as  remarked  in  the  text,  that  while  they  continued,  iiu  paper  immediately  cuu- 
vertible  into  gold  cuuld  remain  in  circulation. 


1 1 


.'  t 

c 

i 

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)■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


|5o   "^^     H^H 

12.0 


^     140 


1.25  III  1.4 


IJ4 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


3>^ 


^ 


iV 


<^ 


4 


23  WIST  MUMN  STRHT 

WttSTER,N.Y.  )45M 

(7t«)  I73-4S03 


80 


BANK  OF  ENGT^AND. 


T. 


fall  having  proved  ruinous  to  a  considerable  number  of  famners,  and  produced  a  general 
want  of  confidence,  such  a  destruction  of  provincial  paper  took  place  as  has  rarely  been 
paralleled.  In  1814,  1815,  and  1816,  no  fewer  than  240  country  banks  stopped  payment; 
and  eighty-nine  commissions  of  bankruptcy  were  issued  against  these  establishments,  being 
at  the  rate  of  one  commission  against  every  ten  and  a  half  of  tlie  total  number  of  banks 
existing  in  1813. 

The  great  reduction  that  had  been  thus  suddenly  and  violently  brought  about  in  the 
quantity  of  country  bank  paper,  by  extending  the  field  for  the  circulation  of  Bank  of 
England  paper,  raised  its  value  in  1817  nearly  to  a  par  with  gold.  The  return  to  cash  pay- 
ments  being  thus  facilitated,  it  was  fixed,  in  1819,  by  the  act  59  Geo.  3.  c.  78.;  commonly 
called  Mr.  Peel's  act,  that  they  should  take  place  in  1823.  But  to  prevent  any  future  over- 
issue, and  at  the  same  time  to  render  the  measure  as  little  burdensome  as  possible,  it  was 
enacted,  in  pursuance  of  a  plan  suggested  by  the  late  Mr.  Ricardo,  that  the  Bank  should  lie 
obliged,  during  the  interval  from  the  passing  of  the  act  till  the  return  to  specie  payments,  to 
pay  her  notes,  if  required,  in  bars  of  standard  bullion  of  not  less  than  sixty  ounces'  weight. 
This  plan  was  not,  however,  acted  upon  during  the  period  allowed  by  law ;  for,  a  large 
amount  of  gold  having  been  accumulated  at  the  Bank,  the  directors  preferred  recommencing 
specie  payments  on  the  1st  of  May,  1821. — (See  Table  IV.  for  an  account  of  Uie  price  of 
bullion,  the  depreciation  of  paper,  &c.  from  1800  to  1821.) 

A  great  diversity  of  opinion  has  been  entertained  with  respect  to  the  policy  of  the  return 
to  the  old  standani,  in  1819.  By  one  party  it  has  been  represented  as  a  wise  and  politic 
measure :  they  contend  that  Mr.  Peel's  Act  not  only  put  an  end  to  those  fluctuations  in  the 
value  of  money,  which  had  previously  been  productive  of  great  mischief,  and  gave  effect  to 
the  solemn  engagements  into  which  the  public  had  entered  with  the  national  creditor,  but 
that  it  did  this  without  adding  any  thing  material  to  tlie  national  burdens.  But  another, 
and,  perhaps,  a  more  numerous  party,  take  a  totally  different  view  of  this  measure  :  they 
contend  that  the  public  was  not  really  bound  to  return  to  cash  payments  at  the  old  standard 
at  the  termination  of  the  war ;  that  the  return  has  very  greatly  enhanced  the  value  of  the 
currency  ;  and  that  this  enhancement,  by  adding  proportionally  to  the  fixed  burdens  laid  on 
the  industrious  classes,  has  been  most  injurious  to  their  interests.  It  will,  however,  be 
found  in  this,  as  in  most  cases  of  the  sort,  that  the  statements  of  both  parties  are  exagger- 
ated ;  and  that  if,  on  the  one  hand,  the  measure  has  not  been  so  advantageous  as  its  apo- 
logists represent,  neither,  on  the  other,  has  it  been  nearly  so  injurious  as  its  enemies  would 
have  us  believe. 

In  discussing  this  question,  it  is  material  to  observe  that  the  value  of  paper,  which  had 
been  in  1815  and  1816  about  16^  per  cent,  below  that  of  gold,  rose  in  1817  and  1818,  from 
the  causes  already  mentioned,  without  any  interference  whatever  on  the  part  of  govern- 
ment, to  within  little  more  than  2^  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  gold ;  and  that  in  1819  the 
depreciation  only  amounted  to  4^  per  cent. — (See  Table  IV.)  It  is,  therefore,  quite  ludi- 
crous to  ascribe  to  the  act  of  1819,  as  is  often  done,  the  whole  ris?  that  has  taken  place  in 
the  value  of  the  currency  since  the  peace,  seeing  that  the  currency  had  been  for  three  yean 
jprevioualy  to  its  enactment  from  12^  to  14^  per  cent,  above  its  value  in  1815,  and  from  21 
to  23  per  cent,  above  its  value  in  1814 !  The  main  object  which  the  promoters  of  the  act 
of  1819  had  in  view,  was  to  sustain  the  value  of  the  currency  at  the  point  to  which  it  had 
recovered  itself,  without  legislative  interference.  This,  however,  could  not  be  done  without 
recurring  to  specie  payments;  and  the  difference  of  4^  per  cent,  that  obtained  in  1819 
between  the  value  of  gold  and  paper,  was  not  deemed  sufficiently  considerable  to  warrant  a 
departure  from  the  old  standard,  and  from  the  acts  engaging  to  restore  it 

But  it  is  alleged,  that  those  who  suppose  that  the  act  of  1819  added  only  4^  per  cent,  to 
the  value  of  the  currency,  inistake  altogether  the  effect  of  the  measure.  It  is  admitted,  in- 
deed, that  pa|)er  was  then  only  4^  per  cent  less  valuable  than  gold ;  but  by  reverting  to 
specie  payments,  we  made  an  unexpected  purchase  of  thirty  millions  of  gold ;  and  it  is 
affirmed,  that  this  novel  and  large  demand,  concurring  simultaneously  with  the  contraction 
of  paper  in  several  of  the  continental  states,  and  with  a  falling  off  in  the  supply  of  bullion 
from  the  mines,  had  the  effect  of  adding  very  greatly  to  (he  value  of  gold  itself,  and  conse- 
quently to  that  of  the  currency.  It  is  very  difficult,  or  rather,  perhaps,  impossible,  to  deter- 
mine the  precise  degree  of  credit  that  ought  to  be  attached  to  this  statement ;  but  while  we 
incline  to  think  that  it  is  well  founded  to  a  certain  extent,  we  see  no  grounds  for  believing 
that  it  is  80  to  any  thing  like  the  extent  that  has  been  stited.  The  gold  imported  into 
Great  Britain,  to  enable  the  Bank  to  resume  specie  payments,  was  not  taken  from  any  par- 
ticular country  or  district,  but  was  drawn  from  the  market  of  the  world ;  and  considering 
the  vast  extent  of  the  supply  whence  it  was  derived,  it  is  against  all  reason  to  suppose  that 
its  value  could  be  materially  influenced  by  our  purchases.  We  doubt,  too,  whether  the  con- 
traction of  the  paper  currency  of  some  of  the  continental  states,  and  the  substitution  of 
specie  in  its  stead,  was  not  more  than  balanced  by  the  cessation  of  the  demand  for  specie  for 
the  military  chests  of  the  different  armies,  by  the  stoppage  of  the  practice  of  hoarding,  and 
the  greater  security  consequent  to  the  return  of  peace.    And  with  respect  to  the  falling  off 


in  the  suppliei 

able  influence 

extent  to  whic 

it  might  again 

nued  for  too 

to  make  it  a  g 

The  decline 

of^en  referred 

But  the  inferei 

modities  are  en 

the  quantity  of 

the  cost  of  whi 

new  sources,  w 

fxtendrd  in  Fr 

large  estates,  at 

price  in  this  c( 

from  Ireland,  a 

counted  for  by 

where  they  seer 

New  Holland  a 

price  of  colonia 

monopoly  systei 

rara,  &c.    Alth 

from  the  mines 

nable  error  to  as 

eflect  rated  at  1 

Precious  Met 

On  the  whole 

the  act  of  1819. 

80  far  hostile  to  ( 

in  any  thing  lik 

pnssed,  is  now  so 

been  formed  witl 

may  have  occasic 

the  standard  at  th 

(he  end  of  the  wi 

really  abandoned 

have  been  better, 

to  the  market  pri 

tion  of  the  old  sti 

tic  to  subject  it  to 

to  make  good  its 

compounding  wit 

ing  to  the  dishonc 

The  price  of  c( 

1823;  and  this  c: 

mote  an  extraordi 

sequence  far  too  r 

and  the  exchange 

of  England.    Bu 

into  an  engageme 

dissent  from  its  ci 

sidcrable  sum  on 

teract  the  effect  ol 

rency  was  not  v( 

continued  deman( 

metropolis,  the  pr 

and  they  were  a  i 

tal,  or  had  conduct 

they  experienced  i 

The  alarm,  once  c 

almost  wholly  sus] 

were  destroyed,  n 

England;  and  th 

banks,  was  so  he 

obliged,  as  already 

In  order  to  guai 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


81 


cent,  to 

itted,  in- 

erting  to 

and  it  is 

ntraction 

bullion 

1  conse- 

to  deter- 

hile  we 

)elieving 

ted  into 

ny  par- 

sidering 

K>8e  that 

the  con- 

tion  of 

pecie  for 

ng;,  and 

linK  off 


in  the  nipplies  from  the  mines,  it  in  not  a  circumstan-c,  supposing  it  to  have  had  a  consider- 
able influence,  that  parliament  could  take  into  account.  It  could  neither  determine  tho 
extent  to  which  bullion  had  been  raised,  nor  at  what  point  the  rise  would  stop,  nor  how  soon 
it  might  again  begin  to  decline.  The  diminution  in  the  supply  of  bullion  had  then  conti- 
nued for  too  short  a  period,  and  its  influence  on  the  value  of  gold  was  much  too  uncertain, 
to  make  it  a  ground  for  interfering  in  any  degree  with  the  standard. 

The  decline  in  the  price  of  most  articles  that  has  taken  place  since  the  peace,  has  been 
often  referred  to,  as  a  conclusive  proof  of  the  great  enhancement  in  the  value  of  bullion. 
But  the  inference  is  by  no  means  so  certain  as  has  been  represented.  The  prices  of  com- 
modities are  as  much  aflcctcd  by  changes  in  the  cost  of  their  production,  as  by  changes  in 
the  quantity  of  money  afloat.  Now,  there  is  hardly  one  of  the  great  articles  of  commerce, 
the  cost  of  which  has  not  been  considerably  reduced,  or  which  has  not  Iwen  supplied  from 
new  sources,  within  the  last  few  years.  The  growth  of  corn,  for  example,  has  been  vastly 
extended  in  France,  Prussia,  and  generally  throughout  the  Continent,  by  the  splitting  of 
large  estates,  and  the  complete  subversion  of  the  feudal  system ;  and  the  reduction  of  its 
price  in  this  country  is,  at  least,  as  much  owing  to  the  extraordinary  increase  of  imports 
from  Ireland,  as  to  any  other  cause.  The  fall  in  the  price  of  wool  is  most  satisfactorily  ac- 
counted for  by  the  introduction  and  rapid  multiplication  of  Merino  sheep  in  Germany, 
where  they  seem  to  succeed  even  better  than  in  Spain ;  and  by  the  growing  imports  from 
New  Holland  and  elsewhere.  And  a  very  large  portion,  if  not  the  whole,  of  the  fall  in  the 
price  of  colonial  products,  is  admitted,  on  all  hands,  to  i>e  owing  to  the  destruction  of  the 
monopoly  system,  and  the  vast  extension  of  cultivation  in  Cuba,  Brazil,  Louisiana,  Deme- 
rara,  &c.  Although,  therefore,  we  do  not  deny  that  the  falling  off  in  the  supply  of  bullion 
from  the  mines  must  have  had  some  influence  on  prices,  we  hold  it  to  be  the  greatest  imagi- 
nable error  to  a8cril)e  to  it  the  entire  fall  that  has  taken  place  .since  the  peace.  Were  its 
eA'ect  rated  at  10  per  cent,  we  believe  it  would  be  very  considerably  overstated. — (See  art. 
Precious  Metals.) 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  we  are  disposed  to  approve  of  the  conduct  of  those  who  framed 
the  act  of  1819.  That  it  added  to  the  burdens  of  the  industrious  classes,  and  has  been  in 
so  far  hostile  to  the  public  interests,  it  seems  impossible  to  doubt ;  but  it  has  not  done  this 
in  any  thing  like  the  degree  which  its  enemies  represent  The  period,  too,  when  it  was 
passed,  is  now  so  distant,  that  the  existing  engagements  amongst  individuals  have  almost  all 
been  formed  with  reference  to  the  altered  value  of  the  currency  ;  so  that  whatever  injury  it 
may  have  occasioned  in  the  first  instance,  must  be  nearly  gone  by.  To  modify  or  change 
the  standard  at  this  late  period,  would  not  be  to  repair  injustice,  but  to  commit  it  afresh.  At 
the  end  of  the  war,  the  circumstances  were  considerably  diflerent.  The  standard  had  been 
really  abandoned  for  the  previous  18  years ;  and,  perhaps,  we  may  now  say,  that  it  would 
have  been  better,  all  things  considered,  had  the  mint  price  of  bullion  been  raised,  in  1815, 
to  the  market  price.  But  having  surmounted  all  the  difliculties  attendant  upon  the  restora- 
tion of  the  old  standard,  and  maintained  it  since  1 82 1,  it  would  be  in  the  last  degree  impoli- 
tic to  subject  it  to  new  alterations.  Should  the  country  become,  at  any  future  period,  unable 
to  make  good  its  engagements,  it  will  better  consult  its  honour  and  its  interest,  by  fairly 
compounding  with  its  creditors,  than  by  endeavouring  to  slip  from  its  engagements  by  resort- 
ing to  the  dishonest  expedient  of  enfeebling  the  standard. 

The  price  of  corn,  which  had  been  very  much  depressed  in  1821  and  1822,  rallied  in 
1823;  and  this  circumstance  contributed,  along  with  others  peculiar  to  that  period,  to  pro- 
mote an  extraordinary  rage  for  speculation.  The  issues  of  the  country  banks  being  in  con- 
sequence far  too  much  extended,  the  currency  became  redundant  in  the  autumn  of  1824; 
and  the  exchanges  having  been  depressed,  a  drain  for  gold  began  to  operate  upon  the  Bank 
of  England.  But  the  directors  of  the  Bank  having  entered,  in  the  early  part  of  that  year, 
into  an  engagement  with  government  to  pay  off  such  holders  of  4  per  cent,  stock  as  might 
dissent  from  its  conversion  into  a  3^  per  cent.  storJt,  they  were  obliged  to  advance  a  con- 
siderable sum  on  this  account  after  the  depression  of  the  exchange.  This  tended  to  coun- 
teract the  effect  of  the  drain  on  the  Bank  for  gold ;  and,  in  consequence,  the  London  cur- 
rency was  not  very  materially  diminished  till  September,  1825.  When,  however,  the 
continued  demand  of  the  public  on  the  Bank  for  gold  had  rendered  money  scarce  in  the 
metropolis,  the  pressure  speedily  extended  to  the  country.  Such  of  the  provincial  banks — 
and  they  were  a  numerous  class — as  had  been  originally  established  without  sufficient  capi- 
tal, or  had  conducted  their  business  upon  erroneous  principles,  began  to  give  way  the  moment 
they  experienced  an  increased  difficulty  of  obtaining  pecuniary  accommodations  in  London. 
The  alarm,  once  excited,  soon  became  general ;  and  confidence  and  credit  were,  for  a  while, 
almost  wholly  suspended.  In  the  short  space  of  6  weeks,  above  70  banking  establishments 
were  destroyed,  notwithstanding  the  very  large  advances  made  to  them  by  the  Bank  of 
England ;  and  the  run  upon  the  Bank,  for  cash  to  supply  the  exigencies  of  the  country 
banks,  was  so  heavy,  that  she  was  wellnigh  drained  of  all  the  coin  in  her  coffers,  and 
obliged,  as  already  remarked,  to  issue  about  a  million  of  1/,  and  2/.  notes. 

In  order  to  guard  against  a  recurrence  of  the  wide-spread  mischief  and  ruin,  produced  by 

11 


e 
z 

s 

a 


82 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


this  and  the  previous  bankruptcies  of  the  country-  bankt*,  it  was  resolved,  in  1826,  with  con* 
sent  of  the  Bank  of  England,  to  make  a  change  in  the  law  of  1 70S,  limiting  the  number  of 
partners  in  banking  establishments  to  6  only.  And  it  was  accordingly  enacted,  that  ihcncr- 
forth  any  number  of  partners  might  form  themselves  into  associations,  to  carry  on  the  busi- 
ness of  banking,  including  the  issue  of  notes,  any  where  not  within  aixly-five  miles  of  Lon- 
don. The  directors  of  the  Bank  of  England  came,  at  the  same  time,  to  the  resolution  of 
establishing  branches  in  some  of  the  principal  towns ;  and,  at  this  moment,  branch  banks 
are  established  in  Gloucester,  Manchester,  Birmingham,  Leeda,  Liverpool,  Bristol,  Exeter, 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Hull,  Norwich,  Ac. 

The  branch  bank  cannot  fail  of  being  highly  useful ;  but  we  believe  that  the  benefit 
resulting  from  the  formation  of  joint  stock  banks  will  not  be  nearly  so  great  as  has  been 
anticipated. — (See  post,  Banks  (Enolisii  Provincial).)  So  long  as  every  one  is  allowed 
to  issue  notes  without  any  sort  of  check  or  control,  a  thousand  devices  may  be  fallen  upon 
to  insure  a  certain  circulation  to  those  that  are  most  worthless.  At  best,  this  measure  is  but 
a  feeble  palliative  of  inveterate  disorders.  It  is  quite  illusory  to  expect  to  make  any  real 
improvement  upon  the  system  of  country  banking  in  England,  by  the  mere  introduction  of  a 
plan  for  allowing  banking  establishments  with  large  capitals  to  be  set  on  foot.  There  have 
always  been,  and  are  at  this  moment,  a  great  number  of  such  establishments  in  England. 
What  is  really  wanted,  is  the  adoption  of  a  system  that  will  exclude  the  possibility  of  notes 
being  discredited,  by  preventing  all  individuals  or  associations  from  issuing  such  as  have  not 
been  previously  guaranteed. 

Besides  attempting  to  lessen  the  frequency  of  bankruptcy  a'^.iong  the  country  hanks,  by 
repealing  the  law  limiting  the  number  of  partners,  it  was  further  resolved  in  1826,  to  pro- 
hibit the  future  issue  of  1/.  notes.  The  policy  and  effects  of  this  measure  have  given  rise  to 
much  dispute.  It  seems  clear,  that  it  has  gone  far  to  shut  up  one  of  the  most  convenient 
channels  by  which  the  inferior  class  of  country  bankers  contrived  to  get  their  notes  into 
circulation,  and  must,  in  so  far,  do  good.  But  there  ere  many  other  channels  still  open  to 
them ;  and  to  imagine  that  this  measure  will  place  the  provincial  currency  on  that  solid 
basis  on  which  it  ought  to  be  placed,  is  quite  visionary.  There  were  no  notes  under  5/,  in 
circulation  in  1792;  and  yet  fully  one  third  of  the  country  banks  then  in  existence  became 
bankrupt !  The  truth  is,  as  already  stated,  that  it  is  not  possible  to  guard  against  loss  and 
fraud,  from  the  proceedings  of  the  country  bankers,  otherwise  than  by  compelling  tliem  to 
give  security  for  their  issues ;  and,  as  security  may  as  easily  be  given  for  1/.  notes  as  for 
those  of  5/.,  the  suppression  of  the  former  does  not  appear  to  have  been  at  all  essential.  No 
doubt  can,  however,  be  entertained,  that  the  representations  as  to  the  extreme  injury  occa- 
sioned by  the  withdrawal  of  the  1  /.  notes  have  been  very  greatly  exaggerated ; — though  it  is  at 
the  same  time  obvious,  that  the  means  of  the  bankers  to  make  advances,  as  well  as  the  profit 
derived  from  making  them,  must  both  have  been  diminished  by  the  suppression  of  the  small 
notes ;  and  it  would  be  foolish  to  deny  that  this  circumstance  must  have  occasioned  some 
loss  and  inconvenience  to  many  individuals. 

These  remarks  are  meant  to  apply  only  to  the  case  of  the  country  banks.  The  extraor- 
dinary extent  to  which  the  forgery  of  the  1/.  notes  of  the  Bank  of  England  was  carried, 
affords,  perhaps,  a  sufficient  vindication  of  the  policy  of  their  suppression.  But  the  com- 
paratively limited  circulation  of  the  country  banks,  and,  perhaps  we  may  add,  the  greater 
attention  paid  to  the  manner  in  which  their  notes  were  engraved,  hindered  their  forgery  from 
becoming  injuriously  prevalent. 

(2.)  Cask  kept  by  the  Bank.  Regulation  of  her  Issues. — Of  late,  the  Bank  directors 
have  endeavoured,  as  a  general  rule,  to  have  as  much  coin  and  bullion  in  their  coffers  as 
may  together  amount,  when  the  exchange  is  at  par,  to  a  third  part  of  the  Bank's  liabilities, 
including  deposits  as  well  as  issues  ,•  so  that,  in  the  event  of  the  notes  afloat,  and  the  public 
and  private  deposits  in  the  coffers  of  the  Bank,  amounting  to  27,0UU,000/.  or  30,000,000/., 
they  would  not  consider  the  establishment  in  a  perfectly  satisfactory  state,  unless  she  was, 
generally  speaking,  possessed  of  about  9,000,000/.  or  10,000,000/.  of  coin  and  bullion. 
Such  a  supply  seems  to  afford  every  requisite  security ;  and  now  that  the  notes  of  the  Bank 
are  made  legal  tender,  and  that  she  must  be  less  exposed  than  formerly  to  drains  during 
panics,  it  may,  probably,  be  found  to  be  unnecessarily  large. 

The  issues  of  the  Bank  are  wholly  governed,  at  least  in  all  ordinary  cases,  by  what  Mr. 
Horsley  Palmer  expressively  calls  "  the  action  of  the  public :" — that  is,  they  are  increased 
during  a  favourable  exchange,  or  when  bullion  is  sent  to  the  Bank  to  be  exchanged  for 
notes,  and  diminished  during  an  unfavourable  exchange,  or  when  notes  are  sent  to  the  Bank 
to  be  paid.  If  the  exchange  were  so  favourable  that  the  Bank  was  accumulating  considi^r- 
ably  more  bullion  than  was  equivalent  to  the  third  part  of  her  liabilities,  the  directors  would 
seem  to  be  justified  in  adding  to  the  currency  by  buying  a  larger  amount  of  government 
securities,  or  by  increasing  their  discounts,  &c. ;  and  conversely,  if  the  exchange  were  so 
unfavourable  as  to  depress  the  supply  of  coin  and  bullion  considerably  below  the  average 
proportion.    But  the  most  intelligent  directors  seem  to  think  that  this  would  be  an  undue 


interference ; 

to  regulate  th 

It  is  freque 

of  property,  de 

depressed  at  a 

Bank  are  regi 

one  who  kno 

may  be  at  all 

must  know  thi 

(3.)  Bank  < 

of  England  co 

only,"  says  Di 

pays  the  greati 

lates  Excheqw 

malt  (axes,  whi 

(4.)  Advanc 

has  generally 

certain  branche 

her  issues  throi 

times  considera 

very  great     G« 

into  competitiot 

the  discounting 

banking  busine 

by  public  bodies 

fairly  into  comp 

counting,  it  wou 

and  a  fall  of  the 

At  present,  then 

for  loans  has  bee 

periods,  very  few 

one  who  has  anj 

the  rate  of  intere 

establishment  cai 

in  the  money  mt 

tiie  market  rate 

occasions,  the  pri 

becomes,  as  it  we 

ticularly  in  1793, 

credit,  and  to  the 

Bank's  discounts 

indisposition  on  t 

commercial  classi 

believe  justly,  thi 

banking  is  best  cc 

competition  with 

public  and  private 

culty.    This  is  n( 

in  the  best  and 

Bank. 

No.  XIV.  of  th 
commercial  paper 
subjoined  account 
the  variations  in  t 
sudden  increase  a 
first  quarter  of  181 
to  the  trading  inte 
tion  to  render  it,  i( 
The  annual  av 
don,  from  1791  t 
Charter,  No.  60.) 

♦  Mr.  Horsley  Pa 
Bank  charter  contaii 
buiinesi  of  the  Bar 
general  ability,  and 
currency. 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


83 


interference ;  and,  in  all  hut  cxtrnonlinary  rasca,  the  rule  of  the  Bank  u,  to  allow  the  public 
turegulate  the  currency  ft  rr  itself  I  hroui^h  the  action  of  the  exchange.* 

It  \a  frequently  saiil  that  the  value  of  money,  and,  conRequentiy,  that  the  price  of  all  sorts 
of  property,  depends  on  the  fiat  of  the  Bank,  by  which  it  is  capriciously  elevated  at  one  time  and 
depressed  at  another.  But  the  account  now  given  of  the  mode  in  which  the  issueti  of  the 
Bank  are  regulated  completely  disproves  such  statement* ;  and  independently  of  this,  every 
one  v/ho  knows  that  the  Bank  must  pay  her  notes  in  coin  when  presented,  and  that  coin 
may  be  at  all  times  obtained  from  the  Mint,  without  any  charge,  in  exchange  for  bullion, 
must  know  that  the  very  supposition  of  their  being  true  involves  a  contradiction. 

(3.)  Bank  of  England  in  its  Connection  with  Government  and  the  Fublic, — ^The  Bank 
of  England  conducts  the  whole  banking  business  of  the  British  government.  "  It  acts  not 
only,"  says  Dr.  Smith,  "  as  an  ordinary  bank,  but  as  a  great  engine  of  state.  It  receives  and 
pays  the  greater  part  of  the  annuities,  which  are  due  to  the  creditors  of  the  public ;  it  circu- 
lates Exchequer  bills ;  and  it  advances  to  irovernment  the  annual  amount  of  the  land  and 
malt  taxes,  which  are  frequently  not  paid  till  some  years  thereafter." 

(4.)  Advances  by  the  Bank  in  Discounts,  ^•c. — The  greater  part  of  the  paper  of  the  Bank 
has  generally  been  issued  in  the  way  of  advances  or  loans  to  government,  upon  security  of 
certain  branches  of  the  revenue,  and  in  the  purchase  of  Exchequer  bills  and  bullion  ;  but 
her  issues  through  the  medium  of  discounts  to  individuals  have,  notwithstanding,  been  at  all 
times  considerable,  while,  during  war  and  in  periods  of  distress,  they  have  been  occasionally 
very  great     Generally  speaking,  however,  the  directors  do  not  think  it  advisable  to  enter 
into  competition  with  private  bankers  in  the  transacting  of  ordinary  banking  business,  or  in 
the  discounting  of  mercantile  paper.     Mr.  Horsley   Palmer  is  decidedly  of  opinion,  that  all 
banking  business,  apart  from  the  issue  of  notes,  is  better  transacted  by  private  bankers  than 
by  public  bodies. — ( Min.  of  Evidence,  p.  37.)     He  also  thinks,  that  were  the  bank  to  come 
fairly  into  competition,  at  all  times,  with  the  private  bankers  and  other  individuals  in  dis- 
counting, it  would  be  very  apt  to  lead,  every  now  and  then,  to  an  excess  of  the  currency, 
and  a  fall  of  the  exchange,  producing  fluctuations  that  could  not  fail  to  be  most  injurious. 
At  present,  therefore,  and  generally  since  the  peace,  the  rate  of  interest  charged  by  the  Bank 
for  loans  has  been  somewhat  above  the  market  rate.     The  consequence  is,  that,  in  ordinary 
periods,  very  few  applications  are  made  to  her  for  discounts.    But,  at  the  same  time,  every 
one  who  has  any  reasonable  security  to  offer,  knows  where  they  may  always  be  had ;  while 
the  rate  of  interest  charged  by  the  Bank  necessarily  forms  a  maximum  rate  which  no  other 
establishment  can  exceed.     When,  however,  any  circumstances  occur  to  occasion  a  pressure 
in  the  money  market,  or  a  difficulty  of  obtaining  recommendations  in  the  usual  channels, 
the  market  rate  of  interest  immediately  rises  to  the  rate  fixed  by  the  Bank ;  and  on  such 
occasions,  the  private  bankers,  and  the  public  generally,  resort  to  the  Bank  for  aid.  She  then 
becomes,  as  it  were,  a  bank  of  support ,-  and  has,  as  such,  on  many  trying  occasions,  par- 
ticularly in  1793,  1815  and  1816,  and  1825-26,  rendered  the  most  essential  service  to  public 
credit,  and  to  the  commercial  interests  of  the  country.    The  usual  limited  amount  of  the 
Bank's  discounts  does  not,  tb  "^refore,  proceed,  as  has  been  absurdly  enough  stated,  from  any 
indisposition  on  the  part  of  the  directors  to  render  every  assistance  in  their  power  to  the 
commercial  classes,  but  is,  in  fact,  the  effect  of  such  disposition.    They  consider,  and  we 
believe  justly,  that,  except  under  peculiar  circumstances,  the  business  of  discounting  and 
banking  is  best  conducted  by  private  parties ;  and  that,  by  abstaining  from  coming  into 
competition  with  them,  they  are  better  able  to  act  as  a  bank  of  support — that  is,  to  sustain 
public  and  private  credit  by  making  extraordinary  advances  in  seasons  of  distress  and  diffi- 
culty.   This  is  not  to  neglect  the  interests  of  the  mercantile  classes,  but  to  promote  them 
in  the  best  and  most  efficient  manner,  even  though  it  should  be  at  the  expense  of  the 
Bank. 

No.  XIV.  of  the  accounts  subjoined  to  this  article  shows  the  average  annual  amount  of 
commercial  paper  discounted  by  the  Bank  in  London,  from  1795  down  to  1831.  But  the 
subjoined  account  will  probably  be  deemed  still  more  interesting,  from  its  exhibiting  in  detail 
the  variations  in  the  discounts  by  the  Bank  during  the  17  years  ending  with  1831.  The 
sudden  increase  and  immense  amount  of  the  discounts,  in  the  last  quarter  of  1825  and  the 
first  quarter  of  1826,  show  the  vast  importance  of  the  assistance  then  rendered  by  the  Bank 
to  the  trading  interests.  Had  this  assistance  been  withheld,  or  the  Bank  not  been  in  a  situa- 
tion to  render  it,  it  is  not  easy  to  estimate  the  consequences. 

The  annual  average  loss  by  bad  debts  on  the  discounts  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  Lon- 
don, from  1791  to  1831;  both  inclusive,  has  been  31,698/. — {Appen,  to  JUp.  on  Bank 
Charter,  No.  60.) 

*  Mr.  Horsley  Palmer's  evidence  berore  the  late  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  the 
Bank  charter  contalnii  by  far  the  best  exposition  ever  givnn  to  the  public,  of  the  mode  in  which  the 
business  of  the  Banlc  of  England  ia  conducted.  It  is  also  highly  deserving  of  attention,  from  its 
general  ability,  and  the  strong  and  steady  ligtit  which  it  itirows  on  the  principles  of  baokiug  and 
currency. 


*      1 


14 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


Account  nf  thr>  Avrrajre  Aniniiiit  or  IIIIIh  nnd  NoK-h  (li^cniintcil  liy  the  Hank  of  Enfitnnd,  In  rnrh 
Qimrtcr  of  puch  of  the  r^evuntccn  Vcsirh  fiidiiig  wall  [••'M.—i^ppen.  to  Hep.  un  Bank  Chartir, 
Mo.  30.) 


Vmn. 

lit  QuarteFf  f  ndinc 

3tl  (luarttT,  rmliiig 

U  Quarter,  rpdinn 

4lh  Quarter,  eating 

3lil  of  March. 

30th  of  June. 

auih  (if  September. 

Sill  of  iMninlrer. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1815 

13,«1 1,900 

13,H4fl,.VI0 

16,613,200 

15,717,300 

1HI« 

14,3l&,tKIO 

13,380,400 

10,569,400 

7,.1!«t,80O 

IX\1 

5,823,500 

4,148,.-)00 

3,329,300 

2,541,200 

IH18 

2,ir:ft,lHK) 

2,847,800 

4,610,400 

6,8«)5,7(K( 

1811) 

8,3fi3.7flO 

6,6.12,300 

6,021, 6(K) 

5,012,200 

1820 

4,810.700 

3,603.500 

3,9K7,<1(K) 

3,130,700 

18'il 

3,2;tH,30O 

2,71.M00 

2,294,100 

3,459,.KI0 

18'22 

."J,!. 17,(100 

3,216,500 

3,.1K8,700 

3,724,600 

1823 

4,I07,2(M» 

3,2.V2,2fl« 

2,801,400 

2,.1.14,2«0 

1821 

2,22(1,800 

2,553,500 

2,449,800 

2,248,900 

isas 

2,400,8110 

3,1»73,700 

5,48«1,0<H) 

7,839,500 

1828 

9,586,700 

5,0.17,400 

2,9.'.0,5fl0 

2,164,800 

1827 

2,108,600 

1,226,400 

1,107,500 

1,239,800 

i8a.s 

1,2!)8,400 

1,105.600 

1,170,800 

2,157,200 

182!t 

3,tt52,IMl0 

3,283,700 

2,611,800 

2,1.52,700 

1830 

1,860,500 

1,414,600 

1,27.5,000 

1,930,700 

1831 

2,510,200 

3,240,200 

3,422,500 

3,771,500 

(o.)  Advances  by  the  Bank  to  Government, — These  are  made  on  account  of  the  produce 
of  taxes  not  yet  received,  and  on  the  security  of  Exchequer  bills,  &c.  They  varied,  from 
1792  down  to  1810,  from  aliout  10,000,000/.  to  about  16,000,000/.  During  the  remainder 
of  the  war,  and  down  to  1820,  they  were  a  good  deal  larger;  they  were,  at  an  average  of 
each  of  the  7  years  ending  with  that  last  mentioned,  as  follows: — 


1814 
1815 
1810 
1817 


£ 

30,149,000 
26,494,000 
23,544,000 
27,347,000 


1818 
1819 
1620 


£ 

28,061,000 
24,636,975 
21,915,825 


But  in  these  are  included  about  1,000,000/.  a  year  paid  to  government  out  of  the  sums 
issued  on  account  of  the  dividends,  but  not  claimed.  This  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  an 
advance  by  the  Bank. 

In  1819,  provision  was  made  for  reducing  the  amount  of  these  advances;  and  they  do 
not  at  present,  excluding  the  permanent  advance  on  account  of  the  dead  weight,  exceed  a 
third  of  their  amount  in  1820.  They  are  represented  by  the  Exchequer  bills  and  defi- 
ciency bills  in  the  hands  of  the  Bank ;  and  the  average  amount  of  these  in  her  possession 
during  the  4  years  ending  with  1831,  was  as  follows : — 

£  I  £ 

1828  ....         9,367,630  1830  ....         8,783,730 

1629  ....         8,664,020     |     1831  ....         6,7.13,260 

{Jppen.  to  Htp.  on  Bank  Charter,  No.  64.) 

(6.)  Balances  of  Public  Money. — In  point  of  fact,  however,  a  very  largo  part  of  these 
advancss  has  been  nominal  only,  or  has  been  virtually  cancelled  by  the  balances  of  public 
money  in  the  hands  of  the  Bank.  Thus,  from  1806  to  1810,  both  inclusive,  the  average 
advances  to  government  amounted  to  14,492,970/.  But  the  average  balance  of  public  money 
in  possession  of  the  Bank  during  the  same  period  amounted  to  about  11,000,000.;  so  that 
the  real  advance  was  equal  only  to  the  difference  between  these  two  sums,  or  to  about 
3,500,000/.  This  statement  completely  negatives,  as  Mr.  Tooke  has  justly  stated,  the  sup- 
position so  commonly  entertained  and  reasoned  upon  as  a  point  beyond  doubt,  that  the  Bank 
was  rendered,  by  the  restriction,  a  mere  engine  in  the  hands  of  government  for  facilitating  its 
financial  operations. — (First  Letter  to  Lord  Grenville,  p.  64.) 

The  Bank  being  enabled  to  employ  the  greater  part  of  the  balances  of  public  money  in 
her  hands  as  capital,  they  have  formed  one  of  the  main  sources  of  the  profit  she  has  derived 
from  her  transactions  with  the  public.  This  subject  was  brought  very  prominently  forward 
in  the  Second  Report  of  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  Public  Expenditure  in 
1807.  And  it  was  agreed  in  the  enme  year,  that  the  Bank  should,  in  consideration  of  the 
advantages  derived  from  the  public  balances,  continue  the  loan  of  3,000,000/.  made  to 
government  in  1800  for  6  years,  without  interest,  on  the  same  terms,  till  6  months  afler  the 
signature  of  a  definitive  treaty  of  peace.  In  1816,  this  sum  was  finally  incorporated  with  the 
debt  due  by  government  to  the  Bank,  at  an  interest  of  3  per  cent  In  1818,  the  public 
balances  had  fallen  to  about  7,000,000/. ;  and  they  have  been  still  further  reduced,  in  conse- 
quence of  measures  that  were  then  adopted.  They  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  3  years 
ending  with  1831,  to  4,157,570/.— (See  Table  XII.) 

A  part  of  the  public  balances  is  formed  of  the  dividends  payable  at  the  Bank,  but  un* 
claimed.  The  balance  arising  from  this  source  has  sometimes  amounted  to  above  1,000,000/.; 

*  These  are  the  averages  of  the  total  advances  on  the  26th  of  February,  and  the  36tb  of  August, 
each  year. 


but  in  1808 
fund  have  bee 

(7.)  Mana 
on  this  accou 
iitock,  &c. — o 
the  Bank,  Iteii 
receiving  con 
very  iinprovid 
the  allowance 
of  the  public  i 
finine  separate 
that  the  allow 
c.  98.,  for  the 
from  their  am( 
for  the  manage 
for  the  future 

It  should  be 
ini;  the  public 
ferring  stock  I 
known ;  and  n 
its  prevention, 
1803,  the  Ban 
no  less  than  '< 
sum !  At  an 
un  the  public  fi 

The  total  su 
bills  funded,  tr 
to  426,795/.  Is. 

(8.)  Dead  H 
of  March,  1823 
and  annuities,  ( 
of  the  war,  the 
above  5,000,00( 
mately  extingui 
to  spread  the  bu 
calculated  the  at 
that,  upon  govei 
found  who  wou! 
viously  determii 
decreasing  the  j 
only  300,000/. 
willing  to  enter 
tion  of  receiving 
April  1823,  to  p 
the  years  1823  a; 

♦  Sep  Table  VI. 
the  public  debt  du 

t  We  subjoin  ai 
of  bank  notes,  po' 

It  is  enacted,  1  y 
or  put  off,  knowin 
any  endorsement 
ment  upon  or  assii 
or  any  indorseinei 
intent  to  defraud  i 
death  as  a  felon.— 

Persons  making 
of  public  stocks  01 

By  the  same  act 
public  stock,  or  of 
capital.  If  any  p< 
the  public  funds,  t 
shall  upon  convict 

And  any  person 
terest,  tc.  in  the  ] 
term  not  less  than 
years.— J  7. 

The  forgery  of  t 
by  tratisporiatlon 
year.—}  8. 

Clerks  or  servan 

rant  for  a  greater  i 

to,  may,  upon  cont 

not  more  than  two 

H 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


85 


Inoney  in 

lis  derived 

forward 

iditure  in 

bn  of  the 

I  made  to 

I  afler  the 

with  the 

lie  public 

lin  conse- 

3  years 

\,  but  un- 

ao.ooo/.; 

If  August, 


but  in  1808  and  1^11,  arrangement*  were  made  by  which  the  lialancea  growing  out  of  this 
fund  have  been  much  reductHl. 

(7.)  Management  of  Public  Debt. — Previously  to  1786,  the  Bank  received  an  allowance 
on  this  account — that  ib,  for  trouble  in  paying  the  dividends,  superintending  the  transfor  of 
«tork,  &c. — of  562/.  10«.  a  million.  In  1786,  this  allowance  was  reduced  to  450/.  a  million, 
the  Bank,  lieing,  at  the  same  time,  entitled  to  a  considerable  allowance  for  her  trouble  in 
receiving  contributions  on  loans,  lotterie;,  <Scc.  This,  however,  thoui^h  long  regarded  as  a 
very  improvident  arrangement  on  the  part  of  the  public,  was  acquiesced  in  till  1808,  when 
the  allowance  on  account  of  management  was  reduced  to  340/.  a  million  on  600,000,000/. 
of  the  public  debt ;  and  to  300/.  a  million  on  all  that  it  exceeded  that  sum,  exclusive  of 
unine  separate  allowances  for  annuities,  &c.  The  impression,  however,  was  still  entertained, 
thiit  the  allowances  for  management  should  lie  further  reduced  ;  and  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4. 
c.  98.,  for  the  renewal  of  the  charter,  has  directed  that  120,000/.  a  year  shall  lie  deducted 
from  their  amount  During  the  year  ended  the  5th  of  April,  1832,  the  Bank  received  251,461/. 
for  the  management  of  the  public  debt,  and  annuities.  This  item  may  therefore,  lie  taken 
for  the  future  at  about  130,000/.  a  year.* — (Report  on  Bank  Charter,  Appen.  p.  35.) 

It  should  be  observed,  that  the  responsibility  and  expense  incurred  by  the  Bank  in  manage 
in;;  the  public  debt  are  very  great.  The  temptation  to  the  commission  of  fraud  in  trans- 
ferring stock  from  one  individual  to  another,  and  in  the  payment  of  the  dividends,  is  well 
known ;  and  notwithstanding  the  skilfully  devised  system  of  checks  adopted  by  the  Bank  for 
its  prevention,  she  has  freijuently  sustained  very  great  losses  by  forgery  and  otherwise.  In 
1803,  the  Bank  lost,  through  a  fraud  committed  by  one  of  her  principal  cashiers,  Mr.  Astlett, 
no  less  than  340,000/. ;  and  the  forgeries  of  Fauntleroy  the  banker  cost  her  a  still  larger 
sum!  At  an  average  of  the  10  years  ending  with  1831,  the  Bank  lost,  through  forgeries 
on  the  public  funds,  40,204/.  a  year.f — (Report  on  Bank  Charter,  Appen.  p.  165.) 

The  total  sum  paid  by  the  public  to  the  Bank  on  account  of  the  loans  raised.  Exchequer 
bills  funded,  transfer  of  3J  per  cent,  stock,  &.c.  from  1793  to  1820,  both  included,  amounted 
to  426,795/.  Is.  llrf.— (Par/.  Paper,  No.  81.  Sess.  1822.) 

(8.)  Dead  Weight. — Besides  the  transactions  alluded  to,  the  Bank  entered,  on  the  20th 
of  March,  1823,  into  an  engagement  with  government  with  respect  to  the  public  pensions 
and  annuities,  or,  as  they  have  been  more  commonly  termed,  the  dead  weight.  At  the  end 
of  the  war,  the  naval  and  military  pensions,  superannuated  allowances,  &c.  amounted  to 
above  5,000,000/.  a  year.  They  would,  of  course,  have  been  gradually  lessened  and  ulti- 
mately extinguished  by  the  death  of  the  parties.  But  it  was  resolved,  in  1822,  to  attempt 
to  spread  the  burden  equally  over  the  whole  period  of  forty-Jive  years,  during  which  it  was 
calculated  the  annuities  would  continue  to  decrease.  To  effect  this  purpose,  it  was  supposed 
that,  upon  government  offering  to  pay  2,800,000/.  a  year  for  45  years,  capitalists  would  be 
found  who  would  undertake  to  pay  the  entire  annuities,  according  to  a  graduated  scale  pre- 
viously determined  upon,  making  the  first  year  a  payment  of  4,900,000/.  and  gradually 
decreasing  the  payments  until  the  forty-iiflh  and  last  year,  when  they  were  to  amount  to 
only  300,000/.  This  supposition  was  not,  however,  realised.  No  capitalists  were  found 
willing  to  enter  into  such  distant  engagements.  But  in  1823  the  Bank  agreed,  on  condi- 
tion of  receiving  an  annuity  of  585,740/.  for  forty-four  years,  commencing  on  the  5th  of 
April  1823,  to  pay,  on  account  of  the  pensions,  &c.,  at  different  specified  periods,  between 
the  years  1823  and  1828,  both  inclusive,  the  sum  of  13,089,419/. — (4  Geo.  4.  c.  22.) 

*  See  Table  VI.  for  an  account  of  the  sums  paid  by  the  public  to  the  Banic,  for  the  management  of 
the  public  debt  during  the  year  1839. 

f  We  Buhjoin  an  abstract  of  the  principal  provisions  in  the  late  statute  whh  respect  to  the  forgery 
of  bank  notes,  powers  of  attorney,  &.c. 

It  is  enacted,  1  Will.  4.  c.  66.,  that  if  any  person  shall  forge  or  alter,  or  shall  nlTer,  utter,  dispose  of, 
or  put  off,  knowing  the  same  to  be  forged  or  altered,  any  Exchequer  bill  nr  Exchequer  debenture,  or 
ony  endorsement  on  or  assignation  of  any  such  bill  or  debenture,  or  any  East  India  bond,  or  indorse- 
ment upon  or  assignation  of  the  same,  or  any  note'  or  bill  of  the  Uiink  of  England,  or  a  bank  post  bill, 
or  any  indorsement  on  or  assignment  of  any  bank  note,  bank  bill  of  exchange,  or  bank  post  bill,  with 
intent  to  defraud  any  person  whatsoever,  he  shall  be  guilty  of  felony,  and  shall  upon  conviction  suffer 
death  as  a  felon.—}  3. 

Persons  making  false  entries  in  the  books  of  the  Bank  of  England,  or  other  books  in  which  accounts 
of  public  stocks  or  funds  are  kept,  with  intent  to  defraud,  shall  suffer  death  as  felons. — i  5. 

By  the  same  act,  the  forging  of  any  transfer  of  any  share  of,  or  interest  in,  or  dividend  upon,  any 
public  stock,  or  of  a  power  of  attorney  tn  transfer  the  same,  or  to  receive  dividends  thereon,  is  made 
capital.  If  any  person,  falsely  personating  the  owner  of  any  share,  interest,  or  dividend  of  any  of 
the  public  funds,  thereby  transfer  such  share,  jcc.,  and  receive  the  money  due  to  the  lawful  owner,  he 
shall  upon  conviction  suffer  death  as  a  felon.—)  6. 

And  any  person  endeavouring  by  such  false  personation  to  procure  the  transfer  of  any  share,  in- 
terest, &c.  in  the  public  funds,  may,  upon  conviction,  be  transported  beyond  seas  for  life,  or  for  any 
term  not  less  than  seven  years,  or  be  imprisoned  for  any  term  not  more  than  four,  nor  less  than  two 
years.—)  7. 

The  forgery  of  the  attestation  to  any  power  of  attorney  for  the  transfer  of  stock  is  to  be  punished 
by  transportation  for  seven  years,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  two  and  not  less  than  one 
year.— J  8. 

Clerks  or  servants  of  the  Bank  of  England  knowingly  making  out  or  delivering  any  dividend  war- 
rant for  a  greater  or  less  amount  than  the  piirty  in  whose  behalf  such  warrant  is'made  out  is  entitled 
tn,  may,  upon  conviction,  be  transported  beyond  seas  for  tlie  term  of  seven  years,  or  iuiprisunud  for 
not  more  than  two  nor  less  than  one  year.— j  9. 
H 


9. 


If 


89 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


(9.)  JifUe  nf  Discount. — The  Bank  «liiicounfcd  private  bill*  at  6  per  cpnt.  durinf^  nearly 
the  whole  ]icriod  from  her  i^MahliHhmvnt  till  1824,  when  ihe  rate  wa*  reduced  to  4  per  cent 
In  1825,  it  was  raised  to  ':  per  rent.;  but  was  again  reduced  to  4  per  cent,  in  1627,  at 
which  it  continueo.  It  may  well  be  doubted,  however,  whether  the  rate  of  discount  ought 
not  to  be  more  frequently  varied,  as  occasion  may  require.  When  the  currency  hBp|)ena, 
from  any  cause,  to  l)ecomc  redundant,  its  contraction,  always  a  matter  of  some  difficulty,  is 
to  be  effected  only  by  the  sale  of  bullion  or  public  securities  by  the  Bank,  or  by  a  diminu- 
tion of  the  usual  discounts,  or  all.  But  were  the  Bank  to  throw  any  considerable  amount 
of  public  securities  upon  the  market,  the  circumstance  would  be  apt  to  excite  alarm ;  and 
even  though  it  did  not,  it  would  be  difficult  to  dispose  of  them  without  a  heavy  loss. 
Hence,  when  a  reduction  is  determined  upon,  it  is  most  commonly  effected  partly  by  u 
contraction  of  discounts ;  and  it  is  plain,  that  such  contraction  cannot  be  made  except  by 
rejecting  altogether  some  of  the  bills  sent  in  for  discount,  or,  which  is  in  effect  the  same 
thing,  by  shortening  their  dates,  or  by  raising  Ihe  rate  of  interest,  so  that  fewer  may  Im;  sent 
in.  Of  these  metho<l8,  the  last  seems  to  be  in  every  respect  the  most  expedient.  When 
bills  are  rejected  for  no  other  reason  than  that  the  currency  may  be  contracted,  the  greatest 
injury  is  done  to  individuals,  who  entertaining  no  doubt  of  getting  their  usual  accommoda- 
tions from  the  Bank,  may  have  entered  into  transactions  which  they  are  thus  deprived  of 
the  menns  of  completing.  Were  the  reduction  made  by  raising  the  rate  of  interest,  it  would 
principally  affect  those  who  are  bait  able  to  bear  it  ,•  at  the  same  time  that  its  operation, 
instead  of  being,  like  the  rejection  of  bills,  arbitrary  and  capricious,  would  be  uniform  and 
impartial.  It  does,  therefore,  seem  that  the  Bank  should  never  throw  out  good  bills  that 
she  may  contract  her  issues;  but  that  when  she  has  resolved  upon  such  a  measure,  she 
should,  provided  the  contraction  cannot  be  made  by  the  sale  of  bullion  and  public  securities, 
raise  the  rate  of  discount  The  Bank  could  not,  however,  act  in  the  way  now  suggested, 
until  the  usury  laws  were  modified ;  but  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  cap.  96.  has  exempted  all 
bills  not  having  more  than  3  months  to  run  from  their  operation ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
this  serious  inroad  on  these  antiquated,  unjust,  and  impolitic  laws  may  be  followed  by  their 
total  repeal. 

The  dividends  on  Bank  stock,  from  the  establishment  of  the  Company  to  the  present 
time,  have  been  as  follows  : — 


Yean. 

Dividead. 

Vcan. 

Difidend. 

1694 

8  per  cent. 

Michaelmas 

-    1732 

Si  per  cent. 

1687 

9     - 

Lady-day     - 

.    1747 

5       - 

1708  > 

Varied  from  9  to 

Ditto  ... 

.    1753 

4*     - 

&i  per  cent. 

Michaelmas 

-    1764 

ft       - 

Ladv-day     - 

-    1730 

6     - 

Ditto  -    -    . 

.    1767 

»t     - 

MIcli.ielniRS 

-    1730 

ft*    - 

Ditto  .    .    . 

.    1781 

6       — 

I.adv-day     - 
Micfiaelnias 

-     1731 

6     — 

Lady-day     - 

-    1788 

7       — 

-    1731 

Si    - 

Ditto  .    -    . 

.    1807 

10       — 

Lady-day     - 

-     1732 

6     — 

Ditto  ... 

.    1823 

8       — 

Previously  to  1 759,  the  Bank  of  England  issued  no  notes  for  less  than  20/.  She  began 
to  issue  lOL  notes  in  1759 ;  &/.  notes  in  1793  ;  and  IL  and  2/.  notes  in  March,  1797.  The 
issue  of  the  latter  ceased  in  1821. 

(10.)  Interest  on  Depoaita.—The  Bank  of  England  does  not  allow,  either  in  London,  or 
at  her  branches,  any  interest  on  deposits ;  but  it  would  be  exceedingly  desirable  if  she  could 
safely  make  some  alteration  in  this  respect  The  want  of  the  power  readily  to  invest  small 
sums  productively,  and,  at  the  same  time,  with  perfect  security,  tends  to  weaken  the  motives 
to  save  and  accumulate.  Nothing  has  contributed  more  to  diiffuse  a  spirit  of  economy,  and 
a  desire  to  save,  amongst  all  classes  of  the  population  of  Scotland,  than  the  readiness  with 
which  deposits  of  small  sums  are  received  by  banks  of  undoubte«l  solidity  in  that  part  of  the 
country,  and  the  allowance  of  interest  upon  them. — (See  Banks  (Scotch).)  This  advan- 
tage is  in  some  degree,  indeed,  secured  in  England  by  the  institution  of  savings  banks. 
These,  however,  are  but  a  very  inadequate  substitute.  They  are  not  open  to  all  classes  of 
depositors ;  and  of  those  to  whom  they  are  open,  no  one  can  deposit  more  than  30/.  in  a 
year,  and  150/.  in  all. — (See  Banks  (Savings).)  But  it  is  desirable  that  every  facility 
should  be  given  to  safe  and  profitable  investments.  "  Were  the  English  banks,  like  the 
Scotch  banks,  to  receive  deposits  of  10^  and  upwards,  and  allow  interest  upon  them  at  about 
1  per  cent  less  than  the  market  rate,  they  would  confer  an  immense  advantage  upon  the 
community,  and  open  a  source  of  profit  to  themselves.  This  is,  in  fact  a  part  of  the  proper 
business  of  a  bank.  A  banker  is  a  dealer  in  capital,  an  intermediate  party  between  the  bor- 
rower and  the  lender.  He  borrows  of  one  party,  and  lends  to  another ;  and  the  difference 
between  the  terms  at  which  he  borrows  and  those  at  which  he  lends  is  the  source  of  his  profit. 
By  this  means,  he  draws  into  active  operation  those  small  sums  of  money  which  were  pre- 
viously unproductive  in  the  hands  of  private  individuals,  and  at  the  same  time  furnishes 
accommodation  to  another  class,  who  have  occasion  for  additional  capital  to  carry  on  their 
commercial  transactions." — (See  Gilbart's  Practieat  Obaervaiioni  on  Banking,  p.  52.) 


In  further 
estimated  by 
on  Scotch  an 
amounted  to 
200/.!  This 
not  going  to 
allowing  of  in 
those  above  it 

We  are  n< 
deposits  with' 
And  it  were  b 
sort  should  be 

Since  1826 
increase  is  ma 
by  the  failure 

The  compo 
the  stamp  dut^ 

(11.)  Methc 
individuals  are 
to  draw  checke 
the  Bank,  exac 
an  individual  n 
requires  him  t 
drafts,  &c.  M 
facilities  grante 

l.TheBanlcrec 

I.  Dividend  wi 

3.  Kxcheqiier  I 
ceivcil,  and  the  a 

4.  C'hpcltg  niny 

5.  Cnsh  boxes  I 
ft.  Dunk  notes  i 

heretofore. 

7.  Checks  on  ri 
those  paid  in  befr 

8.  Checks  paid 
to  acrniinl,  and  in 

9.  Dividend  wu' 
heretofore. 

10.  Credits  pair 
therein  without  tl 

II.  Bills  of  oxcl 
with  advice  only. 

12.  Notes  of  coi 

13.  Checks  are  | 

A  person  havi 
have  the  latter 
opened,  the  sign 
of  attorney  areg 
No  bill  of  exch 
20/.,  nor  Londor 
three  months. 

The  number 
half,  in  the  view, 
are  no  holidays  ii 
mas ;  Easter  Mo 

We  subjoin  ai 
at  the  Bank,  the 

Transfi 

Bank  Stock.— Tue 
3  per  Cent.  Bed.- 

and  Frid. 
3lperCent.  1818.— ' 
3  per  Cent.  1726.—' 

3  per  Cent.  Cons.- 
and  Frid. 

3}  per  Cent.  Red.- 

and  Frid. 
Long  Annuit.   to 

Wed.  and  Sat. 

4  per  Cent.  1826. 
Frid. 

New  3|  per  Cent,  ti 
Thiirs.  and  Frid. 

New  5  per  Cent,  ti 
and  Frid. 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


87 


lOndon,  or 

she  could 

[vest  small 

le  motives 

lomy,  and 

iness  with 

^art  of  the 

lis  advan- 

Igs  banks. 

Iclasses  of 

30/.  in  a 
facility 
like  the 

at  about 

upon  the 
[he  proper 
the  bor- 
ItUfierence 

his  profit. 

were  pre- 

furnishes 
1  their 

152.) 


4 


In  further  corroboration  of  what  has  now  been  stateil,  It  may  bo  mentioned  that  it  wn.< 
estimated  by  a  very  well-informed  witness  (Sir  .1.  G.  tJraig),  bi'foro  the  Lords'  CommiUct' 
on  Scotch  and  Irish  Uankinn,  in  182fi,  that  the  depositi  in  the  Scotch  banks,  at  that  period, 
amounted  to  about  24,00(>,000/.,  of  which  more  than  a  half  consisted  of  sums  from  10/.  to 
iOOl. !  This  is  a  most  satisfactory  proof  of  the  vast  importance  of  the  system.  Perhaps  it  is 
not  going  too  far  to  affirm,  that  but  for  the  receiving  of  deposits  by  the  banks,  and  the 
allowing  of  interest  upon  them,  not  one  third  of  the  sums  under  800/.,  and  not  one  half  of 
those  above  it,  would  ever  have  been  accumulated. — (See  Banks  (Scotch).) 

We  are  not,  however,  able  to  say  whether  the  Bank  of  England  could  offer  interest  on 
deposits  without  having  so  large  a  sum  forced  upon  her  as  might  endanger  her  stability. 
And  it  were  better  that  the  system  should  continue  as  at  present,  than  that  any  ruk  of  this 
sort  should  be  incurred. 

Since  1826,  the  private  deposits  in  the  hands  of  the  Bank  have  nearly  doubled.  Their 
increase  is  mainly  ascribahle  to  the  preceding  panic,  and  the  loss  that  was  then  occasioned 
by  the  failure  of  private  banks. 

The  composition  paid  by  the  Bank  at  the  rate  of  .3,500/.  per  million,  as  an  equivalent  for 
the  stamp  duty  on  her  notes,  amounts,  at  an  average,  to  about  70,000/.  a  year. 

(11.)  Method  of  ennductin^  Business  at  the  Bank. — All  accounts  kept  at  the  Bank  with 
individuals  are  termed  drawing  accounts  .•  those  with  whom  they  are  opened  being  entitled 
to  draw  checks  upon  them,  and  to  send  the  bills  and  drafts  in  their  favour  to  be  presented  by 
the  Bank,  exactly  as  if  they  dealt  with  private  bankers.  There  is  no  fixed  sum  with  which 
an  individual  must  open  a  drawing  account ;  nor  is  there  any  fixed  sum  which  the  Bank 
requires  him  to  keep  at  his  credit  to  indemnify  them  for  their  trouble  in  answering  hia 
drafts,  &c.  Mr.  Horsley  Palmer  gave  in  his  evidence  the  following  statement  as  to  the 
facilities  granted  by  the  Bank  in  drawing  accounts  since  1825 : — 

l.The  Bank  receive  dividpnils  hy  power  of  nttnrney  for  nil  persons  havingdrawingucconnts  at  the  Dank. 

2.  Dividend  wnrrnnis  are  received  at  the  Urawinx-otflce  for  ditto. 

3.  Kxcheqiier  bills  and  other  sccurltieH  are  received  fnr  ditto;  the  bills  exchanged,  the  interest  re- 
ceived, and  the  amount  carried  li>  their  respective  accounts. 

4.  Checks  may  he  drawn  for  5{.  and  npwurdii,  instead  of  lOJ.  as  heretofore. 

J,  Cnsh  boxes  taken  in,  contents  unknown,  for  such  parties  as  keep  accounts  at  the  Bank. 
A.  Blink  notes  are  paid  at  the  counter,  instead  of  drawing  tickets  for  them  on  the  pay  clerks  as 
heretofore. 

7.  Checks  on  city  bankers  paid  in  by  three  o'clock  may  he  drawn  for  between  four  and  five ;  and 
those  paid  in  before  four  will  be  received  and  passed  to  account  the  same  evening. 

8.  Checks  paid  in  after  four  are  sent  out  at  nine  o'clock  the  following  morning,  received  and  passed 
to  account,  and  may  be  drawn  for  as  soon  as  received. 

9.  Dividend  warrants  taken  in  at  the  Drawing-office  until  five  in  the  afternoon,  instead  of  three  aa 
heretofore. 

10.  Credits  paid  into  account  are  recslved  without  the  Bank  book,  and  are  afterwards  entered 
therein  without  the  party  claiming  them. 

11.  Bills  of  exchange  accepted  payable  at  the  Bank  are  paid  with  or  without  advice;  heretofore 
with  advice  only. 

12.  Notes  of  country  bankers  payable  in  London  are  sent  out  the  same  day  for  payment. 

13.  Checks  are  given  out  in  books,  and  not  in  sheets  as  heretofore. 

A  person  having  a  drawing  account  may  have  a  discount  account ;  but  no  person  can 
have  the  latter  widiout,  at  the  same  time,  having  the  former.  When  a  discount  account  ia 
opened,  the  signatures  of  the  parties  are  entered  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose,  and  powers 
of  attorney  are  granted,  empowering  the  persons  named  in  them  to  act  foi  their  principals. 
No  bill  of  exchange  drawn  in  the  country  is  discounted  by  the  Bas:.*'  n  London  under 
20/.,  nor  London  note  under  100/.,  nor  for  a  longer  date,  under  existing  vt\j illations,  than 
three  months. 

The  number  of  holidays  formerly  kept  at  the  Bank  has  recently  been  reduced  about  a 
half,  in  the  view,  as  stated  by  the  directors,  of  preventing  the  interruption  of  business.  There 
are  no  holidays  in  the  months  of  March,  June,  September,  and  December,  excepting  Christ- 
mas ;  Easter  Monday  and  Tuesday  are  no  longer  kept 

We  subjoin  an  account  of  the  days  for  transferring  stock,  and  when  the  dividends  are  due 
at  the  Bank,  the  South  Sea  House,  and  the  East  India  House  :— 

Dividcndi 
due. 

Annuit.  for  Terms  of  Years,  ending": 
10th  of  Oct.  1859,  pursuant  to  10  Geo. 
4.— Tues.  Thurs.  and  Sat. 

Annuit.  for  Terms  of  Years,  ending  5th")  !»„  k 
of  Jan.  18fi0,  pursuant  to  10  Geo.  4.—  >,,,;„  «* 
Tues.  Thurs.  and  Sat.  K"''  "• 

Life  Annuit.,  If  transferred  between")  j  5 
Jan.  5.  and  April  4.,  or  between  July  5.  >  i,,. '  ." 
and  Oct.  9.  yy»y  o. 

Life  Annuit.,  if  transferred  between")  .„j|  5 
April  5.  and  July  4.,  or  between  Oct.  >q^,  jq" 
10.  and  Jan.  4.  )  ' 

At  the  South  Sea  Houte.       ^  .       , 

3k  per  Cents.— Mond.  Wed.  and  Frid.     |  j„"y  5" 

3  per  Cent.  Old  Annuit.— Mond.  Wed.  V  April  5. 
and  Frid.  1  Oct.  10. 


Dividends 
due. 


TVansfer  Days  at  the  Bank. 

Bank  Stock.— Tues.  Thurs.  and  Frid. 
3  per  Cent.  Red.— Tues.  Wed.  Thurs, 

And  Frid. 
31  per  Cent.  1818.— Tues.Thurs.and  Frid 
3  per  Cent.  1726.— Tues.  and  Thurs.       ")  ,„_   . 
3  per  Cent.  Cons.- Tues.  Wed.  Thurs,  ^"'-  "'  - 


April  5. 
Oct.  10. 


Thurs. 


puly  J 


April  5. 
Oct.  10. 


and  Frid 
3i  per  Cent.  Red.— Tues.  Wed 

and  Frid. 
Long  Annuit.   to    Jan.    I860.— Mond 

Wed.  and  Sat.  J 

4  per  Cent.    1826.— Mond.  Wed.   and  1  April  5. 

Frid.  /Oct.  10. 

New  31  per  Cent.  Annuit.— Tues.  Wed  1 

Thurs.  and  Frid.  I  Jan.  5. 

New  5  per  Cent.  Annuit.— Tues.  Wed.  (July  5. 

and  Frid.  j 


'} 


April  5. 
Oct.  10. 


I 

3 


S 


flS 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


7V(»iijtffr  Pay  at  Iht  South  Sta  IhuBt 

3|tnrrcnl.  Ni-w  Anniill.— TiiRi.Thum. 

mill  rim. 
3  per  C'eiii.  1791.— Tuet.  and  Thuri. 


Divt'lttnli 
iliw. 

7.liin.  !>. 
UulyS. 


M  iSt  F.att  India  Ifntiu. 
Inilin  Rtock— TiiKi.  Tliuri.  and  Hal. 
Inlereit  nn  India  Uondi,  due 


DIfMaMb 
<lut. 
f  Jnn. 
tjiily 
j  Mnr.  31 
\  !4opl.30 


TIrki'U  for  prnnnrlnir  Irnnnfrr  of  iitork  mimt  he  jivcn  In  nt  ••nch  nffli-p  bffnrn  one  o'clock  :  iil  the 
KiiKl  Inilln  lioimf  iii-fnri!  Iwn  nVlork.     I'rivnii'  lrnniif«ri<  ninv  hi-  innili!  iit  oilier  lliiinfi  thiiii  nn  nliovo, 

I'll'  I kK  not  lii-lni  ahiil,  hy  pnylng,  at  tliu  llnnk  and  India  IIoiiiu,  tti.  H</.  utirii  tor  inicIi  irnimrer  ;  at 

tliH  Hiiiitli  rti-ii  lloiiai!,  3«.  IM. 

Tran-frr  lit  ilii>  liniik  imi.tt  In-  made  by  hnlf-pnitt  two  o'clock  :  nt  the  India  lloiiic,  by  three  :  al  the 
Koiiih  Hcii  lloime  by  two :  on  rintiirdny,  by  one. 
Ex|ieim«  oriraiiirvr  in  linnk  ritock,  Tor  'iil.  and  under,  Of.  ;  above  that  iiiin,  \it. 
liidin  Htock,  for  10/.       -       I/.  I  Of.         -         -         W.  Hi. 
Hoiitb  riim  rilock,  If  under  loot.     -    B*.  flj.     -        -      1S«. 
PnwrrH  ofnttorney  for  lb*!  »\\W  or  trniiHfi-r  of  vtock  to  be  li-n  nt  tlii'  liii    k,  4tc.  forexnmliiatlon,  onn 
day  bcfori-  they  can  be  acted  ii|Hin  ;  If  fur  receiving  dividendi,  preiuiit  ilieni  nt  the  tiino  the  flrit  divi- 
dend Id  payable. 

The  e\|ieniir  of  n  power  of  attorney  Ik  \l.  l*-  M.  for  each  utock  ;  but  for  Hank,  India,  and  South  Hen 
Htork,  I/.  lljt.lU.  Ifwiinled  for  the  Hunieday,  linlf  paat  twelve  o'clock  li  tlie  lateit  tiiiio  for  receiving 
nrderi.    The  bo.xen  for  receiving  powera  of  attorney  for  eiilu  clone  at  two. 

I'riiliiiten  of  wIIIh,  lettern  of  udiiiiiilHtrotlon,  mid  other  proofn  of  deceave,  niUHt  be  IcA  at  the  Rank, 
&c.  for  ri'giHtrntion,  from  two  or  three  clear  day*,  exclimlvH  of  holldnyii. 

Htock  cannot  he  added  to  any  account  (whether  iiliiffle  or  joint)  In  which  the  deceaie  of  the  indl- 

vidiial,  or  one  or  more  of  a  Joint  party,  ban  taken  place  ;  mid   the  decease  to  be  proved  a*  soon  ni 

prai'llciilile.     I'owers  of  attorney,  in  cane  of  the  dentil  of  a  parly  or  partlei*  itrantinK  it,  become  void. 

The  iiMullered  poHscHHlnn  of  S00<.  or  upwards  Hank  ritock,  for  »\x  iiioiithii  clear,  given  the  proprietor 

a  vote. 

(12.)  Branch  Htm/es  of  the  Bank  of  Knuland. — The  Bnnk  of  Englnnd,  as  alreaily 
oWrved,  Iim  within  these  few  years  rHtahliHheil  liraneh  banks  at  several  of  the  most  con- 
siclornlile  towns  throughout  the  country.  The  tnode  and  terms  of  conducting  business  at 
the.se  I'stnlilifhrnents  have  liecn  dewribed  as  follows : — 

"  The  branch  bank  (of  Swansea,  and  the  same  is  true  of  those  established  in  other  placet) 
is  to  i)c  a  secure  place  of  deposit  for  persons  having  occasion  to  make  use  of  a  bank  for  that 
purpose ;  such  persons  arc  said  to  have  drawing  accounts ;  to  facilitate  to  the  mercantile 
and  trading  cliisses  the  obtaining  discounts  of  good  and  unexceptionable  bills,  founded  U}N)ti 
real  transactions,  two  approved  names  being  required  u|)on  every  bill  ornote  discounted; 
these  arc  called  discount  accounts.    The  application  of  parties  who  desire  to  open  discount 
accounts  at  the  branch  are  forwarded  every  Saturday  to  the  parent  establishment  for  ap. 
proval,  and  an  answer  is  generally  received  in  about  ten  days.     When  ajiproved,  good  bilU 
may  be  discounted  at  the  branch  without  reference  to  London.     Bills  payable  at  Swaniica, 
liondon,  or  any  other  place  where  a  branch  is  established,  are  discounted  under  this  regula- 
tion.    The  dividends  on  any  of  the  public  funds,  which  are  payable  at  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, may  be  received  at  the  branch,  by  persons  who  have  opened  '  drawing  accounts,'  after 
signing  powers  of  attorney  for  that  jiurpose,  which  the  branch  will  procure  from  London, 
No  charge  is  made  in  this  case,  except  the  expense  of  the  power  of  attorney  and  the  postages. 
Purchases  and  sales  of  every  description  of  government  securities  are  ctfected  by  the  branch 
at  a  charge  of  }  per  cent.,  which  includes  brokerage  in  London,  and  all  expenses  of  post' 
age,  &c.      A  charge  of  }  per  cent,  is  also  made  on  paying  at  the  Bank  of  England.  bilU 
accepted  by  persona  having  drawing  accounts  at  Swans<'a,  such  bills  to  be  advised  by  the 
branch ;  also  for  granting  letters  of  credit  on  London,  or  on  the  other  branches.  The  brancli 
grants  bills  on  London,  payable  at  21  days'  date,  without  acceptance,  for  sums  of  10/.  and 
upwards.     Persons  having  drawing  accounts  at  Swansea  may  order  money  to  be  paid  at     |^ 
the  Bank  in  London  to  their  credit  at  this  place,  and  vice  versa,  without  expense.    The 
branch  may  be  called  upon  to  change  any  notes  issued  and  dated  at  Swansea ;  but  they  do 
not  change  the  notes  of  the  Bank  in  London,  nor  receive  them  in  payment,  unless  as  a  mat- 
ter of  courtesy  where  the  parties  are  known.     Bank  post  bills,  which  are  accepted  and  due, 
are  received  at  the  branch  from  parties  having  drawing  accounts,  and  taken  to  account  with- 
out any  charge  for  postage;  but  unaccepted  Bank  post  bills,  which  must  be  sent  to  London, 
arc  subject  to  the  charge  of  postage,  and  taken  to  account  when  due.   No  interest  is  allowed 
on  deposits.     No  advance  is  made  by  the  branch  upon  any  description  of  landed  or  other 
property,  nor  is  any  account  allowed  to  be  overdrawn.     The  notes  are  the  same  as  those 
issued  by  the  parent  establishment,  except  being  dated  Swansea,  and  made  payable  there 
and  in  London.     No  note  issued  exceeds  the  sum  of  500/.  and  none  are  for  a  lesa  amount 
than  51." 

(13.)  Act  for  the  Renewal  of  the  Charter. — We  subjoin  a  full  abstract  of  the  act  3  &4 
Will.  4.  c.  98.,  continuing  the  charter,  and  regulating  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  Bank 
of  England. 

The  first  section,  after  referring  to  the  acts  39  tt  40  Geo.  3.  c.  28.,  and  the  7  Geo.  4.  c.  46.,  goes  on  to 
declare  that  It  Is  expedient  that  certain  exclusive  privilesesof  banking  be  continued  to  the  Governor 
and  Compnny  of  the  Uank  of  England,  for  the  period,  aiid  upon  the  terms  and  cunditions  hereinafter 
nientiiincil. — i  1. 

JVii  Banking  Company  of  more  than  6  Persons  to  issue  JV«te»  payable  on  Demand  within  London,  or  65 
Jlfi7e« //lerei,/.— That  during  the  continuance  of  the  said  privilege,  no  boily  politic  or  corporate,  and 
no  society  or  company,  or  persons  united  or  to  lie  uniled  in  covenants  or  partnerships,  exceediiiK  6 
persons,  bliull  luuke  or  issue  in  Luuduii,  or  witiiiiiG5  miles  tlicreof,  any  liill  of  e.\chunge  or  prouiissorr 


* 


note,  or  en 

same  may  i 

7«eii.  •».  c, 

f  nmnnny.  oi 

Ini  himinem 

ne«»  or  est.i 

Honed, )  to  r 

the  nninniihi 

nteni  or  n|e 

for  the  piirp 

rp-lsiiied  In 

Companies 

the  Intention 

Jeit  ni'verlh 

pxrhialve  prl 

c.  Id.  or  any 

of  hnnklnc  : 

tl'llt    of  Hllch 

therefore  dei' 

ship,  althoiiK 

I.niidon.  or  w 

iriny,  or  pan 

billii  or  noie!< 

during  the  ro 

Hunk  of  Rnirl 

M  Bank  >/ 

^f  — Frofn  am 

and  Company 

anil  hiisinesi 

■hall  he  made 

lawful  for  the 

the  name,  to  is 

pnyahle  et  the 

cnnlrary  nntwl 

Kirlnsire  Pri 

one  year's  nofi 

and  upon  repay 

cipal  money,  Ini 

pany  at  the  tin 

event  of such  n 

inir  (ranted  hy 

vole  or  re«oliiil( 

and  delivered  f 

deemed  and  adj 

Bank  Xiiles  to 

giiKt,  1H3I,  iinles 

vernor  and  Com 

a  letal  tender,  tr 

der  to  such  ainoi 

legally  made,  so 

coin ;  provided  a 

Governor  and  Cr 

pany  i  hv  iho  sn 

at  any  branch  bn 

Company,  not  ini 

be  liable  to  pay  i 

Company,  or  of  t 

Bills  not  having 

missnry  note  mail 

mnnth.i  to  run,  si 

to  pay  or  receive 

shall  the  liahility 

statute  or  law  in  I 

Ing,  indorsing,  or 

than  the  present  r 

nn  any  such  bill  oi 

other  penalty  or  I 

United  Kingdom  t 

Accounts  of  Bull 

An  account  of  the 

Governor  and  Con 

milted  weekly  to  t 

solidited  at  the  ei 

months,  made  froi 

nc.It  succeeding  Lf 

Pnlilie  to  pan  the 

from  the  public  to  I 

said  Governor  and 

Capital  Stock  of  t 

Company  of  the  B.i 

of  October,  183»,  t( 

out  of  or  by  means 

or  out  of  or  by  mea 

politic  or  corporate 

on  the  said  .IthofC 

prnpri.atlon,  not  inc 

general  court,  or  ai 

vision,  then,  but  no 

same  is  hereby  dec 

to  the  sum  of  10,9|J 

duction  ihall  take  | 

h2 


BANK  OF  ENOT.VND. 


99 


DIfMtiKli 
iJm. 


at  the 


iact3&4 
the  Bank 


I,  goes  on  to 
le  Govp'nor 
lliereinafter 

bndon,  orii 
Ipnr.ile,  i>nd 
Vceeding  8 
llirouiissory 


4 


i 


note,  or  miiii«f  mcnt  for  lh«  pnymAnl  of  money  on  ilemnnil,  or  upon  whlrh  nny  ppr»on  liolitint  the 
»nin«  nmy  nhtnln  pnvnipnt  on  ilfrnrincl  :  provtilpil  rtlwnya,  lli:i(  iiiilliiiiK  licri'in  or  in  Ihi'  milil  iirt  of  iha 
7  Ufn.  4.  c.  10.  ronlnini'il  nhiill  hr  rnniil  'I'll  ••'  prr vcnl  Hny  bmly  piiliiic  or  rorporiili-,  or  .(iiy  ••icirey  or 
fnmpnny.or  hicorpiriilfil  ronip'inyori  .por'itlon.or  ro-pnrlni'r«hl|i,  cnrryinuonnnillriiimuc  linic  Inink- 
Ini  himlnMiiii  rit  niiy  irrnicr  ilUtiihrp  thnn  A^  intli'ii  Troin  l.onilon,  iiiiil  not  li:ivin|{  :iny  hmiNi*  of  Inixl- 
nn'»  Of  patnMi«hin>-nt  im  ImnkPra  In  l.oiidon,  or  wllhln  fli  mlli'*  llirrnof,  (i-iri'i-pi  im  lii>ri'lriiil1iTr  ini-n- 
linni'ii.)  to  mnk)*  nnil  iMnnthflr  hill*  and  noti>ii,pnynhlH  onilcnmnil  or  otliprwlm-,  m  Hn;  p|  in-  al  which 
(hf  anniftuhnll  hn  lnDin-d,  heiiig  nmrp  Ihiin  A)  iiillpa  from  l.oiiiloii,  iiiiilaliio  in  l.oniloii,  nnil  to  hnvi-  iiii 
nfpnt  or  nifnt*  In  l.onilon,  or  iit  nny  othi-r  plnri>  iil  whlrh  aiii'li  hllU  or  noti-ii  iihiill  hn  nmiti-  p^iynhlc, 
for  th«  pnrpoap  of  pnyinent  only,  hiit  no  aiirh  hill  or  notn  Nhnll  he  lor  iiny  luiii  Ima  thiiii  :>t ,  or  hn 
rp-iiiaiii*il  In  London,  or  within  AA  inllna  thfrnof.— ^  3. 

Companin  or  Parttirrfhipa  man  rurrynn  Banking  ill  London,  nr  irithinfii MHitthtreuf  —And  whi-ri-n« 
IhP  intention  of  thia  nrt  la,  thnt  the  Hunk  of  Kniliind  ahoilld,  diirliiK  Ihn  pnrlod  aliilcil  in  Ihia  nil  (aiih- 
jcrt  ni-vi<rlh>>|p«H  to  aiirh  rrdeinptlon  iia  Im  deacrlhfd  In  thla  nrt),  rontlniin  to  holil  and  enjoy  nil  llin 
rxrliiaivR  privllpcca  of  hnnkiiiR  Riven  hy  the  net  .Iil  k,  40  (Jeo.  3.  r.  'iH.  na  reKulntvd  hy  the  iicl  7  (]i-o.  4. 
r.  lA.  or  nny  prior  or  aiihai-iinent  net  or  nria  of  pnrlliiinent,  hut  no  other  or  further  e.trliiaive  privileKu 
of  hnnkini :  nnd  wherena  doiihta  hnvn  nriaen  na  to  the  ronatriirtlon  of  the  aiiid  ncta,  niid  aa  to  the  ex> 
tent  of  aiirh  escrliiaive  privilege  ;  nnd  it  ia  expedient  thnt  nil  aiii-h  iliiiilitM  ahoiilil  h>'  reiiioveil,  he  it 
therefore  derlnred  nnd  ennrted,  thnt  nny  hody  politic  oreorpornle,  or  aociety,  or  company,  or  partner- 
ahip,  althnnch  ronaiallni  of  more  thnn  ^  peraona,  inny  cnrry  on  the  trnde  nr  hiiaineaa  of  hnnking  in 
I.niiilon,  or  within  A5  milea  thereof,  provided  Ihnl  atich  hody  politic  or  corporiite,  or  aocii-iy,  or  coin- 
iiuny.  or  pnrtnerahip,  do  not  horrow,  owe,  ortnke  up  in  Knulniid  nny  aiini  or  aiiina  of  money  on  their 
billa  or  notea  pnynhle  on  demnnd,  or  nt  nny  leaa  time  thnn  ti  inoiitha  from  the  liorrovvinit  thereof, 
diirlni  the  rnntiniinnce  of  the  prlvilegea  grnnteil  hy  thia  act  to  the  anid  (iovernor  and  Company  of  Ihn 
Bunk  of  EnBlnnd.— J  X 

Alt  Bunk  itf  Kiirlnnit  Jifatei jxiyahle  on  Demand  infued  ottl  of  l.nndon  payable  al  the  Place  'phere  itsueil, 
^f  — Froin  nnd  after  the  lat  of  Aiinnat,  |S3|,  nil  promlaaory  notea  |iaynlileon  demand  of  the  (iovernor 
and  Company  of  the  Hank  of  Rnglnnd  laaiied  at  nny  pince  in  Kniflnml  out  of  l.ondiui,  wli'-re  the  tradn 
anil  biiaineaa  of  hanklnv  ahall  he  carried  on  for  nnd  on  hchalf  of  the  Bnid  (Jovernor  nod  Company, 
•hull  he  nmde  paynhle  at  (he  place  where  aiich  promlaaory  notea  ahall  he  laaiii>d  ;  and  it  ahall  not  b« 
lawful  for  the  anid  flovernor  nnd  Company,  or  nny  committee,  npeiil,  cnshier,  olBcer,  or  aervunt  of 
the  anme,  to  iaaiin  nt  nny  plnre  out  of  London,  nny  promiaaorv  no(e  payalile  on  demaml  iio(  mnrio 
pnyahle  rt  the  place  where  the  anme  ahall  he  iiaiied,  nny  thing  in  the  said  act  7  fJeo.  4.  c.  46.  to  thu 
coiitrnry  notwithatanding.— J  4. 

Eirlaaire  PriMle/ret  In  end  upon  One  Year's  M'ntir.e  al  the  end  of  \0  Yeum  after  ^njruef,  1»<34.— Upon 
one  year'a  notice  given  within  A  inontha  nfteV  the  expirntion  of  10  yenra  from  tin-  lat  of  AuKuat,  1K.1I, 
and  upon  repay ment  hy  pnrliamen(  (o  (he  aaid  Oovernor  nnd  ('omitnny,  or  their  aiicceaaora,of  nil  prin- 
cipal money,  ln(erea(,  or  nnniiidea  which  may  he  due  from  (he  puhlic  (o  (he  aaid  (iovernor  nnd  Com- 
pany nt  the  time  of  the  expiration  of  aiirh  notice,  na  ia  hereinnfler  atipuhKed  and  provided  in  (he 
even(  of  such  notice  being  deferred  iindl  nfter  (hi^  la(  of  Aiieiia(,  IHS't,  the  excluaive  privilenea  of  liank- 
inggrnn(ed  hy  (hia  net  ahall  centre  nnd  detitrmine  at  the  expiration  of  auch  year'a  notice;  ami  any 
vote  or  rcaolution  of  the  House  of  Commona,  aignilled  hy  the  Speaker  of  the  anid  hoiiae  in  writing, 
and  delivered  nt  the  puhlic  ofiire  of  the  aaid  (iovernor  and  Company,  or  their  aucceaaora,  ahull  bo 
deemed  nnd  ndjiidged  to  he  n  aiilflcient  iio(ice.— j.*). 

Bank  JVottslo  he  a  legal  Tender,  eieepl  al  Ihe  Bank  and  Branch  Bankn.—Frnm  nnd  after  (he  la(  of  Au- 
giiat,  1^31,  iinleaa  nnd  until  parlininent  ahall  otherwiae  direct,  a  tender  of  a  note  or  iiotea  of  the  (ioh 
vernnr  nnd  Couipnny  of  the  Bank  of  Rngland,  exprcaaed  to  he  pnyahle  to  hearer  on  demnnd,  shall  be 
a  leiai  tender,  to  the  ninoiint  expreaaed  in  auch  note  nr  notea,  nnd'ahnll  he  (nken  (o  lie  valid  aa  a  ten- 
der to  auch  amount  for  all  aiima  above  .M.  on  nil  or.caaiona  on  which  any  tender  of  money  mny  bo 
leinlly  made,  an  long  aa  the  Rank  of  (England  ahull  continue  to  |my  on  demand  their  aaid  notea  in  legal 
coin  ;  provided  alwnya,  (hat  no  auch  no(e  or  nn(ea  ahall  he  deemed  n  li-sal  tender  of  pnymen(  hy  (h« 
Governor  nnd  Company  of  (he  Bank  of  England,  nr  nny  branch  bank  of  (he  anid  Governor  and  Com- 
pany i  hii'  the  aaid  Oovernor  nnd  Company  are  nn(  (o  become  liable  or  be  required  (o  pay  and  aatiafy 
at  any  branch  hank  of  (he  aaid  Governor  and  Company,  nny  nn(e  or  no(ea  of  (he  said  (Jovernor  nnd 
Company,  nn(  made  apecinlly  payable  n(  auch  hrnnch  bank  ;  hii((he  said  Governor  nnd  Company  ahnll 
be  liable  to  pay  and  aadafy  nt  the  Bank  of  England  In  London  all  notea  of  the  anid  Governor  and 
Company,  or  of  any  brnnclii  thereof.—)  0. 

Bill$  not  having  more  than  3  Months  to  run,  not  subject  to  Usury  Laws. — No  bill  of  exchange  or  pro- 
misaory  note  made  paynhle  nt  or  within  3  mon(ha  after  (he  da(e  thereof,  or  not  having  more  (hnn  3 
mnn(h3(o  run,  shall,  hy  reason  of  any  in(erest  tnken  thereon  or  secured  thereby,  nr  nny  agreement 
(n  pay  or  receive  nr  nlJow  in(erest  in  discounting,  negotindng  or  (rnnsferring  (he  snme,  be  void,  nor 
shall  the  liability  of  any  party  to  any  bill  of  exchange  or  promissory  note  be  affected  by  rensonof  any 
statute  nrlaw  in  force  fi>r  the  prevention  of  usury  ;  nor  shall  any  person  or  persons  drnwing,  accept- 
ing, indnrains,  or  signing  any  such  hill  or  note,  nr  lending  or  ndvnncinit  any  money,  nr  taking  mora 
thnn  the  present  rate  of  legal  interest  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  respectively  for  (lie  loan  of  money 
nn  nny  such  bill  or  nn(e,  he  subject  to  any  penalties  under  any  statiKe  or  law  relating  to  usury,  or  any 
o(her  penally  or  forrei(ure ;  nny  (hiiig  in  nn)|  law  nr  a(atute  relating  to  usury  in  any  part  of  (he 
Uni(ed  Kingdom  (o  (he  cnn(rary  nntwi(hs(anding.— )  7. 

Aeeounls  of  Bullion  and  uf  ffotet  in  Circulation  tu  he  tent  weekly  to  the  Chancellor  of  Ihe  Exchequer. — 
An  accnun(  of  the  amount  of  bullion  and  securities  in  the  Bnnk  of  England  belonging  (n  (he  said 
Governor  and  Company,  nnd  of  notes  in  circulation,  nnd  of  deposits  in  (he  said  liank,  shall  be  (rans- 
mlKed  weekly  (o  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  for  (he  (ime  being,  and  such  accoun(8  shall  be  con- 
solidi(ed  a(  (he  end  of  every  mon(h,  and  an  average  state  of  (he  Bank  accoun(s  of  (he  preceding  3 
mnn(hs,  made  from  such  consolidated  accounts  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  published  every  month  in  the 
next  succeeding  London  Gazette. — )8. 

Puhlic  to  pan  the  Bank  i  Part  of  1 4,(i8A,800I.— One  fourth  part  of  the  debt  of  I4,686,800{.,  now  due 
from  the  public  to  the  Governor  nnd  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  shall,  and  may  be  repaid  to  the 
said  Governor  nnd  Company. — J  9. 

Capital  Slock  of  the  Bank  may  be  reduced.— K  general  court  of  proprietors  of  the  said  Oovernor  and 
Company  of  the  Bank  of  England  shall  be  held  some  time  between  the  passing  of  this  act  nnd  the  5(h 
of  Or(ober,  183},  to  determine  upon  the  propriety  of  dividing  and  appropriating  (he  sum  of  3,6.38,'iM){. 
out  of  or  by  means  n'  the  sum  to  be  repaid  to  the  snid  Governor  and  Company  as  before  mentioned, 
or  nut  of  or  by  means  of  the  fund  to  be  provided  for  that  purpose  amongst  the  several  persons,  bodies 
polidc  or  corpnra(e,  who  may  be  prnprie(ora  of  the  capitnl  stock  of  the  said  Governor  and  Company 
on  the  said  ,Mh  of  Oc(ober,  1834,  and  upon  the  manner  and  the  time  for  making  such  division  and  ap- 
propriation, not  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  for  that  purpose  herein  contained  ;  and  in  caae  auch 
general  cnurt,  nr  any  ndjourned  general  court,  shall  determine  thnt  i(  will  be  proper  (o  make  such  di- 
vision, then,  but  not  otherwise,  (he  cnpl(al  stock  of  the  said  Governor  and  Company  shall  be,  and  the 
same  is  hereby  declar"d  to  he  reduced  from  the  sum  of  I4,5.')3,000/.,  of  which  the  same  now  consists, 
to  the  sum  of  10,914,7301.,  making  a  reducdon  or  difference  of  3,6:i8,']50(.  cnpitnl  8(ock,  nnd  such  re- 
duction shall  take  place  firom  and  after  the  Mb  of  October,  1634;  and  thereupon,  out  of  or  by  meana 
b2  19 


i 

V 


I 


M 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


h 


-  I 


ofthn  ■iim  to  b«t  ffpuld  lo  th«  •nlit  Onvprnnr  nn<l  roniimny  n*  h«rrln-l>rfiir«ni»>nll<>nr(l,nr  niil  nfnrhy 
mciin*  Mfthn  fund  Id  hr  prnvlilcil  for  Ihiil  |iiir|M>ii>,  (lii>  mini  iir:i,n:in,'i.'iO/.  uti-rlini,  or  micli  tiropnrllnn 
or  Ihf)  milil  riinil  na  nhiill  r«|iri'iiMil  Itin  iniiin,  aliiill  I>h  n|i|iri>|trlHtt<il  ami  ilivlilril  aiiioiigit  inn  HHVcriil 
puriiina,  hoillpi  piihllr  or  corpflrnln,  who  niny  lie  |)ri>|>rli'li>r«  of  llii*  milil  mini  of  I  l,^5:l,ll(M)/.  Il.iiik  mock 
on  (hit  NKliI  Mil  iifOrmbpr,  |N3t,  nl  ihn  rate  iil'  V>l  ulifrllni  fur  pv«ry  IIMM.  oT  iliiiik  ■hitk  which  mich 
pariKinii,  IhmIIhi  |M)llllr  ninl  coriMirnln,  iiiny  Ihi^n  h«>  |iri>prlt*liira  i>r,  iir  ahnil  Iibvk  utiiiiilliig  In  Ihrlr 
r«ipff<'llvi<  nmncii  In  tho  hamki  knit  hy  ihn  'iilil  (lovi-riior  nnil  <'onipaiiy  for  lh«  unlry  iiiiil  irnnifer  uf 
■urh  ulnrk,  nnil  an  hi  pri)|Kirl|iin  (iir  a  (rvnliT  or  lea««<r  aiini.— f  10. 

Oirrtrnor,  Dtpuly,  or  Ihrtetort  nut  lo  hi  ditquattfitd  ty  HiiIhiIiui*  of  Iktir  Sliarf  uf  Ikt  Capital  Sloth. ■-~ 
Thf  ri>(liii'llnn  of  llif  ahnm  of  each  priiprlnlor  in  ihn  inpllal  atock  of  lint  milil  (Invcrnor  and  (.'oni|iany 
of  Ihi'  Hank  of  Knglnnd,  hy  the  rcpaynit-nl  of  aiiih  {  pari  llicrKof,  ahall  mil  dla(|iialll'y  Ihr  prcaiinl  fn- 
vi'rnor,  dt'iiiity  govnrnor,  nr  dirnrlora,  or  any  or  I'lthar  of  Ihiini,  or  any  loVKrnor.di-pnly  Rovrrnor,  or 
dlriictor  who  may  h«  rhoirn  in  lhi>  room  of  ihn  pri-iPiit  (ovi'rnor,  di-piily  iiovi'rntir,  or  diri'clort  at  any 
llniR  hvfntK  Ihn  (nnnral  rourt  of  Ihn  lald  (lovnrnor  and  ('oiii|Miny  lo  lin  liuld  linlwi-nii  Ihu  Ulli  of 
March  and  .iin  35lh  of  April,  IHIIS :  provtdnd  Ihal  at  thu  anid  HfiiiTJil  coiirl,  and  from  and  aflnr  tlio 
■amn,  no  fovf  rnor,  deputy  Kovnrnor,  or  dlrnrlor  of  the  aald  cor|ioralloii  ahall  lin  ca|>nbln  of  hi-lnf 
choien  lurh  (overnor,  dnpiity  (ovprnor,  or  dirnctor,  or  ahull  continue  In  hi*  or  thair  rra|M>ctlve  oincni, 
unleaa  hi>  or  Ihny  rna|i«ctlvi-ly  ahull  nl  Ihn  tlnin  of  aiirh  cholcn  huvr,  and  diirinf  aiirli  hia  rvapertlva 
olflrn  ronllniip  lohave,  In  hU  and  their  rnapi'itlvn  nunin,  In  Ilia  and  llivir  own  riKht,  and  for  Ilia  and 
ihnir  own  iiai>,  ihn  rnapnctlvi'  aiiiiia  nr  aliarna  of  and  In  Ihn  rnpltal  alock  of  thn  aald  ciirporntlon  In  and 
by  thn  rhnrtnr  of  thn  aald  «;ovnrnor  and  Company  praicrlbud  aa  lh«  i|unlillcatliin  of  (overnor,  deputy 
fo.nrnor,  and  dlrnclora  rnapi-cllvnly,— J  II. 

Proprielom  not  lo  he  dijif  Hu/i^lrd.— I'riivldnd  niao,  and  bn  It  nnarlnd,  that  no  proprlntor  ahnll  lin  dii- 
rinnllllnd  from  ullnndliiir  iind  votlnR  nt  any  Ki'iinral  nnirt  of  lliu  aald  (iovnriior  and  Conipanv  lo  Im 
huld  bi-twnen  thn  aald  illi  of  Oitolinr,  lr*;il,  and  Ihn  iAlh  of  Aiirll,  IHII),  In  roiianiiiinnrn  of  thn  ahum  of 
■iich  proprintor  of  thn  capital  atock  of  the  aald  (lovnrnor  and  Company  havini!  bnen  rediicud  hy  am  h 
rnpnymnnt  aa  nfornaald  bnlow  thn  aiini  of  MKX.  of  thn  aald  capital  alock  ;  iirovidnd  aiicU  proprintor  hud 
in  hia  own  name  thn  full  aiim  of  HMU.  of  thn  aald  capital  atock  on  thn  aald  Mh  of  October,  IHM ;  nor 
■hnll  any  proprintor  bn  rnnillrnd,  bntwnnn  thn  anid  Sih  of  Oclub«r,  IH34,  and  the  tUth  of  April,  183S,  tu 
takn  Ihn  oath  of  i|ualincHtlon  In  the  aald  charter.— j  I'i. 

Bank  to  tlrduft  I30,INM)/.  from  Sum  allowed  for  Miinu/rmenl  of  M'lilional  /)eft/.-— From  and  ofter  tha 
lal  of  AilviiHt,  IN3I,  thn  aald  (iovnrnor  and  <<oinpany,  In  conaitlnralloii  of  the  privllnina  of  nxclualva 
bnnklnv  it'vnn  by  Ihia  act,  ahnll,  during  the  continuance  of  aiich  prlvilngna,  but  no  loniinr,  deduct  from 
thn  aiiiiiN  now  piiynbln  to  Ihniii,  for  thn  chargna  of  mannyninnnt  of  the  public  iiiirndnt'iticd  debt,  tlig 
annual  Hiim  of  190,000/.,  nny  tliinir  In  any  net  or  acta  of  pRrlinninni  nr  aKri'i'iiinnt  to  thn  contrary  not. 
withittiindlnir :  provhind  nlwaya,  that  audi  deduction  ahnll  in  no  rnapnct  prnjudlcn  or  alTt'ct  Ihe  rlKht 
of  thn  anid  (lovnrnor  and  Cunipany  lo  hn  paid  for  the  mnnngcniniit  of  tlie  public  dnbl  utilie  rnto  iinil 
according  in  Ihe  tnrma  providiMl  by  the  net  48  (Ino,  3.  c.  4.,  intituled  "  An  ncl  to  .-xulhoriae  thn  advanc- 
ing for  the  public  Hnrvice,  ii|Min  certain  ('oiidiliona,  n  l'ro|Mirtion  of  the  linlnncn  rnmniiiing  In  iho 
Bank  of  Envlnnd  for  Pnyinenl  of  unclaimed  DIvldnnda,  Annuitlna,  and  l.otlnry  Prlzea,  and  for  regu- 
lating Ihn  Allowancea  to  bn  made  for  Ihe  innnngnninnl  of  Ihe  National  Dubl."— j  13. 

Provifiont  of  JIrt  of  i'i  St  40  Geo.  3.  lo  remain  in  force,  except  ai  altered  hy  this  Jlel. — All  Ihn  poweri, 
tiiitlioritina,  frnnchiana,  privilngna,  and  advnntagi-a  given  or  rncogiiiand  by  llic  aald  melted  act  of  iiic> 
39  &.  40  (Ino.  3.  c.  'iM.  iifornNaid,  aa  bnlonKin,'<  to  or  rnjoynd  by  the  (lovnrMor  and  (Company  of  the  llnnli 
orRngland,or  by  nny  aiibanqiinnt  net  nrncta  of  purllnmnnt,  ahall  be  nnd  the  aame  nrn  hereby  dnclnrnd 
lo  hn  III  full  force,  and  continund  by  Ihia  act,  except  ao  far  aa  Ihe  aniiin  are  altnrnd  by  tliia  act,  aiibjnt 
nnvnrthelnaatn  aiich  redemption  upon  Ihn  tnrma  andconditlona  following;  (that  ia  toauy,)  that  at  uny 
time,  u[H)n  19  montha'  notien  to  he  given  nl^nr  the  lat  of  Augiiat,  IM53,  and  upon  repayment  by  par. 
liainent  to  thn  anid  (Jovnrnor  nnd  Company,  or  their  aiicceaaora,  of  the  aiim  of  11,015,100/.,  being  the 
debt  which  will  rnmnin  dun  from  thn  public  lo  Ihn  anid  (iovernor  nnd  Company  after  Ihe  paymeni  of 
Ihe  I  of  the  debt  of  l4,(MS,hO>/.  na  lierein-bcfore  provided,  willioiit  niiy  dndiiction,  diacouiit,  or  almte- 
tnent  whatanever,  and  u|ion  payment  to  thn  anid  Oovernor  and  (^oinpnny  nnd  tlieir  aucceaaora  of  all 
arrnara  of  the  aiim  of  100,000/.  |>er  annum  in  the  aald  act  of  30  b.  40  Ono.  3.  nforeanid  mentioned,  to- 
gether with  the  Intereat  of  nnniiitina  payable  u|>on  the  aald  debt  or  in  rnapnct  thereof,  and  uImo  upon 
rnpnymnni  of  nil  the  principal  und  intereat  which  ahnll  be  owing  unto  the  anid  Governor  and  Coniim. 
ny  and  Ihnir  aucceaaora  upon  nil  such  talliea,  n.xchequer  otdera,  exchequer  billa,  or  parliamentnrr 
funda  which  the  aaid  fJovernor  nnd  Company,  or  their  aucceaaora,  ahull  have  reiiinlning  In  their  liandi 
or  be  entitled  to  at  the  time  of  auch  notice  to  he  given  na  laat  aforeaaid,  then  and  In  auch  cnac,  and 
not  till  then,  (nnleaa  under  the  proviao  herein-befnre  contained,)  the  anid  excliiaive  privllegea  of 
banking  granted  by  tlili  act  ahall  ceaie  and  determine  at  the  expiratluu  uf  auch  notice  of  13  month] 
-«  14.  J 

Tablt$  exhibiting  a  Vuv)  of  th*  Circulation,  Depoiita,  Pru/ltt,  ^e.  of  the  Bank  of  England.  ' 

No.  I.— A  return  of  the  Number  of  Peraona  convicted  of  Forgerv,  or  paaaing  forged  Notea  and  Poit 
BilK  of  the  Bank  of  England,  in  each  Year,  from  1791  to  IHStf,  inclualve. 


raan. 

Canilal 
CoQ«icUoM. 

OonvklinM 

(or  hivinir 

rorndBaiik 

Notctin 

Total  Num. 
ber  of  Con- 
viclinm  aich 

Tean. 

Cupitil 
Conmctioiia. 

Conirictiaat 

(ur  bavlna 

(onnd  Bank 

Nolea  in 

Tol»l  Num. 
I«r  of  con- 
oid iniu  each 

PnmwioB. 

Yar. 

PoiMMinn. 

Year. 

1791-1796 

nil. 

nil. 

nil. 

1813 

9 

49 

58 

1707 

1 

— 

1 

1814 

5 

39 

44 

1798 

11 

^— 

11 

1813 

8 

51 

59 

1799 

13 

— 

13 

1816 

30 

64 

104 

1800 

89 

— 

39 

1817 

33 

03 

138 

1801 

93 

1 

33 

1818 

63 

163 

927 

1803 

39 

13 

44 

1819 

33 

160 

193 

1803 

7 

8 

1830 

77 

975 

333 

1804 

IS 

'  8 

91 

1831 

41 

93 

134 

1803 

10 

14 

34 

1893 

16 



16 

180« 

nil. 

9 

1633 

6 



6 

1807 

1« 

S4 

40 

1834 

5 



5 

1808 

9 

S3 

33 

1835 

9 



3 

1809 

33 

99 

53 

1836 

18 

4 

93 

1810 

10 

16 

36 

1837 

94 



34 

IHII 

S 

19 

34 

1838 

10 



10 

1813 

30 

96 

33 

1839 

13 

1 

14 

i 

O 

M 

1780 

vm 

1701 

M 

I7W 

■ 

1703 

-8 

I71M    • 

& 

17119 

17WI 

,  1 

1707 

•• 

I7IM 

'f 

1700 

1         t 

Thn  llnnli 
icted  for  tl 

The  Bunk  of  England  does  not  posieaa  the  means  of  stating  or  distinguishing  the  punishmcnti  in- 
flicted for  the  said  crime*. 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


M 


iir  iilinle- 

lors  (if  all 

tloiieil,  to- 

uIho  ii|)on 

III  Coiiipa. 

liitiiient.iry 

tlieir  liandi 

CHIC,  and 

rivlleges  of 

13  nioiulu. 


Tolil  Norn. 
ber  of  coD- 
victtniit  each 
Year. 


58 

44 

M) 

104 

138 

23T 

193 

333 

134 

10 

6 

5 

8 

33 

34 

10 

_14 

bmentf  io- 


^o  II.— A  Rmim  ofih«  Nnmbrr  of  Pirioti*  r.on»lried  nf  Firgfry  on  lh»>  Pnnli  nf  Rntlnnrt  rnn- 
nrrloit  with  lhi<  Piibllr  Kiiiiili,  Hlllt  of  Exch«n|«,  or  othsrwlin,  exrcpt  lUiik  Nol«i,  Jic,  tn  nacb 
Y«nr,  froiii  I7UI  in  IM3U,  im  lualvn. 


CMflMlMb                   1 

I7W 

1 

1791 

-    nil. 

I71H 

3 

I79S7 

1794  V      - 

-    nil. 

1799) 

\1M 

3 

1797 

•    nil 

I7UH 

3 

1799 

•    nil. 

Ctnki^am. 

CMttetlaw. 

INOO 

IHiP        .       .    nil 

'^*'  I             .11 

IttOI 

•       .    all. 

|N||           .         .         3 

iNin 

INI3         •       -    nil 

1^33           .          .         1 

INK! 

INIJ           .         .         9 

IH33          -        -    nil. 

IWH 

INI4          •        -        1 

IH-M              ,           -           1 

INflS 

1HI5         -        -    nil. 

l*«  ] 

mm 

.    nit. 

INIA         .        .        9 

""*•                „ll 

|N<)7 

INI7          •        •        3 

IW  •      •       -    n" 

IWM 

.       .    nil. 

I**'"  I                          nil 
IN|9f       -         •     "" 

IWW 

|N(IO 

1 

INTO             .           .           S 

Th«  Ibink  nf  F.nirland  ilo<>ii  not  pna«>M  the  ineuni  of  itatlni  or  dlillnfulililni  tbo  piinifhinenti  In 
flicud  for  the  lald  criim.-i.— (3(lih  nf  May,  l-^SO.) 


31  Au(uat,  1778. 
Clrriilalion     - 
DepoalM 

31  AuRUil,  1770. 
rirculatlon    - 
DepoilU 

31  Auguat,  1780. 
rirculMlon    - 
Depoiiti 

31  Attgiut.  1781. 
Circulation    - 
Depoiitt 

31  Aufiiit,  1783. 
Circulation     - 
Depotila 

30  Aufnit,  1783. 
Circulation    - 
Depoiita 

31  ADfUBl,  1784. 
Circulation     - 
Depoaiti 

31  Aufuat,  1785. 
Circulation    - 
DepotiM 

31  Augnit,  1760. 
CIrculntion    - 
Depotita 


£ 

0,758,070 
4,715,580 


ll,473,».'M) 


7,370,540 
5,301,040 


19,477,580 


8,341,000 
0,6.55,800 


19,957,400 


0,300,430 
5,991,0.10 


19,931,060 


0,759,310 
0,759,450 


13,518,700 


6,307,570 
6,105,650 


19,419,990 


5,599,510 
6,967,130 


11,859,640 


6,570,650 
6,353,330 


13,833,660 


6,184,330 
5,867,310 


14,051,570 


31  Aiisiiat,  1778. 

a  1.1  J    IMltlllC 

Hncuritica     •     |,.,ivBU       - 
BuUlun  ... 

.    .    .    Real,  l.%3,740r. 

31  AiiKimt,  1770. 


neciirltica 
Bullkin 


t  I'lihllc 
I  Privnte 


.    -    .    Real,  l,355,560(. 

31  AiiRiiM,  1780. 
apciiriiiea     .    |  ] 
Bullion 


Piililic 
Priraio 


Rncuritiea 
Bullion 


•    Real,  1,397,5101. 

31  Aiigiiat,  1761. 
5  Pill 
i  Pri 


PiiMIc 
rivale 


•    •    -    Real,  1,749,040/. 

31  Aiiguat,  1789. 

«ecu,me.  .  {{:;^x  : 

Bullion  .  -  . 

.    •    •    Real,  1,031,5801. 

30  AiiKiial,  1783. 
Seeuritiei  -  j  P;'^';'^,^  ". 
Bullion          ... 

.    .    -    Real.  3,018,0601. 

31  Aniriiat,  1784. 
Securllle.  -  {^^^l^^,,  I 
Bullion         -  .  - 

.    •    -    Beat,  3,904,5701. 

31  AngHRi,  1789. 

securitie.  -  {?;f;i?3    : 

Bullion  ... 

.    -    .    Beat,  3,608,0301. 

Si  Aiigiiat,  1786. 

se.uri.ie.  -  {?y/;«i^,   : 

Bullion         .  -  . 

.    •    .    Belt,  a,e38,a60{. 


6,.540.133  ) 
3,087,337  / 


7,403,649  ■» 
3,356,191  ; 


6,740,514  I 
3,003,096  i 


6,609,4.57  ) 
4,501, K>3) 


8,867,573  ? 
4,496,917  j 


0,566,037  ) 
4,375,7633 


8,435,777  7 
4,088,603  3 


6,735.891 1 
3,318,679  5 


r,088,141  \ 
2,300,5303 


£ 

0,697,970 
3,198,490 


19,750,390 


9,840,840 
3,983,300 


13,833,140 


10,345^10 
4,179,370 


14,534,910 


11,110,510 
3,863,590 


1:1,973,100 


13,483,700 
1,056,550 


15,440,340 


13,841,800 
500,060 


14,431,880 


19,594,380 
1,530,830 


14,06    310 


0,044,570 
9,4tf7,O40 


15,431,610 


10.378,780 
6,311,050 


16,689,830 


5 


:4 


•(.. 


J 


*: 


H- 


i 


t'      ' , 


^■*    ^ 


'   t 


02 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 

Amount  of  Notes  In  CIrculntInn,  niid  Dcpogiti,  and  Beciirltleg  held  by  the  Bnnk— eon(inu«({. 


31  Aiiguit,  1787. 
Circultttion    - 
Deposit! 

30  August,  17S8. 
Circulation    • 
Deposits 

31  August,  1789. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 


31  August,  1790. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1791. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1793. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1793. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

30  August,  1794. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1795. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits         • 

31  August,  1796. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1797. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1798. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1799. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 


£ 

9,685,720 
5,631,540 


15,317,360 


10,002,880 
5,538,640 


l.'S,531,530 


11,121,800 
6,402,450 


31  August,  1787. 
Securities  -  j  ^jl^Ji",^  ; 
Bullion         .  .  - 

.    -    -    Rest,  3,839,400/. 

30  August,  1788. 
securities  -  {J.t"^.,  ; 
Bullion         -  .  . 


17,584,350 


11,433,340 
6,190,300 


17,633,540 


11,673,320 
6,437,730 


18,110,050 


11,006,300 
5,526,480 


16,532,780 


10,865,050 
6,442,810 


17,307,860 


10,286,780 
5,935,710 


16,222,490 


10,862,300 
8,154,980 


19,017,180 


Securities 
Bullion 


Rest,  3,937,9002. 

31  August,  1789. 
C  Public 
I  Private 


.    -    •    Rest,  3,819,370{. 

31  August,  1790. 
securities  -  {^'te  I 
Bullion         ... 

...    Rest,  2,757,310/. 


31  August,  1791. 
J  Public 
X  Private 


r    curities 
Bullion 


Rest,  3,765,400/. 
31  August,  1793. 


Securities     - 
Bullion 


I  Public 
(.  Private 


Rest,  2,730,510/. 
31  August,  1793. 


j  Public 
X  Private 


Securities     - 
Bullion 

-    .J  -    Rest,  2,833,830/. 


Securities 


30  August,  1794. 
5  Public 
i  Private 


Bullion 
.    -    -    Rest,  3,994,080/. 


Securities 
Bullion 


31  August,  1795. 
S  Public 
X  Private 


9,246,790 
6,656,320 


15,903,110 


11,114,130 
7,765,350 


18,879,470 


13,180,610 
8,300,730 


30,481,330 


13,389,490 
7,643.340 


21,031,730 


...    Rest,  3,109,090/. 

31  August,  1796. 
Securities  -  \l^^^^  ; 
Bullion         ... 

-  -    -    Rest,  3,245,310/. 

31  August,  1797. 

Securities     -    5  Public 
Etecuriues  ^p^vate       . 

Bullion         ... 

-  -    -    Rest,  3,471,320/. 

31  August,  1798. 

Securities     .     ^  P^Wic 
oecuruies  J  Private       - 

Bullion         ... 

-  -    -    Rest,  3,414,410/. 

31  August,  1799. 
securities  -  {^ub.ic^  ; 
Bullion         -  -  . 

•    -    -    Rest,  2,899,490/. 


8,066,303  7 
3,787,357  J 


8,840.068  7 
3,730,352  5 


9,661,8591 
2,035,901  S 


0,047,257 1 
1,956,263 1 


10,921,300) 
1,898,640  J 


10,715,041  ■> 
3,190,869/ 


10,381,8381 
4,427,842  5 


8,863,048 ) 
3,583,412  \ 


13,350,904^ 
3,739,016  j 


0,875,347  ^ 
6,150,1335 


8,765,324  ■) 
9,495,9465 


0,930,038^ 
6,419,6035 


0,453,955  •> 
7,477,485  5 


£ 

11,853,660 

6,393,000 


18,140,660 


11,570,320 
6,899,160 


18,469,480 


11,697,760 
8,645,860 


20,343,620 


12,003,520 
8,386,330 


20,389,850 


13,819,940 
8,055,510 


20,875,450 


13,905,910 
5,357,380 


19,263,290 


14,809,680 
5,332,010 


30,131,690 


13,446,460 
6,770,110 


19,216,570 


16,989,020 
5,136,350 


23,126,270 


17,025,470 
2,122,950 


19,148,420 


18,261,170 
4,089,620 


23,350,790 


17,349,640 

6,546,100 

S3,895T4{r 


16,930,440 

7,000,780 


33,931,220 


I 


Amo 

30  Au 

Circulat 

Deposit 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND.  08 

Amonnt  of  Notes  in  CirculRtlnn,  and  Ppposits,  and  Securities  helJ  by  the  Bank— cowtiTiutJ. 


£ 

11,853,660 
6,293,000 

30  August,  1800. 
Circulation    . 
Deposits 

31  August,  1301. 
Circulation    . 
DeposiU 

31  August,  1802. 
Circulation     • 
Deposits 

31  August,  1803. 
Circulation    . 
Deposits 

31  August,  1804. 
Circulation     - 
Deposivs 

31  August,  1805. 
Circulation     . 
Deposits 

31  August,  1806. 
Circulation    . 
Deposits 

31  August,  1807. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1808. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1809. 
Circulation    . 
Deposits 

31  August,  1810. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1811. 
Circulation     . 
Deposits 

31  August,  1813. 
Circulation    . 
Deposits 

£ 

15,047,180 
8,335,060 

30  August,  1800. 
securities     -     \^^       I 
Bullion 

.    .    .    Best,  3,906,630/. 

31  August,  1801. 
securities     .    {^,       I 
Bullion         ... 

.    .    .    Rest,  3,854,890/. 

31  August,  1803. 
securities    .    {^^,      2 
Bullion         ... 

.    .    .    Rest,  4,168,370/. 

31  August,  1803. 
securities     -    {^^^^^       2 
Bullion         ... 

.    -    .    Rest,  4,710,770/. 

31  August,  1804. 
securities     -    {ruh'ic^       ; 
Bullion         ... 

-  .    .    Rest,  4,836,450/. 

31  August,  1805. 
securities     -    {^1:^1^^       : 
Bullion         ... 

...    Rest,  4,960,870/. 

31  August,  1806. 
securities     .    {^-^^-^       I 
Bullion         ... 

.    .    .    Rest,  5,024,3201.    . 

31  August,  1807. 
securities    .    JJublic^       ; 
Bullion          ... 

-  .    .    Rest,  4,953,740/. 

31  August,  1803. 
Sscurities     -    {^j^Wic^       : 
Bullion         ... 

.    .    .    Rest,  5,136,230/. 

31  August,  1809. 
securities    .     j?;'"^^^       ; 
Bullion         ... 

.    .    .    Rest,  5,356,390/. 

31  August,  1810. 

securities    -    {J,tv'i?e       I 
Bullion         ... 

.    .    -    Rest,  5,754,110/. 

31  August,  1811. 
securities     .    {^^^       : 
Bullion         ... 
.    -    -    Rest,  5,964,070/. 

31  August,  1813. 
securities     .    [l^iH^^^      I 
Bullion         ... 

.    -    -    Rest,  6,399,600/. 

£ 

13,586,590  ^ 
8,551,630  5 

11,928,873-) 
10,282,697  5 

13,.528,599  1 
13,584,761 1 

13,336,179 1 
13,582,661  S 

14,993,395  •> 
10,833,285/ 

11,413,266 -> 
16,359,584  $ 

14,167,772? 
15,305,328  \ 

13,410,055 ) 

16.526.695  J 

14,956,394-) 

14.267.696  V 

15,307,673? 
18,127,597  5 

<*                       — 

17,196,677? 
23,775,093  J : 

21,884,948? 
15,199,032;: 

91,165,190-) 
17,010,930.: 

£ 
22,138,420 
5,150,450 

18,140,660 

23,382,340 

27,288,870 

11,570,320 
6,899,160 

14,556,110 
8,133,830 

22,209,570 
4,335,960 

18,469,480 

22,689,940 

26,544,830 

11,697,760 
8,645,860 

17,097,630 
9,739,140 

27,113,360 
3,891,780 

20,343,620 

26,836,770 

31,005,140 

12,003,520 
8,386,330 

15,983,330 
9,817,240 

28,918,840 
3,592,500 

20,389,850 

25,800,570 

30,511,340 

12,819,940 
8,055,510 

17,153,890 
9,715,530 

25,826,680 
6,879,190 

20,875,450 

26,869,420 

31,705,870 

13,905,910 
5,357,380 

16,388,400 
14,048,080 

27,772,850 
7,624,500 

19,263,290 

30,436,480 

35,397,350 

14,809,680 
5,322,010 

31,027,470 
9,636,330 

29,473,100 
6,215,020 

20,131,690 

30,663,800 

35,688,120 

12,446,460 
6,770,110 

19,678,360 
11,789,200 

29,936,950 
6,484,350 

19,216,570 

31,467,560 

36,421,300 

16,989,920 
5,136,350 

17,111,290 
13,012,510 

29,244,090 
6,015,940 

22,126,270 

30J23,800 

35,260,030 

17,025,470 
2,122,950 

19,574,180 

12,257,180 

33,435,270 
3,652,480 

19,148,420 

31,831,360 

37,087,750 

18,261,170 
4,089,620 

!2,350,790 

34,703,990 
13,617,520 

40,973,770 
3,191,850 

38,411,510 

44,165,620 

7,349,640 
6,546,100 
3,895,740 

33,286,850 
11,075,660 

37,083,280 
3,343,300 

34,362,510 

40,326,580 

5,030,440 

r,000,780 

23,026,880 
11,848,910 

38,176,120 
3,099,270 

1,931,220 

34,875,790 

41,275,390 

0 


94 

Amount  of  Notes 

31  August,  1813^ 
Circulation    • 
Depoaiti 

31  August,  1SI4. 
Circulation    - 
Deposit! 


31  August,  1615. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 


31  August,  1816. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 

i  nLglrculiition^and  Deposils.  and  aeciirltles  held  by  the  Vnnk-tentinue4. 


30  August,  1817. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1818. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1819. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1830. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1831. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 


31  August,  1833. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

30  August,  1S93. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1831. 
Circulation     - 
Depoaiti 

31  August,  1835. 
Circulation     - 
Depoaiti 


£ 

34,828,130 
11,159,730 


35,987,850 


38,368,390 
14,849,940 


43,318,330 


Securitiei 
Bullion 


31  AiiKust,  1813. 
,     J  Public 
{  Private 


-    Rest,  6,830,500i. 


Securities 
Bullion 


31  August,  1814. 
f  Public 
i  Private 


37,348,670 
13,696,000 


39.944,670 


Rest,  7,335,410/. 


31  August,  1815. 
C  Public 
i  Private 


38,758,730 
11,856,380 


38,615,100 


Securities 
Bullion 

-    -    -    Rest,  8,318,550/. 

31  August,  1816. 

Securities    -    i^  £".'>''•: 

I  Private       - 
Bullion         -  .  . 


£ 
35,591,3.%) 
14,514,744  / 


34,982,495 ") 
13,363,475  / 


24,194,086 1 
20,660,094  / 


£ 

40,106,080 

3,712,270 


42,818,350 


48,345,960 
3,097,660 


50,443,640 


44,854,180 
3.409,040 


48,263,220 


29,543,730 
9,084,590 


38,628,370 


26,202,150 
7,927,730 


Rest,  6,227,230/. 

30  August,  1817. 
S  Piiblic 
\  Private 


34,139,880 


25,253,690 
6,304,160 


Securities 
Bullion 

-  -    -    Rest,  5,645,530/. 

31  August,  1818. 

Securities     -    !£".''»<: 
_  „.  I  Private 

Bullion         ... 

-  -    -    Rest,  4,604,040/. 


31  August,  1819. 
/Public 
1  Private 


36,097,431  ■) 
11,182,109/ 


27,098,238  ) 
5,507,392/ 


37,357,013  > 
5,113,748/ 


37,279,540 
7,562,780 


44,842,320 


31,556,850 


Securities 
Bullion 


32,605,630 
11,668,260 


44,273,890 

32,370,760 
6,363,160 


38,733,920 


25,419,148 1 
6,321,402/ 


34,299,340 
4,420,910 


28,720,250 


Securities 
Bullion 


Rest,  3,779,060/. 

31  August,  1830. 
.     C  Public 
i  Private 


20,29.1,300 
5,818,450 


26,113,750 


Securities 
Bjllion 


Rest,  3,336,950/. 

31  August,  1821, 
.    /Public 
1  Private 


Rest,  3,595,380/. 


17,464,790 
6,399,440 


33,864,330 


19,331,340 
7,827,350 


27,058,590 


31  August,  1822. 
(  Public 
(  Private 


Securities 
Bullion 

-    -    -    Rest,  3,524,240/. 


Securities 
Bullion 


30  August,  1833. 
.     ?  Public 
t  Private 


90,133,130 
9,679,810 


39,811,930 


19,396,840 

fi.4I0,560 

25,80M0flr 


-    -    Rest,  3,067,020/. 

31  August,  1834. 

Securities     -    11!"''''= 
n  „.  I  Private 

Bullion         ... 

-  -    -    Rest,  2,880,030/. 

31  August,  1835. 
Securities     -    i  {""hlic 
„  „.  I  Private 

Bullion  ... 

-  -    -    Rest,  2,930,950/. 


19,173,997^ 
4,672,123  5 


15,752,953  7 
2,722,587  5 


13,668,359  ^ 
3,622,151  i 


11,842,677  7 
5,624,6935 


14,640,187 1 
0,255,343  / 


17,414,.'W6  7 
7,691,464  5 


31,740,550 
3,595,360 


35,335,910 


23,846,120 
8,211,080 


32,057,200 

18,475,540 
11,233,590 

29,709,13o" 

17,290,510 
10,097,960 


27,388,470 

17,467,370 
12,658,240 


30,125,610 

20,904,530 
11,787,430 


32.691,960 

25,106,030 
3,634,320 

2«,74(UJr 


Ani< 


31  A 
Circula 
Deposit 

31  Au 
Clrculat 
Depoiiti 

90Au| 
Circulati 
Deposits 

31  Aug 
Circulatic 
Deposits 

SOAugi 
Circulatioi 
Depobits 


31  Augui 
Circulation 
Deposits 


(Account  of  t 
from  the  ( 
SUver. 


Annft  is  Oa  Qi 


29  July, 
26  August, 
23  September 
21  Ocloher, 
18  November, 
16  December, 
13  January, 
10  February, 
10  March, 
7  April, 
S  May, 
2  June, 
30  June, 
28  July, 
as  August, 
22  September, 
20  October, 
17  November, 
la  December, 
12  January,     1 
9  February,    • 
8  March,         ■ 
5  April, 
3  May, 
31  May, 
28  June, 
26  July, 
23  August, 
20  September,  - 
18  October, 
15  November,  - 
13  December.   - 


ntinueA. 


£ 
40,106,060 

43,818,350 


48,345,960 
8,087,660 


50,443,640 


44,854,180 
3,400,040 


48,363,2t«) 


37,279,540 
7,562,780 


44,843,320 


32,605,630 
11,668,260 


44,273,890 


32,370,760 
6,363,160 


38,733,920 


31,740,550 
3,595,360 


35,335,910 


23,846,120 
8,211,080 


32,057,200 


18,475,540 
11,233,590 


29,709,130 


17,390,510 
10,097,960 


27,388,470 


17,467,370 
13,658,240 


130,125,610 


120,904,530 

ll  1,787,430 


132,691,960 


25,106,030 
1  3,634,320 

740,1S0 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND.  05 

Amount  of  Notes  ir\  Circulation,  and  Deposita,  and  Securities  held  by  the  Bank— eon«)iu«{. 


31  August,  1898. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1837. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

30  August,  1838. 
Circulation     - 
Deposits 

31  August,  1829. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 

30  August,  1830. 
Circulation    - 
Depobits 

31  August,  1831. 
Circulation    - 
Deposits 


£ 

31,563,560 
7,109,860 


38,763,430 


23,747,600 
8,053,090 


30,799,690 


21,357,510 
10,201,280 


31,558,7'JO 


19,547,380 
9,035,070 


28,582,450 


31,404,700 
11,630,840 


33,085,540 


18,538,630 
9,069,310 


37,607,940 


Securities 
Bullion 


31  August,  1826. 
(  Public 
I  Private 


...    Rest,  3,074,440;. 

31  August,  1827. 
a        1.1  ?  Public 

Securities     -    |p,ivat«      . 

Bullion         ... 
.    .    .    Rest,  3,863,4001. 

30  Aufcust,  1828. 
_        ...               C  Public 
Securities     .    |p,ivate       . 
Bullion         ... 

...    Rest,  2,845,620/. 

31  August,  1839. 
Securities  -  {^^^^  I 
Bullion         .  .  - 

...    Rest,  3,874,890/. 

30  Aucust,  1830. 
securities  -  {}^i^^  I 
Bullion         ... 

•    -    .    Rest,  3,630,630/. 

31  August,  1831. 
Securities  -  {^^^^  -_ 
Bullion         ... 

...    Rest,  3,736,850/. 


£ 

17,713,881  \ 
7,309,749  ]■ 


19,809,595  ■» 
3,389,725  / 


20,683,776  7 
3,:J22,754  i 


20,072,440 ") 
4,589,370  J 


30,911,6161 
3,654,074  i 


19,056,552  ■> 
5,848,478  / 


£ 

35,083,630 
6,754,230 


31,837,860 


23,190,330 
10,463,770 


33,663,090 


23,905,530 
10,498,880 


34,404,410 


24,661,810 
6,795,5.'?0 


31,457,340 


24,565,690 
11,150,480 


35,716,170 


23,905,030 
6,439,760 


30,344,790 


(Account  of  the  Issues,  Securities,  and  Bullion,  of  the  Bank  of  England,  as  published  in  the  Gazette* 
frnm  the  Commencement  of  the  Publication  to  the  Present  Time;  distinguishing  Gold  (lom 
Silver. 


Bui 

ion. 

Annf  in  Uie  Qutrtwi  endinf 

Dcpmiti. 

Gold. 

SiWer. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

29J„ly,             1834      - 

19,110,000 

15,675,000 

28,.'i02,000 

8,147,000 

451,000 

26  August,        — 

19,147,000 

15,384,000 

38,679,000 

7,930,000 

342,000 

23  September  — 

19,136,000 

14,751,000 

28,691,000 

7,460,000 

335,000 

21  October,       — 

18,914,000 

13,514,000 

27,840.000 

6,951,000 

172.000 

18  November,  —      . 

18,694,000 

12,669,000 

27,I.S8,000 

6,589,000 

192,000 

16Dpcember,   — 

18,304,000 

12,256,000 

26,362,000 

6,499,000 

221,000 

13  January,    1835     . 

18,013,000 

13,585,000 

26,390,000 

6,489,000 

2.'i2,000 

10  February,    — 

18,099,000 

12,535,000 

26,482,000 

6,431,000 

262,000 

10  March,         — 

18,311,000 

12,381,000 

26,657,000 

6,274,000 

262,000 

7  April,           —       - 

18,591,000 

11,289,000 

26,228,000 

6,064,000 

265,000 

5  May,            —      - 

18,542,000 

10,726,000 

25,764,000 

5,928,000 

269,000 

2  June,            — 

18,460,000 

10,568,000 

25,.W2,000 

5,875,000 

275,000 

30  June,           — 

18,315,000 

10,954,000 

35,678,000 

5,935,000 

284,000 

28  July,            —      - 

18,323,000 

11,561,000 

26,244,000 

5,995,000 

288,000 

2.^  August,        — 

18,340,000 

12,308,000 

26,964,000 

6,0.19,000 

387,000 

22  September,  — 

18,240,000 

13,330,000 

27,888,000 

5,987,000 

374,000 

20  October,       — 

17,930,000 

14,337,000 

38,661,000 

5,918,000 

268,000 

17  November,  — 

17,549,000 

16,180,000 

30,069,000 

5,998,000 

307,000 

1  j  December,   — 

17,321,000 

17,729,000 

31,048  000 

6,257,000 

369,000 

13  January,     1836     • 

17,262,000 

19,169,000 

3I,9.<4,000 

6,625,000 

451,000 

9  February,    — 

17,427,000 

18,366,000 

31,033,000 

6,957,000 

514,000 

8  March,        — 

17,739,000 

16,966.000 

29,806,000 

7,153,000 

548,000 

5  April,           —       - 

18,063,000 

14,751,000 

37,937,000 

7,239,000 

562,000 

3  May,            —      . 

18,154,000 

13,747,000 

37,042,000 

7,214,000 

568,000 

31  May,            —       . 

18,051,000 

13,273,000 

26,534,000 

7,088,000 

575,000 

28  June,           —      . 

17,899,000 

13,810,000 

27,15.1,000 

6,784,000 

578,000 

26  July,            —      - 

17,940,000 

14,495.000 

38,315,000 

6,351,000 

575,000 

23  August,        —       . 

18,061,000 

14,706,000 

29,345.000 

5,766,000 

559,000 

20  September,  —      . 

18,147,000 

14,118,000 

29,406,000 

5,311,000 

508,000 

18  October,       —       . 

17,036,000 

13,334,000 

28,845.000 

4,810.000 

447,000 

15  November,  — 

17,543,000 

13,683,000 

38,134,000 

4,558,000 

375,000 

13  December,   — 

17,361,000 

13,330,000 

38,971,000 

4,54 

5,000 

Sup.) 


i 

r. 


06 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


t, 


^    ^ 


No.  IV.— An  ureount  of  the  Avcrnfie  Market  Price  of  Bull  inn  in  ench  Vflar,  from  1900  to  1821  (tnken 
from  official  Uiiciinienti)),  iif  the  AveraKe  Value  per  Cei.t.  of  ihe  (.'iirrency,  enllinated  by  the  Mar- 
ket Price  of  (Sold  for  the  name  Period,  and  of  the  Averane  Depri'dation  per  Cent. 


y«n. 

Avenue  Price  ot 
Gold  perac 

Avf-n^e  per  Cent 
(if  Ihe  Value  of 
the  Currency. 

Anmge  IVpre- 
cialion  per  Cent. 

Yean. 

Average  Price  of 
Gold  per  mk 

Avera^  \)tT  Cent, 
of  Ihe  Value  of 
the  Currency. 

Avenue  Deprs. 
cialion  per  Cent. 

£  s.  d. 

£     ».    d. 

£  ».   d. 

£  s.   d. 

£     ».   d. 

£  $.    d. 

ISflO 

3  17  10^ 

100    0   0 

Nil. 

ISII 

4    4    6 

93    3    2 

7  16  10 

IMOl 

4    5    0 

91  12    4 

8    7    8 

IH12 

4  15    6 

79    5    3 

20  14    9 

1803 

4    4    0 

03  14    3 

7    5  10 

1813 

5    1    0 

77    2    0 

23  18    0 

1803 

4    0    0 

97    6  10 

3  13    2 

1814 

5    4    0 

74  17    6 

25    2    6 

1804 

4    0    0 

97    6  10 

2  13    2 

1815 

4  13    6 

83    5    9 

16  14    3 

1805 

4    0    0 

97    0  10 

2  13    3 

1816 

4  13    6 

83    5    9 

1«  14    3 

1606 

4    0    0 

97    6  10 

2  13    2 

1817 

4    0    0 

97    6  10 

2  13    2 

i8or 

4    0    0 

97    6  10 

2  13    3 

1818 

4    0    0 

07    6  10 

2  13    2 

1808 

4    0    0 

97    «  10 

2  13    2 

1819 

4    1    6 

95  11     0 

4    0    0 

1800 

4    0    0 

07    6  10 

2  13    2 

1820 

3  10  11 

97    8    0 

2  12    0 

1810 

4  10    0 

86  10    6 

13    9    6 

1821 

3  17  lOi 

100    0    0 

Nil. 

No.  v.— An  Account  of  the  total  Amotint  of  OiitstandinK  Demands  on  the  Rank  of  England,  and 
likewise  the  Funds  for  discharging  the  same;  30th  January,  1819. 


De. 


The  Bank, 


To  Bank  Notes  out   ... 
To  other  debts ;  viz. 

Drawing  accounts 

Audit  roll       -        .       .       . 

Exchequer  bills  deposited 

And  various  other  debt! 


Balance  of  surplus  in  favour  of 
the  Bank  of  England,  exclu- 
sive of  the  debt  from  govern- 
ment, at  3{.  per  cent. 

£11,686,800 
And    the    advance   to   govern- 
ment, per  56  Geo.  3.  cap.  96.  at 
31.  per  cent. 

£3,000, 


£ 
16,094,430 


\ 


7,800,150 


33,894,580 


-    5,202,330 


£39,096,900 


30th  .lanuary,  1819. 
By  advances  on  government  se- 
curities ;  viz. 

On  E.\chequer  bills,  on  malt, 
&c.  1818      -        -       .        - 
Bank  loan,  1808     -        -        - 
Ruppiv,  1816,  at  4;.  per  Cv<nt.  - 
Growing  produce  of  the  conso- 
lidated fund  to  5th  of  April, 
1819,  and  interest  due,  and 
loans  to  |[nvernm«nt  on  un- 
claimed dividends 
By  all  other  credits,  viz. 
Cash  and  bullion    -       -        - 
Exchequer  bills  purchased,  and 
interest       -       -       -       . 
Bills  and  notes  discounted    - 
Treasury  bills  for  the  service 
of  Ireland  -        -       -        - 
Money  lent,  and  various  other 
articles       -       -       -       . 


By  the  permanent  debt  due  from 
government,  for  the  capital  of 
the  Bank,  at  31.  percent,  per 
annum  -       .       -       - 

By  the  advance  to  government, 
per  act  56  Geo.  3.  cap.  96.  at  3{. 
per  cent,  per  annum 


Cr. 

£ 


6,438,6«0 


•  30,698,240 

£39,096,900 

11,686,800 
£3,000,000 


Bank  of  England,  22d  of  February,  1819.  William  Dawes,  Accountant  General' 

No.  VI.— An  Account  of  Money  paid  or  payable  at  the  Bank  of  England,  for  the  Management  at 
the  Public  Debt,  in  the  Year  1829,  together  with  an  Account  of  all  the  Allowances  made  by  the 
Public  to  the  Bank,  or  charged  by  the  Bank  against  the  Public,  for  transacting  any  Public  Service 
in  the  Year  1829 ;  describing  the  Nature  of  the  Service,  and  the  Amount  charged  thereon  in  (lie 
said  Year,  and  including  any  Sum  under  the  Denomination  of  House-money,  or  House  Expenses; 
and  also,  any  Sum  under  the  Denomination  of  Charges  of  Management  on  South  Sea  Stock,  and 
stating  the  aggregate  Amount  of  the  whole. 


Denomitulkn  at  FajriMati. 


Charge  for  management  of  the  unredeemed  public  debt  for  one  year,  ending  the 
5th  of  April,  1830,  being  the  annual  period  at  which  the  accounts  are  made  up, 
as  directed  by  the  act  48  Geo.  3.  c.  4. 

Ditto,  ditto,  for  one  year  ending  ditto,  on  sundry  annuities,  transferred  to  the  Com- 
missioners for  the  Reduction  of  the  National  Debt,  for  the  purchase  of  life  an- 
nuities per  act  48  Geo.  3.  and  stihsequent  acts 

Charges  of  management,  being  part  of  an  entire  yearly  fund  of  100,000/.  enjoyed 
by  the  Govertior  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  originally  by  the  act  of 
the  5th  and  6th  of  William  and  Mary,  c.  20.,  confirmed  to  the  said  C^overnor  and 
Company  by  several  subsequent  acts,  and  lastly  by  the  Act  of  the  3gth  and  40th 
Geo.  3.  c.  28.,  as  per  Return  made  to  the  Honourable  House  of  Commons,  on  the 
2l8t  of  June,  1816 

Ditto,  ditto,  on  4,000,0001.  South  Sea  stock,  purchased  by  the  Governor  and  Com- 
pany of  the  Bank  of  England  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  and  transferred  by 
them  to  the  said  Governor  and  Company,  in  pursuance  of  the  act  of  the  8th  Geo. 
I.e.  21.,  and  which  charges  of  nianageinent  were  assigned  by  the  said  South 
Sea  Company  to  the  said  Governor  and  Company,  out  of  a  sum  of  8,397J.  9s.  6d. 
per  annum  then  paid  by  the  public  to  the  said  South  Sea  Company  for  charges 
of  management  on  their  funds,  as  per  Return  made  to  the  Honourable  House  of 
Commons,  on  the  31st  of  June,  1816 


Amount. 


Banlt  of  Engluud,  lltti  of  March,  1630. 


f    d. 


248,417  17   !} 


9,933  11   9 


4,000   fl  0 


1,8 


3  i 


£297,238  12  4| 


T.  RiPPON,  Chief  Cashier, 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


97 


Avense  Dfpre- 

cialion  per  \ 

;en(. 

£  s. 

d. 

7  16  10    1 

SO  14 

9 

22  18 

0 

25    2 

0 

IS  14 

3 

10  14 

3 

2  13 

2 

2  13 

2 

4    9 

0 

2  12 

0 

Nil. 

England,  and 


No.  VII  — The  following  it  nn  Account  of  All  DiBtrilmtions  mucin  by  the  Bank  of  England  ninongst 
the  Proprietors  of  Bank  rttnck,  whether  l>y  Money  Payments,  TriinHfcr  of  5  per  Cent.  Annnitics,  or 
otherwise,  under  the  IIcadH  of  Uonurt,  Increase  of  Dividend,  and  Increase  of  Capital,  betwixt  tho 
asth  of  February,  I7((7,  and  Hist  of  March,  1832,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  Annual  Dividend  of  7 
per  Cent,  on  the  Capital  Stock  of  that  Corporation,  existing  in  1797,  including  therein  the  whide 
Dividend  paid  since  June,  IHIfl,  on  their  increased  Capital ;  stating  (he  Period  wlien  such  Distrilm- 
tions  were  mode,  and  the  aggregate  Amount  of  the  whole.— (^ppen.  No.  29.) 


Dtnnminatinn  .incl  Ferindi  of  Diilribution. 


In  June,  1709 :  102.  per  cent,  bonus  in  5  per  cents.  1707,  on  11,6-12,4001.  is 

May.  IHO! :  5/.  per  cent  ditto,  in  Navy  5  per  cents.  4itto 

November  1K02:  2Z.  10,1.  per  cent,  ditto,  ditto,  ditto 

October,  ISOl :  !)/.  per  cent,  ditto,  cash,  ditto  _  -  . 

October,  IHOd  :  5{.  per  cent,  ditto,  ditto,  ditto  ... 

October,  1806:  5/.  per  cent,  ditto,  ditto,  ditto  -  .  . 

From  April,  1S07,  to  Oct.  \    Increase  of  dividends  at  the  rate  of  3/.  per  cent,  per 

"" S> 


1822,  l)oth  inclusive 


[annum  on  ll,642,400<.,  is,  16  years 


From  April,  1823,  to  Oct.  \    Increase  of  dividend  at  the  rate  of  U.  per  cent,  per 

1830,  both  inclusive       /annum  on  11,642,4001.,  is,  7  years         .  .  - 

In  June,  1816      -  -         Increase  of  capital  at  2J5  per  cent.,  is  -  - 

From  Oct.  '1816,  to  Oct.  7     Dividend  at  the  rate  of  10/.  per  cent,  per  annum  on 

1822,  both  inclusive       52,910,600/.  '  


increased  capital,  is,  f>i  years 
id  at  tho  rate  of  8/.  per  cent. 
I,U00{.  increased  capital,  is,  0  years 

Aggregate  amount  of  the  whole 


From  April,  1823,  to  Oct.  l     Divideiul  at  tho  rate  of  8/.  per  cent,  per  annum  on 
1831,  both  inclusive       J  2,910,1 ...... 


Annual  dividend  payable  on  flank  Stock  in  1797,  on  a  capital  of  11,642,4002.  at  the 
rate  of  7/.  per  cent,  per  annum       ---...- 

Annual  dividend  payable  since  June,  1816,  on  a  capital  of  14,553,000{.,  to  October, 
1822,  inclusive,  at  the  rate  of  10/.  per  cent,  per  annum    -  -  -  - 

Annual  dividend  payalde  from  April,  1823,  to  the  3l8t  of  March,  1832,  both  inclu- 
sive, on  a  capital  of  14,553,000/.,  at  the  rate  of  8/.  per  cent,  per  annum 


Amount. 


1,161,210 
582,120 
291,060 
682,120 
582,120 
582,120 

5,588,352 

814,968 
8,910,600 

1,891,890 

2,095,632 


£17,318,070 


£814,968 


£1,455,300 


£1,164,210 


Bank  of  England, 
27th  of  June,  1832. 


William  8mee, 
Dep.  Acct. 


^ 


\ 


No.  VIII.— An  Account  of  the  Profits  of  the  Bank  of  England,  in  the  Year  ending 29th  of  February, 
1H,S2;  stating  the  Description  of  tlie  Securities  held  by  the  Bank,  and  the  sources  from  which  the 
said  Profits  have  accrued. — (AV).  15.  Appen.  to  Report.) 


Interest  on  commercial  bills    ----.. 

Interest  on  E.xchequer  bills     ---.-. 
Annuity  for  45  years  (the  dead  weight  account)      .  .  - 

interest  on  capital  received  from  government  -  .  . 

Allowance  received  for  management  of  the  public  debt     - 
Interest  on  loans  on  mortgages  -  -  -  .         ,  - 

Interest  on  stock  in  the  public  funds  -  -  .  . 

Interest  on  private  loans         ...... 

Profit  on  bullion,  commission,  rent,  receipts  on  discounted  bills  unpaid, 
ment  of  the  business  of  the  Banks  of  Ireland,  of  Scotland,  and  Royal 
Scotland,  and  sundry  items  ---... 


inanage- 
Baiik  of 


£ 

130,695 
204,109 
451,415 
446,502 

251,896 
60,684 
15,075 
56,941 


71,8.59 


£1,689,176 


No.  IX.— Expenses  of  the  Bank  of  England,  for  the  Year  ending  29th  of  February,  1832. 


Dr. 

National  debt  department 
Bank  notes  .  -  - 
Banking  department 


£ 
164,143 
106,092 
69,165 


£339,400 


Cr. 

Salaries  and  pensions    ... 

House  expenses      .        -        .       - 

Directors'  allowance      ... 

Rent 

Expenses  at  eleven  branches,  arising 
from  the  banking  department 

Expenses  attending  the  circulation  of 
3,500,000/.  of  branch  Bank  of  Eng- 
land notes,  at  eleven  branches    - 


£ 

218.003 
30,187 

H.ono 

40,000 
5,702 


28,508 


£339,400 


•J 


No.  X. — An  estimated  Account  of  Profit  derived  by  the  Bank  from  Circulation  of  Promissory  Notes, 
and  from  Government  Business. — {Appen.  AV).  23.) 


Circulation    . 
Government  deposits 


£ 

-    20,000,000 
.      4,000,000 

24,000,000,  of  which  two  thirds  are  estimated  to  be  invested  in  securities, 
— — ^—   and  one  third  in  bullion. 
13 


96 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


Table  X.—tontinued. 


t'  ' 


Seciirltiei  of  10,000,000/. ;  viz. 
9,000,000  Exchuquer  bills        -           .           .           -    at  S^  per  cent. 

800,000  (tocit             -           -           .           .           .    —3        _ 
1,000,000  ndvHnceg  for  circulation  on  diieount        -    —3        — 

500,000  country  diicount     -           -          -          -    —  3t      — 
4,700,000 —44      — 

16,000,000 

Deduct, 
Expense  of  Circulation    •.••--. 
Expense  of  government  deposits            .          -          -          -          . 
Stamp  duty  on  circulation           ..---. 
1  per  cent,  on  ospital  (held  by  government  at  3  per  cent.) 

ne  Public  Debt. 

Amount  received  from  government  for  management  of  the  public  debt, 

for  ttie  year  ending  5th  nf  April,  1832,  including  life  annuities 
Management  ot  life  annuities,  supposed  to  be  transferred 

Deduct, 
Expenses  for  management  of  the  national  debt            -           .          . 
Average  of  forgeries  per  annum,  during  the  last  ten  years      - 

Estimated 

£ 

SO'ASOO 
24,000 
30,000 
17,500 

193,875 

£ 
487,875 

333,000 

£ 

134,875 
44,000 

106,000 
10,000 
70,000 

147,000 

251,000 
3,000 

348,000 
204,000 

164,000 
40,000 

l>rofit     - 

- 

£178,875 

No.  XI.— State  of  the  Affairs  of  the  Bank  of  England,  29th  of  February,  1832. 


Dr. 

To  Bank  notes  outstand- 
ing    -       -       -       - 

To  public  deposits,  viz. 
Drawing  accounts 
Balance  of  audit  roll 
Life  annuities  unpaid 
Annuities  for  terms  of 

years  unpaid    - 
Excheq  uer  bills  deposited 

To  private  deposits,  viz. 
Drawing  accounts 
Various  other  debts    - 

To  the  Bank  of  England 
for  the  capital    - 

To  balance  of  surplus  in 
favour  of  the  Bank  of 
England 


2,034,790 

550,550 

85,030 

38,360 
490,000 

5,683,870 
54,560 


£ 

18,051,710 

■    3,198,730 

I    5,738,430 
14,553,000 

2,637,760 


£44,179,630 


Cb. 

By  advances  on  govern 
ment securities;  by  Ex 
chequer  bills  on  the 
growing  produce  of  the 
consolidated  fund  in  the 
quarter  ending  5th  of 
April,  18.12  - 

Ditto,  5th  of  July,  1832 

Exchequer    bills   on  sup- 
plies, 1825   - 

Do.  for  10,500,000/.  for  1825 

By  the  advances  to  the  trus 
tees  appointed  by  the  act 
3Geo.4.c.  51.  towardsthe 
purchase  of  an  annuity 
of  585,740/  for  44  years 
from  5th  of  April,  1823 

By  other  credits;  viz. 
Exchequer  bills  purchased 
Stock  purchased 
City  bonds  -        -        - 
Bills  St  notes  discounted 
Loans  on  mortgages  - 
London  Dock  Company 
Advances    on    security, 
and  various  articles 

By  cash  and  bullion 

By  the  permanent  debt  due 
from  government 


3,428,340 
697,000 

7,600 
3,000 


2,700,000 

764,600 

500,000 

2,951,970 

1,452,100 

227,500 

570,690 


Rest  or  surplus  brought  down 
Bank  capital  due  to  proprietors 


4,134,940 


10,897,880 

9,186,860 

S,293,1S0 

14,886,800 


£44,179,630 


2,637,76(1 
14,533,000 


,»     ,''1 


l.l 


£17,190,76 


No.  XII.— An  Account  of  the  Average  aggregate  Amounts  of  Public  Deposits  in  the  Hands  of  the 
Bank,  from  the  Year  1800 ;  distinguishing  each  Ye&t.—  (Jlppen.  Ao.  24.) 


Tear. 

AmouDt 

Tew. 

Amount. 

Tnr. 

Amount. 

Tear. 

Amount.        1 

£ 

£ 

£ 

^            i 

1807 

12,647,551 

1814 

12,158,227 

1820 

3,71.1,443 

1826 

4,214,271 

1808* 

11,761,448 

1815 

11,737,436 

1821 

3,920,157 

1827 

4,223,867     1 

1809 

11,093,648 

1816 

10,807,660 

1833 

4,107,853 

1828 

3,821,697 

1810 

11,950.017 

1817 

8,699,1.13 

1823 

5,526,635 

1820 

3,862,656 

1811 

10,191,854 

1818 

7,066,887 

1824 

7,222,187 

1830 

4,761,951! 

1812 

10,390,130 

1819 

4,538,373 

1825 

5,347,314 

1831 

3,948,102    1 

1813 

10,393,404 

J 

JV*.  B. — The  Bank  is  unable  to  Airnish  correctly  the  aggregate  amount  of  public  deposits  prevloui 

*  The  Ba'ik  advanced,  in  March,  1808,  3,000,0001.,  without  interest,  for  the  public  service,  which  to 
continued  till  April,  1818,  on  account  of  public  baltncei. 


Year, 


1698 
1699 
1700 
1701 
1702 
1703 
1704 
170S 
11706 
1707 
1708 
1709 
1710 
1711 
1712 
1713 
1714 
1715 
1716 
1717 
1718 
1719 
1720 
1721 


,875 


,000 

1,000 
t,000 


134,875 


44,000 


I  £178,875 


in. 


340  n 
OOO 

600 
000 


4,134,940 


m 


Ira 


10,897,880 

■  g,166,8«0 

5,293,150 

14,886,800 


!il 


|:.- 


£44,179,630 


2,637,7(iO 

14,553,000 


m 

m 


£17,190,7i 


-I 


Hands  of  the 


Amouol, 

£ 

4,214,271 
4,223,867 
3,821,697 
3,862,656 
4,761,954 
3,948,102 


|ositf  previoui 
vice,  which  ao 


/ 


/ 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


09 


tn  the  year  180T:  the  miNlc  ncfounti  prior  to  that  periort  not  helnR  required  genernlly  to  he  kept  at 
the  Bank;  and  many  of  «he  public  accounts  at  that  time  were  in  the  niiniei  of  mdividuals,  without 
reference  to  tliat  part  of  tlie  public  service  to  which  the  accounts  applied. 

\o  XIII.— An  Account  of  the  Average  agprerate  Amounts  of  Private  Deposits  in  the  Hande  of  the 
Bank,  from  the  Year  1807 ;  distinguishing  each  Year.— (.«pp«H.  JVo.  32.) 


Vetr. 

AmMnl. 

Year. 

Amount 

£ 

£ 

1807 

1,582,720 

1814 

2,374,910 

1808 

i,940,6.10 

1815 

1,690,490 

1809 

1,402,190 

1816 

1,333.120 

1810 

1,428,720 

1817 

1,672,800 

1811 

1,567,920 

1818 

1,640,210 

1812 

1.573,950 

1819 

1,790,860 

1813 

1,771,310 

Veir. 


1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 


Amount, 


£ 
1,325,060 
1,326,020 
1,373,370 
2,321,920 
2,369,910 
2,607,900 


Yf»r. 


1826* 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 


Amount. 


£ 

3,322,070 
3,931,370 
5,701,280 
5,217.210 
5,562,250 
5,201,370 


jV.  iJ.— The  Bank  is  unable  to  return  the  average  aggregate  amounts  of  private  deposits  for  the 
yeari  prior  to  1807,  as  the  public  and  private  drawing  accounts  were  not  kept  separately  till  that 
period,  when  distinct  offices  were  established. 

No.  XIV.— An  Account  of  the  annual  Average  Amount  of  Commercial  Paper  under  Discount  at  the 
Bank,  in  London,  in  each  Year,  from  the  Year  1795.— (.4ppen.  JVo.  59.) 


Ye«r. 

AfflOUDt. 

Yeir. 

Amount 

Year. 

Amount 

Yfar. 

Amount 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1795 

2,940,500 

1805 

11,366,500 

1814 

13,285.800 

1823 

3,123.800 

1796 

3,505,000 

1806 

12,380,100 

1815 

14,947,100 

1824 

2.369,800 

1797 

5,350.000 

1807 

13,484,600 

1816 

11,416,400 

1825 

4,941,500 

1798 

4,490,600 

1808 

12,950,100 

1817 

3,960,600 

1826 

4,908,300 

1799 

5,403,900 

1809 

15,475,700 

1818 

4,325,200 

1837 

1,240,400 

1800 

6,401,900 

1810 

20,070,600 

1819 

6,515,000 

1828 

1,167.400 

1801 

7,905,100 

1811 

14,355,400 

1820 

3,883,600 

1829 

2,250,700 

1802 

7,523,300 

1812 

14.291,600 

1821 

2,676,700 

1830 

919,900 

1803 

10.747,600 

1813 

12,330,200 

1822 

3,366,700 

1831 

1,533,600 

1804 

9,982,400 

No.  XV.— An  Account  of  the  Notes,  Post-Bills,  &c.  of  the  Bank  of  England  In  Circulation,  on  the 
28th  of  February  and  31st  of  August  in  each  Year,  from  1698  to  1792  both  included,  as  near  as  the 
same  can  be  made  up. 


Year 


1698 
1699 
1700 
1701 
1702 
1703 
1704 
1705 
1706 
1707 
1708 
1709 
1710 
1711 
1712 
1713 
1714 
1715 
1716 
1717 
1718 
1719 
1720 
1721 


28lh  Feb. 


£ 

1,221,290 

743.850 

938,240 

298,860 

920,730 

933,760 

961,990 

556,610 

996,840 

959,820 

648,680 

707,470 

601,580 

477,510 

738,920 

1,221,880 

623,610 

972,160 

1,460,660 

2,053,1.^1 

2,782,420 

1,807,010 

2,466,880 

2,244,280 


3lil  Aug. 


Ye»r. 


£ 

1,240,400 

519,150 

781,430 

763,860 

1,030,900 

1,214,040 

946,010 

1,013.150 

805,410 

824,860 

598,940 

691,3.50 

480,920 

573,230 

2,025,200 

800,810 

1,651,780 

978,840 

1,579.730 

2,188,030 

1,806.640 

1,939.550 

3,032.460 

2.206,260 


1722 
1723 
1724 
1725 
1726 
1727 
1728 
1729 
1730 
1731 
1732 
1733 
1734 
1735 
1736 
1737 
1738 
1739 
1740 
1741 
1742 
1743 
1744 
1745 


28tli  Feb. 


£ 

2.365.640 
3.516.110 
3.232.830 
3,734.480 
3,076.850 
.3.888.180 
4,574.920 
4.152.590 
3,998,280 
4,451,720 
4,251,660 
4,385,060 
4,203,070 
4,627.990 
4.907.750 
5.215.010 
4.766.280 
4,347,270 
4,550,980 
4,841,840 
4,471,510! 
4,6.V4,890' 
4,253,610 
4,279,610i 


3lit  Aug. 


£ 

3,006,430 
3,482,210 
3,8.57,710 
3,343,400 
3,152,340 
4,677,640 
4,513,790 
4,199,910 
4.416.870 
5.249.880 
4.592.400 
4.543.000 
4.671.930 
4.738.550 
5.077,570 
4.414,690 
4,609.420 
4,1.52,420 
4.444,000 
4,084,450 
4,911..390 
4,250.180 
4,270,590 
3,465,350 


Year. 


1746 
1747 
1748 
1749 
1750 
1751 
1752 
1753 
1754 
1755 
1756 
17.57 
17.58 
1759 
1760 
1761 
1762 
1763 
1764 
1765 
17tH) 
1767 
1768 
1769 


28lh  Feb. 


£ 

3,383,720 
4,107,420 
3,894,650 
.3,737,110 
3,964.970 
4.022,160 
4.444.960 
4.401,580 
4,062.870 
3.950,650 
4.100.790 
5,319.130 
5,320.590 
4,586,840 
4.969.250 
5  632.350 
5.741.090 
5.999.910 
5.,501.800 
0.316,670 
.5.617,570 
5.510.990 
5.778.990 
5,707,190 


3lit  Aug. 


£ 

3,842,500 
3,652.310 
3.789.720 
4.183.390 
4.318.490 
5.195.310 
4.750,350 
4.420.290 
4,081.280 
4,115.280 
4.516.360 
5.149.940 
t.SOl.UO 
4,809,790 
4,936,280 
5,246,680 
5,886,980 
5,314.600 
6.210,680 
5,.356.490 
5.246.410 
4.883.440 
5.415,530 
5,411,450 


Year, 


28lh  Feb. 


1770 

1771 

1772 

1773 

1774 

1775 

1776 

1777 

1778 

1779 

1780 

17811 

1782 

1783 

1784 

1 785 1 

1 7861 

17871 

1788' 

1789, 

1790 

1791 

1792 


£ 

5,237,210 
6,822.780 
5.962.160 
6,037,060 
7,550,780 
9,135.930 
8.699.720 
8,712.230 
7.440.330 
9,012.610 
8,410.790 
7,092,450 
8,028,880 
7,675,090 
0.202.760 
5.923,090 
7.581.960 
8,329,840 
9.561.120 
9,807.210 
10,040,540 
11,439,200 
11,307,380 


31it  Aug. 


£ 

5,736,780 
6,014,110 
5,987.570 
6.362.220 
9.886.220 
8..398.310 
8,551.090 
7.753.590 
6,758.070 
7.276.540 
6,341,600 
6,309,430 
6,759,310 
6,307,270 
5.592,510 
6,570,650 
8.184.3.30 
9,685.720 
10.002.880 
11.121.H00 
n.4.3.3..140 
11,672.320 
11,006,300 


JV.  B.— No  previously  published  table  of  the  circulation  of  the  Bank  of  Eneland  extends  further 
back  than  1777  ;  we  are  indebted  to  the  Court  of  Directors  for  being  able  to  supply  this  striking  de- 
fect, and  to  exhibit,  for  the  first  time,  the  circulation  of  the  Bank,  from  within  four  years  of  ita 
establishment  down  to  the  present  day, 

*  The  increased  amount  of  deposits  in  this  and  the  following  years,  arose  from  the  increase  of 
accounts. 


i 

0 


:4 


100 


BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 


No.  XVI.— An  Arroiint  of  thn  Amount  of  Hnnk  Note*  In  Clrriilatlon  on  tho  nndprmrntloned  Dnyi ; 
(li.^tingiiiiiliinK  tlio  Uank  I'ust  Uills,  und  thu  Amount  of  NotcB  under  Five  I'uumli,  with  the  AKgrv- 
Riilc  uf  tliB  whole. 


'  1     '         < 
* 


17W 

1793 

1794 

1795 

1796 

179T 

1799 

1790 

1600 

ISOl 

1803 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1806 

1807 

1808 

1809 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 

1817 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1822 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1826 

182T 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 

1832 

1833 


Fcbrunry  25 
Ani{U8t     23 
Fehrunry  26 
AiieiiKt     26 
Fijhrunry  26 
AuKiiRt     26 
Fehrunry  26 
Aiiituat     26 
February  26 
AuKUBt     26 
February  25 
Auguiit     26 
February  26 
AugiiRt      25 
February  26 
AugUHt      26 
February  25 
August      26 
February  26 
AUKUst      26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  25 
August     25 
February  26 
August     26 
February  25 
August     26 
February  26 
August     36 
February  26 
August     26 
February  25 
August     26 
February  26 
August      25 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August      26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  25 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     20 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  36 
August     36 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  26 
August     26 
February  25 
August     25 
February  26 
August     26 


NnlM  or  M. 
■dJ  u|iwanli. 


£IO,3<)4,I06 
10,2»I,(I7I 
10,780,643 
1(I,I63,H,W 
10.07lt,l(i5 
10,()«),2t8 
12,l)(W,7(r7 
10,H3«,(*80 
10,266,501 
8,081,615 
8,I67,W9 
9,109,014 
10,850,188 
«,«i*7,958 
10.570,510 
1I,!200,075 
13,106,308 
12,221,451 
12,975,006 
II, 7 1. 1.665 
12,038,970 
12,801,746 
11,790,424 
12,41.3,924 
12,054,943 
ll,7t«),628 
1I,10.3,2!X» 
11,182,188 
11,994,350 
14,141,510 
12.274,029 
15,077,013 
13,740,598 
12,440,9.-<0 
12,730,999 
13,255,.')99 
13,650,592 
16,078,390 
15,110,088 
15,203,011 
14,523,049 
14.873,705 
14,567,207 
14,975,479 
15,632,250 
18,000,180 
16.394,359 
10,332,275 
15,.307,228 
16,686,087 
17,538,056 
20,388,503 
19,077,951 
17,465,628 
16.307,000 
16,972,140 
15,402,830 
16,047,390 
14,.372,840 
16,095,020 
15,178,490 
15,295,090 
15,751,120 
17,392,260 
17,244,940 
18,409,230 
18,308,9<K) 
17,091,120 
21,100,400 
18,172,160 
18,787,330 
19,253,890 
19,428,010 
19,010,980 
17,402,470 
17,164,940 
17,862,990 
19,403,010 
17,566,140 
16,774,890 
16,201,890 
16,068,370 
17,507,.320 
17,827,150 


Btnk  FMt 
Billt. 


£  755,703 
725,898 
647,738 
674,.375 
618,759 
967,973 
570,456 
518,503 
6-13, 1 33 
549.690 
474,615 
624,587 
551,549 
953,236 
607,907 
653,766 
723,600 
823,306 
054,982 
759.270 
803,499 
772,577 
820.039 
770,030 
848,894 
743,841 
1,029,580 
718,510 
725,736 
702,425 
721,485 
725,263 
742,671 
795,102 
944,727 
8.S0,104 
907,620 
1,145,833 
1,133,419 
1,010,303 
1,059,854 
987.880 
l,034,Hb2 
1,015,016 
1,091.242 
1,246,479 
1,184,459 
1,115.079 
1,3.36.467 
1,286,429 
1,370,416 
1,712,807 
1,838,600 
1,627,427 
1,622,3.30 
1,468,920 
1,421,160 
1,633,730 
1,615,600 
1,634,260 
1,609,620 
1,610,600 
1,742.190 
1,763.650 
2.198,260 
2,122,700 
2,334,260 
2,061.010 
2,487,080 
2.040,400 
2.052,310 
2.270.110 
2,329,880 
2,417,440 
2,444,660 
2,030,280 
2,284,520 
2,217,870 
1,777,790 
1,621,350 
1,641,990 
1,533,970 
1,603,710 
1,604,590 


Bank  Nnlea 
under  51. 

ToW. 

-Ri:    - 

jEI  I.I  49.809 

ll.flOO.'m 

. 

1I,428..1N1 

. 

10.H.-M,9t4 

. 

J0,097,!»» 

. 

10,628,220 

. 

13.5,39,163 

. 

n,4.58,.382 

. 

10,909.694 

• 

9,  W  1.3.35 

. 

8,001.904 

9.14,015 

10,.VW,216 

1,442,348 

12,850,085 

1.639,831 

12,191,085 

1,451,728 

12,0.30.14* 

1.345,4.32 

13.259,873 

1.400,708 

15,2.36,676 

1,690,561 

14,735.378 

2,647,526 

10,577.514 

2.405,.386 

14,970,.321 

2,616,407 

15,4.58,876 

3,312.7!»0 

10,887,113 

2.960,409 

15,570,932 

3,8-10,005 

17,035,y.')9 

4.673,515 

17,577..352 

4,81.3,525 

17,.323,994 

4,801,596 

17.234,466 

4.395,480 

10.2!Hi,l78 

4,428..360 

17,118,446 

4,228.958 

19,072,893 

4,206.2,30 

17,205,344 

4,231,8.37 

20,0,34,113 

4,103.7H5 

18,593,054 

4.12<),234 

17..305.266 

4,.3.38,951 

18.014,677 

6,221,538 

19,357,241 

5,871.069 

20,429,281 

7,221,953 

24,440,175 

7,140,720 

23,384,833 

7,573.201 

2.3,793,115 

7.4!5,2<W 

22.998,197 

7,621,325 

23,482,910 

7,705,322 

23,.307,471 

8,033.774 

24,024,809 

8,371  ,<.)23 

25,095.415 

9,067,217 

28,979,876 

9,094.553 

26,673,370 

9,570,695 

27,024,049 

9,036.374 

25,680,009 

9.103,338 

27,075,854 

8.143,506 

27,058,!)78 

7,998.599 

30,099,908 

7,362.493 

28,279,043 

7.509.783 

26,602,8.37 

7.317.360 

25,246,6i)0 

7,216.530 

35,657,590 

6,745,160 

33,569,150 

6,772,260 

24,453,380 

6,483.010 

22,471,450 

3.598,460 

20,327,740 

1,384,360 

18,172,470 

862,650 

17,768,340 

68.3.160 

18,176,479 

550,010 

19,705,920 

486,600 

19.929,800 

443.970 

20,975,9(i0 

416.880 

21,060,130 

396,670 

19,548,800 

1,367,560 

24,955,040 

1,175,450 

21,388,010 

668,910 

21,508,5.50 

483,060 

22,007,060 

416,890 

23,174,780 

382,860 

21,817,280 

357,170 

20,204..300 

334,190 

19,529,410 

320.550 

20,468,060 

313.460 

21,934,940 

306.900 

19,650,830 

302.480 

18,698,720 

299,190 

18,143,070 

294.940 

17,897.280 

292.450 

19,403,480 

289.720 

19,721,460 

1827  Fet 

Au 
1898  Fel 

Au 
1839  Fell 

AU! 

t 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL.)     101 

No.  XVII. —An  Arrount  of  lli«  iiairn-gato  Circulntlon  of  th('  Ilrnmli  Hankd  of  the  fionk  of  England, 
from  their  rirst  KstnhliiihniKnl,  on  the  !Wth  of  Febriiiiry  ami  ni^t  rif  AuKUHt  In  each  Year. 


X 

i.' 

£ 

1897  February 

SOT.I.'M) 

1830  February 

1.482,1(10 

1833  February 

2,748.380 

August 

6S»,870 

AuKUSt 

2,01 9,770 

Auitiiat 

8,800,050 

1888  February 

685,8-W 

1831  February 

9,»7S,360 

1833  February 

3,0H8,«70 

All|tU8t 

04!),7 10 

Auguat 

3,433,800 

August 

3,313,850 

1839  February 

807,450 

AuRuat 

1,103,390 

III.  B.4NKS  (EiroLisH  Pbivatk  and  Phovincial). 

BesiJes  charging  the  usual  rate  of  interest  on  bills  diswountcd,  the  provincial  bankers  aro 
mostly  in  the  habit  of  charging  5s.  or  6«.  per  cent,  as  commission.  They  also  charge  a  com- 
mission on  all  payments;  and  derive  a  profit  from  charges  for  the  transmission  of  money,  &c. 
They  usually  allow  from  2  to  3  per  cent,  on  money  deposited ;  but  the  numerous  failures 
that  have  taken  place  amongst  them  have,  by  generating  a  feeling  of  insecurity  in  the  minds 
of  the  depositors,  confmed  this  branch  of  their  business  within  comparatively  narrow  limits. 
When  their  customers  overdraw  their  accounts,  they  are  charged  with  interest  at  the  rate  of 
6  per  cent. 

Country  banks  established  by  individuals  possessed  of  adequate  funds,  and  managed  with 
due  discretion,  are  productive  of  the  greatest  service.  They  form  commodious  reservoirs, 
where  the  floating  and  unemployed  capital  of  the  surrounding  districts  is  collected,  and  from 
which  it  is  again  distributed,  by  way  of  loan,  to  those  who  will  employ  it  to  the  best  advan- 
tage. It  is,  therefore,  of  the  utmost  importance,  in  a  public  point  of  view,  that  these  esta- 
blishments should  be  based  upon  solid  foundations.  But  in  Engl.-ind,  unfortunately,  this 
has  been  but  little  attended  to  ;  and  the  destruction  of  country  banks  has,  upon  three  difler- 
ent  occasions, — in  1793,  in  1814,  1815,  and  1816,  and  in  1825  and  1826, — produced  aa 
extent  of  bankruptcy  and  misery  that  has  never,  perhaps,  been  equalled,  except  by  the 
breaking  up  of  the  Mississippi  scheme  in  France.  Government  is  bound  to  interfere  to  hinder 
the  recurrence  of  such  disastrous  results.  The  repeal  of  the  act  of  1708,  preventing  the 
association  of  more  than  six  persons  for  carrying  on  the  trade  of  banking,  has  already  led  to 
the  formation  of  joint  stock  banking  companies  in  a  few  of  the  largo  towns  ;  but  it  remains 
to  be  seen  in  how  far  this  should  be  regarded  as  an  improvement.  It  is,  indeed,  quite  vision- 
ary to  suppose  that  the  power  to  establish  such  banks  is  all  that  is  required  to  establish  the 
provincial  currency  on  a  secure  foundation.  What  is  really  wanted,  is  not  a  regulation  to 
allow  banks  with  large  capitals  to  be  set  on  foot,  (for  there  have,  at  all  times,  been  many 
such  banks  in  England,)  but  a  regulation  to  prevent  any  bank,  be  its  partners  few  or  many, 
firom  issuing  notes  without  previously  giving  security  for  their  payment.  This  would  render 
the  bankruptcy  of  such  banks  impossible,  and  would  give  a  degree  of  security  to  the  money 
system  of  the  country  that  it  can  never  otherwise  attain. — (The  reader  is  referred,  for  a  full 
discussion  of  this  important  question,  to  the  Note  on  Money,  in  my  edition  of  the  Wealth 
of  Nations,  vol.  iv.  pp.  280—292.) 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the  number  of  commissions  of  bankruptcy  issued  against 
country  bankers  in  England,  from  1809  to  1830,  both  inclusive: — 


Ynn. 

CommiMions. 

Yean. 

Commiuioiu. 

Van. 

Commiuion). 

Van. 

Commtuians. 

1809 

4 

1815  ' 

25 

1831 

10 

1826 

43 

1810 

20 

1816 

37 

1823 

9 

1827 

8 

1811 

4 

1817 

3 

1823 

9 

1828 

3 

1813 

17 

1818 

3 

1824 

10 

1829 

3 

1813 

8 

1819 

13 

1885 

37 

1830 

14 

1814 

97 

1820 

4 

(.Append,  to  Report  on  Bank  Charter,  p.  116.) 

Exclusive  of  the  above,  many  banks  stopped  payments,  to  the  great  injury  of  their  credit- 
ors and  the  public,  that  afterwards  resumed  them;  at  the  same  time  that  the  affairs  of  some 
bankrupt  concerns  were  arranged  without  a  commission.  During  the  whole  of  this  period, 
not  a  single  Scotch  bank  gave  way. 

The  stamp  duties  on  country  bank  notes  have  been  already  specified  (p.  69.). 

Besides  the  stamp  duties  payable  on  Notes,  each  individual  or  company  issuing  them 
must  take  out  a  licence,  renewable  annually,  which  costs  30/.  This  licence  specifies  the 
names  and  places  of  abode  of  the  body  corporate,  person,  or  persons,  in  the  firm  to  whom  it 
is  granted,  the  name  of  such  firm,  the  place  where  the  business  is  carried  on,  &c. ;  and  a 
separate  licence  is  to  be  taken  out  for  every  town  or  place  where  any  notes  shall  be  issued  by 
or  on  account  of  any  banker,  &c  Uidess  the  licence  granted  to  persons  in  partnership  set 
forth  the  names  and  places  of  abode  of  all  persons  concerned  in  the  partnership,  whether 
their  names  appear  on  the  notes  issued  by  them  or  not,  such  licence  shall  be  absolutely 
void.— (55  Geo.  3.  c.  184.  s.  24.)  For  the  regulations  as  to  the  issue  of  unstamped  notes 
see  ante,  p.  69.       „ 


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i 


102    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 


It 


'I' 


Tho  isHUr  of  notes  for  Iosh  than  fl/.  wan  prohibitrd  in  Entrlnml,  as  provioiisly  sliown,  from 
1777  to  1797;  but  ihry  coiitinm-il  to  In- isHiu'tl  from  the  latter  iicrioil  down  to  the  Sth  of 
April  1829,  when  their  further  tssue  craned  in  eonnequence  of  an  art  pasned  in  IS'JO.  This 
act  did  not  extend  to  Hcotlund  or  Ireland,  and  was  intended  to  );ive  );ri'atrr  Ntal)ility  to  the 
Bynteni  of  country  banking  in  Knijland,  by  shutting  nj)  one  of  the  principal  channels  throuRh 
which  the  inferior  class  of  bankers  had  been  in  the  habit  of  Rettini;  their  notes  into  circula- 
tion. But  notwithstanding  it  will  certainly  have  this  ellect,  the  policy  of  the;  measure  seems 
very  doubtful.  It  is  idle,  indeed,  to  imagine  that  it  can  give  that  stai>ilily  to  the  banking 
system  which  is  so  desirable;  and  in  proof  of  this,  it  is  sulhcient  to  state,  that  though  none 
of  the  country  banks  existing  in  1793  had  any  notes  for  less  than  5/.  in  circulation,  upwards 
of  one  third  of  their  entire  number  stopi)ed  payment  during  the  rcv\ilsion  that  then  took 
place.  'J'he  truth  is,  that  nothing  but  the  exacting  of  security  for  payment  of  notes  can  ever 
place  the  country  issue  of  notes  on  that  solid  foundation  on  which  it  ought  to  stand ;  and  ai 
security  may  be  taken  for  1/.  notes  as  easily  as  for  those  of  5/.,  there  would,  were  such  a  sys- 
tem adopted,  be  no  ground  for  suppressing  the  former. 

Metropolitan  Joint  Stock  Hankn, — It  was  for  a  lengthened  period  generally  understood, 
that  the  act  of  1708,  and  the  other  acts  conveying  exclusive  privileges  to  the  Bank  of  Erii;. 
land,  not  only  prevented  any  company  with  more  than  0  partners  from  issuing  notes  payablp 
on  demand  ;  but  that  they  also  prevented  such  companies  from  undertaking  onlinary  bank- 
ing business, — that  is,  from  receiving  the  money  of  individuals  and  paying  their  drafts,  &c, 
Recently,  however,  strong  doubts  began  to  be  entertained  whether  comjjanies  with  nume- 
rous bmlics  of  partners,  established  for  the  mere  business  of  banking,  and  without  issuing 
notes,  were  really  prohibited  by  the  acts  in  question.  During  the  discussions  on  the  btc 
renewal  of  the  charter  of  the  Bank  of  England,  the  point  was  sultmitted  for  the  consideration 
of  the  Attorney  and  Solicitor  Generals,  who  gave  it  as  their  decided  oj)inion,  that  such  banks 
might  be  legally  established  within  the  limits  to  which  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  Bank 
of  England  were  restricted  by  the  act  7  &  8  Geo.  4.  c.  46.  But  as  the  opinion  of  other 
eminent  lawyers  differed  from  theirs,  a  clause  has  been  inserted  in  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  o, 
98.,  which  removes  all  doubts  on  the  subject,  by  expressly  authorising  the  establishment  of 
banks  not  issuing  notes,  with  any  number  of  partners,  any  where  within  the  district  to  which 
the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  Bank  of  England,  as  a  bank  of  issue,  are  now  restricted. — (Sec 
ante,  p.  84.) 

Down  to  this  period  (September,  1833),  no  advantage  has  been  taken  of  this  declaratory 
enactment,  by  the  formation  of  a  joint  stock  bank  in  the  metropolis ;  but  several  projects  of 
the  kind  have  been  made  public,  and  it  seems  most  likely  that  some  of  them  will  be  matured. 
It  is  not  easy  to  form  beforehand  any  certain  conclusions  as  to  the  probable  working  of  such 
establishments.  Provided,  however,  that  they  possess  large  paid  up  capitals,  and  numerous 
bodies  of  partners,  individually  liable,  as  at  present,  for  the  debts  of  the  company,  it  may, 
one  should  think,  be  fairly  concluded, that  they  will  afford  comparatively  safe  places  for  the 
deposit  of  money ;  and  in  so  far  their  institution  will  be  advantageous.  But  it  is  not  eswv 
to  discover  in  what  other  respects  they  will  have  any  superiority  over  the  present  banks, 
There  is  great  weight  in  the  following  statement  made  by  Mr.  Jones  Loyd  before  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  Bank  of  England  charter: — "1  think  that  joint  stock  banks  are  deficienlin 
every  thing  requisite  for  the  conduct  of  banking  business,  except  extended  responsibility; 
the  banking  business  requires  peculiarly  persons  attentive  to  all  its  details,  constantly,  daily, 
and  hourly  watchful  of  every  transaction,  much  more  than  mercantile  or  trading  businesses, 
It  also  requires  immediate,  prompt  decisions  upon  circumstances  when  they  arise, — in  many 
cases  a  decision  that  does  not  admit  of  delay  for  consultation ;  it  also  requires  a  discretion 
to  be  exercised  with  reference  to  the  special  circumstances  of  each  case.  Joint  stock  banks 
being,  of  course,  obliged  to  act  through  agents,  and  not  by  a  principal,  and,  therefore,  under 
the  restraint  of  general  rules,  cannot  be  guided  by  so  nice  a  reference  to  degrees  of  difference 
in  the  character  or  responsibility  of  parties ;  nor  can  they  undertake  to  regulate  the  assisl- 
ance  to  be  granted  to  concerns  under  temporary  embarrassment  by  so  accurate  a  referonrc 
to  the  circumstances,  favourable  or  unfavourable,  of  each  case." — (Mm.  of  Evid.  p.  236.) 

We  confess,  too,  that  we  have  great  doubts  whether  the  competition  of  such  banks  with 
each  other,  and  with  the  private  banks,  may  not  be  productive  of  much  inconvenience.  It 
will  be  very  apt,  at  times,  to  occasion  an  artificial  reduction  of  the  rate  of  interest,  .ind  a 
redundancy  of  the  currency,  which  must,  of  course,  be  followed  by  a  fall  of  the  exchange,  ' 
and  a  period  of  more  or  less  difficulty.  It  is  stated,  that  the  metropolitan  joint  stock  banks  ' 
are  to  give  interest  on  deposits ;  and  if  they  can  do  so  without  endangering  their  stability,  ii 
will  be  an  important  advantage.  But  we  have  yet  to  learn  how  it  is  possible  that  a  joint 
stock  bank  should  be  able  to  do  what  would  seem  to  exceed  the  power  of  the  wealthiest  and 
best  managed  private  establishments. 

As  already  remarked,  the  only  circumstance  in  which  joint  stock  banks  seem  to  have  any 
decided  superiority  over  private  companies,  consists  in  their  greater  responsibility.  But  this 
is  not  a  necessary  attribute  of  all  joint  stock  companies.  Associations  of  this  sort  may,  and 
indeed  do,  exist,  that  are  in  all  respects  inferior  to  respectable  private  companies.    And  it 


BANKS  (ENGLISH   PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).     103 

■pcmn  in(li»<pcn«nl>Ip,  in  ordrr  to  tho  j)rrvpnfii)n  of  fmiid,  that  oiirh  roijiilutionn  nhoulil  be 
adopti'd  an  limy  nuke  the  puhlio  fully  nwiiro  of  the  ri-ul  naturt-  of  all  joint  Hlock  anHOciation«, 
and  i>f  their  claiinH  to  credit  and  confidoncc. 

PnipMtd  Memnres  as  to  Jiiint  Stock  liankn. — The  future  intontions  of  novprnmrnt  as  to 
the  regulation  of  jirivatn  banking  companies  in  England  were  sii|i[)oscd  to  lie  partially  ilevc- 
ioiicd  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in  his  speech  introducing  the  bill  for  the  renewal 
of  the  charter  of  the  Bank  of  England.  According  to  the  «tatement  then  made  it  appear.-*  to 
huvo  lieen  intended  that  half  the  subscrilicd  capital  of  all  iianks  for  the  insuc  of  notes  should 
be  paid  up  and  vested  in  such  securities  as  parliament  should  direct ;  that  the  responsibility 
of  the  partners  in  such  banks  should  bo  unlimited ;  and  that  their  accounts  should  bo 
periodically  published.  In  the  case  of  banks  not  issuing  notes,  only  a  fourth  part  of  their 
Hubccribcd  capital  was  to  bo  paid  uj),  and  the  responsibility  of  their  shareholders  ivaa  to  be 
limited. 

But  with  the  exception  of  ihat  part  of  the  above  plan  which  relates  to  the  publication  of 
the  accounts  of  banks  of  issue,  the  consideration  of  the  remainder  was  deferred  to  a  more 
convenient  opportunity  ;  and  notwithstanding  our  respect  for  the  quarter  whence  it  pro- 
ceeded, we  hope  it  may  never  be  revived.  The  adoption  of  the  proposed  regulations  would 
not  have  amended  any  one  of  the  principal  defects  in  the  present  system  of  English  country 
banking,  while  there  are  not  a  few  which  it  would  have  materially  aggravated.  There  is 
not  80  much  as  the  shadow  of  a  ground  for  interfering  with  the  concerns  of  such  banks  as 
Jo  not  issue  notes,  further  than  to  let  the  public  know  with  whom  they  are  dealing,  and  the 
real  amount  of  their  paid  xtp  capital ;  and  the  proposed  interferoncc  in  the  case  of  banks 
that  do  issue  notes,  could  have  been  productive  of  nothing  but  mischief.  On  this  point  we 
shall  take  leave  to  quote  a  conclusive  jiaragraph  from  a  memorial  drawn  up  by  the  directors 
of  the  Manchester  and  Liverpool  District  Banking  Company  : — "  We  contend,  first,  that, 
cxceot  in  so  far  as  the  issue  of  notes  is  concerned,  banking  is  essentially  a  private  business, 
with  which  the  state  has  no  more  title  to  interfere  than  it  has  to  interfere  with  any  other 
description  of  mercantile  agency.  If  A.  choose  to  deposit  money  in  the  hands  of  B.,  who 
lends  it  to  others,  why  is  the  interference  of  government  more  necessary  than  if  A.  had 
deposited  it  in  the  hands  of  C,  who  employs  it  in  manufactures  or  agriculture  1  It  is  the 
duty  of  parliament  to  take  care  that  coins,  and  the  paper  notes  issued  as  substitutes  for  them, 
be  always  of  their  professed  value ;  but  assuredly  it  is  no  part  of  its  duty  to  inquire  into  the 
solvency  of  those  into  whose  hands  coins  or  paper  may  come.  We  contend,  secondly,  that, 
admitting  it  to  be  right  to  exact  security  from  banks  of  issue,  that  should  not  be  done  by  the 
compulsory  investment  of  a  portion  of  their  capital.  The  issues  of  one  bank  may  be  more 
than  twice  or  three  times  the  amount  of  its  capital ;  while  those  of  another,  placed  in  a  dif- 
ferent situation,  or  conducted  in  a  different  way,  may  be  under  a  third  or  a  fourth  part  of 
its  capital.  What,  then,  could  be  more  unequal  as  respects  the  banks,  and  more  illusory  as 
respects  the  public,  than  to  oblige  both  these  establishments  to  give  security  for  their  issues 
by  vesting  Aw//" /Ae/rcnpiVa/ in  government  stock  1  Were  the  first  bank  to.  stop  payment, 
the  security  in  the  hands  of  government  would  not  afford  the  holders  of  its  notes  more  than 
from  3,?.  4(1.  to  5s.  in  the  pound  ;  while,  were  the  latter  in  the  same  predicament,  the  holders 
of  its  notes  would  be  paid  in  full  out  of  the  government  securities,  and  there  would  lie  a 
large  surplus  over.  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  the  security  to  be  given  by  a  bank  of  issue 
ought  to  be  proportioned  to  its  issues,  and  not  to  its  capital.  The  former  mode  will  effec- 
tually protect  the  public  from  loss ;  the  latter  gives  little,  or  rather  no  protection  whatever." 
It  is,  in  fact,  quite  ludicrous  to  tamper  with  a  subject  of  this  sort.  Nothing  short  of  the 
obligation  to  give  security  for  their  issues  can  ever  give  the  public  that  effectual  guarantee 
for  the  integrity  of  the  currency  that  is  so  essential ;  nor  is  there  any  other  plan  at  once  fair 
and  equal  as  respects  different  banks. 

Distinction  between  subscribed  and  paid  tip  Capital.  Expediency  of  suppressing  all 
Reference  to  the  former.  An  immediate  stop  ought,  we  think,  to  be  put  to  the  practice 
now  so  prevalent  among  joint  stock  banking  companies,  of  representing  their  capitals  as 
consisting,  not  of  what  has  been  actually  paid  up  by  the  shareholders,  but  of  what  they 
have  subscribed  for.  Not  a  few  institutions  have  recently  been  set  on  foot  in  England,  pro- 
fessing to  have  capitals  of  1,000,000/.,  2,000,000/.  or  more,  when,  in  point  of  fact,  their 
capital  does  not  really  consist  of  a  tenth  part  of  that  sum.  The  practice  is  to  organise  a 
company  with  some  5,000  or  10,000  shares  of  100/.  each ;  but  it  is  perfectly  understood 
that  not  more  than  5  or  at  most  10  per  cent,  of  each  share  is  to  be  called  up  ;  and  if  more 
were  demanded,  it  is  most  probable  it  could  not  be  paid,  at  least  without  much  difficulty. 
This  practice  is  pregnant  with  mischief.  In  the  first  place,  it  tends  to  deceive  the  public, 
who  imagine  there  can  be  no  risk  in  dealing  with  a  bank  professing  to  possess  1,000,000/. 
of  capital,  who  yet  might  hesitate  about  having  any  thing  to  do  with  it,  were  they  aware 
that  the  capital  paid  into  its  coffers,  and  on  which  it  carries  on  business,  does  not  really 
exceed  50,000/.  or  100,000/.  In  the  second  place,  this  system  tends  to  deceive  the  mass  of 
the  partners.  These  are  tempted  to  embark  in  such  hazardous  concerns,  imagining  that 
tliey  arc  to  be  large  shareholders  with  but  little  outlay,  and  that  they  will  derive  a  consider- 


i 

5 


5 


104     BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 


*.« 


nhle  (lividitnil  upon  the  noniiicil  iimnunt  of  their  RharPM !  We  mixinko  if  n  i^ixmI  mnny  itirh 
periionii  Iw  not  in  thu  piiil  griovDuxly  (liHiippointPil.  Dnnliing,  in  nil  onliiiury  Ntiiti<  of  (hingi, 
M  not  a  buiineM  in  which  lur^i*  iirnfit*  ciiii  Im>  rxpcrtfil.  It  i*  trur  thnt  miuiy  l>ankinK  himneg 
mnilo  iminpnM  lumii  durinif  the  wnr,  hut  they  <h(i  thiH  more  na  ih'iilcrH  in  the  fuiiilii,  luiil  par- 
ticularly by  th«ir  riic  on  the  return  ufpeaee,  than  an  bankerH.  Uut  it  iit  needieNa  to  aay  that 
no  prudently  conducted  banking  cHtabliahinent  will  now  rount  much  upon  ihi*  aource  of 
rmolument.  At  proacnt,  the  dividend  on  the  atock  of  the  beHt  eatahliihed  8coteh  bank* 
variua,  we  believe,  from  about  A  to  6  |H<r  cent. ;  and  a«  they  mii^ht  invoHt  their  capital  at  3} 
or  4  per  cent.,  it  appears  that  the  real  protita  of  banking,  even  in  the  bc4t  managed  concerni, 
can  hardly  be  cBtimated  at  more  than  from  1  j  to  2J  jmt  cent. 

It  ii,  beaidcs,  a  radical  mistake  to  nuppose  that  atiy  banking  concern  can  ever  be  rata- 
blished  on  a  solid  foundation,  that  is  not  posRexRod  of  a  pretty  large  amount  of  (mid  up 
and  available  capital.  We  believe,  however,  that  aoveral  of  the  joint  atock  companies 
recently  catabliHhed  in  England  take  a  different  view  of  thia  matter ;  and  that  they  trust 
more  to  deposila  and  credit,  than  to  their  command  of  capital  of  their  own.  There  can  lie 
no  objection  to  these,  or,  indeed,  to  any  aHiociationa  whatever,  being  allowed  to  iaaue  notes, 
provided  they  give  full  security  for  their  payment;  but  government  and  parliament  will  lie 
alike  neglectful  of  their  duty  to  the  public  if  they  do  not  take  immediate  stepa  to  coihpel  this 
being  done ;  and  to  secure  the  currency  of  the  country  from  being  disturbed  by  the  fraud, 
mismanagement,  or  insufficient  capital  of  its  issuers.  The  system  of  advertising  subscrilicj 
instead  of  paid  up  capitals  ought  also  to  lie  put  an  end  to ;  nor  ought  any  association  to  bo 
allowed  to  say  that  its  capital  exceeds  what  has  actually  been  paid  into  its  coffers. 

Kesponiibilily  (ntfrht  not,  in  any  Cnsf,  to  be  limi'led. — We  protest  against  the  proposal 
for  allowing  the  partners  in  banks  not  issuing  notes  to  limit  their  responsibility.  Such  a 
measure  would  be  good  for  nothing,  except  to  serve  as  a  premium  on  every  apecies  of  fraud, 
What  check  would  there  be,  under  such  a  system,  to  hinder  the  partners  of  a  bank  going  on 
for  a  series  of  years  dividing  large  profits,  when,  perhaps,  they  were  really  incurring  a  loss, 
until  every  farthing  of  its  capital  and  deposits  was  absorbed  1  To  talk  of  subjecting  such 
persons  to  punishment  as  fraudulent  bankrupts,  on  evidence  derived  from  their  books,  is 
absurd  ;  for,  supposing  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  parties  to  defraud,  they  might  easily 
keep  their  books  so  that  they  could  afford  no  information  that  was  not  false  or  misleading. 
The  annexed  list  of  joint  stock  banking  companies  shows  that  there  is  no  disinclination  on 
the  part  of  individuals  to  engage  in  such  concerns  even  with  the  present  unlimited  responsi- 
bility. And  the  way  in  which  some  of  them  are  conducteil,  proves  sufficiently,  if  any  such 
proof  were  wanted,  that  the  serious  liabilities  incurred  by  the  partners  are  not  more  than 
enough  for  the  protection  of  the  public.  To  lessen  them  would  be  an  act  of  gratuitous 
folly.  If  we  are  to  interfere,  let  them  be  increased,  not  diminished.  But  in  the  case  of 
banks  not  issuing  notes,  enough  is  done  if  measures  be  taken  to  prevent  deception,  by  let- 
ting the  public  know  the  partners  in  them,  and  making  sure  that  they  shall  have  no  means 
of  evading  the  responsibility  attaching  to  their  engagements.  The  first  object  may  be  secured 
by  compelling  all  banking  associations  whatever  to  publish  annually  a  list  of  the  names  and 
addresses  of  their  partners,  with  the  amount  of  their  paid  up  capital ;  and  to  accomplish  the 
latter  object,  we  have  merely  to  abstain  from  interference,  and  to  let  the  law  take  its  natural 
course. 

Aecounti  of  Issues, — The  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  83.  directs  that  all  persons  or  associations 
carrying  on  banking  business,  and  issuing  promissory  notes  payable  on  demand,  shall  keep 
weekly  accounts  of  their  issues ;  and  shall,  within  a  month  of  each  of  the  quarters  ending 
with  the  Ist  of  April,  1st  of  July,  1st  of  October,  and  1st  of  January,  make  up,  from  the 
weekly  accounts,  an  average  account,  verified  on  oath,  of  their  issues  during  the  preceding 
quarter,  which  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  Stamp-office  in  London.  Penalty  for  neglecting 
or  refusing  to  make  and  transmit  such  account,  500/.  on  the  corporation,  company,  per- 
sons, &c.  issuing  the  notes,  and  100/.  on  the  secretary  so  offending.  The  wilful  sending  a 
&lse  return  to  be  punished  as  perjury. 

Drawing  on  London. — The  act  3  &  4  Will.  4,  c.  83.  repeals  the  regulation  in  the  7  Geo. 
4.  c.  46,,  prohibiting  banks  with  more  than  6  partners  from  drawing  on  London  on  demand, 
or  otherwise,  for  sums  of  less  than  50/. — §  2. 

No.  I. — An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Licenses  taken  out  by  Country  Bankers  in  England  and 

Wales,  in  each  Year  since  1809. 


Tean. 

Liceowi. 

YKin. 

Lic«e.. 

Tean. 

LicniMt. 

Yan. 

Liceua. 

1809 

702 

1815 

916 

1621 

781 

1827 

efis 

ISIO 

783 

1816 

831 

1822 

776 

1628 

672 

1811 

779 

1817 

753 

1623 

779 

1629 

677 

1812 

825 

1818 

765 

1824 

783 

1630 

671 

1S13 

«a 

1819 

787 

1825 

79r 

1831 

641 

1814 

940 

1830 

769 

1826 

809 

1833 

636 

JV.  B— The  years  in  this  account  end  on  the  10th  of  October, 
down  to  the  26th  of  June. 

Stamp  Office,  26th  Of  June,  1833. 


The  account  for  1833  only  comes 


llaliriix 


It  is  not  poi 
lalion  at  differ 
the  Mint,  four 
late  chairman 
hensive  hithei 

*  This  depnri 
as  to  the  nouiin 


^k 


BANKS  (ENCJUSH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).       105 


No  II. -An  AiToiint  of  iill  Pliin-n  wlu'ri'  tfiillfil  or  Joint  rtloik  Hitnk^  hiiv<' lo'cn  (■•tnhllnliril  iinili-r 
till!  Act  7(ii'o.  I.  n  4t).,  tiigi-tln'r  witli  tin-  iNniiiliiT  of  rmuii'rK  tlirriMii  (  iilno.  ttii'  Nmnlnnl  Cupilul* 
uf  cin'li  mii'h  Hunk,  unil  tlin  Aniuiiot  of  t'apllul  patd  ii|i.  — (fiiW.  I'up$r,  No.  Ml.  ri«u.  1833.) 


PUCM. 


Ikslu. 


nirmlnithnm  ....        The  Bnnk  nf  Mii-mlnjlium 

I  ivfrpool    -----        The  Bank  of  (.Iv'Tpxil     - 
MnMrl.«.t.T  nn.l  Bolton  In  Lanrishire,  and  Jxh^  ««()#  of  Mnncl.r*l.r 


Htiirkport  In  t'heiliire 
Kpnitiil 
lliirniilcy     - 
llirniiniflmin 
llriKiriird,  Ycirk»lilre 

Ilruilforil,  Vorkdilro 


Numl«r  of 
I'Arliiffn. 


Tlip  lliifih  of  Wi'stnioreliinil 
Till'  lliirnHlpy  Ilii((l(itiir  t'onipnny 
TliP  Hiriiiinirlwiin  l]unklli|<  Coinpany 
Th(  Mraill'nril  linnkiiie  (N>iiipiiliy 
■JTlit'    nriiill'i>ril    Ciiniinivrchil    Joint    fidrik 
5     linnkinu  (ninpitiiy 
llrlKlnl        .  -  -  .  .        Thi!  itrititnl  Olil  lliiiik        ... 

W'lirklngton,      f'ockormoiith,     Mnryport,  1 'I'Ik!   ('iiinl)i'rlun(l    Union    Banking   Com- 
Wlirinn,  Ciirlliilo  iinil  I'l'iiritli  -  -      f     puny         .  .  -  -  . 

DiirliiiUli'n,  rtlocktnn  iiml   llnriinrd  "H"<I''.7tIii.  Dnrlintfton  Dl.lrlrt  Joint  Stork  n.ink. 
In  Diirhiim;  Norllmllerton  and  hiuK,.h.  J- ''!'",«""'''''" -"'^ 
ley  In  Yorkililre  )     '"« '  '>"'l>'>i'y    -  -  -  - 

(fidiireiter  .  -  .  .        The  nioiirmtrrKhlrp  llnnklnir  roinpiiny 

„  ,,-  .  f  Till!  IIiilll'ux  Joint  Stock  liiinkliiR  L'om- 

iiiililfri* 


The  ir 


field  linnklng  ('otnpany 

Clare    Banking 


I  Till!  KnnrPHlioroiigli  nnd 

I      CoiiipBiiy  .... 

Tlin  I.nnrniitpr  Bnnkini;  Company 

-  -  -        Till'  !,i'r>iln  lliiiikiiiE  ('oinpaiiy 

Till)  I.eli-PHti-niliirR  llnnklnir  (Company 

-  -  -        The  I,«ith  BiinkInK  Coiiipanv 

CThe  Liverpool  Coiniiierclal  Banking  Coin- 
i     puny        -  -  .  -  . 

Oldham,  ARhton,1 


_Tho  Mani<hPiitnr  and  Liverpool  District 
'*    Banking  Company         ... 


i 


lliiildpriirti'ld  -         .■  „       - 

Kiinri'Klioroiiuh,  Wetherny,  Rlpon,  Ending- 

wnid,  IIi'IiiihIi'V,  Tlilrnk,  lliiroiii{lilirldei<, 

MiiHlmni,  I'lilciy  Bridge,  Otiey  und  Hiir- 

riiKnte 
I.anruHter,  Illveriton  and  Preiton 
l,i'cd<  .  -  -  .  - 

I,eici  »t«r  nnd  Hinckley 
Cnrliile 
Liverpool 

Manclicdtcr,  Liverpool, 

WarriiiRton,  Bury,  I'reiiton,  Hlnrkhiirn, 

nnd   Wignn,  In  I.ancnshirn ;   Stockport 

nnd    Nnntwich    In    (Jhenhiro ;    llniiley, 

Hliifford,  Chendle,  Law  End  nnd  Ruge- 

Icy,  in  Sinffordnhlre  ;  Market  Drnyton  In 

Hhropahire,  nnd  filoggop  In  Dorbyflhire. 
Mirfleld,  Hiiddersflcld,  Wakefield,  Dewg-jTho  MIrfleld   and 

Inirv  und  I>ohrrnsg  ....        " 

Norwich,    Hwiifrh.tm,    Foiilsham,     Engt 

Dereham,  Fakenham,  Lynn,  Ilnrlenton 

and  Watton,  In  Norfolk :  and  Bungay  In 

Hiitfolk 
Newcnstle-iipon-Tyne  In  Northumberland, 

and  Sunderland  in  Durham. 

Plymouth,  Devonport  nnd  KInggbridge 

Sad^leworth,  Aghton  and  Oldham 
Hhelllpld     .  -  .  .  - 

Stamford,  Spalding,  Market  Deeping,  Bog- 

tnn.  Bourn  nnd  Grantham,  In  Llnroln- 

Bhin;   Oundle,    Kettering,   ThrnpHtone 

nnd  Feterborough,  in  Northaniptonnliire  ; 

Onkhim  and   Uppingham,  in  Kutlniid- 

ghire ;    Melton    Mowbray  nnd    Market 

Hnrbonugh,  In  Lcicegterghire ;    Ilunt- 

itiiidon  m  Iluntg,  and  Wigbcach  in  Cnin- 

hridseshre 
Bristol,    Biidgewater,    Taunton,     Chard, 

Crewkerm,  llminster,  Langport,  Wells,  fStiickey'g  Banking  Company 

Bruton  nnt  Shepton  Mallet. 
Wakefield     -       - 

Whitehaven  ind  Penrith  -  -    T'jfoi^;^;''?''"    .  .       .  . 

u,vi.,o.i.o.i»,.to.  jThc  Wolverhampton   and   Staflbrdghire 

Wolverhampton  -  -  -    j     Banking  Company 

York,  Maltnn,  Sclby,   Howden,   Scarbo.  ■)  The  York  City  and  County  Banking  Com 
rough  and  Goole  J     pany        .  .  -  -  . 

York,  Bridlington  and  Great  Driffield    -       The  York  Union  Banking  Company 


Iluddergfleld    District 
Banking  Company        -  -  . 

The  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Joint  Stock 
Banking  Company        ... 


North  of  England  Joint  Stock  Banking 
Company  .... 

(  Plymouth  nnd  Devonport  Banking  Com- 
i     pany        ..... 
The  Saddleworth  Banking  Company 
The  Sheffield  Banking  Company 


.The  Stamford  and  Spalding  Joint  Stock 
Banking  Company        .  .  . 


The  Wnkcfleld  Banking  Company 

Joint  Stock   Banking 


3113 
*V 

57H 

\W 
III) 
3US 
173 

131 

H 

158 


974 
130 

173 
3t)S 


160 

81 

4II6 

53 

14 

104 


857 


313 


131 


80f 

133 
113 
134 


74 


13 
217 
225 

239 

286 
300 


Stanipg  and  Taxes,  Somerget  Place,  4th  of  July,  1833. 

It  is  not  possible  to  obtain  any  accurate  account  of  the  number  of  country  notes  in  circu- 
lalion  at  different  periods.  But  the  following  table,  drawn  up  by  the  late  Mr.  Mushet,  of 
the  Mint,  founded  partly  on  official  returns,  and  partly  on  the  estimates  of  Mr.  Sedgwick, 
late  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Stamps,  is,  so  far  as  it  goes,  the  most  complete  and  compre- 
hensive hitherto  published. 

*  This  department  ig  not  In  poasesslon  of  any  Information  which  enables  a  statement  to  be  niado 
as  to  the  nominal  capital  of  each  such  Bank,  and  the  amount  of  capital  paid  up. 

14 


\ 

s 

4 


I 


■J 


106    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 


No.  III. — An  Account  of  the  Niimhcr  of  Country  Bank  Notes,  of  nil  Denominntions,  stamped  in  each 
Year,  ending  Oct.  10.,  from  1804  to  1825  inclusive,  with  the  Percentage  of  Increase  and  Decrease, 
comparing  each  Year  with  the  Year  preceding ;  together  with  an  Estimate  of  the  Total  Amount  lii 
Circulation,  according  to  Mr.  Sedgwick's  Tables,  in  each  Yunr,  fVom  1804  to  1825  inclusive;  wiili 
the  Percentage  of  Increase  and  Decrease,  comparing  each  Year  with  the  Year  preceding. 


The  Aniounl  uf  Coun. 

The  Amount  of  Coun- 

The   Peretnl. 

The    Percent- 

try Bank  Notes  in  Circu. 

The    Percent- 

The   Perceni. 

try  Rank   Nntn  of   all 

ne  of  Incraise 

age  of  Decrcaie, 

laiion,  according  to  Mr. 

age  of  Increase, 

age  of  Decrtaie, 

Yean. 

Denoniinstionj    »t»mp«l 

comparinf   rach 

comparing  each 

Sedgwick'a  Tables,  in 
each  year,   ending  Oct. 

comparing  each 
year    with     the 

comparing  eaci. 

in  nchyear,  ending  Uct, 

year     with    the 

year    with    thr 

year    wiih   tht 

10.,  from  1804  to  1823. 

yeai      ■ceding. 

year  preceding. 

10 ,  from  1804  to  1825  in- 
clusiTe. 

year  preceding. 

year  preceding. 

1805 

11,342,413 

180« 

11,480,547 

12 

1607 

6,587,398 

• 

42'6 

18,021,900 

1808 

8,653,077 

23-8 

- 

16,871,524 

. 

6-3 

1809 

15,737,986* 

81-8 

. 

23,702,493 

40-5 

1810 

10,517,519 

. 

331 

23,893,868 

•8 

1811 

8,792,433 

. 

16-4 

21,453,000 

. 

1-6 

1812 

10,577,)  34 

203 

- 

19,944,000 

. 

7- 

1813 

12,015,509 

19-2 

• 

22,597,000 

133 

1814 

10,773,.375 

. 

14-6 

22,709,000 

•5 

1815 

7,624,949 

. 

29-2 

19,011,000 

. 

'   163 

1816 

6,423,466 

. 

15-7 

15,096,000 

. 

20'6 

1817 

9,075,958 

411 

- 

15,898,000 

5-3 

1818 

12,316,868 

35-7 

. 

20,507,000 

29-. 

1819 

6,I.W,313 

. 

502 

17,366,875 

. 

153 

1820 

3,574,894 

. 

417 

11,767,391 

. 

.  32-2 

1821 

3,987,,W2 

11-5 

. 

8,414,281 

- 

28-5 

1822 

4,217,241 

67 

. 

8,067,260 

- 

41 

1823 

4,657,589 

10-4 

. 

8,798,277 

9- 

' 

1824 

6,093,367 

30-8 

. 

10,604,172 

20-5 

1 

1825 

8,532,438 

40- 

- 

14,147,211 

23-4 

No.  IV. — An  Account  of  the  Value  of  Country  Bank  Notes,  of  all  Denominations,  stamped  in  eacl 

Year  from  1826  to  1832,  both  inclusive. 


Yean. 

Value. 

Years. 

Value. 

1826 
1827 

1828 
1829 

£ 

1,239,755 
1,970,595 
2,842,130 
2,403,700 

1830 
1831 
1833 

1,955,430 
2,217,915              i 
1,751,685              1 

{Pari.  Paper,  No.  456.  Sess.  1833) 
«"'".  B  — No  II.  and  2/.  notes  were  stamped  after  the  3d  of  February,  1826. 
(Since  the  publication  of  the  2d  edition  of  the  Dictionary,  in  1834,  an  extraordinary  in. 
crease  has  taken  place  in  the  number  of  joint  stock  banks,  both  in  Great  Britain  and  in 
Ireland.  It  appears  from  the  official  return,  dated  the  4th  of  July,  1833  (Did.,  p.  99.),  that 
there  were  then  34  joint  stock  banks  established  in  England  and  Wales;  but  it  appears  from 
the  subjoined  account,  dated  the  26th  of  November,  1836,  that  the  number  of  joint  stock 
banks  had,  in  the  interval,  been  very  nearly  trebled,  or  had  increased  to  101  ■,  and  itis 
deserving  of  notice,  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  this  rapid  increase  had  taken  place  during 
the  previous  part  of  the  year  1836.     The  progress  of  the  system  has  been  as  follows: — 


In  1826,  there  were 

In  1830,  there  were 

In  1834,  there  were 

registered      -        -     3 

registered      -        -     1 

registered 

10 

1827        —         -     4 

1831        —          -     9 

1835        — 

9 

1828        —         -     0 

1832        —          -     7 

To  26  Nov.  1836      - 

42 

1829        —         -     7 

1833        —          -    9 

Total      - 

101 

We  should,  however,  form  a  very  inadequate  iderv  of  the  extension  of  the  joint  itock  banking 
system,  if  we  measured  it  merely  by  the  increase  in  the  number  of  banks,  as  stated  above. 
Many  of  the  older  banks,  and  even  of  those  established  within  the  present  year  (1836),  have 
from  30  to  40  or  more  branches,  or  subordinate  establishments ;  and,  as  these  carry  on  aU 
sorts  of  banking  business,  and  are  frequently  very  far  removed  from  the  head  office,  ami 
from  each  other,  they  should  really  be  regarded  as  so  many  separate  banks,  so  that  the  num- 
ber of  the  latter  is  incomparably  greater  than,  at  first  sight,  it  may  appear  ti  he. 

Proceedings  of  Joint  Stock  Banks. — We  regret,  however,  to  have  to  state  that  thfl  so 
lidity  of  the  system  seems  by  no  means  to  correspond  with  its  power  of  extension.  Though 
the  joint  stock  banks  universaUy  almost  profess  to  have  immense  nominal  capitals,  their 
actually />airf  ujo  and  really  available  capitals  arc,  in  many  instances,  very  limited  intlMil; 
and  it  is  by  no  means  clear,  did  any  thing  occur  to  ren  Jer  it  necessary  that  they  should  call 
for  any  considerable  additional  proportion  of  their  nominal  capital,  that  the  call  coulJ  be 
responded  to  by  the  proprietary  of  some  of  them  without  great  difficulty,  if  at  p11.  They 
seem,  also,  speaking  generally,  to  have  been  infinitely  more  anxious  to  increase  their  busi- 

•  In  1809,  the  duty  on  U.  notes  was  increased  from  3d.  to  4d.,  and  may  account  for  tile  great  ia- 
crease  in  this  year,  the  notes  bearing  a  3i<.  stamp  being  no  longer  issuable. 


ness,  thar 
Hence,  tht 
many  of  tl 
four  fifths 
issues,  wl 
3,969,121/ 
I    more  espef 
|,    duced  mor 
.    producing 
%    cenlly  take 
><:    sured  the  i 
$    notes  in  cir 
■i    Most  of  thi 
^    made  with 
ing  the  bills 
'  "•    many  bank 
(■    counted  at 
I    not  readily 
I   But,thougl 
!'^    occasions,  n 
i|    principles,  t 
'M    cumstances 
S  cards.     Wl 
M  goes  on  8m( 
I   distrust  take 
'!|'  provincial  bi 
;M  customers,  t 
m  to  the  banks 
M  banking,  or 
f  being  lessen 
^  the  chances 
"^  in  which  the 
|l  banks,  have 
;|  they  are  too 
:|      But  there 
:}  existing  join 
I  formed  and  p 
I  and  some  nol 
_v^^  distinctly  set 
K-,  is  to  be  callet 
i     holder  in  a  b 
.v;   management 
;     of  the  stock  1 
circumstance 
I   credit!    The 
I    stop  paymeni 
they  could  b( 
stained  from 
nishraent,  tht 
^    bank  should  I 
*       Report  of 
the  sort  of  ag 
.,    pretty  genera 
>    1836,  toinqu 
";    of  joint  stock 
i   The  report  of 
^   published,  ant 
?   tern  required 

"Subject  to 
;  England,  it  is  o 
i  the  purpose  of 
"  1.  The  law 
licence  duty,  ai 
"  2.  The  U-m 
competent  aui. 
clauses  the  mo 


lAL). 


s,  stamped  in  each 
Hse  and  Decrease 
)  Total  Amount  iii 
'i  incliisive;  witb 
eceding. 


rcent- 

The    Percmt. 

rease, 

age  of  Decrew, 

each 

coDipanni!  tach 

Ihe 

year     wiih    ibe 

ding. 

year  precedinj. 

6-3 

16 

' 

7- 

•   16'3 

1  ' 

206 

15-3 

• 

.  322 

. 

i28-5 

41 

,  stamped  in  eacb 


Value. 


£ 
,955,430 
,217,915 
,751,685 


6 


456.  Sess.  1833.) 

Ttraordinary  in. 
t  Britain  and  is 
jrf.,  p.  99.),that 

it  appears  from 
of  joint  stock 

101;  and  itii 
ten  place  during 

follows:— 

fere 

10 

9 

.        42 

-      101 

It  (took  banking 
s  stated  above, 
ar(  1836),  have 

carry  on  all 
lead  office,  and 
that  the  nuU' 
ie. 

te  that  th*!  so 
sion.  Though 
capitals,  their 
imited  indeed; 
hey  should  call 

call  coulJbe 
at  all.  They 
ase  their  busi- 

or  tlie  great  ia- 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).     107 

ness  than  to  provide  for  that  security  which  ought  to  bo  the  paramount  consideration. 
Hence,  the  inordinate  multiplication  of  their  branches,  and  hence,  also,  the  extent  to  which 
many  of  them  have  carried  the  abusive  and  dangerous  practice  of  rcdtsmunliny;.  Nearly 
four  fifths  of  the  joint  stock  banks  issue  notes ;  and  the  subjoined  account  shows  that  their 
issues,  which  amounted  to  1,783,689/.  on  the  27th  of  September,  1834,  amounted  to 
3,969,121/.  on  the  24th  of  September,  1836.  This,  no  doubt,  is  an  extraordinary  increase, 
more  especially  when  contrasted  with  the  issues  of  the  Bank  of  England,  which  were  re- 
duced more  than  a  million  during  the  same  interval ;  and  must  have  had  a  powerful  effect  in 
producing  that  redundancy  of  the  currency,  and  drain  upon  the  Bank  for  gold,  that  has  re- 
cently taken  place.  We  should,  however,  fall  into  the  greatest  imaginable  error,  if  we  mea- 
sured the  influence  of  the  joint  stock  banks  upon  the  currency  by  the  mere  amount  of  their 
notes  in  circulation.  These  really  constitute  but  a  very  small  portion  of  their  obligations. 
Most  of  them  have  been  in  the  habit  of  trading,  not  on  their  own  capital,  or  on  the  deposits 
made  with  them ;  but  on  credit  obtained  in  the  metropolis  and  elsewhere.  Instead  of  retain- 
ing the  bills,  and  other  securities  they  have  discounted,  in  their  coffers  till  they  are  paid, 
many  banks  have  been  in  the  habit  of  immediately  forwarding  them  to  London  to  be  redis- 
counted  at  a  lower  rate  of  interest.  This  practice  has  been  carried  to  an  extent  that  would 
not  readily  be  imagined  by  any  one  not  pretty  well  acquainted  with  the  circumstances. 
But,  though  recourse  may  properly  enough  be  had  to  assistance  of  this  sort  on  extraordinary 
occasions,  no  bank  can  be  justly  said  to  be  established  on  sound,  or  to  be  conducted  on  safe, 
principles,  that  trusts  habitually  to  such  accommodation.  It  is  always  at  the  mercy  of  cir- 
cumstances over  which  it  has  no  control,  and  is  not  really  more  secure  than  a  house  of 
cards.  While  pecuniary  accommodation  may  be  had  readily  in  the  metropolis,  the  system 
goes  on  smoothly ;  but  should  prices  begin  to  give  way,  or  credit  sustain  any  sort  of  shock, 
.$  distrust  takes  the  place  of  confidence,  and  the  usual  supplies  are  no  longer  to  be  had.  The 
provincial  banks  being  in  consequence  disabled  from  making  their  ordinary  advances  to  their 
customers,  the  latter  are  necessarily  involved  in  difficulties  that  are  frequently  as  injurious 
to  the  banks  as  to  themselves.  Such  has  hitherto  been  the  invariable  result  of  the  abuse  of 
banking,  or  of  the  granting  of  undue  facilities  for  the  obtaining  of  credit ;  and,  instead  of 
being  lessened  by  the  formation  of  joint  stock  banks,  they  seem  to  have  materially  increased 
the  chances  of  such  disasters  in  future.  The  circumstances  connected  with  the  difficulties 
in  which  the  Northern  and  Central  Bank  of  England,  and  some  of  the  other  joint  stock 
banks,  have  recently  been  involved,  sufficiently  illustrate  what  has  now  been  stated ;  but 
they  are  too  well  known  to  our  readers  to  require  to  be  recapitulated  here. 

But  there  are  other  and,  if  possible,  still  more  suspicious  circumstances  connected  with  the 
existing  joint  stock  banking  system.  The  shares  in  the  greater  number  of  the  recently 
formed  and  projected  banks  are  very  small,  few  being  above  50/.,  while  others  are  only  25/., 
and  some  not  more  than  1 0/.,  and  even  5/. !  Generally,  too,  it  is  understood,  or  rather  it  is 
distinctly  set  forth  in  the  prospectus,  that  not  more  than  5, 10,  or  20  per  cent,  of  these  shares 
is  to  be  called  for;  so  that  an  individual  who  has  10s.  or  20s.  to  spare,  may  become  a  share- 
holder in  a  bank.  And,  owing  to  a  practice,  or  rather  a  flagrant  abuse,  introduced  into  the 
management  of  various  banks,  by  which  they  make  large  advances  or  discounts  on  the  credit 
of  the  stock  held  by  the  shareholders,  not  a  few  individuals  in  doubtful,  or  even  desperate, 
circumstances  take  shares  in  them  in  the  view  of  obtaining  loans  and  bolstering  up  their 
credit !  The  great  danger  arising  from  such  banks  is  obvious ;  and  where  one  of  them  to 
stop  payment,  it  is  plain,  even  though  the  claims  on  it  should  be  ultimately  made  good,  that 
they  could  be  so  only  at  the  cost,  and,  perhaps,  ruin  of  such  of  its  proprietors  as  had  ab- 
stained from  the  abusive  practices  resorted  to  by  others.  It  may  well,  indeed,  excite  asto- 
nishment, that  any  one  who  can  really  afford  to  make  a  bona  fide  purchase  of  shares  in  a 
bank  should  be  foolhardy  enough  to  embark  in  such  concerns. 

Report  of  Committee  of  1836. — A  knowledge  of  the  circumstances  now  stated,  and  of 
the  sort  of  agency  by  which  certain  joint  stock  banks  had  been  established*,  having  been 
pretty  generally  diffused,  a  secret  committee  was  appointed  by  thoi  House  of  Commons,  in 
1836,  to  inquire  into  the  operation  of  the  act  7  Geo.  4.  cap.  46.,  permitting  the  establishment 
of  joint  stock  banks ;  and  whether  it  was  expedient  to  make  any  alteration  in  its  provisions. 
The  report  of  this  committee,  and  portions  of  the  evidence  taken  before  it,  have  since  been 
published,  and  confirm  all  the  conclusions  of  those  who  had  contended  that  the  existing  sys- 
tem required  material  amendment     The  committee  state  that, — 

"  Subject  to  the  local  restrictions  imposed  for  the  protection  of  the  privilege  of  the  Banl(  of 
England,  it  is  open  to  any  number  of  persons  to  form  a  company  for  joint  stocic  banking,  whether  for 
the  purpose  of  deposit,  or  of  issue,  or  of  both. 

"  1.  The  law  iinpofies  on  the  joint  stoclt  banks  no  preliminary  obligation  beyond  the  payment  of  a 
licence  duty,  and  the  registration  of  the  names  of  shareholders  at  the  Stamp  Office. 

"  2.  The  law  does  not  require  that  the  deed  of  settlement  shall  be  considered  or  revised  by  any 
competent  aut.iotity  whatever ;  and  no  precaution  is  taken  to  enforce  the  insertion  in  such  deeds  of 
clauses  the  most  obvious  and  necessary. 


z 

< 

s 

<< 

i 

5 


c 


•J 


*  For  instances  of  this,  see  Edinburgh  Revieui,  No.  128.  art.  6.,  and  the  account  of  the  Norwich 
Bank  in  the  evidence  taken  by  the  Secret  Committee. 


108    BANKS   (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

"  3.  The  Inw  does  not  impose  unv  restrictions  upon  llic  niiir)iiiit  of  iioiniii!il  ciipit.il.  This  will  lie 
found  to  vary  from  5,{I0(),0(M)/.  to  lOO'.OOd/. ;  mid  in  one  iniilance  an  unlimited  power  is  reserved  of 
issuing  shares  to  any  extent. 

"  4.  Tlie  law  does  not  impose  any  obligation  that  the  whole  or  any  certain  amount  of  slmrcs  sliaii 
be  RuliBcrihed  for  before  baiikinx  operations  conuuenee.  In  many  instances  banks  commence  their 
business  before  one  half  of  the  shar<'8  are  subscribed  for,  and  10,000,  'iO.OOO,  and  30,00(1  shares  arc 
reserved  to  be  issued  at  the  discretion  of  the  directors. 

"  5.  The  law  does  not  enforce  any  rule  with  respect  to  the  nominal  amount  of  shares.  These  will 
be  found  to  vary  from  l,000i.  to5i.    The  effects  of  this  variation  are  strongly  stated  in  the  evidoiue. 

"6.  The  law  does  not  enforce  any  rule  with  respect  to  the  amount  of  capital  paid  up  before  the 
cnmniencenient  of  business.    This  will  be  found  to  vary  from  lO.V.  In  ,V. 

"  7.  The  law  does  not  provide  for  any  publication  of  the  liabilities  and  assets  of  these  banks,  nor 
does  it  enforce  the  comumnication  of  any  balance-sheet  to  the  proprietors  at  large. 

"  e.  The  law  does  not  impose  any  restrictions  by  which  care  shall  be  taken  that  dividends  arc  paid 
out  of  bankini!  profits  only,  and  that  bad  or  doubtful  debts  are  (irsl  written  off. 

"  9.  The  law  does  not  prohibit  purchases,  sales,  and  speculative  trallic  on  tlie  iiart  of  these  conipa. 
nies  in  their  own  stock,  nor  advances  to  be  made  on  the  credit  of  their  own  shares. 

"  10.  The  law  does  not  provide  that  the  euaraiilee  fund  shall  be  kept  apart  and  invested  in  govern. 
mentor  other  securities. 

"11.  The  law  does  not  limit  the  number  of  brandies  or  the  distance  of  such  branches  from  ilie 
central  bank. 

"  12.  The  law  is  not  suflicienlly  stringent  to  insure  to  the  public  that  the  names  resiistered  at  the 
Stamp  Office  are  the  names  of  persons  bom  fide  proprietors,  who  have  signed  the  deed  of  settlement, 
and  who  are  responsible  to  the  public. 

"  13.  The  provisions  of  (he  law  appear  inadequate,  or,  at  least,  are  disregarded,  so  far  as  thcyim. 
pose  upon  banks  the  obligation  of  making  their  notes  payable  at  the  places  of  issue. 

"  All  these  separate  questions  appear  to  your  committee  deserving  of  the  most  serious  considera. 
tion,  with  a  view  to  the  future  stability  of  the  banks  throughout  the  United  Kingduni,  the  maiiiti:. 
nance  of  commercial  credit,  and  the  preservation  of  the  currency  in  a  sound  state." 

Remedied  Measures  that  should  he  adopted. — We  do  not,  however,  think  that  it  woulJ 
be  at  all  necessary,  in  providing  for  a  secure  system  of  joint  stock  banking,  to  make  any 
regulations  with  respect  to  many  of  the  points  noticed  by  the  committee  as  to  which  the  law 
is  silent  At  present,  every  partner  in  a  joint  stock  bank  is  liable  to  the  public  for  tlie  whole 
debts  of  the  firm ;  and  this  may  be  truly  said  to  be  the  cardinal  principle  of  the  system,  anj 
without  which,  it  would  be  an  unmixed  evil.  No  individual  should,  however,  by  merely 
withdrawing  from  a  joint  stock  concern,  get  rid  of  hi.s  liabilities  in  connection  with  it.  To 
prevent  fraud,  and  to  insure  due  caution,  these  ought  to  continue  for  a  period  of  three  years 
at  least  after  he  has  publicly  withdrawn  his  name.  The  public,  too,  are  clearly  entitled  u 
know  the  partners  in  joint  stock  associations,  that  is,  to  be  informed  who  the  individuals  are 
with  whom  they  are  dealing,  and  who  are  responsible  to  them.  But,  unluckily,  no  effective  | 
means*  are  taken  for  supplying  the  public  with  this  necessary  information,  or,  consequently,  " 
of  properly  discriminating  between  one  establishment  and  another.  The  act  of  1833  {Zk 
4  Will,  4.  c.  83.)  directed  that  an  account  of  the  places  where  they  carry  on  business,  and 
of  the  names  and  residences  of  the  partners,  should  be  quarterly  transmitted  to  the  Stamp 
Office.  But  doubts  have  been  entertained  as  to  the  correctness  of  these  returns,  and  com- 
paratively little  use  has  been,  or,  indeed,  can  be,  made  of  them.  The  accounts  of  the  names 
and  residences  of  the  propri  ttors  are  not  published ;  but  arc  carefully  secluded  from  the  public 
eye  in  the  repositories  of  So.  nerset  House !  It  is  true  that  these  lists  may  be  seen  by  tho$e 
who  choose  to  apply  at  the  office,  for  a  small  fee,  and  that  certified  copies  may  be  procureil 
at  no  great  expense.  But  few  know  that  such  returns  exist;  and  fewer  still  have  the  op- 
portunity, or  think  of  availing  themselves  of  them  as  sources  of  information.  To  render 
them  of  any  real  utility,  they  should  be  brought  under  the  public  eye,  by  being  hung  up  in 
the  offices  of  the  banks  to  which  they  refer,  and  periodically  published  in  the  newspapers 
of  the  places  where  they  carry  on  business.  By  this  means  the  public  would  know  exactly 
to  whom  they  had  to  look,  and  would  act  accordingly.  They  would  not  be  deceived, 
as  they  are  liable  to  Ite  at  present,  by  supposing  that,  because  a  bank  has  a  number  of  part- 
ners, some  of  them  must  be  opulent  and  trustworthy.  They  would  know  the  precise  state 
of  the  fact ;  and  if  it  were  seen,  from  the  quarterly  returns,  that  opulent  and  intelligent  indi- 
viduals were  withdrawing  from  any  bank,  every  one  would  be  put  on  his  guard,  and  would 
naturally  conclude  that  the  parties  had  very  sufficient  reasons  for  quitting  the  concern.  Thus 
far  publicity  may  be  made  effectual,  and  would  be  of  the  very  greatest  importance.  Neither 
is  it  possible  to  allege  a  single  plausible  objection  to  this  proposal.  Tt  interferes  in  no  degree, 
nor  in  any  way,  with  the  proceedings  of  the  parties :  all  that  it  does  is  to  declare  who  and 
what  they  are;  and  to  this  degree  of  publicity  no  honest  man  will  ever  object. 

But  we  have  great  doubts  whether  it  be  possible  to  carry  publicity  farther  than  this.  The 
committee  state  that  "  the  law  does  not  provide  for  any  publication  of  the  liabilities  and  assets 
of  these  banks,  nor  doe?  it  enforce  the  publication  of  any  balance-sheet  to  the  proprietors  at 
large ;"  and  it  has  been  proposed  to  compel  the  periodical  publication  of  a  statement  of  this 
sort  but  it  is  very  questionable  whether  any  such  publication  would  not  be  a  great  deal 
worse  than  useless,  It  is  not  proposed  that  commissioners  should  be  appointed  to  inspect 
the  accounts  of  the  different  banks,  and  to  see  that  the  returns  are  accurate :  this  would  be 
too  inquisitorial,  too  cumbrous,  and  too  costly  a  plan  to  be  thought  of  for  a  moment  There 
would  be  nothing  for  it,  in  fact,  but  to  trust  entirely  to  the  honour  of  the  parties  !  Hence,  f 
in  all  cases  in  which  a  disclosure  would  be  really  useful,  the  publication  of  an  account  of 


lAL). 


I 


iiiil.  Tlii»  will  lie 
er  is  reserved  of 

int  of  slmreg  shall 
ti  ('.(iiiiineiu'u  ijiijf 
30,nO(!  sliares  are 

mres.    These  will 

ill  the  evidence. 

lid  up  licfcire  the 

these  banks,  nor 

lividcnds  arc  pajd 

t  of  these  conipa. 

ivestcd  in  govern. 

ranches  frnni  the 

fpcistnred  at  ths 
3ed  of  settlement, 

so  fur  as  tliey  im. 

lerious  considera. 

;doiii,  tliu  iiiainte- 

» 

i  that  it  would 
ig,  to  make  any 
to  which  the  law 
ilic  for  the  whole 
the  system,  anj 
ever,  hy  merelj 
on  with  it.  To 
)d  of  three  years 
larly  entitled  lo 
e  individuals  are 
iily,  no  effective 
r,  consequently, 
It  of  1833  (3& 
1  business,  and 

I  to  the  Stamp 
urns,  and  coin- 
its  of  the  names 
from  the  public 
e  seen  by  those 
ay  be  procurcii 

II  have  the  op- 
n.  To  render 
ng  hung  up  iu 
he  newspapers 
1  know  exactly 
)t  be  deceived, 
umber  of  part- 
16  precise  state 
ntelligent  indi- 
ird,  and  would 
oncern.  Thus 
ince.     Neither 

in  no  degree, 
iclare  who  and 

lanthis.  The 
ties  and  assets 
proprietors  at 
tement  of  this 
)e  a  great  deal 
^ed  to  inspect 
this  would  be 
ment.  There 
ies !  Hence, 
account  of 


i 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).     109 

assets  and  liabilities  would  afford  the  means  of  dectiving  the  public,  and  of  representing  a 
b&nkrupt  concern  as  being  in  a  prosperous  condition.  Supposing,  however,  that  the  parties 
were,  in  all  instances,  perfectly  honest,  still  the  publication  of  a  balance-sheet  would  be  good 
for  nothing.  Every  one  knows  how  sanguine  people  are  in  relation  to  their  own  affairs; 
and  that  debts  and  obligations  that  other  parties  would  hardly  reckon  worth  any  thing,  are 
estimated  by  them  as  if  they  were  so  much  bullion.  But,  independently  of  this,  the  futility 
of  the  thing  is  obvious.  A  bank  with  a  capital  of  100,000/.  discounts  bills  and  other 
obligations  to  the  extent,  perhaps,  of  300,000/.  or  400,000/.;  the  fact  that  it  has  discounted 
them  shows  that  it  believes  these  bills  and  obligations  to  be  good;  and  they  will,  conse- 
quently, be  reckoned  among  its  assets.  But  should  a  revulsion  take  place,  or  any  circum- 
stance occur  to  shake  credit,  these  bills  may  not  be  worth  100,000/. ;  and  those  who  have 
dealt  with  the  bank,  on  the  hypothesis  of  its  having  capital  and  assets  more  than  enough  to 
meet  ail  its  obligations,  will  find,  to  their  cost,  that  it  is  not  possessed  of  a  single  shilling, 
but  is,  on  the  contrary,  some  200,000/.  or  300,000/.  worse  than  nothing  ! 

The  committee  seem  to  think  that  some  regulation  should  be  enacted,  providing  that  a 
certain  portion  of  its  capital  should  be  paid  up  before  a  bank  begins  business.  But  we  incline 
to  think  that  the  better  way  would  be  to  prohibit  all  advertising  of  nominal  capitals ;  and  to 
enact  that  the  capital  actually  paid  up,  whatever  its  amount,  shall  always  be  represented  as, 
and  held  to  be,  the  capital  of  the  bank.  But  though  such  a  regulation  were  made,  there 
would  be  no  security  that  the  capital  said  to  have  been  paid  up  had  really  been  paid  into  the 
coffers  of  the  bank,  or  that,  if  received,  it  had  not  again  been  lent  out,  in  one  way  or  another, 
to  the  partners.  Perhaps  it  might  be  good  policy  to  enact  that  no  shares  should  be  issued 
under  a  certain  sum,  as  50/. ;  and  that  no  loans  should  be  made  to  the  partners  on  the 
credit  of  their  stock.  But  we  should  not  be  inclined  to  lay  much  stress  on  the  first  regula- 
tion, and  the  latter  might,  and  no  doubt  would,  he  defeated  in  a  thousand  ways. 

Wc  are  decidedly  hostile  to  a  proposition  we  have  heard  mooted,  and  which  seems  to  be 
countenanced  by  the  committee,  for  obliging  all  banks  to  establish  a  guarantee  fund ;  that  is, 
for  obliging  them  to  accumulate  a  portion  of  their  profits  as  a  reserve  stock.  But  where  is 
the  security  that  such  reserve  would  be  always  deducted  from  profits  1  The  truth  is,  that 
bankrupt  and  fraudulent  concerns,  and  none  else,  would  gain  by  such  a  regulation ;  inasmuch 
as  it  would  enable  them,  by  appearing  to  be  prosperous,  th«  better  to  deceive  the  public, 
and  to  blind  them  as  to  the  real  state  of  their  affairs.  It  is,  plainly,  worse  than  absurd 
to  depend  on  guarantees  that  cannot  be  enforced,  and  which,  consequently,  must  be  good  for 
nothing.  The  knowledge  of  who  the  partners  are  in  a  bank,  and  their  unlimited  responsi- 
bility, are  the  only  securities  that,  speaking  generally,  are  good  for  any  thing.  If  these  can- 
not protect  the  public  from  fraud  and  loss,  nothing  else  will ;  and  the  question  will  come  to 
be,  not  whether  the  system  should  be  reformed,  but  whether  it  ought  to  be  entirely  abo- 
lished. 

We  have  already  noticed  the  extraordinary  multiplication  of  branch  banks  all  over  the 
country ;  and  it  is  not  very  difiicult  to  discover  why  banks  of  issue,  at  least,  are  so  very 
anxious  about  the  establishment  of  these  outworks.  They  are  bound,  it  seems,  by  the  pre- 
sent law  to  pay  their  notes  only  at  the  parent  establishment  ,•  so  that,  by  issuing  them  at  a 
branch  bank,  perhaps  a  hundred  miles  distant  from  the  head  bank,  the  chances  are  ten  to 
one  that  they  will  continue  for  a  much  longer  period  in  circulation,  and  that  they  will  con- 
sequently be  able  to  carry  on  business  with  a  much  less  amount  of  capital,  than  if  tliey  were, 
as  they  ought  to  be,  obliged  to  pay  their  notes  at  the  branches  as  well  as  at  the  principal 
office.  It  is  obvious,  indeed,  that  the  convertibility  of  the  paper,  even  of  first  class  banks, 
into  either  cash  or  Bank  of  England  notes,  is  at  present  exceedingly  imperfect ;  and  that 
very  great  facilities  are  afforded  for  getting  the  worst  class  of  notes  into  circulation,  and  for 
keeping  them  afloat,  even  after  their  quality  may  be  suspected.  This  defect  in  the  law 
ought,  undoubtedly,  to  be  amended,  by  obliging  all  banks  that  issue  notes  to  pay  them  in- 
differently at  any  of  their  offices.  But  we  incline  to  think  that  parliament  might  go 
further  Uian  this:  and  that  it  should  enact  that  no  branch  be  established,  whether  for 
the  issue  of  notes,  or  otherwise,  beyond  a  certain  distance  (say  fifty  miles)  from  the  head 
office. 

Several  of  the  points  recapitulated  by  the  committee,  as  to  which  the  law  is  silent,  respect 
the  rights  and  interests  of  the  partners  in  joint  stock  banks,  in  relation  to  each  other,  and  not 
as  between  them  and  the  public.  But  it  is  always  a  very  difficult  matter  to  interfere  to  dic- 
tate the  footing  on  which  parties  in  any  undertaking  should  stand  among  themselves.  Much 
should,  in  such  cases,  be  leff  to  the  judgment  of  the  parties ;  and  public  regulafions,  if 
enforced  at  all,  should  only  go  to  prevent  obvious  and  acknowledged  abuse ;  the  parties  may, 
in  most  casei,  be  safely  left  to  take  care  of  themselves.  The  protection  of  the  public  interest 
is  the  paramount  consideration ;  and  we  do  not  well  know  what  can  be  done  to  effect  this, 
in  the  case,  at  least,  of  such  banks  as  do  not  issue  notes,  other  than  the  making  known  who 
their  partners  are. 

Suppression  of  the  Notes  of  Country  Banks. — ^The  Committee  have,  we  are  sorry  to  say, 
omitted  all  reference  to  what  is  by  far  the  most  prominent  evil  in  our  banking  system — we 
K 


I, 
i- 

'f; 


e 

I 

3 


no     BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 


mean  the  power  conceded  to  all  private  and  joint  stock  banks  and  companies,  whether  with 
or  without  property  or  character,  to  issue  paper  money  or  notes  payable  on  demand,  with- 
out  let  or  hindrance  of  any  sort.     We  have  elsewhere  endeavoured  to  show  {Dictionary,  p, 
72.)  that  parties  issuing  notes  ought,  in  all  cases,  to  be  obliged  to  give  security  for  their  issues ; 
but  further  experience  and  reflection  have  satisfied  us  that  this,  though  a  vast  improvement 
on  the  existing  system,  would  not  be  enough,  and  that  nothing  will  suffice  short  of  the  abo- 
lition of  all  private  notes.    Till  this  be  done,  or  till  the  sole  power  of  issuing  paper  money 
be  committed  to  the  Bank  of  England,  or  to  some  one  body,  the  country  will  necessarily  be 
exposed  to  those  perpetually  recurring  fluctuations  in  the  quantity  and  value  of  money  that 
are  productive  of  the  most  pernicious  consequences,  and  which  go  far,  indeed,  to  impart  to 
all  industrious  undertakings  a  sort  of  gambling  character.    At  present,  the  currency  is  sup- 
plied by  hundreds  of  individuals  and  bodies,  all  actuated  by  different  and  frequently  con- 
flicting views  and  interests.    The  issues  of  the  Bank  of  England  are  wholly  governed,  as 
those  of  the  empire  ought  to  be,  by  the  state  of  the  exchange,  or  rather  by  the  influx  and  ef. 
Jiux  of  bullion — increasing  when  it  flows  into,  and  decreasing  when  it  flows  out  of  the 
country.     But  the  issues  of  the  provincial  banks  are  not  regulated  by  any  such  standard, 
but  exclusively  by  the  state  of  credit  and  prices  in  the  district  in  which  they  happen  to  be 
situated.     If  their  managers  suppose  that  these  are  good  or  improving,  they  rarely  hesitate 
about  making  additional  issues.    Hence,  when  the  state  ol  the  exchange,  and  the  demand 
on  the  Bank  of  England  for  bullion,  shows  that  the  currency  is  redundant,  and  ought  to  be 
contracted,  the  efforts  of  the  Bank  to  effect  its  diminution  are  oilen  impeded,  and  met  by  a 
contrary  action  on  the  part  of  the  country  banks.     This,  in  fact,  has  been  very  remarkably 
tlie  case  during  the  last  few  months.     The  excessive  multiplication  of  joint  stock  banks,  the 
great  additions  they  made  to  the  amount  of  notes  afloat,  and  tho  still  greater  addition  they 
made  to  the  number  of  bills,  checks,  and  other  substitutes  for  money,  occasioned  a  redun- 
dancy of  the  currency,  a  fall  of  the  exchange,  and  a  drain  upon  the  Bank  for  gold.    But 
while  the  Bank  of  England  was  narrowing  her  issues  by  supplying  the  exporters  of  bullion 
with  gold  in  exchange  for  notes,  the  country  banks  went  on  increasing  their  issues!    What 
the  former  did,  by  contracting,  on  the  one  hand,  the  latter  more  than  undid,  by  letting  out  on 
the  other.    The  vacuum  created  by  the  withdrawal  of  Bank  of  England  paper  was  im. 
mediately  filled  up,  and  made  to  overflow,  by  the  issue  of  a  more  than  equal  amount  of 
provincial  paper ;  so  that  had  it  not  been  for  the  rise  in  the  rate  of  interest,  and  the  other  re- 
pressive measures  adopted  by  the  Bank,  the  probability  is,  fhat  she  might  have  gone  on  pay.  . 
ing  away  bullion  for  notes,  till  she  was  drained  of  her  last  sixpence,  without,  in  any  degree,  ' 
affecting  the  exchange !     But  this  is  not  all.     Not  only  do  the  country  banks  almost  uni- 
versally  increase  their  issues  when  they  ought  to  be  diminished,  but  the  moment  they  are 
compelled  to  set  about  their  reduction  they  run  headlong  into  the  opposite  extreme.    Tbe 
cry  of  sauve  qui  pent  then  becomes  all  but  universal ;  and,  provided  they  succeed  in  secur- 
ing  themselves,  little  attention  is  usually  paid  to  the  interests  of  those  they  have  taught  lo 
look  to  them  for  help. 

Were  the  Bank  of  England  the  sole  issuer  of  notes,  she  would  be  able  to  regulate  the 
currency  without  the  least  difficulty,  and  without  pressing  more  upon  London  than  uponanv 
other  part  of  the  country.    If  from  any  circumstances  the  currency  became  redundant,  anil 
there  were  a  drain  upon  the  Bank  for  gold,  then,  as  there  would  be  no  other  description  of 
paper  to  come  into  the  place  of  that  brought  to  the  Bank  to  be  exchanged  for  gold,  the  cur- 
rency would  be  in  so  far  contracted,  and  the  drain  checked,  without  the  reduction  bein; 
carried  beyond  the  required  limit     But  at  present  the  efforts  of  the  Bank,  or  rather  of  the 
public,  who  carry  notes  to  her  for  payment,  to  effect  a  contraction  of  the  currency,  are,  inthf 
first  instance,  invariably  counteracted  by  the  country  banks;  and  when  the  latter,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  increasing  difficulty  of  obtaining  pecuniary  accommodation  in  London  are, 
in  the  end,  obliged  to  pull  up,  the  chances  are  ten  to  one  that  the  contraction  is  carried  to  an 
improper  extent.     A  revulsion  of  this  sort  seldom  occurs  without  destroying  some  of  the 
provincial  banks ;  and  the  alarm,  or,  it  may  be,  panic,  that  is  in  consequence  apt  to  be  pro- 
duced, may  be  very  injurious  to  the  best  established  and  best  managed  banks,  and  even  to 
the  Bank  of  England  herself.    In  fact,  we  have  no  idea  that  it  will  be  possible  for  the  iatler 
and  the  country  banks  to  go  on  together  on  their  present  footing.     As  matters  now  starnl, 
the  Bank  of  England  may  be  brought  at  any  time  into  the  greatest  jeopardy  by  the  prnoceil' 
ings  of  parties  over  whom  she  has  no  sort  of  control.  The  over  issue  of  the  provincial  banb, 
by  depressing  the  exchange,  drains  the  Bank  of  gold  ;  and  then  their  discredit,  and,  perhaps, 
failure,  may,  by  exciting  a  panic,  bring  her  to  a  stand  still !     Provided  banks  of  deposit  be 
established  on  sound  principles,  there  cannot  be  too  many  of  them.     But  it  is  quite  other- 
wise with  banks  of  issue.    The  more  they  are  multiplied  the  greater  is  the  chance  of  fluctua- 
tion in  their  issues,  and  consequently  in  prices,  credit,  and  so  forth.     Had  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land been  the  sole  issuer  of  paper,  the  crash  of  1825-26,  and  the  diflliculties  of  the  past  year, 
never  would  have  been  heard  of.     They  grew  entirely  out  of  the  competition  and  proceed- 
ings of  the  provincial  banks,  and  are  in  no  degree  whatever  ascribable  to  any  thing  else,  \ 
domestic  or  foreign. 


Ditto    . 


AL). 

,  whether  with 
demand,  with- 
[Dictionary,  p. 
for  their  issues; 
t  improvement 
lort  of  the  abo- 
[  paper  money 

necessarily  be 

of  money  that 
id,  to  impart  to 
urrency  is  sup- 
frequently  con- 
ly  governed,  as 
;  influx  and  ef. 
DW8  out  of  the 

such  standard, 
»y  happen  to  be 

rarely  hesitate 
nd  the  demand 
ind  ought  to  be 
1,  and  met  by  a 
^ery  remarkably 
stock  banks,  the 
;r  addition  they 
sioned  a  redun- 

for  gold.  But 
orters  of  bullion 
r  issues!  What 
by  letting  out  on 
1  paper  was  im- 
)Ual  amount  of 
and  the  other  te- 
ive  gone  on  pay. 
t,  in  any  degree, 

nks  almost  uni- 

loment  they  are 
extreme.    The 

cceed  in  secur- 
have  taught  to 

to  regulate  the 
m  than  upon  any 
redundant,  and 
>r  description  of 
tr  gold,  the  cut- 
reduction  bein; 
lor  rather  of  the 
rency,  are,  in  the 
le  latter,  in  con- 
in  London  are, 
In  is  carried  to  an 
Ing  some  of  the 
le  apt  to  be  pro- 
)ks,  and  even  to 
lie  for  the  latlet 
tters  now  atanil. 
by  theprooieJ- 
Iprovincial  banks, 
lit,  and,  perhapi, 
Ls  of  deposit  be 
is  quite  other- 
Ihanceoffluctua- 
18  Bank  of  En;- 
[of  the  past  year, 
•n  and  proceed- 
any  thing  else, 


i 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).     Ill 

Private  Banks. — It  may  be  thought,  perhaps,  that  the  unprecedented  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  joint  stock  banks  will  have  been  productive  of  a  corresponding  decline  in  the  number 
of  private  banks,  or  of  those  having  six  partners  or  under ;  but  such  has  not  been  the  case. 
The  latter,  no  doubt,  have  decreased,  some  having  been  abandoned,  while  others  have  been 
converted  into  joint  stock  banks,  but  not  to  the  extent  that  might  have  been  anticipated.  In 
1833  598  licences  were  granted  to  private  banks;  in  1834, 590 ;  in  1835,  579 ;  and  in  tho 
present  year  (1836),  down  to  the  18ih  of  June,  559  licences  had  been  granted.  The  issues 
of  the  private  banks  are  seen  in  the  table  below. 

I  OfHcinl  Return  of  ull  Places  where  United  or  Joint  Stock  Banks  have  been  eBtnbll«hert  under  tho 
Act  7  Geo.  4.  c.  48. ;  witli  the  Dates  when  such  Banks  respectively  were  eatahlished,  and  the  Num- 
ber of  Partners  therein,  down  to  the  26th  of  November,  1(*36.  Subjoined  is  the  paid  up  Capital  of 
certain  Banks,  according  to  the  Returns  rendered  to  the  Secret  Committee  of  1836. 


FlMM. 


Ashton-under-Lyne   - 

Barnsley 

Birmingham    - 

Liverpool        -  "    „  , 

Manchester,  Stockport,  Bolton, 

and  Newton 
Caermarthen  - 
Stockport 
Walsall  and  Cannock 

Kendal  and  Ulverston 
Bilston 

Birmingham  - 

Birmingham  - 

Birmingham  - 

Bolton .  -  - 

Bradford 

Ditto    -  -  - 

Bristol  -  -  - 

Bury     -  -  - 

Bury  and  Heywood    - 

Carlisle  and  Wigton  - 

Cheltenham    - 

Chesterfield    - 

Manchester,  Preston,  Burnley, 
Skipton,  Birmingham,  Ches- 
ter, Leek,  Burslem,  Liverpool, 
Blackburn,  Aahhourn,  Roch- 
dale, Shrewsbury,  Ellesmere, 
Uttoxeter,  Whitchurch,  Han- 
ley,  Newport,  and  Ludlow 

Gloucester,  Cheltenham,  Bur- 
ford,  Cirencester,  Faringdon, 
Tetbury,  and  Durslcy 

Coventry         .  .  - 

Ditto    .  -  -  - 

Workington,  Cockermoutb,  Ma- 
rypnrt,  Wigton,  Carlisle,  and 
Penrith 

Darlington,  Stockton,  Stokes 
ley,  Barnard  Castle,  Northal- 
lerton, Bedale,  Egglestone, 
Durham,  Mnsham,  Yarm, 
Thirsk,  Hartlepool,  Gisbo 
rough,  Bishop's  Auckland, 
Brough  and  Stagshaw 

Derby,  Ashbourn,  and  Belper 

Plymouth,   Devonport,  Kings- 
bridge,  Totness,  Bodmin,  Ash 
burton,  St.  Austell,  Liskeard, 
Dartmouth,   Newton   Abbot, 
Exeter,  and  Collumpton 


Nairn  of  Uw  Biok. 


Date  when  nta- 
blisbeJ. 


Ashton,  Staleyhridge,  Hyde,  18  June,  1836 

and  (ilosBop  Bank. 

*Barn8ley  Banking  Company  S3  Jan.  1832 

*Bank  of  Birmingham      -  2  Aug.  1832 

Bank  of  Liverpool  -  23  April,  1831 

*Bank  of  Manchester       -  19  Mur.  1829 

♦Bank  of  South  Wales     -      26  Feb.  1835 
Bank  of  Stockport  -        3  May,  1830 

♦Bank  ol  Walsall  and  South  10  Aug.  1835 

Staffordshire. 
♦Rank  of  Westmoreland  -        8  June,  1833 
♦Bilston     District     Banking  31  Aug.  1836 

Company. 
Birmingham    and     Midland  18  Aug.  1836 

Bank. 
Birmingham  Town  and  Dis-     4  July,  1836 

trict  Banking  Company. 
Birmingham  Banking  Com-  30  Sept.  1829 

pany. 
Bolton  Joint  Stock  Banking  30  May,  1836 

Company. 
♦Bradford  Banking  Company     7  July,  1827 
♦Bradford  Commercial  Joint  37  Feb.  1833 

Stock  Banking  Company. 
♦Bristol  Old  Bank  -  -      16  June,  1826 

Bury  Banking  Company   -       14  June,  1836 
Bury  and  Heywood  Banking  17  Sept.  1836 

Company. 
♦Carlisle   and    Cumberland    8  Oct.  1836 

Banking  Company. 
Cheltenlmm  and  Gloucester-  19  May,  1836 

shire  B:tnk. 
♦Chesterfield  and  North  Der-  21  Dec.  1831 

byshire  Banking  Company. 
Commercial  Bank  of  England     1  July,  1834 


♦County  of  Gloucester  Bank    1  Aug.  1836 


Coventry  and  Warwickshire   13  Dec.  1835 

Banking  Company. 
Coventry    Union     Banking  12  May,  1836 

Company. 
♦Cumberland  Union  Banking  13  Mar.  1829 

Company. 

♦Darlington    District    Joint  22  Dec.  1831 
Stock  Banking  Company 


♦Derby      and     Derbyshire  28  Dec.  1833 

Banking  Company. 
♦Devon  and  Cornwall  Bank-  31  Dec.  1831 

ing  Company. 


Number 

of 
Partuen. 


118 
227 
441 
552 

7 
390 
112 

154 
146 

222 

314 

311 

166 

173 
160 

8 
104 

48 

223 
90 
98 

444 


273 

361 
158 
152 

247 


304 
146 


Paid  up  Capital. 


£  a.  d. 
t 

25,150  0  0 

73,785  0  0 

258,100  0  0 

500,000  0  0 


31,850    0    0 
25,000    0    0 

20,950    0    0 


50,000    0    0 


77,300    0    0 
44,100    0    0 


15,000    0    0 

33,300    0    0 

360,005    0    0 


35,000    0    0 
38,050    0    0 

55,435    0    0 


30,000    0    0 
40,380    0    0 


e 

I 

•< 

0 

n 


♦  The  banks  to  which  an  asterisk  (♦)  is  prefixed,  issue  notes  payable  to  bearer  on  demand, 
f  Where  blanks  are  left  no  returns  have  been  made. 


112    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL). 

Table  I. — eontinutd. 


h 


\  ■      t 
i 


1^ 


FUcai. 


Nunt  of  the  Bink. 


Dudley  and  Westbromwich 

Norwich,  Great  Yarmouth,  Tpi- 
wich,  Swaffham,  Lynn,  Eaat 
Dereham,  Foulsham,  Faken- 
ham,  Harlestnn,  Eye,  Sax 
mundhuin,  Bungay,  Watton, 
LowHRtoflT,  Becclea,  Dias,  Bu 
ry  St.  Edmund's,  North 
WaUham,  and  Framlingham 

Swanaea  and  Neath 

Gloucester    .  -  • 

Olouceater,  Rtroud,  Newnham, 
Evesham,  Tewkesbury,  Chel- 
tenham, Newent,  Cambden, 
Alcester,  Pershorc,  Redditch, 
Blockley,  Moreton,  Cirences- 
ter, and  Winchcomb 

Halifax  and  Huddersftcld 

Halifttx 

Ditto    -  .  -  - 

Southampton,  Farehara,  Rum- 
sey,  and  Stockbridge 

Helston  ... 

Hereford,  Ross,  Leominster, 
Ledbury,  Kington,  Hay,  Mon- 
mouth, Coleford,  Bromyard, 
arid  Aliergavenny 

Holywell  and  Mold     - 

Huddersfleld,  Holmflrth,  and 
Brighouse 

Hull,  Barton,  Beverly,  Brigg, 
Gainsborough,  Goole,  Grims- 
by, Lincoln,  Louth,  South 
Cave,  Caistor,  Market  Raisin, 
Retford,  Howden,  Snaith.and 
Market  Weighton 

Knaresborough,     Kipon,    We 
therby,  Easlngwold,  Hemsley, 
Thirsk,  Boroughbridge,  Ma 
sham,  Pateley  Bridge,  Otley, 
and  Harrogate 

Lancaster,  Ulverstone,  and 
Preston 

Leamington  Priors     - 

Leamington  Priors,  Southam, 
Warwick,  Kenilworth,  and 
Banbury 

Leeds  -  -  - 

Ditto    .  -  - 

Leeds,  Harrogate,  Fudsey, 
Heckroondwicke,  and  Brad- 
ford 

Leicester,  Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
Hinckley,  Market  Harbo- 
rough,  and  Melton  Mowbray 

Carlisle  ... 

Litchfield,  Rugeley,  and  Tam- 
worth  , 

Lincoln,  Gainsborough,  Louth, 
Horncastle,  Brigg,  Market 
Raisin,  Caistor,  STeaford,  Al- 
ford,  Spilsby,  Epworth, 
Grimsby,  Fartney,  and  Ret- 
ford , 
Liverpool  .  .  - 
Ditto    .... 

Ditto    .... 

Ditto    -  .  .  . 

Manchester,  Liverpool, Oldham, 
Warrington,  Ashton-under- 
Lyne,  Bury,  Blackburn,  Wi- 
gan,    Preston,    Staleybridge,] 


'•'Dudley  and  Westbromwich 

Banking  Company. 
'^East  of  England  Bank 


Glamorganahire       Banking 

Company. 
Gloucester  County  and  City 

Bank. 
*6loucesterBblre      Banking 

Compar.y. 


Halifax  and  Huddersfleld 
Union  Banking  Company 

Halifax  Commercial  Banking 
Company. 

'^Halifax  Joint  Stock  Bank 
ing  Company. 

'^Hampshire  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

*Helston  Banking  Company 

'•■Herefordshire  Banking 
Company. 

♦Holywell  Bank,  North 
Wales. 

'•'Huddersfleld  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

'•'Hull  Banking  Company 


♦Knaresborough  and  Clare 
Banking  Company. 


♦Lancaster  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

♦Leamington  Bank 

♦Leamington  Priors  and 
Warwickshire  Banking 
Company. 

♦Leeds  Banking  Company 

Leeds  Commercial  Banking 
Company. 

♦Leeds  and  West  Riding 
Banking  Company. 


DttB  when  ota- 
bliihed. 


30  Dec.  1833 
37  Feb.  1830 


♦Leicestershire 
Company. 


Banking 


♦Loith  Banking  Company 
Litchfleld,     Rugeley,      and 

Tamworth  Banking  Com 

pany. 
♦Lincoln  and  Lindsay  Bank 

Company. 


Uverpo-A  Borough  Bank 
Liverpool  Commercial  Bank 

ing  Company. 
Liverpool  Tradesmen's 

Bank. 
Liverpool     United    Trades' 

Bank. 
♦Manchester  and  Liverpool 

District  Bank. 


8  Sept.  1830 
31  Dec.  1834 
38  June,  1831 


29  June,  1836 
21  June,  1836 
11  Nov.  1829 

29  April,  1834 

4  Aug.  1836 

5  Aug.  1836 

11  Nov.  1834 
7  June,  1827 

30  Nov.  1833 


14  Sept.  1831 


9  Oct.  1826 

8  May,  1835 
27  Aug.  1835 


22  Nov.  1833 
21  June,  1836 

28  Nov.  1835 


28  Aug.  1829 


23  Nov.  1827 
21  Nov.  1835 


10  Aug.  1833 


98June,I83i    i 
29  Dec.  lSy^   i 

32  Mar.  1836 

12  May,  1836 

26  Nov.  1829 


Number 

of 
Fuloen. 


ISO 

534 


83 

23 

365 


404 

173 

178 

141 

9 
200 

7 
335 
347 


160 


127 

157 
135 


451 
320 

161 
101 

98 
330 

"■^ 

'My.' 

543 

319 

1,054 


P»M  op  Capital. 

£      «.d. 
80,025    0   0 

75,753  10   0 

19,720    0   0 

100,000    0  0 

39,225    0  0 
24,170    0  0 


65,000   0  0 
42,200   0 


48,600   0  C 

25,710  0  0 
22,020   0  0 


116,100  0  0 

45,000  0  0 

7,865  0  0 

26,000  0  ( 

20,000  0  ( 


244,400  0  0 
46,050  0  0 

749,800  0  0 


Rochd 
Nnritw 
Biirile 
CheadI 
Draylo 
Mnnciies 

Hnddersf 
field,  ai 

Newport, 
Chepstc 

Nottinghi 


Aberyatw 

cnn.  Lit 

Bhepton 

tie  Gary 

8nuthin( 

Bury  St 

hHm,     C 

Uurslev, 

ford,   H( 

Ipswich, 

field,  Rm 

gall,    Wi 

Chatteris 

tester,  L 

der-Edge 

Norwich, 

gelly 

Newcaatle-1 

Newcastle-i 
and  Suut 
land,  and 

Newcagtie-i 


Norwich,  8w 

East   Dert 

Lynn,  Harl 

Watton 

Liverpool, 

Macliynllel 

Holywell, ' 

li,  Buin,  D 

Llanidloes, 

Fastiniog, 

St.  Asaph, 

von,     Llaii 

Welchpool, 

Newcnstle-iii 

derland,  Nc 

wick-upon- 

Hexham,  S( 

ham,  and  B 

Manchester,  I 

theroe,  Liv 

St.  Helen's, 

Caernarvon 

ter,  Birming 

gleton.   Km 

fleld,  North 

Halifax,  Clei 

ley,  Leeds, 

field,     DenI 

Evesham,  A 

well.  Mold, 

tingham,    0 

Shrewsbury 

Wellington, 

Grantham 

Northampton, 

linsborough, 

Thrapstone, 

Oundle,      H 

Stamford,  Sp 

ket  Harboroi 

Niirthanipton, 

Wellingborui 

Newcastle-upo 

x8 


iL). 


irf 


BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL).     113 


FlM  «p  CaplUI. 


£       I.  i. 

80,035    0   0 

79,759  10   0 


Tnble  I. — continutd. 


10,720    0   0 
100,000    0  0 


30,335    0  0 
34,170    0  0 


65,000   0  0 
42,300   0  0 


48,600   0  0 

25,710   0  0 
23,020   0 


116,100  0  0 

45,000  0  0 

7,865   0  0 

26,000  0  0 
20,000  0  0 


244,400  0 
46,050  0  0 

749,600  0  0 


. 


Pluet. 


Rochdale,  Hyde,  Stockport, 
Nantwich,  Hanley,  Stafford, 
Hnralem,  Leek,  Lane-End, 
Cheadle,  Rufteley,  Market 
Drayton,  and  Gloagop 
Mnncheiter     - 

Hiiddersfleld,  Dewabury,  Wake- 
field, and  Bradford 

Newport,  Ponty-Pool,  U»k, 
Chepstow,  and  Cardiff 

Nottingham    -  -  . 

Aberystwith,  Birmingham,  Bre- 
con, Llandovery,  Hay,  Bath, 
Shepton  Mallet,  Boston,  Cas- 
tle Cary,  Somerton,  Bideford, 
Bouthinnlten,  Torrington, 
Bury  St.  Edmund's,  Chelten- 
ham, Cardiff,  Bridge-End, 
Dursiey,  Gloucester,  Here- 
ford, Honiton,  Stowmarfcet, 
Ipswich,  Woodbridge,  Lich- 
field, Rngby,  Tiverton,  Wal- 
sall, Wisbeach,  Whitllesea, 
Chatteris,  Long  Sutton,  Wor- 
cester, Ledhury,  Wotton-un- 
der-Edge,  Yarmouth,  Bristol, 
Norwich,  Leicester,  and  Dol- 
gelly 

Newcattle-upon-Tyne 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  North 
and  South  Shields,  Sunder- 
land, and  Durliam 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne 

Norwich,  Swaffham,Foulshani, 
East   Dereham,     Fakenham, 
Lynn,  Harleaton,  Bungay,  and 
Watton 
Liverpool,    Dolgelly,    Bangor, 
Machynlleth,      Aberystwith, 
Holywell,  Wrexham,  Pwllhe- 
li, Uula,  Denbigh,  Oswestry, 
Llanidloes,  Ruthin,  Llanroost, 
Fastiniog,    Mold,    Newtown, 
St.  Asaph,  Chester,  Caernar- 
von,    Llangefni,      Conway, 
Welchpool,  and  Amlwch 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,       Sun- 
derland, North  Shields,  Her 
wick-upon-Tweed,  Morpeth, 
Hexham,  South  Shields,  Dur- 
ham, and  Bishop's  Auckland 
Manchester,  Bolton,  Colne,  Cli- 
theroe,  Liverpool,  Ormskirk, 
St.  Helen's,  Preston,  Bangor, 
Caernarvon,  Bnkewell,  Ches- 
ter, Birmingham,  Bristol, Con- 
gleton,   Knutsford,    Macclea 
field,  Northwich,  Nantwich, 
Halifax,  Cleckheaton,  Height 
ley,  Leeds,  Sheffield,  Wake 
field,     Denbigh,     Wrexham, 
Evesham,  Worcester,  Holy, 
well.  Mold,  Leominster,  Not- 
tingham,   Oswestry,     Wem, 
Shrewsbury,       Whitchurch, 
Wellington,   Tamworth,  and 
Grantham 
Northampton,  Daventry,  Wel- 
lingborough, Kettering, 
Thrapstoiie,      Peterborough, 
Oundle,      Hyham      Ferrars, 
Stamford,  Spalding,  and  Mar- 
ket Harborough 
Northampton,   D.iventry,    and 

Wellingborough 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne  i 

k2 


NuM  o(  lb*  Bank. 


Manchester  and  Salford 
Bank. 

*Mirfield  and  Huddersfleld 
Banking  Company. 

Monmouthshire  and  Glamor- 
ganshire Banking  Compa 
ny. 

*Moore  and  Robinson's  Not- 
tinghamshire Banking 
Company. 

*National  Provincial  Bank 
of  England. 


Dttt  when  all- 
liliahtd. 


^Newcastle        Commercial 

Banking  Company. 
^Newcastle,    Shields,     and 

Sunderland    Union   .Toint 

Stock  Banking  Compan]^. 
Nuwcastle-upon-Tyne  Joint 

Stock  Banking  Company. 
^Norfolk  and  Norwich  Joint 

Stock  Banking  Company. 


North  and 
Bank. 


South    Wales 


15  June,  1830 
29  Dec.  1832 
38  July,  1836 


13  July,  1836 


37  Dec.  1833 


16  July,  1836 
11  July,  1836 

27  June,  1836 
31  Mar.  1827 

30  April,  1836 


North  of  England  Joint  Stock 
Banking  Company. 


^Northern  and  Central  Bank 
of  England. 


Northamptonihire    Banking 
Company. 


Northamptonshire  Union 
Bank 

Northumberland  and  Dur- 
ham Diatrict  Banking  Com 

15 


38  Nov.  1833 


13  Mar.  1834 


33  May,  1836 


\i  May,  1836 
23  Hay,  1836 


Number 

of 
Partnen. 


Fail)  up  Capihil. 


«.  d. 


259 

263 


487 


318 
436 

136 
135 

536 


571 


1,204 


990 


464 
464 


250,000  0  0 


35,000  0  0 


940,000  0  0 


711,860  0  0 


e 
z 

5 

i 

I 


8 
i 


'1 


114    BANKS  (ENGLISH  PRIVATE  AND  PROVINCIAL) 


BANK 


Table  \.~-<tmtinM«d. 


rum. 


MclkBlinm,  Devlxei,  nrndford, 
Trowl)rid((e,CalnK,Wc«lbury, 
Chippenhnni,  Warminiter, 
and  Coriham 

Nottinghnni,    Newark,   Mam 
Add,  and  i.oii|{hborouKh 

LeicRRler,  Hinckley,  LnuKhho- 
rough,  and  Melton  Mowbray 


Liverpool         .  .  - 

Hnddleworth,  Ashton,  and  Old' 

ham 
Bhetfiold  and  Rotherham 
Sheflield  ... 

Sheffield  and  Rotherham 


Shiffnal,  Wellington,  Newport, 
and  Onnlbrook  Dale 

Miinchcster     -  .  - 

Stamford,  Spalding,  Boston, 
Oiindle,  noiirn,  Market  Deep 
ing,  Spilshy  Burgh,  Wainfleet, 
Swineshead,  Peterborough, 
Holbeach,  Oakham,  and  Up- 
pingham 

Stourbridge,  Kidderminster, 
Stratford-upon-Avon,  Hen- 
ley-ln-Arden,  Bromsgrove, 
Redditch,  Shipston-on-Stour, 
Chipping  Norton,  Alcester, 
and  Moreion-in-Marah 

Bristol,  Axbridge,  Brldgewater, 
Tniinton,  Wellington,  Crew- 
kerne,  Chnrd,  Ilminster, 
Limgpnrt,  Wells,  Glaston 
bury,  Shepton  Mallet,  Brnton, 
Wlncanton,  Selwood,  Frome, 
Castle  Cnry,  Yeovil,  Bam- 
well,  Weston-super-Mare, 
Williton,  Martock,  Bomerton, 
South  Petheitoo,  and  Ucbea- 
ter 

Sunderland 


Liverpool        ... 

Manchester     .  .  - 

Wakefield        ... 

Warwick,  Leamington,  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon,  Southam, 
HcnIey-in-Arden,  and  Ship- 
ston-on-Stour 

Bristol,  Bath,  Barnstaple,  Ex- 
eter, Swansea,  Taunton, 
Brldgewater,  OardifT,  New 
port.  Wells,  Glastonbury, 
Bideford,  Merthyr  Tydvll, 
Stowey,  Dulverton,  Williton, 
Axbridge, Somerton,  Llanelly, 
and  Sidmouth 

Salisbury,  Warminster,  De 
vizes,  Bradford,  Westbu- 
ry,  Trowbridge,  Melksham, 
dalne,  Chippenham,  Marlbo- 
rough, Swindon,  Majniesbnry, 
Wootton  Bassett,  Cricklade, 
Frome,  Yeovil,  Wlncanton, 
Chard,  Crewkerne,  Taunton, 
Olastonbury,  Weill,  Shepton 
Mallet,  Bruton,  Brldgewater, 
Dorchester,  Blandford,  Wlm 
borne,  Wareham,  Poole, 
Bridport,  Lyme  Regis, 
Shaftesbury,  Sherborne, 

Weyhill,  Highworth,  Ludger- 
shall,  Mere.Weymoutb,  Slur 
minster,  Beaminster,  Mel 
borne  Port,  Fordinghridge, 
Christchurcb,  LymtjigtOD,  and 
Rlngwood 


Nune  of  Ihe  Buk, 


*North  Wilts  Banking  Com- 
pany. 


•Nottingham  and  Notting- 
hamshire Banking  Com, 

•Pares's  Leicestershire 

Ranking  Company,  or  the 
Leicestershire  Union 

Banking  Company. 

Royal  Bank  of  Liverpool 

*Saddleworth  Banking  Com. 

•Sheffield  Banking  Com. 

Sheffield  and  Ilallamshiro 
Banking  Company. 

Sheffield  and  Rotherham 
Joint  Stock  Bonking  Com- 
pany. 

Shropshire  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

South  Lancashire  Bank 
Stamford  and  Spalding  Joint 
Stock  Banking  Company 


•Stourbridge  and  Kiddermin- 
ster Banking  Company. 


*Stuc!(ey'*  Banking  Com. 


Data  when  Mil- 
bliihnJ. 


Sunderland      Joint    Stock 
Banking  Company  for  De- 
von and  Cornwall. 
Union  Bank  of  Liverpool 
Union  Bank  of  Manchester 
•Wakefield  Banking  Com. 
•Warwick  and  Leamington 
Banking  Company. 


•West  of  England  and  South 
Wales  District  Bank. 


•Wilts  and  Donet  Banking 
Company. 


ONov.  1839 

13  April,  1834 
IS  Mar.  1836 


30  April,  1836 
39  June,  1833 

34  June,  1831 
30  May,  1636 

35  June,  1836 


37  May,  1836 

35  May,  1836 

38  Dec.  1631 


gAprU,1834 


9  Oct.  1836 


4  AlV.  1836 


3  May,  1835 

6  May,  1836 
35  Oct.  1833 
10  Sept.  1834 


33  Dec.  1834 


Numbt 

of         Fild  up  CapiUI. 
Farlnen. 


193 

379 

15 


315 
114 

335 

738 

334 


377 

778 
85 


393 


966 


333 
998 
193 
133 


469 


11  Jan.  1836 


485 


£       ».  d 
36,039    0    0 


63,610    0    0 
19,835    0    0 


01,980    0    0 
39,650    0    0 

75,955    0   0 


44,000    0   0 


45,000    0   0 


60,000   0   0 


44,840   0  0 
31,310   0   0 


300,883  10  0 


43,673  10  0 


Plan 


Devonport,  Plym 
Klngsbrldge,Cr( 
Telgnmoiith, 
Hols  wort  by.  Fa 
nance,  Truro,  1 
ruth,  St.  Ives,  a 

Whitehaven  and 

Wolverhampton 

York,  Malton,  Sel 

Scarborniigti,  g, 

and  Gnnle 

York,    Driffield,  I 

Malton,      Helm 

Moorsldge,   PIcfc 

lington,     Marke 

and  Tadcaster 

York,  Whithy,  We 

caster,     Sherbui 

Pickering,    Mall 

rough.   Burllngtc 

Pocklington,    Gt 

moorslde,  Bednle 

roughbrldge,  Km 

Hull,   Wakefield, 

Gaslngwnid,  Thir 

lerlon,  Hawes,  8 

Beverley 

Leeds,    York,    Hull 

Hajifux,    Doncasi 

Thirsk,  Malton,  1 

Bradford,   Pontef 

Knareshrirough,  H 

Beverley,    Darlln 

mond,  and  Dewsb 

N  B.  "TheM"l^ 
Banking  Company ;" 

11.  A  Return  of  Joint 
the  several  Towns  I 
Number  of  Partner! 

Joint  Slock  Banka 

L— The  Hibernian 
Stock  Company.* 

9.-The  Northern  1 
Company. 


3.— The  Provincial  I 
Ireland. 


4-The    Belfltft   Bi 
Company. 


♦  This  bank  does  not 
did,  however,  register  I 
taken  from  the  registry 

Stamps,  Ireland,  Apri 


BANKS  (ENGLISH,  PRIVATE,  AND  PROVINCIAL).     115 


Table  i.—eontinMed. 


NuM  of  U»  Bank. 


Date  when  etU- 
bliihetl. 


NunilXf 

of 
Pirtoen. 


Devnnpnrt,  Plymouth,  TntnPK, 
KlniTBbridKe.Credilon,  Expterj 
Tpifrninniith,  Torrinstnn, 
Hnlgwnrthy,  Falmniith,  Pon- 
znnce,  Truro,  Hclitnn,  Red- 
ruth, St.  Ivei,  andCallington 

Whitehavvn  and  Penrith 

Wolverhampton 


York,  Malton,  Selby,  Howden, 
Scarborough,  Boroughbrldge, 
and  Ooole 

York,  Driffield,  Bury,  Think, 
Malton,  Helmilev,  Kirhy 
Moorsidge,  Pickering,  Pock- 
lington,  Market  Weighton, 
and  Tadcnster 

York,  Whilhy,  Wethcrby,  Tad- 
caster,  Sherburn,  Hnwden, 
Pickering,  Malton,  Scarbo- 
rough. Burlington,  Driffield, 
Pocklington,  Goole,  Kirby 
mooraide,  Bed^le,  Kipon,  Bo 
roughbridge,  Knareaborough, 
Hull,  Wakefield,  Doncaster, 
Eaglngwold,  Thirak,  Northal- 
lerton, Hawea,  Skipton,  and 
Beverley 

Leeds,  York,  Hull,  Sheffield, 
Halifax,  Doncaster,  Selby, 
Thir«k,  Malton,  Pocklington, 
Bradford,  Pontefrnct,  Ripon, 
KnnreRhorough,  Hiiddersfield, 
Beverley,  Darlington,  Rich- 
mond, and  Dewsbury 


*Weitern  Diitrlct  Banking 
Company  for  Devon  and 
Cornwall. 


*Whitehaven  Joint  Stock 
Banking  Company. 

^Wolverhampton  and  Siaf- 
fordihire  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

♦York  City  and  County 
Banking  Company. 

*York  Union  Banking  Com 
pany. 


Yorkshire  Agricultural  and 
Commercial  Banking  Com- 
pany. 


*Yorkibire  District  Bank 


1  Sept.  1836 

35  May,  1839 
38  Dec.  1831 

3  Mar.  1830 

33  April,  1833 

n  July,  1836 


30  July,  1834 


arrs 

336 
338 

367 

377 

694 


Paid  up  Capltil. 


«.  d. 


38,050  0  0 

50,000  0  0 

75,000  0  0 

97,450  0  0 


680 


311,110   0    0 


N.  B.  "The  Mirfield  and  Huddersfleld  Banking  Company"  is  now  called  "The  Weft  Riding  Union 
Banking  Company ;"  the  name  of  the  bank  having  been  changed. 

n.  A  Return  of  Joint  Stock  Banks  in  Ireland  ;  with  the  Dates  of  their  Establishment,  the  Names  of 
the  several  Towns  and  Places  where  such  Banks  and  their  Branches  have  been  established,  and  the 
Number  of  Partners  in  each. 


Numbar 

JoiDt  Stock  Buki^ 

Wbneilabliibed. 

Towu  and  Placa  where  the  Banka  or  their 
Bmnchea  han  iMen  ettal>lMhe(l. 

or 

Ptrtjien. 

I.— The     Hibernian     Joint 

By  special  Act,  5  Geo. 

-       Dublin 

835 

Stock  Company.*  " 

4.  c.  159. 

3.— The  Northern  Banking 

31st  of  December,  1834 

Belfast.                Ballymena. 

308 

Company. 

Lisburne.             Coleraine. 
N.  T.  Limavady.  Magherafelt. 
Lurgan.                 Armagh. 
Downpatrick.       Londonderry. 

3.— The  Provincial  Bank  of 

31it  of  August,  1835    - 

Armagh.               Athlone. 

644 

Ireland. 

Bnliina.                 Ballymena. 
BallyshannoD.      Banbridge. 

Bandon.                Belfast. 

Cavan.                 Clonmel. 

Coleraine.            Cork. 

Downpatrick.      Dungannon. 

Dungarvan.         Enn  s. 

Enniskillen.         Galway. 

Kilkenny.             Limerick. 
Londonderry.      Lurgan. 

Mallow.               Monaghan. 

Moneymore.         Omagh. 

Parsonstown.       Bligo. 

1 

Strabane.             Tralee. 

Waterford.           Wexford 

Youghall. 

Belfast.                Coleraine 

4.— The    Belhn   Banking 

IBM 

SOS 

Company. 

Ballymoney.         Londonderry. 
Ballymena.          Lurgan. 

Dungannon.        Cookstown. 
Armagh.              Banbridge. 

♦  This  bank  does  not  issue  notes,  and  is  not,  therefore,  required  to  make  a  registry  at  this  office :  it 
did,  however,  register  its  Ann  and  partners  in  1835,  and  the  number  of  the  partners  above  given  is 
taken  from  the  registry  then  made.  ,  .        „    , 

Stamps,  Ireland,  April  19, 1836.  J.  8.  Coopeb,  Compt.  and  Acct.  Genl. 


c 


i  t^. 


H 


116 


BANKS  (SCOTCH). 


7 


t    , 


Table  II.— caiKtawMi. 

Numlxr 

Town  iik)  PUr«  wli»rt  Iha  lUnki  or  llwir 

i)( 

JolDlSlockBukf 

WhnMlibllthad. 

HnirichM  h«»»  l)t«n  eil»l.lifh«l. 

I'lllMtl. 

9.— Th)!    ARrlcultiiral    ami 
(^iiiiiiiMTr.ial      Uuiik      o( 

38th  of  October,  IH3<i. 

NvnARh.               F.niils. 
Ilaiidiin.                CiiHllnhnr. 

3,170 

Ireland.* 

New  Hiis*.           Kniildcorlhy. 
I.lmerlck.              Tunm. 
Iloiirrflu.               Hkllibpreen. 
Kllliiriify.             Hirnhune. 
Mitllow.                Kilkenny. 
Ork.                     l.onitford. 
Biilllna.                 (iulwiiy. 
HlrokcMnwn.        Kllrimh. 
Biilllnailoe.          Tipperary. 
Fermoy.                HIIro. 
Boyle.                   ParMonitown. 
Londonderry. 

6.— The    National  Bank  of 

34th  of  January,  I83S. 

Ciirrick-on-Suir.  Clonmel. 

330 

Ireland. 

Thnrlcs.                 Cusliel. 
(;r)rk.                    Ennlncorthy. 
Kilkenny.              I.onRford. 
Tipperary,            Fermoy. 
Milclielatown.       Koitrreii. 
Tralee.                  i;alilrci\een. 
DlnKlc.                  Klllurney. 
l.latowell.             Waterford. 
Uiiiigannon.         New  Hois, 

7.— The  Mmerlck  National 

17th  of  August,  1835. 

Limerick.              Kilrush. 

533 

Hunk  of  Irt'litnd. 

Charleville. 

8.-l"he      Ulster     Banking 

15th  of  April,  183fi.     - 

Bclfart 

117 

Company. 

of  the  neireBnte  amount  of  Notes  clrnilnted  In  England  and  Wales  hy  Private  Banks,  and 
It  «lork  HaiikR  and  their  Branches ;  distinguisliing  Private  from  Joint  -Slock  Banks— (From 


Account 
hy  Joint 
Ketiirns  directed  by  3  &  4  Will.  4.) 


ending 

Priiite  Binkt, 

JuinI  Stork  Binki, 

Total. 

Quarters 

£ 

£ 

£ 

38  Dec.        1H33      - 

8,8.'«1,803 

1,315,301 

10,1.'>2,104 

29  March,    1834      - 

.          .          . 

8,733,400 

1,458,427 

10,191,897 

28  June,      - 

.          -          - 

8,875,705 

1,612,887 

10,518,683 

27  Sept.       - 

.          .          - 

8,370,423 

1,783,689 

10,1.54,113 

28  Dec.        - 

.          •          • 

«,!537,655 

2,122,173 

10,6.59,898 

28  March,   1835      - 

.          -          - 

8,231,206 

2,188,954 

10,420,160 

.           -          - 

8,455,114 

3,484,687 

10,939,801 

26  Sept.       - 

.           -          - 

7,9I2,.W7 

2,508,036 

10,420,633 

20  Dec.       - 

-          -          - 

6..33 1,863 

3,799,551 

11,134,414 

26  March,   1836      - 

.          -          - 

8,3.'i3.894 

3,094,025 

11,447,919 

25  June,      

.          .          - 

8,614,133 

3,588,064 

12,902,196 

24  Sept.       - 

- 

7,969,121 

3,969,121 

11,733,945 

I  , 


Sup.) 
IV.  Banks  (Scotch). 

The  act  of  1708,  preventing  more  than  6  inJividuals  from  entering  into  a  partnership  for 
carrying  on  the  business  of  banking,  did  not  extend  to  Scotland.  In  consequence  of  this 
exemption,  several  banking  companies,  with  numerous  bodies  of  partners,  have  always  existed 
in  that  part  of  the  empire. 

Bank  of  Sattland. — 'ITiis  institution  was  projected  by  Mr.  John  Holland,  merchant  of 
London,  and  was  established  by  act  of  the  Scotch  parliament  (Will.  3.  Pari.  1.  §  5.)  in 
1695,  by  the  name  of  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland.  Its  original 
capital  was  1,200,000/.  Scotch,  or  100,000/.  sterling,  distributed  in  shares  of  1.000/.  Scotch, 
or  83/.  6«.  8d.  sterling,  each.  The  act  exempted  the  capital  of  the  bank  from  all  public 
burdens;  and  gave  it  the  exclusive  privilege  of  banking  in  Scotland  for  21  years.  The  objects 
for  which  the  bank  was  instituted,  and  its  m(Mle  of  management,  were  intended  to  be,  and 
have  been,  in  most  respects,  similar  to  those  of  the  Bank  of  England.  The  responsibility  of  the 
shareholders  is  limited  to  the  amount  of  their  shares. 

The  capital  of  the  bank  was  increased  to  200,000/.  in  1744;  and  was  enlarged  by  subsequent 
acts  of  parliament,  the  last  of  which  (44  Geo.  3.  c.  23.)  was  pasfKtd  in  1804,  to  1,500,000/,,  its 
present  amount  Of  this  sum,  1,000,000/.  has  been  paid  up.  The  last  mentioned  act 
directed  that  all  sums  relating  to  the  afTairs  of  the  bank  should  henceforth  be  rated  in  sterling 
money,  that  the  former  mode  of  dividing  bank  stock  by  shares  should  be  discontinued,  and 
that,  for  the  future,  it  should  be  transferred  in  any  sums  or  parcels.  On  the  union  of  the 
two  kingdoms  in  1707,  the  Bank  of  Scotland  undertook  the  recoinage,  and  effected  the 
exchange  of  the  currency  in  Scotland :  it  was  also  the  organ  of  government,  in  the  issue  of  the 
DC w  ill ver  coinage  in  1 8 1 7. 

*  This  Bank  stopped  payment  in  November,  1836. 


The  bank  of 
to  pstablish  bran 
at  a  very  early 
a  minute  of  the 
bark  as  1729. 
dlMtinrtive  prinr 
prolinl)ly  superii 
of  Scotland  has 
doubt  that  it  hw 
mcnts,  of  much 

It  may  be  woi 
drrlnrrd  that  all 
to  all  intents  am 
this  clauB«(  was 
bank  in  ordrrto 
WPS  finally  cnnc« 

We  subjoin  ai 
printed  for  the  ui 
are,  of  course,  so 

I.  The  Bank  of  I 
tiire  alone  :  and  ei 
advancement  of  a( 
{Hill.  rurl.  1.  HX 
C.23.) 

II.  The  Rtatnlorj 
anil  ha<i  been  niiIihi 

III.  SuliscriherH, 
liiuler  <)bli){ation  t( 
snle,  at  a  price  to  t 
fern  are  made  by  a 
purpose.    Theexpt 

IV.  Bank  of  Scot 
bwful  party  whuts 
44  Oeif.  3.  c.  33.) 

V.  Bank  of  ScotI 
expense  of  coiitlrnii 
may  be  arrested.— 

VI.  The  Bank  of 
are  distinct  from  th 

VII.  The  establln 
(W'iH.  Pari.  1.  }5.) 

VIII.  The  manag 
twelve  extraordlna 
stockholders  havin{ 
6,000/.  or  30  votes. 
2,000<.  of  stock :  thi 
persons :  and  canm 
44  Ofn  3.  C.  33.) 

IX.  The  executlv 
Those  having  the  o 

X.  The  Board  of 
Head  Office  In  Edln 
the  local  business  li 
principal  towns.  A 
and  conducts  the  B 
Bank's  accountant 

XI.  The  Bank  tal 
current  deposit  acc< 
given  :  at  each  agei 
are  on  the  Bank's  ch 
of  Scotland ;"  or,  ' 
are  signed,  if  at  Ed 
agency,  they  must  I 
ant  for  that  agency 
1793.) 

XII.  Bills  on  Lon 
discounted  and  pui 
rases,  of  the  bills  p 
its  offices,  the  bills  ' 
officially  to  the  trea 

XIII.  Oovernmer 
and  dividends  there 

XIV.  The  Bank  i 
security  may  be  per 
or  such  other  secnr 
the  office  where  the 
posed :  and  the  indi 

*  The  Bank  has  i 
variations  in  the  mi 
put  at  present  It  is  < 

t  The  seal  is  now 


BANKS  (SCOTCH). 


117 


Thf  bank  of  Rcotland  in  tho  only  Scotch  l>nnk  conntitiitc«l  liy  net  of  pnrim,  cnt.  It  liegai 
to  mtabliRh  branchcR  in  IBUO-.nmi  imucd  noteH  for  I/.  HOfnrly  n*  1704.  Thu  Imnk  aliio  (tpifilh, 
nt  II  very  early  period,  to  rrcoivo  depogitii  on  intercHt,  and  to  f^mnt  credit  on  cash  accounti ; 
a  minute  of  the  directora  with  reapect  to  tho  mo«lo  of  kcepiii)^  tht?  latter,  being  dated  ho  far 
back  a«  1729.  It  in,  therefore,  entitled  to  the  rr<'<lil  of  having  iiitr<Nluce<l  anil  eiitabliHhf<l  the 
distinctive  principlea  of  the  Scotch  banking  ayirtem,  which,  whatever  may  be  ittt  defects,  is 
prohatily  Hni>eri4)r  to  every  other  Byatem  hitherto  CHtabliahed.  (Senerally  speaking,  the  Hank 
of  Scotland  haa  alwaya  iM-en  conducted  on  aound  and  lilM-ral  principlcH;  nor  can  there  be  a 
doubt  that  it  haa  been  productive,  both  directly  and  aa  an  example  to  other  banking  catabliah- 
menta,  of  much  public  utility  and  advantage. 

It  may  Imj  worth  mentioning,  that  the  act  of  Will.  3.,  eatabiishing  the  Bank  of  Scotland, 
declared  that  all  foreigners  who  became  partners  in  the  bank,  Hhoidd,  by  doing  ao,  l)ecome, 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  naturalised  Scotchmen.  After  Innng  for  a  long  time  forgotten, 
this  claustMvaa  taken  advantage  of  in  I  SI  8,  when  several  aliens  acquired  property  in  thn 
bank  in  order  to  secure  the  beiiotlt  of  naturalisation.  But  after  being  suspended,  the  privilege 
was  finally  cancelled  in  1882. 

We  subjoin  an  official  abstract  of  tho  constitution  and  objects  of  tho  Bank  of  Scotland, 
printed  for  the  use  of  the  proprietors  in  1818 ; — the  terms  and  mode  of  transacting  business 
are,  of  course,  sometimes  altered,  according  to  circumstances. 

I.  The  Hank  n(  Hcntlnnil  is  a  public  nntloiiiil  cKtnliliiihniunt ;  ernrtiMl  anil  refiulntiMl  by  llio  l<>Kigla- 
tiiri!  nIoiK! :  niiil  exprt'xiily  iih  n  public  Hank  in  tlilo  kiMKib'ni ;  l>>r  tilt!  lii-neMl  i>r  1\\k  nntion,  and  fur  the 
nilvanrcinrnt  nf  n|;rirnltnrR,  roniniMfce  and  mniiiifnctiircH  ;  nnrt  fur  other  olijcclii  of  public  piilliy. — 
(Will.  Purl.  1.  }5. ;  14  Qto.  3.  c.  38.  ;  24  Oto.  3.  c.  H. ;  35  Qeo.  3.  c.  25.  ;  34  (Uo.  3.  c.  lU. ;  44  Oeo.  3. 
C.23.) 

II.  TIip  statutory  rnpitnl  is  at  prenent  I.SOO.OOO/.  sterlinir.  H  i"  rniBed  by  vnlnnlnry  subscription; 
and  has  bci-n  Ruborribed  fnr.     l.(HM1,()()0/.  liaM  been  called  for,  and  paid  in.-  (44  Oto.  3.  c.  23.) 

III.  Hubucrihcri*,  if  not  under  nbllKalion  to  the  Hank,  may,  at  pleaxiire,  tramtlVr  their  .iKht.  \t 
inidiT  <)bll|(ation  to  tlic  Hank,  thu  obligation  niUHt  he  previnufily  lii|uidiited  ;  or,  the  prnceedn  of  the 
•nlc,  at  a  price  to  the  satigfhrtion  nf  tho  directors,  must  be  applied  Inwards  such  liquidation.  Trans- 
fers are  made  by  a  short  assiRnment  and  acceptance  thereof,  both  in  a  reifister  appointed  for  that 
piirpuse.    The  expense,  beside  the  government  stump,  li  lU. —  {Will.  I'arl.  I.  i  !>.) 

IV.  Dank  of  Scotland  stock  may  he  acijuired,  in  any  portions,  by  any  person,  community,  or  other 
lawful  party  whatsoever  ;  without  selection,  exclusion,  or  limitation  ol^nunibers.— (>ri/(.  I'arl.  1^9.; 
44  Oeo.  3.  c.  33.) 

V.  Hank  of  Scotland  stock  may  he  conveyed  by  latter  will,  and,  if  specially  mentioned,  wittinut 
expense  of  cnnllrmation.  It  cannot  be  arrested:  the  holder's  right  may  be  adjudged.  Dividends 
nmy  be  arrested.— (/fiH.  Pari.  1.  }  5.) 

VI.  TMe  Hank  nf  Scotland  is  a  public  corporation  by  act  of  parliament.  The  Bank's  transactions 
are  distinct  from  those  of  the  stockholders ;  and  theirs  from  those  of  the  Hank.— ((Fi/{.  Pari.  I.  <^  3.) 

VII.  The  establishment  Is  expressly  debarred  from  any  other  business  than  that  of  banking. — 
(If'iH.  Pari.  1.  }5.) 

VIII.  The  manaxement  is  vested,  hy  statute,  in  a  ftovcrnor,  deputy  governor,  twelve  ordinary,  and 
twelve  extraordinary  directors.  They  are  chosen  annually,  on  the  last  Tuesday  of  March,  by  thu 
stockholders  having  250/.  of  stock  or  upwards.  Those  above  250/.  have  a  vote  fnr  every  2502.  ;  to 
S.OflO/.  or  20  votes.  No  person  can  have  inore  than  20  votes.  The  governor  mast  hold,  at  least, 
2,fl00{.  of  stock ;  thn  deputy  governor  1, 5002. ;  and  each  director  750<.  They  swear  to  be  equal  to  all 
persons:  and  cannot  hold  any  Inferior  office  in  the  Uunk. —  {Will.  Pari.  1.  )  5. ;  14  Oto.  3.  c.  32. ; 
44  Oto  3.  c.  23.) 

IX.  The  executive  part  is  conducted  by  a  treasurer,  secretary,  and  other  public  offlcers,  all  sworn. 
Those  havinR  the  otiicial  charge  of  cash  find  duo  security.— (WiH.  Pari,  1.  i)  5.) 

X.  The  Hoard  of  directors  sits  for  the  general  administration  of  the  Bank,  at  the  Bank's  Public 
Head  Office  in  Edinburgh.  The  local  business  of  that  district  is  also  conducted  at  that  office.  For 
the  local  business  in  the  other  parts  of  the  kingdom,  the  Bank  has  its  regular  public  offices  in  the 
principal  towns.  At  each  of  these  offices  there  is  the  Bank  agent  or  cashier,  who  gives  due  security, 
and  conducts  the  Bank's  business  for  that  district,  in  the  manner  after  mentioned.  There  is  also  the 
Bank's  accountant  for  that  office  ;  who  is  appointed  by  the  directors.— (WiH.  Purl.  1.  }  5.) 

XI.  The  Bank  takes  in  money,  at  all  its  public  offices,  on  deposit  receipts  or  promissory  notes,  or  on 
current  deposit  account.*  At  the  Head  Office,  draughts  on  London,  or  on  any  of  the  agencies,  are 
given  :  at  each  agency,  draughts  on  London,  or  on  the  Head  Office,  are  given.  All  these  documents 
are  on  the  Bank's  cheek  (and  sealed  with  the  Bank's  seali).  They  bear,  in  words,  to  be  "  For  the  Bank 
of  Scotland ;"  or,  "  For  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland."  These  documents 
are  signed,  if  at  Edinburgh,  by  the  treasurer,  and  countersigned  by  the  principal  accountant :  if  at  an 
agency,  they  must  be  signed  by  the  Bank's  agent,  as  agent,  and  countersigned  by  the  Bank's  account- 
ant fnr  that  agency;  otherwise  they  infer  no  obligation  on  the  Bank.— (Resolution  of  Court,  2Sth  Feb. 
1793.) 

XII.  Bills  on  London,  Edinburgh,  or  any  town  where  the  Bank  has  its  official  correspondents,  are 
discnunted  and  purchased  at  all  the  Bank's  public  offices.  The  Bank's  agents  Judge,  in  ordinary 
cases,  of  the  bills  presented  ;  so  that  parties  meet  with  no  delay.  The  Bank  does  not  sell,  at  any  of 
its  offices,  the  bills  which  it  has  discounted  and  purchased.  Its  agents  cannot  indorse  its  bills,  unless 
officially  to  the  treasurer.— («e«oJM(ion  of  Court,  23d  Feb.  1789.) 

XIII.  Government  stock  and  other  public  funds,  transferable  in  London,  may  be  purchased  or  sold, 
and  dividends  thereon  may  be  received,  through  the  Bank. 

XIV.  The  Bank  gives  credit  on  cash  accounts  at  any  of  its  offices,  on  bnnd,  with  security.  The 
security  may  be  personal  co-obligants,  conjunctly  and  severally  ;  or  Bank  of  Scotland  stock  ;  or  both : 
or  such  other  security  as  may  be  specially  agreed  on.  Applications  for  cash  accounts  are  given  in  to 
the  office  where  the  cash  account  is  wanted,  and  must  specify  the  credit  desired,  ond  the  security  pro- 
posed; and  the  individual  partners,  where  copartneries  are  proposed.    Cash  accounts  are  granted  by 


*  The  Bank  has  always  allowed  interest  on  deposits.  The  rate  allowed  varies,  of  course,  with  the 
variations  in  the  market  rate.  During  the  greater  part  of  the  late  war  it  was  as  high  as  4  pei  cent. ; 
out  at  present  it  is  only  2  per  cent. 

t  The  seal  is  now  dispensed  with,  except  on  the  Bank's  notes. 


fi^^ 


118 


HANKS  (SCOTCH). 


thr  illrrrtnrK  only  i  nnrt  nrr  nnt  rprnlli'rt  iinli>M  hy  Iticlr  uprrlnl  niithnrif jr,    It  I*  nndrrntonrt  thdl  IhtM 
rrfitlin  nrt*  imt  iihimI  iin  iIimkI  loniiii,  tn  proiliii'i*  Int'Ti'il  nnly.     In  ihii  fnir  rniirii)'  nl'  hiimni'iiii,  llit*  ml- 


I, 


▼nnlniri'  «(  the  Hunk  U  ('oimiillicl  hy  nn  ntllvr  rlrciiliilinn  of  Iin  iioltn,  nnd  hy  frcqiii'iit  ri'pnyii)i>nti 

all  In  n  wny  Ii'BuI  iitTiTllnu  llinl  rlrnilnliiin.— (W«mWi.<*«ii  ()/  Caiirf,  Ath  Nov,  l7*i<.),  niiil'i:ii ' 

XV.  Thn  linnk'ii  illviilHiid  nC  |iriillt«  hn«  fur  ii">ni«  lime  bfl>'n  Ht  p«r  rrnl.  ptT  nniiiini  (nl  prcii'nl, 


llttill-Vli.  I7H(1.) 


IHna,  il  la  fl  p«r  ciMit.)  nn  Hint  pnrt  of  Iti  inpltnl  utoik,  or  I,00n,n00<.  merllni,  pnlil  In.    Thu  illviilfnili 
urn  pnlil  rnnulnrly  Iwlcn  n  ypiir,  withiiiil  pxpenae.    They  may  h«  ilriiwii  olthar  at  tho  Uttiik'*  U«>d 
Offlce,  fir  lit  any  uf  In  otliDr  nfflcei,  ai  moit  ugmeabla  to  ih«  itockholder. 
By  order  of  the  Cniirt  of  Dlrcctori. 
0th  Nov.  laia 

Moat  of  tho  other  Scotch  banka  are  conducted  on  the  aame  prinriplea  and  in  the  aame 
way  OH  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  ao  that  tho  dctaila  aa  to  ita  management  will  nearly  apply  to 
thorn  all. 

The  Ri>t/al  Hittik  nf  Scotland  was  eatabliahed  in  1727.  Ita  original  capital  waa  Ifil.OOOi^ 
At  prcaent  it  amnunU  to  2,000,000/. 

The  Brilinh  Linen  Company  woa  incorporated  in  1746,  for  tho  purpo«e,  aa  ita  name 
implies,  of  undertaking  the  manufacture  of  linen.  But  the  vicwa  in  which  it  originated 
were  Rfieedily  abandoned ;  and  it  became  a  banking  company  only.  Ita  capital  amounta  to 
600,000/. 

None  of  the  other  banking  companiea  eatabliahed  in  Scotland  are  chartered  aaaociations, 
with  limited  rcRpoiiHibility  ;  the  partners  being  jointly  and  individually  liable,  to  tho  whole 
extent  of  their  fortunes,  for  the  debts  of  the  firms.  Some  of  them,  such  as  the  National 
Bank,  the  Commercial  Banking  Compony,  the  Dundee  Commercial  Bank,  the  Perth  Bank- 
ing Company,  &c,,  hove  very  numerous  bodies  of  partners.  Their  atfairs  arc  uniformly 
conducted  by  a  Board  of  directors,  annually  chosen  by  the  shareholders. 

The  Bank  of  Scotland  began,  as  already  stated,  to  isauo  1/.  notes  so  early  as  1704  ;  and 
their  issue  has  since  been  continued  without  interruption.  "  In  Scotland,"  to  use  the  state* 
ment  given  in  the  Report  of  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  1826,  on  the  Pro- 
missory Notes  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  "the  issue  of  promissory  notes  payable  to  the  bearer 
on  demand,  for  a  sum  not  less  than  20,t.  has  been  at  all  times  permitted  by  law ;  nor  has  any 
act  been  passed,  limiting  the  period  for  which  such  issue  shall  continue  legal  in  that  country. 
In  England,  the  issue  of  promissory  notes  for  a  loss  sum  than  Hi.  was  prohibited  by  law 
from  tho  year  1777  to  the  period  of  *.he  Bank  Restriction  in  1797.  It  has  been  permitted 
since  1797;  and  the  permission  will  cease,  as  the  law  at  present  stands,  in  April,  1820." 

There  havel)cen  comparatively  few  bankruptcies  among  the  Scotch  banks.  In  1793  and 
1825,  when  so  many  of  the  English  provincial  banks  were  swept  otf,  there  was  not  a  sinf^le 
establishment  in  Scotland  that  gave  way.  This  superior  stability  seems  to  be  ascribable 
partly  to  the  formation  of  so  many  banks  with  numerous  bodies  of  partners,  which  tends  to 
prevent  any  company  with  only  a  few  partners,  unless  they  are  known  to  possess  consi- 
(lerable  fortunes,  from  getting  paper  into  circulation ;  partly  to  the  less  risk  attending  the 
business  of  banking  in  Scotland  ;  and  partly  to  the  facility  afforded  by  the  law  of  Scotland 
of  attaching  a  debtor's  property,  whether  it  consists  of  land  or  moveables,  and  making  it 
available  to  the  payment  of  his  debts. 

In  the  Report  already  quoted,  the  last-mentioned  topic  is  touched  upon  as  follows : — "The 
general  provisions  of  the  law  of  Scotland  bearing  upon  this  subject  are  calculated  to  promote 
the  solidity  of  banking  establishments,  by  affording  to  the  creditor  great  facilities  of  ascertain- 
ing the  pecuniary  circumstances  of  individual  partners,  and  by  making  tho  private  fortunei 
of  those  partners  available  for  the  discharge  of  the  obligations  of  the  bank  with  which  they 
are  connected.  There  is  no  limitation  upon  the  number  of  partners  of  which  a  banking 
company  in  Scotland  may  consist ;  and,  excepting  in  case  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland  and  the 
two  chartered  banks,  which  have  very  considerable  capitals,  the  partners  of  all  banking  com- 
panies are  bound  jointly  and  severally,  so  that  each  partner  is  liable,  to  the  whole  extent  of 
his  fortune,  for  tho  whole  debts  of  the  company.  A  creditor  in  Scotland  is  empowered  to 
attach  the  real  and  heritable,  as  well  as  the  personal  estate  of  his  debtor,  for  payment  of  per- 
sonal debts,  among  which  may  be  classed  debts  due  by  bills  and  promissory  notes;  and 
recourse  may  be  had,  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  payment,  to  each  descHption  of  property 
at  the  same  time.  Execution  is  not  confined  to  the  real  property  of  a  debtor  merely  during 
his  life,  but  proceeds  with  equal  effect  upon  that  property  after  his  decease. 

"  The  law  relating  to  the  establishment  of  records  gives  ready  means  of  procuring  informa- 
tion with  respect  to  the  real  and  heritable  estate  of  which  any  person  in  Scotland  may  he 
possessed.  No  purchase  of  an  estate  in  that  country  is  secure  until  the  seisine  (that  is,  the 
instrument  certifying  that  actual  delivery  has  been  given)  is  put  on  record,  nor  is  any 
mortgage  effectual  until  the  deed  ia  in  like  manner  recorded. 

"  In  the  case  of  conflicting  pecuniary  claims  upon  real  property,  the  preference  is  not  re- 
gelated by  the  date  of  the  transaction,  but  by  (he  date  of  its  record.  These  records  are 
accessible  to  all  persons ;  and  thus  the  public  can  with  ease  ascertain  the  effective  means 
which  a  banking  company  possesses  of  discharging  its  obligations ;  and  the  partnera  in 
that  company  are  enabled  to  determine,  with  tolerable  accuracy,  tho  degree  of  risk  and 
responsibility  to  which  the  private  property  of  each  is  exposed." 


informa- 
may  be 

at  is,  the 
is  any 

s  not  re- 
lords  are 
0  means 
tners  in 
risk  and 


I 


BANKS  (SCOTCH). 


119 


Dtpomf*. — A»  wiM  previnualy  olmcrvpd,  nil  ihc  Hcolch  bnnkM  rcrcive  de |ioiils  of  lo  low  a 
valur  u  10/.,  bikI  w)nii-tirnt>*  lowor,  and  nliow  iiitvrciit  U|ioii  (lii'in, 

"The  iiiterrtit,"  say  the  i-omniittec,  "  nllowi'tl  liy  ihc  Ilaiik  upon  (li'pi)nili(  variri"  from  tinio 
to  time*  Bcrordinfi  to  tho  rurrcnt  rate  of  intcrcit  which  iiKuii-y  Kcnrrally  U-urn.  At  prcMnt 
(182fi)  the  inUtert  allowed  upon  de|)oaiU  in  4  per  cent."  (.\t  thia  moment  (IH:}3)  the  in- 
lereit  allowed  on  depoiitM  ia  only  2  or  SJ  per  cent.)  "It  haa  lieen  ralculuted  that  th« 
BfrsrcKBte  amoiinl  of  tho  aunia  depoaited  with  the  Hcolch  lianka  amounta  to  aliout  'J(),()(M),()()<)/. 
or  i  000,()()0/."  (It  ia  helieved  to  »»  now,  (IH:)3,)  little  if  ony  thinn  under  a4,()(>0,(IO()/.) 
" The  precise  accuracy  of  Huch  an  e»timate  cannot  of  courae  he  relied  on.  The  witniHH  ity 
whom  it  was  made  thought  that  tho  amount  of  depoaita  could  not  be  leaa  than  tH,0(IO,()()()/., 
nor  exceed  !i6,0(K)  ()0()/.,  and  took  un  intt'rmediiile  aum  aa  the  prohalilf  amount.  Another 
witneaa,  who  hitd  ten  connected  for  many  ycura  with  dilVerent  Imiika  in  Scotland,  and  haa 
had  exjierience  m  their  eoncerna  at  Stirling,  Ktlinhurnh,  I'erth,  Aberdeen,  and  (jIbhuow, 
slated  that  tnofe  than  one  half  of  the  dfpimtii  in  the  Lunkn  with  which  he  hud  bun  cunnicled 
wtre  in  iium»  J'rovi  ten  poundn  to  two  hundrtd  poundn.  UeiuR  aakeil  what  claaa  of  the 
community  it  u  that  mukea  ihe  amall  depoaiu,  he  Kuve  the  following  anawer,  from  which  it 
app4>ara  that  the  mode  uf  conductinif  thia  branch  of  the  honkinp;  buMineaa  in  Mcotlund  has 
loiiK  given  to  that  country  many  of  the  benclita  derivable  from  the  establishment  uf  auvinga 
banki. 

"  Question.  What  claiw  of  the  community  is  it  that  makes  the  amollcst  deposits  1 — Answer, 
They  are  generally  the  labouring  cIuhscs,  in  towna  like  (Jlasgow :  in  country  plucea,  like 
Perth  and  Alwrdeen,  it  ia  from  servants  and  fishermen,  and  that  class  of  the  community, 
who  save  small  auma  from  their  earninga,  till  ihey  come  to  lie  ii  bank  deposit.  'I'hero  is  now 
a  facility  for  their  placing  money  in  the  Provident  Banks,  which  receive  money  till  the  de- 
posit amounts  to  10/.  When  it  eomea  to  10/.,  it  ia  rcjual  to  the  minin)um  of  a  hank  deposit. 
The  system  cf  tanking  in  Scotland  is  an  extension  of  the  Provident  Bank  system.  Half- 
yearly  or  yearly  ihose  depositors  come  to  the  bank,  and  add  the  savings  of  their  labour,  with 
the  interest  that  haa  accrued  upon  the  deposits  from  tlie  previous  half  year  or  year,  to  the 
principal;  and  in  this  way  it  goea  on  without  being  at  all  reduced,  accumulating  (at  com- 
pound interest)  till  the  depositor  ia  able  either  to  buy  or  build  a  house,  when  it  comes  to  be 
100/.,  or  200/.,  or  300/.,  or  till  he  ia  able  to  commence  busincsa  as  a  master  in  the  line  in 
which  lie  haa  hitherto  been  a  servant.  A  great  part  of  tho  depositors  of  the  bank  are  of  that 
description,  and  a  ffreat  part  of  the  most  thriving  of  our  farmers  and  manufacturers  have 
arisen  from  tuck  beginnings, 

CaA  Accounts  or  Credits, — The  loans  or  advances  made  by  the  Scotch  banks  arc  either 
in  the  shape  of  discounts,  or  upon  cash  credits,  or,  as  they  arc  more  commonly  termed,  cash 
accounts. 

This  speciea  of  account  does  not  differ  in  principle  from  an  over-drawing  account  at  a 
private  banker's  in  England.  A  cash  credit  is  a  credit  given  to  an  individual  by  a  banking 
company  for  a  limited  sum,  seldom  under  100/.  or  200/.,  upon  his  own  security,  and  that 
of  two  or  three  individuals  approved  by  the  bank,  who  become  sureties  for  its  payment.  The 
individual  who  haa  obtained  such  a  credit  is  enabled  to  draw  the  whole  sum,  or  any  part  of 
it,  when  he  pleases ;  replacing  it,  or  portions  of  it,  according  as  he  finds  it  convenient ;  interest 
being  charged  upon  such  part  only  as  he  draws  out  "  If  a  man  borrowa  5,000/,  from  a  pri- 
vate  hand,  besides  that  it  is  not  always  to  be  found  when  required,  he  pays  interest  for  it 
whether  he  be  using  it  or  not.  His  bank  credit  costs  him  nothing,  except  during  the  mo> 
ment  it  is  of  service  to  him;  and  this  circumstance  is  of  equal  advantage  as  if  he  had  bor- 
rowed money  at  a  much  lower  rate  of  interest." — (Hume's  Essay  on  the  Balance  of  Trade.) 
This,  then,  is  plainly  one  of  the  most  commodious  forms  in  which  advances  can  be  made. 
Cash  credits  are  not,  however,  intended  to  be  a  dead  loan,-  the  main  object  of  the  banks  in 
granting  them  is  to  get  their  notes  circulated,  and  they  do  not  grant  them  except  to  persons 
in  business,  or  to  those  who  arc  frequently  drawing  out  and  paying  in  money. 

The  system  of  cash  credits  has  been  very  well  described  in  the  Report  of  the  Lords'  Com- 
mittee of  1826,  on  Scotch  and  Irish  Banking.  "There  is  also,"  say  their  lordships,  "one 
part  of  their  system,  which  is  stated  by  all  the  witnesses  (and,  in  the  opinion  of  Uie  com- 
mittee, very  justly  stated)  to  have  had  the  best  effects  upon  the  people  of  Scotland,  and  par- 
ticularly upon  the  middling  and  poorer  classes  of  society,  in  producing  and  encouraging 
habits  of  frugality  and  industry.  The  practice  referred  to  is  that  of  cash  credits.  Any  per- 
son who  applies  to  a  bank  for  a  cash  credit,  is  called  upon  to  produce  two  or  more  competent 
sureties,  who  are  jointly  bound ;  and  afler  a  full  inquiry  into  the  character  of  the  applicant, 
the  nature  of  his  business,  and  the  sufficiency  of  his  securities,  he  is  allowed  to  open  a  credit, 
and  to  draw  upon  the  bank  for  the  whole  of  its  amount,  or  for  such  part  as  his  daily  transac- 
tions may  require.  To  the  credit  of  the  account  he  pays  in  such  sums  as  he  may  not  have 
occasion  to  use,  and  interest  is  charged  or  credited  upon  the  daily  balance,  as  the  case  may 
be.  From  the  facility  which  these  cash  credits  give  to  all  the  small  transactions  of  the 
countrj',  and  from  the  opportunities  which  they  aflbrd  to  persons,  who  begin  business  with 
little  or  no  capital  but  their  character,  to  employ  profitably  the  minutest  products  of  their 


"> 


130 


BANKS  (SCOTCH). 


t 


I  i 


} 


i 


-   f 


industry,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  most  important  advantages  are  derived  to  the  whole 
community.  The  advantage  to  the  banks  who  give  tlicse  cash  credits  arists  from  the  call 
which  tliey  continually  produce  for  the  issue  of  their  paper,  and  from  the  opportunity  which 
they  afford  for  the  profitable  employment  of  part  of  their  deposits.  The  banks  are  indeed  so 
sensible,  that  in  order  to  make  this  part  of  their  business  advantageous  and  secure,  it  is  ne- 
cessary that  their  cash  credits  should  (as  they  express  it)  be  frequently  operated  upon,  that 
they  refuse  to  continue  them  unless  this  implied  condition  be  fulfilled.  The  total  amount 
of  their  cash  credits  is  stated  by  one  witness  to  be  6,000,000/.  of  wl)'~h  the  average  amount 
advanced  by  the  banks  may  be  one  third." 

The  expense  of  a  bond  for  a  cash  credit  of  600/.  is  4/.  stamp  duty,  and  a  charge  of  from 
5s.  to  10s.  6c/.  per  cent,  for  filling  it  up. 

Circulation,  S(c. — According  to  a  demi-ofHcial  return  given  in  the  Commons'  Report 
already  referred  to,  the  total  number  of  notes  in  circulation  in  Scotland,  in  the  early  part  of 
1826,  amounted  to  3,309,062;  of  which  2,079,344  were  under  6/.,  and  1,229,838,  6/.  and 
upwards. 

The  Scr>  h  banks  draw  on  London  at  20  days'  date.  This  is  denominated  the  par  of 
exchange.  L>dtween  London  and  Edinburgh. 

Most  of  the  great  Scotch  banks,  such  as  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  the  Royal  Bank,  &c.,  have 
established  branches  in  other  towns  besides  that  where  the  head  office  is  kept. 

By  the  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  65.,  to  restrain  the  negotiation  in  England  of  Scotch  or  Irish 
promissory  notes  and  bills  under  5/.,  it  is  enacted,  that  if  any  body  poliL'c  or  corporate,  or 
person,  shall,  after  the  5th  of  April,  1 829,  publish,  utter,  negotiate,  or  transfer,  in  any  part 
of  England,  any  promissory  or  other  note,  draft,  engagement,  or  undertaking,  payable  on 
demand  to  the  bearer,  for  any  sum  less  than  5/.,  purporting  to  have  been  made  or  issued  ia 
Scotland  or  Ireland,  every  such  body  politic  or  corporate,  or  person,  shall  forfeit  for  every 
such  offence  not  mure  than  20/.  nor  less  than  5/. 

Nothing  contained  in  this  act  applies  to  any  drafl  or  order  drawn  by  any  person  on  his  or 
her  banker,  or  on  any  person  acting  as  such  banker,  for  the  payment  of  money  held  by  such 
banker  or  person  for  the  use  of  the  person  by  whom  such  draft  or  order  shall  be  drawn. 

No.  I. — The  following  Table  contains  an  Account  of  the  Number  of  Banks  in  Scotland  ;  the  Namei 
of  the  Firms  or  Banlis;  Dates  of  their  Establishment;  Places  of  the  Head  Offices;  Number  of 
Branches;  Number  of  Partners;  and  the  Names  of  their  London  Agents.— (Extracted  principally 
from  the  Appendix,  p.  19.  to  the  Commons'  Report  of  1826,  on  Scoteh  and  Irish  Banking.) 


Date. 

Head  Office. 

No  of 
Bmichet. 

No.  of 
Farlnen. 

London  Agent*. 

1 

Bank  of  Scotland 

1695 

Edinburgh 

16 

Act  of  P. 

Coutts  and  Co. 

a 

Royal  Bank  of  Scotland    - 

1727 

Ditto 

1 

Charter 

Bank  of  England,  and  ditto. 

3 

British  Linen  Company     - 

1746 

Ditto 

27 

Ditto 

Smith,  Payne,  and  Co. 

4 

Aberdeen  Banking  Comp. 

1767 

Aberdeen 

6 

80 

Glyn  and  Co. 

5 

Aberdeen  Town  and  Co.  Bk. 

1825 

Ditto 

4 

446 

Jones,  Loyd,  and  Co. 

6 

Arbroath  Banking  Comp. 

1825 

Arbroath 

2 

112 

Glyn  and  Co. 

7 

Carrick  and  Co.  or  Ship  Bk. 

1746 

Glasgow 

None 

3 

Smith,  Payne,  and  Co. 

8 

Com.  Bk.  CoMip.  of  Scotland 

1810 

Edinburgh 

31 

521 

Jones,  Loyd,  and  Co. 

9 

Commercial  Banking  Comp. 

1778 

Aberdeen 

None 

15 

Kinloch  and  Sons. 

10 

Dundee  Banking  Company 

1777 

Dundee 

None 

61 

Kiiiloch  and  Sons. 

11 

Dundee  New  Bank    - 

1802 

Ditto 

1 

6 

Ransom  and  Co. 

12 

Dundee  Commercial  Bank 

1825 

Ditto 

None 

202 

Glyn  and  Co. 

13 

Dundee  Union  Bank 

1809 

Ditto 

4 

85 

Glyn  and  Co. 

14 

Falkirk  Banking  Company 

1787 

Falkirk 

1 

5 

Remington  and  Co. 

IS 

Greenock  Banking  Comp. 

1785 

Greenock 

3 

14 

Kay  and  Co. 

16 

Glasgow  Banking  Company 

1809 

Glasgow 

1 

19 

Ransom  and  Co.,  Glyn  k  Co. 

17 

Hunters  and  Co. 

1773 

Ayr 

3 

8 

Berries  and  Co. 

18 

Leith  Banking  Company    - 

r92 

Leith 

4 

15 

Barnet  and  Co. 

19 

National  Bank  of  Scotland 

1825 

Edinburgh 

8 

1,238 

Glyn  and  Co. 

20 

Montrose  Bank 

1814 

Montrose 

3 

97 

Barclay  and  Co. 

21 

Paisley  Banking  Company 

1783 

Paisley 

4 

6 

Smith,  Payne,  and  Co. 
Glyn  and  Co. 

22 

Paisley  Union  Bank 
Perth  Banking  Company  - 

1788 

Ditto 

3 

4 

23 

1766 

Perth 

5 

147 

Barclay  and  Co. 

24 

Perth  Union  Bank 

— 

Ditto 

— 

69 

Remington  and  Co. 

25 

Ramsay's,  Bonar's,  and  Co. 

1738 

Edinburgh 

None 

8 

Coutts  and  Co. 

20 

Renfrewshire  Banking  Co. 

1802 

Sreenock 

5 

6 

Kay  and  Co. 

27 

Shetland  Bank  -        -        . 



Berwick 

— 

4 

Barclay  and  Co. 

28 

Sir  Win.  Forbes  and  Co.   - 



Edinburgh 

— 

7 

Barclay  and  Co., Coutts  k  Co. 

29 

Stirling  Banking  Company 

1777 

Stirling 

3 

7 

Kinloch  and  Soi.s. 

i"_ 

Thistle  Bank      • 

1761 

Glasgow 

None 

6 

Smith,  Payne,  and  Co, 

Private  Banking  Companies  in  Edinburgh  who  do  not  issue  Notes. 


1 

2 
3 

t_ 

Dale. 

Head  Office. 

No.  of 
Branchea. 

No.  of 
Partnen. 

LoBdoo  Agenli. 

Kinnear,  Smith  and  Co. 
Robert  Allan  and  »on. 
James  Inglia  and  Co. 

1830 
1776 

Edinburgh 
Ditto 
Ditto 

None 
None 
None 

Smith,  Payne,  and  Co. 
Bosanquet  and  Co. 
Boannqiiet  and  Co. 

No.  II.— An  A( 
Years  ending 
Finns  carryi 


Number  of  lie 
Ditto  tn  hank 
Ditto  tu  L.iik 
Ditto  to  baiik< 


Stamp  Office, 

No.  Ill— Statei 
with  the  Cha 
E.ichange,  or 
upon  which  £ 


i 


Edinburgh 
IStbof  June,  1 


"In  no  coui 
been  carried  to 
1783,  with  sim 
of  more  than  6 
repeated  failure 
,  trade  of  bankin 
that  would  hav 
plied  by  joint  si 
effectual  rules. 

"In  1797,  wl 

extended  to  Ireli 

increased.    In  ! 

621,917/.;  in  H 

"These  incre 

which  the  numb 

a  great  depreciat 

mint  price ;  and 

^.    This  unfa^ 

issues  of  the  Bai 

1810,  when  the  ( 

"The  loss  thi 

words.    It  appea 

were  at  that  time 

been  established ; 

time  to  time  in  ii 

from  business ;  si 

Mallow.    These 

the  only  banks  nt 

"In  1821,  in  c 

ceding  yeai,  in  tl 

with  the  Bank  of 

a  distance  of  50  ii 

tal  500,000/.    Th 

"But  minister! 

banking  that  had 

a  party  of  mercha 

liament  for  the  i 

session,  repealing 

"  In  consequem 

stock  company,  w 

1825.    But  then 

L 


BANKS  (IRISH). 


121 


j(o,II._\n  Account  of  the  Number  of  Licences  taken  out  by  Country  Hankers  in  Scfllanil  for  the 
Years  enilinf;  tlie  10th  of  October,  1824, 1825,  1820,  and  1827  ;  specifying  such  as  liavc  been  given  to 
Firini  carrying  on  Business  in  more  Places  than  one. 


Number  of  licences  issued  to  bankers  who  issue  notes  at  one  place  only 
Uilto  to  bankers  who  issue  notes  at  two  different  places 
Ditto  to  l.iikers  who  issue  notes  at  three  different  places 
Ditto  to  bankers  wlio  issue  notes  at  four  or  more  places 

1624. 

182-.. 

1B26.  1  1827. 

10 

10 

0 

52 

12 

6 

52 

0 
12 
12 

.')0 

« 

f) 

CO 

78 

aa 

S<)    ]     SI     1 

Certified, 
Stamp  Office,  Edinburgh,  4th  of  March,  1828. 


Thomas  Penulr,  Conipt. 


No.  HI.— Statement  of  the  Number  of  Persons  convicted  of  Forgery  of  all  Instruments  connected 
with  the  Chartered  and  other  Banks  of  Scotland  ;  whether  of  Bank  Notes,  of  Post  liill.s,  Bills  of 
E.tchange,  or  otherwise,  from  1791  to  1829,  both  inclusive  ;  particularizing  the  Capital  Convictionu 
upon  which  Execution  took  place,  and  the  Cases  of  mitigated  Punishment. 


For  Forging. 

For  Uttering. 

Tol«l  Number 
Convicted. 

Number  where  Paini 
of  Law  restricted, 

and  Sentence  thort  of 
Death  pronounced. 

Number  on 
whom  Capital 
Sentence  pro- 
nounced. 

Number  whoie 
Sentences  were  niitU 
gated  by  Hit  Majealy. 

Number 
Executed. 

Panloneil. 

Cnmmiiled. 

49 

150 

199 

172 

27 

2 

" 

16 

Edinburgh, 
18th  of  June,  1830. 


Certified  by 


V   Banks  (Irish). 


Ja.  Anderson, 
Depute  Clerk  of  Justiciary. 


"  In  no  country,  perhaps,"  says  Sir  Henry  Parnell,  "  has  the  issuing  of  paper  money 
been  cairied  to  such  an  injurious  excess  as  in  Ireland.  A  national  bank  was  establi.shcd  in 
1783,  with  similar  privileges  to  those  of  the  Bank  of  England,  in  respect  to  the  restriction 
of  more  than  6  partners  in  a  bank ;  and  the  injury  that  Ireland  has  sustained  from  the 
Repeated  failure  of  banks  may  be  mainly  attributed  to  this  defective  regulation.  Hud  the 
trade  of  banking  been  left  as  free  in  Ireland  as  it  is  in  Scotland,  the  want  of  paper  money 
that  would  have  arisen  with  the  progress  of  trade  would,  in  all  probability,  have  been  su[)- 
plied  by  joint  stock  companies,  supported  with  large  capitals,  and  governed  by  wise  and 
effectual  rules. 

"In  1797,  when  the  Bank  of  England  suspended  its  payments,  the  same  privilege  was 
exteniled  to  Ireland ;  and  after  this  period  the  issues  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  were  rapidly 
increased.  In  1797,  the  amount  of  the  notes  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  in  circulation  was 
621,917/.;  in  1810,  2,266,471/.;  and  in  1814,2,986,999/. 

"These  increased  issues  led  to  corresponding  increased  issues  by  the  private  banks,  of 
which  the  number  was  50  in  the  year  1804.  The  consequence  of  this  increase  of  paper  was 
a  great  depreciation  of  it ;  the  price  of  bullion  and  guineas  rose  to  10  per  cent,  above  the 
mint  price ;  and  the  exchange  with  London  became  as  high  as  18  per  cent.,  the  par  being 
8^.  This  unfavourable  exchange  was  afterwards  corrected ;  not  by  any  reduction  in  the 
issues  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  but  by  the  depreciation  of  the  British  currency  in  the  year 
1810,  when  the  exchange  between  London  and  Dublin  settled  again  at  about  par. 

"  The  loss  that  Ireland  has  sustained  by  the  failure  of  banks  may  be  described  in  a  few 
words.  It  appears  by  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Iri^h  Exchanges  in  1804,  that  there 
were  at  that  time  in  Ireland  50  registered  banks.  Since  that  year,  a  great  many  more  have 
been  established;  but  tke  whole  have  failed,  one  after  the  other,  involving  the  country  from 
time  to  time  in  immense  distress,  with  the  following  exceptions : — iirst,  a  few  that  withdrew 
from  business ;  secondly,  four  banks  in  Dublin  ;  thirdly,  three  at  Belfast ;  and  lastly,  one  at 
Mallow.  These  eight  banks,  with  the  new  Provincial  Bank,  and  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  are 
the  only  banks  now  existing  in  Ireland. 

"In  1821,  in  consequence  of  II  banks  having  failed  nearly  at  the  same  time  in  the  pre- 
ceding yeai,  in  the  South  of  Ireland,  government  succeeded  in  making  an  arrangement 
with  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  by  which  joint  stock  companies  were  allowed  to  be  established  at 
a  distance  of  50  miles  (Irish)  from  Dublin,  and  the  bank  was  permitted  to  increase  its  capi- 
tal 500,000/.    The  act  of  I  &  2  Geo.  4.  c.  72.  was  founded  on  this  agreement. 

"  But  ministers  having  omitted  to  repeal  in  this  act  various  restrictions  on  the  trade  of 
banking  that  had  been  imposed  by  33  Geo.  2.  c.  14.,  no  new  company  was  formed.  In  1824, 
a  party  of  merchants  of  Belfast,  wishing  to  establish  a  joint  stock  company,  petitioned  par- 
liament for  the  repeal  of  this  act  of  Geo.  2. ;  and  an  act  was  accordingly  passed  in  that 
session,  repealing  some  of  the  most  objectionable  restrictions  of  it  (the  5  Geo.  4.  c.  73.). 

"  In  consequence  of  this  act,  the  Northern  Bank  of  Belfast  was  converted  into  a  joint 
stock  company,  with  a  capital  of  500,000/.,  and  commenced  business  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1825.  But  the  remaining  restrictions  of  33  Geo.  2.,  and  certain  provisions  contained  in  the 
L  16 


122 


BANKS  (IRISH). 


i 


'f 


i  . 


new  acts  of  1  &  2  Geo.  3.  and  5  Geo.  4.,  obstructed  the  progress  of  this  company,  and  they 
found  it  necessary  to  apply  to  government  to  remove  them  ;  and  a  bill  was  accordingly  in- 
troduced, which  would  liave  repealed  all  the  obnoxious  clauses  of  the  33  Geo.  2.,  had  it  not 
been  so  altered  in  the  committee  as  to  leave  several  of  them  in  force.  In  1825,  the  Provin- 
cial  Bank  of  Ireland  commenced  business  with  a  capital  of  2,000,000/. ;  and  the  Bank  of 
Ireland  has  of  late  established  branches  in  all  the  principal  towns  in  Ireland. 

"  The  losses  that  have  been  sustained  in  Ireland  by  abusing  the  power  of  issuing  paper 
have  been  so  great,  that  much  more  is  necessary  to  be  done,  by  way  of  protecting  the  public 
from  future  loss,  than  the  measure  proposed  last  session  (1826)  by  ministers,  of  abolishing 
small  notes ;  and  the  measure  already  adopted,  of  allowing  joint  stock  companies  to  be 
established  in  the  interior  of  the  country.  As  the  main  source  of  the  evil  consists  in  the 
interference  of  the  law  in  creating  a  national  bank  with  exclusive  privileges,  the  first  stim 
that  ought  to  be  taken  for  introducing  a  good  system  into  Ireland  is  the  getting  rid  of  such  a 
bank,  and  opening  the  trade  of  banking  in  Dublin.  The  next  measure  should  be  the  requjr. 
ing  of  each  bank  to  give  security  for  the  amount  of  paper  that  is  issued ;  for  after  the  expe. 
rience  of  the  ignorance  with  which  the  Irish  banks  have  conducted  their  business,  and  the 
derangement  of  the  natural  course  of  the  trade  by  the  long  existence  of  the  bank  of  Ireland, 
it  Would  be  unwise  to  calculate  upon  a  sound  system  of  banking  speedily  supplanting  that 
which  has  been  established. 

"  Under  the  circumstances  in  which  Ireland  is  placed,  nothing  would  so  much  contribute 
to  her  rapid  improvement  in  wealth,  as  the  introducing  of  the  Scotch  plan  of  cash  credits, 
and  of  paying  interest  on  deposits.  By  cash  credits,  the  capital  which  now  exists  would  be 
rendered  more  efficient,  and  the  paying  of  interest  on  small  deposits  would  lead  to  habits  of 

economy,  and  to  the  more  rapid  accumulation  of  new  capital. 

"The  charter  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  has  still  to  run  till  the  year  1838." — {Observatum 

on  Paper  Monty,  SfC.  by  Sir  Henry  Pamell,  pp.  171 — 177.) 

The  capital  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  at  its  establishment  in  1783  amounted  to  600,000/.; 

but  it  has  been  increased  at  various  periods ;  and  has,  since  1821,  amounted  to  3,000,000/. 

At  present,  no  bank  having  more  than  6  partners  can  be  established  any  where  within  50 

Irish  miles  of  Dublin ;  nor  is  any  such  bank  allowed  to  draw  bills  upon  Dublin  for  less  than 

50/.,  or  at  a  shorter  date  than  6  months.     This  enactment  seems  to  amount  to  a  virtual  pro. 

hibition  of  the  drawing  of  such  bills.     The  Bank  of  Ireland  draws  on  London  at  20  days' 

date.     She  neither  grants  cash  credits,  nor  allows  any  interest  on  deposits.     She  discounts 

at  the  rate  of  5/.  per  cent. 

In  1828,  the  currency  of  Ireland  was  assimilated  to  that  of  Great  Britain.     Previously 

to  that  period,  the  currency  of  the  former  was  8^  per  cent,  less  valuable  than  that  of  the 

latter. 

Account  of  Bank  of  Ireland  Notes  in  Circulation,  including  Bank  Post  Bills,  in  each  Half  Year,  com. 
mencing  with  the  Half  Year  ending  Ist  of  January,  1797,  to  1st  of  January,  1819,  inclusive. 


Vun. 

January  1. 

July  1. 

Yean. 

January  1. 

July  1. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£            ' 

1797 

733.763 

785,101 

1809 

3,002,699 

3,144,677 

1798 

1,081,512 

1,245,214 

1810 

3,170,064 

3,171,607 

1799 

1,363,710 

1,557,737 

1811 

3,331,892 

3,472,781 

1800 

1,938,381 

2,317,235 

1813 

3,616,476 

3,763,229 

1801 

2,350,133 

3,323,901 

1813 

3,957,920 

4,199,474 

1802 

2,431,152 

2,587,187 

1814 

4,165,906 

4,281,149 

1803 

2,662,405 

3,617,144 

1815 

4,528,041 

4,431,455 

1804 

2,798,767 

2,859,977 

1816 

4,179,549 

4,193,8,'-.3 

1605 

2,817,697 

2,778,635 

1817 

4,277,018 

4,304,040 

180*1 

2,560,271 

2,517,581 

1818 

4,387,155 

4,413,463 

1807 

2,693,796 

2,789,544 
2,796,835 

1819 

4,477,019 

1808 

V«,717 

An  Account  of  the  Average  Amount  of  Bank  of  Ireland  Notes,  Including  Bank  Post  Bills,  issued  dur- 
ing the  Six  Yeura  ending  with  1825. 


Tean. 


Nolo  and  BilU. 


1820  'of  52.  and  upwards 
I  under  51. 

1821  of  52.  and  upwards 
I  under  5{. 

1822  of  52.  and  upwards 
under  bl. 


Irish  Currency, 


£  s. 
2,894,777  6 
1,314,806  15 


3,501,119  11 
1,710,603    3 


3,618,111     1 
1,552,321     S 


£  s. 
4,309,564  0 
5,311,792  14 
5,170,432    3 


run. 


1823 
1634 
1635 


Nolet  and  Dills. 


of  52.  and  upwards 
under  SI. 

of  5/.  and  upwards 
under  52. 

of  52.  and  upwards 
under  52. 


Irish  Currency. 


£  s. 
3,528,625  7 
1,566,764    7 


3,890,337    6 
1,732,116    6 


4,446,995    0 
1,964,354    8 


£       I. 

5,117,389  !« 

i 
5,022,434  Ui 

6,411,349  « 


(Commons  Report  of  1626,  p.  29.) 
There  is  no  later  account  of  the  circulation  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  or  oftheother  Irish  banks.  The 
entire  paper  circulatiou  of  Ireland  may  now,  probably,  amount  to  between  7,000,0002.  and  8m,m. 
sterling. 


I 


1633. 
1833. 


It  appeal 
that  the  avc 
in  circulat 
rency;  and 
the  same  p« 
all  descripti 
1,192,886/. 
Provindt 
founded  in 
of  100/.  eac 
London ;  ai 
Sligo,  Wex 
lina,  Tralee 
have  been  o 
the  court  of 
the  control  o 
gentlemen  ol 
consists  of  d 
receiving  dci 
drawing  and 
other  details 
course  of  a  s 
to  Ireland  on 
maintained  tl 

The  notes 
issued.    The 
her  branches 
which  tended 
and  other  prii 
gatory  on  all 
are  received  b; 
Ireland ;  and  i 
those  parts  of 
dends  have  be 
per  annum, 
or  36/. 

Northern  B 
branches  are  d 
extensive  scale 
nearly  in  the  c 

There  are  v 
compared  witb 


To  attempt 
exceed  our  lim 

The  Bank  q 
was  founded  so 
was  essentiall) 
current  money 

The  Bank 
ments  were  ma 
According  to 
times  in  its  cofl 
privately  lent  a 
stance  transpiri 
my  edition  oft 

The  Bank  o 
Bank  of  Englo 
The  original  C8 


ly,  and  they 
;ordingly  in- 
!.,  had  it  not 
the  Provin- 
ic  Bank  of 

isuing  paper 
ig  the  public 
of  al>o!i»hing 
panies  to  be 
isists  in  the 
the  first  step 
rid  of  such  a 
le  the  requir-    1 
er  the  expe-    I 
ness,  and  the    I 
ik  of  Ireland,    ' 
planting  that    1 
1 
ch  contribute    I 
cash  credits,    ; 
ists  would  be 
I  to  habits  of 

Observatiom 

to  600,000/.; 
)  3,000,000/. 
ere  within  50 
for  less  than 
a  virtual  pro. 
n  at  20  days' 
5he  discounts 

Previously 
n  that  of  tlie 


ilf  Year,  com- 
iclusivc. 


Juljr  I. 


£ 
J,  144,677 
},171,607 
J,472,781 
J,763,229 
1,199,474 
1,281,149 
l,4.'J4,455 
1,193,8,13 
1,304,040 
1,413,463 


hrrcncy. 


£      I. 

I  5,117,389  U> 

9,033,4U14 

16,411,349  ^ 


1626,  p.  29.) 
1  bankn.  The 
U  8,010,0001. 


Is,  issued  dur- 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 


123 


nteturn  of  the  Amount  of  the  Notes  of  the  Bunk  of  Ireland  (Includini;  Hunk  Post  Bills)  in  Circula- 
tion at  the  iindormentioncd  Periods.— (farZ.  Paper,  So.  435.  Sess.  1831.) 


1839.    June  7.    - 

1833.    January  3. 

July  4.     - 


£  «.  d. 
3,975,322  7  5 
4,245,528  10  11 
3,790,653    7    7 


1834. 


January  2. 
June  5. 


£  s.  d. 
3,fflM),8'11  7  6 
3,791,951  19    4 


Sup.) 

It  appears  from  the  statements  given  in  the  Report  of  the  Commons'  Committee  of  1826, 
that  the  average  value  of  the  notes  and  post  bills  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland  of  S/,  and  upwards 
in  circulation,  during  the  five  years  ending  with  1825,  amounted  to  3,646,660/.  Irish  cur- 
rency ;  and  that  the  average  value  of  the  notes  and  post  bills  under  5/.  in  circulation  during 
the  same  period  amounted  to  1,643,828/.  Irish  currency.  The  average  value  of  the  notes  of 
all  descriptions  issued  by  the  other  banking  establishments  in  Ireland,  in  1825,  amounted  to 
1,192,886/. 

Provincial  Bank  of  Ireland. — This  important  establishment  was,  as  already  stated, 
founded  in  1825.  lu  subscribed  capital  consists  of  2,000,000/.  divided  into  20,000  shares 
of  100/.  each,  of  which  25  per  cent,  or  500,000/.,  has  been  paid  up.  Its  head  office  is  in 
London ;  and  at  present  it  has  subordinate  offices  in  Cork,  Limerick,  Clonmel,  Londonderry, 
Sligo,  Wexford,  Waterford,  Belfast,  Galway,  Armagh,  Athlone,  Coleraine,  Kilkenny,  Bal- 
lina,  Tralee,  Youghall,  Enniskillen,  Monaghan,  Banbridge,  and  Ballymena.  The  last  5 
have  been  opened  since  1831.  The  entire  management  of  the  establishment  is  vested  in 
the  court  of  directors  in  London.  The  business  of  the  branch  banks  is  conducted,  under 
the  control  of  the  head  office,  by  the  managers,  with  the  advice  and  assistance  of  2  or  more 
gentlemen  of  respectability  in  the  district,  each  holding  10  shares  in  the  bank.  The  business 
consists  of  discounting  bills ;  granting  cash  credits,  after  the  manner  of  the  Scotch  banks ; 
receiving  deposits,  on  which  interests,  varying  according  to  circumstances,  is  allowed ;  in 
drawing  and  giving  letters  of  credit  on  other  places  of  Ireland,  Great  Britain,  &c. ;  and  of 
other  details  incident  to  banking.  It  has  had  several  pretty  severe  runs  to  sustain.  In  the 
course  of  a  single  week,  in  October,  1828,  about  1,000,000/.  in  gold  was  sent  from  England 
to  Ireland  on  account  of  the  Provincial  Bank!  This  prompt  and  ample  supply  effectually 
maintained  the  credit  of  the  establishment,  and  did  much  to  restore  confidenr 

The  notes  of  the  Provincial  Bank  have  always  been  payable  at  the  places  where  they  are 
issued.  The  Bank  of  Ireland  began  to  establish  branches  in  1825;  but  the  notes  issued  by 
her  branches  were  not,  at  first,  payable  except  at  the  head  office  in  Dublin.  This  distinction, 
which  tended  to  throw  the  principal  pressure  of  runs  in  the  country  on  the  Provincial  Bank, 
and  other  private  companies,  was  abolished  by  the  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  81.,  which  made  it  obli- 
gatory on  all  banks  to  pay  their  notes  at  the  place  of  issue.  Notes  of  the  Provincial  Bank 
are  received  by  the  Treasury  in  payment  of  taxes,  in  the  same  way  as  those  of  the  Bank  of 
Ireland ;  and  it  is  the  bank  of  government  for  the  excise,  post-office,  and  stamp  revenues  for 
those  parts  of  the  country  beyond  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland.  The  divi- 
dends have  been  at  the  rate  of  4,  5,  and,  since  the  25th  of  December,  1832,  of  6  per  cent, 
per  annum.  Its  stock  is  now  at  a  '.tigh  premium,  the  25/.  paid  up  shares  fetching  35/. 
or  36/. 

Northern  Banking  Company, — ^This  establishment  has  its  head  office  in  Belfast,  and  its 
branches  are  distributed  throughout  Ulster.  Its  capital  and  operations  are  on  a  much  less 
extensive  scale  than  those  of  the  Provincial  Batdc,  but  in  other  respects  they  are  conducted 
nearly  in  the  same  way. 

There  are  very  few  private  banking  establishments  at  present  existing  in  Ireland,  at  least 
compared  with  those  in  this  country. 

VI.  Baitks  (Fobkion). 

To  attempt  giving  any  detailed  account  of  the  principal  foreign  banks  would  very  far 
exceed  our  limits ;  we  shall,  therefore,  only  notice  a  few  of  the  more  celebrated. 

The  Bank  of  Venice  seems  to  have  been  the  first  banking  establishment  in  Europe.  It 
was  founded  so  early  as  1171,  and  subsisted  till  the  subversion  of  the  republic  in  1797.  It 
was  essentially  a  deposit  bank ;  and  its  bills  bore  at  all  times  a  premium  or  agio  over  <!he 
current  money  of  the  city. 

The  Bank  of  Amsterdam  was  established  in  1659.  It  was  a  deposit  bank ;  and  pay- 
ments were  made  by  writing  off  sums  from  the  account  of  one  individual  to  those  of  another. 
According  to  the  principles  on  which  the  bbnk  was  established,  it  should  have  had  at  all 
times  in  its  coffers  bullion  equal  to  the  full  amount  of  the  claims  upon  it.  But  the  directors 
privately  lent  about  10,500,000  florins  to  the  states  of  Holland  and  Friesland.  This  circum- 
stance transpired  when  the  French  invaded  Holland,  and  caused  the  ruin  of  the  bank. — (Sec 
my  edition  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  ii.  p.  333.) 

The  Bank  (fthe  Netherlands  was  established  in  1814.  It  is  formed  on  the  model  of  the 
Bank  of  England;  and  was  to  enjoy  for  25  years  the  exclusive  privilege  of  issuing  notes. 
The  original  capital  of  5,000,000  llorins  was  doubled  in  1 8 19.    The  king  holds  one  tenth  of 


-it 


0 


124 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 


't 


the  aharcs.  The  afTairn  of  the  bank  arc  managed  by  a  president,  secretary,  and  5  dirccton 
who  are  chosen  every  6  months,  but  may  be  indefinitely  re-elected.  This  banii  discounts 
bills  of  exchange  with  three  responsible  signatures;  it  takes  continuations  on  stock,  and 
sometimes  lends  on  bullion  at  such  a  rate  of  interest  and  to  such  an  extent  as  may  be  agreed 
upon.  It  occasionally,  also,  makes  loans  on  merchandise,  but  never  at  less  than  5  per  cent. 
Its  notes  vary  from  1,000  florins  to  25  florins,  that  is,  from  83}/.  to  2  ,-'^/.  The  dividends 
have  varied  from  3  to  7  per  cent.  The  shares  are  each  1,000  florins,  and  are  at  present 
Horth  25  per  cent,  premium  cx-dlvidcnd.  The  responsibility  of  the  shareholders  is  limited 
to  the  amount  of  their  stock. — (Consul'*  Answer  to  Circular  Queries.) 

The  Bank  of  Hamburgh  is  a  deposit  bank,  and  its  affairs  are  managed  according  to  a 
system  that  insures  the  fullest  publicity.  It  receives  no  deposits  in  coin,  but  only  in  bullion 
of  a  certain  degree  of  fineness.  It  charges  itself  with  the  bullion  at  the  rate  of  4 12  schillings 
the  mark,  and  issues  it  at  a  rate  of  444  schillings;  being  a  charge  of  ^ths,  or  nearly  j  per 
cent,  for  its  retention.  It  advances  money  on  jewels  to  jths  of  their  value.  The  city  is 
answerable  for  all  pledges  deposited  with  the  bank  ;  they  may  be  sold  by  auction,  if  they 
remain  1  year  and  6  weeks  without  any  interest  being  paid.  If  the  value  be  not  claimed 
within  3  years,  it  is  forfeited  to  the  poor.  The  Bank  of  Hamburgh  is  universally  admitted 
to  be  one  of  the  best  managed  in  EurojM!. 

The  Bank  of  France  was  founded  in  1 803.  The  exclusive  privilege  of  issuing  notes 
payable  to  bearer  was  granted  to  it  for  40  years.  The  capital  of  the  bank  consisted  at  first 
of  45,000,000  fr.,  but  it  was  subsequently  increased  to  90,000,000  fr.,  divided  into  90,000 
shares  or  actions  of  1,000  fr.  each.  Of  these  shares,  67,900  are  in  the  hands  of  the  public; 
22,100,  being  purchased  up  by  the  bank,  form  part  of  her  capital.  The  notes  issued  by  the 
bank  are  for  1 ,000  and  .500  fr.  The  dividend  varies  from  4  to  5  per  cent. ;  and  there  is, 
besides,  a  reserve  retained  from  the  profits,  which  is  vested  in  the  5  per  cents.  A  bonus  of 
200  fr.  a  share  was  paid  out  of  this  reserve  to  the  shareholders  in  1820.  The  reserve  in 
possession  of  the  bank  in  1828,  amounted  to  6,623,000  fr.  No  bills  are  discounted  thfit 
have  more  than  3  months  to  run.  The  customary  rate  of  discount  is  4  per  cent.,  but  it 
varies  according  to  circumstances.  The  discounts  in  1827  amounted  to  621,000,000  fr, 
The  bank  is  obliged  to  open  a  compte  courant  for  every  one  who  requires  it ;  and  performs 
services  for  those  who  have  such  accounts,  similar  to  those  rendered  by  the  private  banks 
of  London  to  their  customers.  She  is  not  allowed  to  charge  any  commission  upon  current 
accounts,  so  that  her  only  remuneration  arises  out  of  the  use  of  the  money  placed  in  her 
hands  by  the  individuals  whose  payments  she  makes.  This  branch  of  the  business  is  said 
not  to  be  profitable.  There  are  about  1,600  accounts  current  at  the  bank;  and  of  the  entire 
expenses  of  the  establishment,  amounting  to  about  900,000  fr.  a  year,  two  thirds  are  said  to 
be  incurred  'n  this  department.  The  bank  advances  money  on  pledges  of  different  kinds, 
such  as  foreign  coin  or  bullion,  government  or  other  securities,  &c.  It  also  undertakes  the 
care  of  valuable  articles,  as  plate,  jewels,  bills,  title-deeds,  &c.  The  charge  is  i  per  cent 
of  the  value  of  each  deposit  for  every  period  of  6  months  or  under. 

The  administration  of  the  bank  is  vested  in  a  council  general  of  20  members,  viz.  17 
regents,  and  3  censors,  who  are  nominated  by  200  of  the  principal  proprietors.  The  king 
appoints  the  governor  and  deputy  governor.  The  first  must  be  possessed  of  150,  and  the 
latter  of  50  shares.  A  compte  rendu  is  annually  published,  and  a  report  by  the  censors, 
which  together  give  a  very  full  exposition  of  the  affairs  of  the  bank.  The  institution  is 
flourishing,  and  enjoys  unlimited  credit. — (For  further  details  with  respect  to  the  Bank  of 
France,  see  Storch,  Cours  d'Economie  Politique.  Paris,  1823,  torn.  iv.  pp.  168 — 180.,  and 
the  Comptes  Rendus  of  the  diflercnt  years.) 

Banks  have  also  been  established  at  Berlin,  Copenhagen,  Vienna,  and  Petersburgh. 
Those  who  wish  for  detailed  information  with  respect  to  these  establishments,  may  consult 
the  work  of  M.  Storch,  to  which  we  have  just  referred.  In  the  4th  volume,  there  is  an  ad- 
mirable account  of  the  paper  money  nf  the  different  continental  states.  The  objects  we  have 
in  view  will  be  accomplished  by  laying  before  our  readers  the  following  details  with  respect 
to  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Russia,  established  in  1818: — "This  bank  receives  deposits  in 
gold  and  silver,  foreign  as  well  as  Russian  coin,  and  in  bars  and  ingots.  It  has  a  departnnent 
for  transferring  the  sums  deposited  with  it,  on  the  plan  of  the  Hamburgh  Bank.  It  dis- 
counts bills,  and  lends  money  on  deposits  of  merchandise  of  Russian  produce  or  origin.  Its 
capital  consists  of  30,000,000  of  bank-note  rubles.  It  is  administered  by  a  governor  and  4 
directors  appointed  by  government,  and  4  directors  elected  by  the  commercial  body  of  Peters- 
burgh. The  property  in  the  bank  is  protected  against  all  taxation,  sequestration,  or  attach- 
ment ;  and  it  is  enacted,  that  subjects  of  countries  with  which  Russia  may  be  at  war  shall 
be  entitled  at  all  times  to  receive  back  their  deposits  without  any  reservation.  It  is  also  de- 
clared, that  at  no  time  shall  the  bank  be  called  upon  for  any  part  of  its  capital  to  assist  the 
government  All  deposits  must  be  made  for  6  months  at  least,  and  be  repayable  at  or  before 
that  period,  and  not  be  less  than  500  rubles :  sums  so  deposited  to  pay  i  per  cent  The 
deposits,  if  in  bars,  ingots,  or  foreign  specie,  are  estimated  in  Russian  silver  coin,  and  so  regis- 
tered in  the  attestation;  and  il'  not  demanded  back  within  15  days  of  the  expiration  of 6 


months,  or  t 
claiming  his 
bills  are  dis 
<liscount  is  ( 
l)e  given  tha 
tion  to  draw 
303.)     Thi( 

The  Bani 
lars,  divided 
the  United  I 
&c.  In  183 
than  5  dollar 
advances  on 
of  whom,  bei 
States.     Sev 

The  princi 
seven  subonli 
joined  is  a  sti 
the  1st  of  Ap 


Notes  discoiii 
Domestic  hilli 
Funded  debt  I 
Real  estate 
Funds  in  Eiiri 
Specie 
Public  deposii 
Private  depog 
Circulation 


The  total  lit 

notes  in  circul 

dollars;  and  i 

companies,  &i 

showing  the  st 

world. — {Repo 

Dec.  4.  1832.) 

both  houses  of 

ever,  seems  to 

can  be  entertaii 

(We  stated  i 

this  cstablishmi 

of  the  present  j 

Pennsylvania,  I 

chartered  by  th 

States  Bank  no 

greatest  bankiii 

none  anywhere 

Thfc  establish 

ing  a  currency 

period  when  it  \ 

currency  of  the 

they  have  suffer 

the  banks  south 

official  returns,  i 

1st  of  January,  ; 

most  of  these  ba 

private  banking 

fixed  capital,  the 

extent  of  their  si 

value  has  been  f 

said  in  this  couii 

Massachusetts,  a 

tem  of  country  bi 

to  improve  it,  by 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 


125 


re  is  an  ad- 
its we  have 
iith  respect 
deposits  in 
department 
ik.  It  dis- 
)Tigin.  Its 
xnor  and  4 
f  of  Peters- 
,  or  attach- 
,t  war  shaO 
is  also  de- 
o  assist  the 
it  or  before 
:ent  The 
id  so  regis- 
irationofB 


I 


months,  or  the  necessary  premium  paid  for  the  prolongation,  the  owner  loses  the  right  of 
claiming  his  original  deposit,  and  must  take  its  estimated  value  in  Russian  silver  coin.  No 
liiils  are  discounted  that  have  less  than  8  days  or  more  than  6  months  to  run.  The  rate  of 
discount  is  6  per  cent.  No  interest  is  allowed  on  money  deposited  in  the  bank,  unless  notice 
be  given  that  it  will  be  allowed  to  lie  for  a  year,  and  3  months'  notice  be  given  of  the  inten- 
tion to  draw  it  out,  when  six  per  cent,  interest  is  allowed." — (Kelli/'a  Cambist,  vol.  i.  p. 
303.)     This  bank  has  branches  at  Archangel,  Moscow,  Odessa,  Riga,  &c. 

The  Bank  of  the  United  States  was  incorporated  in  1816.  Its  capital  is  35,000,000  dol- 
lars, divided  into  350,000  shares  of  100  dollars  each.  Seven  millions  were  subscribed  by 
the  United  States,  and  the  remaining  28,000,000  by  individuals,  companies,  corporations, 
Ac.  In  1833,  84,000  .hares  were  held  by  foreigners.  The  bank  issues  no  note  for  less 
than  5  dollars ;  all  its  notes  are  payable  in  specie  on  demand.  It  discounts  bills  and  makes 
advances  on  bullion  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent.  The  management  is  under  25  directors :  5 
of  whom,  being  holders  of  stock,  are  annually  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States.     Seven  directors,  including  the  president,  constitute  a  Board. 

The  principal  office  of  the  bank  is  in  Philadelphia;  but  in  January,  1830,  it  had  twenty- 
seven  subordinate  offices,  or  branch  banks,  established  in  different  parts  of  the  Union.  Sub- 
joined is  a  statement  of  some  of  the  items  in  the  affairs  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  Ist  of  April,  1830,  and  the  2d  of  November,  1832. 


Notes  discounted             .... 

1830. 

1832. 

32,138,'r089  del. 

45,726,034  95  dol. 

I)onit>stic  bills  discminted           ... 

10,506,882'54 

16,304,498  48 

Funded  debt  held  by  the  bank   ... 

11,122,530!)0 

4,747,690-45 

Real  estate           ..... 

?,891, 890-75 

1,822,721-51 

Funds  in  Europe,  equal  to  specie 

2,789,498-54 

2,685,016-26 

Specie      --.... 

9,043,748-97 

8,026,055-45 

Public  deposits     ... 

8,905,501-87 

6,957,621-54 

Private  deposits  ..... 

7,704,256-87 

7,622,898-84 

Circulation           .           -           .           -           - 

16,083,894-00 

17,968,733-36 

The  total  liabilities  of  the  bank  to  the  public  on  the  Ist  of  November,  1832,  including  its 
notes  in  circulation,  deposits,  and  debts  to  the  holders  of  public  funds,  were  37,296,950-20 
dollars;  and  its  assets,  including  specie,  cash  in  Europe,  debts  from  individuals,  banking 
companies,  &c.  were  79,593,870'97  dollars ;  leaving  a  surplus  of  42,296,920*77  dollars, 
showing  the  stability  of  the  bank  to  be  equal  to  that  of  any  institution  of  the  sort  in  the 
world. — (Report  to  Secretary  of  Treasury  on  Affairs  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States, 
Dec.  4. 1832.)  The  charter  of  the  bank  expires  in  1836.  A  bill  for  its  renewal  passed 
both  houses  of  Congress  in  1832,  but  was  rejected  by  the  President.  The  probability,  how- 
ever, seems  to  be,  that  the  measure  will  still  pass.  Of  its  expediency  no  reasonable  doubt 
can  be  entertained. 

(We  stated  in  our  last  Supplement  that  the  President  had  succeeded  in  his  contest  with 
this  establishment,  and  that  the  probability  was,  that  it  would  wind  up  its  affairs  in  the  course 
of  the  present  year.  But  since  then  it  has  been  rechartered,  in  so  far  at  least  as  respects 
Pennsylvania,  by  the  legislature  of  that  state ;  and  it  seems  to  be  expected  that  it  will  be  re- 
chartered  by  the  legislature  of  some  of  the  other  states.  Although,  therefore,  the  United 
States  Bank  no  longer  exists,  as  a  great  national  establishment,  it  maintains  its  place  as  the 
greatest  banking  company  of  the  New  World  ;  and  is,  in  this  respect,  second,  indeed,  to 
none  anywhere  to  be  met  with,  except  the  Bank  of  England. — Sup.) 

Thb  establishment  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  has  been  of  material  service,  by  afford- 
ing a  currency  of  undoubted  solidity,  readily  accepted  in  all  parts  of  the  Union.  At  the 
period  when  it  was  organized,  nothing  could  be  in  a  less  satisfactory  condition  than  the  paper 
currency  of  the  United  States ;  in  fact,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  England  and  Ireland, 
they  have  suffered  more  than  any  other  country  from  the  abuse  "f  banking.  In  1814,  all 
the  banks  south  and  west  of  Ne  v  England  stopped  payment;  and  it  appears,  from  the 
official  returns,  that  in  all,  no  fewer  than  165  banks  were  in  this  predicament  between  the 
Ist  of  January,  1811,  and  the  Ist  of  January,  1830!  It  is  of  importance  to  obser>'e,  that 
most  of  these  banks  were  joint  stock  companies.  At  present,  indeed,  there  are  no  strictly 
private  banking  companies  in  the  United  States.  They  are  all  incorporated  by  law,  with  a 
fixed  capital,  the  shareholders  being  only  liable  in  most  cases,  though  not  uniformly,  to  the 
extent  of  their  shares.  They  all  issue  notes  of  5  dollars :  but  the  issue  of  notes  of  a  lower 
value  has  been  forbidden  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia.  A  good  deal  has  been 
said  in  this  country  of  the  flourishing  state  of  the  New  England  banks,  particularly  those  of 
Massachusetts,  and  they  have  been  held  up  as  ".  model  for  our  imitation.  But,  bad  as  our  sys- 
tem of  country  banking  undoubtedly  is,  we  should  be  exceeding  sorry  to  see  any  attempt  made 
to  improve  it,  by  the  adoption  of  even  the  best  parts  of  the  American  system.  Among  other 
1.2 


120 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 


!     ' 


^ 


i 


!      r 


'    t 


rcgulntiuns,  an  act  of  the  I(!i;i8lature  of  Massachusetts  provides  that  no  bank  for  the  issue  of 
notes  can  go  into  operation  in  any  way,  until  at  least  half  its  capital  stock  shall  be  paid  in 
gold  and  silver  into  the  bank,  and  be  actually  existing  in  its  coffers;  and  the  cashier  of 
every  bank  is  bound  to  make  specific  returns  once  a  year  of  its  debts  and  assets,  on  being 
required  to  do  so  by  the  secretary  of  state.     But  such  regulations  are  found  in  practice,  to 
be  nearly  if  not  wholly  worthless.    Instances  have  occurred  of  banks  having  borrowed  an 
amount  of  dollars  equal  to  half  their  capital,  for  a  smgle  day;  and  of  such  dollars  having 
been  examined  by  the  commissioners  appointed  for  that  purpose,  and  reported  by  them,  and 
sworn  by  a  majority  of  the  directors  to  be  the  first  instalment  paid  by  the  stockholders  of 
the  bank,  and  intended  to  remain  in  it! — (Gmige's  Paper  Money  and  Banking  in  the 
United  States,  paTt  ii.  p.  157.)     We  do  not,  of  course,  imagine  that  such  disgraceful  in- 
stances can  be  of  common  occurrence ;  but  a  system  which  permits  of  frauds  of  this  sort 
being  perpetrated  under  cover  of  authority,  must  be  altogether  vicious.     The  publicity,  too, 
to  which  the  banks  are  subject,  is  injurious  rather  than  otherwise.     They  know  when  they 
are  to  be  called  upon  to  make  their  returns ;  and  in  order  to  render  them  as  favourable  as 
possible,  they  are  in  the  habit,  for  a  month  or  two  previously,  of  narrowing  their  discounts, 
to  the  great  inconvenience  of  those  with  whom  they  deal ;  and  endeavour  by  every  means 
in  their  power,  through  temporary  loans,  and  all  manner  of  devices,  to  swell  the  amount  of 
bullion  in  their  coflbrs  on  the  day  of  examination.    If  the  banks  were  obliged  to  make  regular 
weekly  or  even  monthly  returns  of  their  situation,  they  might  afford  some  little  useful  in- 
formation ;  but  it  is  abundantly  obvious,  that  that  whi'^h  is  derived  from  the  present  returns 
must  be,  even  when  not  so  intended,  misleading  and  deserving  of  very  little  attention.    The 
truth  cannot  be  too  oflen  repeated,  that  it  is  quite  impossible  ever  to  organize  secure  banks 
of  issue, — and  i.t  is  with  such  only  that  the  legislature  has  any  right  to  interfere, — except  by 
obliging  them  to  give  security  for  their  notes.     Every  other  scheme,  how  carefully  soever  it 
may  be  devised,  is  sure  in  the  end  to  prove  nugatory  and  to  be  defeated.    That  part  of  the 
American  system  which  liipits  the  responsibility  of  the  partners  in  a  bank  to  the  amount  of 
their  shares,  eeems  to  us  to  be  in  the  last  degree  objectionable.    It  affords  a  strong  tempta- 
tion to  the  commission  of  fraud,  and  we  have  yet  to  leam  that  it  possesses  a  single  counter- 
vailing advantage.     We  have  been  assured  by  those  well  acquainted  with  the  facts,  that  it 
has  been  productive  of  the  most  mischievous  consequences.     Six  of  the  Massachusetts  banks, 
having,  or  professing  to  have,  a  capital  of  800,000  dollars,  failed  between  the  1st  of  January, 
181 1,  and  the  1st  of  July,  1830. 

We  subjoin  an  official  abstract  of  the  state  of  the  84  banks  existing  in  Massachusetts,  on 
the  first  Saturday  of  August,  1832. 


Abstract  Account  of  the  Massachusetts  Banks. 

Capital  stock  paid  in    - 

Dot  Ian. 

Bills  of  Banks  in  this  State     - 

Dollan. 

24,520,20000 

1,027,36203 

Bills  in  circulation 

7,122,85600 

Dills  of  banks  elsewhere 

174,5686!l 

Nett  profits  on  hand     - 

1,031,90016 

Balances  due  from  other  banks 

2,307,784-26 

Balances  due  to  other  banks    - 

1,993,90415 

Due  to  the  banks,  excepting  ba- 

Cash deposited,  ice,  not  bearing 

lances  -           -           -           . 

38,889,727-24 

interest           ... 

2,939,(r7033 

Total  resources  of  the  banks    - 

44,042,006-54 

Cash  deposited,  bearing  interest 

6.268,58401 

Amount  of  last  dividend 

689,275-00 

Due  from  the  banks      - 

43,996,90000 

—         reserved  proflts 

436,708-74 

Gold,  silver,  ice.  in  banks 

902,20578 

Debts  secured  by  plec  ge  of  stock 

944,761-73 

Real  estate         .           -           - 

738,61264 

—    due,  and  considered  doubtful 

211,9147S 

Rate  of  dividend  on  amount  of  capital  of  the  banks,  as  existing  when  dividend  was  made,  312! 
per  cent. 

Mr.  Gallatin  has  given  the  following  account  of  the  number  and  capital  of  the  banking  es- 
tablishments existing  in  the  United  States  on  the  let  of  January,  1830: — 


SUtCb 

Number 
of  Bank!. 

Capital. 

StatM 

Ntunber 
of  Banki. 

Capital. 

Dalian. 

DolUn. 

Massachusetts 

66 

20,420,000 

North  Carolina 

3 

3,195,000   1 

Maine   -           -           - 

18 

2,050,000 

South  Carolina 

5 

4,631.000 

New  Hampshire 

18 

1,791,670 

Georgia 

9 

4,2O3,0V9 

Vermont 

10 

432,625 

Louisiana 

4 

5,665,980 

Rhode  Island   - 

47 

6,118,397 

Alabama 

3 

64.3,503 

Connecticut     - 

13 

4.485,177 

Mississippi 

950,600 

New  York 

37 

20,083,353 

Tennessee 

737,617 

New  Jersey     - 

18 

2,017,009 

Ohio     - 

11 

1,454,386 

Pennsylvania  - 

33 

14,609,963 

Michigan 

10,000 

Delaware        '- 

4 

830,000 

Flori(  a            -          . 

75,000 

Maryland         -       '"  - 

13 

6,250,495 

Delaware 

a 

nifitrirt  nf  ColiimhiA  - 

g 

3,875,794 
6,571,100 

Virginia 

4 

Total 

330 

110,101,899 

Maine 

New  Himpshire 
Vermont   • 
Misuchtisetti  - 
Rhode  Island    • 
Connecticut      • 
[    NewYorli 
'    New  Jentf 
Fenniylvania    - 
Delaware 

Marylaad 

nisrrjct  of  Columl 

Virginia    • 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georifia    - 

Florida     • 

Alabama  •       . 

I»uisiana 

Miaiisaippi 

TeiinfiKe 

Kentuckjr 

Missouri 

IHinnif    - 

Indiana   -        • 

Ohio 

Michigan 


BANKS  (FOREIGN). 


127 


Dalian.       I 

,027,36203 ' 
174,568'6'1 ! 
!,307,784'26 

!,889,72724 
l,O42,006M 
689,27500 
436,708'74 
944,761-73 
211,914-78 

made,  312} 


CapiUl. 

Dollar?. 

3,195,000 

4,631,000 

4,203,n'<'9 

5,665,980 

643,503 

950,600 

737,817 

1,454,386 

10,000 

75,000 


For  further  information  with  respect  to  the  banks  of  the  United  States,  see  the  Report, 
18th  of  February,  1820,  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  (W.  H.  Crawford,  Esq.)  to  Con- 
gress ;  the  pamphlet  of  Albert  Gallatin,  Esq.  on  the  Currency  and  Banking  System  of  the 
United  States,  Philadelphia,  1831 ;  Gouge's  Account  of  Paper  Money  and  Banking  in  the 
United  States,  Ac     And  for  further  details  as  to  foreign  banks,  see  Bordeaux,  Calcutta, 

ChBISTIANIA,  CoPKNHAOEIf,  NaFLGS,  &C. 

(Private  Banks  of  I  he  United  States. — The  following  table  shows  the  extraordinary  pro- 
gress that  the  banking  system  has  made  in  the  United  States.  It  has  recently,  however, 
sustained  a  considerable  check  by  the  suppression  in  New  York  and  most  other  states  of  all 
bank  notes  for  less  than  5  dollars,  and  by  the  regulation  enforced  by  government,  that  the 
price  of  all  public  lands  shall  be  paid  in  specie.  It  appears,  from  the  official  accounts  pub- 
lished by  order  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  of  New  York,  that  the  notes  for  less  than  5  dol- 
lars in  circulation  in  that  state  on  the  1st  of  December,  1834,  amounted  to  3,730,902  dollars ; 
and  these  have  since  been  either  wholly,  or  almost  wholly,  suppri-s^ed.  We  do  not  know 
that  any  official  account  has  been  p<iblishcd  of  the  issue  of  such  notes  in  the  other  states ; 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  in  the  aggregate,  it  must  have  been  many  times  greater  than 
their  issue  in  New  York  only.  And  as  these  notes  are  everywhere,  we  believe,  in  the 
course  of  being  withdrawn  from  circulation,  it  is  clear  that  a  large  additional  amount  of 
specie  will  be  required  to  fill  up  the  vacuum  occasioned  by  their  withdrawal.  This  cir- 
cumstance seems  sufficiently  to  account  for  the  fact,  that  notwithstanding  the  alteration  in 
the  proportion  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  American  mint  (See  article  Coins  in  this  Supple- 
ment), very  little  silver  has  been  exported  from  America  to  Europe.  The  alteration  in 
question  has  made  it  profitable  to  use  gold  in  preference  to  silver  in  all  large  payments  where 
metallic  money  is  employed ;  but  the  suppression  of  small  notes  has,  at  the  same  time, 
opened  a  new  field  for  the  employment  of  silver  as  a  subsidiary  currency,  or  as  a  means  of 
eflecting  small  payments ;  and  it  seems  to  be  generally  supposed,  that  the  most  part  of  the 
silver  that  would  otherwise  have  found  its  way  to  foreign  countries,  in  consequence  of  the 
new  mint  regulations,  will  be  retained  in  this  subordinate  capacity. 

Account  of  the  Progress  of  Banking  in  the  United  States,  from  January,  1815,  to  January,  1835 ; 
specifying  the  Number  of  Banks  in  the  different  States,  at  different  Epochs,  with  the  Amount  uf 
tbeir  Capital.     {Official  Letter  by  the  Secretary  to  the  American  Treasury,  ith  January,  1836.  p.  91.) 


January  1st, 
1815. 

January  1st, 

January  ht. 

June,  1834. 

January,  1835. 

sulci. 

IS 

n 

da 

CapiUI. 

4 

Capital. 

"Si 

Capital. 

•Si 

Capital. 

•sjs 

ii 

CapiUI. 

Oollari. 

DoUart. 

J7ollart. 

DoUan. 

DoUart. 

Maine      -       •       • 

S 

1,380,000 

15 

1,654,900 

18 

2,050,000 

29 

2,777,000 

36 

3,549,850 

New  Hampihira 

10 

941,152 

10 

1,005,-276 

18 

1,791,670 

22 

2,271,300 

26 

2,665,008 

Vermont  • 

. 

. 

1 

44,9->5 

10 

432,625 

17 

9U,0O0 

18 

1,021,815 

MiMchuielU  - 

21 

ll,050,l]00 

28 

10,4&5,700 

66 

20,420,000 

1U2 

28,236,250 

105 

30,409,450 

Kbode  Island    • 

14 

2,027,000 

3U 

2,982.026 

47 

6,118,397 

51 

7,489,748 

60 

8,097,482 

Connee'icut      • 

3,655,750 

8 

3,6,<9,337 

13 

4,485,177 

21 

5,708,015 

31 

3 

7,350,766 

New  York       •       • 

26 

18.946,318 

33 

18,993,774 

37 

20,033,353 

78 

27,755,264 

87 

2 

31,881,460 

New  Jmtj     • 

11 

2,121,932 

14 

2,130,949 

IS 

2,017,009 

26 

2,500,000 

24 

2,707,135 

PennivUania    • 

42 

15,060,818 

36 

14,681,780 

33 

14,610,333 

41 

17,061,944 

44 

17,968,444 

nelaware 

6 

966,990 

6 

874,900 

5 

830,000 

7 

2,000,000 

4 

4 

830,000 

Marylaai) 

17 

7,832,002 

14 

6,70(1,131 

13 

6,250,495 

20 

9,270,091 

15 

4 

7,6ffi,639 

Diiirict  of  Columbia 

JO 

4,078,295 

13 

5,525,319 

9 

3,875,7W 

8 

3,337,305 

7 

2,613,985 

Virninia    .... 

4 

4,121,097 

4 

6,212,192 

4 

5,571,100 

4 

5,694,500 

5 

17 

5,840,000 

Nonh  Carolina 

3 

1,576,600 

3 

2,964,887 

3 

3,195,000 

3 

1,S24.725 

4 

7 

2,464,925 

South  Carolina 

6 

3,730,900 

b 

4,475,000 

6 

4,631,000 

7 

3,156,318 

U 

2 

7,556.318 

Georgia    .        .       -        - 

IK 

623,590 

4 

3,401,510 

9 

4,203,029 

13 

6,534,691 

13 

10 

6,783,308 

Florida     .       •       - 

- 

- 

• 

. 

1 

75,000 

b 

1,000,000 

3 

114,320 

Alabama  - 

- 

• 

3 

469,112 

2 

643,503 

5 

4,308,207 

2 

4 

6,107,623 

I^Hiisiana 

a 

''*S'?S2 

4 

2,897,420 

4 

5,665,980 

10 

23.664,755 

11 

31 

27.172,145 

Miaissippi       .       • 

1 

100,000 

1 

900,000 

1 

950,600 

3 

3,666,805 

5 

10 

5,890,  Iffi 

Tennenee 

2 

212,962 

H 

2,119,782 

1 

737,817 

3 

2,243,827 

3 

4 

2,89l^38l 

Kentucky 

2 

959,175 

42 

8,807,431 

. 

• 

3 

1,875,418 

6 

4,898,685 

Missouri 

> 

• 

1 

2.50,000 

. 

• 

> 

. 

■ 

1 

Itlinnii    . 

- 

- 

2 

140,910 

. 

• 

1 

200,000 

1 

1 

278,739 

Indiana   • 

. 

. 

2 

202,857 

. 

- 

1 

1.50,000 

1 

» 

800,000 

Ohio 

12 

1,434,719 

20 

1,797,463 

11 

1,454,396 

20 

6,986.625 

31 

6,390,741 

• 

• 

• 

1 

100,000 
110,192,268 

6 
506 

500,000 
170,123,788 

7 

1 

658,990 

209 

82,239,590 

307 

102,210,61 1 

M7 

121 

194,584,361 

United  SUtet' bank          -       . 

• 

• 

1 

35,000,000 

1 

35,000,000 

' 

35,000,000 

1 

25 

35,0ri0,000 

208 

82,259,590 

308 

137,240,811 

330 

146,192,268 

507 

205,123,788 

568 

146 

229,584,361 

Estimated  capital  of  seven banki 
from  which  no  retunu 

"aw 

82,259,590 

• 

• 

• 

• 

- 

•       • 

• 

• 

1,665,976 

Totals     . 

306 

137,210,611 

330 

145,192,268 

607 

205,123,788 

658 

146 

231,250,337 

5 

! 

r 
a 


10,101,896 


128 


BANK?  FOR  SAVINGS. 


'  I 


' ' « 


Aecoiint  of  the  Average  Plvidnnda  paid  by  the  Bunks  of  the  Slnte  nf  Now  York,  on  their  paM  «p 
CHpitiils,  in  1831,  1832,  1833,  and  IS3\.— (Report  of  Bank  Commissiontrs  to  the  Legmlulure  of  JVew 
York,  22nd  Jnn.  1835.) 


1831. 
0  Country  banks,  capitals  of  100,000  dollors, 

and  under    .           -          -          -           - 
9  do.  capitals  over  100,000  dollars,  ond  not 

over  200,000  dollars 

10  do.,  capitals  over  200,000  dollars    - 

Total     - 
183«. 
17  Country  banks,  1st  class,  as  above 

11  do.         do.     2d  class       -           -           - 
11      do.         do.      3d  class      -           -           - 

13  New  York  city  bunks         -          -          - 

Total     - 
1833. 

19  Country  banks,  1st  class     -           -          - 

14  do.          do.     2d  class      .           .           - 
11      do.          do.      3d  class      -           -           - 

14  New  York  city  banks         .           -           - 

Total     - 
1834. 

20  Country  banks,  1st  class     -           .           - 

21  do.         do.     2d  class      -           -           - 
13      do.          do.     3d  class      -           .           - 

15  New  York  city  banks         .           .           - 

Total     - 

Cipiui. 

Amnunlor  Diviiltndi. 

Rale  per  cent, 

Dollars. 

880,000 

1,395,000 
3,750,000 

Dollars. 

60,500 

117,180 
330,000 

914 

8-40 

8-80 

6,025,000 

527,680 

8-75 

1,680,000 

1,745.000 

4,160,600 

11,311,200 

158,.'100 
163,0.'»0 
362,568 
695,165 

9-43 
9.34 
8-69 
614 

18,905,800 

1,379,263 

7-29 

1,880,000 

2,215,000 

4,169,600 

12,111,200 

197,500 
206,080 
444,126 

760,787 

10-50 
0-30 

10-65 
6-28 

20,375,800 

1,608,493 

7-89 

1,<)80,000 

3.420,000 

4,719,600 

13,611,200 

206,000 

290,818 

409,492 

1,028,463 

10-43 

8  ISO 
8-67 
7-55 

23.730,800 

1,934,772 

8-15 

Sup.) 


VII.    Banks  ron  Savings, 


Are  banks  established  for  the  receipt  of  small  sutns  deposited  by  the  poorer  class  of  persons, 
and  for  the  accumulation  of  such  sums  at  compound  interest.  They  arc  managed  by  in. 
dividuals,  who  derive  no  benefit  whatever  from  tlie  deposits.  All  monies  paid  into  any 
Savings  Bank  established  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  9  Geo,  4.  c.  92.  are  ordered  to 
be  paid  into  the  Banks  of  England  and  Ireland,  and  vested  in  Bunk  annuities  or  Exchequer 
bills.  The  interest  payable  to  depositors  is  not  to  exceed  2^rf.  per  cent,  per  diem,  or  3/.  8j. 
B^rf.  per  cent,  per  annnm.  No  depositor  can  contribute  more  than  30/.,  exclusive  of  com- 
pound intcresC  to  a  Savings  Bank  in  any  one  year ;  and  the  total  deposits  to  be  received 
from  any  one  individual  are  not  to  exceed  150/.;  and  whenever  the  deposits,  and  compound 
interest  accruing  upon  them,  standing  in  the  name  of  any  one  individual,  shall  amount  to 
200/.,  no  interest  shall  be  payable  upon  such  deposit  so  long  as  it  shall  amount  to  200/, 
Since  the  establishment  of  this  system  in  1817,  down  to  January,  1831,  the  sums  received 
from  depositors,  and  the  interest  accruing  upon  them,  amounted  to  20,760,228/.,  of  which 
the  depositors  had  received,  in  principal  and  interest,  5,648,838/. ;  leaving  at  the  period  in 
question,  a  balance  due  to  the  depositors  of  15,111,890/.  The  commissioners  for  the  re- 
duction  of  the  national  debt  have  the  disposal  of  the  sums  vested  in  the  public  funds  on  ac- 
count of  Savings  Banks. 

The  principle  and  object  of  these  institutions  cannot  be  too  highly  commended.  In  the 
metropolis,  and  many  other  parts  of  England,  public  banks  do  not  receive  small  deposits, 
and  upon  none  do  they  pay  any  interest.  And  even  in  Scotland,  where  the  public  banks 
allow  interest  upon  deposits,  they  do  not  generally  receive  less  than  10/.  But  few  poor  per- 
sons are  able  to  save  so  large  a  sum,  except  by  a  lengthened  course  of  economy.  The  truth, 
therefore,  is,  that  until  Savings  Banks  were  established,  the  poor  were  every  where  without 
the  means  of  securely  and  profitably  investing  those  small  sums  they  are  not  unfrequently 
in  a  condition  to  save ;  and  were  consequently  led,  from  the  difficulty  of  disposing  of  them, 
to  neglect  opportunities  for  making  savings,  or  if  they  did  make  them,  were  tempted,  by  the 
offer  of  high  interest,  to  lend  them  to  persons  of  doubtful  characters  and  desperate  fortunes, 
by  whom  they  were,  for  the  most  part,  squandered.  Under  such  circumstances,  it  is  plain 
that  nothing  could  be  more  important,  in  the  view  of  diffusing  habits  of  forethought  and 
economy  amongst  the  labouring  classes,  than  the  establishment  of  Savings  Banks,  where  the 
smallest  sums  are  placed  in  perfect  safety,  are  accumulated  at  compound  interest,  and  are 
paid,  with  their  accumulations,  the  moment  they  are  demanded  by  the  depositors.  The 
system  is  yet  only  in  its  infancy  ;  but  the  magnitude  of  the  deposits  already  received,  sets 
its  powerful  and  salutary  operation  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view. 

We  subjoin  a  copy  of  the  rules  of  the  St.  Pancras  Savings  Bank,  which  may  be  taken  as 
a  mmlel  for  similar  institutions,  inasmuch  as  they  have  been  drawn  up  with  great  care,  and 
closely  correspond  with  the  provisions  in  the  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  92. 


I 


I 


BANKS  FOR  SAVINGS. 


120 


914 

8-40 

8'80 


8-75 


9-13 
934 
809 
6- 14 

7-29 

1050 
0-30 

1(1-65 
6-'28 


10-43 

8  50 
8-67 
7'55 


8-15 


Sup.) 


In  the 


poor  per- 
The  truth, 
re  without 
ifrequently 

of  them, 
ted,  by  the 

fortunes, 
it  is  plain 
)ught  and 
where  the 
t,  and  are 
ors.  The 
sived,  sets 

taken  as 
care,  and 


I 
I 


i 


« 


?!i 


1.  Manaffemmt.—ThiK  nnnk  Is  iinilpr  the  maimffomont  of  n  prfisidrnf.  vicp-prnsidpnli,  tnmtepn,  and 
flol  lesK  Ihnn  rtfly  nianngerB,  nnnt!  i)f  whom  orr  periiiittiMl  to  derive  niiy  hnnellt  wtiatnocvfir,  directly 
or  indirectly,  from  the  di'pnRitH  received,  or  the  produce  thereof.  One  or  more  of  the  managerg  attend 
when  the  Dank  in  open  for  husinegii. 

2.  Superintcmting  Committee.— K  committee  of  not  less  than  ten  manaKrrg,  three  of  whom  frrm  a 
quoriini,  is  empowered  to  superintend,  mannge,  and  conduct  the  general  business  of  this  Bank  j  to 
u<ld  to  their  number  from  among  the  managers  i  to  All  up  vacancies  In  their  own  body,  and  to  appoint 
n  treasurer  or  treasurers,  agent  or  agents,  auditors,  an  actuary  and  clerks,  and  other  officers  and  ser- 
viints,  and  to  withdraw  any  such  appointments,  and  to  appoint  others,  should  it  be  considered  necei- 
tinry  so  to  do.  The  proceedings  of  this  committee  are  regularly  laid  before  the  general  meetings  of 
tlie  linnk. 

3.  A'/ec/iotM.— The  superintending  committee  is  empowered  to  add  to  the  number  of  managers,  tintil 
they  amount  to  one  hundred  and  twenty,  exclusively  of  the  president,  vice-presidents,  and  trustees. 
Ami  any  vacancies  of  president,  vice-presidents,  and  trustees,  are  to  be  filled  up  at  a  general  meeting. 

4.  General  Meeting».—K  general  meeting  of  the  president,  vice-presidents,  trustees,  and  managers  of 
this  Hank  shall  be  hc^ld  once  a  year,  in  the  month  of  February.  Tlie  superintending  conunittec  shall 
iiiyhefiire  every  such  meeting  a  report  of  the  transactions  of  the  Bank,  and  stale  of  the  accounts. 
The  superintending  committee  for  the  succeeding  year  shall  be  elected  at  such  general  inetiuig;  and 
failing  nach  election,  the  former  committee  shall  be  considered  as  reappointed. 

5.  Ssfeeial  Meetings. — The  superintending  committee  are  authorised  to  call  special  general  meetings 
when  they  think  proper ;  and  also,  on  the  requisition  of  any  ten  managers,  delivered  in  writin<;  to  tho 
actuary,  ur  to  the  manager  in  attendance  at  the  Bank ;  and  of  such  meeting  seven  days'  notice  shall 
be  given. 

6.  nubility  nf  Trustees,  Managers,  Officers,  dj-e. — No  trustee  or  manager  shall  be  personally  liable 
e.xcept  for  his  own  acts  and  deeds,  nor  for  any  thing  done  by  him  In  virtue  of  his  office,  except  where 
he  shall  be  guilty  of  wllAil  neglect  or  default ;  but  the  treasurer  or  treasurers,  the  actuary,  and  every 
(itlicer  intrusted  with  the  receipt  or  custody  of  any  sum  of  money  deposited  for  the  purposes  of  this 
Institution,  and  every  officer,  or  other  person,  receiving  salary  or  allowance  for  their  services  from 
the  funds  thereof,  shall  give  good  and  sutiicient  security,  by  bond  or  bonds,  to  the  clerk  of  the  peace 
of  the  county  of  Middlesex,  for  the  just  and  faithfiil  execution  of  such  office  of  trust. 

7.  Inreslment  and  /Amitation  of  Deposits. — Deposits  of  not  li'ss  than  one  shilling,  and  not  exceeding 
thirty  pounds  in  the  whole,  exclusive  of  compound  interest,  from  any  one  depositor,  or  trustee  of  a 
di'positnr,  during  each  and  every  year  ending  on  the  20th  of  November,  will  he  received  and  invested, 
pursuant  to  9  (,'eo.  4.  c.  92.  s.  11  ,  until  the  same  shall  amount  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  in  the 
whole;  and  when  the  principal  and  interest  together  shall  amount  to  two  hundred  pounds,  then  no 
interest  will  be  payable  on  such  deposit,  so  long  as  it  shall  continue  to  amount  to  that  sum.  But  depo- 
sitors whose  accounts  amounted  to,  or  exceeded,  two  hundred  pounds,  at  the  passing  of  the  said  act, 
on  the  2Sth  of  July,  1828,  will  continue  to  be  entitled  to  interest  and  compound  interest  thereon. 

8.  Interest  to  be  allowed  to  Depositors. — In  conformity  with  the  24th  clause  of  the  9  Geo.  4.  c.  92.,  an 
interest  at  the  rate  )f  2irf.  per  cent,  per  day,  being  31.  Ss.  5irf.  per  cent,  per  annum  (the  full  amount 
outkorised  by  the  said  ocO,  will  be  allowed  to  depositors,  and  placed  to  their  accounts  as  a  cash  deposit, 
in  the  month  of  JVovember  in  each  year.  Depositors  demanding  payment  of  the  whole  amount  of 
their  deposits  in  this  Bank,  will  be  allowed  the  interest  due  on  such  deposits  up  to  the  day  on  which 
notice  of  withdrawing  shall  be  given,  but  no  interest  will  be  allowed,  in  any  case,  on  the  fractional 
parts  of  a  pound  sterling. 

9.  Description  and  Declaration.— Every  person  desirous  of  making  any  deposit  in  this  Bank,  shall,  at 
the  time  of  making  their  first  deposit,  and  at  such  other  times  as  they  shall  be  required  so  to  do,  declare 
their  residence,  occupation,  profession,  or  calling,  and  sign  (either  by  themselves,  or,  in  case  of  infants 
under  the  age  of  seven  years,  by  some  person  or  persons  to  be  approvedof  by  the  trustees  or  managers, 
or  their  otlicer)  a  declaration  that  they  are  not  directly  or  indirectly  entitled  to  any  deposit  in,  or  benc- 
tit  from,  the  funds  of  any  other  Savings  Bank  in  England  or  Ireland,  nor  to  any  sum  or  sums  standini? 
in  the  name  or  names  of  any  other  person  or  persons  in  the  books  of  this  Bank.  And  in  case  any  such 
declaration  shall  not  be  true,  every  such  person  (or  the  person  on  whose  behalf  such  declaration  may 
have  been  signed)  shall  forfeit  and  lose  all  right  and  title  to  such  deposits,  and  the  trustees  and 
managers  shall  cause  the  sum  or  sums  so  forfeited  to  be  paid  to  the  commissioners  for  tho  reduction 
of  the  national  debt ;  but  no  depositor  shall  be  subject  or  liable  to  any  such  forfeiture,  on  account  of 
being  a  trustee  on  behalf  of  others,  or  of  being  interested  in  the  funds  of  any  Friendly  Society  legally 
established. 

10.  Trustees  oa  behalf  of  others.— Persons  may  act  as  trustees  for  depositors,  w-hether  such  persons 
are  themselves  depositors  in  any  Savings  Bank  or  not,  provided  that  such  trustee  or  trustees  shall 
make  such  declaration  on  behalf  of  such  depositor  or  depositors,  and  be  subject  to  the  like  conditions 
in  every  respect,  as  are  required  in  the  case  of  persons  making  deposits  on  their  own  account,  and  the 
receipt  and  receipts  of  sucli  trustee  or  trustees,  or  the  survivor  of  them,  or  the  executors  or  adminig- 
trntorsof  any  sole  trustee,  or  surviving  trustee,  with  or  without  (as  may  he  required  by  the  managers) 
the  receipt  of  the  person  on  whose  account  such  sum  may  have  been  deposited,  shall  bo  a  good  and 
valid  discharge  to  the  trustees  and  managers  of  the  Institution. 

11.  Minors. — Deposits  are  received  from,  or  for  the  benefit  of,  minors,  and  are  subject  to  the  samo 
regulations  as  the  deposits  of  persons  of  21  years  of  age  and  upwards. 

12.  Friendly  and  Charitable  Societies.— Friendly  Societies,  legally  established  previous  to  the  28th  of 
July,  1S2*<,  may  deposit  their  funds  through  their  treasurer,  steward,  or  other  officer  or  officers,  with- 
out any  limitation  as  to  the  amount.  But  Friendly  Societies  formed  and  enrolled  afler  that  date,  are 
not  permitted  to  make  deposits  exceeding  the  sum  of  300{.,  principal  and  interest  inrluded  ;  and  no 
interest  will  be  payable  thereon,  whenever  the  same  shall  amount  to,  or  continue  at,  the  said  sum  of 
Ml.  or  upwards. 

Deposits  are  received  from  the  trustees  or  treasurers  of  Charitable  Societies,  not  exceeding  1002.  per 
annum,  provided  the  amount  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  the  sum  of  300/.,  exclusive  of  interest. 

13.  Deposits  of  Persons  unable  to  attend. — Forms  are  given  at  tho  office,  enabling  persons  to  become 
depositors  who  are  unable  to  attend  personally;  and  those  who  have  previously  made  a  deposit,  may 
send  additional  sums,  together  with  their  book,  by  any  other  person. 

14.  Depositors'  Book. — The  deposits  are  entered  in  the  books  of  the  Bank  at  the  time  they  are  made, 
and  the  depositor  receives  a  book  with  a  corresponding  entry  therein;  which  book  must  be  brought 
to  the  office  every  time  that  any  further  sum  is  deposited,  also  when  notice  is  given  for  withdrawing 
money,  and  at  the  time  the  repayment  is  to  be  made,  so  that  the  transactiona  may  be  duly  entered 
therein. 

15.  IVithdrairing  Deposits. — Depositors  may  receive  the  whole  or  any  part  of  their  deposits  on  any 
day  appointed  by  the  managers,  not  exceeding  fourteen  days  after  notice  has  been  given  for  that  pur- 
pose ;  b\it  such  deposits  can  only  be  repaid  to  the  depositor  personally,  or  to  the  bearer  of  an  order 
under  the  hand  of  the  depositor,  signed  in  the  presence  of  either  the  minister  or  a  churchwarden  of 
the  parish  in  which  the  depositor  resides,  of  a  justice  of  the  peace,  or  of  a  manager  of  this  Bank. 

17 


i 


180 


''l 


;     (■ 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


tfrThr  Drpnfilnr'f  Bonk  mi/itf  alirnyn  br  jtrnihireil  vhrn  notire  nfmithilrawinp  if  giren. 


Id,  Mn 


rilhilr 


I  he  ; 


-ilrpnsiltil. — !)<' 


Midi 


t'ilhilr 


.nnd 


nv  miiii  or  minin  nrmnnpy, 
rR-drpnDit  tno  nnmc  nt  nny  tinii>  or  liiiicH  wltliin  iinyoii*'  yciir,  rccKoiiinir  fnxii  llio  ivn\\  ilHy  nl'Novoni. 
ber,  pritvidLMi  8I11I1  sum  or  huiiih  nf  inniiey  rf-(l<'pi>»il<'il,  nml  any  prpvinim  itrpoiiit  or  dcpoHitH  which 
may  hiivc  \>vvn  irmde  hy  surli  di-poHitor  in  thr  nmrHi-  of  the  ycnr,  liil<cri  tnitt'lhi^r,  hMoII  not  oxcet'd,  ul 
any  tinin  In  Hiich  yi'iir,  \\w.  »\\m  of  30/.,  nddlllonnl  prinrlpnl  niont'y  brnrinR  inlcrcHl. 

17.  Return  or  Hffunal  of  /Jepnoifn.— This  Hunk  in  lit  llbcrly  to  return  thp  nnioiint  of  thn  (li'pnHitii  to 
all  nr  any  of  tho  dcpotiitnrg,  and  may  rvfutte  to  receive  deposltB  in  any  ca8c,  where  it  sliull  bo  ilccincd 
expedient  no  to  do. 

IH.  Depofits  of  a  liereimeil  Depositor  eireedine  Fifty  Pounrf*.— In  cnsie  nf  the  death  of  nny  di'ixnitnr 
in  tliix  linnk,  wboHe  depoHitH,  and  the  irilfrent  lliereon,  Mhnll  exceed  in  the  wlinle  the  Biim  of yi//y 
pouniln,  tlie  name  xliiill  oidy  be  paid  to  the  e.xeoutor  or  executors,  administrator  i>r  administrators,  on 
the  |>rodiirtiiin  of  llie  probate  of  the  will,  or  letters  of  ndmiiiistrntion. 

10.  Depofiln  of  a  ilrreimed  J)epn.iilor  not  nreedin/r  Fifty  Pnwnrf/f.— In  rase  n  depositor  in  this  Hank 
shall  die,  whose  deposits.  includiiiK  interest  thereon,  shall  not  exceed  the  sumof  titty  pounds,  nnd  llmt 
the  trustees  or  niniinf;ers  shall  be  satistled  that  no  will  was  made  ntid  left,  nnd  that  no  letters  of 
ndministrntlon  will  be  taken  out,  they  slinll  be  nt  liberty  to  pay  the  same  in  the  relatives  or  friends 
of  the  deceased,  or  any  or  either  of  them,  or  accordiuR  to  the  statute  nf  distribution,  or  re.^uire  tlie 
production  of  letters  of  adinidistration,  nt  their  discretion.  And  the  Hank  shall  he  indeuinifled  by 
any  such  payments  from  all  and  every  claim  in  respect  thereof  by  any  person  whatsoever. 

aO.  Cfrf(/if«(c.— In  all  cases  wherein  certiHcates  shall  be  required  of  the  nnmunt  of  deposits  in  this 
Bank  belonRinit  In  depositors  therein,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaininK,  free  nf  stamp  duties,  a  probate  nf 
will,  nr  letters  of  adininisiratinn,  such  certificate  shall  be  signed  by  n  manager,  and  countersigned  by 
the  actuary  for  the  time  being,  ns  a  true  extract  from  the  Ledger  of  the  Institution. 

SI.  Arbitration  of  Dijfere.nren. — In  case  any  dispnli-  shall  arise  between  the  trustees  nr  managers  nf 
this  Hank,  nr  any  person  or  persons  acting  \inder  them,  nnd  any  individual  depositor  therein,  or  nny 
trustee  of  n  depositor,  or  any  person  claiming  to  be  such  executor,  administrator,  nr  next  nf  kin,  tht-n, 
nnd  in  every  sucli  case,  the  matter  sn  in  dispute  sholl  be  referred  tn  the  barrister  at  law  appointed  hy 
the  commissioners  for  the  reduction  of  the  natioiuil  debt,  under  the  authority  of  the  0  Oeo.  \.  c,  92, 
8.  45. ;  nnd  whatever  award,  nrder,  or  deterniinatinn  shall  he  made  by  the  said  barrister,  shall  be  bind- 
ing and  conclusive  upon  all  parties,  and  shall  be  tinal,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  without  any  appeal. 

Purchase  nf  Government  Annuities  by  depositors  in  Savings  Banks. — The  act  2  &  3 
WiU,  4.  c.  14.  enables  depositors  in  Savings  Banks  and  others  to  purchase  government  art' 
nuitics  for  life  or  for  years,  and  either  immediate  or  deferred.  At  present  these  annuities 
are  limited  to  20/.  a  year.  The  money  advanced  is  returnable  in  case  the  contracting  party 
does  not  live  to  the  age  at  which  the  annuity  is  to  become  payable,  or  is  unable  to  continue 
the  monthly  or  annual  instalments.  That  this  measure  was  benevolently  intended,  and 
that  it  may  be  productive  of  advantage  to  many  individuals,  cannot  bo  doubted ;  but  we  look 
upon  all  attempts,  and  particularly  those  made  by  government,  to  get  individuals  to  ex- 
change capital  for  annuities,  as  radically  objectionable ;  and  as  being  subversive  of  principles 
which  ought  to  be  strengthened  rather  than  weakened. — (See  Funds.) 

Summary  of  Savings  Banks,  &c.  in  England,  Wales,  and  Ireland,  November,  1833. 


In  F.ngland  there  were,  on  the  10th  of  November, 
1832,  384  Havings  Hanks :  of  these,  7  have  made 
no  return,  the  remaining  Banks  contain. 


Depoeiton. 


£ 
Under    20 

—  50 

—  100 

—  150 

—  200 
Above  200 


Friendly  Societies 
Charitable  ditto 


No 

195,035 

102,536 

47,903 

17,031 

7,908 

3,756 


374,169 
4,162 
1,996 


Accounts 


Amount. 


£ 

1,410,792 
3,146,753 
3,235,083 
2,042,425 
1,338,233 
930,953 


12,161,f)07» 
623,273 
131,148 


-    380,327  12,916,028 

Average  amount  of  each  deposit  in  England,  32/. 

'''This  is  the  amount  given  in  the  table  whence 
this  abstract  has  been  taken,  but  it  does  not  quite 
agree  with  the  items. 


In  Wales  there  were  on  the  lOth  of  November, 
1832,  22  Savings  Banks :  1  hag  made  no  return; 
the  remaining  Banks  contain, 


Depositore. 


Depositors 
Friendly  Societies 
Charitable  ditto, 


No. 
10,374 
167 
53 


Accounts     ...    10,594      349,794 
Average  amount  of  each  deposit  in  Wales,  31(. 


Alnnunt. 


£ 
322,573 
23,,185 
3,836 


In  Ireland  there  were,  on  the  10th  of  November, 
1832, 77  Savings  Banks:  7  have  made  no  return; 
the  remaining  Banks  contain. 


Depoaiton, 


Depositors 
Friendly  Societies 
Charitable  ditto 

Accounts    - 


No 
37,898 
2.34 
347 


-    38,479 


Amount. 


£ 

1,004,189 
10,609 
31,027 


l,045,Si!5 


Average  amount  of  each  deposit  in  Ireland,  26/. 


Grand  Total  in  England,  Wales,  and  Ireland,  on  the  10th  of  November,  1832. 


Savings  Banki. 

Account!. 

Amount. 

Avoage  Amount  of  each  Deposit. 

483 

429,400 

£ 

14,311,647 

£ 

30 

(From  the  Statistical  Table  compiled  by  John  Tidd  Pratt,  Esq.) 

Banks  (UifiTEn  States). 

[Historical  Account  of  Banking  in  the  United  States. — Although  various  plans  had  been 
formed,  as  well  before  as  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  for  the  establishment  of  a  public 
bank  of  deposit,  discount,  and  circulation,  the  first  which  was  actually  carried  into  execu- 


tion, within 

tcndent  of  I 

by  that  bod 

the  first  daj 

poration,  it 

lions  of  Sp 

what  the  st 

ever  were  ii 

The  ban 

§400,000. 

government 

trol  over  the 

as  appears  f 

munity,  of  t 

their  par  or 

every  thing 

period,  put  1 

hod  uniforn 

The  public 

money"  of 

should  have 

on  with  a  su 

necessary  ex 

Even  the 

has  been  sta 

mitial.    Th« 

Nay,  the  mo 

of  about  $7( 

in  fact  put  ii 

in  the  then  i 

not  have  bee 

honest  men  1 

credit  of  the 

banking  insti 

pitious,  shoul 

in  restoring  f 

By  a  prop* 

of  their  bein( 

taxes,  such  ai 

bank  to  makt 

of  things,  caj 

the  business 

of  Pennsylva 

North  Ameri 

cured  withou 

yield,  as  befo 

account  of  th 

sively  laid  tc 

sequence,  the 

granted  to  it 

under  the  act 

State  of  Peni 

incorporation, 

When  the 

two  other  bar 

Bank  of  Nev 

It  was,  then, ' 

of  banking,  tl 

presented  to  ( 

the  United  Si 

as  a  means  of 

held  it  to  be  I 

fiinctions  of  tl 

tion,  as  "net 

government  h 

tionality.    M^ 

the  measiue 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


131 


November 
5  no  return, 

I 

■I' 
-1.'. 

Amount. 

£ 

1       32i2,573 
r        23,385 
3          3,836 

1 
■  -I 

1       349,794 
Vales,  31/. 

November, 
!  no  return; 

Amounl. 

£ 

1   1,004,189 
10,fi09 
31,0k 

1 

1,045,825 
eland,  26;. 

1 

f 

.i.. 

1 

■att,  Kaq) 

tion,  within  the  territory  of  the  United  Staten,  wnn  fhnt  of  \fr.  Robert  Morris,  the  Supcrin* 
tcntlent  of  Finance  under  the  Old  ConRrfMn.  The  Bank  of  North  America  was  incorporated 
by  that  body  on  the  laat  day  of  the  year  1781,  and  l)y  the  Legislature  of  Pennnylvania  oa 
the  first  day  of  the  following  month  of  April.  Bcsiden  the  powers  incidental  to  every  cor- 
poration, it  was  authorized  to  hold  property,  real  and  perHoiial,  "to  the  amount  of  ten  mil- 
lions of  Spanish  silver  milled  dollars,  and  no  more."  Its  capital,  therefore,  might  be  just 
what  the  stockholders  thought  pro|)er  to  make  it  within  this  limit;  and  no  restrictions  what- 
ever were  imposed  by  law  on  the  extent  of  its  issues. 

The  bank,  however,  went  into  operation  in  January,  1782,  with  a  capital  of  only 
$400,000.  Of  this  sum  S2.')4,000  were  subscribed  by  Mr.  Morris,  in  b»'lialf  of  the  general 
government;  thus  making  it  the  principal  stockholder,  and,  in  fact,  giving  it  the  entire  con- 
trol over  the  institution.  Why  the  sum  8ubscril)cd  by  individual  stm^kholdcrs  was  so  small, 
as  appears  from  this  statement,  was  owing  chiefly  to  the  distrust,  which  jMirvadcd  the  com- 
munity, of  the  ability  and  willingness  of  the  bank  to  maintain  the  notes  they  might  issue  at 
their  par  or  specie  value.  Experience  had  hitherto  led  the  people  to  look  with  susjiicion  on 
every  thing  in  the  shape  of  paper  money.  Paper  promises  to  pay  had  been,  for  a  long 
period,  put  forth  by  the  dilTerent  States  of  the  Confederacy  ;  and  the  value  of  such  promises 
had  uniformly,  after  a  time,  become  dc))rcciated,  and  frequently  exceedingly  depreciated. 
The  public  had  also,  very  lately,  witnessed  the  fall  to  utter  worthlessness  of  the  "  continental 
money"  of  Congress.  In  such  circumstances,  it  is  not  singular  that  capitalists  in  general 
should  have  thought  it  improbable  that  the  business  of  a  bank  of  circulation  could  be  carried 
on  with  a  sufficient  degree  of  success  to  enable  them  to  receive,  after  the  payment  of  all  the 
necessary  expenses,  the  ordinary  rate  of  profits  in  other  employments. 

Even  the  comparatively  small  amount  of  capital,  with  which  the  Bank  of  North  America 
has  been  stated  to  have  commenced  its  operations,  was  to  a  considerable  extent  merely  no- 
minal. The  government  took  out  of  the  bank  with  one  hand  what  it  put  in  with  the  other. 
Nay,  the  money  borrowed  by  it  from  the  bank  left  to  the  latter  only  the  inconsiderable  sum 
of  about  $70,000  to  constitute  its  proper  banking  capital.  To  what  amount  its  notes  were 
in  fact  put  into  circulation,  we  have  no  meatus  of  determining.  But  it  must  be  obvious  that, 
in  the  then  existing  state  of  public  opinion  in  relation  to  paper  money,  this  amount  could 
not  have  been  very  large ;  notwithstanding  every  contrivance  or  artifice  was  resorted  to  which 
honest  men  could  make  use  of,  in  order  to  produce  a  general  impression  favourable  to  the 
credit  of  the  bank.  And  we  may  here  add,  that  to  us  it  appears  altogether  incredible  that  a 
banking  institution  on  so  contracted  a  scale,  operating  too  under  circumstances  so  unpro- 
pitious,  should  have  had,  as  has  often  been  very  confidently  asserted,  an  extraordinary  effect 
in  restoring  public  and  private  credit,  and  in  aiding  the  fiscal  operations  of  the  government. 

By  a  proper  degree  of  caution  at  the  outset  in  the  issue  of  its  notes,  and  in  consequence 
of  their  being  received  by  the  States,  indififerently  with  specie,  in  payment  for  duties  and 
taxes,  such  an  amount  was  before  long  successfully  put  into  circulation,  as  to  enable  the 
bank  to  make  dividends  at  the  rate  of  from  12  to  16  per  cent,  per  annum.  In  this  condition 
of  things,  capitalists,  of  course,  no  longer  had  any  doubts  of  the  expediency  of  engaging  in 
the  business  of  banking ;  and  the  project  of  a  new  bank  was  formed,  to  be  styled  the  Bank 
of  Pennsylvania.  To  prevent  its  being  canied  into  execution,  the  books  of  the  Bank  of 
North  America  were  reluctantly  opened  for  additional  subscriptions.  These  were  now  pro- 
cured without  difficulty ;  and  bank  notes  were  thereupon  issued  to  so  great  an  amount  as  to 
yield,  as  before,  extraordinary  profits  to  the  stockholders,  and  on  this  account,  as  also  on 
account  of  the  successive  expansions  and  contractions  of  the  currency  which  were  exten- 
sively laid  to  the  charge  of  the  bank,  to  excite  against  it  a  strong  popular  feeling.  In  con- 
sequence, the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  took  away,  in  1785,  the  charter  which  they  had 
granted  to  it  in  1782.  Yet  the  bank  still  carried  on  its  business,  claiming  the  right  to  do  so 
under  the  act  of  Congress  above  mentioned.  It,  however,  obtained  a  new  charter  from  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  in  1787 ;  and  its  existence  has  been  continued,  by  successive  acts  of 
incorporation,  without  interruption,  down  to  the  present  time. 

When  the  general  government  went  into  operation  under  the  present  constitution,  only 
two  other  banks  had  been  incorporated  in  the  whole  extent  of  the  country.  These  were  the 
Bank  of  New  York,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  the  Bank  of  Massachusetts,  in  Boston. 
It  was,  then,  with  a  very  limited  experience  only  on  the  part  of  the  community,  of  the  effects 
of  banking,  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Alexander  Hamilton,  in  December,  1790, 
presented  to  Congress  his  celebrated  report,  recommending  the  establishment  of  a  btmk  of 
the  United  States.  The  advocates  of  the  measure,  besides  maintaining  the  expediency  of  it, 
as  a  means  of  stimulating  the  industry  of  the  people  and  augmenting  the  national  wealth, 
held  it  to  be  a  most  useful,  and  therefore  so  desirable  an  instrument,  for  exercising  the  fiscal 
functions  of  the  government,  as  to  entitle  it  to  be  regarded,  in  the  language  of  the  constitu- 
tion, as  "necessary  and  proper  for  carrying  into  execution"  the  powers  vested  in  the 
government  by  the  constitution.  Its  opponents  denied  both  its  expediency  and  constitu- 
tionality. Most  of  them  preferred  a  metallic  currency  to  one  composed  of  bank  notes ;  whilst 
the  measure  was  by  many  regarded  as  unconstitutional,  because,  however  convenient  the 


'\ 


132 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


propoHrd  fmnk  niiKht  bo  to  tho  pfovcrnmcnt,  in  their  opinion  it  roviltl  not,  in  thn  trim  monn- 
inR  of  the  conHtitution,  tx'  pronounced  to  Itr  iieceHwiry  aiul  proper  for  ciirryinn  into  exeeution 
other  powcra,  of  a  priiniiry  nnture,  expreHHiy  conferred  liy  that  dmiiiiient.  'J'iic  net,  incor. 
pomting  the  Bnnit  of  the  United  Wfate«,  punned  liie  Heimte  on  the  'HH\\  of  Jiinuury,  I71M,  « 
few  niemhcrs  only  of  this  bo«iy  having  reninted  itn  panHii^e,  and  the  IIouhc  of  KepreHenlativm, 
by  a  vole  of  39  to  20,  on  the  Hth  day  of  February  followin^c.  After  Krent  dehberution,  and 
ntler  having  rcquentcd  and  received  elaborate  opinionH  for  and  affaitiNt  the  adoption  of  tite 
nu'UNure  from  the  Rcveral  niend)ers  of  \m  cabinet,  who  were?  equally  divi<lcd  t)n  the  Nubject, 
the  bill  wiu  8i(;ned  by  tho  PreMdent  and  became  a  law  on  tin;  I4lli  of  the  Hunie  month. 

As  tlie  act  incorporating  thin  lirnt  Dunk  of  the  United  !Statea,  in  one  uf  great  imporluncc  in 
tho  civil  and  financial  liiatory  of  the  country,  and  may  Ihj  regarded  as  a  mo<lel  on  wliich,  jo^ 
many  rcxpcctii,  future  bank  chartcra  were  framed  ;  it  ia  judged  better  tu  iniiert  it  vtrbulim 
than  to  give  any  abHtract  or  abridgment  of  it.     It  in  an  follows : — 

Jln  Jict  to  incorporate  the  Subsrrihtrt  to  the  Bank  of  the  United  Statei. 

WherPBn  it  in  roncelvcfl  that  tlic  I'BtBliliHliinrnt  of  n  biiiik  fur  the  lliiil.'(l  Hliilen,  upon  n  finindmlnn 
iiilflriciitly  nxtoiiHlvp  !»  nnKWt-r  Ihe  piiriMiHCH  iiitciKlcd  llirrrhy,  mid  at  llic  hiiiik'  iIiiio,  upon  llio  prjn. 
ripli'H  wliirh  iifFord  iidcnuiitf  Hcnirilv  for  iiii  npriuht  luid  priidi-iit  ndniifiiHlrnli<iti  llnTfof,  will  l)f  very 
coiidnrive  to  tlie  niirrcuHful  rondiii'liiiK  «'•'  <li<'  rmtloiuil  tiiiuiKcn ;  will  teiiil  to  giyt:  Inciiily  to  n,,, 
ohtniiiiiin  of  loani*.  for  llii'  iikc  of  thi'  ^ovcrniiipnt,  in  sudden  mn'r^i-ncieH  i  ujul  will  be  prodiiclivt;  of 
considcrnhli-  adviinliiKCH  to  Irnde  niid  Indnnlry  in  irciipriil :     Therefore, 

i  1.  Hr  it  eniirled,  if-r.  Thnt  n  hank  of  the  thiiled  HtuteH  Nhull  he  extabllNhed ;  the  rnpltal  iitnr|( 
whereof  Rhnll  not  exceed  ten  niillionRof  dolliirH,  <tivided  into  twenly-tive  llninHanil  nhareM,  each  Kliurc 
i)elnK  four  hundred  dollnrxi  nnd  that  KnliHi-riptlonii,  towardx  conHlilntinK  the  Maid  Hlork,  Hhall,  <in  iIim 
flrnl  Monday  of  April  next,  he  opened  at  the  t  lly  of  I'hiUidelphiii.  under  the  Kuperinlendeiii-e  of  Kiich 
perDonii.  not  lexH  than  three,  nK  Hhiill  he  appointed  for  that  piirpoxe,  liy  the  PreNJdent  of  Ihe  I/nitcd 
ntntes,  (who  in  hereby  empowered  to  appoint  the  Maid  perHonn  ni'cordlnitly),  which  Hulmcriptiona  slm|| 
continue  open  until  llie  whole  of  the  Nald  Htock  Hhall  have  been  sulmcrihed. 

i  3.  That  it  Hhall  bo  lawful  for  any  pi-rHon.ropnrtnerxliip.  or  body  p<ditir,  to  Hubi<rril)e  forourh  or  no 
many  sharen  an  he,  she,  or  Ihey  fhuil  think  fit,  not  e\rei'dln(j  one  thouHaiid,  except  ax  nhall  be  here 
after  directed  relatively  to  the  Ihiited  HtaleH ;  uiid  that  the  Kunm  rcHpectively  Hubacribud.  t^vcept  „^ 
behalf  of  the  United  .SiateH,  Hliall  be  payable,  uni!  fourth  in  irold  nnd  Nilver,  and  three  fourlliR  in  Hint 
part  of  ihe  public  debt  which,  accordinn  to  the  loan  proposed  In  the  fourth  and  lineenth  sections  oftin, 
act,  entitled  "An  act  making  provision  for  the  debt  of  tlie  United  States,"  shall  bear  an  accriiini; 
interest,  at  the  lime  of  payment,  of  six  per  centum  per  anmiiii,  and  shall  also  be  payable  in  four  imiuui 
parts,  in  the  aforesaid  ratio  of  specie  to  debt,  at  the  distance  of  six  calendar  iiiontlis  friuii  each  olhrr; 
the  first  whereof  shall  lie  paid  at  the  time  of  subscription. 

i  .1.  That  all  those  who  shall  become  subscribers  to  the  said  bank,  their  successors  and  assidn,, 

shall  he,  and  are  hereby,  created  and  made  a  corporution  and  body  politic,  by  the  iiaiiie  and  stylr  ,|' 

The  president,  directors,  and  rampuny  of  the  bank  of  the  United  Stales  ;  and  shall  so  continue  until  tli,. 

fourth  <lay  of  March,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eleven  :    And  by  that  name  shall  be,  ami  ^,g 

hereby,  made  able  and  capable,  in  low,  to  have,  purchase,  receive,  possess,  enjoy,  nnd  retain,  to  tlirm 

and  their  successors,  lands,  rents,  tenements,  jierediluments,  ^'o<i(ls,  chattels,  and  elfects,  of  m„t 

kind,  nature,  or  qiialltv,  soever,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding,  in  the  whole,  filteen  millions  of  dnllnr, 

incliidine  the  amount  of  the  capital  stock  aforesaid  ;  and  the  same  to  sell,  grant,  demise,  alien,  or  i\\f'. 

pose  of;  to  sue  and  be  sued,  plead  nnd  be  impleaded,  answer  and  be  answered,  defend  and  he  detViidril, 

in  courts  of  record,  or  any  other  place  whatsoever  :  And  also  to  make,  have,  and  use  a  common  ncaf 

and  the  same  to  break,  alter,  and  renewal  their  pleasure;  and  also  to  ordain,  establish,  and  put  m' 

execution  such  by-laws,  ordinances  and  reeiilalions,  as  shall  seem  necessary  and  conveni*-nt  fur  .he 

government  of  the  said  corporation,  not  being  contrary  to  law,  or  to  the  constitution  thereof  (fur 

which  purpose  general  meetings  of  the  stockholders  shall,  nnd  may,  be  called  by  the  directors,  uml  in 

the  manner  hereinafter  specified),  and  generally  to  do  and  execute  all  and  singular  acts,  matters,  unj 

things,  which  to  them  it  shall  or  may  appertain  to  do ;  subject,  nevertheless,  tu  the  rules,  regulations 

restrictions,  limitations,  and  provisions  hereinaner  prescribed  and  declared.  ' 

i  4.  That  for  the  well  orderinit  of  the  affairs  of  the  said  corporation,  there  shall  be  twenty-five 

directors  ;  of  whom  there  shall  bo  nn  election  on  the  first  Monday  of  January  in  each  year,  hy  ihe 

stockholders  or  proprietors  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  c«r|>oration,  and  by  plurality  of  the  votes 

actually  given ;  and  those  who  shall  bt;  duly  chosen  at  any  election  shall  be  capable  of  serviait  ai 

directors,  by  virtue  of  such  choice,  until  Ihe  end  or  expiration  of  the  Monday  of  January  next  ciigii. 

ing  the  time  of  such  election,  and  no  longer.    And  the  said  directors,  at  their  first  meeting  after  each 

election,  shall  choose  one  of  their  number  as  president. 

i  i.  That  as  soon  as  the  sum  of  four  hundred  thousand  dollars,  in  gold  and  silver,  shall  have  been 
actually  received  on  account  of  the  subscriptions  to  the  said  stock,  notice  thereof  shall  be  given,  by 
the  persons  under  whose  superintendence  the  same  shall  have  been  made,  in  ut  least  two  public 
gazettes  printed  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  ;  and  the  said  persons  shall,  at  the  same  time,  in  like  man. 
ner,  notif^y  a  time  and  place,  within  the  said  city,  ut  the  distance  of  ninety  days  frcun  the  time  of  surb 
nntificati(m,  for  proceeding  to  the  election  of  directors  ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  election  to  he 
then  nnd  there  made ;  and  Ihe  persons  who  shall  then  and  there  be  chosen  shall  be  the  first  directors, 
and  shall  be  capable  of  serving,  by  virtue  of  such  choice,  until  the  end  or  expiration  of  the  Monday  iii 
January  next  ensuing  the  time  of  making  tho  same,  and  shall  forthwith  thereafter  commence  Ihe  ope- 
rations of  the  said  bunk,  at  the  said  city  of  Philadelphia,  ^nd  provided  further.  That  in  case  it  should 
at  any  time  happen,  that  on  election  of  directors  should  not  he  made  upon  any  day,  when,  pursiiani 
(o  this  act,  it  ought  to  have  been  made,  the  said  corporation  shall  not,  for  that  cause,  be  deunicd  tu  be 
dissolved ;  but  it  shall  be  lawful,  on  any  other  day,  to  hold  and  make  un  election  of  directors,  in  such 
manner  as  shall  have  been  regulated  by  the  laws  and  ordinances  of  the  said  corporation.  .4nif  pn. 
rided  lastly,  That  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  absence  from  the  United  States,  or  removal  uf  a 
director  by  the  stockholders,  his  place  may  be  filled  up,  by  a  new  choice,  for  the  remainder  of  the  year. 
i  6.  That  the  directors  for  the  time  beinf  hall  have  power  to  appoint  such  officers,  clerks,  and  ser- 
vants under  them,  as  shall  be  necessary  for  executing  the  business  of  tho  said  corporation,  and  to 
allow  them  such  compensation  for  their  services,  respectively,  us  shall  he  reasonable  ;  and  shall  he 
capable  of  exercising  such  other  powers  and  authorities,  for  the  well  governing  and  ordering  of  the 
uflTairs  of  the  said  corporation,  as  shall  be  described,  fixed,  and  determined,  by  the  laws,  regulations, 
and  ordinances  of  the  same. 

}  7.  That  the  following  rules,  restrictions,  limitations,  and  provisiuns  sboll  form  and  be  funda- 
mental articles  of  the  constitution  of  the  said  corporation,  viz. 


> 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


in 


c  true  mran- 
ito  cxcrutiun 
10  net,  inror- 
iiury,  1701,  a 
|iri'H('iilutivi'N, 
IxTiition,  and 
)|>lioii  of  tile 

1   tho  Hiilljcct, 

niuiitli, 
inportuiicc  in 
1)11  wliuli,  in, 
,  it  vtrbuliin 


n  a  fonnilntinn 
upon  llif  prin. 
r,  will  he  very 
I'linlily  to  tin, 
prodiictlvi'  of 

I  nipltnl  Dtnrlt 
i'»,  t'lU'h  Hliiire 
:,  hIiiiII,  (in  i|ii> 
iilcncn  of  Nijc'h 
of  \i\v  Ilniicil 
criptiona  almii 

for  Hurh  or  no 
xhiill  lie  hf  re. 
iietl,  excepi  (,„ 
liinrtim  in  Hint 
nertlonxortliii 
r  nn  iiccriijin 
•  in  four  (Miiiai 
ni  I'ucli  ot|it<r; 

I  nnd  iihhIkii5, 

in  and  hIjIi-  ,,{ 

linne  niitlliiie 

ill  be,  nnil  are 

leliiin,  loiiirn, 

IVu'tH,  of  wlmt 

inn  of  (lollarn, 

alien,  or  (tin. 

he  (U'foiideil, 

oninion  Ht>a|, 

ill,  and  put  III 

Biiii'iit  tor  the 

thereof  (f,„ 

:<tiir>i,  ami  In 

niatterti,  and 

,  regulationj, 

I  twenty.flve 
year,  liyihe 
of  the  votes 

)f  serviiiu  aa 

y  next  eiisu. 

ng  after  each 

11  have  been 
be 


tin 

led 


..  (fivcii,  by 

two  public 
like  man- 
ic ofgurli 
J  ion  til  he 

t  direetdrs, 
>  Monday  in 
nee  the  ope- 
I8C  it  slimjld 

n,  piirmmiii 
>eincd  lu  be 
lorn,  in  such 
^vii  fro- 
cninval  uf  a 

of  the  year. 
kn,  and  ser- 
tion,  and  to 
ind  tthall  be 
L'rinft  nf  Ibe 
regnlatiuiij, 

be  funda- 


I.  The  niimher  of  vntr«  to  whirh  each  itockholdur  iiliall  be  entllleit  ahall  bn  nrcnrdliiR  to  the  riiim- 
hrr  of  nhureit  he  nhall  hold,  In  the  proportlonii  followliiR,  that  In  Io  nay  !  I''or  one  nhare,  and  not  morn 
tliiin  two  nhareii,  one  vote  :  Kor  every  two  nhureii  abovi'  two,  anil  not  exreeding  ten,  one  vole  ;  Kor 
every  four  «harei  uliove  leii,  and  not  eneeedliiR  lliirty,  one  vole:  For  every  nix  ■Imri'M  nbove  llilrty, 
uiiil  tint  exreedlng  <lxty,  one  vote  :  For  every  fluht  iiliaren  above  ilxly,  anil  not  ejreedlnir  one  Iniiidred, 
,„ii>  vole  :  And  for  i^verv  ten  aharvii  above  one  hniidred,  one  vole  :  lliil  no  iM-rmin,  ropartnerahip,  or 
IiihIv  polilie,  iihall  be  entitled  to  n  greater  nnintier  than  lliirly  voiea.  And  nlirr  Ihe  llrHt  clerlion,  no 
nhiire.or  DhareH,  hIihII  eon,fi'r  a  rluht  of  miirraue,  wbii'li  ahall  not  have  been  liolileii  three  ealenitar 
iiioMllia  previona  lo  the  day  of  elertion.  Htockholdera  actually  reaidunt  within  the  Ihilteil  Hialea,  anil 
niiiie  oilier,  may  vote  in  elecllona  hv  proxy. 

'I.  Not  ninre  ilian  three  fonrlba  of  the  dlrectora  In  oHlce,  excliialve  of  the  preaident,  ahall  be  ellKlblo 
f,ir  the  next  aiieeeedlng  year :  Uut  Ihu  dlructur,  who  ahull  be  prcalileut  at  thu  Hunt  of  an  election,  may 
ulwiiya  he  re-eleeled. 

3.  None  linl  a  alorkholder,  helnR  n  citizen  of  the  United  Htalva,  ahall  he  eligible  na  u  direelor. 

4.  No  direrlor  ahall  be  enlltled  In  anv  eniolnnieni,  nnleaa  the  aanu  ahall  have  bei'ii  allowi'd  by  the 
atni'kliolilera,  al  a  geniTnl  nieeting.  The  atiickholilera  ahall  make  aurli  roinpeiiaation  to  the  preaident 
fur  Ilia  •'xtraordiniiry  attendani'.e  at  the  hank,  aa  ahall  appear  lo  theni  reaaonable. 

J.  Not  leaa  than  aeven  direetora  aiiall  ronatllute  a  hoard  for  the  Iranaacllon  of  biialneaa,  of  whom 
the  preaident  ahall  alwaya  be  one,  except  in  caae  of  aickneaa,  or  neceaaary  abaence  ;  in  which  ciiae  Ilia 
pliii'e  may  he  aupplicd  by  any  other  lilriictor,  whom  lie,  by  writing  under  Ilia  hand,  ahall  nouiinate  fur 
the  piirp<iae. 

A.  Any  iiuinhrr  of  atocklioldera,  not  leaa  than  alxly,  who,  together,  ahall  he  propriulora  of  two  luin- 
dri'd  uliarei  or  iipwarda,  ahall  have  power,  at  any  time,  to  call  a  general  meeting  of  the  alockholilera, 
for  piirpiiaea  relative  to  the  Inatltiition,  giving,  at  leaat,  ten  weeka'  notice,  in  two  public  gii/.elleHof  the 
place  where  the  bank  ia  kept,  and  apecifving,  in  audi  notice,  the  object,  or  objec.ta,  of  aiich  ineellng. 

7,  Kvery  caahicr  or  treaaurer,  before'hu  enlera  ii|ion  the  dutlea  of  Ilia  ollice,  ahall  be  rei|iiired  to 
give  bond,  with  two  or  more  anrellea,  to  the  aallHfaclliin  of  the  direetora,  in  a  aiiiii  nut  leaa  than  llfly 
Ihnuaaiid  dolbira,  with  condilion  for  hia  good  behaviour. 

H.  The  landa,  teneiiienta,  and  heredilamenta,  which  it  ahall  ho  lawful  for  thn  auld  corporation  to 
hnlil,  ihall  be  only  auch  n«  ahall  be  re(|uiaili!  for  ita  iminediati-  acconiniodathin,  in  relation  to  the  cun- 
veiiiciit  tranaacting  of  ita  buaineaa,  ami  aneli  aa  ahall  have  been  bona  tide  mortgaged  to  it  by  way  of 
accurlly.  or  conveyed  to  it  in  aaliafaetion  of  debia,  previoualy  coiitrocted  in  the  courae  of  Ita  dealingM, 
ur  piirclmaed  at  enlea  upon  jiidgmenta  which  ahall  have  been  olilaineil  for  audi  debta. 

(I.  The  lotal  amount  of  the  debIa  which  the  aaid  corporation  ahall,  at  any  time,  owe,  whether  by 
hniid,  bill,  note,  or  other  contract,  ahall  not  excei'd  the  aiini  of  ten  milliona  of  dollara,  <iver  and  abovn 
llift  iiioiieya  then  actually  de|Hiaited  in  the  hank  for  aafe  keeping,  itiileaa  the  contracting  of  any  greater 
debt  ahall  have  been  previoualy  uuthorland  hy  a  law  of  the  llnilud  Mtutoa.  In  caae  of  excuaa,  tlio 
direcKira,  under  wlioae  adininiatration  it  ahall  happen,  ahall  be  liable  for  the  aaiiie  in  their  natural  anil 
private  capaclliea;  and  an  action  of  debt  may,  in  aiich  caae,  be  brought  iignlnat  them,  or  any  of 
thi'iii.  Iheir.  or  any  of  their,  lieira,  execntora,  or  adiniiiiatralorH,  in  any  court  of  record  of  thn  United 
Slatoa,  or  cither  nf  them,  by  any  creditor  or  credilora,  of  the  aaid  corporation,  and  niuy  be  proacciiteil 
til  Jiiilgnient  and  execution  ;  any  condition,  covenant,  or  agreement,  to  the  contrary  notwilliatanding. 
But  Ihia  ahall  not  be  cnnatriied  to  exempt  thn  aaid  corporation,  or  Ihe  hinda,  tenenicnta,  gondii,  or  chat- 
tels of  Ihe  same,  from  being  alao  liable  for,  and  chargeable  with  the  aaid  exceaa.  Hiich  of  the  aaid 
direetora  who  may  have  been  ahai'iit  when  the  aaid  exceaa  waa  contracted,  or  created,  or  who  may 
have  dixaented  from  the  reaolution,  or  act,  whereby  the  aanic  waa  ao  contracted  or  created,  may, 
rc«|iBi'lively,  exonerate  themaelveH  from  beliiK  ao  liable,  by  forthwith  giving  notice  of  the  fact,  and  of 
Ihoir  ahaence  or  diaaent,  to  thn  prnaldnnt  of  the  United  Htatea,  and  to  the  atockhuldera,  nt  a  general 
nieetinit  which  Ihey  ahall  have  power  to  call  for  that  piirpnae. 

10.  The  aaid  corporation  may  aell  any  part  of  the  public  debt  whereof  ita  atock  ahall  be  conipoaed, 
but  shiiU  not  hn  at  liberty  lo  piirclmae  any  public  debt  wluilaoever ;  nor  ahall,  directly  or  Indirectly, 
deal  nr  trade  in  any  thing,  except  hilla  nf'^nxchangn,  gold  or  ailver  bullion,  or  In  the  anln  of  goods, 
really  nnd  truly  pledged  for  iiiuney  lent,  and  not  redeemed  in  due  time  ;  or  of  gooda  which  ahall  be 
the  produce  of  ita  landa.  Neither  almll  the  aaid  corporation  take  iiiuru  than  at  thu  rate  of  aix  per 
centum  per  annum,  for,  nr  upon,  its  loaiia  or  discoiinta. 

II.  Nn  loan  shall  be  made  by  the  aaid  corporation  for  the  use,  nr  on  account,  of  the  gnverninnnt  of 
the  United  .Statee,  to  an  amount  exceeding  one  hundred  ttiouaand  dollura,  or  of  any  particular  state, 
10  an  anmuiit  exceeding  fifty  thouaand  dollara,  or  of  any  fiiruign  prince  or  atate,  nnleaa  previoualy 
authorlaed  by  a  law  of  thn  United  States. 

13.  The  stock  nf  Ihe  said  corporation  shall  be  assignable  and  transferable,  according  to  such  rulea 
aa  ahall  bn  inatituted  in  that  behalf,  by  the  laws  and  urdinancca  of  the  same. 

13.  The  bills  obligatory,  and  of  credit,  under  the  seal  of  the  said  corporation,  which  shall  be  made 
to  any  person,  or  peraons,  shall  be  assignable,  by  cndoraemcnt  thereupon,  under  thu  hand,  or  hands, 
of  Biich  person,  or  persons,  and  of  his,  her,  or  their  assignee,  nr  asHlgneea,  and  so  us  absolutely  to 
tranafer,  and  vest  the  property  thereof  in  each,  and  every,  assignee,  or  nasigncea,  succcasively,  and 
to  eni^ble  such  assignee,  nr  assignees,  to  bring  and  maintain  an  action  thereupon,  in  his,  her,  or  their, 
own  name,  or  names.  And  hills  or  notes,  which  may  be  issued  by  order  of  the  aaid  corporation, 
signed  by  the  president,  and  countersigned  by  the  principal  cashier,  or  treasurer,  thereof,  promising 
tho  payment  of  money  to  any  person,  or  persons,  hia,  her,  or  their  order,  or  to  bearer,  though  not 
under  the  seal  of  the  said  corporation,  shall  be  binding  ami  obligatory  upon  the  annic,  in  the  like  man- 
ner, and  with  the  like  force  and  effect,  as  upon  any  private  person,  or  persons,  if  issued  by  him,  or 
them,  in  his,  her,  or  their,  private  or  natural  capacity,  or  capacities ;  and  shall  be  aaaignable  and  nego- 
tiable, in  like  manner  ns  if  they  were  so  Issued  by  such  private  person  or  (lersons  ;  that  is  to  say, 
iliose  which  shall  be  payable  to  any  person,  or  persona,  his,  her,  or  their  order,  shall  be  assignable  by 
endnrsement,  in  like  manner,  and  with  the  like  effect,  as  foreign  bills  of  exchange  now  are ;  and 
those  which  are  payable  to  bearer  shall  bn  negotiable,  and  assignable,  by  delivery  only. 

M.  Half  yearly  ifividends  shall  be  made  of  so  much  of  the  proAta  of  the  bank  ns  shall  appear  to  the 
direclnrs  ndviseablc  ;  and  once  in  every  three  years,  the  directors  shall  lay  before  the  stockholders, 
at  n  general  meeting,  for  their  information,  an  exact  and  particular  statement  of  the  debts  which 
shall  have  remained  unpaid  after  the  expiration  of  the  original  credit,  for  a  period  of  treble  the  term 
of  that  credit ;  and  of  the  surplus  of  proflt,  if  any,  after  deducting  losses  and  dividends.  If  there 
shall  be  a  failure  in  the  payment  of  any  part  of  any  sum  subscribed  by  any  person,  copartnership,  or 
body  politic,  the  party  failing  shall  lose  the  benetit  of  any  dividend  which  may  have  accrued  prior  to 
the  time  for  making  such  payment,  nnd  during  the  delay  nf  the  same, 

15.  It  shall  he  lawful  for  the  directors  aforesaid,  to  eatabliah  offices  wheresoever  they  shall  think 
fit,  within  the  ITnlInd  States,  for  the  purposes  of  discount  nnd  deposit  only,  and  upon  the  same  tenns, 
and  in  the  same  manner,  ns  shall  he  practised  at  the  bunk  :  and  to  commit  the  management  of  the  said 
officcd,  and  the  making  uf  the  said  discounts,  to  such  persona,  under  such  agreements,  and  subject  to 
such  regulations,  as  they  vhall  deem  proper ;  not  being  contrary  to  law,  or  lo  the  constitution  of  the 


i 

< 
0 

■n 

8 

i 

•"J 


bank. 


M 


134 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


IS.  The  officer  nt  the  head  of  the  treasury  department  of  the  United  States  shall  he  furnished,  from 
time  to  time,  as  often  as  he  may  require,  not  exceeding  once  a  weeic,  with  statements  of  the  amniint 
of  the  capital  stocic  of  the  said  corporation,  and  of  the  debts  due  to  the  same;  of  the  moneys  depo. 
■ited  therein  ;  of  the  notes  in  circulation,  and  of  the  cash  in  hand  ;  and  shall  have  a  rlf^ht  to  inspect 
■uch  general  accounts  in  the  books  of  the  bank  as  shall  relate  to  the  said  statements :  Provided,  That 
this  shall  not  be  construed  to  imply  a  right  of  inspecting  the  account  of  any  private  individual,  or  in- 
dividuals, with  the  bank. 

i  8.  That  if  the  said  corporation,  or  any  person  or  persons  for  or  to  tho  use  of  the  same,  shall  deal 
or  trade,  in  buying  or  selling  any  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  commodities  whatsoever,  contrary  to 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  all  and  every  person  and  persons,  by  whom  any  order,  or  direction,  for  su 
dealing  or  trading,  shall  have  been  given,  and  all  and  every  person  and  persons,  who  shall  have  been 
concerned  as  parties  or  agents  therein,  shall  forfeit  and  lose  treble  the  value  of  the  goods,  wares, 
merchandises,  and  commodities,  in  which  such  dealing  and  trade  shall  have  been;  one  half  thereof  to 
the  use  of  the  informer,  and  the  other  half  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  United  States,  to  be  recovered 
with  costs  of  suit. 

i  9.  That  if  the  said  corporation  shall  advance  or  lend  any  sum,  for  the  use  or  on  account  of  the 
government  of  the  Uni'.ed  States,  to  an  amount  exceeding  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  ;  or  of  any 
particular  State,  to  a;i  amount  exceeding  fifty  thousand  dollars ;  or  of  any  foreign  prince  or  state 
(unless  previously  authorised  thereto  by  a  law  of  the  United  States),  all  and  every  person  and  per- 
sons,  by  and  with  whose  order,  agreement,  consent,  approbation,  or  connivance,  such  unlawful 
advance  or  loan  ahall  have  been  made,  upon  conviction  thereof,  shnll  forfeit  and  pay,  for  every  such 
oflTence,  treble  the  value  or  amount  of  the  sum  or  sums  which  shall  have  been  so  unlawfully  ad- 
vanced or  lent ;  one  fifth  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  informer,  and  the  residue  thereof  to  the  use  of  tlie 
United  Statpu ;  to  be  disposed  of  by  law,  and  not  otherwise. 

i  10.  That  the  bills  or  notes  of  the  said  corporation,  originally  made  payable,  or  which  shall  have 
become  payable,  on  demand,  in  gold  and  silver  coin,  shall  be  receivable  in  all  payments  to  the  United 
States. 

i  11.  That  it  shall  *■■:.  •  vful  for  the  president  of  the  United  States,  at  any  time  or  times,  witliin 
eighteen  months  v'  ■  ■if"  ilrst  day  of  April  next,  to  cause  a  subscription  to  be  made  to  the  stock  of 
the  said  corporatio.  .  .  irt  of  the  aforesaid  capital  stock  of  ten  millions  of  dollars,  on  behalf  of  tlie 
United  States,  to  an  .lount  not  exceeding  two  millions  of  dollars;  to  be  paid  out  of  the  moneys 
which  shall  he  borrowed  by  virtue  of  either  of  the  acts,  the  one  entitled  "  An  act  making  provision 
for  the  debt  of  the  United  States;"  and  the  other,  entitled  "An  act  making  provision  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  public  debt;"  borrowing  of  the  bank  an  equal  sum,  to  be  applied  to  the  purposes  for 
which  the  said  moneys  shall  have  been  procured  ;  reimhurseable  in  ten  years,  by  equal  annual  in- 
atalinents ;  or  at  any  time  sooner,  or  in  any  greater  proportions,  that  the  government  may  think  fit. 

I)  12.  That  no  other  bank  shall  be  established,  by  anv  future  law  of  the  United  States,  during  the 
continuance  of  the  corporation  hereby  created ;  for  which  the  faith  of  the  United  States  is  hereby 
pledged. 

The  high  dividends  of  the  Bank  of  North  America,  previous  to  the  date  of  the  incorpora- 
tion of  that  of  the  United  States,  have  been  already  noticed.  They,  however,  gradually  d^ 
dined  as  other  banks  sprang  into  existence ;  but  were  still  as  high  as  10  per  cent,  in  1801, 
and  so  late  as  1810,  at  the  rate  of  9  per  cent,  per  annum.  During  the  existence  too  of  the 
Bank  of  the  United  States,  from  1791  to  1811,  its  dividends  amounted  to  from  nearly  8  to 
10  per  cent  And  at  the  last  mentioned  date,  "  none  of  the  banks  divided  less  than  8  per 
cent.,  and  some  of  them  much  more." 

Hence  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  that,  as  the  period  of  the  expiration  of  the  charter  of 
the  United  States  Bank  approached,  the  stockholders  should  have  been  exceedingly  desirous 
of  obtaining  a  renewal  of  it.  Application  was,  accordingly,  made  by  them  for  this  purpose 
to  Congress,  so  early  as  the  spring  of  the  year  1808.  Their  memorial  on  the  subject  was  re- 
ferred by  the  Senate  to  the  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Gallatin,  "  to  consider  and 
report  thereon,  at  the  next  session  of  Congress."  In  pursuance  of  the  reference  thus  made 
to  him,  that  officer,  on  the  last  day  of  the  next  session,  presented  a  report  favourable  to  the 
views  of  the  memorialists,  and  in  which  he  made  the  following  suggestions : — 

"  I.  That  the  bank  should  pay  interest  to  the  United  States  on  the  public  deposits,  whenever  ihey 
■hall  exceed  a  certain  sum,  which  may  perhaps  be  flxed  at  about  *hree  millions  of  dollars. 

IT.  That  the  bank  should  be  bound,  whenever  required,  to  lend  to  the  United  States  a  sum  not  ei- 
ceeding  three  fifths  of  its  capital,  at  a  rate  of  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  cent. ;  the  amount  of  such 
loan  or  loans  to  be  paid  by  the  bank  in  instalments,  not  exceeding  a  certain  sum,  monthly,  and  to  be 
reimbursed  at  the  pleasure  of  government. 

in.  That  the  capital  stock  of  the  bank  should  be  increased  to  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner,  viz. 

1.  Five  millions  of  dollars  to  be  subscribed  by  citizens  of  the  United  States,  under  such  regulations 
as  would  make  an  equitable  apportionment  amongst  the  several  States  and  Territories. 

2.  Fifteen  millions  to  be  subscribed  by  such  States  as  may  desire  it,  and  under  such  equitable  appor- 
tionments among  the  several  Statej  as  may  be  provided  by  law ;  and  a  branch  to  be  established  in 
each  subscribing  State,  if  applied  for  by  the  State. 

3.  The  payments,  either  by  individuals  or  States,  to  be  either  in  specie  or  in  public  stock  of  the 
United  States,  at  such  rates  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

4.  The  subscribing  States  to  pay  their  subscription  in  ten  annual  instalments,  or  sooner  if  it  aulia 
their  convenience,  but  to  receive  dividends  in  proportion  only  to  the  amount  of  subscription  actually 
paid ;  and  their  dhares  of  bank  stock  not  to  be  transferable. 

IV.  That  some  share  should  be  given  in  the  direction  to  the  general  and  state  government!,  ilie 
general  government  appointing  a  few  directors  in  the  general  direction,  and  the  government  of  each 
subscribing  State  appointing  a  few  directors  in  the  direction  of  the  branch  established  in  such 
State." 

Mr.  Gallatin  concluded  his  report  by  remarking  that  the  result  of  his  plan  would  be, 
"  first,  that  the  United  States,  receiving  an  interest  on  the  public  deposits,  might,  without 
inconvenience,  accumulate,  during  years  of  peace  and  prosperity,  a  treasure  sufficient  to  meet 
periods  of  war  and  calamity,  and  thereby  avoid  the  necessity  of  adding,  by  increased  taxes, 
to  the  distresses  of  such  periods.    Secondly,  that  they  mipht  rely  on  a  loan  of  eighteen  mil- 


lioni  of  dolli 

of  the  propoi 

be  gradual,  i 

Fourthly,  th 

among  the  i 

Presented, 

of  course,  ros 

During  th 

in  the  Senate 

was  referred 

make  provisi 

ficesof  disc( 

lion  of  the  na 

law."    Anot 

the  propriety 

committees. 

entitled  "  A  1 

scribers  to  th 

in  the  city  of 

States  rcspec 

exceed  15,00 

ceded  that  thi 

sive  mercanti 

Indeed,  the  o 

behalf  of  pla( 

tive  power  wi 

of  a  portion  o 

any  of  the  sta 

be  much  mon 

debated,  it  wa 

the  session. 

of  the  United 

better  enabled 

amount  of  its 

any  time  the  I 

rate  of  interest 

to  the  United 

the  rate  of  thr 

lions  of  dollare 

United  States, 

And  the  gover 

shares,  annual! 

A  new  petit 

1810),  by  the 

which  petition 

raittee,  that  of 

This  committe 

like  the  one 

session.    Afte 

postponed  by  i 

Senate.    On  t 

expiration  of  t 

which  w  IS,  on 

dent,G6irge  i. 

but  to  close  its 

To  enable  il 

the  distress  am 

ensue  from  its 

both  Houses  o 

powers,  for  thi 

mittee  of  the  I 

of  opinion  thai 

adjustment  of 

to  that  object 

the  stockholde 

objection  now 

Trustees  we 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


185 


B,  in  the  fol- 
1  regulations 


would  be, 
ht,  without 
lent  to  meet 
ased  taxes, 

hteea  mil- 


lioni  of  dollars,  on  any  sudden  emergency.  Thirdly,  that  the  payment  of  the  greater  part 
of  the  proposed  increase  of  capital,  being  paid  in  ten  annual  instalments,  that  increase  would 
be  gradual,  and  not  more  rapid  than  may  be  required  by  the  progressive  state  of  the  country. 
Fourthly,  that  the  bank  itself  would  form  an  additional  bond  of  common  interest  and  union 
among  the  several  States." 

Presented,  as  this  report  was,  on  the  very  last  day  of  the  session  of  Congress,  that  body, 
of  course,  rose  without  any  action  having  been  had  in  relation  to  it. 

During  the  session  of  1809-1810,  the  subject  of  the  recharter  of  the  bank  did  not  come  up 
in  the  Senate ;  but  in  the  House,  the  memorial,  previously  presented  by  the  stockholders, 
was  referred  to  a  select  committee,  who  reported  a  resolution  declaring  "  that  it  is  proper  to 
make  provision  for  continuing  the  establishment  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  with  of- 
fices of  discount  and  deposit,  under  the  regulations  necessary  for  the  beneficial  administra* 
tion  of  the  national  finances,  during  such  time  and  on  such  conditions,  as  may  be  defined  by 
law."  Another  resolution  was  offered  by  a  member,  "  that  it  is  expedient  to  inquire  into 
the  propriety  of  establishing  a  national  bank."  These  resolutions  were  referred  to  different 
committees.  And  two  bills  were,  in  consequence,  reported  to  the  House ;  one  of  which  was 
entitled  "  A  bill  to  establish  a  National  Bank,"  the  other,  "  An  act  to  incorporate  the  sub- 
scribers to  the  Bank  of  the  United  States."  By  the  former  bill,  a  bank  was  to  be  established 
in  the  city  of  Washington,  with  branches  in  the  Territories  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the 
States  respectively,  on  application  of  their  legislatures ;  the  capital  of  which  bank  was  not  to 
exceed  15,000,000  dollars.  This  bill  met  with  very  little  favour,  as  it  was  generally  con- 
ceded that  the  proper  place  for  a  bank,  with  a  large  capital,  was  a  large  city,  having  exten- 
sive mercantile  transactions,  which  was  very  far  from  being  the  case  with  Washington  city. 
Indeed,  the  only  object  which  the  advocates  of  the  bill  had  in  view,  when  they  argued  in 
behalf  of  placing  the  national  bank  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  where  the  entire  legisla- 
tive power  was  vested  in  Congress,  was,  if  possible,  to  overcome  the  amatitutional  scruples 
of  a  portion  of  the  members  as  to  their  authority  to  incorporate  an  institution  of  the  kind  in 
any  of  the  states.  The  bill  for  renewing  the  charter  of  the  existing  bank  seemed  at  first  to 
be  much  more  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  a  majority  of  the  House.  Afler  having  been 
debated,  it  was,  however,  laid  on  the  table,  and  not  again  taken  up  during  the  remainder  of 
the  session.  Provision  had  been  made  in  it  for  the  payment  by  the  bank  into  the  treasury 
of  the  United  States  of  a  bonus  of  1,250,000  dollars ;  the  bank,  on  the  other  hand,  to  be  the 
better  enabled  to  pay  this  bonus,  was  authorised  to  add  a  milllion  of  dollars  to  the  former 
amount  of  its  capital.  It  was,  also,  made  obligatory  upon  it  to  lend  to  the  government,  at 
any  time  the  latter  might  require  a  loan,  any  sum  not  exceeding  five  millions  of  dollars,  at  a 
rate  of  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  cent  per  annum.  The  bank  was  further  bound  to  pay 
to  the  United  States,  in  conformity  with  the  suggestion  made  by  Mr.  Gallatin,  an  interest  at 
the  rate  of  three  per  cent,  per  annum,  on  all  sums  of  money  above  the  sum  of  three  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  which  should  accumulate  in  the  bank  to  the  credit  of  the  Treasurer  of  the 
Lnited  States,  or  in  any  of  its  branches,  and  which  should  remain  there  for  one  whole  year. 
And  the  government  was  to  be  at  liberty  to  subscribe  to  a  certain  number  of  additional 
shares,  annually  for  a  term  of  years. 

A  new  petition  was  presented  to  Congress,  in  the  beginning  of  the  next  session  (December, 
1810),  by  the  stockholders  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  for  the  renewal  of  their  charter; 
which  petition  was,  in  both  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee, that  of  the  House  being  composed  of  one  member  from  each  state  of  the  Union. 
This  committee,  early  in  January,  1811,  reported  a  bill,  for  a  renewal  of  the  charter,  not  un- 
like the  one  above  mentioned  as  having  been  laid  on  the  table  during  the  preceding 
session,  Afler  much  debate,  the  bill  reported  was,  on  the  24th  of  that  month,  indefinitely 
postponed  by  a  vote  of  65  to  64.  No  report  had  as  yet  been  made  by  the  committee  of  the 
Senate.  On  the  5th  of  February,  only  four  weeks  before  the  close  of  the  session  and  the 
expiration  of  the  charter  of  the  bank,  they  reported  a  bill  for  its  renewal,  the  first  section  of 
which  w  IS,  on  the  20th  day  of  the  month,  struck  out  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  Vice  Presi- 
dent, Ge  irge  CImton.  The  fate  of  the  bank  was  thus  decided ;  and  nothing  remained  for  it 
but  to  close  its   msiness. 

To  enable  it  t  >  do  so  with  more  convenience  to  itself,  and  to  prevent  as  much  as  possible 
the  distress  amoi  g  the  community  which  its  friends  confidently  asserted  would  inevitably 
ensue  from  its  t  .fairs  being  wound  up  in  a  short  period  of  time,  application  was  made  to 
both  Houses  o'  Congress,  in  a  few  days  aflerwards,  for  a  temporary  continuation  of  its 
powers,  for  this  purpose  only.  The  request  so  preferred  was,  nevertheless,  refused.  A  com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Representatives,  to  which  it  had  been  referred,  stated,  that  they  "  aro 
of  opinion  that  a  law  of  Congress,  granting  the  powers  prayed  for,  would  facilitate  the  final 
adjustment  of  the  affairs  of  the  bank,  although  they  do  not  think  such  a  law  indispensable 
to  that  object.  But  believing,  as  your  committee  do,  that,  in  granting  the  original  charter  to 
the  stockholders,  Congress  transcended  the  legitimate  powers  of  the  constitution,  the  same 
objection  now  presents  itself  to  the  extension  of  any  of  their  corporate  capacities." 

Trustees  were  appointed,  who  proceeded  so  expeditiously  in  settling  the  accounts  of  the 


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BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


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bank,  that,  in  about  a  year  and  a  half  aAer  the  expiration  of  the  charter,  they  had  already 
paid  to  the  stockholders  88  per  cent,  of  the  capital  stock.  It  is  proper  to  mention  that  all 
this  was  accomplished  without  any  extraordinary  derangement  of  the  currency,  and  without 
any  of  the  disastrous  effects  which  had  been  anticipated  and  dreaded  by  many  among  the 
most  intelligent  men  of  the  country.  And  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  note  the  fact,  that 
the  whole  amount  of  the  sums,  which  were  received  by  the  stockholders,  from  first  to  last, 
amounted  to  108^  dollars,  on  every  100  dollars  of  stock. 

That  no  extraordinary  derangement  of  the  currency  followed  immediately  upon  the  refusal 
of  Congress  to  recharter  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  and  the  rapid  winding  up  of  its  con- 
cerns,  was  owing  chiefly  to  the  extent  in  which  the  notes  of  the  other  banks  of  the  country 
were  issued ;  an  extent  much  greater,  indeed,  than  would  have  sufficed  to  take  the  place  of 
the  United  States  Bank  notes  in  the  circulation.  At  this  period,  these  institutions  had  become 
very  numerous,  especially  in  the  eastern  and  middle  states.  The  aggregate  capitals  of  the 
banks  "  most  deserving  of  notice"  amounted,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1811,  according 
to  a  statement  in  the  American  edition  of  the  Edinburgh  Encyclopsedia,  article  Banks,  to 
nearly  five  times  that  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States.  In  the  course  of  a  single  year,  this 
amount  was  augmented  fifty  per  cent.  A  sort  of  mania  for  the  creation  of  new  banks 
seemed  every  where  to  prevail,  and  often  nearly  as  much  in  districts  almost  exclusively 
agricultural  as  in  those  where  a  great  extent  of  commerce  was  carried  on.  Such  was  the 
anxiety  displayed  in  Pennsylvania  for  the  incorporation  of  local  banks,  that  it  probably  coii' 
tributed  in  no  slight  degree  to  the  rejection  there  by  the  Legislature,  of  an  application  on  the 
part  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  for  a  charter,  with  a  capital  of  five  millions  of  dollars, 
although  a  bonus  was  offered  the  state  of  half  a  million  of  dollars,  together  with  a  loan  of 
another  half  million. 

"During  the  session  of  1812-13"  (we  quote  the  words  of  an  able  report  made  to  the 
Senate  of  Pennsylvania,  January  29lh,  1820,  by  a  committee,  of  which  Condy  Raguet, 
Esq.  was  chairman),  "a  bill  to  incorporate  twenty-five  institutions,  the  capitals  of  which 
amounted  to  nine  millions  five  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  was  passed  by 
both  Houses  of  the  Legislature,  by  a  bare  majority  of  one  vote  jn  each.  The  bill  was  return, 
ed  by  the  governor,  with  his  objections,  which  were  sensible  and  cogent,  and  on  a  recon- 
sideration the  votes  were  38  to  40.  At  the  following  session  the  subject  was  renewed  with 
increased  ardour,  and  a  bill  authorising  the  incorporation  of  forty-one  banking  institutions 
with  capitals  amounting  to  seventeen  millions  of  dollars,  was  passed  by  a  large  majoritr. 
This  bill  was  also  returned  by  the  governor,  with  additional  objections,  but  two  thirds  of 
each  house  (many  members  of  ,vhich  were  pledged  to  their  constituents  to  that  effect)  agree- 
ing on  its  passage,  it  became  a  law,  on  the  21st  of  March,  1814,  and  thus  inflicted  upon  the 
commonwealth,  an  evil  of  a  more  disastrous  nature  than  has  ever  been  experienced  by  its 
citizens.  Under  this  law  thirty-seven  banks,  four  of  which  were  established  in  Philadelphia, 
actually  went  into  operation. 

"The  immediate  commencement  of  a  number  of  these  banks,  with  scarcely  a  bonajidt 
capital  equal  to  the  first  instalment,  ybr  the  eonventent  mode  of  discounting  stock  notes,  to 
meet  the  subsequent  payments,  was  soon  discovered,  increased  the  mass  of  paper  crdits 
already  too  redundant,  and  depreciated  the  whole  circulating  medium  so  far  below  specie 
value,  as  to  excite  a  want  of  confidence  in  its  convertibility.  In  the  absence  of  a  ibreign  de- 
mand for  specie,  a  domestic  one  arose.  The  laws  of  the  New  England  States  had  been  so 
rigorous  upon  the  subject  of  banks,  which  were  liable  to  a  penalty  of  12  per  cent,  per  an- 
num, for  the  non-payment  of  their  notes,  that  no  depreciation  of  their  currency  took  place. 
The  consequence  thereof  was,  that  the  difference  between  the  New  England  prices  of  com. 
modities,  otocks  and  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  and  those  of  Pennsylvania,  was  equal  to  the 
extent  of  the  depreciatior»  of  the  latter ;  and  as  our  bank  notes  were  redeemable  on  demand 
the  most  profitable  remittance  which  could  be  made  to  New  England,  in  exchange  for  her 
comiTioditics,  was  specie ;  and  this  demand  created  a  run  upon  the  banks  which  they  were 
not  able  to  withstand.  The  situation  of  the  southern  and  western  banks  was  precisely  simi- 
lar to  that  of  our  own.  AH  had  over-issued,  and  a  general  depreciation  had  ensued.  The 
same  causes  produced  the  same  effects,  and  a  general  stoppage  of  all  the  banks  in  the  United 
States,  except  those  of  New  England,  took  place  in  August  and  September,  1814.  The 
New  England  demand,  it  is  true,  was  in*  reased  by  two  causes,  viz.  Jirst,  by  fiacilities  in 
foreign  trade  through  neutral  vessels,  which  were  afforded  them  by  an  exemption  from  the 
blockade  of  the  enemy,  and,  secondly,  by  a  well  grounded  apprehension  that  the  southern 
banks,  from  their  extensive  emissions,  would  necessarily  become  embarrassed.  Certain  it  is. 
however,  that  all  these  causes  combined  could  not  have  produced  a  general  suspension  of 
payment,  had  our  banks  observed  the  sa'  ne  caution  in  their  issues  as  that  which  characterized 
the  banks  of  the  eastern  states." 

The  following  table,  from  Mr.  Gallatin's  valuable  little  work,  entitled  "  Considerations  on 
the  Currency  and  Banking  System  of  the  United  Statca,"  presents  the  resulU  of  that  gen- 
tleman's researches  respecting  the  progress  of  the  banking  system  in  the  United  States,  io 
the  period  from  1810  to  1816. 


l8t  Jai 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


137 


had  already 
ion  that  all 
and  without 
among  the 
;he  fact,  that 
fint  to  last, 

n  the  refusal 
jp  of  its  con- 
'  the  country 
the  place  of 
J  had  become 
ipitals  of  the 
I,  accoiding 
le  Banks,  to 
gle  year,  this 
■  new  banks 
t  exclnsively 
ich  was  the 
jrobably  con- 
cation  on  the 
IS  of  dollars, 
h  a  loan  of 

made  to  the 
>ndy  Raguet, 
als  of  which 
as  passed  by 
11  was  return- 

on  a  recon- 
enewed  with 
g  institutions 
Tge  majority, 
two  thirds  of 
effect)  agret- 

tfid  upon  the 
lenced  by  jtg 
Philadelphia, 


lerations  on 
|f  that  gen- 
States,  in 


Ist  Jan.  1611.— Bank  of  the  United  State*    - 
88  State  banks 

Total          .          .          • 
1815.— 209  State  banks 
1816.-246    do.      do. 

Capilal. 

NotM  in  cIrcuUtion. 

Specia. 

#10,000,000 
42,<»10,60I 

5,400,000 
22,700,000 

5,800,000 
9,600,000 

52,610,IH)1 
82,259,590 
69,822,422 

28,100,000 
45,500,000 
08,000,000 

15,400,000 
17,000,000 
19,000,000 

Mr.  Crawford,  in  his  report  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  of  January  12th,  1820,  esti- 
mated the  bank  notes  in  circulation  in  1816,  as  high  as  99  millions  of  dollars.  And  Mr. 
Pitkin  is  of  opinion  that  the  truth  lay  between  the  amounto  stated  by  Mr.  Gallatin  and  Mr. 
Crawford. 

The  unequal  distribution  of  the  specie  of  the  bsnliB,  on  the  Ist  of  January,  1816,  was, 
according  to  the  first  of  these  two  gentlemen,  as  follows : — 


"  At  thnt  time  the  banks  of  the  four  States  of) 
Main<^.  Massnchuaetta,  Rhode  Island  and  New  > 
Hampsliife,  had  } 

The  Slates  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  \ 
with  the  District  of  Columbia,  had  5 

And  all  the  other  States    -  .  .  . 


Capital. 
#15,690,000 

26,000,000 
40,930,000 


Circulation. 
5,320,000 

13,750,000 
25,630,000 


Specie, 
8,200,000 

3,000,000 
5,800,000" 


Not  only  did  the  hanks  which  had  suspended  specie  payments  enlarge  their  issues,  with  a 
view  to  augment  their  profits,  so  aa  to  cause  their  paper  to  become  depreciated  below  its  no- 
minal value ;  but  this  depreciation  was  very  different  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  For 
example,  soon  after  the  suspension  of  specie  payments,  in  September,  1814,  while  the  notes 
of  the  New  York  city  banks  were  10  per  cent,  below  their  par  or  specie  value,  those  of 
Baltimore  were  at  a  discount  of  no  less  than  20  per  cent.  This  inequality,  too,  continued  to 
a  greater  or  less  extent  until  the  return  of  the  banks  to  specie  payments.  Mr.  M'Duffie,  in 
his  report  of  the  13th  of  April,  1830,  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  in  relation  to  the  re- 
charter  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  remarks  concerning  the  state  of  tae  currency  on 
the  Ist  day  of  July,  1816,  that  "  among  the  principal  eastern  cities,  Washington  and  Balti- 
more were  the  points  at  which  the  depreciation  was  the  greatest.  The  paper  of  the  banks 
in  these  places  was  from  20  to  22  per  cent,  below  par.  At  Philadelphia  the  depreciation 
was  considerably  less,  though,  even  there,  it  was  from  17  to  18  per  cent.  But  in  the  inte- 
rior of  *  'lui.try,  where  banks  were  established,  the  depreciation  was  even  greater  than  at 
WashiAR  i' '  Baltimore.  In  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  and  particularly  at  Pitts- 
burgh, ■  P«r  cent."  It  may  be  added,  that  during  the  period  of  which  we  speak, 
specie  i.  ;itirely  disappeared  from  the  circulation,  that  the  smallest  payments,  for 
marketing  and  other  ordinary  purchases  of  daily  occurrence,  were  everywhere  made  in 
paper  money  issued  by  the  banks,  by  corporations  of  various  descriptions,  or  even  by  indi- 
viduals. 

Scarcely  had  the  suspension  by  the  banks  of  specie  payments  taken  place,  and  the  con- 
sequences above  mentioned  begun  to  be  exhibited,  when  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr. 
Alexander  J.  Dallas,  on  the  17th  of  October,  1814,  recommended  to  Congress  the  establish- 
ment of  a  national  bank,  as  the  proper  remedy  to  l)e  applied. 

He  proposed  that  such  a  bank  should  be  incorporated  for  a  term  of  twenty  years,  to  be 
established  at  Philadelphia,  with  a  power  to  erect  offices  of  discount  and  deposit  elsewhere; 
that  the  capital  of  the  bank  should  be  fifty  millions  of  dollars,  three  fifths  of  it  to  be  sub- 
scribed by  corporations,  companies,  or  individuals ;  and  two  fifths  of  it  by  the  United  States ; 
that  the  former  subscriptions  should  be  paid,  one  fifth  part  in  gold  or  silver  coin,  and  four 
fifth  parts  in  gold  or  silver  coin,  or  in  six  per  cent,  stock,  issued  since  the  declaration  of  war, 
and  in  treasury  notes,  in  the  proportion  of  one  fifth  in  treasury  notes,  and  three  fifths  in  six 
per  cent  stock ;  and  that  the  subscription  of  the  United  States  should  be  paid  in  this  kind  of 
stock.  The  United  States  were  to  he  at  liberty,  also,  to  substitute  six  per  cent,  stock  for  the 
amount  of  the  treasury  notes  subscribed  by  corporations,  companies,  and  individuals,  as  the 
notes  respectively  became  due  and  payable.  No  part  of  the  public  stock,  constituting  a  por- 
tion of  the  capital  of  the  bank,  was  to  be  sold  during  the  war;  nor  at  any  subsequent  time 
for  less  than  par,  nor  at  any  time  to  an  amount  exceeding  one  moiety,  without  the  consent 
of  Congress ;  and  the  bank  was  to  be  bound  to  loan  to  the  United  States  f  30,000,000. 

A  bill  was  reported  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  Nov.  7th,  by  the  Committee  of  Ways 
and  Means,  in  conformity  with  the  views  of  the  Secretary,  which  were  also  understood  to  be 
those  of  the  President ;  which  bill  contained  a  clause  authorising  the  bank  to  suspend  specie 
payments,  whenever  such  a  measure  should,  in  the  opinion  of  the  President,  be  advisable. 
On  the  proposition,  however,  of  Mr.  Calhoun,  this  clause,  with  that  rendering  it  obligatory 
on  the  bank  to  make  loans  to  the  government,  were  stricken  out  of  the  bill, — no  portion  of  the 
capital  was  to  be  subscribed  by  the  United  States,  and  none  of  the  directors  to  be  appointed 
by  them, — and  the  capital,  the  six  millions  in  specie  only  excepted,  was  to  be  in  treasury 
notes  to  be  thereafter  issued.  The  capital  was  subsequently  reduced  to  thirty  millions  of 
dollars.     While  the  bill  in  its  present  form  was  still  pending,  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee 

Yoi,.  I.  X  2  18 


e 
2 

< 

(A 

5 


138 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES.) 


of  Ways  and  Means  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  requesting  him  to 
communicate  his  opinion  "  in  relation  to  the  effect  which  a  considerable  issue  of  treasury 
notes  (to  which  should  be  attached  the  quality  of  being  receivable  in  subscriptions  to  the 
bank)  might  have  upon  the  credit  of  the  government,  and  particularly  on  the  prospects  of  a 
loan  for  1815."  An  answer  unfavourable  to  the  bill  was  pomptly  returned  by  the  Se- 
cretary ;  and  it  was  thereupon,  on  the  28th  of  November,  rejected  by  a  vote  of  101  to  49, 
many  of  its  friends  being  unwilling  to  insist  upon  its  adoption,  afler  hiding  been  assured  of 
its  being  unsatisfactory  to  the  executive  branch  of  the  government. 

A  bill  was  now  introduced  into  the  Senate,  and  passed  by  a  vote  of  17  to  14,  in  substan- 
tial conformity  with  the  views  of  the  Secretary,  before  stated.  The  thirteenth  section  of  this 
was  aS  follows : — 

"  That  if,  during  the  continuance  of  the  present  war  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  and  a  period  of  one  year  after  the  termination  of  the  said  war,  demands  shall,  at  any 
time  or  times,  be  made  upon  the  said  corporation,  for  gold  and  silver  coin,  to  an  amount,  and 
under  circumstances,  which  induce  a  reasonable  and  probable  belief,  that  the  said  gold  and 
■ilver  coin  is  intended  to  be  exported  from,  and  out  of,  the  United  States,  so  as  greatly  to 
diminish  or  endanger  the  specie  capital  of  the  government  and  country,  as  well  as  of  the 
said  corporation ;  or  that  the  said  gold  and  silver  coin  is  intended  to  be  wilfully  withdrawn 
from  the  circulation,  so  as  greatly  to  embarrass,  obstruct,  and  discredit  the  pecuniary  transac- 
tions of  the  people  and  the  government,  as  well  as  of  the  said  corporation ;  or  that  the  saij 
gold  and  silver  coin  is  demanded,  in  consequence  of  a  wilful  and  sinister  accumulation  of  the 
bills  and  notes  of  the  said  corporation,  with  the  intention  to  impair  or  destroy  the  credit  of 
the  said  corporation ;  then,  and  in  every  such  case,  and  as  often  as  such  cases  shall  occur,  it 
shall  be  lawful  for  the  directors  of  the  said  corporation  to  suspend  its  payments  in  specie,  and 
their  duty  forthwith,  to  represent  the  same  to  the  President  of  the  United  States.  And  it 
shall  be  thereupon  lawful  for  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  direct  the  said  corpora- 
tion to  resume,  or  to  continue  to  suspend,  its  payments  in  specie,  for  such  time  as  he  shaO 
deem  it  expedient;  and  the  said  corporation  shall  resume,  or  continue  to  suspend,  its  pay- 
ments in  specie,  according  to  such  directions.  And  the  President  of  the  United  States  shall 
cause  a  statement  of  the  proceedings,  in  all  such  cases,  to  be  laid  before  Congress,  if  in  ses- 
sion, immediately ;  if  not  in  session,  then  within  ten  days  after  the  next  meeting  of  Congress; 
and  such  suspension  may  continue  until  removed  by  Congress,  or  by  the  President." 

With  such  a  section  as  the  one  now  recited,  not  only  did  it  pass  the  Senate  by  the  vote 
of  17  to  14  above  stated,  but  it  was  defeated  in  the  House  of  Representatives  merely  by  the 
casting  v^te  of  the  speaker,  Mr.  Chevcs.  This  took  place  on  the  2d  of  January,  1815.  The 
bill  was,  howi^ver,  reconsidered  on  the  following  day,  and,  on  the  7th  of  January,  passed  the 
Hou^  by  a  vote  of  120  to  .37,  having  been  amended  by  reducing  the  capital  of  the  bank 
from  fifty  to  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  as  well  as  by  striking  out  from  the  bill  those  parts  of 
it  which  authorised  the  suspension  of  the  specie  payments,  and  which  obliged  the  bank  to 
make  loans  to  the  government  On  the  bill  being  returned  to  the  Senate,  as  amended,  it 
was  again  amended,  by  the  increase  of  the  capital  of  the  bank  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  mil- 
lions of  <lollars,  and  by  the  reinstatement  in  the  bill  of  the  section  authorising  a  suspension, 
in  certain  cases,  of  payments  in  specie.  These  amendments  not  being  agreed  to  by  the 
House,  the  Senate,  January  20th,  receded  from  its  amendments,  and  passed  the  bill  without 
them.  It  was  destined  to  receive  the  veto  of  the  President,  Mr.  Madison.  "Waiving  the 
question  of  the  constitutional  authority  of  the  Legislature  to  establish  an  incorporated  bank, 
as  being  precluded,"  in  his  judgment,  "  by  repeated  recognitions,  under  varied  circum- 
stances, of  the  validity  of  such  an  institution,  in  acts  of  the  legislative,  executive,  and  judiciii 
branches  of  the  government,  accompanied  by  indications,  in  different  modes,  of  a  concur- 
rence of  the  general  will  of  the  nation ;"  he  objects  to  the  bill  because  "  the  proposed  bank 
does  not  appear  to  be  calculated  to  answer  the  purposes  of  reviving  the  public  credit,  of  pro- 
viding a  national  medium  of  circulation,  and  of  aiding  the  treasury  by  facilitating  the  indis- 
pensable anticipations  of  the  revenue,  and  by  affording  to  the  public  more  durable  loans." 

And  the  President  was  not  alone  in  being  ready  to  waive  the  scruples  which  he  had  for- 
merly entertained  as  to  the  constitutionality  of  a  national  bank,  in  consequence  of  a  growing 
conviction  of  the  necessity  of  such  an  institution  for  the  fiscal  operations  of  the  general  govern- 
ment The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Dallas,  had  already  expressed  himself  in  reference 
to  this  question  of  constitutionality  in  language  very  similar  to  that  of  Mr.  Madison ;  and  the 
minority  of  only  37  in  the  House  of  Representatives  on  the  final  passage  of  the  bill  is  itself 
sufficient  evidence  of  the  opposition  to  a  national  bank  having,  at  the  period  of  which  we 
speak,  very  much  declired,  as  well  on  the  ground  of  inconsistency  with  the  powers  bestowed 
upon  Congress  by  the  constitution,  as  on  the  ground  of  its  inexpediency.  Indeed,  compara- 
tively few  persons  were  then  disposed  to  take  the  former  ground.  Almost  the  only  question 
at  issue  between  the  contending  parties  seemed  to  be  what  was  the  most  desirable  mode  of 
organising  a  bank. 

The  friends  of  an  institution  organised  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  the  President  and 
Secretary,  did  not  yet  despair  of  accomplishing  their  object  before  the  rising  of  Congress, 


Theymcci 
ary ;  which 
17th  of  the 
news  of  pei 
and  the  cot 
law  to  issue 
thorised  at 
During  t 
bank  was 
March,  181 
12,  on  the  < 
bill  was  app 
late  Bank  o 


Jj  1.  Be  it  e 

capitnl  of  thii 

hundred  dolla 

dollars,  part  o 

tlic  miinner  ti( 

sum  of  twent; 

corporations, 

I)  2.  That  SI 

capital  of  the 

that  is  to  say : 

at  Boston,  in  t 

town,  in  the  st 

of  New  York : 

Penuiiylvania 

at  Richninnd,  i 

state  of  Ohio; 

at  Charleston, 

in  the  state  of 

tions  shall  be  ( 

commissioners 

States,  who  is 

the  time  of  ope 

afternoon,  for 

immediately  th 

shall  cause  tw< 

to  the  secretar 

seven  days  froii 

aforesaid.    Km 

thereof,  if  the  f 

majority  of  thei 

subscriptions. 

scribed,  then  thi 

largest  subscrip 

one  remains  lar 

not  exceed  threi 

case, the  subscr 

incase  the  ngifr 

the  said  last  ni< 

lists  of  the  aaid 

scrlption  for  the 

mit  to  the  conn 

orieinnlly  made. 

ively  appnrtionc 

during  the  perio 

dollars,  the  siihe 

under  the  super 

be  then  made  bj 

in  the  whole,  th( 

i  3.  That  it  t 

tions  «hall  he  o 

of  the  said  bank 

and  paid,  in  the 

coin  of  the  Unit 

dred  cents  for  e\ 

or  in  other  fnrei{ 

Inting  the  curre 

eight  hundred  ai 

funded  debt  of  tl 

payments  made 

rates  ;  that  is  to 

nal  or  par  value 

rate  of  sixty-flvt 

the  funded  debt 

six  dollars  and  fi 

together  with  thi 

be  computed  and 

said.    And  the  p 

respectively,  at  I 

shall  he  paid  flv 

more  in  coin  as 


.i|# 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


i;)0 


They  succeeded  in  getting  the  Senate  to  pass  such  a  bill  as  they  desired,  on  the  1 1  th  of  Febru- 
ary ;  which  bill  was,  however,  indefinitely  postponed  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  on  the 
1 7th  of  the  same  month,  by  a  vote  of  74  to  73.  It  is  more  than  probable  that,  but  for  the 
news  of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  which  had  just  arrived,  the  bill  would  have  become  a  law, 
and  the  country  would  have  had  irremediably  imposed  upon  it  an  institution  authorised  by 
law  to  issue  millions  and  tens  of  millions  of  promises  to  pay  specie  to  its  creditors,  and  au- 
thorised at  the  same  time  to  refuse  the  fulfilment  of  those  promises. 

During  the  session  of  Congress  of  1R15 — 16,  the  subject  of  the  incorporation  of  a  national 
bank  was  resumed ;  and  a  bill  was  passed  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  on  the  14th  of 
March,  1816,  by  a  vote  of  80  to  71,  and  in  the  Senate,  with  amendments,  by  a  vote  of  22  to 
1  a,  on  the  3d  of  April.  These  amendments  having  been  concurred  in  by  the  House,  the 
bill  was  approved  by  the  president,  on  the  10th  of  April,  and  constituted  the  charter  of  the 
late  Bank  of  the  United  States.     We  give  this  bill  entire,  as  follows. 

^n  iut  to  ineorporate  the  tHbteribert  of  tke  Bank  of  the  United  St*tit. 

)  1.  Be  it  enacted  S(e.  That  a  hank  of  the  tJiiitfid  Stnteg  of  America  shall  be  eitahliihed,  with  a 
capital  of  thirty-flve  inilllons  of  dollarfi,  divided  into  three  hundred  aiid  fifty  thousand  shares,  of  one 
hiinilred  dollars  each  share.  Seventy  thousand  shares,  amounting  to  the  sum  of  seven  millions  of 
dollars,  part  of  the  capital  of  the  said  bank,  shall  be  subscribed  and  paid  for  by  tlie  United  States,  in 
the  manner  hereinafter  specified  ;  and  two  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  shares,  amoiinting  to  the 
sum  of  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars,  shall  he  subscribed  and  paid  for  by  individuals,  companies,  or 
corporations,  in  the  manner  hereinafter  specified. 

j  2.  That  subscriptions  for  the  sum  of  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars,  towards  constituting  the 
capital  of  the  said  bank,  shall  be  opened  on  the  first  Monday  in  July  next,  at  the  following  places; 
that  is  to  say :  at  Portland,  in  the  District  of  Maine  ;  at  Portsmouth,  i.i  the  state  of  New-Hampshire; 
at  Boston,  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts ;  at  Providence,  in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island  ;  at  Middle- 
town,  in  the  state  of  Connecticut ;  at  Burlington,  in  the  state  of  Vermpnt ;  at  New  York,  in  the  state 
of  NewVork:  at  New  Brunswick,  in  the  state  of  New  Jersey;  at  Philadelphia,  in  the  state  of 
Penihiylvania  :  at  Wilmington,  in  the  state  of  Delaware  ;  at  Baltimore,  in  the  state  of  Maryland ; 
at  Richmond,  in  the  state  of  Virginia  ;  at  Lexington,  in  the  state  of  Kentucky  :  at  Cincinnati,  in  the 
state  of  Ohio;  at  Raleigh,  in  the  state  of  North  Carolina ;  ut  Nashville,  in  the  state  of  Tennessee ; 
at  Charleston,  in  the  state  of  South  Carolina  :  at  Augusta,  in  the  state  of  Georgia ;  at  New  Orleans, 
in  the  state  of  Louisiana  ;  and  at  Washington,  in  the  District  of  Columbia.    And  the  said  subscrip- 
tions shall  be  opened  under  the  superintendence  of  five  commissioners  at  Philadelphia,  and  of  three 
commissioners  at  each  of  the  other  places  aforesaid,  to  he  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  United 
States,  who  is  hereby  authorized  to  make  such  appointments,  and  shall  continue  open  every  day,  from 
the  time  of  opening  the  same,  between  the  hours  of  ten  o'clock  in  the  forenoon  and  four  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  for  the  term  of  twenty  days,  exclusive  of  Sundays,  when  the  same  shall  be  closed,  and 
immediately  thereafter  the  commissioners,  or  any  two  of  them,  at  the  respective  places  aforesaid, 
shall  cause  two  transcripts  or  copies  of  such  subscriptions  to  be  made,  one  of  which  they  shall  send 
to  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  one  they  shall  retain,  and  the  original  they  shall  transmit,  within 
seven  days  from  the  closing  of  the  subscriptions  as  aforesaid,  to  the  commissioners  at  Philadelphia 
aforesaid.    And,  on  the  receipt  of  the  said  original  subscriptions,  or  of  either  of  the  said  copies 
thereof,  if  the  original  be  lost,  mislaid,  or  detained,  the  commissioners  ut  Philadelphia  aforesaid,  or  a 
majority  of  them,  shall  immediately  thereafter  convene,  and  proceed  to  take  an  account  of  the  said 
siibscriptinns.     And  if  morethon  the  amount  of  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars  shall  have  been  sub- 
scribed, then  the  said  last  mentioned  commissioners  shall  deduct  the  amount  of  such  e.xcess  from  the 
largest  subscriptions,  in  such  manner  as  tliat  no  subscription  shall  be  reduced  in  amount  while  any 
one  remains  larger  :  Provided,  That  if  the  subscriptions  tjiken  at  either  of  the  places  aforesaid  shall 
not  exceed  three  thousand  shares,  there  shall  be  no  reduction  of  such  subscriptions,  nor  shall,  in  any 
case,  the  subscriptions  taken  at  either  of  the  places  aforesaid  be  reduced  below  that  amount.    And, 
Incase  the  agitregate  amount  of  the  said  subscriptions  shall  exceed  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars, 
the  said  last  mentioned  commissioners,  after  having  apportioned  the  same  as  aforesaid,  shall  cause 
lists  of  the  said  apportioned  subscriptions  to  be  made  out,  including  in  each  list  the  apportioned  sub- 
scription for  the  place  where  the  original  subscription  was  made,  one  of  which  lists  they  shall  trans- 
mit to  the  commissioners,  or  one  of  them,  under  whose  superintendence  such  subscriptions  were 
orieinnlly  made,  that  the  suhscrib  rs  may  thereby  ascertain  the  number  of  shares  to  them  respect- 
ively apportioned  as  aforesaid.     And,  in  case  the  aggregate  amount  of  the  said  subscriptions  made 
during  the  period  aforesaid,  at  all  the  places  aforesaid,  shall  not  amount  to  twenty-eight  millions  of 
dollars,  the  subscriptions  to  complete  the  said  sum  shall  be  and  ren'ain  open  at  Philadelphia  aforesaid, 
under  tlie  superintendence  of  the  commissioners  appointed  for  that  place  ;  and  the  subscriptions  may 
be  then  made  by  any  individual,  company,  or  corporation,  for  any  number  of  shares,  not  exceeding, 
in  the  whole,  the  amount  required  to  complete  the  said  sum  of  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars. 

i  3.  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  individual,  company,  corporation,  or  state,  when  the  subscrip- 
tions shall  be  opened  as  hereinbefore  directed,  to  subscribe  for  any  number  of  shares  of  the  capital 
of  the  said  bank,  not  exceeding  three  thousand  shares,  and  the  sums  so  subscribed  shall  be  payable, 
and  paid,  in  the  manner  following  ;  that  is  to  say :  seven  millions  of  dollars  thereof  in  gold  or  silver 
coin  of  the  United  States,  or  in  gold  coin  of  Spain  of  the  dominiims  of  Spain,  at  the  rate  of  one  hun- 
dred cents  for  every  twenty-eight  grains  and  sixty  hundredths  of  u  grain  of  the  actual  weight  thereof, 
or  in  other  foreign  gold  or  silver  coin  at  the  several  rates  prescribed  by  the  first  section  of  on  act  regu- 
lating the  currency  of  foreign  coins  in  the  United  States,  passed  tenth  day  of  April,  one  thousand 
eisht  hundred  and  six,  and  twenty-one  millions  of  dollars  thereof  in  like  gold  or  silver  coin,  or  in  the 
fimried  debt  of  the  United  States,  contracted  at  the  time  of  the  subscriptions  respectively.  And  the 
pnyments  made  in  the  ftinded  debt  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  paid  and  received  at  the  following 
rates  ;  that  is  to  say :  the  ftinded  debt  bearing  an  interest  of  six  per  centum  per  annum,  at  the  nomi- 
nal or  par  value  t'  ireof ;  the  funded  debt  bearing  an  intererl  of  three  per  centum  per  annum,  at  the 
rate  of  sixty-five  dollars  for  every  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars  of  the  nominal  amount  thereof;  and 
the  funded  debt  bearing  an  interest  of  seven  per  centum  per  annum,  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  and 
six  dollars  and  fifty-one  cents  for  every  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars  of  the  nominal  amount  thereof; 
together  with  the  amount  of  the  interest  accrued  on  the  said  several  denominatiims  of  funded  debt,  to 
be  computed  and  allowed  to  the  time  of  subscribing  the  same  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank  as  afore- 
said. And  the  payments  of  the  said  subscriptions  shall  be  made  and  completed  by  the  subscribers, 
respectively,  at  the  times  and  in  the  manner  following ;  that  is  to  say  :  at  the  time  of  subscribing  there 
shall  be  paid  five  dollars  on  each  share,  in  gold  or  silver  coin  as  aforesaid,  and  twenty-live  dollars 
more  in  coin  as  aforesafd,  or  in  ftinded  debt  as  aforesaid ;  at  the  expiration  of  six  culuudur  luoiitlia 


I    i 


0 

5 

I 
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i 

'  I 


140 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


after  the  time  of  lubRcHhinK,  there  shnll  be  paid  the  flirther  lum  of  ten  dnllnm  on  esch  ihnre,  in  gtft^ 
or  illver  coin  a«  afnregaid,  and  twenty-flve  dollam  more  in  coin  at  aforeniild,  or  In  funded  debt  ai 
aforesaid  ;  at  the  expiration  of  twelve  calendar  months  from  the  time  of  aiibiicrihini;,  there  ihall  be 
paid  the  fiirlher  sum  of  ten  dolliiri  on  each  share,  in  gold  or  silver  coin  as  aforesaid,  and  twenty-flyg 
dollars  more,  in  coin  as  aforesaid,  or  in  funded  debt  as  aforesaid. 

)  4.  That,  at  the  time  of  subscribing  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank  as  aforesaid,  each  and  every 
BUbscriber  shall  deliver  to  the  comniissioners,  at  the  place  of  siibscribini;,  as  well  the  amonnt  of  their 
aubscriptions,  respectively,  In  coin  as  aforesaid,  ns  the  certiflcates  of  funded  debt,  for  the  funded  debt 
proportions  of  their  respective  subscriptions,  together  with  o  power  of  attorney,  authorising  the  said 
commissioners,  or  a  majority  of  them,  to  transfer  the  said  stock  In  due  form  of  law  to  "the  president, 
directors,  and  company,  of  the  bank  of  the  United  Btates,"as  soon  as  the  said  bank  shall  be  organized: 
Provided  alvayn.  That  if,  in  consequence  of  the  apportionment  of  the  shares  in  the  capital  of  the  said 
bank  among  the  subscribers,  in  the  case,  and  in  the  manner,  hereinbefore  provided,  any  subscriber 
Bhall  have  delivered  tothe  commissioners,  at  the  timeof  subscribing,  a  greater  amount  of  gold  orsilver 
coin  and  funded  debt  than  shall  be  neccssory  to  complete  the  payments  for  the  share  or  shares  to  such 
aubscribers,  apportioned  as  aforesaid,  the  ronimissioners  shall  only  retain  so  much  of  the  said  gold  or 
silver  coin  and  funded  debt  as  shall  be  necessary  to  complete  such  payments,  and  shall,  fiirthwith, 
return  the  surplus  thereof,  on  application  for  the  same,  to  the  subscribers  lawfully  entitled  thereto. 
And  the  commissioners,  respectively,  shall  deposite  the  gold  and  silver  coin,  and  certitlcatcs  of  public 
debt,  by  them  respectively  received  as  aforesaid  from  the  subscribers  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank, 
in  some  place  of  secure  and  safe  keeping,  so  that  the  same  may  and  shall  be  speciflcally  delivered  and 
transferred,  as  the  same  were  by  them  respectively  received,  to  the  president,  directors,  and  com- 
pany, of  the  hank  of  the  United  States,  or  to  their  order,  as  soon  ns  shall  be  required  after  the  organiza. 
tion  of  the  said  bank.  And  the  said  commissioners  appointed  to  superintend  the  subscriptions  to  the 
capital  of  the  said  bank  as  aforesaid,  shall  receive  a  reasonable  compensation  for  their  services, 
respectively,  and  shall  be  allowed  all  reasonable  charges  and  e.xpenses  Incurred  in  the  execution  of 
their  trust,  to  he  paid  by  the  president,  directors,  and  company,  of  the  bank,  out  of  the  funds  thereof. 
I)  5.  That  it  shall  be  lowfiil  for  the  United  8tutes  to  pay  and  redeem  the  funded  debt  subscribed  to 
the  capital  of  the  said  bank,  at  the  rates  aforesaid,  in  such  sums,  and  at  such  times,  as  shall  be  deemed 
expedient,  any  thing  in  any  act  or  acts  of  Congress,  to  the  contrary  thereof  notwithstanding.  And  it 
shall  also  be  lawful  for  the  president,  directors,  and  company,  of  the  said  bank,  to  sell  and  transfer  for 
gold  and  silver  coin,  or  bullion,  the  funded  debt  subscribed  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank  as  aforesaid: 
Provided  always.  That  they  shall  not  sell  more  thereof  than  the  sum  of  two  millions  of  dollars  in  any 
one  year ;  nor  sell  any  part  thereof  at  any  time  within  the  United  States,  without  previously  givinj 
notice  of  their  intention  to  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  and  offering  the  same  to  the  United  Statei 
for  the  period  of  fifteen  days,  at  least,  at  the  current  price,  not  exceeding  the  rates  aforesaid. 

i  6.  That,  at  the  opening  of  subscription  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  bank,  the  secretary  of  the 
treasury  shall  subscribe,  or  cause  to  he  sultscribed,  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  the  said  number  of 
seventy  thousand  shares,  amounting  to  seven  millifms  of  dollars  as  aforesaid,  to  be  paid  in  gold  or 
silver  coin,  or  in  stock  of  the  United  States,  hearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  five  per  centum  per  annum; 
and  if  payment  thereof,  or  of  any  part  thereof,  be  made  in  public  stock,  bearing  interest  as  aforesaid, 
the  said  interest  shall  he  payable  quarterly,  to  commence  from  the  time  of  making  such  payment  on 
account  of  the  said  subscriptions ;  and  the  principal  of  the  said  stock  shall  be  redeemable  in  any  sums, 
and  at  any  periods,  which  the  government  shall  deem  fit.  And  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  shall 
cause  the  certificates  of  such  public  stock  to  be  prepared,  and  made  in  the  usual  form,  and  shall  pay 
and  deliver  the  same  to  the  president,  directors,  and  company  of  the  said  bank,  on  the  first  day  of 
January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventeen  ;  which  said  stock  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said 
president,  directors,  and  company,  to  sell  and  transfer,  for  gold  and  silver  coin  or  bullion,  at  their  dia. 
cretion  ;  Prurided,  They  shall  not  sell  more  than  two  millions  of  dollars  thereof  in  any  one  year. 

^7.  That  the  subscribers  to  the  said  hank  of  the  United  States  of  America,  their  successors  and 
assigns,  shall  be,  and  are  hereby,  created  a  corporation  and  body  politic,  by  the  name  and  style  of 
"the  president,  directors,  and  company,  of  the  bank  of  the  United  States,"  and  shall  so  continue  until 
the  third  day  of  Mi>rch,  in  the  year  oi-e  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-six,  and  by  that  name  shall 
be,  and  are  hereby,  made  able  and  capable,  in  law,  to  have,  purchase,  receive,  possess,  enjoy,  and 
retain,  to  them  and  their  successors,  lands,  rents,  tenements,  hereditaments,  goods,  chattels,  and 
effects,  of  whatsoever  kind,  nature,  and  quality,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding,  in  the  whole,  fifty-five 
millions  of  dollars,  imluding  the  amount  of  the  capital  stock  aforesaid ;  and  the  same  to  sell,  grant 
demise,  alien,  or  dispose  of;  to  sue  and  be  sued,  plead  and  be  impleaded,  answer  and  be  answered' 
defend  and  be  defended,  in  all  state  courts  having  competent  jurisdiction,  and  in  any  circuit  court  of 
the  United  States  :  and  also  to  make,  have,  and  use,  a  common  seal,  and  the  same  to  break,  alter,  and 
renew,  at  their  pleasure :  and  also  to  ordain,  establish,  and  put  in  execution,  such  by-laws  and  ordi- 
nances, and  regulations,  as  thoy  shall  deem  necessary  and  convenient  for  the  government  of  tlie  said 
corporation,  not  being  contrary  to  the  constitution  thereof,  or  to  the  laws  of  the  United  iit.itesi  and 
generally  to  do  and  execute  all  and  singular  the  acts,  matters,  and  things,  which  to  them  ;:  shall  or 
may  appertain  to  do ;  subject,  nevertheless,  to  the  rules,  regulations,  restrictions,  limitations,  and 
provisions,  hereinafter  prescribed  and  declared. 

i  8.  That,  for  the  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  said  corporation,  there  shall  be  twenty-five  direct- 
ors, five  of  whom,  being' stockholders,  shall  be  annually  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  United 
States,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  not  more  than  three  of  whom  shall  be  resi- 
dents of  any  one  state;  and  twenty  of  whom  shall  be  annually  elected  at  the  banking  house  in  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  first  Monday  of  January  in  each  year,  by  the  qualified  stockholders  ofihe 
capital  of  the  said  hank,  other  than  the  United  States,  andf  by  a  plurality  of  votes  then  ana  there 
actually  given,  according  to  the  scale  of  voting  hereinafter  prescribed  :  Praridcit  aJtoavs,  That  no  per- 
son, being  a  director  in  the  bank  of  the  United  States,  or  any  of  its  branches,  shall  be  a  director  of 
any  other  bank ;  and  should  any  such  director  act  as  a  director  in  any  other  bank,  it  shall  forthwitii 
vacate  his  appointment  in  the  direction  of  the  bank  of  the  United  States.  And  the  directors,  so  duly 
appointed  and  elected,  shall  be  capable  of  serving,  by  virtue  (.'such  appointment  and  choice,  from  the 
first  Monday  in  the  month  of  January  of  each  year,  until  the  end  and  expiration  of  the  first  Mon- 
day in  the  month  of  January  of  the  year  next  ensuing  the  time  of  each  annual  election  to  be  held  by 
the  stockholders  ns  aforesaid.  And  the  board  of  directors,  annually,  at  the  first  meeting  after  their 
election  in  each  and  every  year,  shall  proceed  to  elect  one  of  the  directors  to  be  president  of  the  cor- 
poration, who  shall  hold  the  said  office  during  the  same  period  for  which  the  directors  are  appointed 
and  elected  as  aforesaid ;  Provided  also,  That  the  first  appointment  and  election  of  the  directors  and 
president  of  the  said  bank  shall  be  at  the  time  and  for  the  period  hereinafter  declared  :  ^nd  proridtd 
o^jo.  That  in  case  it  should  at  anv  time  happen  that  an  appointment  or  election  of  directors,  or  an 
election  of  the  president  of  the  said  bank,  should  not  be  so  made  ns  to  take  efifect  on  any  day  when 
in  pursuance  of  this  act,  they  ought  to  take  effect,  the  said  corporation  shall  not,  for  that  cause,  be 
deemed  to  be  dissolved  ;  hut  it  shall  be  lawful  at  any  other  time  to  make  such  appointments,  and  to 
hold  such  elections,  (as  the  case  may  be  ;)  and  the  manner  of  holding  the  elections  shall  be  regu- 
lated by  the  by-laws  and  ordinances  of  the  said  corporation :  and  until  such  appointments  or  election! 


% 


be  made, 

proeidtd  a 

ration,  the 

rase  of the 

the  vacant 

case  may  I 

directors  a 

}  9.  Tha 

and  in  the 

nf the  said 

thereof  sbi 

made  at  th 

be  printed 

nnna  shall, 

liiilelpliia,  I 

the  election 

there  made 

of  congress, 

rectors  of  t 

trary  notwi 

first  director 

said  bank  ; 

shall  be  cap 

of  the  first 

they  shall  t 

of  Philadelp 

}  10.  That 

servants,  un 

allow  them ! 

capable  of  e 

officers  of  th 

and  ordlnam 

}  11.  That 

mental  artici 

the  siockhobi 

he,  she,  or  th 

and  not  more 

vote;  for  eve 

thirty,  and  n( 

hundred,  one 

nership,  or  b 

election,  no  s 

calendar  moi 

United  States 

of  the  director 

the  president 

elected  or  ap| 

three  years  on 

election,  may 

holder,  residei 

any  emohimei 

nary  attendant 

ors  shall  cons) 

one,  except  in 

other  director 

so  deputed  ma 

the  said  corpo 

Fifth.  A  numl 

sand  shares  or 

for  purposes  ri 

the  place  whei 

Ing.    Sirth.  E 

to  give  bond, 

fifty  thousand 

duties  to  the  c 

fill  for  the  said 

inodation  in  re 

fide  mortgaged 

tracted  in  the 

obtained  forsii 

time  owe,  wl 

money  deposit 

contracting  of 

In  case  of  exci 

same  in  their  i 

against  them, 

of  record  of  th 

and  may  be  p 

contrary  notw 

or  the  lands,  te 

with,  the  said 

was  contracted 

was  so  contrac 

with  giving  noi 

to  the  stockhol 

The  said  corpi 

change,  gold  oi 

redeemed  in  di 

purchase  any  | 

annum  for  or  u 


■  J'.      * 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES.) 


fit 


ahare,  in  goll 
iinded  debt  at 
:here  ahall  be 
d  twenty-five 

ich  and  every 
mniit  of  iheir 
10  funded  debt 
iHing  the  said 
the  preiident, 
be  organized : 
lal  nf  the  said 
my  BUbgcriber 
^frnld  or  silver 
ihiires  to  such 

10  gaid  gold  or 
all,  forthwith, 
litlod  thereto, 
atcs  of  public 
he  said  bank, 
delivered  and 
[irs,  and  com- 
the  orgnniza. 
riptioRs  to  the 
heir  services, 
J  execution  of 
funds  thereof, 
subscribed  to 
lall  be  deemed 
iding.  And  it 
id  transfer  for 

as  aforesaid: 
dollars  in  any 
kiously  giving 
United  Staiei 
said. 

cretary  of  the 
lid  number  of 
did  in  gold  or 
n  per  annum; 
t  as  aforesaid, 
h  payment  on 
!  in  any  sunn, 
treasury  sliall 
and  shall  pay 
le  first  day  of 

1 1  for  the  said 
I,  at  their  dia. 
me  year, 
icccssora  and 

and  style  of 
ontiniie  until 
It 

8 


Die, 


1 

iva 


name  shall 
.  enjoy,  and 
liattels,  and 
"  ,  fifty-five 
sell,  gram, 
answered, 
■cuit  court  of 
alter,  and 
and  ordi. 
of  the  said 
.ten  j  and 
:  shallot 
itations,  and 

five  direct- 
the  United 
hall  be  real- 
house  in  the 
ilders  of  the 
ana  there 
That  no  per- 
directdr  of 
II  forthwith 
ors,  so  duly 
ne,  front  the 
first  Mon- 
bc  held  by 
after  their 
of  thecor- 
appoinied 
rectors  and 
nd  proridtd 
itors,  or  an 
day  when 
t  cause,  be 
nts,  and  to 
II  be  rcgu- 
ir  elecliona 


be  made,  the  directors  and  prealdent  of  the  aald  hank,  for  the  time  being,  ohall  rnntlntte  In  office ;  .And 
provided  alio.  That  In  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  removal,  of  the  president  of  the  suid  corpo. 
ration,  the  directors  shall  proceed  to  elect  another  president  from  the  directors  us  aforesaid ;  and  in 
rase  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  absence,  from  the  United  States,  or  removal  of  a  director  fVoinofflre, 
the  vacancy  shall  be  supplied  by  the  president  of  the  United  States,  or  by  the  stockholders,  as  tho 
case  may  be.  But  the  president  of  the  United  States  alone  shall  have  power  to  remov«  any  of  th« 
directors  appointed  by  him  as  aft>rpRald. 

J  9.  That  as  soon  as  the  sum  of  eight  millions  four  hundred  thousand  dollars.  In  gold  and  silver  coin 
and  In  the  public  debt,  shall  have  been  actually  received  on  account  of  the  subscription  to  the  capita 
of  the  said  bank  (exclusively  of  the  subscription  aforesaid,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States)  notice 
thereof  shall  be  given  by  the  persons  under  whose  superintendence  the  subscription  shall  have  been 
made  at  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  at  least  two  newspapers  printed  In  each  of  the  places  (If  so  many 
be  printed  in  such  places  respectively)  where  subscriutions  shall  have  been  made ;  and  the  said  per- 
sons shall,  at  the  same  time,  and  in  like  manner,  notify  a  time  and  place,  within  the  said  city  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, at  the  distance  of  at  least  thirty  days  from  the  time  of  such  notification,  for  proceeding  to 
the  election  of  twenty  directors  as  aforesaid,  and  it  shall  be  lawful  fhr  such  election  to  he  then  and 
there  made.  And  the  president  of  the  United  States  is  hereby  authorised,  during  the  present  session 
nf  congress,  to  nominate,  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  appoint,  five  Di- 
rectors of  the  said  hank,  though  not  stockholders,  any  thing  in  the  provisions  of  this  act  to  the  con- 
trary notwithstanding ;  and  the  persons  who  shall  be  elected  and  appointed  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  the 
first  directors  of  the  said  bank,  and  shall  proceed  to  elect  one  of  the  directors  to  be  president  of  the 
said  bank  ;  and  the  directors  and  president  of  the  said  bank,  so  appointed  and  elected  as  afbresaid, 
shall  be  capable  of  serving  in  their  respective  office,  hy  virtue  thereof,  until  the  end  and  expiration 
of  the  first  Moiiday  of  the  month  of  January  next  en'^iiing  the  said  appointments  and  elections  ;  and 
they  shall  then  and  thenceforth  commence,  ami  •  unue  the  operations  of  the  said  bank,  at  the  city 
of  Philadelphia. 

}  10.  That  the  directors  for  the  time  being,  shall  have  power  to  appoint  such  officers,  dorks,  and 
servants,  under  them,  as  shall  be  necessary  for  executing  the  business  of  the  said  corporation,  and  to 
allow  them  such  compensation  for  their  services,  respectively,  as  shall  be  reasonable  ;  and  shall  be 
capable  of  exercising  such  other  powers  and  authorities  for  the  well  governing  and  ordering  of  the 
otflcers  of  the  said  corporation,  as  shall  be  prescribed,  fixed,  and  determined,  hy  the  laws,  regulations, 
and  ordinances,  of  the  same. 

(11.  That  the  following  rules,  restrictions,  limitations,  and  provisions,  shall  form  and  be  funda- 
mental articles  of  the  constitution  of  the  said  corporation,  to  wit:  1.  The  number  of  votes  to  which 
the  stockholders  shall  be  entitled,  in  voting  for  directors,  shall  he  according  to  the  number  of  shares 
he,  she,  or  they,  respectively,  shall  hold,  in  the  proportions  following,  that  is  to  s«y ;  for  one  share 
and  not  more  than  two  shares,  one  vote  ;  for  every  two  shares  above  two,  and  not  exceeding  ten,  one 
vote ;  for  every  four  shares  above  ten,  and  not  exceeding  thirty,  one  vote  ;  for  every  six  shares  above 
thirty,  and  not  exceeding  si.xty,  one  vote ;  for  every  eight  shares  above  sixty,  and  not  exceeding  one 
hundred,  one  vote  ;  and  for  every  ten  shares  above  one  hundred,  one  vote ;  but  no  person,  copart- 
nership, or  body  politic,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  greater  number  than  thirty  votes  ;  and  after  the  first 
election,  no  share  or  shares  shall  confer  a  right  of  voting,  which  shall  not  have  been  holden  three 
calendar  months  previous  to  the  day  of  election.  And  stockholders  actually  resident  within  the 
United  States,  and  none  other,  may  vote  in  elections  by  proxy.  Seeovd.  Not  more  than  three  fourths 
of  the  directors  elected  by  the  stockholders,  and  not  more  than  four  fifths  of  the  directors  appointed  by 
the  president  of  the  United  States,  who  shall  be  in  office  at  the  titne  of  an  annual  election,  shall  be 
elected  or  appointed  for  the  next  succeeding  year ;  and  no  director  shall  hold  his  office  more  than 
three  years  out  of  four  in  succession  :  but  the  director  who  shall  be  the  president  at  the  time  of  an 
election,  may  always  be  re-appointed,  or  re-elected,  as  the  case  may  be.  TTlirrf.  None  but  a  stock- 
holder, resident  citizen  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  a  director;  nor  shall  a  director  he  entitled  to 
any  emolument ;  but  the  directors  may  make  such  compensation  to  the  president,  for  his  extraordi- 
nary attendance  at  the  bank,  as  shall  appear  to  them  reasonable.  Fourth.  Not  less  than  seven  direct- 
ors shall  constitute  a  board  for  the  transaction  of  business,  of  whom  the  president  shall  always  be 
one,  except  in  case  of  sickness  or  necessary  absence ;  in  which  case  his  place  may  be  supplied  by  any 
other  director  whom  he,  by  writing,  under  his  hand,  shall  depute  for  that  purpose.  And  the  director 
80  deputed  may  do  and  transact  all  the  necessary  business,  belonging  to  the  office  of  the  president  of 
the  said  corporation  during  the  continuance  of  the  sickness  or  necessary  absence  of  the  president. 
Fifth.  A  number  of  stockholders,  not  less  than  sixtjr,  who,  together,  shall  be  proprietors  of  one  thou- 
sand shares  or  upwards,  shall  have  power,  at  any  time,  to  call  a  general  meeting  of  the  stockholders, 
for  purposes  relative  to  the  institution,  giving  at  least  ten  weeks'  notice  in  two  public  newspapers  of 
the  place  where  the  bank  is  seated,  and  specifying  in  such  notice  the  object  or  objects  of  such  meet- 
ing. Siith.  Each  cashier  or  treasurer,  before  he  enters  upon  the  duties  of  his  office,  shall  he  required 
to  give  bond,  with  two  or  more  sureties,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  directors,  in  a  sum  not  less  than 
fifty  thousand  dollars,  with  a  condition  for  his  good  behaviour,  and  the  faithflil  performance  of  his 
duties  to  the  corporation.  Seventh.  The  lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments,  which  it  shall  be  law- 
ful for  the  said  corporation  to  hold,  shall  be  only  such  as  shall  be  rennisite  for  its  immediate  accom- 
modation in  relation  to  the  convenient  transacting  of  its  business,  and  such  as  shall  have  been  bona 
fide  mortgaged  to  it  by  way  of  security,  or  conveyed  to  it  in  satisfaction  of  debts  previously  con- 
tracted in  the  <  '>rse  of  its  dealings,  or  purchased  at  sales,  upon  judgments  which  shall  have  been 
obtained  forsi<  >>bts.  Eighth.  The  total  amount  of  debts  which  the  said  corporation  shall  at  any 
time  owe,  wi  by  bond,  bill,  note,  or  other  contract,  over  and  above  the  debt  or  debts  due  for 

Mionry  deposit): the  bank,  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  thirty-five  millions  of  dollars,  unless  the 

contracting  of  any  greater  debt  shall  have  been  previously  authorised  by  law  of  the  United  States. 
In  case  of  excess,  the  directors  under  whose  administration  it  shall  happen,  shall  be  liable  for  the 
same  in  their  natural  and  private  capacities  ;  and  an  action  of  debt  niay,  in  such  case,  be  brought 
against  them,  or  any  of  them,  their  or  any  of  their  heirs,  executors,  or  administrators,  in  any  court 
of  record  of  the  United  States,  or  either  of  them,  by  any  creditor  or  creditors  of  the  said  corporation, 
and  may  be  prosecuted  to  judgment  and  execution,  any  condition,  covenant,  or  agreement,  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding.  But  this  provision  shall  not  be  construed  to  e.xenipt  the  said  corporation, 
or  the  lands,  tenements,  goods,  or  chattels,  of  tho  same,  from  being  also  liable  for,  and  chargeable 
with,  the  said  excess.  Such  of  the  said  directors  who  may  have  been  absent  when  the  said  e.xcess 
was  contracted  or  created,  or  who  may  have  dissented  from  the  resolution  or  act  whereby  the  same 
was  so  contracted  or  created,  may  respectively  exonerate  themselves  ft'om  being  so  liable,  by  forth- 
with giving  notice  of  the  fact,  and  of  their  absence  ordissent,  to  the  president  of  the  United  States,  and 
to  the  stockholders,  at  a  general  meeting,  which  they  shall  have  power  to  call  for  that  purpose.  Jfinth 
The  said  cor|H>ratlon  shall  not,  directly  or  indirectly,  deal  or  trade  in  any  thing  except  hills  of  ex- 
change, gold  or  silver  bullion,  or  in  the  sale  of  goods  really  and  truly  pledged  for  money  lent  and  not 
redeemed  in  due  time,  or  goods  which  shall  be  the  proceeds  of  its  lands.  It  shall  not  be  at  liberty  to 
purchase  any  public  debt  whatsoever,  nor  shall  it  take  more  than  at  the  rate  of  six  per  centum  per 
minum  for  or  upon  its  loans  or  discounts.    Tenth.  No  loan  shall  be  made  by  the  said  corporation,  for 


t, 


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149 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


t< 


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'         ii 


the  use  or  on  nrconnt  of  the  eovprnmenl  of  the  United  Btatei,  to  «ii  amount  exroedinR  five  hnndred 
thouHond  dollnrM,  or  of  any  purticiilnr  state,  tn  an  amount  exceeding  flfry  thnunand  dnltars,  or  of  any 
foreign  prince  or  state,  unless  previously  aiilhorizcd  l>y  a  law  of  the  United  States.     F.levtnth.  The 
stock  of  the  said  corporation  shall  be  assifinahje  and  transferable,  according  to  such  rules  as  shall  be 
instituted,  in  that  behalf,  by  the  laws  and  ordinances  of  the  same.     Twelfth.  The  bills  obligatory  and 
of  credit,  under  the  seal  of  the  said  corporation,  which  shall  be  made  to  any  person  or  persons,  shall 
be  assignable  by  endorsement  thereupon,  under  the  hand  or  hands  of  such  person  or  persons,  and  his. 
Iter,  or  their,  executors  or  administrators,  and  of  his  or  their  assignee  or  assignees,  and  so  as  abso- 
lutely to  transfer  and  vest  the  property  thereof  In  each  and  every  assignee  or  assignees  successively, 
and  to  enable  such  assignee  or  assignees,  and  his,  her,  or  their,  executors  or  administrators,  to  main- 
toin  an  action  thereupon  In  his,  her,  or  their,  own  name  or  names :  Provided,  That  said  corporation 
shall  not  make  any  bill  obligatory,  or  of  credit,  or  other  obligation  under  its  seal,  for  the  payment  of 
a  sum  less  than  five  thousand  dollars.    And  the  bills  or  notes  which  may  be  issued  by  order  of  the 
said  corporation,  signed  by  the  president  and  countersigned  by  the  principal  cashier  or  treasurer 
thereof,  promising  the  payment  of  money  to  any  person  or  persons,  his,  her,  or  their,  order,  or  to 
bearer,  although  not  under  the  seal  of  the  said  corporation,  shall  be  binding  and  obligatory  upon  the 
same,  in  like  manner,  and  with  like  force  and  effect,  as  upon  any  private  person  or  persons,  if  issued 
by  him,  her,  or  the.n,  in  his,  her,  or  their,  private  or  natural  capacity  or  capacities,  and  shall  be  ai- 
sfgnable  and  negotiable  in  like  manner  as  if  they  were  so  issued  by  such  private  person  or  persons; 
that  is  to  say,  those  which  shall  be  payable  to  any  person  or  |)ersonB,  his,  her,  or  their,  order,  shall  be 
assignable  by  endorsement,  in  like  manner  and  with  the  like  effect  as  foreign  bills  of  exchange  now 
are;  and  those  which  are  payable  to  bearer  shall  he  assignable  and  negotiable  by  delivery  only: 
Provided,  That  all  bills  or  notes,  so  to  be  issued  by  said  corporation,  shall  be  made  payable  on  demand, 
other  than  bills  or  notes  for  the  payment  of  a  sum  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  each,  and  paya- 
ble to  tlie  order  of  some  person  or  persons ;  which  bills  or  notes  It  shall  be  lawful  for  said  corpora- 
tion to  make  payable  at  any  time  not  exceeding  sixty  days  from  the  date  thereof.    Thirteenth.  Half 
yearly  dividends  shall  be  ni'ade  of  so  much  of  the  proHts  of  the  bank  as  shall  appear  to  the  directors 
advisable ;  and  once  in  every  three  years  the  directors  shall  lay  before  the  stockholders,  at  a  general 
meeting,  for  their  information,  an  exact  and  particular  statement  of  the  debts  which  shall  have  re- 
mained unpaid  after  the  expiration  of  the  original  credit,  for  a  period  of  treble  the  term  of  that  cre- 
dit, and  of  the  surplus  of  the  profits,  if  any,  after  deducting  losses  and  dividends.    If  there  shall  be 
a  failure  in  the  payment  of  any  part  of  any  sum  subscribed  to  the  capital  of  the  said  bank,  by  any 
person,  copartnership,  or  body  politic,  the  party  failing  shall  lose  the  benefit  of  any  dividend  which 
may  have  accrued  prior  to  the  time  for  making  such  payment,  and  during  the  delay  of  the  same. 
Fourteenth.  The  directors  of  the  said  corporation  shall  establish  a  competent  ofltce  of  discount  and 
deposite  in  the  district  of  Columbia,  whenever  any  law  of  the  United  States  shall  require  such  an  es- 
tablishment ;  also  one  such  ofl^.ce  of  discount  and  deposite  in  any  state  in  which  two  thousand  sharei 
shall  have  been  subscribed  or  may  be  held,  whenever,  upon  application  of  the  legislature  of  such 
state,  congress  may,  by  law,  require  the  same :  Pnn'ided,  The  directors  aforesaid  shall  not  be  bound 
to  establish  such  otfice  before  the  whole  of  the  capital  of  the  bank  shall  have  been  paid  up.    And  it 
shall  be  lawful  for  the  directors  of  the  said  corporation  to  establish  offices  of  discount  and  deposite 
wheresoever  they  shall  think  fit,  within  the  United  States  or  the  territories  thereof,  and  to  commit 
the  management  of  the  said  oflices,  and  the  business  thereof,  respectively,  to  such  persons,  and  under 
such  regulations,  as  they  shall  deem  proper,  not  being  contrary  to  law  or  the  constitution  of  the 
bank.    Or  instead  of  establishing  such  oflices,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  directors  of  the  said  corpora- 
tion, from  time  to  time,  to  employ  any  other  bank  or  bunks,  to  he  first  approved  by  the  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  at  any  place  or  places  that  they  may  deem  safe  and  proper,  to  manage  and  transact  the 
business  proposed  as  aforesaid,  other  than  for  the  purposes  of  discount,  to  be  managed  and  transacted 
by  such  oflices,  under  such  agreements,  and  subject  to  such  regulations,  as  they  shall  deem  just  and 
proper.    Not  more  than  thirteen,  nor  less  than  seven,  managers  or  directors,  of  every  office  esta- 
blished as  aforesaid,  shall  be  annunlly  appointed  by  the  directors  of  the  bank,  to  serve  one  year ;  they 
shall  choose  a  president  from  their  own  number  ;  each  of  them  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
and  a  resident  of  the  state,  territory,  or  district,  wherein  such  office  is  established ;  and  not  more  than 
three  fourths  of  the  said  managers  or  directors,  in  office  at  the  time  of  an  annual  appointment,  shall 
be  re-appointed  for  the  next  succeeding  year ;  and  no  director  shall  hold  his  office  more  than  three 
years  out  of  four,  in  succession ;  but  the  president  may  be  always  re-appointed,    fifteenth.  The  offi- 
cer at  the  head  of  the  treasury  department  of  the  United  States  shall  be  fnrnished,  from  time  tn  time, 
as  often  as  he  may  require,  not  exceeding  once  a  week,  with  statements  of  the  amount  of  the  capital 
stock  of  the  said  corporation,  and  of  the  debts  due  to  the  same ;  of  the  moneys  deposited  therein; 
of  the  notes  .in  circulation,  and  of  the  specie  in  hand ;  and  shall  have  a  right  to  inspect  such  general 
accounts  in  the  books  of  the  bank  as  shall  relate  to  the  said  statement :  Provided,  That  this  shall  not 
be  construed  to  imply  a  right  of  inspecting  the  account  of  any  private  individual  or  individuals  with 
the  Dank.    Sixteenth.  No  stockholder,  unless  he  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  shall  vote  in  the 
choice  of  directors.    Seventeenth.  No  note  shall  be  issued  of  less  amount  than  five  dollars. 

i  13.  That  if  the  said  corporation,  or  any  person  or  persons,  for  or  to  the  use  of  the  same,  shall  deal 
or  trade  in  buying  or  selling  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  commodities,  whatsoever,  contrary  to  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  all  and  every  person  and  persons  by  whom  any  order  or  direction  for  so  dealing 
or  trading  shall  have  been  given,  and  all  and  every  person  and  persons,  who  shall  have  been  con- 
cerned as  parties  or  agents  therein,  shall  forfeit  and  lose  treble  the  value  of  the  goods,  wares,  mer- 
chandise, and  commodities,  in  which  such  dealing  and  trade  shall  have  been ;  one  half  thereof  to  the 
use  of  the  informer,  and  the  other  half  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  United  States ;  to  be  recovered  in 
any  action  of  law,  with  costs  of  suit, 

i  13.  That  if  the  said  corporation  shall  advance  or  lend  any  sum  of  money  for  the  use  or  on  account 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  to  an  amount  exceeding  five  hundred  thousand  dollars ;  or 
of  any  particular  state,  to  an  amount  exceeding  fifty  thousand  dollars ;  or  of  any  foreign  prince  or 
state  (unless  previously  authorized  thereto  by  a  law  of  the  United  States),  all  and  every  person  and 
persons,  by  and  with  whose  order,  agreement,  consent,  approbation,  and  connivance,  such  unlawful 
advance  or  loan  shall  have  been  made,  npon  conviction  thereof,  shall  forfeit  and  pay,  for  every  such 
offence,  treble  the  value  or  amount  of  the  sum  or  sums  which  have  been  so  unlawAilly  advanced  or 
lent ;  one  fifth  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  informer,  and  the  residue  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  United 
States. 

$  14.  That  the  bills  or  notes  of  the  said  corporation,  originally  made  payable,  or  which  shall  have 
become  payable,  on  demand,  shall  be  receivable  in  all  payments  to  the  United  States,  unless  otherwise 
directed  by  act  of  congress. 

i  15.  That,  during  the  continuance  of  this  act,  and  whenever  required  by  the  secretary  of  the  trea- 
sury, the  said  corporotion  shall  give  the  necessary  facilities  for  transferring  the  public  funds  from 
place  to  place,  within  the  United  States,  or  the  territories  thereof,  and  for  distributing  the  same  in 
payment  of  the  public  creditors,  without  charging  commissions,  or  claiming  allowance,  on  occount  of 
difference  of  exchange ;  and  shall  also  do  and  perform  the  several  and  respective  duties  of  the  com- 
iDJasioners  of  loans  for  the  several  states,  or  of  any  one  or  more  of  them,  whenever  required  by  law. 


)1A.  That 

branches  the 

tary  of  the  t 

the  treasury 

conmienceme 

ill.  That 

siivei,of  any 

bank,  or  in  ai 

refuse  or  neg 

to  the  contra 

demand,  any 

son  or  person 

bill,  or  obligal 

shall,  respect! 

moneys,  until 

frnni  the  time 

laws  enforcin 

debts,  of  whi( 

tinned,  vestin 

the  United  Sti 

i  18.  That  i 

made,  forged, 

any  bill  or  no 

directors,  and 

any  cashier  tli 

assist  in  falsel 

the  said  bank, 

pass,  '.liter,  or 

bill  or  note,  pu 

of  the  said  bai 

tlon,  or  any  cii 

utter,  or  piililit 

by  order  of  iht 

check  on  the  si 

with  intention 

or  deliver,  or  c 

tion,  or  purpor 

knowing  the  s 

adjudged  guilt; 

imprisoned  anc 

imprisoned  not 

nothing  lierein 

tion,  under  the 

}  19.  That  if 

have  in  his  cus 

which  any  note 

such  plate,  or  tc 

bills  issued  by 

notes,  bill  or  bil 

ration,  with  int 

feitingany  oftl 

sion  any  paper  i 

notes  or  bills  of 

or  suffer  the  sai 

corporation;  e\ 

be  imprisoned  a 

term  not  exceed 

i  20.  That,  ir 

said  bank,  the  | 

corporate  funds 

ments;  that  is 

thousand  dollari 

of  four  years  af 

inbefore  provide 

i  21.  That  nc 

continuance  of 

pledged:  Proviii 

increasing  the  c 

capitals  not  exc( 

withstanding  thi 

use  the  corporal 

dation  of  the  aff 

real,  personal,  a 

for  a  period  exc« 

i  22.  That  if  I 

enable  the  same 

or  before  the  fii 

twelve  months  I 

«  23.  That  it 

for  that  purpose, 

created,  and  to  r 

and  whenever  ai 

shall  have  reasoi 

or  the  president 

vania,  in  the  nar 

tion  for  the  timi 

calling  on  the  s 

declared  forfeitei 

to  examine  into  I 

nouoce  and  adju 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


143 


t 


}  18.  That  the  depotitei  of  the  money  nf  the  United  Statea,  in  places  in  which  the  said  bank  ond 
branchei  thereof  may  be  emabliahed,  shall  he  made  in  laid  bank  or  branclicR  thereof,  iinieiii  the  iiecfe- 
tary  of  the  treasury  Hhull  at  any  lime  othKrwme  order  and  direct;  in  which  case  the  secretary  of 
the  treasury  shall  imiiiediately  lay  before  cimfircss,  if  in  session,  and,  if  not,  immediately  alter  the 
commencement  of  the  next  session,  the  reasons  of  such  order  or  direction. 

i  17.  That  the  said  corporation  ihall  not,  at  any  time,  suspend  and  refuse  payment  in  gold  and 
silvei,of  any  of  its  notes,  bills,  or  obliKalions;  nor  of  any  moneys  received  upon  deposite  in  said 
bonk,  or  in  any  of  its  offices  of  discount  and  deposite.  And  if  the  said  corporation  shall,  at  any  time, 
refuse  or  neglect  to  pay,  on  demand,  any  bill,  note,  or  obligation,  issued  by  the  corporation,  according 
to  the  contract,  promise,  or  undertaking,  therein  expressed ;  or  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  pay,  on 
demand,  any  moneys  received  in  said  bank,  or  in  any  of  its  offices  afiiresnid,  on  deposite,  to  the  per- 
son or  persons  entitled  to  receive  the  same,  then,  and  in  every  such  case,  the  holder  of  any  such  note, 
bill,  or  obligation,  or  the  person  or  persons  entitled  to  demand  and  receive  such  moneys  as  aforesaid, 
slinli,  respectively,  be  entitled  to  receive  and  recover  interest  on  the  said  bills,  notes,  obligations,  or 
moneys,  until  the  same  shall  be  fully  paid  and  satisfied,  at  the  rate  of  twelve  per  centum  per  annum, 
from  the  time  of  such  demand  as  aforesaid:  Providid,  That  congress  may,  at  anytime  hereafter,  enact 
laws  enforcing  and  regulating  the  recovery  of  the  amount  of  the  notes,  bills,  obligations,  or  other 
debts,  of  which  payment  shall  have  been  refused  as  aforesaid,  with  the  rate  of  interest  above  men- 
tioned, vesting  Jurisdiction  for  that  purpose  in  any  courts,  either  of  law  or  equity,  of  the  courts  of 
the  United  States,  or  territories  thereof,  or  of  the  several  stales,  as  they  may  deem  expedient. 

)  18.  That  if  any  person  shall  falsely  make,  forge,  or  counterfeit,  or  cause  or  procure  to  be  falsely 
made,  forged,  or  counterfeited,  or  willinply  aid  or  assist  in  falsely  making,  forgini;,  or  counterfeiting, 
any  bill  or  note  in  Imitation  of,  or  purporting  to  be,  a  bill  or  note  issued  by  order  of  the  president, 
directors,  and  company,  of  the  said  bank,  or  any  order  or  check  on  the  said  bank  or  corporation,  or 
any  cashier  thereof;  or  shall  falsely  alter,  or  cause  or  procure  to  bo  falsely  altered,  or  willingly  aid  or 
assist  in  falsely  altering,  any  bill  or  note  issued  by  order  of  the  president,  directors,  and  company,  of 
the  said  bank,  or  any  order  or  check  on  the  said  bank  or  corporation,  or  any  cashier  thereof;  or  shall 
lass,  '.itter,  or  publish,  or  attempt  to  pass,  utter,  or  publish,  as  true,  any  false,  forged,  or  counterfeited, 
jill  or  note,  purporting  to  be  a  bill  or  note  issued  by  order  of  the  president,  directors,  and  company, 
of  the  said  bank,  or  any  false,  forged,  or  counterfeited,  order  or  check  upon  the  said  bank  or  corpora- 
tion, or  any  cashier  thereof,  knowing  the  same  to  be  falsely  forged  or  counterfeited  ;  or  shall  pass, 
utter,  or  publish,  or  attempt  to  pass,  utter,  or  publish,  as  true,  any  falsely  altered  bill  or  note,  issued 
by  order  of  the  president,  directors,  and  company,  of  the  said  bank,  or  any  falsely  altered  order  or 
check  on  the  said  bank  or  corporation,  or  any  cashier  thereof,  knowing  the  same  to  be  falsely  altered, 
with  intention  to  defraud  the  said  corporation,  or  any  other  body  politic  or  person ;  or  shall  sell,  utter, 
or  deliver,  or  cause  to  be  sold,  uttered,  or  delivered,  any  forged  or  counterfeit  note  or  bill,  in  imita- 
tion, or  purporting  to  be,  a  bill  or  note  issued  by  order  of  the  president  and  directors  of  the  said  bank, 
knowing  the  same  to  be  false,  forged,  or  counterfeited ;  every  such  person  shall  be  deemed  and 
adjudged  guilty  of  felony,  and  being  thereof  convicted  by  due  course  of  law,  shall  be  sentenced  to  be 
imprisoned  and  kept  to  hard  labour,  for  not  less  that  three  years  nor  more  than  ten  years,  or  shall  be 
imprisoned  not  exceeding  ten  years,  and  fined  not  e.xceeding  five  thousand  dollars  :  Provided,  That 
nothing  herein  contained  shall  be  construed  to  deprive  the  courts  of  the  individual  statesofajuiisiiic- 
tion,  under  the  laws  of  the  several  states,  over  any  offisnce  declared  punishable  by  this  act. 

i  19.  That  if  any  person  shall  make  or  engrave,  or  cause  or  procure  to  be  made  or  engraved,  or  shall 
have  in  his  custody  or  possession,  any  metallic  plate,  engraved  after  the  similitude  of  any  plate  from 
which  any  notes  or  bills,  issued  by  the  said  corporation,  shall  have  been  printed,  with  intent  to  use 
such  plate,  or  to  cause  or  suffer  the  same  to  be  used,  in  forging  or  counterfeiting  any  of  the  notes  or 
bills  issued  by  the  said  corporation ;  or  shall  have  in  his  custody  or  possession  any  blank  note  or 
notes,  bill  or  bills,  engraved  and  printed  after  the  similitude  of  any  notes  or  bills  issued  by  said  corpo- 
ration, with  intent  to  use  such  blanks,  or  cause  or  aulTer  the  same  to  be  used,  in  forging  or  counter- 
feiting any  of  the  notes  or  bills  issued  by  the  said  corporation ;  or  shall  have  in  his  custody  or  posses- 
lion  any  paper  adapted  to  the  making  of  bank  notes  or  bills,  and  similar  to  the  paper  upon  which  any 
notes  or  bills  of  the  said  corporation  shall  have  been  issued,  with  intent  to  use  such  paper,  or  cause 
or  Butfer  the  same  to  be  used,  in  forging  or  counterfeiting  any  of  the  notes  or  bills  issued  by  the  said 
corporation ;  every  such  person,  being  thereof  convicted  by  due  course  of  law,  shall  be  sentenced  to 
be  imprisoned  and  kept  to  hard  labor  for  a  term  not  e.xceeding  five  years,  or  shall  be  imprisoned  for  a 
term  not  exceeding  five  years  and  fined  in  a  sum  not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars. 

I)  20.  That,  in  consideration  of  the  exclusive  privileges  and  benefits  conferred  by  this  act  upon  the 
said  bank,  the  president,  directors,  and  company,  thereof,  shall  pay  to  the  United  States,  out  of  the 
corporate  funds  thereof,  the  sum  of  one  million  and  five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  in  three  equal  pay- 
ments ;  that  is  to  say :  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  at  the  expiration  of  two  years ;  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars  at  the  expiration  of  three  years ;  and  five,  hundred  thousand  dollars  at  the  expiration 
of  four  years  after  the  said  bank  shall  be  organized  and  commence  its  operations  in  the  manner  here- 
inbefore provided. 

\  31.  That  no  other  bank  shall  be  established  by  any  future  law  of  the  United  States  during  the 
continuance  of  the  corporation  hereby  created,  for  which  the  faith  of  the  United  States  is  hereby 
pledged :  Provided,  Congress  may  renew  existing  charters  for  banks  in  the  district  of  Columbia,  not 
increasing  the  capital  thereof,  and  may  also  establish  any  other  bank  or  banks  in  said  district,  with 
capitals  not  e.xceeding,  in  the  whole,  six  millions  of  dollars,  if  they  shall  deem  it  expedient.  And,  not- 
withstanding the  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  the  said  corporation  is  created,  it  shall  be  lawful  to 
use  the  corporate  name,  style,  and  capacity,  for  the  purpone  of  suits  for  the  final  settlement  and  liqui- 
dation of  the  affairs  and  accounts  of  the  corporation,  and  for  the  sale  and  disposition  of  their  estate, 
real,  personal,  and  mi.xed  ;  but  not  for  any  other  purpose,  or  in  any  other  manner,  whatsoever,  nor 
for  a  period  exceeding  two  years  after  the  expiration  of  the  said  term  of  incorporation. 

i  22.  That  if  the  subscriptions  and  payments  to  said  bank  shall  not  be  made  f.nd  completed  so  aa  to 
enable  the  same  to  commence  its  operations,  or  if  the  said  bank  shall  not  commence  its  operations  on 
or  before  the  first  Monday  in  April  next,  then,  and  in  that  case,  congress  may,  at  any  time  within 
twelve  months  thereafter,  declare,  by  law,  this  act  null  and  void. 

}  23.  That  it  shall,  at  all  limes,  be  lawful  for  a  committee  of  either  !iouae  of  congress,  appointed 
for  that  purpose,  to  inspect  the  books,  and  to  examine  into  the  proceedings,  of  the  corporation  hereby 
created,  and  to  report  whether  the  provisions  of  this  charter  havo  been,  by  the  same,  violated  or  not; 
and  whenever  any  committee,  as  aforesaid,  shall  find  and  report,  or  the  president  of  the  United  Statea 
shall  hiive  reason  to  believe,  that  the  charter  has  been  violatdd,  it  maybe  lawful  for  congress  to  direct, 
or  the  president  to  order,  a  scire  facios  to  be  sued  out  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  district  of  Pennayl- 
vania,  in  the  name  of  the  United  States  (which  shall  b>:  executed  upon  the  president  of  the  corpora- 
tion for  the  time  being,  at  least  fifteen  days  before  the  commencement  of  the  term  of  said  court), 
calling  on  the  said  corporation  to  show  cause  wherefore  the  charter  hereby  granted  shall  not  be 
declared  forfeited ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  Kaid  court,  upon  the  return  of  the  said  scire  facias, 
to  examine  into  the  truth  of  the  alleged  violation,  and  if  such  violation  be  made  appear,  then  to  pro- 
nounce and  adjudge  that  the  said  charter  ii  fo';ieited  and  annulled.    Providid,  havevtr,  Every  iMU* 


(■■  « 


% 


144 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


*f 


•^        \ 


'   ( 


nf  fnct  which  may  be  Joined  bniween  thn  United  HintoH  niul  the  cnrporiitioii  arorniuid,  shall  b«  trM 
by  jury.  And  It  ihall  be  liiwfiil  for  tlin  court  ufurennid  tn  riiiiiirR  \\w  prmliiction  nf  inch  nr  the  Imnkii 
nr  the  cnriNiratlon  an  It  may  dui-m  iiiMx-HNiiry  Tiir  thit  HHCurtiiinment  nftlM!  rontrnvertvd  fiictii :  ami  ihn 
flnal  JiidKnifliit  of  the  court  aforesaid  vhall  be  exaininahlu  In  the  »uprui»u  court  of  ilin  United  Htitiei 
by  writ  of  error,  and  may  be  there  reveraed  or  aHirmed,  according  to  the  unogci  of  law.  ' 

The  bank  conimence'J  operatinni  on  the  7th  of  January,  1817;  and  aoon  ailcr  entered 
into  a  compact  with  the  State  banki  for  a  simultaneous  resumption  of  specie  payments.  It 
was  ai^recd  that  this  should  take  place  on  the  20th  of  February,  on  the  condition,  amoni; 
others,  that  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  should  not  demand  payment  of  any  balances 
which  might  accumulate  against  the  State  institutions,  until  that  bank  and  its  branches 
should  have  discounted  for  individuals,  not  having  duties  to  pay,  at  some  of  the  principal 
Atlantic  ports,  to  the  amount  of  $6,000,000. 

Immediately  on  going  into  operation,  every  effort  was,  very  naturally,  made  by  the  bank 
to  push  its  paper  into  circulation,  and  to  make  its  transactions  as  extensive  as  possible.    lu 
discounts  were  augmented,  in  the  course  of  litUe  more  than  a  month,  from  three  to  twenty 
millions  of  dollars ;  and  in  the  end  of  October,  of  the  same  year,  they  already  amounted  to 
33  millions.     With  respect  to  the  circulation  of  its  notes,  this  was  soon  only  limited  by  the 
physical  inability  of  the  President  and  Cashier  to  sign  more  than  a  certain  number  of  them 
in  a  given  time.     On  the  whole,  however,  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  continued  expansion  of 
its  paper  by  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  more  than  counterbalanced  any  contraction  of 
that  of  the  other  banks,  which  may  have  ensued  by  means  of  its  action  upon  them.    The 
whole  currency  of  the  country  remainetl  still  in  a  depreciated  condition.     Prices  were  uni- 
versally high  ;  and  the  spirit  of  speculation  in  the  different  kinds  of  stocks  especially  wu 
everywhere  rife.    Independently  of  any  other  consideration,  a  return  to  a  more  natural  state 
of  things  could  not  fail  before  long  to  ensue,  from  the  exportation  of  specie,  and  the  conse- 
quent necessity  of  the  banks  to  curtail  their  discounts.    This  reaction,  it  is  aUo  true,  must 
necessarily  give  occasion  to  much  pecuniary  embarrassment  and  distress  to  almost  every  por- 
tion of  the  community.     But  the  distress,  when  it  actually  came,  was  unquestionably  veiy 
much  aggravated  by  the  system  of  management  adopted  in  the  early  administration  of  the 
new  Bank  of  the  United  States.    In  the  first  place,  not  only  were  its  discounts  and  circuii- 
tion  augmented  altogether  too  rapidly,  but  its  discounts  were,  to  a  considerable  extent,  mode 
to  the  stockholders,  on  pledges  of  their  stock.    The  object  which  the  directors  had,  at  the 
outset,  in  thus  favouring  the  stockholders,  above  every  other  class  of  borrowers,  was  to  enable 
them  to  pay  the  specie  portion  of  the  several  instalments  due  by  them  for  their  shares,  as 
the  time  for  their  payment  occurred.     As  a  consequence,  tlie  whole  amount  of  the  specie 
paid  into  the  bank  by  the  stockholders,  intead  of  being  what  was  contemplated  by  Congress, 
when  they  incorporated  the  bank,  viz.  $7,000,000,  was,  it  is  probable,  considerably  short  of 
a  third  of  this  sum.    But  it  soon  became  a  practice  to  lend  to  the  stockholders  to  the  extent 
of  the  par  value  of  their  shares,  on  a  pledge  of  these  to  the  bank,  without  any  personal  secu- 
rity.    Persons  of  little  or  no  property  were,  by  this  means,  enabled  to  hold  bank  stock,  even 
to  a  very  large  amount ;  since  all  that  they  needed  to  do  was  to  procure  from  the  bank,  on  a 
pledge  of  the  stock  which  they  purchased,  the  very  money  which  they  were  called  upon  to 
pay  for  it.    An  increased  demand  was  in  this  way  created  for  the  stock ;  and  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  its  price  in  the  market  should  have  been,  for  some  time,  almost  steadily  on  the 
rise,  as  well  as  that  it  should  have  presented  a  tempting  field  for  the  operations  of  the  specu- 
lator and  the  gambler.    Again,  it  was  in  the  natural  order  of  things  that,  when  a  contraction 
on  the  part  of  the  bank  became  necessary,  the  directors,  instead  of  throwing  any  portion  of 
the  pledged  stock  into  the  market,  which  would  have  a  tendency  to  lower  the  value  ci  the 
stock,  should  curtail  their  discounts  of  mercantile  paper  to  an  extent  far  greater  than  woulJ 
otherwise  have  been  requisite,  and  should  thus,  as  we  have  said,  have  aggravated  the  pecuniarr 
embarrassments  incidental  to  every  sudden  diminution  of  the  circulating  medium. 

We  cannot  better  continue  this  account  of  the  mode  in  which  the  Bank  of  the  United 
States  was  managed,  in  the  period  under  consideration,  than  by  adopting  the  language  of  Mr, 
Chcves,  the  second  president  of  the  bank,  in  a  report  made  by  him  to  the  stockholders  in  1833, 
"  The  bank,  immediately  on  its  commencement,  did  a  very  extensive  business,  imported 
vast  sums  of  specie,  paid  its  notes  and  those  of  the  ofRces,  without  reference  to  the  places 
where  they  were  payable,  at  the  bank  and  all  the  principal  offices  north  of  the  Potomac, 
while  they  were,  under  the  charter,  necessarily  received  every  where  in  payments  of  debts  to 
the  government  of  the  United  States ;  and  drafts  were  given  without  limit,  on  the  parent 
bank  and  northern  offices,  by  the  western  offices,  at  par  or  at  a  premium  merely  nominal.  As 
Boon  as  the  notes  of  the  southern  and  western  offices  were  paid  or  received  by  the  bank  and 
northern  offices,  they  were  returned  to  them  and  re-issued  in  perpetual  succession.  The  re- 
sult was,  that  the  bank  and  the  great  northern  offices  were  drained  of  their  capital,  and  on 
the  20th  of  July,  1818,  only  eighteen  months  after  the  institution  began  its  operations,  itwu 
obliged  to  commence  a  rapid  and  heavy  curtailment  of  the  business  of  the  bank  and  its  of- 
fices. During  all  this  time,  it  had  the  advantage  of  immense  government  deposites.  At  the 
moment  that  curtailments  were  ordered,  the  government  deposites  in  the  bank  and  iu 
branches,  including  the  deposites  of  public  officers,  amounted  to  eight  millions  of  dollars,  and 


thpy  had  ben 
Houthrm  nni 
Imiik  to  the 
n,600,000  tl( 
IVo  curtailme 
room  for  thoi 
tnilmrntH  at  i 
ilollara,  49  cc 
vital  points  ( 
when  the  rrn 
"At  that  n 
Boston  wuH  I 
and  wcHtrrii 
liberty,  accon 
gross  anioimt 
cast,  or  west, 
notes,  which 
in  a  chanffe 
banks,  on  noi' 
counted  pnpci 
than  their  cur 
and  collect  dri 
active  capital 
curtRiimeiits  v 
instead  of  heir 
of  dollars.     In 
curtailments  h 
rations. 

"  At  the  cor 

mcnts,  and  cm 

In-ing  &  Co., 

dollars,  47  cen 

iium  tlic  greate 

with  Uarinpr,  I 

including  any 

dollars ;  and,  \ 

funded  debt,  fu 

curtailments,  tc 

mcnts,  a  reduci 

of  eight  mill  ior 

'>  At  the  cloi' 

so  long  the  suli 

and,  after  great 

granted  on  the 

constituted  the 

against  a  great 

angry,  and  con 

favours  which  ( 

municating  the 

licen  disposed  c 

day,  on  the  1st 

city  banks,  dedi 

"  It  is  true  th 

and  Ohio  over  I 

to  the  amount  ( 

one  half  of  the 

during  the  day 

were  almost  im 

bank  had  in  its 

196,148  dollars, 

must  again  be 

the  sum  in  trai 

seasonably  on  t 

office  at  New  \ 

same  time  the  I 

900,000  dollars 

charge  upon  its 

Vol.  I.— N 


RANKS  (lINITEn  STATES). 


H» 


I,  ihill  b«  trM 
;li  III'  lh«  IhhiIi«    [ 
rncta  :  anil  ibu    [ 
Uiiit«d  8UU1, 

V. 

I  after  entered 
[inymenti.  It 
dilion,  amoni; 
any  balances 
il  ita  branches 
r  the  principal 


B  by  the  bank 
poaeiblc.  lu 
iree  to  twenty 
^  amounted  t) 
limited  hy  tiie 
irnber  ofthcm 

I  expansion  of 
contraction  of 

II  them.  The 
icea  were  uni' 
especially  wu 
3  natural  atale 
ami  the  conw- 
ilso  true,  must 
lost  every  por- 
stionably  very 
stration  of  the 
ita  and  circula- 
3  extent,  mado 
trs  had,  at  the 
1,  was  to  enable 
heir  shares,  a> 
;  of  the  specie 

by  CongreB, 

rably  short  of 

g  to  the  extent 

personal  aecu* 

nk  stock,  even 

;he  bank,  on  a 

called  upon  to 

it  is  not  sur- 

teadily  on  the 

of  the  specu- 

a  contraction 

.ny  portion  of 

value  Gi  the 

than  would 

the  pecunian 

m. 

the  United 
iguage  of  Mr. 
Iders  in  182!!. 
,  imported 
to  the  places 
the  Poioraac, 
Its  of  debts  tu 
n  the  parent 
nominal,  .^s 
the  bank  and 
ion.  The  re- 
pital,  and  on 
ations,  itwu 
k  and  its  of- 
ilea.  Attho 
bank  and  it^ 
fdollan,iDil 


thcv  had  been  Inrffrr  at  prpprdinR  prriodn.  ( 'urtnilniriits  were  ordered  from  time  to  time,  nf  thn 
Houthom  and  wcHtorn  ofUces,  to  the  mnount  of  srvpii  millions  ot'  iloiliir'*,  ntul  nt  the  parent 
linnk  to  the  amount  of  two  milliniw,  thiMiRh  nt  lli<'  latter  they  were  iiiatle  to  ilio  amount  of 
3,600,000  dollars,  and  upwiinJH,  between  the  :i()th  of  .Inly,  ISIK,  niul  the  Ist  of  April,  IHlf). 
No  curtailments  were  ordered  ut  the  olliees  of  New  York  and  I'oiifon,  !ieeau«e  there  was  no 
room  for  thenu  yet  nreessity  ohliijed  them  to  redure  their  hnsineMs  very  nuich.  The  rur- 
tailmentu  at  all  pointH  within  the  iihove  mentio!ie<l  dales,  heinij  einht  months,  were  fi.iillO.OOO 
dollars,  49  eenfs.  Vet  niter  these  immense  and  rii|iid  enrtnilineiits.  the  most  sensible  nn<l 
vital  points  (Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Uoston)  were  inliriitely  in  worse  condition  than 
when  the  remedy  was  devised. 

"At  that  moment"  (the  1st  of  April,  181!))  "  Ihe  disoniint  line  of  the  important  ofl'ire  at 
Boston  was  only  94,.'j8'l  dollars,  .'17  eents.  And  when  in  this  wrelehed  state,  the  southern 
and  western  circulation  wiis  jiourinir  in  upon  these  wenk  points,  and  the  government  was  ut 
liberty,  nccordins  to  the  practice  of  the  time,  to  draw  on  every  ollice  of  the  bank,  for  the 
jTTOiis  amount  of  its  deposites,  thronpthout  the  whole  establishment,  wbelher  north,  south, 
east,  or  west.  Tho  southern  and  western  oll'ices  were  not  restrained  from  issuing  their 
notes,  which  they  did  most  profusely.  'J'he  eurtaihin'iits,  in  inniiy  instances,  resulted  merely 
in  a  change  of  debts  bearing  interest,  for  debts  dne  by  local  hnnks,  or  the  notes  of  local 
banks,  on  neither  of  which  was  interest  received.  J'he  western  olllces  curtailed  their  dis- 
counted pnper,  but  they  purchased  what  were  called  race  /inr.se  liil/s,  to  a  greater  amount 
than  their  curtailments.  The  bank  itself  continued,  during  the  whole  period,  to  purchase 
and  collect  drafts  on  the  southern  and  even  western  ollices,  though  almost  the  whole  of  the 
active  ciipitnl  already  lay  in  those,  quarters  of  the  Union,  and  tho\iah  the  great  object  of  the 
curtailments  was  to  draw  funds  from  these  )ioints.  'J'he  debt  due  in  Kentucky  and  Ohio, 
instead  of  being  reduced,  was  within  this  period  actually  increased  ujjwards  of  half  a  million 
of  dollars.  Instead  of  getting  relief  from  the  southern  and  western  ollices  gtru'rally,  where 
curtailments  had  been  ordered,  the  bank  was  still  further  exhausted  by  the  intervening  ope- 
rations. 

•'  At  the  commencement  of  this  period,  (a  period  commencing  with  the  order  for  curtail- 
ments, and  ending  March,  1819,)  the  bank  was  indebted  to  IJariiig.  Brothers  ik.  Co.,  J{ced, 
Ir\'ing  fc  Co.,  Adams,  Robertson,  &  Co.,  and  Thomas  Wilson  &  (Jo.,  the  sum  of  l,.'i8(),:!'l."j 
dollars,  47  cents,  growing  principally,  if  not  entirely,  out  of  its  specie  operations.  Of  this 
sum  the  greater  p.art  was  paid  during  this  period.  It  had,  however,  contracted  new  debts 
with  Baring,  Brothers  &  Co.,  and  Thomas  Wilson  <fc  Co.,  of  which  theri^  remained  dne, 
including  any  balance  which  may  have  been  due  on  the  former  accounts,  the  sum  of  87fi,fi48 
dollars ;  and,  within  the  same  jjcriod,  it  had  disposed  of  2,270,9".i(i  dollars,  (>■>  cents  of  its 
funded  debt,  furnishing  by  these  compound  operations  ways  and  nu'ans,  in  addition  to  its 
curtailments,  to  the  amount  of  l,.*)*)  1,229  dollars,  \'.i  cents,  and  making,  with  these  curtail- 
ments, a  reduction  in  the  productive  cajjital  of  the  bank,  within  the  period  of  eight  months, 
ofeiglit  millions  of  dollars,  and  upwards. 

'•  At  the  close  of  this  period,  the  discounts  on  personal  security  at  Philadelphia  had  been 
so  long  the  subject  of  curtailment,  that  a  small  jjortion  of  them  admitted  of  further  reduction, 
and,  after  great  efforts,  a  rule  had  been  established  to  reduce  the  discounts  which  had  been 
granted  on  the  stock  of  the  bank,  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  every  60  days.  The  latter 
constituted  the  bulk  of  the  discounted  paper,  and  so  small  a  reduction  artbrded  no  relief 
against  a  great  and  immediate  demand.  Even  this  small  reduction  was  the  subject  of  loud, 
angry,  and  constant  remonstrance  among  the  borrowers,  who  claimed  the  privileges  and  the 
favours  which  they  contended  were  due  to  stockholders,  and  sometimes  succeeded  in  com- 
municating their  sympathies  to  the  board.  All  the  funded  debt  which  was  valuable  had 
l)een  disposed  of,  and  the  proceeds  exhausted.  The  specie  in  the  vaults  at  the  close  of  the 
day,  on  the  1st  of  April,  1819,  was  only  120,745  dollars,  28  cents,  and  the  bank  owed  to  the 
city  banks,  deducting  balances  due  to  it,  an  aggregate  balance  of  79,125  dollars  99  cents. 

"  It  is  true  there  were  in  the  mint  267,978  dollars,  9  cents,  and  in  transitu  from  Kentucky 
and  Ohio  over  land,  250,000  dollars;  but  the  Treasury  dividends  were  payable  on  that  day 
to  the  amount  of  near  500,000  dollars,  and  there  remained  at  the  close  of  the  day  more  than 
one  half  of  the  sum  subject  to  draft,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  sum  which  had  been  drawn 
during  the  day  remained  a  charge  upon  the  bank,  in  the  shape  of  temporary  deposits,  which 
were  almost  immediately  withdrawn.  Accordingly,  on  the  12th  of  the  same  month,  the 
bank  had  in  its  vaults  but  71,522  dollars,  47  cents,  and  owed  to  the  city  banks  a  balance  of 
196,148  dollars, 47  cents;  exceeding  the  specie  in  its  vaults  124,895  dollars,  19  cents.  It 
must  again  be  remarked,  that  it  had  yet  the  sum  before  mentioned  in  the  mint,  as  well  as 
the  sum  in  transitu  from  Ohio  and  Kentucky :  this  last  sum  (250,000  dollars)  arrived  very 
seasonably  on  the  next  day,  or  a  day  or  two  thereafter.  The  liank  in  this  situation,  the 
office  at  New  York  was  little  better,  and  the  office  at  Boston  a  great  deal  worse.  At  the 
same  time  the  bank  owed  to  Baring,  Brothers  &  Co.,  and  Thomas  Wilson  &  Co.,  nearly 
900,000  dollars,  which  it  was  bound  to  pay  immediately,  and  which  was  equivalent  to  a 
charge  upon  its  vaults  to  that  amount.    It  had,  including  the  notes  of  the  offices,  a  circula- 

VoL.  I.— N  19 


146 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


1 


V, 


Uon  of  six  millinni  of  dollars  to  meet,  to  which  wcro  to  he  added  the  demandii  of  deponitnn, 
pulilic  and  private,  iit  a  time,  too,  when  tlic  iirarcity  of  money  rolled  forth  every  diitpoNalilo 
dollar,  and  therefore  created  demundH  upon  tho  hank  for  an  unuHUul  jjortion  of  the  ordinary 
<le|ioHiteH  and  circulation. 

"  The  Rums  which  were  cnllectetl  ilaily  on  account  of  tho  rovcnuo,  in  branch  paper,  were 
dcmandablo  tho  next  day  in  Philadelphia,  and,  at  tho  Hamu  time,  at  every  otfice  of  the  e». 
tablinhmcnt,  at  tho  discretion  of  tho  ollicerH  of  ((ovurnnu'nt.  The  rovonuo  was  chiefly  paid  in 
branch  paper,  as  well  ut  lioston  and  Now  York  ox  at  I'hiludelphia,  and  while  tho  duties 
were  thus  ])aid  at  one  counter,  in  branch  i)aper,  tho  delMMiturcM,  which  amounted  to  one 
million  of  dollarH  every  three  monlhH,  were  demanded  and  paid  at  tho  other,  in  »|M'cio  or  iu 
equivalent — money  of  tho  place.  Many  additional  detailH,  increaRiiif^  tho  dillicultieH  of  tho 
moment,  might  he  added.  Tho  southern  oinces  were  remitting  tardily,  and  tho  weHtom  not 
at  all.  All  tho  resources  of  the  bank  would  not  have  sustained  it  in  this  course  and  mode 
of  business  another  month.  8uch  was  tho  proHtrate  state  of  tho  bunk  of  the  nation,  which 
had,  only  twenty-seven  months  Iwfore,  commenced  business  with  an  untrammelled  actives 
capital  of  twenty-eiKlit  millions  of  dollars." 

Mr.  Chevcs  then  rocs  on  to  state  tho  losses  incurred  by  tho  bank  and  its  ofTicos,  especially 
at  lialtimore,  in  conHcciuence  of  tlio  improper  conduct  of  certain  of  the  oiVicers  connected 
with  it.  The  loHsesin  that  city  alone,  ho  says,  were  estimatinl  at  tho  sum  of  1,671,221  dol- 
lars, 87  cents,  "  'J'ho  ag(?regate  of  tho  losses  of  the  institution,  growinn  out  of  tho  opera- 
tions which  preceded  tho  6th  of  March,  1819,  exceeded  considerably  :i,.'i(l(),000  dollars.  The 
dividends  durinf<  the  same  time  amounted  to  4,410,000  dollars.  Of  this  sum  1,348,5.');) 
dollars,  98  cents,  were  received  as  tho  interest  on  the  public  debt  held  by  the  bank,  which 
loaves,  as  tho  entire  profits  on  all  tho  operations  of  banking;,  tho  sum  of  3,061,441  dollarn,  2 
cents,  which  is  less  by  at  least  half  a  million  of  dollars,  tlion  the  losses  sustained  on  the  same 
business. 

"  Thus  stood  tho  bank  at  the  orp^anisation  of  tho  present  administration.  I  was  elected 
and  took  my  seat  as  President  of  the  Board  on  tho  6th  of  March,  1819.  But  some  time,  of 
course,  was  necessary  to  look  into  the  state  of  tho  bank,  before  measures  of  relief  could  be 
projected.  Its  danp;cr,  however,  was  too  manifest  and  too  pressing  to  allow  much  tin)c  lor 
this  purpose.  Tho  principal  errors  which  produced  tho  danger  wore  fortunately  of  em 
discovery,  and  to  them  tho  ])ropcr  remedy  was  immediately  applied.  The  southern  anil 
western  olilccs  were  immediately  directed  not  to  issue  their  notes,  and  the  bank  ceased  to 
purchase  and  collect  exchanges  on  the  south  and  west. 

"  At  0  meeting  of  tho  directors  on  the  9th  of  April,  which  was  very  full,  tho  state  of  the 
bank  was  submitted  to  them,  and  a  select  committee  appointed,  to  whom  the  subject  of  iu 
difficulties  was  referred,  and  after  very  mature  deliberation  that  committee  made  a  report, 
which  was  unanimously  agreed  to.  Tho  principal  means  of  relief  proposed  and  agreed  to 
were: 

"  1 .  To  continue  the  curtailments  previously  ordered.  2.  To  forbid  the  olUces,  at  the  south 
and  west,  to  issue  their  notes  when  tho  exchanges  were  against  them.  3,  To  collect  the 
balances  due  by  local  banks  to  the  offices.  4.  To  claim  of  the  government  tho  time  neces- 
sary to  transfer  funds  from  the  offices  where  money  was  collected  to  those  where  it  was  to 
bo  disbursed,  as  well  as  like  time  (until  the  difficulties  of  the  banks  were  removed)  to  trans- 
fer funds  to  meet  the  notes  of  offices  paid  in  tho  bank  or  other  offices  than  those  where  they 
were  payable  according  to  their  tenor.  5.  To  pay  debentures  in  tho  same  money  in  which 
tlie  duties  on  which  tho  debentures  wcro  secured  had  boon  paid.  6.  To  obtain  a  loan  in 
Europe  for  a  sum  not  exceeding  3,.500,000  dollars,  for  a  period  not  exceeding  three  years, 

"  These  measures,  simple  and  obvious  as  they  are,  and  some  of  them  so  strangely  over- 
looked so  long,  lifted  the  bank  in  the  short  space  of  seventy  days  (fsom  the  6th  of  March  to 
the  17th  of  May)  from  tho  extreme  prostration  which  has  been  described  to  a  state  of  safety, 
and  even  in  some  degree  of  power,  enabled  it  to  cease  its  curtailments,  except  at  points  where 
it  had  an  excess  of  capital,  to  defy  all  attacks  upon  it,  and  to  sustain  other  institutions  which 
wanted  aid  and  were  ascertained  to  be  solvent ;  above  all  to  establish  the  soundness  of  the 
currency,  which  had  just  before  been  deemed  hopeless ;  and  in  a  single  season  of  business 
(the  first)  to  give  to  every  office  as  much  capital  as  it  could  advantageously  employ." 

Nothing  more  need  be  added  to  this  exposition  of  Mr.  Cheves,  in  order  to  enable  the 
reader  to  understand  the  injurious  action  of  the  bank,  at  the  period  of  which  we  are  speak- 
ing, on  the  currency  of  tho  country,  than  to  state  the  fact  that  the  branches  of  tho  United 
States  Bank  made  a  practice  of  exchanging  their  drafts  on  the  Atlantic  cities  for  the  notes 
of  the  local  banks,  upon  which  they  required  interest  to  be  paid.  The  obvious  consequence 
of  this  proceeding  was  to  stimulate  those  institutions  to  enlarge  their  business  also  to  a  very 
extravagant  extent;  thus  contributing  to  render  the  contraction  of  the  currency  in  the 
western  states,  when  it  necessarily  happened,  both  more  extensive  and  more  sudden  than  it 
would  otherwise  have  been. 

The  mismanagement  of  the  affairs  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  could  not  fail  to  at- 
tract the  attention  of  Congress.     It  was  brought  before  the  House  of  Representatives  by  a 


i)f 
ill 


resolution  o 

rcHiiliition  v 

chainnnti. 

concluding 

■rvurnl  instn 

larger  slix'kl 

mend  any  hj 

ilepicfed  by 

lins  full  \)ifw 

shall  recpiiri 

liienHiircH  pr< 

vivw  voted  1 

It  is  unne 

United  Ntat« 

in  Dec(?nilifi 

wilerntion  o 

of  the  cuui 

to  the  ojierati 

tho  Bank  uf 

apply  fur  a 

tancv,  in  a  m 

I  fet'l  that  I  ( 

consideration 

dieney,  of  tin 

citizens;  and 

unit()rni  and  f 

"  Under  th( 

tions  of  the  g 

founded  u|)on 

woulil  avoid  a 

the  governtnei 

The  Comm 

man,  Mr.  McI 

examination  o 

mitted  to  them 

to  incorimrate 

maintain  such 

upon  the  credi 

In  the  Sena 

of  finonce,  dire 

currency  for  tl 

that  of  'the  Ho 

Bank  of  tho  U 

No  further  8 

subject,  until  tl 

newal  of  its  eh 

successive  ann 

not  prevent  a  1 

ing  anew  the  I 

who  stated  his 

It  was  there  pi 

majority  of  tw( 

of  July,  1832. 

The  removal 
States,  in  the  a 
styled  the  depoi 
oftheact  of  Jn 
states  of  the  Un 
of  July  11th,  II 
of  Pennsylvani 
which  led,  in  A 
the  banks ;  the  i 
the  adoption  by 
ing;"  constitut 
States,  during 
readers;  and,  o 
terference  on  oi 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


147 


rMolutiAti  ofTrifJ  by  Mr.  Sponcrr  of  New  York,  on  the  S.'ith  of  NovrmW,  IfilS*  whirh 
roHdlution  wnit  ri'fi'rml  »o  i»  Melrct  rommittcN'  of  wliirh  tlif  niovor  of  the  rmolutioii  wuh  the 
chairmnti.  Tliin  fonitnittfo,  nn  thn  Kith  of  Jnnimry  following,  timih-  i»n  ••Inhoriitn  n'|tort, 
cotirluilinff  with  iiti  explicit  (loclnriition,  thnt,  in  their  ojiiriion,  the  ciiiirter  of  the  bunk  hitil  in 
wvornl  in»tftncen  been  violated.  However,  excepliniJt  the  |);iHmiK«'  of  «  l>ill  to  prevent  the 
larger  HttK-khoMerH  from  havini;  nn  undue  miinlH'r  of  votes  iit  eleelionx,  they  did  not  reeoni- 
mend  nny  npeeille  netion,  on  the  pitrt  of  (^onurenH,  to  rorreet  "  th"  nmny  eviln  und  niiwhiefs" 
depicted  i)y  them,  "  Ih-ciiuhc,  by  the  provinioiiH  of  the  chiirter,  thu  Necreliiry  of  the  TrenHiiry 
hnB  full  power  to  iip|iiy  a  prompt  luid  iide(|niite  remedy,  whenever  the  Hituntion  of  tho  bnnk 
nhall  require  it."  KenolutionM  were  Hhorlly  iifter  olVered  to  the  Houhc,  for  tiikint^  the  proper 
ineBHiircH  prepiinitory  to  decliirinK  the  chiirtcr  of  the  biuik  to  have  JK'eii  forfeited  ;  but  they 
were  voted  down  by  very  luru;e  miijoritieH, 

It  in  urinecoHHury  to  no  into  luiy  lietailH  here  conoerninpr  the  history  of  the  Dank  of  the 
United  Statoti,  from  the  period  nt  which  we  have  now  arrived  imtil  the  meetinn  of  UonRremi 
in  December,  1829,  when  the  I'rcHident  prenenled  the  ((UCHtion  of  itx  rcchnrter  for  the  con- 
nideration  of  that  iiody,  Uh  "exjiansionH  ami  contractioiiH,"  as  well  as  those  < '  tho  bankH 
of  the  country  Rcnerally,  during  the  whole  of  this  linw  were  merely  udi  as  ar  incid'  .ifal 
to  the  ojwrations  of  all  iiaiiks  of  circulation.  'I'he  Fr.'Hi 'i-nt  obfierved  tluit'M'if  .liari,  r  of 
the  Bank  of  the  United  States  expires  in  18Ufl,  und  its  stockii  dilers  will,  'lu  i  |ii<n.,>  ly, 
apply  for  a  renewal  of  their  privileijeH.  In  order  to  avoid  the  •  i'n  .unnitio'.!  fnri  s  ,("ipi. 
taiicy,  in  a  measure  involving  such  important  principles,  and  (;i  el  dee,;  nicv.riiftfy  'nterefits, 
I  feel  that  I  cannot,  in  justice  to  the  parties  interested,  loo  soon  pre'-.i'ii-,  it  to  'Iv  dclilmrate 
consideration  of  the  legislature  and  tlie  people.     Hoth  the  consti  rtiiiinili'',  nw}  the  expc- 

f   .ir  feilciv- 
•■  lutjlvb-ng  u 


i)Oition 


ot  fail  to  at- 
itatives  by  a 


diency,  of  the  law  creatinp;  this  bank,  are  well  tjuesiioncd  by  u  iur. 
ciliziMiB;  and  it  must  be  adnutted  by  all,  that  it  has  failed  in  the  g.,>Mt.  end 
uniform  and  sound  currency. 

"  Under  these  circumstances,  if  such  an  institution  is  dcon;« rt  cxs.ntud  to  th*»  ftj^;.!  optrn- 
tion.s  of  the  goverinnent,  I  submit  to  the  wisdom  of  th'  .'i'!;i;ilature  -v!unh  ■  •  a  rn/ninn'  ot.c, 
founded  upon  the  credit  of  the  goveniment,  and  its  revenurr,  ti>i,fhi  not  bo  V\i»e(],  wlijch 
would  avoid  all  constitutional  dilliculties,  and,  at  the  Rauic  ume,  Mcure  all  IH  ;  ai' \':intaj,e8  .o 
the  government  and  country  that  were  expected  to  result  from  tlie  pn  sent '  >:i5'." 

The  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  of  the  House  of  Keprexoiitatives,  t!!;ou^>,li  Ihcir  chaij- 
man,  Mr.  McDufl'ie,  made  a  report  on  the  13th  of  April,  18.30:  '.  i  whiili.  iifter  ^n  o'>^bo^att; 
exiiinination  of  the  several  questions  presented  by  the  message  of  tho  President,  iimS  Hfl>- 
mittcd  to  them  for  consideration,  they  eoncUnle  that  Congress  has  tho  tonsiin'.n'nal  povver 
to  incorporate  a  hank,  such  as  that  of  the  United  States ;  that  it  -s  expedient  to  '•'itablish  aud 
maintain  such  an  institution ;  and  that  it  is  inexpedient  to  cstublisik  "  a  uutior.ol  tunk,  four.  in.', 
upon  the  credit  of  the  government  and  its  revenues." 

In  the  Senate,  a  resolution  had  l)een  referred,  early  in  the  same  seAiiou,  'm  t'it'  roinmitten 
of  finance,  directing  them  to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  establisliing  ,01  unifi;nn  Jintbma! 
currency  for  the  United  States;  which  committee  rej)v)rtcd  on  the  29th  of  March,  .md,  li!:ii 
that  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  cxpresvci'.opinions,  concerning  the  currency  and  the 
Bank  of  tho  United  States,  in  direct  opposition  v»ith  those  of  the  Presi  lert. 

No  further  steps  were  taken  by  either  the  Senate  or  the  Hojie  of  Ue]iirscr^tiitives  on  the 
subject,  until  the  session  of  18.'31-32,  when  the  bank  made  applieation  to  Conirresh  fir  a  re- 
newal of  its  charter.  The  President  had,  in  the  mean  while,  a  wcond,  and  a  third  time,  in 
successive  annual  messages,  reiterated  his  views  in  oppositii  1,  i)  f^ici  a  /cicvul,  Thif  did 
not  prevent  a  bill  from  passing  through  both  branches  of  th(r  nauwiml  Icguhf.jre,  j.ico'porat- 
ing  anew  the  Bank  of  the  United  States ;  which  bill  was,  howc  r,  ve/ticd  'ly  tlu  President, 
who  stated  his  reasons  for  doing  so  in  a  message  to  the  ;\  iiut..,  r  hero  the  bill  had  originated. 
It  was  there  promptly  reconsidered;  but,  failing  ij  o  'ain  In  itn  favour  the-  constitutional 
majority  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  that  bod' ,  t  was  linjlly  rejected  on  the  13th  day 
of  July,  1832. 

The  removal  by  the  President  of  the  >.»"emient  deposites  from  the  Bank  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  autumn  of  183?:  he  adoption,  in  consequence,  by  Congress  of  what  has  been 
styled  the  deposite  bnnk  «ystcr.i,  as  a  means  of  safely  keeping  the  public  money;  the  passage 
of  the  act  of  Juie  23d,  1836,  for  the  distribution  of  the  surplus  revenue  among  the  different 
states  of  the  Union ;  the  issue  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  famous  specie  circular, 
of  July  11th,  1836 ;  the  incorporation  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  by  the  Legislature 
of  Pennsylvania,  early  in  the  same  year ;  the  derangement  in  the  currency  of  the  country, 
which  led,  in  May  of  the  following  year,  to  the  general  suspension  of  specie  payments  by 
the  banks ;  the  resumption  of  specie  payments  by  the  banks,  in  the  summer  of  1838 ;  with 
the  adoption  by  the  State  of  New  York,  and  one  or  two  others,  of  a  system  of  "  free  bank- 
ing ;"  constitute  the  principal  events,  in  the  monetary  and  financial  history  of  the  United 
States,  during  the  last  six  years.  They  are,  of  course,  fresh  in  the  recollection  of  our 
readers;  and,  on  this  account,  as  well  as  with  the  view  of  abstaining  entirely  from  any  in- 
terference on  our  part  in  the  party  contentions  to  which  those  events  have  afforded  an  ample 


,] 


I 

< 

ill 

i 

9. 


i 

H 


148 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


«     I 


^        k 


field,  wo  shall  content  ourselves  with  enumerating  them  here,  and  inserting  below  the  act 
incorporating  the  Pennsylvania  Bank  of  the  United  States,  as  also  the  act  to  authorise  the 
business  of  banking,  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York,  April  18th,  1838. 

An  Act  to  repeal  the  Slate  Tar  on  Real  and  Personal  Property,  and  to  continue  and  extend  the  Tmprore- 
nieiilK  of  the  State,  by  Railroads  and  CanaU,  and  to  charter  a  stale  bank,  tu  be  called  the  "United  Statu 
Bank." 

J  1.  Be  if  enarled,  ^-c,  That  all  and  ovory  prnvision  nf  tlic  Acts  of  Assembly,  passod  the  Iwcnty-liflli 
diiy  of  Miircli,  ill  tlie  year  one  tlicinsand  cialit  liiiiidri'il  ami  thirty-Diip,  ri'spcctivnly,  entitled  An  an 
assessing  a  tax  on  personal  properly,  to  he  collected  with  the  connty  rales  and  levies,  for  the  use  of 
the  C(nnnion\veallli,  and  An  act  to  increase  the  tonnty  rates  a]nl  levies  lor  the  use  of  the  connncjii- 
wealth,  lie  and  the  same  are  hereby  repealed.  e.\ce|it  so  far  as  relates  to  the  collection  of  taxes  a:ses.<ci| 
before  the  first  day  of  Octolier  last :  Provided.  That  the  said  repeal  shall  not  go  into  efTcct,  until  all 
the  t(!rnis  ami  provisions  hereinafier  sel  forth  shall  he  fully  complied  with. 

J  2.  That  the  present  slockholdiMs  of  the  Uiink  of  the  li'niled  States,  (excepting  the  tinited  !^taii.> 
and  ihe  treasurer  of  the  (fniled  Siati  <.)  ami  such  other  persons  as  may  heconie  stockholders  a^ri't. 
ahly  to  till'  hy-laws  made  for  that  purpose,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  in  the  whole  the  present  capj. 
tal  of  the  said  hank,  their  successors  ami  assigns,  he  and  are  In^rehy  created  a  corporation  and  bwh 
politic,  hy  the  name  and  style  of  "The  l'nsiil''nl.  Dlrecmrs,  and  Company  (d'  the  liank  of  the  Uaitti] 
.States,"  and  shall  so  contlnne  until  the  third  day  of  March,  in  the  year  one  tlKuisand  eiL'hl  hunihii! 
and  sixty-six ;  ami  hy  that  name  shall  b'  ami  an?  hereby  made  capable  in  law.  to  have,  purchase,  and 
receive,  possess,  enjoy,  and  riMain,  to  them  and  tliiiir  successors,  lands,  rtuits,  tenements,  heredita- 
ments, coods.  chattids,  and  I'llects,  of  wlials<ii'ver  kind,  nature,  and  (|ualily,  and  tlu^  same  to  sell, 
grant,  demise,  alien  or  dispose  of,  to  sue  ami  he  sneil.  to  use  a  coininon  seal,  and  the  same  to  alter  ami 
renew,  and  lo  nnike  such  liy-la  ws  and  ordinances  as  they  shall  deem  necessary,  not  being  contrary  |( 
this  act,  the  conslitulion  of  Ihe  I'niled  States,  or  to  the  constilulion  and  laws  of  this  commonweiiilh; 
and  also  to  prescribi'  rules  lor  the  transfer  of  the  slock  of  said  corporation,  and  generally  to  do  all  tin- 
acts  which  to  them  it  shall  or  may  appertain  to  do.  and  lo  enjoy  Ihe  same  privileges  and  antlmriiv 
given  by  law  to  any  bank  within  this  commonweallli,  subject  to  tlie  rules  and  restrictions  hereinafiur 
prescrihed. 

?  .?.  Imu' the  management  of  the  all'airs  of  the?  said  corporation,  there  shall  he  annually  elected  ai 
the  banking-house,  in  the  city  nf  I'liiladidphia.  on  the  tirst  Monday  in  .January  in  each  year,  hy  a  I'lii- 
rality  of  voles,  which  shall  lie  giviMi  by  111' qualilird  stockholders  of  the  said  bank,  in  |)ersonorln 
proxy,  twenty  directors,  who  shall  be  capable?  of  siTviii.;  for  oiu'  year,  and  who  shall,  at  the  lir-: 
meeting  after  tlii-ir  ideclion  in  each  year,  prociM.'d  lo  elect  one  of  the  directors  to  he  the  presideiii  if 
the  corporation,  who  shall  hidd  the  -aid  oliice  duriiii:  the  same  period  for  which  the  directors  in 
elected  ;  but  if  an  election  of  dirtictiu's  or  of  Ihe  pri'sideiit  should  not  be  made  on  that  day,  the  sail 
corporation  shall  not  for  that  cause  he  dissoh cd,  lint  it  shall  he  lawful  at  any  other  time  I(j  Indil  ^hkI, 
elections  ;  and  until  such  eleclinns  hv.  made,  the  directors  and  president  for  Ihe  lime  being  shall  run. 
tiiuie  in  olUce ;  and  in  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  Ihe  president,  the  dir(!Ctors  shall  elect  aiie- 
ther  president  from  their  own  number :  and  in  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  a  director,  the  vn- 
eaucy  may  be  supplied  by  the  remaining  directors. 

}  4.  The  fidlowing  shall  be  tin?  fnnilaim'nial  articles  of  the  said  corporation,  to  wit  : 

1.  None  but  a  stockholder  who  is  a  citizen  of  the  I'niled  States  shall  be  a  director,  or  vote  at  nn 
election  for  directors,  eitlier  in  iierson  or  hy  proxy  ;  and  all  proxies  shall  be  dated  within  sixty  ilays 
before  the  day  of  each  eh'ction.  Tlie  nuinher  of  votes  to  which  each  stockholder  shall  be  entilleil  i;i 
voting  for  directors  shall  he  as  follows  :  for  (Uie  share  and  not  more  than  two  shares,  one  vole;  fr 
every  two  shares  above  two  and  not  exceeding  ten  shares,  one  vote  ;  for  every  (bur  shares  above  Icii 
and  not  exceeding  thirty,  om'  vote;  for  every  six  shares  above  thirty,  and  not  exceeding  sixty,  iiw 
vole;  for  every  eiuht  shares  above  sixty,  and  not  (exceeding  one  hundred,  rne  vote;  but  no  persmi, 
copartnership,  or  boily  politic,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  greater  number  than  thirty  votes  ;  and  atb'r  liii- 
tirst  election,  no  share  or  shares  shall  confer  a  right  of  voting,  unless  the  same  shall  have  been  lidii 
three  calendar  months  before  the  day  of  election. 

2.  Not  more  than  three  foiirlhs  of  the  direciprs  who  shall  be  in  office  at  the  time  nf  aiianiiimi 
eb'c'tion,  shall  be,  eb-eted  for  the  succeeding  \*cnr.  and  no  director  shall  hold  his  ntiice  for  more  ilun 
three  years  out  of  four  in  succession,  but  the  dkector  who  shall  be  the  president  may  always  be  if- 
elected  ;  and  previous  to  each  I'leeticni  of  diriictors,  the  hoard  of  directors  shall  appoint  three  slnd- 
holders,  not  directors,  tn  he  judges  nf  tin?  election,  avIio  shall  c(nuluct  anil  regulate  the  same,  afir 
having  severally  taken  and  siibscriheil  an  oath  or  atlirinalion,  before  some  justice  of  the  peace  or 
alderman,  well  and  faithfully  and  lawfully  to  conduct  the  election,  and  who,  after  the  conchisiiin  ui 
tlie  b allot,  shall  decide  and  openly  ded.ire  wlio  are  chosen  directors  for  the  ensuing  year,  Nodirecl'ir 
of  any  other  hank  shall  be,  at  the  same  lime,  a  director  of  thi.s  bank  ;  nor  shall  the  governor,  nraiiv 
e.xecutive  or  judicial  otiiccr  of  this  coniinouwcalth,  or  member  of  congress,  or  of  the  state  legislaliirn. 
be  a  director. 

,■).  Not  less  than  seven  directors  shall  constitute  a  board  for  the  transaction  of  business,  of  wIiom 
the  president  shall  always  be  one,  except  in  case  of  sickness  or  necessary  absence,  in  which  case  Ins 
place  may  be  supplied  by  any  other  director  whom  he  by  writing  under  his  hand  shall  depute  fur  lliai 
purpose  ;  and  in  ease  the  president  shall  not  so  depute,  the  board  of  directors  may  elect  a  direcldri/ 
act  during  the  absence  of  the  president, 

1,  A  general  meeting  of  the  stockholders  for  purposes  relative  to  the  institution,  may  at  anylini" 
be  called,  either  by  the  board  of  directors,  or  by  sixty  or  more  stockholders  owning  one  tlioiisanil  ir 
more  shares  of  the  capital  stock,  on  giving  at  least  six  weeks'  notice  in  two  public  iiewspap.rs  juil- 
lished  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  specifying  in  such  iiotici!  the  object  or  objects  nf  such  nieeliii.'. 
.\ml  there  shall  be  a  general  meeting  of  the  stockholders  at  the  hanking  house,  in  the  city  nf  I'liila- 
delphia,  on  the  tirst  Monday  of  January  in  every  year,  at  which  time  the  directors  shall  laybcllire 
tliem  a  general  and  particular  statement  of  the  artairs  of  the  company, 

.").  The  lands,  tenements,  and  hereilitamenls  which  it  shall  be  lawftil  for  the  said  corporation  hi 
hold,  shall  bo  only  such  as  shall  he  reiinisite  for  its  immediate  accommodation  in  transactins  it* 
business,  and  such  as  shall  have  been  bona  tide  mortgaged  lo  it  by  way  of  security,  or  conveyed  Mil 
in  satisfaction  of  debts  previously  conlracliMl  in  the  course  of  its  dealings, or  purcjiased  at  sales ii|iii!i 
jmlgineiits  which  shall  have  been  obtained  for  such  debts,  or  purchased  for  the  purpose  of  si'fiini;; 
such  debts.  The  said  corporation  shall  not  directly,  or  indirectly,  deal  or  trade  in  any  tiling cxnpl 
hills  of  exchange,  gold  and  silver  bullion,  or  in  the  sale  of  goods  really  and  truly  pledged  for  launiy 
lent,  and  not  redeemed  in  due  time, — or  goods  which  shall  be  the  proceiMis  of  its  lands.  Neither  siiall 
it  inakr!  any  loan  to  any  foreign  prince  or  slate  unless  previously  authorised  by  law.  The  said  cnr- 
poration  shall  not  be  at  liberty  to  purchase  any  stock  whatever,  except  their  own  stock,  treasnrv 
notes,  or  public  stocks  created  by  the  government  of  the  United  .States,  or  of  this  State,  or  stuck  oi 
or  loans  to  any  of  the  incoriioratud  coiiipuuius  of  this  State,  for  the  constructiuu  ami  iiuoiovcmciii ui' 


I 


roads,  brill 
for  debts  ti 

6,  The  ri 
not  exceed 
by  order  of 
to  order,  sli 
dollars ;  an 
due,  on  dei 
sliull  receiv 
the  notes  o 
amount  of 
contract,  ej 
aninuntofc 
it  shall  hapi 
br.iugbt  aga 
having  com 
to  judgnien 
but  this  slia 
chattels  oft 
directors  as 
gidered  as  i 
tion  or  act ' 
minutes  of  i 
tiie  fact  to 
purpose. 

7,  If  the  I 
moneys,  in  i 
refusal  of  sa 
same,  to  ma 
her  tu  make 
nesses,  hefoi 
cashier  of  sa 
be  'ifibrileil  ft 
of  llie  said  ji 
shall  he  the  d 
issue  his  proi 
tenth  day  aft 
and  void,  ami 
pacity,  for  th 
iiolders  there 
meat  of  any  c 

8,  Dividenij 
a  year,  on  thd 
iniind  at  any  i 
exceed  Ihe  air 
said  bank  sha 
which  shall  in 
their  iiidividu 
director  presei 
he  forthwith  e 
of  the  declarii 

9,  The  salai 
meeting,  and 
board  of  direci 
eessary  for  tra 
laws  shall  prei 

10,  The  said 
details  of  its  01 
to  the  Secretai 
blished  by  law 

^  5.  It  shall 

inspect  the  bo 

whether  the  p 

orticers  of  said 

stich  of  their  I 

may  by  law  d 

aforesaid  shall 

violated,  it  ma 

issued  out  of 

vania  (which  t 

days  beftire  tin 

wherefore  the 

court  upon  the 

such  violation 

luilleil:  I'rovid 

the  corporatior 

have  the  right  I 

it  shall  be  lawf 

the  corporatioi 

the  ^iiatjudgiii 

i  I),  In  consii 

said  corporatio 

lit  such  time  an 

days'  notice  sli 

provided  also,  I 

after  the  accepi 

shall  be  paid  b 

nniing  thirty  dc 

also,  whenever 

whole  six  inillii 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


149 


clow  the  act 
luthorise  the 
I  18lh,  1838. 

i  the  Tviprore- 
"  United  Utaks 


IK  twenty-tiflh 
entitled  An  acl 
for  I  lie  use  (if 
r  till!  ciiiiiiiiiiu- 
luxi'S  iiix'sscd 
etft'ct,  until  iill 

'  United  Stall" 
liDldiTs  iv'm- 
v.  present  capi. 
It  inn  and  biidy 
i  cit'  tlio  IJnittil 

eliiht  linnilrcil 
,  pnriliasi!,  mid 
lentil,  hereilitii- 
i'.  same  tii  iii-IL 
iiic  to  alter  ami 
iiij!  lontraryii 
iininioiiweailli; 
lly  to  (111  all  llir 

and  antliiiriiy 
Diis  hereinafter 

ually  elected  al 
year,  by  a  |dii. 
in  person  or  In 
all,  at  the  lir>' 
lie  president  i.;' 
le  diri'clnra  iir- 
It  day,  the  siuJ 
lie  to  llolil  smli 
lieiiiL'  shall  inn- 
shall  elect  aii^'- 
lirector,  the  la- 


r,  or  vote  at  an 
ithiii  sixty  il:u> 
II  ho  eiili'lk'd'i:i 
one  vote;  U 
hares  iihnvi!  lea 
11),'  sixty,  iiw 
it  no  |iiTS"i., 
ind  artiT  III'- 
have  been  litlii 

of  an  annua; 

for  more  ilia'i 

ilways  lie  rf- 

int  three  slock- 

he  same,  afl'i 

the  peace  or 

concliisioii  III 

Nodirodiir 

.•ernor,  nr  any 

;ato  legislaliirf. 

iness,  of  wlioai 
which  casi'  in- 
depute  fur  lliai 
ict  a  diretliiriu 


II 


ay  at  any  una' 

thoHsaiid  "I 

wspap.'rs  |iiiii- 

sncli  nu'i'iiii:. 

city  of  riiila- 
hall'  lay  bclbri' 

cnrpnratiun  w 

raiisactins  ii* 

conveyed  to  11 

at  sales  uiimi 

e  of  scounai: 

V  thing  cvn'pi 

ied  for  iiuiiny 

iNeitlier  shall 

The  said  cor- 

tock,  treasiirv 

te,  or  sleek  i'( 

lurovciiitiit  of 


1 1 


roadi!,  briilscii,  canal  nr  inland  navigation,  nr  other  stacks  which  may  be  bona  fide  pledged  us  security 
for  debts  to  the  banic,  and  not  duly  redeemed. 

6.  The  rate  of  llscount  at  which  loans  may  be  made  by  said  Hank  within  this  commonwealth,  shall 
not  exceed  one  half  of  one  per  centum  for  thirty  days.  And  the  notes  and  bills  which  shall  be  issued 
by  order  of  said  corporation,  or  under  its  authority,  shall  be  binding!  upon  it,  and  those  made  payable 
to  order,  shall  be  assignable  by  endorsement,  but  none  shall  lie  issued  of  a  denomination  less  than  ten 
dollars ;  and  if  the  bank  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  pay  its  notes  or  bills  or  moneys  deposited  when 
due,  on  demand  made  at  tlie  hank  during  baiikinp  hours,  the  person  or  persons  entitled  to  the  same 
shall  receive  interest  thereon  at  the  rate  of  twelve  per  centitin  a  year  until  payment  be  made.  And 
the  notes  of  the  corporation  in  circulation  shall  never  e.vceed  the  capital  actually  paid  in.  The  total 
amount  of  debts  which  the  said  corporation  may  at  anytime  owe,  whether  by  bond,  note,  or  other 
contract,  excepting  the  amount  of  money  due  to  depositors,  sliall  not  at  any  time  exceed  double  the 
amount  of  capital  stock  actually  pain  in;  and  in  case  ofexcess,  the  directors  under  whose  administration 
it  shall  happen,  shall  be  liable  in  their  individual  capacities,  and  an  action  of  debt  may  in  such  case  be 
brought  against  them,  or  any  of  them,  or  any  of  their  heirs,  executors  or  administrators,  in  any  court 
having  competent  jurisdiction,  by  any  creditor  or  creditors  of  such  corporation,  and  may  be  prosecuted 
to  judgment  and  execution, any  "condition,  covenant  or  agreement  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding  ; 
but  this  shall  not  he  construed  to  exempt  the  said  corporation,  or  the  lands,  tenements,  goods  and 
chattels  of  the  same,  from  being  also  liable  for,  and  chargeable  with  the  said  excess.  Such  of  the  said 
directors  as  may  have  been  absent  when  tin;  said  excess  was  contracted  or  created,  shall  not  be  con- 
sidered as  consenting  thereto,  or  liable  therefor,  and  those  who  may  have  dissented  from  the  resolu- 
tion or  act  whereby  the  same  was  so  contracted  or  created,  and  who  shall  enter  their  dissent  upon  the 
minutes  of  tile  board,  may  exonerate  tliemselves  from  being  so  liable,  by  forthwith  giving  notice  of 
tlic  fact  to  the  stockholders  at  a  general  meeting,  which  they  shall  have  power  to  cull  fur  that 
purpose. 

7.  If  the  said  bank  should  at  any  time  refuse  to  pay  any  of  its  notes,  hills,  obligations,  nr  deposited 
moneys,  in  gold  or  silver,  then  at  or  after  the  expiration  of  three  months  from  the  time  of  the  first 
refusal  of  said  bank  to  pay  as  aforesaid,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  tlie  holder  or  proprietor  of  the 
sniiie,  to  make  application  in  writing  to  any  judge  of  any  court  in  tlie  proper  county,  to  allow  him  or 
her  to  make  proof  of  said  refusal  on  oath  or  utiirmatioii,"hy  one  or  more  disinterestecl  witness  or  wit- 
nesses, before  said  judge,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  give  at  least  ten  days'  notice  to  the  president  or 
cashier  of  said  bank,  of  the  time  and  place  of  making  such  proof,  in  order  that  an  opportunity  may 
be  atlbrded  for  rebutting  the  same  by  testimony,  and  if  the  facts  he  substantiated,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  said  judge  to  reduce  the  same  to  writing,  audio  transmit  the  same  to  the  Governor.  And  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Governor,  immediately  on  the  receipt  of  the  written  jiroof  above  specified,  to 
issue  his  proclamation,  declaring  the  charter  of  the  said  bank  to  be  forfeited.  And  from  and  at>er  the 
tenth  day  after  the  date  of  the  said  proclamation,  the  charter  of  the  said  bank  shall  lie  absolutely  null 
and  void",  and  of  no  etTccl  whatsoever — except  that  the  said  bank  shall  be  liable,  in  its  corporate  ca- 
pacity, for  tlie  fulfilment  of  all  contracts  previously  made  and  entered  into  by  it ;  and  the  stock- 
hdldiirs  thereof  shall  have  power  to  elect  directors  as  usual,  and  be  capable  of  compelling  the  fullil- 
uient  of  any  contract  entered  into  with  said  bank,  previously  to  the  date  of  the  said  forfeiture. 

6.  Dividends  of  so  much  of  the  prof  is  as  the  directors  may  deem  advi'-  ilile,  shall  be  declared  twice 
a  year,  on  the  first  Mondays  of  January  and  July  in  each  year,  and  pa  .1  to  the  stockholders  on  de- 
mand at  any  time  after  the  expiration  of  ten  days  therefrom.  But  siu ii  dividends  shall  in  no  case 
exceed  the  amount  of  the  nett  profits,  actually  acquired  by  the  bunk,  so  that  the  caphal  stock  of  the 
said  bank  shall  never  thereby  be  impaired.  If  the  directors  of  the  bank  shall  make  any  dividends 
which  shall  impair  the  capital  stock  of  said  bank,  the  directors  consenting  thereto,  shall  be  liable  in 
their  individual  capacities,  to  such  corporation  for  the  amount  of  the  stock  so  divided;  and  each 
director  present  when  such  dividend  shall  be  made,  shall  he  adjudged  to  be  consenting  thereto,  unless 
he  forthwith  enter  his  jirotest  on  the  minutes  of  the  board,  and  give  public  notice  to  the  stockholders 
of  the  declaring  of  such  dividend. 

9.  The  salary  of  the  President  shall  be  established  and  allowed  by  the  stockholders  at  a  general 
meeting,  and  lo  compensation  shall  be  allowed  to  any  person  for  his  services  as  a  director.  The 
board  of  direct  irs  shall  appoint  a  cashier,  and  such  othi-r  othcers,  clerks,  and  persons  as  shall  be  ne- 
cessary for  tra.isacting  the  business  of  the  bank,  and  shall  take  from  each  such  security  as  the  by- 
laws shall  prescribe,  and  shall  make  to  each  a  just  compensation  for  his  services. 

10.  The  said  bank  shall  make  to  the  auditor  general  monthly  returns  of  its  condition,  showing  the 
detailsof  its  operations,  according  to  the  form  of  the  returns  the  Bank  of  the  United  Stales  now  makes 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  or  according  to  such  form  as  may  be  esta- 
blished by  law. 

J  5.  It  shall  at  all  times  be  lawful  for  a  committee  of  the  legislature,  appointed  for  that  purpose,  to 
inspect  the  books  and  examine  into  the  proceedings  of  the  corporation  hereby  created,  and  to  report 
whether  the  provisions  of  this  charter  have  been  by  the  same  abused  or  violated,  or  not ;  and  if  tlie 
olticers  of  said  corporation  should  ret'use  to  be  sworn  or  atiirmed,  or  give  evidence,  or  to  produce  all 
siicli  of  their  books  or  papers  us  may  be  demanded  before  any  such  committee,  then  the  legislature 
may  by  law  declare  the  said  charter  void,  und  repeal  the  same ;  and  whenever  any  committee  as 
aforesaid  shall  find  and  report,  or  the  Governor  shall  have  reason  to  believe,  that  the  charter  has  been 
violated,  it  may  be  lawful  for  the  legislature  to  direct,  or  the  (iovcriior  to  order,  a  scire  facias  to  lie 
issued  out  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the  name  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsyl- 
vania (which  shall  be  executed  on  the  president  of  the  corporation  for  the  time  lieing,  at  least  ten 
days  before  the  commencement  of  the  term  of  said  court),  calling  im  said  corporation  to  show  cause 
wherefore  the  charter  hereby  granted,  shall  not  be  declared  forfeited  ;  and  it  siiall  be  lawful  for  said 
conn  upon  the  return  of  said  scire  facias,  to  examine  into  the  truth  of  the  alleged  violation,  and  if 
such  violation  be  made  to  appear,  then  lo  pronounce  or  adjudge  that  such  charter  is  forfeited  and  an- 
iiulleil :  Provided,  however,  every  issue  of  fact  which  may  be  joined  between  the  commonwealth  or 
the  corporation,  such  issue  shall  be  tried  by  jury,  and  on  the  trial  thereof,  the  commonwealth  shall 
have  the  right  to  change  the  venue  Iroiu  the  county  of  Philadelphia  to  any  adjoining  county.  And 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  court  aforesaid,  to  reipiire  the  production  of  such  of  the  books  or  papers  of 
the  corporation,  as  it  may  deem  necessary  for  the  ascertainment  of  the  controverted  facts,  and 
the  final.judgmcnt  of  said  court  sliall  he  subject  to  all  the  usages  of  law  in  other  cases. 

i  6.  In  consideration  of  the  privileges  granted  by  tliis  act,  and  in  lieu  of  all  taxes  on  dividends,  tlie 
said  corporation  shall  pay  into  the  Treasury  of  the  Common  wealth  the  sum  of  two  millions  of  dollars, 
at  such  time  and  in  such  instalments  as  the  Governor  may  require :  Provided,  Tliat  at  least  thirty 
days'  notice  shall  be  given  by  the  Governor,  of  the  time  when  eacli  iiistalmenl  will  be  required  :  And 
provided  also,  that  for  all  sums  the  Governor  shall  not  so  require  to  be  paid  within  three  months 
after  the  acceptance  of  this  charter  by  the  stockholders,  interest  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  a  year 
shall  be  paid  by  the  corpoialioii,  commencing  at  the  expiration  of  llie  suid  three  months,  and  termi- 
nating thirty  days  before  the  time  fixed  for  tlie  payment  of  each  sum  ;  and  the  said  corporation  shall 
also,  whenever  required  by  law ,  advance  on  permanent  loan  any  sum  or  sums,  not  exceeding  in  the 
whole  SIX  millions  of  dollars,  and  for  each  sum  of  money  so  loaned,  shall  receive  from  the  common- 


'      i 


IQO 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES.) 


.  ( 


wealth  a  imeotiable  ccrtificnto  of  stock,  reimbursable  on  the  third  day  of  March,  one  thousand  eight 
liiindrod  and  sixty-eight,  transft'ralile  ut  the  Dank  of  Pennsylvania,  or  such  other  place  as  the  legialu. 
ture  may  hereafter  designate,  bearing  an  interest  of  either  four  or  live  per  cunt,  per  annum,  payable 
half  yearly  at  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  or  such  other  place  as  the  legislature  may  hereafter  deaig. 
nate,  ns  the  law  requiring  such  loan  may  determine,  and  in  case  the  interest  shall  be  live  percent. 
shall  pay  to  the  commonwealth  one  humlred  ami  ten  dollars  in  njoney  for  each  hundred  dollars  jn 
stock ;  or  if  tiie  interest  be  four  per  cent,  t^liall  ))ay  one  hundred  dollars  in  money  for  each  humlri'ii 
dollars  in  stock  ;  and  the  said  corporation  shall  be  bound,  wheiu'ver  required  by  law,  to  advance  to 
the  commonwealth  as  a  temporary  loan,  any  sum  of  money  not  exceeding  one  million  of  dollarsi  in 
any  one  year,  at  an  interest  of  four  per  cent,  a  year,  reimbursable  at  the  pleasure  of  the  comninn- 
wealth,  within  twelve  months  from  the  date  of  the;  loan  ;  and  the  said  corporation  shall  fUrther  puv 
to  the  Treasurer  for  the  use  of  the  commonwealth,  the  sum  of  live  hundred  thousand  dollars  on  iIi'p 
third  day  of  March,  Anno  Domini,  one  tlmusand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-seven,  and  shall  pay  the 
further  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  on  the    lirst  Moiulay  of  June  next,  and  the  like 
sums  of  one  hundred  thousainl  dollars  on  each  succeeding  tirst  Monday  of  .lune,  for  ninetcon 
years  thereafter,  to  be  added  to  and  paid  over  with  the  animal  appropriation  provided  by  the  conuiiiiu. 
wealth  for  common  school  purposes,  and  be  distributed  according  to  the  several  laws  of  this  connuon. 
wealth  regulating  the  distribution  of  such  appropriation;  atid  the  said  corporation  shall  further  In; 
bound  to  sub.scribe  tin!  following  sums  to  the  capital  slock  of  the  following  named  comiianies,  it'  n! 
quested  so  to  do  by  the- directors  of  the  said  companies,  or  either  of  them,  within  one  year  from  {\\, 
passage  of  this  act,  namely,  To  the  capital  stock  of  the  lialliniore  and  Ohio  Kailroatl  C'ouq)any,  tli,, 
sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  ;  To  that  of  the  VVilllimisport  and  Ulinira  llailroad  Coinpiuiyl 
till-  sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars ;  To  the  Mouongahehi  Navigation  Company,  tifty  thousarij 
dollars,  if  the  same  be  incorporateil,  at  the  opening  of  the  books  of  subscription  for  tiie  capital  siocj; 
thereof",  and  the  further  sum  of  tifty  tliousaml  (bdlars  as  soon  as  one  hundred  thousami  dollars  siili. 
scribed  by  other  persons  or  bodii'S  corporate  shall  have  been  bona  tide  expended  in  the  const ruttif.n 
of  the  said  work;  To  the  C'uudierland  Valley  Uailroad  t'onipany,  one  hundred  tliousaml  dollars;  T, 
the  Warren  and  Pinegrove  Railroad  Company,  twenty  thousand  dollars;  To  the  Warren  and  Friiiik. 
liii  Turnpike-roail  Company,  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  if  tiie  said  company  be  incorporated  this  us. 
sioiiofthe  legislature;  To  the  Warren  anil  Uidguway  Turnpike-road  Company,  five  tliousaml  i|(,|. 
lars;  To  the  .(ohnstown  and  I.igonier  Tiirnpike-rcjad  Company,  ten  thousand  dollars  ;  To  the  Sno«- 
Shoe  and  Packerville  Turnpike  Company,  twenty  thousand  dollars;  To  the  Uosebiirg  and  Merm 
Turnpike  Company,  five  thousand  dollars.    All  of  wiiicli  subscriptions  shall  jilace  the  saiil  bank  nn 
the  same  footing  as  to  the  riglits  and  liabilities  with  the  original  subscribers  to  said  coinpaniea  rcspcn. 
ively :  Provided,  That  siicli  subscri|ition  shall  mil  be  made  to  the  stock  of  the  Ualtiinore  and  Oliio 
Uailroad  Company  until  a  law  of  Maryland  shall  be  passed,  and  assented  to  by  said  company,  ms. 
bling  the  Commonwealth  of  Pimiiis;  Ivania,  and  any  company  or  companies  duly  authorised  liy  He 
said  commonwealth,  to  intersect  by  llailroad  and  unite  with  tlie  U".!tiinore  and  Ohio  Uailroad,  at  any 
point  in  the  state  of  Maryland  ;  and  that  the  whole  nmoiint  so  to  be  subscribed  by  the  said  bank.sliaii 
be  aiijiropriated  exclusively  to  tlu;  construction  of  the  Uailroad  from  Cumberland  to  Pittsburg;  ui 
that  no  payment  shall  be  called  for  by  the  directors  of  the  Baltimore  andUhio  Railroad  Company  on  at- 
count  of  said  snliscription,  until  at  least  twentymiles  of  the  Uailroad  withinthe  state  ofPennsyhiiuii 
shall  have  been  bona  tide  placed  under  contract,  and  the  construction  thereof  actually  begun. 

i  H.  The  said  bank  may  establish  two  oflices  of  discount  and  deposite  in  this  state,  one  of  whirl 
shall  be  at  such  place  in  the  county  of  Heaver  as  the  directors  may  select  for  the  purpose. 

i  15.  Nothing  in  this  act  contained  sliall  take  elfect  until  the  several  sections  and  provisions  rclai- 
iiig  to  the  bank  of  the  United  States  shall  liavt!  been  accepted  by  the  stockholders  thereof,  at  airciierai 
meeting,  which  acceptance  shall  he  made  known  to  the  d'overnor  on  .  before  the  third  day  of'.Martli 
next;  whereupon  every  preceding  section  of  this  act  shall  be  in  full  i.irce.  And  within  thirty  days 
after  the  acceptance  by  the  stockholders  of  the  existing  Hank  of  the  United  States,  notice  sliiill  it 
givrii  by  the  directors  tliereof,  that  on  a  day  named,  not  exceeding  thirty  days  thereafter,  an  elenion 
shall  be" held  for  directors  under  the  charter  so  accepted,  which  election  shall  he  held  in  like  maniiir 
as  elections  are  now  held  in  said  bank  ;  and  the  directors  so  elected  shall  elect  a  President,  anil  slial! 
serve  until  the  lirst  annual  election  :  Procideil,  Tliat  from  the  said  third  day  of  Marcli  to  the  lioldlnt  ' 
of  the  election  authorised  by  this  section,  the  President  and  directors  iu  ollice  at  the  time  of  such  ac- 
ceptance may  continue  to  act. 

In  .\pril,  1836,  the  United  States  13;ink  was  authorised  to  establish,  in  addition  to  the  two  oflices 
specified  in  the  14th  section  of  the  act  just  recited,  an  ollice  of  discount  and  deposite  in  the  town  of 
Erie  ;  but  this  olfico  is  not  to  be  continued  Ibere  loiiL'i'r  than  the  lirst  day  of  January,  I8.i().  Tli? 
Hank  was  also  authorised  to  iiurchase  ami  lioUl  any  real  estate  belonging  to  the  /u/e  Hank  ol'ih.i 
United  States,  and  to  purchase  and  hold  any  bank  stuck.  All  proxies,  moreover,  dated  at  least  si.\iy 
days  before  the  date  of  any  election,  shall  be  lawful. 

jJm  ^cl  to  authorise  the  business  of  PanluiifF.  passed  ^pril  13, 1838. 

The  people  of  the  State  nf  JVew  York,  represented  in  senate  and  ossembhi,  do  enact  ns  follows: 

J  1.  The  coinptroller  is  hereby  authorised  and  required  to  cause  to  be  engraved  and  printed  iniiir 
best  manner,  to  guard  against  counterfeiting,  sucli  (|iiaiitity  of  ciriiilating  notes,  in  the  siniililiuloM' 
bank  notes  iu  blank,  of  the  different  (lenoiiiinalions  authorised  to  be  issued  by  the  incorporateil  liaiiki 
of  t'.iis  state,  as  he  may  from  time  to  time  deem  necessary,  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  iif'lhii 
act,  and  of  such  form  as  he  may  prescribe.  Such  blank  circiilatiim  notes  shall  be  counfersiiiiinl, 
numbered,  and  registered,  in  proper  books  to  be  proviib'd  and  kept  for  that  purposes  in  the  nliircof 
said  coni|ilroller,  under  his  direction,  by  such  person  or  persons  as  the  said  comptroller  shall  a|i|)ninl 
for  that  purpose,  so  that  each  denomination  of  such  cIrciilatiiiL'  noti's  shall  all  be  of  the  same  simill. 
tudi',  and  bear  the  uniform  simiatiire  of  such  reiiistrr.  or  one  of  such  reL'isters. 

J  '2.  Wheneviir  any  person  or  associalioii  of  pi'isons,  f'ornii'd  for  the  purpose  of  banking  iinlerlhe 
provisions  of  this  act,  shall  legally  transfer  to  thc^  coiiijifridler  any  portion  of  the  public  dcli'  nnw 
created  or  hereafter  to  be  created  by  the  United  States  or  by  this  state,  or  such  other  states  iifllie 
United  States  as  shall  be  approved  by  thi!  comptroller,  such  piTson  or  association  of  persons  sliall  be 
entitled  to  ren-ive  from  the  comptroller  an  eipial  amount  of  such  circulating  notes,  of  ditferent  iliin- 
minations,  reL'istered  and  countersigned  as  aforesaid  ;  liiif  such  public  debt  shall  in  all  cases  li!;,nrl« 
made  to  be,  equal  to  a.  stock  of  this  state,  producing  five  per  cent,  per  annum,  and  it  shall  not  he  law- 
ful for  the  comptroller  to  take  any  stock  at  a  rate  aliove  its  par  value. 

i  .').  Such  person  or  association  of  persons  are  hereby  aiifhorised,  after  having  executed  anil  sisneJ 
such  circulating  notes  in  the  manner  required  by  law,  to  make  them  obligatory  promissory  notes  pay- 
able on  demand,  at  the  place  of  business  within  this  state,  of  such  person  or  association,  to  lean  anil 
circulate  the  same  as  money,  according  to  the  ordinary  course  of  banking  business  as  regulated  liy 
the  laws  ami  usages  of  this  state. 

J  4.  In  case  the  maker  or  makers  of  any  of  such  circulating  nolcR,  countersigned  and  rcgisfcroiiaj 
aforesaid,  shall  at  any  time  here.arter  on  lawful  demand  during  ihu  usual  hours  of  business  betwteii 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


151 


!  thousand  ol|;ht 
u  ua  the  legislu- 
niinuin,  payable 
hereafter  desig. 
be  live  per  cuni. 
ridred  dullurs  m 
ir  each  humln-d 
V,  toadvuiicc  til 
on  of  dollars  m 
of  the  commnn- 
hall  further  piiy 
id  dollars  on  ilii; 
ml  shall  pay  the 
a,  and  the  like 
le,  for  nini'tpcii 
hy  the  conuniiu. 
of  IliU  conininii- 
shall  fiirlher  li,; 
;onipanies,  if  re 
le  year  from  t||, 
111  Company,  iIk 
ilroad  L'oniinnv, 
ly,  lifty  thnusanj 
lie  capital  i^locs 
and  dollars  siil>. 
the  const ruiiir.ii 
and  dollars;  Tj 
irren  and  Fniiiii. 
[lorated  tliisHs. 
vo  thonsauil  ili.l. 
s  ;  To  the  Snow 
mrji;  and  Muror 
lie  said  bank  on 
nipaniea  rcsptc;. 
liniore  anil  (lino 
id  company,  i.'na. 
nthorised  liy  ifo 
llailrnad,  at  am 
[!  said  hank.fluL 

0  Pittsburp ;  aiid 

1  Company  on  ac- 
of  Pennsylvaiii! 

ly  be^un. 
ite,  one  of  wliicl 
rpose. 

provisions  relai- 
reof,  at  a  ariiiTJl 
ird  day  of  Martti 
ithin  thirty  ilaii 
,  notice  shall  iit 
ifler,  III!  cleciiot 

n  like  niainur 
sident,  anil  slial! 

to  the  IioIiHd! 
time  of  such  ac- 


the  two  offices 

in  the  town  of 

ary,  18.')0.    Tli>' 

lute  Bank  of  ill" 

id  at  least  m\ 


illow.i : 
il  printed  inilif 
he  siinllitiiili'rif 
irpnrati'il  banks 
rovisions  nf  this 

coiiiitcrsiL'ni'il. 

in  till'  nrtircof 

!r  shall  ci|i|ioinl 

the  same  i-imili- 

kini;  iiniprthe 
iiiblic  di'h'  now 

r  states  of  111'? 
lersoiis  shall  In; 

ditTerentili'iM. 

rases  lie,  nr  lie 
lall  not  be  law- 


nted  anil  sinned 
sory  notes  pay- 
ion,  t»  loan  ami 
IS  rcgulatiid  by 

id  rogistorndm 
iinesa  bclwteii 


the  hours  of  ten  and  throe  o'clock,  at  the  place  where  such  note  is  payable,  fail  or  refuse  to  reilecni 
such  unto  In  the  lawful  money  of  the  United  iSlales.  the  holder  of  siuli  note  makinp  such  demand 
ni-iv  cause  the  same  to  he  protested  for  non-payment  'ly  a  notary  public,  under  his  seal  of  office  in  the 
usual  manner  ;  and  the  comptroller,  on  receiving  and  tiliim  in  his  otiice  such  protest,  shall  fortliwitti 
cive  notice  in  writinis  to  the  maker  or  makers  of  such  note  to  pay  the  same  ;  and  if  he  or  t'ley  shall 
omit  to  do  so  for  ten  days  after  such  notice,  tiie  comptroller  shall  iniinediately  theronpon  (unless  he 
shall  be  satisfied  that  there  is  a  good  and  legal  defence  against  the  payment  of  such  note  or  notes), 
sivc  notice  in  the  state  paper  that  all  the  circulating  notes  issued  by  such  jierson  or  association  will 
be  redeemed  out  of  the  trust  funds  in  Ilia  hands  for  that  purpose  ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  comp- 
troller to  apply  the  said  trust  funds  belonging  to  the  maker  or  makers  of  such  protested  notes  to  the 
payment  and  redemption  of  such  notes,  with  r-ists  of  protest,  and  to  adopt  such  measures  for  the  pay- 
ment of  all  such  circulatinii;  notes  put  in  circulation  by  the  nr  !  er  or  iiiakers  of  such  protested  notes, 
pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  as  will  hi  liia  opinion  ii'iisu  i  (iectually  prevent  losa  to  the  holders 
thereof. 

}  5.  The  comptroller  may  give  to  any  person  or  nssocialioi'  of  i  ersons,  so  transferring  stock  in  pur- 
suance of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  powers  of  attorney  to  ..oeive  interest  or  dividends  thereon, 
which  such  person  or  association  may  leceive  and  apply  to  their  own  use  ;  hut  such  powers  may  he 
revoked  upon  such  person  or  association  failing  to  redeeui  the  circulating  notes  so  issued,  or  when- 
ever, in  the  opinion  of  the  comptroller,  the  principal  of  such  stock  shall  become  an  insiitticieiit  secu- 
rity J  and  the  said  comptroller,  upon  the  application  of  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  transferred  stock 
in  trust,  may,  in  hia  discretion,  cliaiige  or  transfer  I  hi'  same  for  other  stocks  of  the  kind  before  specitietl 
in  this  act,  or  may  re-transfer  the  said  stocks,  or  any  part  thereof,  or  the  mortgages,  or  any  of  them 
hereinafter  mentioned  and  provided  for,  upon  receiving  and  cancelling  an  equal  amount  of  such  cir- 
culating notes  delivered  by  him  to  such  person  or  association,  in  such  manner  that  the  circulating 
notes  shall  always  he  secured  in  full  either  by  stocks  or  by  stocks  and  mortgages,  as  in  this  act 
provided. 

^6.  The  hills  or  notes  so  to  he  countersigned,  and  the  payment  of  which  shall  be  .«o  secured  by  the 
transfer  of  public  stocks,  shall  be  stamped  on  their  face,  "Secured  by  the  pledgi!  of  public  stocks." 

}  7.  Instead  of  transferring  public  slocks  as  aforesaid  to  secure  the  whole  amount  of  such  bills  or 
notes,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  person  or  association  of  persons,  in  case  they  shall  so  elect  bcfor(! 
receiving  any  of  the  said  hills  or  notes,  to  secure  the  payment  of  one  half  of  the  whole  amount  so  to 
be  issued,  by  transferring  to  the  comptroller  bonds  and  mortgages  upon  real  estate,  hearing  at  least 
si.v  per  cent,  interest  of  this  state,  payable  annually  or  "icmi-annually  ;  in  which  case  all  such  bills  or 
notes  issued  by  the  said  person  or  association  of  nersoni.,  shall  be  stamped  on  their  face,  "Secured 
by  pledge  of  public  stocks  and  real  estate." 

}  8.  Such  mortgages  shall  he  only  upon  improved,  productive,  unincumbered  lands  within  this  state, 
worth,  independently  of  any  buildings  thereon,  at  jeast  double  the  auiount  for  which  they  shall  be  so 
mortgaged;  and  the  comptroller  shall  prescribe  such  regulations  for  ascertaining  thi;  title  and  tin? 
value  of  such  lands  as  he  may  deem  necessary;  and  such  mortgages  shall  be  payable  within  such 
time  as  the  comptroller  may  direct. 

i  9.  The  comptroller  may,  in  his  discretion,  resign  the  said  bonds  and  mortgages,  or  any  of  them, 
to  tlie  person  or  association  w!> '  transferred  the  same,  on  receiving  other  approved  bonds  and  inort- 
piiges  of  equal  amount;  and  when  any  sum  of  the  principal  of  the  bonds  and  mortL'ages  transferred  to 
the  comptroller  shall  he  paid  to  him,  he  shall  notify  the  person  or.association  that  transferred  the 
bonds  and  mortgages  of  such  payment,  ami  may  pay  the  same  to  such  person  or  association  on 
receiving  other  approved  bonds  anil  mortgages  of  equal  ainoiint. 

}  10.  The  person  or  association  of  persons  assigning  such  bonds  and  mortgages  to  the  comptroller, 
liiiiy  receive  the  annual  interest  to  accrue  thereon,  unless  default  shall  be  made  in  paying  the  bills  or 
notes  to  be  countersifined  as  aforesaid, or  unless  in  the  opinion  of  the  comptroller  the  bonds  and  mort- 
gages or  stocks  so  pledged  shall  become  an  insulhcieiit  security  for  the  payment  of  such  bills  or  notes. 

J 11.  In  case  such  person  or  association  of  persons  shall  fail  or  refuse  to  pay  such  bills  or  notes  on 
demand  in  the  manner  specified  in  the  4th  section  of  this  act,  the  comptroller,  atler  the  ten  days"  notico 
therein  mentioned,  may  proceed  to  sell  at  public  auction  the  public  slocks  so  pledged  or  the  bonds  and 
mortgages  so  assigned,  or  any  or  either  of  them,  and  out  of  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  shall  pay  ami 
cancel  ihe  said  bills  or  notes,  default  in  paying  which  shall  have  been  made  as  aforesaid  ;  but  iiothiu)? 
in  this  act  contained  shall  he  considered  as  implying  any  pledge  on  the  part  il  he  state  for  the  pay- 
ment of  said  bills  or  notes,  beyond  the  proper  application  of  the  aecuriiiea  plt,.jed  to  the  comptroller 
for  their  redemption. 

1}  12.  The  public  debt,  and  bonds,  and  mortgages,  to  be  deposited  with  the  comptroller  by  any  such 
person  or  association,  shall  he  held  hy  him  exclusively  for  the  rtulemplion  of  the  hills  or  notes  ofsucli 
person  or  association  put  in  circulation  as  money,  iinf.il  the  same  are  paid. 

H  1.1.  Till'  plates,  dies,  and  materials  to  he  procured  by  the  comptroller  for  th(>  printing  and  makinff 
nf  the  circulating  notes  provided  for  hereby,  shall  remain  in  his  custody  and  under  his  direction  ;  and 
the  e.xpeuses  necessarily  incurred  in  executing  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  audited  and  settled 
by  the  comptroller,  and  paid  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated  ;  and  for 
the  purpose  of  reimbiirsing  the  same,  tile  said  comptroller  is  hereby  nutlioris;ed  and  required  to  clmrgo 
against  and  receive  from  such  person  or  association  applying  for  such  circulating  notes,  such  rate  per 
cent,  thereon  as  may  he  siilficieiit  for  that  purpose,  and  as  may  be  just  and  reasonable. 

^  11.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  comptroller,  or  other  oihcer.  to  countersign  bills  or  notes  for  any 
person  or  association  of  persons,  to  an  amouiit  in  the  aggregate  exceeding  Ihe  public  debt,  or  public 
debt  and  bonds  and  mortgages  at  their  value,  as  provided  in  the  il  section  of  this  act,  deposited  with 
the  comptroller  by  siiji^h  person  or  association  ;  and  any  comptroller  or  other  otficer  who  shall  violate 
t!ie  provisions  ot'  this  section  shall,  upon  conviction,  be  ailinilged  guilly  of  a  misdemeanour,  anil 
shall  be  punished  hy  a  fine  not  less  than  five  thousand  dullais,  or  be  imprisoned  not  less  than  five 
years,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisoiinii'ul. 

J  15.  Any  number  of  persons  may  assmiate  to  establish  offices  of  discount,  depositp,  and  circula- 
tion, iipon  ilie  terms  and  conditions,  and  subject  to  the  liabilities  prescribed  in  this  act  ;  but  the  aggre- 
gate aiiioiiiit  of  the  capital  stock  of  any  such  association  shall  not  he  less  than  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

t)  Ifi.  Such  persons,  under  their  hands  and  seals,  shall  make  a  certificate  which  shall  specify : — 

1,  The  name  assumed  to  distinguish  such  association,  and  to  be  used  in  its  dealings. 

2.  The  place  wliere  the  operations  of  discount  and  depuaite  of  such  association  are  to  be  carried  on, 
designating  the  particular  city,  town,  or  village. 

;).  The  amount  of  the  capiial  stock  of  such  association,  and  Ihe  number  of  shares  into  which  the 
same  shall  be  diviiied. 

4.  The  names  and  places  of  residence  of  the  shareholders,  and  the  number  of  shares  held  by  each 
of  them  respectively. 

5.  The  period  at  v  hich  such  association  shall  commence  and  terminate  ;  which  certificate  shall  be 
proved  or  acknowledged  and  recorded  in  the  othce  of  the  clerk  of  tin.'  county  where  any  oHice  of  such 
association  .shall  be  established,  and  a  copy  ihi'reof  filed  in  the  ulfice  of  tlic  iseeretary  of  slate. 


^ 


152 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


i  17.  The  certificate  required  by  the  Inst  preceding  Hpctinn  to  be  recorded  and  filed  in  the  ofneeinf 
the  clerk  of  the  county  and  secretary  of  f>tate  as  iiforpxaid,  or  copies  thereof,  duly  certified  by  ejti,! 
of  those  officers,  may  he  used  as  evidence  in  all  courts  and  places  for  and  against  any  such  association' 

}  18.  Such  association  sliall  have  power  to  tarry  on  the  business  of  banking,  by  discounting  bin,' 
notes,  and  other  evidences  of  debt ;  by  roreiviiig  dciMisitcs;  by  buying  and  selling  gold  and  silver  bui' 
lion,  foreign  coins  and  bills  of  exclmnge  in  the  uninner  specified  in  their  articles  of  association  fnrii,,' 
purpose  authorised  by  this  act;  by  loaning  money  on  real  and  personal  security ;  and  by  exercisin, 
such  incidental  powers  as  ehall  be  necessary  to  carry  on  such  business ;  to  choose  one  of^  their  n\iJ 
her  as  president  of  such  association,  and  to  appoint  a  cashier,  and  such  other  oflicers  and  agents  ^ 
their  business  may  require,  and  to  remove  such  jiresidcnt.  cashier,  officers  and  agents  at  pleasure  an] 
appoint  otliers  in  tlieir  place.  ' 

i  19.  The  Hliares  of  said  association  shall  be  deemed  personal  property,  and  shall  be  transferable  o, 
the  books  of  the  association  in  such  manner  as  may  be  agreed  on  in  the  articles  of  association,  an! 
every  person  becoming  a  sharelioblcr  by  sucli  transfer,  sh:ill,  in  proportion  to  his  shares,  succeed .; 
all  tile  rights  and  liabilities  of  prior  sliareholders  ;  and  no  chanee  shall  be  made  in  the  articles  of  agg,' 
ciation  by  which  the  rights,  remedies,  or  security  of  its  (existing  creditors  shall  bo  weakened  or  jm 
paired.  Such  association  shall  not  be  dissolved  by  the  death  or  insanity  of  any  of  the  shareholdefi 
therein. 

i  20.  It  shall  be  lawfUl  for  any  association  of  persons  oreanised  under  this  act  by  tlieir  articles  of 
association,  to  provide  for  an  increase  of  their  capital  and  of  the  number  of  the  associates,  fromtijg! 
to  time,  as  they  may  think  proper. 

}  21.  Contracts  made  by  any  such  association,  and  all  notes  and  bills  by  them  issued  and  put  in  (i, 
culation  as  money,  shall' be  signed  by  the  president  or  vice-president  and  cashier  thereof;  and.j 
suits,  actions,  and  proceedings  brought  or  prosfciitcil  liy  or  on  behalf  of  such  association,  may k 
brought  or  prosecuted  in  the  name  of  the  president  thereof;  and  no  such  suit,  action,  or  proceediJ 
sliall  abate  by  reason  of  the  death,  resigiuitidn,  or  removal  from  office  of  such  president,  but  mavw 
continued  and  prosecuted  according  to  siu'h  rules  as  the  courts  of  law  or  equity  may  direct,  iii"|L 
name  of  his  successor  in  office,  wiio  shall  e.\ercise  the  powers,  enjoy  the  rights,  and  discharge  th! 
duties  of  his  predecessor. 

}  22.  All  persons  having  demands  "i.^ainst  any  such  assi  '.tion,  may  maintain  actions  ogainstthi 
president  thereof;  which  suits  or  acti.ns  shall  not  abate  iiy  reason  of  the  death,  resignation  r, 
removal  from  otfice  of  such  president,  but  may  be  continued  and  prosecuted  to  judgment  againstV, 
successor;  aiul  all  judgments  and  decrees  obtained  or  rendered  against  such  president  for  any '* 
or  liability  of  such  association,  shall  be  enforced  only  aeainst  the  joint  property  of  the  ossoejaiL' 
and  which  property  shall  be  liable  to  be  taken  and  sold  by  execution  under  any  such  judgnieni  tl 
decree. 

i  23.  No  sliareholder  of  any  such  association  sliall  be  liable  in  his  individual  capacity  for  any  eon 
trajt,  debt,  or  engagement  of  such  association,  unli'ss  the  articles  of  ass  '"".tion  by  him  signed  stai' 
have  declared  that  the  shareholder  shall  be  so  liable.  ' 

^  24.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  such  association  to  purchase,  liold,  and  convey  real  estate  for  thefolioiv 
ing  purposes : — 

1.  Such  as  shall  be  necessary  for  its  immediate  accommodation  in  the  convenient  transaction  of  ji^ 
business;  or 

2.  Such  as  slioll  be  mortgaged  to  it  in  good  faith,  by  way  of  security  for  loans  made  by,  or  monen 
due  tr),  such  association  ;  or 

3.  Such  as  shall  be  conveyed  to  it  in  satisfaction  of  debts  previously  contracted  in  the  course  of  i|i 
dealings ;  or 

4.  Such  as  it  shall  purchase  at  sales  under  judgments,  decrees  or  mortgages  held  by  such  asso. 
ciat-  ii. 

5.  The  said  association  shall  not  purchase,  hold  or  convey  real  estate  in  any  other  case,  or  for  am 
other  purpose;  and  all  conveyances  of  such  real  estate  shall  he  made  to  the  president,  or  sucliothtr   i 
olficeras  shall  be  indicated  for  that  purpose  in  the  articles  of  association ;  and  which  prcsideniot   ' 
officer,  and  his  successors,  from  time  to  time,  may  sell,  assign  and  convey  the  same,  free  from  an- 
claim  thereon,  against  any  of  the  shareholders,  or  any  person  claiming  under  them.  '    : 

i  25.  Upon  tlie  application  of  creditors  or  sharelioblers  of  any  such  association,  wimsc  debts  or  1 
shares  shall  amount  to  one  thousand  dollars,  and  stating  facts,  verified  by  affidavit,  the  clwnci'linr  i 
imy,  in  his  discretion,  order  a  strict  examination  to  be  made  by  one  of  the  masters  of  his  court  nf  ai 
llie'affairs  of  sucli  association,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  safety  of  its  investments,  and  \C 
prudence  of  its  management ;  and  the  result  of  every  such  exumiimtion,  together  witli  the  opinioni' 
the  master  and  of  the  chancellor  thereon,  .shall  be  published  in  such  maniuir  as  the  chancellor  shsii 
direct,  who  shall  make  such  order  in  respect  to  the  expenses  of  such  examination  and  puMiciition a 
he  may  deem  proper.  ' 

tl  20.  Such  associations  shall,  on  the  first  Mondays  of  .lannary  and  July  in  every  year  al^er  bavinr 
commenced  the  business  of  banking  as  prescribed  by  this  act,  make  out  and  transmit  to  tliermn,. 
trolliT,  in  the  form  to  be  provided  by  him,  a  lull  statement  of  the  affairs  of  the  association,  veriiiji 
by  the  oath  of  the  president  or  casliier,  whlili  statement  shall  contain  '' 

1.  The  amount  of  the  capital  stock  paid  in  according  to  tlie  provisions  of  this  act  or  secured  lo Ik 
paid. 

2.  The  value  of  the  real  estate  of  the  association,  specifying  what  portion  is  occupied  by  ihcasso. 
ciation  as  necessary  to  the  transaction  of  its  busiiu^ss. 

.1.  The  shares  of  stock  held  by  such  association  ;  whether  absolutely  or  as  collateral  securilyi  sm. 
cifying  each  kind  and  description  of  stock,  and  tlu;  nnndier  and  value  of  the  shares  of  each. 

4.  The  amount  of  debts  due  to  the  association,  specifyina  such  as  are  due  from  moiiied  or  other  fm. 
porations  or  associations  ;  and  also  specifying  the  amount  secured  by  bond  and  mortgage  or  Judgniint' 
und  tile  amount  which  ought  to  be  iiuludeil  in  tin-  cunipiuation  of  losses. 

5.  The  amount  of  debts  due  by  such  association;  specilyiri!!  sucli  as  are  payable  on  demand  :u 
such  as  are  due  to  inonied  or  other  corporations  or  associaiions.  '" 

f>.  The  amount  of  claims  against  llie  association  not  ackiiowledired  by  its  debts. 

7.  The  amount  of  notes,  bills,  or  other  evidi'nces  cjt'  ileht.  issued  hy  such  asso<iation. 

8.  Tlie  amount  of  the  losses  of  the  assoi  iatimi ;  speritying  whether  charged  on  its  capital  orprnfiii 
since  its  last  preceding  statement,  and  of  its  dividernls  ileclareil  and  made  during  tiie  same  iwriml. 

*J.  The  average  amount  in  each  month  during  the  |irec<'<ling  si\  monthsof  the  debts  dU(!  toundtrrn: 
the  association;  the  average  amount  of  specie  pussessed  by  tlie  same  during  eacli  mnmli,  and  liie 
umoiint  of  bills  and  notes  issued  hy  such  association  and  put  in  circulation  as  money,  and  uulslamt- 
ing  against  the  association,  on  tlie  first  day  of  each  of  the  precedini;  six  months. 

1(1.  The  average  amount  in  each  montli  during  the  jireceding  six  months  due  to  the  aAsnrintinn, 
from  all  tlie  sliareiiolders  in  the  association  ;  also  ilie  creiitest  amount  doe  to  tlie  association  in  euii 
of  the  said  preceding  six  months,  from  all  tlie  sliareiiolders  in  such  association. 

11.  The  amount  which  the  capital  of  th"  said  associatKui  has  been  increased  iliiring  the  precedln; 
ail  mouths,  if  there  shall  tiave  been  any  increase  of  the  suid  capital;  and  the  names  of  any  perm: 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


153 


ed  In  the  offices  of 
certified  by  tin,, 
y  siicli  asBotlation 
I  discounting  bill,' 
fold  and  silver  bm' 
association  for  tiij" 
niid  by  exercijin, 
one  of  their  num 
cers  and  agents  nj 
Its  at  pleasure,  ajj 

be  transferable  on 
of  association,  m 
shart-a,  succeed  ts 
he  articles  of  asgi), 
e  weakened  or  in] 
)f  the  Bhareholdetj 

by  their  articles  of 
Bociates,  from  lijn 

lucd  and  put  in  cji 
!r  thereof;  and  aj 
issociation,  niayi^ 
ion,  or  proceedinj 
sident,  but  mayL 
may  direct,  inn, 
and  discharge  iij; 

actions  apningtih. 
ith,  resignation,  n. 
ilgment  against  H, 
sident  for  any  ,'>ti 
of  the  nssoiiatioii' 
'such  judgnienio; 

pacity  for  any  en, 
ly  him  signed  slias 

itate  for  the  follow. 


t  transaction  of  iij 

m 

nade  by,  or  monejj           * 

in  the  course  of  iij 

held  by  such  asso. 

liercaBe,orfbraiij 
[dent,  or  such  nth^i   ■ 
kvliich  president  0,   '         i 
Ime,  free  from  an;    : 

[n,  whose  debts  oi    \        ' 
Ivit,  the  clianci'lln,   j        ; 
1  of  his  court  li  n, 
IcBtmeiits,  and  n-           V 
Lithtlie  opinion  i;           ? 
ie  chancellor  sliai      >     '^ 
lind  pul'liciitioni.     '        v; 

1  year  after  Imiat    '          "$ 
■siiiit  to  tliecniii;,    .           U 
■sociation,  vtriiiu          ■■■M 

lit  or  secured  to  l)t           ^ 

Ipied  bytheajs,.            ^ 

B-al  security;  8p«. 
■of  each. 

■iiieilurothprmi. 
■ageorjudgiueni; 

1 

H  on  demand, -.m: 

1 

Hcupital  or  pmliii. 

■  saiui!  Iierioil. 
^1  chii^  ti)  am!  I'm. 

■  iriiMith,  and  int 
■y,  and  ouistar.il' 

1 

Hthe  nsaoriatinn, 
^noeiatlon  in  eich 

^1 

^ng  the  preceilini! 
^Bi  of  any  pcriuai 

M 

who  may  become  parties  to  the  said  articles  of  association,  or  may  have  withdrawn  therefrom  since 
iheir  last  report. 

It  slinll  he  the  duty  of  the  comptroller  to  cause  fhi;  statement  required  to  be  made  by  this  section,  to 
,  „„|,|iBhed  In  a  newspaper  printed  in  the  cnuntv  'vhcre  the  place  of  business  of  audi  association  is 
liiiinted.  and  in  the  state  paper ;  the  e.vpcnse  of  which  hIihII  lie  paid  by  such  association. 

h  "7  If  s'"^''  association  shall  nculect  to  inalve  out  niid  Iraiisiiiit  the  statement  required  in  the  last 
nrereding  section,  for  one  month  beyond  the  period  when  the  Haine  is  required  to  he  made,  or  shall 
violate  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  sueli  association  may  be  proeeeded  against  and  di.saolveil  bv 
the  court  of  chancery,  in  tlie  same  manner  as  any  nmnied  corporation  may  be  proceeded  against  anil 

T28  It'  any  portion  of  the  original  capital  of  any  Hurh  association  shall  be  withdrawn  for  anv  piir- 
nnse  W'liatevcr  wliilst  any  debts  of  the  association  remain  uiisntisHed,  no  dividends  or  profits  on  thi; 
ainrcs  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  a.s.sociation  shall  tliereat'ter  be  made,  until  tlie  deticit  of  capital  shall 
liVve  been  made  good,  either  bv  subscription  of  the  sliMreliolders,  or  out  of  the  subsequently  ncLruiiiij 
iriitits  of  the  association  j  and' if  it  shall  M|)|iear  that  anv  such  dividends  have  been  made,  it  shall  bu 
tlie  diitvof  the  chaiicc'llor  to  make  the  necessarv  ordi'vs  and  decrees  for  closing  the  alfuirs  of  thu  asso- 
rintion'and  distributing  its  property  and  ell'ects  nnioiig  its  i  reditors  and  shaiehohhTs. 

,1  2')  Such  association  shall  be  liable  to  pay  tlie  holder  of  every  bill  or  note  put  in  circulation  as 
money,  the  payineiif  of  wiiich  shall  have  be'eii  deiiianded  and  refused,  damages  for  non-pnynient 
I  |.,.('i|".  in  lieu  of  interest,  at  and  alter  the  rale  of  Inuiteen  per  cent,  per  annum,  from  the  time  of 
Biidi  refuiinl  until  the  paynient  of  smli  evidence  of  del/t.  and  the  damages  thereon. 

J  30.  'I'lie  president  and  cashier  of  every  ai-socialioii  tnriued  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
sliiil'l  at  all  tiiiK^s  kiM'p  a  true  and  cmrect  list  of  the  names  of  the  sliareholdersof  such  association,  and 
shiill  till'  a  fopy  "f  ''"•'''  ''^'  '"  ""'  olbce  of  the  clerk  of  the  cnunty  where  any  othce  of  such  assncia- 
tinii  iiiiiy  '"'  located,  and  also  in  the  otiice  of  the  coniiitroller,  on  tlm  lirst  IMondays  of  .lamiaiy  and 
luly  in  every  year. 

}',)!.  It  shall  not  he  lawful  tor  any  association  formed  under  the  provisions  ot  this  act,  to  make  any 
of  its  bills  or  notes  of  a  denoiuiuation  less  than  one  lliousanil  dollars,  to  lie  put  in  circulation  as 
iiinncv,  payable  at  any  other  jilace  than  at  the  ollice  xvhere  the  business  of  the  association  is  carried 
oiiati'il  cniidiicted. 

>  3'>.  Til,'  legislature  may  at  any  lime  alter  or  repeal  this  act. 

«  3;).  No  association  of  persons  authorised  to  carry  on  the  business  of  hanking  under  this  act,  shall 
at  aiiv  time,  t'lH'  the  space  of  twenty  days,  have  on  hand  at  their  place  of  business,  less  than  twelve 
aai'l  a  lialf  per  cent,  in  specie  on  tlie  amount  of  the  bills  or  notjs  in  circulatiun  as  money. 

It  lias  been  already  mentionrd,  on  the  iiutIiorit_v  of  Mr.  Gallatin,  that  the  State  banks,  on 
the  1st  January,  1816,  a  short  time  only  before  the  iiiforporation  by  Conp;ross  of  the  Bank 
of  the  United  States,  amoiuited  in  numlier  to  216,  with  a  capital  of  about  $90,000,000,  and 
that,  ill  1830,  their  number  amounted  to  as  many  as  330.  From  this  date,  however,  down 
to  the  present  moment,  their  number  has  been  continually  inereasing;  until  it  lias  at  lenrjth 
reached  including  branch  banks,  to  between  800  atid  900.  A  very  general  conviction  has 
ensued  of  the  expediency  of  some  modifieatioii  or  change  in  a  system  presenting  so  many 
diflcrcnt  sources  of  a  paper  currency,  all  of  them  in  a  eonsidenible  degree  independent  of 
each  other,  and  liable,  in  consequence,  to  frequent  and  extensive  expansions  and  contractions 
of  their  issues. 

To  guard  against  tlie  evils  of  the  banking  system,  the  banks,  in  many  of  the  States,  ar3 
obliged  to  make  an  annual  statement  to  the  legislature  of  tlieif  condition,  specifying  the 
amount  of  their  capitals  paid  in,  of  their  bills  in  circulation,  of  their  deposites,  and  of  the 
specie  in  their  vaults.  In  New  York,  commissioners  are  appointed  by  the  legislature  to 
examine  into  the  affairs  of  the  banks,  and  to  make  rejiort  accordingly.  But  the  measure,  in 
relation  to  the  banking  sy.stem,  which  is  peculiar  to  thiit  State,  is  the  establishment  of  ii 
".safety  fund,"  as  a  security  to  the  public  against  losses  resulting  from  the  failure  of 
banks.  One  half  per  cent,  on  the  ca])ital  of  these  institutions  is  exacted  from  them  annu- 
ally. When  the  fund,  thus  obtained,  shall  amount  to  half  a  million  of  dollars,  no  farther 
payment  on  their  part  is  to  be  made ;  tind  this  amount  is  put  out  at  interest  and  accumu- 
lates, until  the  failure  occurs  of  some  bank,  whose  notes  it  is  tlien  appropriated  to  redeem. 
As  soon  as  the  fund  shall  again  fall  below  a  half  million  of  dollars,  the  half  per  cent,  above 
mentionrd  is  again  exacted,  .ind  so  on.  Another  measure,  which  has  b(»n  adopted  as  n 
security  against  over  issues  by  the  banks,  is  the  compelling  of  them  to  j)ay  a  very  high  in- 
terest, commonly  12  per  cent,  or  even  as  much  as  24  per  cent.,  upon  every  suni  which  they 
refuse  to  pay  in  specie,  whether  of  their  notes  in  circulation,  or  of  the  deposites  made  with 
them.  And  in  some  of  the  States  the  baiiKs  have  been  prohibited  from  issuing  any  notes 
btlow  the  denomination  of  five  dollars. 

Notwithstanding,  however,  all  the  contrivances  hitherto  invented  for  remedying  the 
acknowledged  evils  of  our  existing  baidcing  system,  the  opinion  of  the  public  seems  to  be 
at  present  divided,  between  first,  a  preference  for  a  currency  purely  metallic ;  secondly,  l"or 
one  to  consist  in  part  of  metallic  money,  and  in  part  of  a  i)aper  money  to  be  issued  exelu- 
sivcly  by  the  general  government,  or  by  soine  institution  created,  or  commissioners  appointed 
by  it,  subjected  to  certain  checks  and  responsibilities,  to  prevent  over  issues  ;  thirdly,  for  the 
incorporation  once  more  of  a  bank  of  the  I  Jiited  States,  with  a  capitid  sutncieiitly  large  to 
give  it  a  control  over  the  other  banks  of  the  country,  numerous  as  they  now  are;  and,  lastly, 
the  iutriuluction  of  the  free  system  of  banking,  of  which  the  State  of  New  York  has  fur- 
nished an  example.  Perhaps,  indeed,  we  ousrht  rather  to  hav.i  said  that  public  opinion  was 
divided  between  the  two  last  menti<)ned  schemes,  since  those  who  are  advocates  of  the  former 
two,  constitute  as  yet,  without  doubt,  only  11  small  minority  of  the  people. 

We  here  abstain  altogether  from  expressing  our  own  preferences ;  contenting  ourselves 

20 


0 
•11 

% 

5 

m 

0 

C 

a 


164 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


with  the  remark,  ia  reference  to'the  proposed  free  system  of  bankin^r,  that  in  our  view  it  jj 
singular  that  the  principal  evils  which  pertain  to  the  exisung  system,  and  which  pertain  to 
it  especinliy  on  account  of  the  great  multiplication  of  the  Mources  whence  paper  money  jj 
issued,  should  look  for  a  remedy  to  the  enactment  of  a  law,  granting  liberty  to  the  invest- 
ment of  capital  without  limit  in  the  business  of  banking,  and  therefore  also  to  the  issuing 
of  paper  money  without  limit.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to  devise  means  to  secure  the  public 
against  losses  which  may  arise  from  the  ultimate  failure  of  banks  to  comply  with  their  en- 
gagements ;  and  it  is  against  losses  of  this  nature  that  the  advocates  among  us  of  a  free 
trade  in  banking  seem  to  have  been  particularly  solicitous  to  provide.  These  losses,  indeed, 
have  been  sufficiently  extensive,  and  injurious  to  the  community.  Mr.  Gallatin  enumeratps 
as  many  as  165  banks  which  cither  failed,  or  discontinued  their  business,  from  the  Istof 
January,  1811,  to  the  Istof  July,  18.30.  Still  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  distresses 
and  losses  which  have  arisen  from  fluctuations  in  the  <iuantity  and  value  of  the  circulating 
medium  have  been  of  far  greater  amount.  Against  these  evils,  little  or  no  provision  seeing 
to  have  been  deemed  requisite. 


No.  I.— Comparative  View  of  the  Conilition  of  nil  the  Banks  in  the  United  States  at  four  different 

periodri. 

According  to  return!  nearest 

Jan.  1, 1834. 

Jan.  1,  lf.T5. 

Jan.  1, 1836. 

Jan.  1, 1831. 

Number  of  banks  from  which  returns  have 

been  reri'ived,           -            .            -           . 

400 

515 

559 

632 

Number  of  branches  from  which  returns  have 

been  received,           -            .            -           . 

— 

141 

146 

154 

Number  of  lianks,  the  affairs  of  which  have 

l)een  estimated,  for  want  of  returns, 

100 

43 

8 

2 

Number  of  branches,  the  affairs  of  wliichhave 

been  estimated,  for  want  of  returns. 

— 

5 

Wliole  number  of  hanks  in  operation. 

506 

558 

567 

634 

Whole  nundier  of  brnnchca  in  operation,     - 

— 

146 

146 

154 

Wliole    nuuiber  of  banks  and   branches    in 

operation,     ----- 

506 

704 

713 

7S8 

Capital  paid  in,            -           -           -           . 

^200,005,944 

*231 ,250,337 

#251,875,292 

#29O,772,0<)| 

Loans  and  discounts,  .           -           -           - 

324,119,499 

365,16.S,834 

457,506,080 

525,1 15,:(i«' 

-Stocks,              .            -           .           -           . 

6,113,195 

9,210,.579 

11,709,319 

12.407,115 

Real  estate,      -           -           -           -           - 

10,850,090 

11,140,167 

14,194,.'»75 

19,Oti4.J5|j 

io,42,rw; 

Other  investments,     -           -           -           - 

1,72:),.')47 

4,642,224 

9,975,226 

Due  from  other  banks,           ... 

27,329,645 

40,084,038 

51,876,955 

59,6«3,91fi 

Notes  of  other  banks  on  hand. 

22,154,919 

21,0S6,.301 

32,11.5,138 

36,5.'!.1,5J; 

Specie  funds,  -           -           .           -           - 

26,641,753 

3,061,819 

4,800,076 

5,366,5(111 

Specie,              .           -           -           -           _ 

— 

43,S)37,625 

40,019,594 

37,!)15,,?* 

Circulation,      ..... 

94,830,570 

103,092,495 

140,301,038 

Hg.iawM' 

Deposites,        ..... 

75,)i66,986 

83,081,365 

11.%104.440 

127,3!r:.l''5 

Due  other  hanks,         -        ■  - 

20,602,293 

38,072,578 

50,402,369 

62,421.!lii 

Other  liabilities,          -           -           -           . 

— 

19,320,475 

25,999,234 

36,5fin.2<il 

Acerepate  of  bank  accounts. 

816,047,441 

974,643,887 

1,205,879,136 

l,372,82l),745 

Accregate  of  investments  supposed  to  yield 

income,         ----- 

342,806,331 

390,156,804 

493,385,000 

567,010,8(15 

E.xcess  of  such  investments  above  amount  of 

capital  paid  in,         -           -           -           . 

142,800,387 

158,906,467 

241,409,708 

276,238,Sfli 

ARgreeate  of  deposites  and  circulation. 

170,500,556 

186,773,860 

255,405,478 

276,583,0:5 

Afrsregate  of  deposites,  circulation,  and  sums 

due  to  other  banks,              -           -           - 

197,108,849 

225,746,438 

305,807,847 

339,004,1(13 

Aggregate  of  specie,  specie  funds,  notes  of 

other  banks,  and  sums  due  1)y  other  banks, 

76,126,317 

108,169,783 

128,811,763 

139,479,2" 

E.xcess  of  immediate  liabilities  beyond  imme- 

diate means,             -           -           .           . 

120,982,532 

117,576,655 

176,996,084 

199,524,01(i 

Total  of  means  of  all  kinds, 

418,932,648 

498,326,587 

622,196,763 

700,490.172 

Total  of  liabilities,  exclusive  of  those  to  stock- 

holders,        ----- 

197,10H,849 

245,066,913 

.131,807,081 

375,564.1<2; 

Total  of  liabilities  of  the  banks  to  one  another. 

76,086,857 

100,142,917 

134,394,462 

158,618,555! 

Total  of  liabilities  to  all,  e.\cept  other  banks 

1 

and  stockholders,     -           .           -          - 

191,121,092 

144,923,996 

281,404,712 

313,l43,Sli4J 

Net  circulation,           -           .           .           . 

72,684,051 

82,606,194 

108,185,900 

112,652.363; 

No.  II.— Condensed  Statement  of  the  Condition,  at  different  intervals,  of  all  the  Uanks  in  the 

United  Slates. 

Number  of 

N.imber  of 

I 

tianks  from 

banlis    the 

Total 

Loans  and  dis- 

Date. 

which    re- 

alfiirs    of 

number  of 

Specie. 

Circulation. 

Deposites. 

CapitaJ. 

turns     are 

ivhioh   are 

banlu. 

counts. 

received. 

estimated. 

Jan.  1.  1811, 

51 

38 

89 



.§1.5,400,000 

28,100.000 

t 

52,601.601 

-      181.5, 

120 

88 

208 

— 

17.000.0IW 

45,500,000 

— 

82.259.5(«1 

—     1816,        134 

112 

246 

— 

19,000,000 

68,000.000 

— 

89,829,422 

—      1820, 

213 

95 

308 

— 

19.820,210 

44,863,344 

35,9.50,470 

137,110.011 

—     1830, 

282 

48 

330 

^1200.451,214 

22,114,917 

61,323,898 

55,559,028 

14,5,192,2(i< 

-      1834, 

406 

100 

506 

321.1 10,499 

— 

94,839,570 

75,666,986 

200,005.94) 

—     183.5, 

515 

43 

558 

.30.5,163.834 

43,0.17.625 1  103,692,495 

83,081,365 

23I.2,5n..?,r 

—      1836, 

559 

8 

567 

457,506.0H0 

40,010,.594!  140,301,038 

11.5,104,440 

251,875.20! 

-     18.37, 

632 

2 

634 

.52,5,11.5,7021    .37,91.5,.340l  149,185,890 

127,397,185 

200.772.0(11 

n\  i 

a  1 

December,  1836, 
December,  1836, 

1        <        ■      i 
.        .        .     J 

I  1               1          J 

II  1      ^e. 

1         1         I       * 
1         .         .      -y 

1        I      fi 
_      1 

;  ;  ;  l 

<           1          1        *• 
'           ■          '       1 

lb 

II           1       P 

o 

JO 

•    .    .   s 

1 

115,104,440 

-         - 

50,402,369 

'    '     •    e 

1     S    .53    g 
S     -     5    2? 

BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


155 


J»n.  1, 1837. 

632 

154 

K 

2 

r 

634 

154 

7S8 

2  #200,772.091 

0     525,1  IS.TOS 

9       12,407,112 

5       10,(l(i4.451i 

6       10,423,Mo! 

5       50,6t)3,91fi 

8       36,533.52; 

6         5,3(i(),50(i 

1       37,91.'),31fii 

i     U9,WS,m 

3   m.so?.^} 

1 

J      62,42I,I|S 

1 

»      36,5fin.l<9 

1 

i  l,r2,82e,745 

1 

)    567,010,805      1 

!    276,238,S0)      1 

i    276,5S3,0;5 

1 

339,004,103 

130,479,2:: 

190,524,!llfi 
700,490.1:2! 

375,564.1S!i 
158,618,5551 
I 
313,143,3(H 
112,652.3<;3 


Capital. 


52,601  .fiOl 
S2.259,500 
80,822,422 
137,1  lO.fil 
145,192.2(iSi 
200,00.1.944 
231.250,33: 
251,87.1.202 
290.772,091 


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156 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


to 

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BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


157 


n^  - 

■^  c'~ 
i:  "  'd 

c  =  5 
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♦  Total  of  returns 
nearest    Jan.    1, 
1S38. 

Total  of  recent  re- 
turns, 
Connecticut, 

Maine. 

New  Hampshire, 
Vermont, 
Massachusc-tts, 
Rhode  Island, 
New  Viirk, 
Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey, 
Delaware, 
[Maryland. 
Dist.  of  Columbia, 
Virginia, 
North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina, 
Oeorcia,          - 
Florida, 
Alabama, 
Louisiana. 
Mississippi, 
Arkansas, 
Tennessee, 
Kentucky, 
Missouri, 
Illinois, 
Indiana, 
Ohio. 
Mirhi^an, 
Wisconsin. 
Penn.  Bk.  of  V.  S. 

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162 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


No.  IX.- 


-Statement  of  tho  Condition  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  in  tlio  Year  1938,  on  the  days 

mentioned. 


RESOURCES. 

Bills  and  notes  discounted, 

1st  dis.  (lay  of  Jan. 

of  May. 

of  June. 

of  November, 

$3.1,876,208  51 

$31,0:,,'  ,913  29 

$30,069,002  23 

$32,052,091  58 

Spo.cie,      -       -       .       .       . 

3.770,842  52 

4,40  1.330  92 

6,457,853  48 

5.223,476  79 

Notes  and  cliecks  of  otlier  banks, 

1!»,I40,.575  3(> 

20,0.5,3<i3  09 

20,699,039  02 

7,(11)2,4.55  28 

Due  by  Imnks,   .       .       -       . 

38,479,200  <''^ 

29,379,092  40 

27,48.3,106  35 

25,709,373  87 

Real  estate  and  otlier  property, 

1,504,772  5a 

1,507.973  83 

1,550,723  64 

1,515,194  62 

Expenses,  -       .       -       .       - 

1.33,478  4!) 

119,845  05 

1.37,332  19 

90,409  73 

Stocks,      -       .       -       .       - 

lt,8(i2,10H  03 

17,979,078  03 

18,156,684  29 

17,4N6,841  73 

Bills  of  excliango,     -       -       - 

10,313,129  13 

13.765.226  95 

14,905,433  06 

6,522,596  82 

Miscellaneous,  -       -       .       - 
Totals, 

LIABILITIES. 

4,123,565  09 

4,215,220  43 

4,311,335  18 

1,606,957  57 

$126,203,881  84 

•*  122,485,043  99 

$123,770,690  04 

$97,299,397  99 

Capital  stock,    -       .       -       - 

$35,000,000  00 

.$35,000,000  00 

$35,000,000  00 

$35,000,000  00 

Notes  in  circulation. 

0.703.067  62 

6,451,605  17 

6,077,738  98 

4,220.8.54  11 

Due  to  banks,    -       -       -       - 

28,970,019  12 

25,423,330  38 

23,397,395  19 

16.552,548  95 

Dnposiles,          .        .        .        . 

2,544,316  81 

4,319,384  33 

3,851,816  12 

5,608,121  37 

Dividends  unpaid,     -        -       - 

72.!».37  ',19 

95,594  49 

81,.326  49 

80,187  55  i 

Contineent  fund,       -        .       - 

1,106,054  40 

1,157.546  57 

1,134,123  39' 

1,109,179  OS  1 

Profit  and  loss,  -        -        -        - 

5,191,718  83 

5,255,972  02 

5.255.972  09, 

2,816.687  80  ' 

Discount,  exchange,  and  interest. 

1,200,846  11 

1.495,420  80 

1.834,115  89 

1,482.913  95 

Miscellaneous,  -       -       -       - 
Totals, 

45,349.320  96 

43.280,184  23 

47,138,201  90 

30,368,901  58 

.5120,203,881  HI 

.$122,485,043  99 

$123,770,690  04 

$97,299,397  Oil 

■  '  1  ■ 

I-     I 


,   1 


"From  documents"  (we  quote  from  the  Journal  of  Commerce  of  January  18,  IfiSfl) 
*'  appended  to  the  annual  Report  of  the  Comptroller,  just  published,  it  appears  that,  under 
the  General  Banking  Law  passed  at  the  lasi  session  of  the  Legislature,  certificates  havo 
been  filed  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  Stan  from  fifty -foitr  banking  associationn, 
with  an  aggregate  capital  subscribed,  of  6 1 2,3  U/,  175,  and  with  a  reserved  right  to  inrreaso 
the  same  to  the  aggregate  amount  of  $487,61(0,000.  The  articles  of  association  are  so 
framed  as  to  cover  this  enormous  amount,  in  case  it  should  ever  be  wanted.  The  iliira- 
tion  of  the  associations,  us  contemplated  Ity  their  articles,  varies  from  25  years  to  'lO.iO 
years.  At  the  time  of  making  out  the  Compti  oiler's  statements,  24  of  the  fifty-six  associa- 
tions had  been  organized,  and  had  applied  to  that  officer  for  bills  in  the  aggregate  amount  of 
$2,493,090;  comprising  296.000  one  dollar  bi'is,  173.045  twos,  20,000  threes,  218,600  fives 
33,300  tens,  1250  twenties,  900  fifties,  11 50  liundrcds,  60  five  hundreds,  and  50  thousands. 
Sixteen  associations  had  already  made  tran.sfers  of  State  stocks,  or  State  stocks  and  mort- 
gages, to  the  Comptroller,  in  the  airgrcgate  amount  of  $1,170,090  of  stocks,  and  §422,900 
of  mortgages.     The  particulars  of  tliese  various  items  will  be  found  in  the  annexed  tables, 

"  Several  associations,  for  which  bills  have  been  ordered,  have  their  securities  ready,  and 
will  transfer  them  to  the  Comptroller  as  soon  as  the  bills  can  be  prepared.  The  process  of 
engraving  the  plates,  from  which  the  bills  were  to  be  struck,  occupied  so  much  time,  that  it 
was  only  a  few  weeks  since  any  of  the  associations  could  be  supplied.  A  further  delay  i> 
occasioned  by  the  circumstance  that  all  the  bills  are  required  to  be  countersigned  by  the 
Registers,  who  are  only  two  in  number,  Messrs.  John  0.  Cole  and  J.  M.  Woodward,  and 
whoso  pens  cannot  move  fast  enough  to  sujtply  the  demand  from  so  many  associations,  all 
desiring  to  commence  operations  immediately.  The  whole  amount  countersigned  prior  to 
the  29th  of  Decendter  was  $370,200.  The  securities  lodged  with  the  Comptroller  are  to 
be  applied  exclusively  to  the  redemption  of  the  billg  which  are  countersigned  and  recistcred 
in  the  Comptroller's  office ;  i.  c.  in  case  said  bills  should  fail  to  be  redeemed  by  the  associa- 
tJ jns  at  their  counters.  The  interest  on  the  securities  is  paid  to  the  associations  so  long  as 
they  continue  to  redeem  their  bills.  In  any  event,  the  holders  of  the  bills  are  safe ;  the 
securities,  held  by  the  Comptroller  as  a  guard  against  contingencies,  being  alone  sufficient  for 
their  redemption.  The  mortgages  lodged  with  the  Comptroller,  are  required  by  the  law  to 
be  only  upon  '  improved,  productive,  unincumbered  lands  within  this  State,  worth,  iiu*e[)ond- 
cntly  of  any  buildings  thereon,  at  least  double  the  amount  for  which  they  shall  be  so  mort- 
gaged.' And  only  one  half  of  the  securities  lodged  with  the  Cor.,/..oller  can  consist  of 
mortgages  at  all.  The  residue  must  consist  of  State  or  national  stocks.  The  aii)ount  of 
bills,  given  out  by  the  Comptroller  to  any  association,  is  never  to  exceed  the  amount  of  seen- 
rities  lodged  by  si'd  association  in  b.is  hands.  In  the  ease  of  each  association  he  appoints 
commissioners  to  view  the  premises  on  which  mortgages  are  offered,  and  to  make  a  full 
report  to  him  both  in  regard  to  title  and  value.  On  the  whole,  wo  do  not  see  but  every  pn- 
caution  has  been  taken  to  guard  the  interests  of  bill-holders,  which  the  case  admits  oC' 


ember. 

,n91  58 

,47f)  79 

,4S5  28 

,373  87 

,194  fi2 

,40!l  7.1 

,841  73 

,590  82 

,957  57 

,397  99 

nrtn  ni\ 

BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


163 


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164 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


No.  XL— Statement  of  the  Amount  and  kinds  of  Securities  pledged  by  the  several  Banks  which  have 
gone  into  operation  under  the  General  Uanking  Law. 


■i     i' 


i'     i 


NaniM  of  Banki. 

Dile. 

Securities.                                      | 

State  Stocks. 

Rate 
percent. 

Amount, 

Bonds  anil 
Mortgages 

Total. 

Bank  of  Western  New  York.  Rochester, 
.North  Anu'rican  Trust  and  Uanking  Com- 
pany, New  York,           .           -           - 
Uank  of  the  United  States  in  New  York, 
Meclianics'Ilnnking  Association,  NewYork 
Staten  Island  Bank,  Port  Richmond,      - 
Lockport  Bank  and  Trust  Company,  Lock- 

pnrt, 

Bank  of  Syracuse,  Syracuse, 
Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank,  of  Gene- 
see, Batavia,      -           .           -           - 
Farmers'  Bank  of  Orleans,  Gaines, 
iMercliants'  and  Farmers'  Bank,  Itliica,  - 
Willoughliy  Bank,  Brooklyn, 
New  York  State  Stock  Security  Bank,New 

York 

Millers'  Bank,  of  New  York,  ClJ-de, 
The  Powell  Bank,  Newburgh,     - 

Bank  of  Central  New  York, 

The  Wool  Growers'  Bank  of  the  State  of 
New  Y'ork,          .           .           -           . 

1838. 
.Inly,  14. 

Nov.  1,14. 
Aug.  13. 
Nov.  6. 
Oct.  29. 

Oct.  31. 
.■<ept.  3. 

[  Sept.  17. 

Oct.  29. 
Oct.  24. 
Nov.  0. 
C  Nov.  1. 
I  Dec.  19. 
Dec.  15. 
Dec.  27. 

Dec.  26. 
Dec.  31. 

Indiana, 

Arkansas, 
Micliigan, 
Maine, 
Indiana, 

Alabama, 

Michigan, 

Arkansiis, 

Michigan, 

Indiana, 

IMIdiigan, 

Maine, 

NewYork 

do. 
Arkansas, 
.Mli'liigan, 
Miihigan, 
Arkansas, 

Maine, 

5 

6 
6 
5 
5 

5 

0 

6| 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

9 
100,000 

200,000 

200.000 

60,000 

25,000 

100,000 
50,000 

100,000 

50,000 
40,000 
50,000 
10,000? 
15,090  3 
100,000 
50,000 

10,000 
10,000 

9 

102,000 

60,000 
25,000 

29,600 
20,800 

48.300 
27,200 
50,000 

50,000 
10,000 

9 
100,000 

302,000 

200,000 

120,600 

50,000 

129.000 
70,800 

100,000 

98,300 

67,20(1 

lOO.OOdj 

25,000' 

100.000 
100.000 

20,000 

10,000 

l,592,fl90i 

1,170,090 

422,900 

In  here  concluding  what  we  have  thought  proper  to  add  to  the  author's  article  on  banking, 
properly  so  called,  we  earnestly  recommend  to  our  readers,  besides  the  American  works 
already  referred  to  in  the  preceding  pages,  the  Financial  Kcirister,  in  two  8vo.  volumes, 
edited  by  Condy  Raguet,  Esq.  It  embraces  a  great  mass  of  information  on  currency  am! 
banking,  of  high  interest  to  the  merchant  as  well  as  to  the  political  economist,  and  rendered 
accessible  on  the  cheapest  terms. 

In  regard  to  Savings'  Banks,  we  may  mention  that  their  introduction  into  the  United  States 
dates  from  the  month  of  December,  1816.  The  "  Philadelphia  Saving  Fund  Society"  was 
then  instituted  by  a  number  of  intelligent  and  philanthropic  citizens,  with  the  object  in  view 
of  promoting  habits  of  foresight  and  saving  among  the  labouring  poor  of  their  vicinity.  As 
was  to  have  been  expected  from  the  novelty  of  the  undertaking,  and  the  difficulty  with 
which  the  habits  of  a  people,  and  especially  of  the  comparatively  uneducated  portion  of  a 
people,  can  be  in  any  way  changed,  the  amount  of  the  deposites  made  with  the  society  was 
at  lirst  quite  inconsiderable.  During  the  first  13  months  the  deposites  had,  in  fact,  only 
reached  the  sum  of  §8,945.41.  The  society  was  incorporated  by  the  legislature  of  the 
State  in  February  1819 ;  and  on  the  31st  nf  March  of  that  year,  when  the  funds  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  corporation,  they  amounted  to  $45,1 14.85.  That  the  institution  had,  in  the 
mean  time,  been  managed  with  due  discretion  and  skill  '.vas  testified  by  the  legislature 
making  the  articles  of  association  and  the  by-laws  of  the  society  the  basis  of  the  act  of 
incorporation.  From  the  date  of  the  passing  of  this  act,  however,  the  deposites  began  to 
increase  more  rapidly  than  they  had  hitherto  done.  In  1831,  they  exceeded  §200,000;  the 
maximum  of  deposites  then  allowed  being  §300,000.  The  legislature,  by  a  supplementary 
act  passed  in  March  1834,  just  as  the  deposites  were  approaching  the  sum  just  mentioned, 
extended  the  maximum  allowed  to  an  amount  twice  as  large.  And  as  the  deposites  con- 
tinued to  augment,  the  maximum  was  still  farther  extended,  until  at  present  §1,500,000  is 
the  amount  of  deposites  which  is  authorised  to  be  received. 

The  interest  allowed  to  depositors,  originally  4,'',|  per  cent.,  was,  in  consequence  of  a  fall 
in  the  general  rate  of  interest,  reduced  in  December  1820,  to  4  per  cent;  and,  since  Febru- 
ary 1838,  no  deposite  greater  than  200  dollars  could  bo  received  from  the  same  person  in 
any  one  year. 

The  deposites  received  in  1837,  a  year  of  extraordinary  pecuniary  pressure,  amounted 
to  §422,698.93  ;  while  the  payments  to  di-posifors  were  §712,444.96.  In  1838,  when  that 
pressure  was  in  a  considerable  degree  alleviated,  the  deposites  received  exceeded  the  ]iav- 
ments  to  the  depositors  ;  theformer  amounting  to  §459,711.38;  and  the  latter  to  §449,084.94. 

The  whole  amoun,  of  deposites,  .since  the  establishment  of  the  society  down  to  the  dc^e 
of  the  year  1838,  was  §6,794,813.03;  that  of  deposites  returned,  during  the  same  >.eriod, 
§5,720,474.43. 

The  benefits  of  the  institution  have  been  extended  to  38,743  depositors. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  "  Philadcljjhia  Saving  Fund  Society,"  and  especially  since 
the  experience  of  its  successful  operation,  other  societies  have  s])rung  into  existence  at  New 
York,  Boston,  Baltimore,  and  elsewhere  in  the  United  States,  conducted  on  similar  princi- 


1 1 


iti 


pies.  The  de 
as  of  the  modi 
We  subjoin, 
Philadelphia  t 
payments." 


WiiruKAs,  a 
hond,  under  llic 
iiiid  has  lieeii  I'S 
lliil  siTiiilry  '111 
chiiiiics.  lab^'iir. 
si'i'iirily  anil  ini 
have  prayed  tn 
hv  law.  with  pi 
■,\'i  tn  ihi'iii  in:iy 
]inS.<('.->lMl   of,  or 

Ilii'  piir|iiisi.'  of  t 
Tli'Trfore, 
(1  1.  Be  it  eiiac 
ill  Gnirriil  ^."si' 
fi.'iiniii'l  Archer, 
iiiai-.  Ui'uben  Hi 
li.  .Miirris.  I.-aar 
r^iiiniiel  .-'pai-kiti 
Sniilli.  ami  Mat 
niaili"  mil'  body  p 
i..\ni;i.i'iiiA  Savi 
licri'liy  marie  abl 
tain,  til  Ibi'Jii  ani 
rliVils  of  wh-it  h 
injsi'.  Iiargain  an 
lufiilr  of  conveya 
assure,  transfer, 
they  have  in  the 
siiiil  -iiii'lely  by  tl 
Willi  till'  rents,  i. 
from  tlir  sale,  ali 
Hliliitioli.  aii'orili 
coriliiii;  tn  flic  |iri 
as  elli'i'liially  aiii 
roiistitiitiiin  ai'il 
stylisuiil  title  all 
sHiTi'il.  ilei'md,  < 
also  iniike,  have, 
shall  have  power 
roLMilations.  as  si 
alter  he  directed) 
Irary  to  tli.-  cons 
siiisnlar  siii'ii  actf 
niM'i'ssiiry  lor  I  he 
talioiis.  ami  prnvi 
(J  •>.  .lull  he  it  f 
jirovisions,  shall  t 

I.  Till'  iiislitii 
(irsi  Miiiiilay  in  .li 
Siiiri'tary,  'I'reasi 
.•^e;it  111'  any  niaiia 
111'  viu'iiti'd  by  tlK 
the  liiiard. 

•2.  The  manage 
wliich  may  occur 
mnvals  and  new 
than  thirteen  mat 

3.  No  emiiluine 

■1.  'I'he  money  i 
atiiiiim,  and  shall 
lime  111'  siiiii  notii 

■"i.  No  Slim  le.-is 
any  payinents.  nii 
ci'ins  per  anniini, 
lie  IoiIl'i'iI.  will  be; 

0.  liiti'ie.-il  is  to 
small  Slims,  no  iiii 

T.  Two  or  inori 
pniilleil  by  the  bo: 
i\o  mmiiiy  shall  In 

^.  The  ili.'posits 
deposit iiiL'  money, 
liaymeiil  shall  bet 

li.  A  cash  book  i 
be  itnmeiliatelv  ei 

III.  \  book  s'hal. 
porsoii  or  persons 
disjioseii  of  by  wi 

II.  The  manage 
Treasn.er's  accoii 

12.  The  manage 


BANKS  (UNITED   STATES). 


165 


1" 


pies.    The  details  given  above  will  serve  as  a  favourable  illustration  of  their  nature  as  well 
as  of  the  mode  in  which  they  have  been  aihiiinislercd. 

We  subjoin,  as  a  farther  illustration  of  their  nature,  the  original  act  of  incorporation  of  the 
Philadelphia  Society ;  together  with  its  "  rules  and  regulations  respecting  depositee  and 
payments." 

An  Act  incorporating  the  PhilaiMiiUia  Saving  Fund  Society. 

Whereas,  a  voliinlary  assnrmtion  of  !i  nuiubcr  of  the  citiznns  of  I'liiladplpbin  and  its  nciglibnur- 
hond,  inidiT  tlii'  lillc  (if'""TiiK  riiii,Ar>i:i,i'iiiA  Swrxci  I'l  nd  Sociftv,"  lias  for  boiiip  time  existed, 
iinl  llll^^  lii'i'"  I'sluiiliflied  f(]r  tlic  soli'  piiriKisc  of  rciciviiiir  and  iiivrntiii(;  in  imlilic  slo(  k  or  siilwlan- 
lial  scMiiiity  on  rral  estate,  sucli  small  snnis  as  may  l)e  saved  from  the  eariiinBs  of  tradesmen,  me- 
(hiinics,  lali.iiiri  rs,  servants  and  others,  and  of  atiordinu  to  indiistrions  persons  tin;  ndvantaires  of 
SI  rarity  and  interest.  And  wliereas  the  meinliers  of  this  soiiely  liy  tlieir  memorial  to  the  leiiislalnro 
have  prayed  to  hi!  pi^rpetnated.  and  hroULMit  into  IclmI  existence  liy  heinj.'  incorporated  and  estahlished 
by  law.  Willi  p(!rpetiial  succession,  lor  the  purpose  of  receiviiiL'.  Inddiiif;  and  improvinp,  in  sncli  way 
;i'-tniliein  may  seem  proper,  all  such  real  and  personal  estale,  as  ilie  said  institution  shall  lieconu! 
sesscd  of,  or  entilled  to.  hy  Kill,  (iraril,  devise,  heiinesl,  piircliase,  deliosit,  loan  and  payment,  for 
llic  purpose  of  the  said  jiistitiilioii. 

Tli'Tcfore, 

J  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  Jlnvsr.  nf  Iti /irf.-inliiliee!'  I'f  the  Commoturealth  of  Peniisylrmiid 
ill  Gfiieriil  A.-senihly  met.  and  it  i.-<  hi nlnj  nioried  tiii  the  milhorily  <if  the  t^oiiie.  That  Aiulrew  Hayard, 
Samuel  Archer,  Richard  Itaclie.  (Jharh's  N.  lianeker.  'Icnienl  ('.  Ifiddle.  Saiiinel  lireck,  'I'linier  Ca- 
laar.  Reiiheii  Haines.  Thomas  Jfale,  .\daMi  Konitmadier.  )  iidwlir  Knuiililiaar,  .hdin  M'Crea,  Samuel 
li.  >Iorrls.  Tsaac  VV.  Norris,  Uicliard  I'eti^^.  .Inn..  Conily  H;'</nef.  .loseph  Hutch.  William  Schlatter, 
f^aiiiuel  Spackinan,  .lohii  <'.  StocI.er.  .John  Strawliridtfe,  KohcriK  Van.\.  .lohn  Xant'lian,  Daniel  11, 
Sndlh.  and  Matthew  ('.  Halsloii.  and  their  sin  cessors.  I'urever.  he.  and  tliey  are  herehy  erected  and 
liiadi'  one  hody  piditic  and  corpi;raIe.  in  derd  and  in  law  hy  the  name,  style  and  title,  of  '•  TiiK  I'lii- 
i..4ni:r,i'iiiA  Savixo  Find  Sen  )i;i'v,"  and  hy  the  same  name  shall  liav^'  perpetual  snccession,  and  are 
lipnliy  made  able  •■iiid  capable  in  law.  to  have,  pnrcliase.  receive,  take.  li<dd,  possess,  enjoy,  and  re- 
tain, to  them  and  their  successors,  lauds,  reuis.  lenemi'ins.  hereditann'iits.  stock,  u'liods.  ciialtels,  ami 
elicits  of  what  kind,  nature,  or  (pialily,  soever,  wlii'tlier  real,  personal,  or  nii.xed,  hy  fliff,  f-'rant,  de- 
mise, bargain  and  sale,  devise,  heqnesi.  leslamenl.  Iei.'.a(  y .  locn,  deposit  or  advance,  or  by  any  other 
lanile  of  conveyance  or  transfer  wliatever.  and  the  same  id  yive.  ijrant,  harfrain,  sell,  demise,  convey, 
assure,  transfer,  alien,  pay,  release,  and  dispose  i,f.  fur  the  w  hole  or  any  l"ss  estate  or  property  than 
tliey  have  in  the  same,  and  also  to  improve  and  munii  nl  the  same,  in  sinli  manner  and  form  as  the 
saiil  society  by  their  hy-laws  and  re;;Hla;ions  slial!  nrder  and  direct,  and  shall  iind  may  apply  the  same 
willi  the  rents,  issues,  profits,  income,  inlerest  and  prcifits  fif  such  estate,  and  the  monty.i  arising 
frnia  the  sale,  alienation,  disposal,  or  employnieni  thereof  to  the  uses,  ends  and  purposes  of  their  in- 
stitution, accordiiif.'  to  the  rules,  reL'iilations  and  orders  of  their  society  new  in  force,  or  which,  ac- 
coriliiiL'  to  tln>  iirovisiiuis,  I'.ereinafler  made,  shall  from  lime  lo  time,  he  declared,  Innchin;;  the  same, 
as  circctaally  and  fully,  as  any  n.ilnr.il  person  or  body  pidilic  or  corporate  williin  tlii.v  slate,  hy  the 
ciuislituiion  and  laws  of  this  coiiimonweallli,  can  do  and  perform.  And  the  said  society,  by  the  name, 
slvle  and  title  aforesaid,  shall  and  may  sue.  .and  be  sued.  pbad.  anil  hr  impleaded,  aii-u  er.and  he  an- 
sHiriMJ.  ilelriid,  and  he  defended,  in  all  courts  of  law  within  the  comnninweallh,  ami  i  Isewhere,  and 
alf"  make,  have,  and  use  a  common  seal,  ami  the  same  break,  alter  and  renew  at  their  jileasiire  ;  and 
shall  liavi'  power  also  to  iiiaKe,  establish,  ordain,  and  |iiit  in  execution,  such  by-laws,  ordinances  and 
rcfriilatiiiiis.  as  shall  to  them,  or  a  majority  of  such  i|iiciriini  of  them  (as  has  alieady  or  shall  here- 
al'ler  lie  directed),  seem  meet  or  conveniiiii  for  llie  <I'>\  ermnent  of  such  corporation,  not  beiiiff  con- 
trary lo  til,' constitulion  and  laws  <d"  llii.s  i  omniniiweallli ;  and  uenerally  to  do  and  execute  all  and 
siiif;iilar  such  acts,  matters  and  thing's,  wliich  lo  i  lie  said  corporal  ion  shall  or  may  apiirrlain.  and  ho 
necessary  for  Ihe  purposes  thereof,  subject,  nevrrtheless,  tothe  rules,  regulations,  restrictions,  Ijiiii- 
talioiis.  and  provisions,  herein  prescribed  and  declared. 

(V2.  Jiiiil  lie  it  further  evnctvd  hi/ the  iiiilhuntii  oforr.-'iiid.  That  the  following  rules,  limitations  niul 
provisions,  shall  firm  and  he  fiinilamenlal  arlicli'S  of  the  consliliition  of  the  corporation. 

1.  The  iiislitmion  shall  he  condiicli'd  by  twenty-live  maiiaijers.  who  shall  annually,  on  Ihe 
(irsi  Monday  in  .lanuary,  choose  one  of  ilieir  iiiiinbir  as  I'resideiit.  and  shall  have  power  to  ap|ioiiit  a 
Secretary,  Treasurer,  and  such  other  otticers,  as  the  business  of  the  corpnratioii  may  rei|uire.  The 
seat  of  any  manager,  who  shall  have  neglected  to  attend  for  three  successive  staled  .neelings.  may 
lie  varaled  hy  the  hoard  ;  and  any  of  the  ollicers  of  the  society  may  he  removed  a:  the  pleasure  of 
Ihe  liiiard. 

2.  The  managers  shall  have  power  to  (ill  up  hy  ballot,  after  notice  of  one  month,  any  vacancy 
which  may  occur  in  their  own  hody  or  ollicers  ;  two-lhirds  of  the  members  present  lo  agree  lo  all  re- 
movals and  new  appointnients ;  and  no  appointment  or  removal  to  take  place  when  a  less  number 
than  tliirleeii  managers  are  present. 

.1.  No  einohiiiKMit  whatever  shall  he  received  hy  the  president  or  managers  for  their  services. 

■1.  The  money  deposited  shall  bear  an  iiiteresi  a!  the  rale  nf  four  and  eight-tenllis  per  cent,  per 
annum,  and  shall  hi!  repaid  when  reiiiiired,  upon  two  weeks'  notice,  with  the  interest  thereon,  to  the 
time  (if  such  notice. 

,'i.  No  Slim  less  than  one  dollar  shall  he  received  as  a  deposit,  and  no  interest  shall  be  allowed  on 
any  payments,  iinlil  they  amount  lo  ihe  sum  of  live  dollars,  the  inlerest  on  which  will  he  Iwenty-ioiir 
ci'iiis  per  annum,  or  two  cents  per  cali!iidar  iiionih.  livery  additional  sum  of  live  dollars  that  may 
be  IiiiIl'i'iI,  will  hear  iiiti!rest  In  the  same  maiiiier. 

li.  Interest  is  to  be  estimated,  by  caleiidiir  months,  and  in  order  I o  avoid  the  calclilalioii  of  days  upon 
small  sums,  no  inlerest  will  he  allowed  for  the  fracllon.al  p  irts  of  a  nioiilh, 

T.  Two  or  more!  inanaL'ers  shall  allend  al  the  oihce  of  Ihe  society,  at  such  times  as  may  he  ap- 
pniuleil  by  the  board  of  inanaL'ers,  to  receive  deposils.  and  lo  pay  such  sums  as  may  he  withdrawn. 
i\o  nioui'V  shall  be  drawn  out  under  live  dollars,  unless  to  dose  an  account, 

f".  The  de|)osits  and  payments  shall  he  reL'ularly  entered  in  the  books  uf  the  office,  and  every  person 
de|iiisiiiiii;  money,  shall  lii  furnished  with  a  duplicate  of  his  or  her  account,  in  which  every  dejiosit  or 
liayment  shall  he  r(!!;ularly  entered  as  soon  as  made. 

'.i,  A  cash  book  and  leger  shall  he  kept  at  llii!  (dlice,  in  which  the  deposit  money  and  jiaymenta  shall 
be  immedialely  entered. 

II).  A  book  shall  he  kept  at  the  othce  in  which  every  depositor  shall  he  at  liberty  to  appoint  some 
person  or  perso'is  to  whom,  in  the  event  of  his  or  her  death,  tlie  money  shall  be  paid,  if  not  otherwise 
ilispesc!il  of  by  will. 

11.  The  ina'nag(!r»  shall  meet  at  least  once  in  every  ninnth,  and  five  eball  he  a  quorum.  The  books, 
Treasu.er's  accounts  and  other  dooiiments  shall  be  produced  at  such  in(!eting,s, 

12.  The  managers  shall  be  ut  liberty  any  time  to  refuse  deposits,  and  on  giving  one  month's  notice 


5 

O 

o 

i 

Hi 


^ 


166 


BANKS  (UNITED  STATES). 


(     . 


to  return  such  as  have  been  made,  with  interest  thereon,  to  be  calculated  to  that  time  and  no 
lonscr 

13.  A  report  shall  be  nnnimlly  prpparcd  by  three  auditors,  who  shall  not  be  r  lanagers  or  officers  of 
the  corporation,  chosen  liy  tlie  board,  and  siich  report  shall  he  published  in  one  or  more  of  the  ija- 
zettea  of  the  C'ity  of  I'liiladelphia  ati'l  the  niaMa|.'erH  shall  uniiually  transmit  one  copy  of  the  said 
report  to  the  speaker  of  the  Senate,  and  one  copy  to  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

14.  The  managers  shall  not  receive  deposits  from  any  one  pi-rson,  to  a  greater  amount  than  five 
hundred  dollars  In  any  one  year,  and  the  amount  of  the  deposits  received  by  the  corporation,  shall  at 
no  time  e.\eeed  three  huiulred  tliousand  dollars. 

^3.  ^nd  be  it  further  eiiacleil  hi/  the  authorily  itforesaid.  That  until  the  election  of  the  officers  afore- 
said, pursuant  to  this  act,  the  olhcers  now  elected  and  appointed  siiall  be  and  continue  otticers  of  tlie 
said  society ;  and  that  no  niisminier  of  the  said  corporation,  in  any  deed,  testament  or  gift,  grant, 
devise,  or  other  instrument,  or  contra<  I,  or  conveyance,  sh.  1  vitiate  or  deft^at  the  same,  if  the  said 
corporation,  shall  he  sulficiently  described  to  ascerlaiii  the  intent  of  the  party  or  part  es,  to  give,  do- 
vise,  bequeath,  assure  to  or  contract  with  the  corporation  licrehy  created,  by  the  name  (foresaid.  Niir 
eliall  any  of  the  non-users  of  the  said  privilcRcs  lierehy  (.'ranted,  create  any  forfeitur  of  the  same, 
but  the  same  may  he  exercised  by  the  said  corporation  ;  ami  notwithstanding  any  failure  to  meet  at 
any  of  the  times  appointed  heriMU  or  by  the  by-laws  and  ordinances  of  the  said  society,  to  hold  their 
auiiual  or  other  meetings  for  elections  or  other  subjects  for  consideration,  the  olhcers  then  in  otlice 
shad  continue  to  liolil  and  e.xcrcise  their  respective  otficcs,  until  others  shall  be  duly  elected  to  suc- 
ceed them,  at  some  future  meeting  of  the  said  society,  wliich  the  said  corporation  is  hereby  author- 
ised to  hold,  for  such  purpose. 

}  4.  And  lie  it  further  enacted  h;i  the  authority  nfore.inid.  That  I,' at  any  time  the  said  corporation  shall 
misuse  or  abuse  aeiy  of  the  privileges  granted  by  this  act,  or  if  it  shall  appear  that  the  said  privileges 
are  injurious  to  the  citizens  of  this  commonw  al<!i,  the  leiiislature  shall  have  power  to  revoke  and 
annul  them,  ut  any  time  they  m:'.y  deem  thi.    ame  expedient. 

Rules  and  Regulations  respecting  Deposits  and  Payments. 
1.  Of  Deposits. 

1.  Kvery  person  desirous  of  becoming  a  depositor  with  this  society,  shall,  at  the  time  of  making 
the  first  deposit,  sign  his  or  her  name  in  a  hook  provided  for  the  purpose,  and  shall  state  his  or  lier 
business,  occupation  or  calling,  and  place  of  resi(lenre.  which  shall  he  recorded  in  the  same  book. 

'2.  \o  money  will  be  received  from  any  depositor,  unless  his  or  her  hook  be  brought  at  the  time; 
and  the  society  will  not  hold  itself  accountable  for  any  money  brought  to  its  office  to  be  deposited, 
unless  an  entry  thereof  he  made  in  the  hook  of  the  depositor  by  the  proper  officer  of  the  society,  ai 
the  time  of  making  the  deposit. 

H.  No  sum  les;(  tlian  one  dollar  can  he  received  as  a  deposit,  and  no  person  can  deposit  to  a  greater 
auiount  than  two  hundred  dollars  in  any  oin>  year. 

4.  Whenever  the  moneys  standinc  to  tlie  credit  of  any  depositor  shall  amount  lo  the  sum  of  one 
thousand  dollars,  no  further  deposit  can  be  receiviMl  from  such  depositor,  and  corapornd  interest 
Bhall  cease  to  be  computed  in  favour  oCsiich  depositor. 

5.  Every  deposit  made  by  one  person  fortlie  benefit  of  another  person,  shall  be  expressed  to  be  "in 
trust ;"  and  no  deposit  shall  be  received  or  lie  expressed  to  be  received,  from  one  person  "by"  another 
person,  or  by  one  ucrson  "fur"  another  person. 

0.  No  deposit  will  be  received  in  the  name  of  any  vnincnrporated  society  or  association  of  persons. 
In  all  cases  in  which  any  sucu  society  or  association  shall  be  desirous  of  making  a  deposit,  the  same 
may  be  done  in  the  name  of  some  person  "in  trust  for"  such  society  or  association ;  and  in 
every  such  case,  the  trustee  aloiie  will  be  entitled  to  receive  payments;  and  his  receipt,  with  the  pro- 
ducli(m  of  the  hook,  Vk'ill  he  considered  by  this  society,  and  is  agreed  by  the  depositors  lo  be,  a  suffi- 
cient discharge.  Incase  of  the  death  of  such  trustee,  or  in  case  the  society  or  association  in  trust 
foi  whom  the  deposit  was  made,  shall  be  desirous  of  appointing  another  in  his  place,  the  vacancy 
must  be  filled,  or  the  substitution  made,  according  to  law. 

2.  Of  the  interest  payable  to  Depositors. 

1.  Interest  is  allowed  by  this  society  at  the  rate  of  four  per  cent,  per  annum;  but  no  Interest  is 
allowed  on  any  deposits  until  they  amount  to  the  sum  of  Jive  dollars.  Every  additional  sum  of /« 
diitlar.i  will  bear  interest  in  the  same  manner. 

'i.  Interest  is  estimated  by  calendar  months,  and  no  interest  is  allowed  for  the  fractional  parts  of  a 
month. 

.■).  Tlie  interest  payalde  on  deposits  will,  at  the  conclusion  of  every  year,  either  be  added  to  the 
prinripa',,  and  will  from  time  to  lime  bocoine  |iriiiripal,  and  hear  the  same  interest,  or  will  be  paidlo 
the  deiHjsitor,  according  to  ttie  rules  prescribed  for  paymi'iits. 

3.  Of  payments  to  Depositors. 

1.  No  depositor  can  receive  any  payment  wiilunit  having  civcn  two  weeks'  notice. 

2.  When  notice  is  given,  ilie  boiik  must  be  sent  to  ilie  dthcH  and  the  Treasurer  must  be  informedal 
the  time  how  much  is  wanted ;  and  if  the  wlnde  iinount  is  \vu.med,  tlie  book  must  be  left  at  the  office 
for  settlement. 

3.  .\t  the  expiration  of  the  two  weeks,  payment  will  be  made  of  the  amount  required. 

4.  In  all  cases  in  wMclitlie  whole  amount  is  withdrawn,  the  book  must  be  given  up  to  the  society. 

5.  No  sum  less  than  live  dollars  can  be  withdrawn,  onless  to  close  an  account,  or  in  payment  of  in- 
terest to  a  depositor. 

0.  \o  payment  can  in  any  case  be  made,  unless  the  book  is  produced  at  the  time  of  giving  notice, 
.and  at  the  expirati<Mi  of  the  two  weeks. 

7.  No  check  or  order  for  the  payment  of  money  will  bo  accepted  ;  and  no  transfer  or  assignment  of 
the  hook,  or  of  the  money  belonging  to  a  depositor,  can  he  acknowledged. 

S.  In  case  any  depositor  shall  be  unable  by  reason  of  sickness  or  other  infirmity,  or  of  absence  from 
the  city,  to  attend  In  person  to  receive  any  paynienl.  he  or  she  may  receive  the  same  by  ineainof  a 
power  of  attorney  duly  executed  and  nidveii  oi  ;h  knowledged.  lilank  powers  of  attorney  for  this 
purpose  will  be  furnished  ,w/vi/i.<.  at  the  otliee  of  the  society. 

!t  Incase  of  the  di'alh  of  a  depositor,  payment  can  he  made  only  to  his  or  her  executors  or  admi- 
nistraiors  producing  the  book,  unless  an  appointinenl  shall  have  been  made  by  such  depositor  in  the 
book  of  ihi'  society  of  a  person  to  receive  the  same,  agreeably  to  the  10th  article  of  the  constitution 
of  this  society. 

10  111  all  cases  in  which  deposits  are  made  in  the  names  oftwoormore  persons,  either  intl.eirewn 
righl.  01  in  trust  for  others,  they  nnwt  all  appear  at  the  oM';ce  at  Uw  tiuie  payment  is  desired,  and  sijn 
joint  receipt,  except  in  case  of  ue  ih  or  inability  as  afonsaid  unless  at  the  time  of  making  the  dr- 
posii.  it  is  expressed  on  the  book  '  the  society,  and  signed  by  such  persons,  that  tlie  deposit  may  lie 
withdrawn  by  "either  of  them,"  jt  "any  two  of  tiiem,"  or  otherwise,  as  the  case  may  be. 


1.  Incase  a 
obtained  from 

2.  After  the 
or  destroyed,  i 
be  given  to  the 
paid  to  him  or 

3.  If  it  shall 
the  society  slia 
another  book  t 
to  the  society  fi 
the  hook  was  s 
for  the  same  sp 
deiniiity  shall  a 

4.  If  any  pei 
lierself  untruly 
society  the  am 
vious  notice  at 
responsible  for 
good  the  same, 
when  made. 


Every  person 
lations,  wiiicli  I 
the  book  with  tl 
ation  made  in  t 
binding  on  all  t 
known.— j4«'.  E 

BANGKOK 

on  both  sides  o 
long.  101°  10' 
Siam.  There 
depth.  The  o 
of  harder  matt 
during  the  ebb, 
that  she  is  bu 
February  to  Se 
than  14  feet, — 
tha  bay  after  t 
account  of  the  ( 
not  e-xceed  ;iOl 
commodious, 
nam,  two  miles 
and  at  Bangkok 
off  Paknam,  ba 
few  years,  alfort 
a  ship  may  raiif 
may  literally  ov 
the  old  ea[)ital  o 

The  city  of  1 
miles;  but  is  of 
is  a  long  street  ( 
consisting  of  a  d 
the  principal  in 
sected  by  a  grea 
Bangkok  i~  by  a 
whom  arc  Chint 

The  total  arc 
the  population  a 
the  entire  popuh 
necessaries  of  lif 
2,v.  and  very  of 
fish,  and  even  & 
per  lb.  A  duck 
one  of  the  most  ] 
be  had  in  the  gi 
raangoe  of  Hind 

Motiies,  Weisrhts 
consists  only  of  co 
1  p'liai-nung ;  2  p' 
ortical;  80  licals. 

The  standard  co 
less  Irequeatly,  ol 


BANGKOK. 


167 


4.   Of  Book.i  lofl,  destroyed,  ^c. 


In  cnflo  any  depositor  slinll  losn  liia  or  her  book,  or  the  Bnnin  slinll  be  destroyed  or  fraudulently 
lined  from  surh  depositor,  immediate  notice  tliereof  is  to  be  given  ut  tlie  ollice'of  tlie  society. 


ii;  notice, 
Di.ii'nt  '11' 


l.iMrown 

ami  siirn 

!  I  he  (If- 

iiiiiy  lit 


1. 

obtaine .  ,  .         »       .        . 

2.  After  the  cxpirntion  of  tlie  two  wer  ks  from  tlie  time  ot  notiri'  given  tliiit  any  book  1  is  been  lost 
or  destroyed,  if  a  sntihfaciory  explanation  be  given,  and  n  bond  of  indemnity,  witli  a  sutfic  nt  surety, 
be  given  to  the  society,  the  umount  to  the  credit  of  the  depositor  in  the  books  of  the  soci  y,  will  be 
paid  to  him  or  her. 

a.  If  it  shall  appear  that  the  book  has  been  fraudulently  obtained  from  the  depositor  as  aforesaid, 
the  society  shall  not  be  liable  to  pay  the  amount  deposited,  or  any  part  tbi'reof,  and  will  i  ot  furnish 
another  book  to  the  depositor,  unless  satisfactory  evidence  be  produced  that  notice  of  the  application 
to  the  society  for  such  purpose,  was  given  at  least  thirty  ilays  previously,  to  the  p  irson  in  whose  hands 
the  book  was  supposed  to  be,  or  if  the  person  be  not  known,  that  notice  of  such  application  was  given 
for  the  same  space  of  time,  in  at  least  one  daily  newspaper  published  in  this  city ;  and  a  bund  of  in- 
deniu'iy  shall  also  be  given  as  aforesaid, 

4.  If  any  person  shall  present  a  deposit-book  at  the  office  of  this  society,  and  allege  himself  or 
herself  untruly,  to  be  the  depositor  named  therein,  and  sliall  thereby  obtain  from  the  otRcers  of  this 
society  the  amount  deposited,  or  any  part  thereof,  and  the  actual  depositor  shall  not  have  given  pre- 
vious notice  at  tlie  ortice,  of  his  book  having  been  lost  or  taken  from  him,  this  society  will  not  he 
responsible  for  the  loss  so  sustained  by  any  depositor,  neither  will  this  institution  be  liable  to  make 
good  the  same,  provided  that  such  payment  has  been  entered  in  the  book  of  the  depositor  at  the  time 
when  made. 

5.  Depositors  to  sign  these  Rules,  {fC, 

Every  person  making  a  deposit  for  the  first  time  is  to  sign  a  book  containing  these  Rules  and  Regu- 
lations, which  he  thereby  sisnilies  his  assent  to  and  his  willingness  to  be  bound  by :  and  by  receiving 
the  book  with  these  Rules  and  Regulations  printed  thereon,  he  is  iiiformed  of  the  same  :  and  any  alter- 
ation made  in  these  regulations,  and  any  new  regulations  made  by  the  managers  shall  be  equally 
binding  on  all  depositors  as  those  by  them  subscribed,  after  the  same  shall  have  been  duly  made 
known.— ,4«'.  Ed.] 

BANGKOK,  the  capital  of  thn  kingdom  of  Slam,  situated  about  20  miles  from  the  sea, 
on  both  sides  of  the  river  Menam,  but  chiefly  on  its  left  or  eastern  Iiank,  in  iat.  13°  40'  N., 
long.  101°  10'  E.  The  Menam  opens  in  the  centre  nearly  of  the  bottom  or  the  Gulf  of 
Siam.  There  is  a  bar  at  its  niouii.,  consisting,  for  the  most  part,  of  a  mud  flat  10  miles  in 
depth.  The  outer  edge  of  this  flat,  which  is  little  more  than  200  yards  broiid,  is  sandy  and 
of  harder  materials  than  the  inner  part ;  which  is  s,o  soft,  that  when  a  ship  grounds  on  it 
during  the  ebb,  she  often  sinks  5  feet  in  the  mud  and  clay,  which  supports  her  upright,  so 
that  slie  is  but  little  inconvenienced.  The  highest  water  on  the  bar  of  the  Menam,  from 
February  to  September,  is  about  13^  feet ;  and  in  the  remaining  4  months,  somewhat  more 
than  14  feet, — a  diffeicnce  probably  produced  liy  the  accumulation  of  water  at  the  lu>ad  of 
tho  bay  after  the  south-west  monsoon,  and  by  the  heavy  floods  of  the  rainy  season.  On 
accoimt  of  the  deficiency  of  water  on  the  bar,  vessels  sent  to  Bangkok  had  better,  perhaps, 
not  exceed  ;iOO  or  2.50  tons  burden.  In  all  othei  respects,  the  river  is  extremely  safe  and 
commodious.  Its  mouth  is  no  sooner  approached,  than  it  deepens  gradually  ;  and  at  Pak- 
nani,  two  miles  up,  there  are  6  and  7  fathoms  water.  This  depth  increases  as  you  ascend, 
and  at  Bangkok  is  not  less  than  9  fatlioins.  The  only  danger  is,  or  rather  was,  a  sand  biink 
off  Paknam,  bare  at  low  water ;  but  on  this  a  fort  or  battery  has  been  erected  within  tlie  last 
few  years,  allbrding  at  all  times  a  distinct  lieacon.  The  channel  of  the  river  is  so  eijual,  that 
a  ship  may  range  from  on*;  side  to  another,  approaching  the  banks  so  closely  that  her  yards 
may  literally  overhang  them.  The  navigation  is  said  to  be  eijually  safe  all  the  way  up  to 
the  old  cajiiiiil  of  Yutliia,  80  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

The  city  of  Bangkok  extends  along  the  banks  of  the  Menam  to  the  distance  of  about  2  J 
miles;  but  is  of  no  great  breadth,  probably  not  exceeding  H  mile.  On  the  left  bank  there 
is  a  long  street  or  row  of  floating  houses;  each  liouse  or  shop,  for  they  are  in  general  both, 
consisting  of  a  dist.  r.t  vessel,  which  may  be  moored  any  where  along  the  banks.  Besides 
the  principal  river,  hich  at  the  city  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  broad,  the  country  is  inter- 
BBCted  by  a  great  u'.  il'or  of  tributJirv  streams  and  canals,  so  that  almost  all  intercourse  at 
Bangkok  is  by  wate..  Thv  population  has  been  comppt>,J  at  50,000  or  60,000,  half  of 
whom  are  Chinese  settlers. 

The  total  area  of  the  kingdom  .i  Siam  has  been  estimated  at  190,000  scpiare  miles,  and 
the  population  at  only  2,790,500,  principally  resident  in  the  rich  valley  of  the  Menam.  Of 
the  entire  populatior,,  it  is  supposed  that  not  less  than  440,000  are  Chinese.  The  common 
necessaries  of  life  at  Bangkok  are  exceedingly  cheap.  A  cwt.  of  rice  may  always  be  had  for 
2s.  and  very  often  for  L-.  Other  necessaries,  such  as  salt,  jKilm-sugar,  spices,  vegetables, 
fish,  and  even  flesh,  are  proportion  ably  cheap.  The  price  of  good  jjork,  for  example,  is  2^d. 
per  lb,  A  duck  may  be  had  for  Id.  and  a  fowl  for  3(/.  The  neighliourhood  of  Bangkok  is 
one  of  the  most  productive  places  in  the  world  for  fine  fruits ;  for  here  are  assembled,  and  to 
be  had  in  the  greatest  perfection  and  abundance,  the  orange  and  the  lichi  of  (^hina,  the 
raangoe  of  HindosUm,  and  the  mangostcin,  durian,  and  shaddock  of  the  Malay  countries. 

Monies,  IVei^rJits,  and  Mensnres. — fJold  and  copper  are  not  usvd  as  money  in  .Siam,  and  the  currency 
consists  only  of  cowrie  sliells  and  silver.  The  (leiioniinatioiis  are  as  follow  : — 2(l()l)iaor  cowries  make 
]  p'hai-nung;  2p'liai-nungs,  1  sing-p'hai ;  '.2siiig-p'hais,  1  fuang;  2  fuangs,  1  salung;  48alungs,  1  but 
ortical;  HO  ticals,  1  cattle;  100  catties,  I  .inil. 

The  standard  coin  is  tlie  bat,  which  Europeans  have  called  a  tical ;  but  there  are  also  coins,  tlinuph 
less  tieciueatly,  of  the  lower  dcnomluatiuns.    These  arc  of  a  rude  and  peculiar  form.    They  are,  in 


I 

*  i 

r. 


168 


BANGKOK. 


foct,  nnthini?  more  than  small  hits  of  a  silver  bar  licnt,  and  thn  finds  beaten  together.  They  are  im- 
prcBHud  with  two  or  throe  Hfiiall  slainpH,  n<it  rnvi'riiiR  the  wholi^  niirCace  of  the  coin.  TIk!  cutlie  and 
picul  arc,  of  course,  only  iisi'd  in  spfaluni.'  of  lar(.'u  HiiriiM  of  inoiic^y.  (Jold  and  silver  are  weiphcil  liy 
small  weiRlits,  which  havtitlii;  ManKMlunoiiiiiialiniisas  the  coinn.  'I'he  p'hai-nnnfcthe  lowest  of  tlicao, 
ia  in  this  case  subdivided  into  ;t'i  sajias.  or  riMl  beans,  tlie  ^bnin  precutnriun  of  botanists. 

The  bat,  or  tical,  was  assaynl  at  tlic!  iiiiiit  of  ( Calcutta  ;  it  was  fimnd  to  wcinh  230  grains ;  lis  stand- 
ard,  liowfvi'r,  was  nnci^rtaiii,  and  tln^  valine  nf  dilfTiMit  spc'ciincns  varied  from  1  rupee  3  anas  ami 
3  pice,  to  1  rupee  3 anas  and  7  pice.  The  value;,  therefore,  in  sterlinf?  money,  ia  about  "is.  (nl.,  and  it  m 
go  considered. 

In  respect  to  ordinary  measures,  tlie  .'iiauu-se  cattle  is  double  the  weight  of  the  Chinese  cattu;,  wliidi 
as  is  well  known,  is  ecpial  to  i;  II).  avoirdupois.  The  picul,  however,  is  of  the  same  weight,  consist, 
ing  in  tin;  one  case  of  50  catties  onlv,  and  in  thn  other  of  100.  In  weijiliinK  rice  and  salt,  a  lartre  nicii. 
sure  is  used,  consisting,  in  respect  to  Ibi;  first  of  M  piciils,  an<l  of  the  last  of  25  piculs.  Uice  is  aLso 
nieasuri'd  by  the  basltet,  of  whiili  100  no  lo  tin;  large  measure  above-nu'Ulioned. 

The  l.inu  measures  are  as  fallow  ;~12  linger  breadths  ni.alte  1  span  ;  2  spans,  1  cubit ;  4  cubits,  1  f;i. 
thorn  ;  20falluims,  1  sen  ;  and  lOOsen,  1  yuta,  or,  as  it  is  more  cummonly  pronounced  by  the  Siauiesi., 
yut.  The  fiithom  is  the  measure  of  most  freiioent  use,  and  the  Siamese  have  a  pcde  of  this  lentMli 
divided  into  its  fractional  jiarls.  This,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  is  e(iual  to  about  (i  feet  li 
inclu^s.  The  sen  appears  lo  be  also  used  in  the  adm(!asuremeut  of  land,  and  to  be  tiie  nameof  a  srinare 
measure  of  '20  fallionis  lo  tlie  side. 

Port  Hririildtiiins  and  Diitirn.—Xit  soon  as  a  Kiiropean  ship  reaches  the  bar  of  Siam,  shi!  must,  ar. 
cording  to  llie  regulations  of  the  cdUiilrv.  conniiuuiiate  with  iIk;  chief  of  tlu!  village  of  I'aknani,  ,it 
the  mouth  of  the  Memiin,  and  frdiii  him'  nlitaiii  a  pilot.  At  I'aknain,  the  rule  is  to  himl  ammuiiiiinii, 
cannon,  and  small  arms;  1ml  Ibis  regulatimi  is  nut  very  rigiilly  insisted  on.  The  duties  ami  othir 
imposts  levied  on  external  trade  ari!  s<uue\vli:it  cotnplex.  and  diller  in  scmie  degree  according  to  lli' 
class  of  vessels  siibjecleil  to  tliem,  and  wliicli  consist  of  junks  carrying  on  Iradi!  with  Cliina  I'reprT, 
junks  of  the  island  (if  Hai-nan,  junks  trailing  Killie  Malay  Islamis,  and  European  shipping.  T!],. 
impiists  consist  of  a  duty  on  the  measurement  or  diineiLsinns  of  the  vessel ;  an  iiU  nihin-m  duty  ii|ir.ii 
imparls  ;  and  a  rated  la'ritf  in  most  cases,  u  iili  an  nd  nilnrnii  duty  in  a  few,  on  evjKUts  Tlii!  lirsi 
named  class  id'  vessids.  viz.  :  the  large  junks  trading  willi  the  iirincipal  ports  of  Cliina,  p.ay  no  nun- 
Dnremenl  or  import  duties,  because  lliese  are  vessels  lieliuigiiig  to  the  king,  or  to  the  princes,  or  ciiiir- 
tiers,  licensed  lo  engage  I'reidv  in  this  braiiili  of  trade.  Tin.'  Hai-nan  junks  pay  40  licals  per  .Siaans.. 
fathom,  on  tlii;  extreme  breaihli  of  the  vessel.  The  junks  trading  to  the  Malay  countries,  in  lii.'ii  nf 
nKsisiirement  duty,  pav  l.'iO  ticals  each,  willioiit  reL'ard  to  size.  Neither  of  these  vessids  p;iy  impon 
duties.  'I'lie  nieasiirement  iluties  on  Knropean  \essels  are  estimated  at  IIS  licals  per  f.ilhoni.  Iirsj.l.j 
an  inconsideralile  impost  in  the  form  of  an  anchorage  fee.  'I'he  cargoes  of  these  alone  pay  an  iiiipnrt 
duty,  which  is  reckoned  at  H  per  cent,  tid  rnlnrnn.  bivied  in  kind. 

The  tarilfon  exports  consists  of  specilic  duties,  of  whicli  the  following  are  specimens  :- 


Ivory  -  -  -  -  - 

Stick  lac     - 

Sugar,  if  exported  uiti'er  a  Turopean  flag 

Ditto  —  an  Indian  Hag 

Cotton  wool  .  .  -  - 


per  picul 


-    2J  ticals. 


-     U 


-     1 


Trade. — The  forcictn  tr.T.lo  of  Siam  is  coiuluotpd  willi  China,  Cochin  China,  Cambogia, 
and  ToiKiuin,  Java,  Singapore,  and  tho  other  IJritisli  ports  within  tho  Straits  or  Malacca, 
with  an  oec.isional  intercourse  with  lionihay  and  Surat,  England  and  America,  The  most 
important  liranch  of  tiie  foreign  traile  is  tliat  witii  Cliina.  This  is  wholly  carried  on  in 
vessels  of  Chinese  form,  navigated  by  Chinese,  hut  tho  greater  portion  of  thein  are  Iniiltiii 
Siam.  The  whole  of  the  Chinese  trade  centres  in  Bangkok,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
junks,  which  trade  to  Sungora  and  I<igor.  The  imrts  of  China  which  carry  on  trade  with 
Siam,  are,  Canton,  Kiang-niui,  and  Chaiigiim,  in  the  province  of  Quantong ;  Amoi,  or  Emwi, 
inFokien;  Litnpo,  or  Xiuipo,  in  Chekiang  ;  with  Siang-hai  and  Saochen,  in  Kiang-nan; 
besides  several  ports  of  the  great  island  Hai-nan.  These  junk.'s  arc  expected  in  Siam  in  the 
following  order; — ihose  of  the  island  of  Hai-nan  usually  arrive  in  January  ;  and  those  from 
the  provinces  of  Canton,  Fokien,  and  Cln-kiaiig,  in  the  latter  end  of  February,  and  down 
to  the  beginning  of  April.  They  all  sail  from  the  Menam  in  the  months  of  June  aiulJuly, 
when  the  south-west  monsoon  is  at  its  lui'j;ht,  and,  of  course,  there  is  but  one  voyage  per- 
formed yearly.  Tho  imports  from  China  are  very  numerous,  consisting  of  what  are  called 
in  commercial  language  "  assorted  cargoes."  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  com- 
modities:— Coar.se  earthenware  and  porcelain,  spelter,  (piicksilver,  tea,  lacksoy  (vermicelli), 
dried  fruits,  raw  silk,  crapes,  satins,  and  other  silk  fabrics,  nankeens,  shoes,  fans,  umbrellas, 
writing  paper,  saerillcial  paper,  incense  r.)ds,  and  many  other  minor  art.'cles.  Not  the  least 
valu.ablc  part  of  the  importations  are  immigrants. 

Tho  exjiorts  from  Sian  are  also  very  various,  but  the  following  l';.-!  comprehends  the  most 
considerable: — Black  pepper,  sugar,  tin,  cardamoms,  eagle-wood,  sa,.;.n-wood,  red  mangrove 
bark,  rose-wood  for  furniture  and  cabini-t  work,  cotton,  ivory,  stick  lac,  rice,  areca  mils,  salt 
fish;  the  hides  and  skins  of  oxen,  Inilliiloes,  elepha.its,  rhinoceroses,  deer,  tigers,  leopards. 
Otters,  civet  cats,  and  pangolins;  of  snakes,  and  rays,  with  the  belly-shell  of  a  s]iecies  el 
land  tortoise;  the  horns  of  the  biilllilo,  ox-,  deer,  and  rliinoceros;  the  bones  of  the  ox,  bi'llhlo, 
elephant,  rhinoceros,  and  tiger ;  dried  deer's  .^iiiews  ;  the  feathers  of  the  pelican,  of  scvral 
species  of  .storks,  of  the  peacock  and  kincclisher,  &c. ;  and,  finally,  esculent  swallows'  nests, 
The  tonnage  carrying  on  the  (^Jliina  trade  amounts  in  all  to  jirobably  about  130  junks  in 
number,  a  few  of  which  arc  of  1,(100  tons  burden,  and  the  whole  shipping  is  not  short  of 
35,000  tons. 

The  trade  with  the  different  countries  of  the  ]\Ialay  Archipelago  forms  the  next  most  im- 
portant branch  of  the  Siamese  commerce,  and  the  only  one  respeetir  -^  which  it  can  be  neces- 
sary to  give  any  particulars  in  lliis  'place.    It  is  conducted  with  the  following  ports : — Patain, 


Kalantan,  1 
Cheriboii,  P 
sugar,  salt,  o 
coarse  earthe 
with  a  little  \. 
commodities 
I)ichc-de-mer, 
The  follow 
export;  viz.  ( 
(We  are  it 
our  esteemed 
BANKRU 
equivalent  to 
But  in  the  la 
gaged  in  trad( 
upon  the  oath 
to  be  an  ad  nj 
few  obscrvatio 
to  bankruptcy 
uuPTcr,  for  a 
"  All  classes 
are  exposed  to 
pable  of  maki 
bankrupt  or  in 
controllable  ca 
by  their  repug 
and  sometimes 
ruptcy  occupy 
has  made  any 
countries  and 
diiricultics,  and 
plausible  object 
"The  cxecr 
known.    Accoi 
has  so  much  e; 
formalities,  cut 
of  his  debt ;  an 
authorised  to  s 
and  children,  to 
fathers  the  pow 
ferocious  and  sa 
"  There  is  res 
nate  debtor  ever 
of  the  republic  i 
tant  changes,  th 
enslaving  their  i 
continued  in  thii 
twelve  tables,  wl 
cease  to  be  at  th 
to  seize  upon  th< 
the  subsequent 
generally  to  havi 
vidual  who  had  1 
a  cessio  kmomm 
exemption  from 
p.  117.) 

"The  law  of  I 
and  that  of  other: 
paratively  lenient 
gality  and  extra 
laws  of  bankrupt 
the  only  person's 
any  fault  of  their 
of  payment,  they 

*  Fremant  ninnes 
miln  videtur  diiode 
'lereel  uiilitutis  ubi 

Vol.  I._P 


BANKRUPT  AND  BANKRUPTCY 


160 


our 


Kalantan,  Trina;nno,  Pahaiii?,  Rhio,  Sinoriiporr,  Malncca,  Ponanp-,  Batavin,  Samarang, 
CheriliDii,  Paleiiibanff,  and  Pontianak.  In  this  intrrcourse,  the  staple  exports  of  Siani  arc 
sugar,  salt,  oil,  and  rice ;  to  which  may  be  added  the  minor  articles  of  stick  lac,  iron  pans, 
coarse  earthenware,  hogs'  lard,  (Sec.  The  returns  are  British  and  Indian  piece  goods,  opium, 
with  a  little  glass  ware,  and  some  British  woollens  from  the  European  settlements,  with 
commodities  suited  for  the  Chinese  market,  such  as  pepper,  tin,  dragon's  blood,  ruttans, 
biche-de-mer,  esculent  swallows'  nests,  and  Malay  camphor  from  the  native  ports. 

The  following  are  believed  to  be  the  quantities  of  the  two  greatest  staple  articles  of  Siamese 
export;  viz.  clayed  sugar,  10,000  tons;  black  pepper,  3,525  tons. 

(We  are  indebted  for  this,  as  we  have  been  for  many  other  excellent  communications,  to 
r  esteemed  friend,  John  Crawfurd,  Esq.,  who  ascertained  the  particulars  on  the  spot.) 
BANKRUPT  AM)  BANKRUPTCY.  In  the  general  sense  of  the  term,  bankrupt  is 
equivalent  to  insolvent,  and  is  apfilied  to  designate  any  individual  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 
But  in  the  law  of  England  l)ankrupts  form  that  particular  class  of  insolvents  who  are  en- 
gaged in  trade,  or  who  "  seek  tlicir  living  by  buying  and  selling,"  and  who  are  declared, 
upon  the  oath  of  one  or  more  of  their  creditors,  to  have  committed  what  the  law  has  delined 
to  be  an  act  of  bankriipfci/.  At  present,  however,  we  shall  merely  lay  before  the  reader  a 
few  observations  with  respect  to  the  iirinciples  and  leading  provisions  embodied  in  the  law  as 
to  bankruptcy  and  insolvency;  referring  the  reader  to  the  article  Ivsolvkvcy  A>-n  Bank- 
iicPTcr,  for  a  detailed  statement  of  these  and  the  other  provisions  in  that  law. 

"Allclassesof  individuals,  even  those  who  have  least  to  do  with  industrious  undertakings, 
are  exposed  to  vicissitudes  and  misfortunes,  the  occurrence  of  which  may  render  tliem  inca- 
pable of  making  good  the  engagements  into  which  they  have  entered,  and  render  them 
bankrupt  or  insolvent.  But  though  bankruptcy  is  most  frequently,  perhaps,  i)roduceil  by  un- 
controllable causes,  it  is  frequently  also  produced  by  the  thoughtlessness  of  individuals,  or 
by  their  repugnance  to  make  those  retrenchments  which  the  state  of  their  alFairs  demands; 
and  sometimes  also  by  fraud  or  bad  faith.  Hence  it  is,  that  the  laws  with  respect  to  bank- 
ruptcy occupy  a  prominent  place  in  the  judicial  system  of  every  state  in  which  commerce 
has  made  any  progress,  and  credit  been  introduced.  They  ditl'er  exceedini<ly  in  diHerent 
countries  and  stages  of  society ;  and  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  they  present  very  many 
dilTicultics,  and  that  it  is  not  possible,  perhaps,  to  suggest  any  system  against  which  pretty 
plausible  objections  may  not  bo  made. 

"The  execrable  atrocity  of  the  early  Roman  laws  with  respect  to  bankruptcy  is  well 
known.  According  to  the  usual  interpretation  of  the  law  of  the  twelve  tables,  which  Cicero 
has  so  much  eulogised*,  the  creditors  of  an  insolvent  debtor  might,  after  some  preliminary 
formalities,  cut  his  body  to  pieces,  each  of  them  taking  a  share  jiroportioned  to  the  amount 
of  his  debt;  and  those  who  did  not  choose  to  resort  to  this  horrible  extremity,  wero 
authorised  to  subject  the  debtor  to  chains,  stripes,  and  hard  labour ;  or  to  sell  him,  his  wife, 
and  children,  to  perpetual  foreign  slavery  fniiis  Tijbcrim  !  This  law,  and  the  law  giving 
fathers  the  power  of  inflicting  capital  j)unishment  on  their  children,  strikingly  illustrate  the 
ferocious  and  sanguinary  character  of  the  early  Romans, 

"  There  is  reason  to  think,  from  the  silence  of  historians  on  the  subject,  that  no  unfortu- 
nate debtor  ever  actually  felt  the  utmost  severity  of  this  barbarous  sentence ;  but  the  history 
of  the  republic  is  full  of  accounts  of  popular  commotions,  some  of  which  led  to  very  impor- 
tant changes,  that  were  occasioned  by  the  exercise  of  the  power  given  to  the  creditors  of 
enslaving  their  debtors,  and  subjecting  them  to  corporal  punishments.  The  law,  however, 
continued  in  this  state  till  the  year  of  Rome  427,  120  years  after  the  promulgation  of  the 
twelve  tables,  when  it  was  repealed.  It  was  then  enacted,  tliat  the  persons  of  debtors  should 
cease  to  be  at  the  disposal  of  their  creditors,  and  \!i.ux  the  latter  should  merely  be  authorised 
to  seize  upon  the  debtor's  goods,  and  sell  'lir;u  by  auction  in  satisfaction  of  their  claims.  In 
the  subsequent  stages  of  Roman  jurisprudence,  further  changes  were,  made,  which  seem 
generally  to  have  leaned  lO  the  side  of  the  debtor;  and  it  was  ultimately  ruled,  that  an  indi- 
vidual who  had  become  insolvent  without  having  committed  any  fraud,  sliould  upon  making 
a  cf6s/o  Aoworwm,  or  a  surrender  of  his  entire  property  to  his  creditors,  be  entitled  to  an 
exemption  from  all  personal  penalties. — {^Ttrosson,  Histairc  de  la  Jun'.-prndence  liomaine. 
p.  117.) 

"  The  law  of  England  distinguishes  between  the  insolvency  of  persons  engaged  in  trade, 
and  that  of  others.  The  former  can  alone  be  made  bankrupts,  and  are  dealt  with  in  a  com- 
paratively lenient  manner.  'The  law,'  says  Ulackstonc,  'is  cautious  of  encouraging  prodi- 
gality and  extravagance  by  indulgence  to  debtors ;  and  therefore  it  allows  the  benefit  of  the 
laws  of  bankruptcy  to  none  but  actual  traders,  since  that  set  of  nun  are,  gcueially  sjjeaking, 
the  only  persons  liable  to  accidental  losses,  ami  lo  an  inability  of  paying  their  delits  without 
any  fault  of  their  own.  If  persons  in  other  situations  of  life  run  in  debt  without  the  power 
of  payment,  they  must  take  the  consequences  of  their  own  indiscretion,  even  though  they 

♦  Frc'iiiant  niiines,  lic.el!  (licaii)  qiind  sciilin  ;  liililicitliiTiii!,  moliercule,  omniain  iiliilo-jophoriiiii  nuns 
milii  vi(i(;tur<liinileciiii  talmliiriiiii  iilii'lliis ;  si(iuis  Ii'L'iiiu  loiites  i;t  ciijiila  viilurit  et  aiithuritatis  nuii- 
ileriiet  iitilitiitis  ubertate  suiierare.— A/c  Oratore,  lib.  i. 
VoL.I.— P  22 


i\ 


I 

S 
s 


5 


\ 

r 


170 


BANKRUPT  AND  BANKRUPTCY. 


■  1 


meet  with  suildcn  nccidcnts  that  mny  rcduco  their  fortuncH ;  for  the  law  holds  it  to  bo  an 
unjustifiable  practice  for  any  person  but  a  trader  to  encumber  himself  with  debtH  of  any  con- 
siderable value.  If  a  gentleman,  or  one  in  n  lil)eral  profession,  at  the  time  of  contracting  his 
debts  has  a  HulFicient  fund  to  [lay  them,  the  delay  of  payment  is  a  spccien  of  dishonesty,  and 
a  temporary  injustice  to  his  creditors  ;  and  if  at  such  time  he  has  no  sufVicient  fund,  tl>e  dis- 
honesty and  injustice  are  the  greater:  lie  cannot,  tliercfore,  murmur  if  he  sutler  (lie  punish- 
ment he  has  voluntarily  drawn  upon  himself.  But  in  mercantile  transactions  the  case  is  far 
otherwise ;  trade  cannot  be  carried  on  without  mutual  credit  on  both  sides  ;  the  contracting 
of  debts  is  here  not  only  justillable,  but  necessary;  and  if,  by  accidental  calamities,  as  by  the 
loss  of  a  ship  in  a  tempest,  the  failure  of  brother  traders,  or  by  the  nonpayment  of  persons  out 
of  trade,  a  merchant  or  trader  becomes  incapable  of  discharging  his  own  debts,  it  is  his  mis- 
fortune and  not  his  fault.  To  the  misfortunes,  therefore,  of  debtors,  the  law  has  given  a 
conii)assioiiat  J  remedy,  l<".t  denied  it  to  their  faults  ;  since  at  the  same  time  that  it  provides 
for  the  security  of  commerce,  by  enacting  that  every  considerable  trader  may  be  declared  a 
bankru|)t,  for  the  benefit  of  his  creilitors  as  well  as  himself,  it  has  also,  to  discourage  extrava- 
gance,  declared  that  no  one  shall  bo  capable  of  being  made  a  bankrupt  but  only  a  trader,  nor 
capal)le  of  receiving  the  full  benefit  of  the  statutes  but  only  an  industrious  trader.' — (Cu«j. 
mentaries,  book  ii.  tap.  31.) 

"After  tlio  various  proceedings  with  respect  to  bankruptcy  have  been  gone  through,  if 
nothing  be  discovered  to  impeach  the  honesty  of  the  debtor,  he  is  allowed  a  certilicate  or 
discharge,  provided  three  out  of  Jive  of  his  creditors  both  in  number  and  value  agree  to  sign 
it.  The  bankru[)t  is  then  entitled  to  a  reasonal)le  allowance  out  of  his  effects ;  which  is 
however,  made  to  depend  partly  on  the  magnitude  of  his  dividend.  Thus,  if  his  effects  mil 
not  pay  half  his  ilebts,  or  10s.  in  the  fiound,  he  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  commissioners 
and  assignees,  to  have  a  competent  sum  allowed  him,  not  exceeding  '-i  per  cent,  upon  his 
estate,  or  300/.  in  all ;  but  if  his  estate  pay  10s.  in  the  pound,  he  is  to  lie  allowed  5  per  cent,, 
provided  such  allowance  do  not  exceed  400/. ;  12s.  Gd.  then  7^  percent,  under  a  limitation 
as  before  of  its  not  exceeding  500/.;  and  if  15s.  in  the  pound,  then  the  bankrupt  shall  be 
allowed  10  per  cent,  upon  his  estate,  provided  it  do  not  exceed  600/. 

"  According  to  our  present  law,  when  a  person  not  a  trader  becomes  insolvent,  he  may, 
after  being  actually  imprisoned  at  the  suit  of  some  of  his  creditors  for  fourteen  days,  present 
a  petition  to  the  court  to  be  relieved  ;  and  upon  surrendering  his  entire  property,  he  is,  rni- 
less  something  fraudulent  be  established  against  him,  entitled  to  a  discharge.  While,  how- 
ever, the  certilicate  given  to  the  bankrupt  relieves  him  from  all  future  claims  on  account  of 
debts  contracted  previously  to  his  bankruptcy,  the  discharge  given  to  an  insolvent  only 
relieves  him  from  imprisonment;  in  the  event  of  his  afterwards  accumulating  any  propriy, 
it  may  be  seized  in  payment  of  the  debts  contracted  anterior  to  his  insolvency.  1'bis  [irinci- 
pie  was  recognised  in  the  cessio  bonorum  of  the  Romans,  of  which  the  insolvent  act  is  neatly 
a  copy. 

"it  may  be  questioned,  however,  notwithstanding  what  Blackstone  has  stated,  whether 
there  be  any  good  ground  for  making  a  distinction  between  the  insolvency  of  traders  ami 
other  individuals.  There  are  very  few  trades  so  hazardous  as  that  of  a  farmer,  and  vft 
.should  he  become  insolvent,  he  is  not  entitled  to  the  same  privileges  he  would  have  enjoycJ 
had  he  been  the  keeper  of  an  inn,  or  a  commission  agent !  The  injustice  of  this  distinction 
is  obvious ;  but,  without  dwelling  upon  it,  it  seems  pretty  clear  that  certificates  should  be 
granted  indiscriminately  to  all  honest  debtors.  Being  relieved  from  all  concern  as  to  his 
previous  incumbrances,  an  insolvent  who  has  obtained  a  certificate  is  prompted  to  exert 
himself  vigorously  in  future,  at  the  same  time  that  his  friends  are  not  deterred  from  comin? 
forward  to  his  assistance.  But  when  an  insolvent  continues  liable  to  his  previous  debts,  no 
one,  however  favourably  disposed,  can  venture  to  aid  him  with  a  loan ;  and  he  is  discouraijed, 
even  if  he  had  means,  from  attempting  to  earn  any  thing  more  than  a  bare  livelihood;  so 
that,  while  creditors  do  not,  in  one  case  out  of  a  hundred,  gain  the  smallest  sum  by  thu 
constant  liability  of  the  insolvent,  his  energies  and  usefulness  are  forever  p  ualyscd. 

"  The  policy  of  imprisoning  for  debt  seems  also  exceedingly  questionable.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  deference  due  to  the  great  authorities  who  have  vindicated  this  practice,  I  confess  1 
am  unable  to  discover  any  thing  very  cogent  in  the  reasonings  advanced  in  its  favour.  Pro- 
vided a  person  in  insolvent  circumstances  intimate  his  situation  to  his  creditors,  and  ofl'etto 
make  a  voluntary  surrender  of  his  profierty  to  them,  he  has,  as  it  appears  to  inc,  done  all 
that  should  be  required  of  him,  and  ought  not  to  undergo  any  imprisonment.  If  he  had  de- 
ceived his  creditors  by  false  representations,  or  if  he  conceal  or  fraudulently  convey  away 
any  i)art  of  his  property,  he  should  of  course  be  subjected  to  the  pains  and  penalties  iittai li  i 
to  swindling;  but  when  such  practices  are  not  alleged,  or  cannot  be  proved,  sound  policy, I 
apprehend,  would  dictate  that  cre(htors  ought  to  have  no  power  over  the  persons  of  their 
debtors,  and  that  they  should  be  entitled  only  to  their  ctTects.  The  maxim  career  iwnsohit, 
ii  not  more  trite  than  true.  It  is  said,  that  the  fear  of  imprisonment  operates  as  a  cheek  to 
prevent  persons  from  getting  into  debt;  and  so  no  doubt  it  di  js.  But  then  it  must,  on  the 
other  hand,  be  borne  iii  mind,  that  the  power  to  imprison  tempts  individuals  to  trust  to  its 


i 


influence  f( 

as  to  the  cii 
of  tradcsnir 
the  great  ca 
courage  tin 
whicli  he  is 
has  done  s" 
rity,  he  eiili 
wicli  traiiHiK 
confidence  i 
they  have  tl 

"  It  WOUl( 

penal  procee 

on  their  ellli 

sagacity  to  l< 

tliose  whom 

circumstance 

to  his  aid,  In 

in  his  own  h 

and  put  his  t 

"  It  is  jiret 

nnniing  into 

fcrcd  from  ni 

one  way  or  o 

flucnc('  such 

pay  tliem.     .- 

give  no  enco 

presentations 

to  adecjuatc^  p 

"  Hut  the  I 

important  res 

own  act,  thai 

other  hainl,  a 

cept  l)y  the  ai 

tJie  iiulividua 

what  is  termi 

introduced  int 

"  While  th. 

debtors  persoi 

deed,  it  is  so  v 

mote  the  [)racl 

laws,  as  well 

at  the  disposal 

possessed  of  p 

or  live  withii 

petitioning  fbi 

laws),  he  may 

out  niolestatioi 

"  It  is  true, 

and  ifodds, — a 

dantly  comprc 

nor  securities  i 

not  he  touched 

tedious  process 

Should  the  delj 

the  debt  be  on 

may  he  its  teni 

buying  land,  t 

Broui;;/iam's  Sj 

"In  consequi 

large  income,  a 

scis,  or  confine 

of  every  farthin 

All  owners  of  f 


♦  Onn  creditor 
150/.;  or  tfiree,  w 


BANKRUPT  AND  BANKRUPTCY. 


171 


tctl,  whether 

traders  aiiJ 

iner,  ami  yot 

l\uvo  nnjoycil 

s  distinction 

(s  should  be 

;ern  as  to  his 

IptcJ  to  exert 

'rom  coming 

lus  debts,  no 

disi'ourageJ, 

relihooil;  so 

sum  by  thui 

jod. 

lotwithstanJ- 
:,  I  confess  1 
ivour.  Pro- 
and  oiler  to 
hnc,  done  all 
i'  he  had  dc- 
louvey  away 
itics  iittacli  J 
|uid  policy,! 
;ons  of  theit 
V  non  mint, 
IS  a  check  to 
nust,  on  the 
U-u?t  to  its 


influence  to  rnforoo  paymrnt  of  their  rlnims,  and  makes  them  less  cnutiouH  in  their  inquiries 
ax  to  the  condilion  and  circuinHtanees  of  those  to  whom  liicy  give  eredit.  'I'iie  carelessness 
of  tradesmen  and  their  extreme  earnestncsH  to  olitain  cnstoni,  are,  morn  than  any  tiling  else, 
the  Kreat  causc-s  of  insolvency  ;  and  the  power  of  imprisonini;  merely  tends  to  foster  and  en- 
counme  tliese  hahits.  If  a  tradesman  trust  an  individual  with  a  loan  of  money  or  ijoods, 
which  he  is  unable  to  pay,  l\c  has  made  a  bad  speculation.  Hut  why  ought  he,  because  he 
has  done  so,  to  be  allowed  to  arrest  the  debtor's  person  1  If  he  wished  to  have  perfect  secu- 
rity, he  cither  should  not  have  dealt  with  him  at  all,  or  dealt  with  him  only  for  ready  money  ; 
micli  fraiisitctions  are,  on  the  part  of  tradesmen  perfectly  voluntary;  and  if  they  ])liice  undue 
conlideiicc  in  a  debtor  who  has  not  misled  them  by  erroneous  representations  of  his  alliiirs, 
thcv  have  themselves  only  to  blame. 

•'  It  would  really,  therefore,  as  it  apjiears  to  us,  be  for  the  advantacte  of  creditors,  were  all 
penal  procecdiufrs  against  the  |)ersons  of  honest  debtors  abolished.  The  dei)endence  ])laced 
on  their  clUcacy  is  deceitful.  A  tradesman  ought  r.ither  to  trust  to  his  own  prudence  and 
nagacity  to  keep  out  of  scrapes,  than  to  the  law  for  redress;  lie  may  deal  upon  credit  with 
tliose  whom  he  knows ;  but  he  should  deal  for  ready  money  only  with  those  of  whose 
circumstances  and  characters  he  is  either  ignorant  or  suspicious.  By  bringing  ])enal  statutes 
to  his  aid,  he  is  rendered  remiss  and  negligent.  He  has  the  only  ellectual  means  of  security 
in  his  own  hands  ;  and  it  seems  higldy  inexpedient  that  he  should  be  taught  to  neglect  them, 
and  put  his  trust  ui  prisons. 

"  It  is  pretty  evident,  too,  that  the  cfTieacy  of  imprisonment  in  deterring  individuals  from 
running  into  debt  has  been  greatly  overrated.  Insolvents  who  are  honest,  must  have  suf- 
fered from  misfortune,  or  been  disappointed  in  the  hoj)es  they  entertained  of  being  able,  in 
one  way  or  other,  to  discharge  their  debts.  The  fear  of  imprisonment  does  not  greatly  in- 
fluence such  persons ;  for  when  they  contract  debts,  they  have  no  donbt  of  their  ability  to 
pay  them.  And  though  the  imprisonment  of /yo/(«_^f/c  insolvents  were  abolished,  it  would 
give  no  encouragement  to  the  practices  of  those  who  endeavour  to  raise  money  by  false  r^ 
picsentations ;  for  these  arc  to  be  regarded  as  swindlers,  and  ought  as  such  to  lie  subjected 
to  ad('(|uate  jjunishmcnt.     (See  Chkdit.) 

"But  the  regulations  with  respect  to  bankruptcy  and  insolvency  differ  radically  in  other 
important  respects.  An  individual  cannot  be  subjected  to  the  insolvent  law,  excei)t  liy  fiiK 
own  art,  that  is,  his  petitioning  for  relief  from  actual  imprisonment  for  debt ;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  an  individual  cannot  be  made  a  bankrupt  and  subjected  to  the  bankrupt  law,  ex- 
cept by  the  act  of  ««o///cr,  that  is,  of  a  petitioning  creditor*,  as  he  is  called,  swearing  that 
tJie  individual  in  question  is  indebted  to  him,  and  that  he  believes  ho  has  committed 
what  is  termed  an  act  of  bankruptcy.  These  dilferences,  coupled  with  the  refinements 
introduced  into  other  branches  of  the  law,  give  rise  to  very  extraordinary  results. 

"While  til.!  law  of  England  gives  the  creditor  an  unnecessary  degree  of  power  over  the 
debtor's  person,  it  does  not  give  him  suflicient  power  over  his  [iroperty.  In  this  respect,  in- 
deed, it  is  so  very  defective,  that  one  is  almost  tempted  to  think  it  had  been  intended  to  pro 
mote  the  practices  of  fraudulent  debtors.  The  property  of  persons  subjected  to  the  bankrupt 
laws,  as  well  as  those  who  cJionne  to  siiliject  f/iemsc/ves  to  the  insolvent  laws,  is  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  assignees  or  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  their  creditors ;  but  when  a  person 
possessed  of  property,  but  not  subject  to  the  bankrupt  hiws,  contracts  debts,  if  he  go  abroad, 
or  live  within  the  rules  of  the  King's  Bench  or  the  Fleet,  or  remain  in  prison  without 
petitioning  for  relief  (in  neither  of  which  cases  can  he  be  subjected  to  the  insolvent 
laws),  he  may  most  probably  continue  to  enjoy  the  income  arising  from  that  property  with- 
out molestation. 

"  It  is  true,  the  law  says  that  the  creditors  shall  be  authorised  to  seize  the  debtors'  lands 
and  i^imk, — a  description  which  an  unlearned  person  would  be  apt  to  conclude  v^-as  abun- 
dantly comprehensive ;  but  the  law  is  so  interpreted,  that  neither  funded  property,  money, 
nor  securities  for  money,  are  considered  goods.  If  the  debtor  have  a  cojiyhold  estate,  it  can- 
not be  touched  in  any  way  whatever;  if  his  estate  be  freehold,  the  creditor  may,  after  a 
tedious  process,  receive  the  rents  and  profits,  but  no  more,  during  the  hfetimc  of  his  debtor. 
Should  the  debtor  die  before  judgment  against  him  in  a  court  has  been  obtained,  then,  unless 
the  debt  be  on  bond,  the  creditor  has  no  recourse  upon  the  land  left  by  the  debtor,  whatever 
may  be  its  tenure  :  '  nay,  though  his  money  borrowed  on  note  or  bill  has  been  laid  out  in 
buying  land,  the  debtor's  heir  takes  that  land,  wholly  discharged  of  the  debt !'  " — (^Lord 
Bniu'^hain's  Speech  on  the  State  of  the  Law,  p.  100.) 

"  In  consequence  of  this  preposterously  absurd  systern,  an  individual  known  to  have  a 
large  income,  and  enjoying  a  proportionally  extensive  credit,  may,  if  he  go  to  Paris  or  Brus- 
sels, or  confine  himself  within  the  rules  of  the  King's  Bench  or  Fleet,  defraud  his  creditors 
of  every  farthing  he  owes  them,  without  their  being  entitled  to  touch  any  part  of  his  fortune. 
All  owners  of  funded,  monied,  and  copyhold  property,  have  a  licence  given  them  to  cheat 

♦  One  creditor,  whose  debt  is  to  the  amount  of  upwards  of  100/. ;  or  two,  whose  debts  amount  to 
150;.;  or  three,  whose  debts  amount  to  200/. 


172 


BARCALAO,  BARCELONA. 


,   'f 


with  impunity  ;  nnJ  the  only  wonder  is,  not  that  some  do,  hut  thnt  a  vast  numher  more  do 
not  avail  thiMiiHclve.'*  of  this  Hlni;ulur  privilcu'i'.  fti  [loiia  of  fiic».  liicrofore,  the  power  of 
impriHoniiieiit  is  opiTutivc  only  on  the  really  neceifHilou^i — on  those  from  whom  it  v.in 
extract  little  or  nothinir,  'I'lie  rich  debtor  in  srldorn  Hulijeeted  to  itn  operation;  he  ri>. 
sorts,  hefore  a  writ  eaa  be  executed  nRainst  him,  either  to  the  ('ontinent  or  the  ruirs, 
and  then  laughs  at  the  imjiotent  wrath  of  those  he  has  defrauded,  and  perhaps  ruiiicil. 
That  such  a  syKtein  of  law  .should  Ih)  sullered  to  exi^t  in  u  comniereial  country,  mu] 
80  little  outcry  lie  raised  aifaiiist  it,  is  truly  ustonishiuK,  and  strikinj^ly  exemplilles  tiui 
power  of  haliit  in  reconciling  us  to  the  most  pernicious  alisurdilies,  ('an  any  one  won- 
der at  the  fre(|uency  of  fraudulent  liankruiitcy,  when  it  is  thus  fostered  and  encournned  • 

"A  reform  of  tiie  bankrupt  law  on  tin;  princi|)les  already  rxientioned,  seems,  therefure,  (o 
be  imperiously  called  for.  Its  evils  wen;  forcibly  stated  by  Mr.  Urou);han)  (now  f.ord 
Brougham)  in  his  '  Sjicech  on  the  iState  of  the  Law.'  Ho  ha  aUo  pointinl  out  the  remf(li;i| 
measures  necessary  to  be  adopted  to  render  this  imi)ortant  department  of  commercial  juris- 
prudence consistent  with  the  obvious  principles  of  justice  and  connnon  sense.  '  Let  tlw 
whole,'  says  he,  'of(!vcry  man's  property,  real  and  personal — his  real,  of  what  kind  s()pv(r, 
copyhold,  leaseiiold,  I  itliold  ;  his  personal,  of  whatever  nature,  debts,  money,  stock,  chattilj 
— be  taken  for  the  pa\  i  iiit  of  nil  his  debts  eipially,  and,  in  cases  of  insolvency,  let  all  be  dis- 
tributed  rutealily  ;  let  all  he  p(>ssesse3  be  sifted,  bolted  from  him  unsi)aringly,  until  nil  Jiis 
creditors  are  satisl'icd  by  payment  or  eom[)osit'')n ;  but  let  his  person  only  be  taken  wlipii 
he  conceals  his  goods,  or  has  merited  ])unisiiment  by  fraudulent  conduct.' — (pp.  100 — I !(),) 
Wore  these  measures  adopted,  and  a  certillcate  p[iven  to  every  man  who  has  been  divested  of 
his  projierty  for  behoof  of  his  creditors,  and  ai^ainst  whom  no  charge  of  fraud  lias  been  rs- 
tablished,  there  would  be  little  room  tor  improvement  in  the  principles  of  the  law  of  ban];. 
ruptcy." — (Seo  my  I'rincip/rn  nf  I'ulifical  Eauioini/,  '^d  ed.  pp.  iJ64 — 274.) 

[For  Bankru|)t  laws  in  the  United  States,  s(!e  articl(>  Insolvknc\. — Am.  EiL] 

BAROALAO,  on  UACALAO,  the  Spunish  name  for  cod. 

BAUCKLONA,  the  capital  of  Catalonia,  and  the  i)rincipal  town  of  Spain,  on  tlie  Mcli. 
terranean,  in  lat.  41°  22'  N.,  and  long.  2°  10'  E.  It  is  a  strongly  fortified,  well-built  citv. 
The  population  is  su|ii)osed  to  amount  to  about  1.^)0,000.  Barcelona  is  eminently  ijis. 
tiiiguished  in  the  history  of  the  middle  ages,  for  the  zeal,  skill,  and  success  with  which  lut 
citizens  prosecuted  commercial  adventures  at  a  very  early  period.  She  would  seem  also  \o 
ho  entitled  to  the  honour  of  having  compiled  and  promulgated  the  famous  code  of  maritime 
law  known  by  the  name  of  the  Ciinsoldio  (hi  Marc  ;  and  the  earliest  authentic  notices  nf 
the  practice  or  marine  insurance  and  of  the  negotiation  of  bills  of  exchange  are  to  lu>  Iniiml 
in  her  annuls.*  Catalonia  has  continued,  amidst  all  the  vicissitudes  it  has  undergone,  i  v 
the  most  industrious  of  the  Spanish  provinces ;  and  several  valuable  and  extensive  iii;iini- 
factures  have  beiui  establisheil  at  Barcelona.  Latterly,  however,  her  commerce,  owinu'  to  a 
variety  of  causes,  but  principally  to  oppressive  restrictions  on  the  iiuiwrtation  of  U<Mi,\[ 
goods,  and  the  emancipation  of  South  America,  has  very  much  declined. 

The  Ifarlwur,  wliicli  is  naturally  l)i\(l,  is  fDriiicd  liy  a  mole  or  jotty,  wliiili  has  roceiilly  been  a  L'ufiil 
(leal  oiilar^iMl,  rMiuiinu  out  to  a  coiisidi^rahlu  ilistuiii'o  in  ii  southerly  ilircctioii,  and  iiaviiii.'  n  Il'Iii- 
house  and  some  l):itli'rios  near  its  cMrcniity.  The  deplh  of  water  within  the  mole  is  t'roiii  bldVO 
feet;  hat  tliere  is  a  har  hetween  the  mole  and  Monjui,  wliii:li  li;is  fre(|uently  not  more  than  Id  iiri 
water  ;  and  wliicli  would,  it  is  believed,  entirely  sinit  up  llie  harbour,  were'  it  not  oeeasion:illy  hnv- 
cred  by  means  ot'dredjiini!  niathines.  Vessels  in  tlie  harbour  moor  at  a  short  distance  from  tlie'm.ili  ; 
where,  ttiouali  exposed  to  the  southerly  yales,  they  are  so  well  protected  thiit  no  accident  ol'anydiii- 
sequenci!  has  taken  place!  since  tlie  dreadt'ul  storm  of  IX'il.  l.arsje  ships  must  anilior  (Milsideilii'iiuile, 
and  in  winter  are  much  inconnnoilud  by  wiiuls.  Vessels  enteriu!!  tin!  harliourare  under  noolili!.'atiiin 
to  take  ii  pilot  on  board  ;  bat  tln:y  are  always  in  attendance,  and  it  is  generally  deemed  safest  to  liave 
their  assistance  in  passin;,'  the  bar. 

'I^arijf'. — Of  prohiliited  articles,  the  most  important  are  tol)accn,  cotton  goods,  salt,  Eunpowilor, 
lirandy,  carpets,  leather,  baizes,  soap,  wearing  apparel,  hemp,  tire-ariiis.  copper,  l)eds,  mallr:is<is, 
furniture,  manufactured  tin,  tlour,  and  all  sorts  of  grain  umt  pulse,  manufactured  cast  iron,  catllu'ii- 
ware,  blankets,  paper,  oil-cloths,  sealing-wax,  &c. 

Tile  following  were  the  duties  on  the  principal  articles  allowed  to  be  imported  into  Barcelona  in 
ISS-T :— 


Articles. 

Spanish     N.ilional 

Foreign 

Ens. 

Nat. 

F'lr. 

Articles. 

Span. 

National 

Foreign 

F.ni;. 

Nalion.il 

Vir, 

Wts. 

ri,ig. 

¥Us,. 

W  ts. 

Flag. 

Fla.'. 

Wts. 

Flag. 

Flag. 

Wis. 

Fh;. 
Slerlini. 

Hi;. 

.•-Yrl. 

StcrL 

Slerl. 

1.    rf. 

I.    d. 

..    d. 

1.  J, 

Cotton 

lb. 

16  maravs. 

25  maravs. 

lb. 

0     II 

0    1-8 

Oyewoods 
Fish 

oiiirtal 

61  maravs. 

6  reals 

_ 

0    4 

1    J 

Siizir 

arroba 

4  reals 

8  reals 

— 

0    OA 

0    0-x 

do. 

36  reals 

48  reals 

_ 

7    2 

9   7 

IliJcs 

do. 

H;  maravs. 

1  real 

— 

0    0-6 

0    22 

Iron  hoops 

do. 

26  reals 

35  reals 

— 

5    2 

:  1) 

Cocoa 

lb. 

10  maravs. 

20  maravs. 

— 

0    0-7 

0     1-4 

Staves 

I.'OO 

20  reals 

40  reals 

1,000 

4    0 

<   0 

CoHee 

(iu:ntal 

X  reals 

20  reals 

cwt.ll    7 

4     0 

(  heese 

(juintal 

12^  reals 

17i  reals 

cwl. 

2    6 

J  li 

Reeswai 

lb. 

'u6  maravs. 

59  maravs. 

0    2>- 

0    4 

I'iir 

arrola 

;)  maravs. 

1  real 

lb. 

0    0  010   iJ 

Horns 

quint.-\l 

0  rt'als 

20  reals 

cwt.    1     0 

4    0 

niiller 

Ih. 

1 1  reals 

2  i  reals 

— 

0    3k   111  6  1 

♦  For  proofs  of  this,  ace  the  articles  JIaritime  Law,  IxseRANCF,  &c.  in  this  Dictionary.  Tliu  .Vt- 
morias  Ilhtuiicas  sohre  la  Marina,  Comcrcio,  i^j-c.  i/e  Barcelona,  by  C'apmany,  in  4  vols,  •llo,  is  one  of  ilii: 
most  valtiahle  and  iinthentic  works  that  litis  ever  been  published  on  tlie  coininerco,  arts,  and  coiniiitT- 
cial  and  inarilinie  legislation  of  the  middle  ages.  The  lirsl  volume  is  the  most  interesting,  at  ki\fl  lo 
the  general  reader;  the  otlntrs  consisting  principally  of  extrticis  from  tht!  archives  of  the  city.  Tlicre 
is  a  brief  but  pretty  good  account  of  the  early  trade  of  Uarcelona,  drawn  principally  from  t'apiiiany, 
ill  the  work  of  Ueppiiig,  Uisloire  du  Commerce  entre  le  Levant  el  I'Kurupe  depuis  /cs  Croisades,  i^-ctoin. 
i.  c.  5. 


I 

I 


^1 
if 


Aimnicb 

esporled  ;  : 
leglsliilion 
g(aten  thai 
(jjiporialion 
to  priiliiliit  < 

cant ;  "hifh » 

/'orl  I  liar  til- 
mliin-  tlut  wo 
nun  Inns  bunhn 
iona:— 


Spanish  Vr 

Aliclmragfl 

Nov  il". 

(  lr.i|j|(iit  of  per 

l.iiil.nc 

( ,i|.l.lin  of  tlif 

l,lKlit.tniii«t'  of 

LcuclioK  (I  re.il 

tiiraririliiiary 

lion 
New  mole 


Tot 


Taking  the  real 
ship,  and  y4.  on  tl 

tirnnvsiion  is  .1 
iytr  rent,  on  thos 
uM  for  re.iily  nioi 
n.crcaiitile  discmiii 
iug  e^tahliihlnents 

linnraiut  on  si 
hoiiMS,  lives,  fcc.  ai 

ruru.-Atlhef 

Imfinrts.^K' 
celoiia  daring 


Articli«, 


rmton 

."uL'ar 

llliles 

Corna 

Coffee 

Hees'-wax 

Horns 

.Specie 

Dye  woods 

Fish 

Iron  hoops 

Staves 

riieese 

Tar 

Butter 

Indigo 

I'epper 

Ciaiiumon 


Grain  is  iisui 
Importation  fro 
friitii  the  interi 

Of  the  iinpor 
ports  from  Frti 
Jlivimlled  to  all 
harihvare,  and 
sitpplieil  by  Sw 
on  to  a  conside 

/,'//(./ rf.s'.—TJ 
&c.  Ihit  no  vc 
dies,  are  Inadci 
to  lie  eaiployed 
nearly  ceased, 
increasiii!;.  T 
nieiitly  shipped 
cork  bark,  woo 
avcracc  H.  per 
of  wine,  and  6, 
deal  of  brandy 
of  Xercs ;  and 
preparation  of 
Tarragona  to  I 

la  lt?31,  only 
p2 


BARCELONA. 


173 


All  nrlicif  ■'whntovcr,  the  prndiiro  nf  llic  bdII,  nr  iIip  niiiniirnrtiiro  nf  iho  rniinlry,  mnv  nt  proRi'Tit  lie 
cxpiirli'il ;  iinil,  in  iiioitt  liiHtiiiiri'H,  »'itliiiiil  |iii>  iiiK  "ny  iliilv.     In  iIih  ii'<i|ir('i  tlicri' in  ri'illiinu  in  ihu 


en  a  cond 
111;  ii  liilil- 
in  IsidM 
i!in  lUlfii 
lallv  Imv- 
1|ii''iiim|.; 
I:uiy  nni- 
■  till'  mull', 
iiMli'iitiini 
;l  Id  liavo 


iirccliinn  in 


Citioiial 

K.r. 

Fh». 

n«. 

;ierlij]<. 

S!trl. 

r.    (/. 

1.  J. 

0    4 

1    J 

7    2 

9   7 

5    2 

7   0 

■to  ;«  0 

i    6     :J   t 

0    0  01  1)   2  , 

)    3,^    i)   Ii 

Tlif  M(' 
,  one  of  the 
1(1  coiniuer- 
,  fvl  least  to 
:ity.  There 
Capiiiany, 
?s,  lyc.loui. 


IftfiHliitlon  of  H  pa  in  to  nhith  to  ohjrii ;  but  the  irovcrtiriiriit  hwu 


uxp 
to  |ir 

Cunom-hmtH  aiut  IVarekviuins  RtfrulatiinUf  aame  u  at  Jlh 

cant ;  »tii<h  m-*. 

port  (Vwir^ti.— The  following  an?  thr  vi^rifiiw  rlwrieii  of  a  (iiilitic 
iintiirt-  Iti^il  woiiM  hr[aiil  hy  ;i  N|..iiiiih  hkI  .i  Ilnlish  <thi|s  f:u-h  of 
:MM)  Inn*  tiunltii,  uuloailing  Mid  liKidiiig  iinxtrii  cargmi  iii  lUrce* 
loiia:— 


..". I ■ J - ■ Iikf  iriiins  dtlh^rH,  to  havr  I'or- 

l^ottrn  timt  ri!(-i|iriMity  Ih  tlif  hri;|iiiiiittf«  tlir  iiijilillr,  tiiid  Iho  I'tiil  of  (-otniot'rrts— tliat  Ihrn;  ran  W  no 
Miriatiot)  wiilioiit  at)  riimvalciit  iiniioriutioii ;  ami  tliat,  to  proliiltit  nr  rt'Htriit  titu  luttur  N,  in  fu(t, 
-   iiiliit  or  rt  ritrict  tht;  t'ornit-r. 

nflU  wri«M«  mint  I  p  rigor-  ,%\y  manlfiatrtl.  A  mirplun  rf  1  pf r  ff nt. 
it,  Jiiiwt'ViT,  itHmvnl.  (II  invtT  utty  Iririnciiir-ofl  III  ihf  |)i"|>or1ion  I*- 
Iwrfii  Uimgu  iiikI  N|>iniih  vvcitf|,l«.  t.ui  if  the  wncti(  ol  .my  pftrccl 
»tiriul.lturn(iiil  inWiJ  per  (lilt,  Kn-mtrlti.in  ii  in;irln-.l  m  the  iiiuni- 
frtit,  Ihe  mirplin  i%  mjmiI,  at  ttir  unnie  time  thai  (In-  importer  Irwt 
thelrfiiftit  I'f  I  hi  J  prr  rent,  allow  dt  l.y  Uw,  jiml  lirn.iiit«  ImUtj  to 
the  iwnaMiia  el  iiiiuifKliiiK,  '1  he  (ari-iu«ually  allnm-il  \y  men  turntt 
irr,  oil  llitv.imi:(h  ■uK.ir  13  iieriTiil. ;  on  coMrei  \nsr  cent.,  eicluaiv* 
of  ihe  b;irrei,  Liif,  Ki\  m  which  it  u  rontimeil  :  onrocu.!  nirl  pepper 
i  per  cent.;  IVrunnitjuco  cotton  UIj«,  prrhate;  otht-r  rottnii  lib. 
(HT  cwl. 

.V(fi-»'(Trri  of  allsnrlsare  dear  «t  narcclnna.  Init  Ihcy  may  slwnjn 
heoM.HiH-d,  JIttf  cotti  abuutTti.  per  I!.,  ami  bitcuil  al*out  Hdollara 
per  cwl. 

j^/f/itfu.— Afcoutili  are  kept  in  litroi  of  20  nttldoi,  '2 10  fhutrnt,  or 
4K)  maUiu.  'I  ht*  lihra  is  liktn\  lu-  <1ivi>ImI  iiiln  rtali  t/c  ftutu  Catu- 
litn,  of  3  Hurlih'f  vmU  ;  ai.d  into  nu/rt  arr/i(rf,  nt  J  itM/f/i^i  cacti. 
Hence,  f>-7  of  the  fornuT,  or  lU  of  Ihi-  laltiT,  ~  (  tiira  Catalan, 

'J  hv  liLra  Cntalan  ii  s  2i.  4rf.  at<  rlinK  nearly, 

1  lie  pfto  dii^Of  or  hard  dollar,  ik  \alued  at  S7  l-Z  tuildoi  Catatarit 
eiffhl  inch  (lotlara  makim(  15  lil-rat, 

It'tif/iff  ami  Afifitt/frf.— There  are  enilUiis  illtcrepanriri  aiiionnt 
Iht^  weiKhli  and  ininHnirt  in  \\\f  ilitterent  Npainsh  pniviiiCL-a,  and 
there  is  a  \ery  great  .lisKrepancy  in  the  accnmil^  'if  the  autlion  wlio 
have  written  tipon  thcui,  The  loltuwing  Bt.itenicrits  art:  takeu  from 
Nrlkenbrecher  : — 

'I  lie  quintal  ii  divided  into  4  nrrnfiit,  or  101  Urn.  nf  12  07  li>  the 
|>finnd.  'I  he  iiound  sz  6' 174  KnKliHh  Krainit  1  kiloiC.  —  Ki25*6  ai 
of  Holland,     iWlllm.  of  H.ircelon.i  =•  >»8it51hs,  avoirdiipnis. 

1  he  yard  nniiieil  (lum,  in  divided  into  s  j^alnivs,  of  4  lyuarfoi,  and 
in  --  21  inchen  vury  nearly.  Hence.  lOO  ranas  —  53'4!»9  metres  1= 
77-r>  >anU  of  Amsiurdam  ^  5K''il4  KnifliNh  yards. 

The  ^titir/irn,  or  measure  for  ffrain,  is  divided  into  12  cortttttu 
and  4M  piioloti,  iOO  iiuarterns  :=  23' J3U,  or  23  1-2  Winchester 
(|uirler9. 

'Ilir  rnritfi,  or  nieaMire  for  li((iiiiii»,  is  divided  Into  12  rorfrtTirt  or 
(irrohas,  24  iurtarmas^  and  7.!  tmtadillas.  It  in  =  32-7  Kiiglish 
wine  f;.illoiiB.  4car({as=:>  1  pipe.  1  he  pipe  of  Majorca  oil  coulaiiit 
107  cortanea. 


Sl>niiliiJi  VwHel. 
Alit'li('rai(8 

R»l). 

IlrilitiL  Vmel, 

Heali. 

7-. 

Ancliiinro 

V> 

^fw  <l<>.     • 

I'l 

llc.ul.l,- ll.>.          .        . 

T> 

tlraiiiriR  of  port 

10 

Nrw.l.i.     .       .       . 

Uiiltni      • 

(i 

(  tr;iiiiiii(  fif  [Kirt 

10 

(■a|it»in  of  the  [Kirl    • 

Lii(lil-lmn(!ofTarrifa 

H 

I^iilt-rn 

b 

105 

Cij't.ijn  of  IhB  imrt    ■ 
Liithl-iiousc  of  Tarrifi 

K 

l^aiiiuml  rtal  |wr  Inn) 

30U 

211 

tiiiiKirJcMrjr  coulribu- 

New  mole  (S  real,  per 

liiiii 

40 

(on) 

2,10(1 

New  iiir'Io 

16 

f.r)a(liiiif  (I  rral  |«r  Ion) 

300 

Kxtraortiiuary  coutnliii. 

ToUl     ■ 

675 

tiuli 

411 

3,|.|U 

CoiiHiilir    feel    usvially 

rt-iiuired 

Total     ■ 

IGO 

3,.'«Xl 

T3k>iit(  the  real  at  -id,,  this  would  be  \)l.  I  If.  2rf,  on  the  .Sp.ini»)i 
lhip,.ind3-"'i.  nil  the  Untish  do. 

tir.niwtiwn  is  at  the  rate  of  2  1-2  per  cent,  on  )foo<Ifl  shipped,  and 
2  per  rent,  on  those  received  on  conNittnment.  (iooils  arc  sointi  inns 
■pll  for  ready  money,  and  sriinetimcs  on  credit  for  3  or  4  moiilhs; 
n.mauiilc  discount  is  1-2  per  cent,  per  month.  'J  tiere  aro  no  bank- 
ing MUldishments  in  H.\rce!nna. 

Imnraiut  on  Hhips  is  ellecled  hy  individuals,  but  insurances  on 
houMS,  lives,  fce.  are  unknown  here. 

rurti.—At  the  Custum-huuse,  real  taret  only  are  allowed  \  and  the 

//Hporro.— Account  of  tlid  Qtmntity  nnd  Valtie  of  the  principal  Foreign  Articles  imported  into  Bar- 
celona (iiiriiij,'  llie  Tliree  Years  entliiig  witli  IKU. 


Value  in 

Value  in 

Value  in 

ArticI* 

lu  1829. 

SUTlllllC 

Mnin'y. 

InlMO. 

Srrliii:; 
Moiit-y. 

InlS31. 

Merlin? 
Mnney. 

£. 

£ 

£ 

rntinn 

18,finO  hales 

100,000 

22,000  bales 

l.'?7.000 

43,400  bales 

200.000 

SiiL'iir 

14,100  boxes 

Ui.ooo 

2.'i,ti00  bo.ves 

Ihb.OOO 

20.,t00  b(i.\u8 

1(50,000 

Hides 

07,500 

54,000 

b2,IOO 

)i2,IIOO 

75,000 

50,000 

Cnnia 

4,100  hnga 

25,000 

8..100  bacs 

50,000 

7,300  bags 

4 1,000 

Coffee 

1,100  cwt. 

2,N()0 

2,0:10  ewl. 

4,.'-)00 

ll'-'O  cwt. 

1,200 

Uees'-wax   - 

1,200  cwt. 

4,2110 

700  cwt. 

1.100 

4(iO  cwt. 

2,400 

lloriia 

111,000 

2,2(10 

13.'?,()00 

2,(j()0 

05.000 

2.000 

Speiio       "  - 

51,400  anllars 

io,;too 

30.2sti  dollars 

7,'.I00 

3h0.700  d(dlars 

70,200 

Dyewooda  - 

1.0,000  cwi. 

0,000 

5,000  ewt. 

3,000 

10,000  cwt. 

0.000 

Fish 

70,000  cwt. 

84,000 

42,000  cwt. 

50,000 

(il.HOO  I'wt. 

77,000 

Iron  Jioops  - 

22,000  bundles 

17,000 

0,000  bundles 

5,000 

4.000  bundles 

3,200 

Staves 

400,000 

0,400 

620,000 

14.h50 

702.000 

10,000 

Cheese 

2,000  cwt. 

6,000 

1,000  cwt. 

3.000 

2,000  cwt. 

0,000 

Tiir 

700  barrels 

800 

IbO  barrels 

200 

— 



Butter 

50  cwt. 

200 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Iiidiuo 

200  cwt. 

8,000 

7.')0cwt. 

30.000 

000  cwt. 

30,000 

Pepper 

fiOO  cwt. 

1,200 

800  cwt. 

l.coo 

700  cwt. 

1,400 

Cinnamon    - 

250  cwt. 

10,000 

800  cwt. 

32,000 

1,000  cwt. 

40,000 

Grain  is  u.snally  rnprcaentiid  as  fornihifr  an  important  article  in  llio  imports  into  Itarcelonn  ;  bnt  its 
iniportalion  t'roni  aliroad  is  proliibited  ;  and  tlie  wants  of  the  city  are  supplied  eitlier  by  land  carriage 
I'roin  the  interior, or  by  coastin<;  vessels  from  the  Spanish  ports  more  to  the  nortli. 

Of  tin;  imports  specified  above,  the  prenter  portion  are  furnished  livCuba  and  I'orto  Hico.  Tl.e  im- 
ports from  France  are  also  considerable.  Those  from  Eiijiland,  w  iiieli  w  ere  once  very  larpe,  have 
diviiidled  to  almost  nothinp.  The  only  poods  now  opiMily  imported  from  (ireat  Dritain.  are  iron  lioops, 
hardware,  and  woollen  stuffs,  and  these  in  too  small  (iiiaiititios  to  deserve  notice.  Fish  is  principally 
supplied  by  Sweden  and  Denmark.  Smugpling,  particularly  in  tobacco  and  printed  cottons,  is  carried 
on  to  a  considerable  extent. 

j;/;wrf.<.— The  principal  exports  are  wrought  silks,  soap,  fire-arms,  paper,  hats,  laces,  ribands,  steel, 
&c  Ibit  no  vessels,  except  a  few  that  take  on  board  mannfactiired  poods  for  the  Spanish  West  In- 
dies, are  loaded  here  ;  and  even  this  trade  is  much  fallen  oil'.  Upwards  of  2.000  hands  used  formerly 
to  lie  employed  in  the  city  in  the  manufacture  of  shoes  for  the  colonies ;  but  their  export  has  now 
nearly  ceased.  The  cotton  manufacture  has  made  some  progress  in  the  town  and  its  vicinity,  and  is 
incrensinp.  The  principal  articles  of  native  produce  that  Catalonia  has  to  export  are  most  conve- 
niently shipped  at  Villanova,  Tarragona,  and  Salon.  They  consist  of  wine,  brandy,  nuts,  almonds, 
cork  bark,  wool,  fruits,  &c.  Of  thi>se,  Cuba  takes  annnally  about  12,000  pipes  of  \vine,  worth  at  an 
averape  4;.  per  pipe,  and  about  3,000  pipes  of  brandy,  worth  *>/.  ptir  do.;  South  America,  10,000  pipes 
nf  wine,  and  0,000  do.  brandy  ;  tlie  north  of  Europe,  2.0(10  pipes  of  wine,  and  2,000do.  brandy.  A  good 
deal  of  brandy  is  sent  to  Cadiz  and  Cette:  most  part  of  the  former  finds  its  way  into  the  wine  vaults 
of  Xeres ;  and  the  latter,  being  conveyed  by  the  canal  of  l.anguedoc  to  the  fiaronne,  is  used  in  the 
preparation  of  the  wines  of  Bordeaux.  From  25,000  to  30.000  baps  of  nuts  are  annually  sent  from 
Tarragona  to  England.    Tarragona  also  exports  about  12,000  bags  of  almonds. 

In  IfcSl,  only  128  foreign  ships,  of  tlie  burden  of  15,130  tons  entered  Barcelona.  Of  these,  31  were 
p2 


t  • 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


liilM    125 

|50     "^^       H^H 

■U  1^    12.2 


IL25  III  1.4 


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VI 


A 


^m 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


\ 


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'iS 


<^ 


^>    ^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


'^ 


4 


o^ 


174 


BARILLA,  BARK. 


Tiidcnn,  21  Sardinian,  10  Rwrdisli.  IS  Knslish,  14  Frcnrh.  S  Aincricnn,  Sec  Thn  flilps  bplnngln);  to 
till!  piirt  carry  on  no  l(ir('i(?n  tradi;  t'xrciit  in  tin;  S|iiiMisli  Wi-st  Itidifs  ;  ilii'y  ari;  I'cw  in  nnniliiT,  and 
are  daily  di'crcaHini;.  Tliosts  t'liuaci'd  in  thncdusiiiiK  trade  aru  nauuUy  of  very  Mniall  burden.  The 
cu»tninx  dniy  in  tint  Hiinm  year  did  nnt  i>xc)>i'd  KHI.ddll/. 

(We  liavi!  derived  tliege  details  frnni  variiinn  Hnnrees ;  lint  prinripnlly  from  tlie  Conaul'i  Anaaer  to 
Circular  tlueriea,  and  from  JiiglW^  i>«in  in  1^30,  vol.  ii.  pp.  3S4-3iii".  and  302.) 

BARILLA  (Da.  Soda.-  ¥t.  Souile,  linrilk ,-  (.in.  Soda,  Barilla .-  It.  Barrigliai  Port. 
Solda,  Barrilha,-  Rus.  Socianka  ,•  Sp.  Ilinrillu;  Aral).  Kali),  carbonate  of  soda — (sec 
Alkaliks),  is  found  native  in  Hungary,  E^ypt,  and  many  other  countries.  It  is  largely 
used  Iiy  bleachers,  manufacturers  of  hard  soaps,  glass-makers,  Ace.  The  barilla  of  commcrco 
consists  of  the  ashes  of  several  marine  and  other  plants  growing  on  the  sea-shore.  The  best, 
or  Alicant  barilla,  is  prepared  from  the  Siikula  snda,  which  is  very  extensively  cultivated  for 
this  purpose  in  the  huerta  of  Murcia,  and  other  places  on  the  eastern  shores  of  8pain. — 
( TdWnsend's  Trnvclx  in  Spain,  vol.  iii.  p.  1 0.'i.)  The  plants  arc  gathered  in  September, 
dried  and  burned  in  furnaces  heated  so  as  to  bring  the  ashes  into  a  state  of  imperfect  fusion, 
when  they  concrete  into  hard,  dry,  cellular  masses  of  a  greyish  blue  colour.  Sicily  and 
Tcnerille  produce  good  barilla,  but  inferior  to  that  of  Alicant  and  Carthagena.  Kelp,  which 
is  a  less  pure  ulk.ili,  is  formed  by  the  inclri.eration  of  the  common  sea-wrack. — (See  Kklp.) 

The  Saracens  established  in  Spain  seem  to  have  been  the  first  who  introduced  the 
manufacture  of  barilla  into  Europe.  They  called  the  plants  employed  in  its  preparation 
l;aU !  and  this,  with  the  Arabic  article  al  prefixed,  has  given  rise  to  the  modern  chemical 
term  alkali. 

Of  184,049  cwt.  of  barilla  imported  into  Great  Britain  in  1831,  61,921  cwt.  came  fr«m 
Spain,  95,995  from  TencriHc,  and  23,867  from  Sicily.  The  values  of  these  species 
are,  for  the  most  part,  in  the  proportion  of  about  12,  9,  and  10;  that  is,  if  Spanish 
barilla  fetch  12/.  a  ton,  I'encrilfe  barilla  will  fetch  9/.,  and  Sicilian  10/.  Prime  quality  in 
barilla  is  to  be  distinguished  by  its  strong  smell  when  wetted,  and  by  its  whitish  colour.  Par- 
ticular attention  should  l)e  paid  to  have  as  little  smell  or  dust  as  possible.  The  duties  on 
barilla  have  recently  been  very  considerably  reduced. — (Sec  Tauiff.) 

At  nn  averace  of  the  three  years  eniling  with  l'-3l,  llie  barilla  entered  for  home  consumption 
anmiiiiteii  to  *2.').'),'i'''J  cwt.  a  year.     In  X'^'i'i,  it  proilui-ed  l,'),.T2U/.  Sj,-.  %l.  nett  revenue. 

(The  duties  on  barilla  used  in  the  bleaching  of  linen  arc  to  be  repaid  to  the  persons 
using  it,  under  such  regulations  as  the  coiumis.sioners  of  customs  may  issue. — (4  &  5  Will. 
4.  c.  89.  §  \\.)—Sup.) 

[Barilla  is  imported  into  the  United  States,  free  of  duty,  chiefly  from  the  Canary  islands. 
The  value  of  it  annually  imported,  on  an  average  of  four  years  ending  with  1837,  amount- 
ed to  little  more  than  100,000  dollars;  scarcelyanyof  which  was  subsequently  exported. — 
Am.  Ed.] 

B.\RK,  the  outer  rind  of  plants.  There  is  an  immense  variety  of  barks  known  in  com- 
merce, as  cinnamon,  Peruvian  bark,  oak  bark,  quercitron,  &c.  The  term  "  bark"  is,  how- 
ever, gi'iierally  employed  to  express  cither  Peruvian  bark,  or  oak  bark ;  and  it  is  these  only 
that  we  sliall  describe  in  this  place. 

1.  Peruvian  ur  Jesuit n'  liurk  (Fr.  Quinr/uiiia  ,•  Gcr.  Kron-cliina;  Du.  China-bast; 
Sp,  Quina,  Quinquina  /  Lat.  Quin//uina,  Cortex  I'eruvianu.i).  There  are  three  principal 
species  of  this  bark  known  in  commerce,  which  have  been  elalwrately  described  by  Dr.  A. 
T.  Thomson,  from  whose  accoimt  the  following  particulars  are  selected. 

The  first  species  is  the  pale  bark  of  the  sliops.  It  is  the  produce  of  tlie  Cinchona  land  folia, 
and  is  the  original  cinchona  of  Peru.  It  is  now  very  scarce.  It  is  imported  in  chests 
covered  with  skins,  each  containing  about  200  lbs.,  well  packed,  I)ut  generally  mixed 
with  a  (juantity  of  dust  and  other  heterogeneous  matter.  It  consists  of  pieces  8  or  10 
inches  long,  some  of  them  being  scarcely  one-tenth  of  an  inch  thick,  singly  and  doubly 
quilled,  or  rolled  inwards ;  the  quills,  generally,  being  in  size  from  a  swan's  quill  to  an 
inch  and  a  half.  It  is  internally  of  a  pallid  fawn  or  cinnamon  hue ;  but  approximates, 
on  being  moistened,  to  the  colour  of  a  ])ale  orange.  When  in  substance  it  has  scarcely 
any  odour :  but  during  decoction  the  odour  is  sensible,  and  agreeably  aromatic.  The 
taste  is  bitter,  but  not  unpleasatit,  acidulous,  and  austere. 

Tiie  second  species,  or  red  bark,  is  obtained  from  the  Cinchona  ohloniri folia,  growing  on  the 
Andes.  It  is  imported  in  chests  containing  from  100  to  l.iO  lbs.  each.  It  consists  of 
variously  sized  pieces,  most  of  them  Hat,  but  some  ])artially  <|uilled  or  rolled.  The  internal 
part  is  woody,  and  of  a  rust  red  colour  ;  it  has  a  weak  peculiar  odour ;  and  its  tas!.  is  much 
less  bitter,  but  more  austere  and  nauseous,  than  that  of  th':>  other  barks. 

The  third  species,  or  yellow  bark  of  the  shops,  is  obtained  from  the  Cinchona  cordifolia, 
growing  in  Quito  and  Santa  Fo.  It  is  imported  in  chests  containing  from  90  to  100  lbs. 
each,  coii.'iisting  of  jjieces  8  or  10  inches  long,  some  (|uillcd,  but  the  greater  part  flat.  The 
interior  is  of  a  yellow  colour,  passing  to  orange.  It  has  nearly  the  same  odour  in  decoction 
as  the  pale ;  the  taste  is  more  bitter  and  less  aii.stere,  an<l  it  excites  no  astringent  feeling 
when  chewed.  The  goodness  decreases  when  the  colour  varies  from  orange  yellow  to  pale 
yellow ;  when  of  a  dark  colour,  between  red  and  yellow,  it  should  be  rejected. 


1 


BARLEY. 


175 


!  only 


A. 


The 


i 


It  is  needless  to  add,  that  bark  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  medical  remedies.  The  In- 
dians were  uiiacquaintetl  with  its  uses,  which  seem  to  have  been  first  discovered  by  the 
JesuiU.  It  was  introduced  into  Euroix;  in  1C;J2,  but  was  not  extensively  used  till  the  latter 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century.  According  to  M.  Humboldt,  the  Jesuits'  bark  annually 
exported  from  America  amounts  to  fron\  12,000  to  14,000  quintals.  Of  these,  2,000  arc 
furnished  by  Santa  Fe,  and  110  by  Loxa;  Peru  furnishing  the  remainder,  which  is  shipped 
at  Culluo,  Guayaquil,  &e. 

2,  ()(i/(  Hark  (Fr.  Ecorce  (Je  la  Chine ;  Oer.  Elc/ienrinde  ,■  It.  Corleccia  delln  Querela, • 
Lnl.  Qnercils  eorlex).  The  bark  of  the  common  oak  is  a  powerful  astringent,  and  is  pre- 
ferred to  all  other  substances  for  taimini:;  leather.  The  bark  of  the  larch  is  now,  however, 
used  for  the  same  purpose.  The  import  of  oak  bark  is  very  considerable  ;  but  owing  to  the 
cork  tree  being  a  s|)ecie8  of  oak  ( Quereus  Suber),  bark  for  tanning  and  cork  bark  are  usually 
mixed  together  in  the  parliamentary  returns.  The  latter,  however,  does  not  amount  to  a 
tenth  ])art  of  the  whole  quantity  imported.  The  imports  of  both  sorts  amounted,  in  IS.'H,  to 
O.Tl.OTT)  cwt.,  which  is  about  the  average  importation.  Of  this  quantity,  no  less  than 
608,304  cwt.  were  brought  from  the  IVetherlaiuls  (Holland  and  Belgium),  62,437  cwt.  from 
Germany,  &c.  Cork  bark  is  almost  entirely  imported  from  Italy,  Hpain,  and  Portugal ;  the 
imports  from  them  Iwing,  in  the  above-mentioned  year,  Italy  95,163  cwt.,  Spain  78,067  cwt., 
and  Portugal  only  187  cwt.  The  ()uality  of  bark  varies  according  to  the  size  and  age  of 
tlie  tree,  the  season  when  it  is  barked,  Ac,  so  much,  that  the  price  varies,  at  this  moment, 
from  about  !^l.  to  about  10/.  per  ton.  The  duty,  which  is  13s.  4rf.  a  ton,  produced  in  1832, 
in  (ireat  Britain,  22,251/.  Os.  5if.  nett. 

Quercitron  is  the  bark  of  a  species  of  oak  tree  (Quereus  thictoria).  It  is  not  used,  at 
least  in  this  country,  for  taiming,  but  for  imj)arting  a  yellow  dye  to  silk  and  wool.  It  is 
principally  imported  from  North  America.  'J'he  price  varies,  at  present,  according  to  the 
quality,  from  about  12s.  6d.  to  1.5s.  a  cwt.,  duty  (Is.)  included.  At  an  average  of  the  three 
years  ending  with  1831,  the  entries  for  home  consumption  were  25,015  cwt.  a  year. 

We  are  indebted  for  the  discovery  and  ap[iIication  of  the  useful  projMjrties  of  quercitron  to 
Dr.  Bancroft.  The  doctor  obtained  a  patent  for  his  invention  in  1775;  but  the  American 
war  breaking  out  soon  after,  deprived  him  of  its  advantages.  In  consideration  of  this  cir- 
cumstance, parliament  passed,  in  1785,  an  act  (25  Geo.  3.  c.  38.)  securing  to  him  the 
privileges  conveyed  by  his  patent  for  14  years.  At  the  expiration  of  the  latter  period,  the 
House  of  Commons  agreed  io  extend  the  doctor's  privilege  for  an  additional  7  years ;  but  the 
House  of  liords  rejected  the  bill.  Like  too  many  discoverers.  Dr.  Bancroft  profited  but 
little  by  his  invention,  though  it  has  been  of  great  use  to  the  arts  and  manufactures  of  the 
country. — {See  Bancroft  on  Permanent  Colours,  \o\.  ii.  p.  112.,  and  the  Report  of  the 
Coiniiiillee  of  the  House  of  Comiunns  on  Patents,  Appendix,  p.  175.) 

Oak  bark,  the  prodiico  of  t'.uropo,  is  not  In  \u'  iiiipnrtiMl  iiild  llie  United  Kinednm  for  linme  ronBump- 
tioii.  <'.\(('pt  in  llritisli  sliips,  or  in  sliips  of  \\w  cimnlry  of  wliicli  it  is  llic  prodnco,  or  in  sliips  of  tlie 
ronnlry  fnini  wliicli  it  is  iniporti'd,  on  pain  of  furft'iting  tlic  goods,  and  IQU/.  by  ttiu  niui'tur  of  tliu  vea- 
8tl.— (7  &  H  Oeu.  4.  c.  as.) 

B ARIiEY  (Fr.  Orife  ,•  Gcr.  Gersten^raupen ,-  Du.  Ri/g ,-  It.  Orzo  ,•  Sp.  Cebada ;  Rus. 
Putsch meu ;  Lat.  Hordeum  ;  Arab.  Dhourra  ;  Hind.y^/tt.'),  a  species  of  bread-corn  (Ifardeum 
Lin.),  of  which  there  are  several  varieties.  It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  most  European 
countries,  and  in  most  of  the  temperate  districts  of  Asia  and  Africa.  It  may  also  be  raised 
between  the  tropics ;  but  not  at  a  lower  elevation  than  from  3,000  to  4,000  feet,  and  then  it 
is  not  wortli  cultivating.  Large  quantities  of  barley  have  been,  for  a  lengthened  period, 
raised  in  Great  Britain.  Recently,  however,  its  cultivation  has  been  supposed,  though 
jirobably  on  no  good  grounds,  to  be  declining.  In  1765,  Mr.  Charles  Smith  estimated  the 
number  of  barley  consumers  in  England  and  Wales  at  739,000  ;  and  as  a  large  proportion 
of  the  population  of  Wales,  Westmoreland,  and  Cumberland  continue  to  subsist  chiefly  on 
barley  liread,  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  this  estimate  may  not,  at  present,  be  very  wide 
of  the  mark.  But  the  princi|ial  demand  for  barley  in  Great  Britain  is  for  conversion  into 
malt,  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ale,  porter,  and  British  spirits;  and  though  its  con- 
sumption in  this  way  has  not  certainly  increased  proportionally  to  the  increase  of  wealth  and 
population,  still  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any  grounds  for  supposing  that  it  has  diminished. 
Barley  is  also  extensively  used  in  fattening  black  cattle,  hogs,  and  poultry.  It  now  gene- 
rally follows  turnips,  and  is  a  very  important  crop  in  tlie  rotation  best  adapted  to  light  soils. 
The  principal  barley  counties  of  Eni^land  are  Norfolk,  Suilolk,  Cambridge,  Bedford,  Herts, 
Leicester,  Nottingham,  the  u])|ier  parts  of  Hereford,  Warwick,  and  Salop.  The  produce 
varies,  according  to  soil,  preparation,  season,  &e.,  from  about  20  to  60  or  70  bushels  an  acre. 
The  most  usual  crop  is  from  28  to  36  or  38  bushels.  'I'he  Winchester  bushel  of  good 
Eiiiijlish  barley  generally  weighs  about  50  lbs.,  but  the  best  Norfolk  barley  sometimes  weighs 
53  or  54  lbs.  Its  produce  in  Hour  is  about  12  lbs.,  to  14  lbs.  grain.  Barley  is  a  tender 
plant,  and  easily  hurt  in  any  stage  of  its  growth.  It  is  more  hazardous  than  wheat,  and  is, 
generally  speaking,  raised  at  a  greater  expense;  so  that  its  cultivation  should  not  be 
attempted  except  when  the  soil  and  chmate  are  favourable  for  its  growth. — (For  details  as  to 


s 

9 


f 


176 


BARLEY-SUfSAR— liAURATUY. 


t. 


thr  prifps  of  bnrlry,  the  quantities  importctl  and  rxportwl,  <Sfc.,  sec  Conw  Laws  A«fn  Conw 
TimiF..  And  lor  furtlier  ilotaiirt  as  to  its  consiiiniilii'n  and  rultnro,  hoc  Smith's  'frarl.t  on 
ihr  Cnrn  Tradr,  2d  i-d.  p.  183.;  Brown  on  Hiind  Affairs,  vol.  ii.  p.  43.;  Loudon's  Enn/c. 
of  Au^rinil/itrr,  <S;r.) 

[Hiirlcv  lias  loiiK  hcpn  rultivatcd  in  various  parts  of  America,  especially  in  Canada,  and 
in  till'  states  as  far  south  as  VirRinia. 

'I'licrc  arc  two  spwies.  One  of'  those  is  called  winter  barley,  from  the  seed  lM>in(?  sown 
in  atilmnn,  and  remaininir  in  the  earlii  diiriiiff  the  winter.  It  ripens  al)out  .luiy.  The  ^rain 
is  lonucr,  and  the  hull  thicker,  than  in  tlie  other  species.  In  weiirlit,  it  seldom  exceeds  47  Ihs. 
to  tlu^  liushel.  lender  favouralile  circunistanccs,  ."JO  Inishels  have  hcen  raised  from  an  acre  of 
ground  ;  llionch  the  pnxluce  crcnerally  does  not  exceed  25  or  ao. 

'i'he  other  species,  called  spriuii  l)arley.  is  sown  in  the  sfirinir.and  also  ripens  about  July. 
This  .•ipeeies  has  two  varieties,  distintjiiished  from  each  other  by  the  number  of  rows  of 
grain  on  the  head,  as  two-rowed  and  lour-rowed  liarli-y.  The  crop  is  (generally  from  25  to 
30  busiieis  per  acre,  and  frei|uently  weighs  from  48  to  52  llis.  per  liushel.  Uy  conmion 
consent,  iiowever,  among  the  dealers  in  this  article,  the  weight  of  a  bushel  is  fixed  at  48  lbs. ; 
at  which  rate  it  is  now  altogether  bought  and  sold. 

Barlev,  in  the  United  States,  is  generally  raised  for  mnllimx,  and  is  seldom  made  into 
flour,  barley  bread  Iwing  almost  unknown.  Small  (piantities  are  hulled,  and  used  in 
eoup  and  for  medicinal  purposes.  It  is  also  used  as  food  for  cattle ;  but  only  occasionally, 
as  the  price  of  it  is  ordinarily  much  greater  in  proportion  than  that  of  Indian  corn  or  oats. 

IVew  soils  are  best  fitted  for  the  cultivation  of  barley  ;  and  it  is  a  very  uncertain  crop  on 
lands  on  which  it  has  been  often  sown.  Hence  its  culture  has  been  abandoned  in  many 
sections  of  the  country,  where  large  quantities  were  formerly  raised. — Am.  Ed.] 

13AHLEY-8L'GAR  (Fr.  SKfrer/VrifC;  (ler.  Cerstenzucker ;  It.  rennilo ;  Sp.  Alfenique / 
Lat.  A/p/ienix),  a  preparation  of  sugar,  candied  with  orange  or  lemon  peel. 

BARHATUV,  in  navigation,  is,  in  its  most  extensive  sense,  any  fraudulent  or  unlawful 
act  committed  by  the  master  or  mariners  of  a  ship,  contrary  to  their  duty  to  their  owners,  and 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  latter.  It  apjiears  to  be  derived  from  the  Italian  word  barratrnrc,  to 
dieat.  It  may  be  committed  by  running  away  with  a  ship,  wilfully  carrying  her  out  of  the 
course  prescribed  by  the  owners,  delaying  or  defeating  the  voyage,  deserting  convoy  without 
leave,  sinking  or  deserting  the  ship,  embezzling  the  cargo,  snmggling,  or  any  other  offence 
whereby  the  shi[i  or  cargo  may  be  subjected  to  arrest,  detention,  loss,  or  forfeiture. 

It  is  the  practice,  in  most  countries,  to  insure  against  barratry.  Most  foreign  jurists  hold, 
that  it  comprehends  every  fault  which  the  master  and  crew  can  commit,  whether  it  arise 
from  fraud,  negligence,  unskilfulness,  or  mere  imprudence.  But  in  this  country  it  is  ruled, 
tliat  no  act  of  the  master  or  crew  shall  be  deemed  barratry,  unless  it  proceed  from  a  criminal 
or  fraudulent  motive. 

"  Barratry  can  only  be  committed  by  the  master  and  mariners  by  some  act  contrary  to  their 
duty,  in  the  relation  in  which  they  stand  to  the  owners  of  the  ship.  It  is,  therefore,  an  of- 
fence against  them,  and  consequently  an  owner  himself  cannot  conunit  barratry.  He  may, 
by  his  fraudulent  conduct,  make  himself  liable  to  the  owner  of  the  goods  on  Iward,  but  not  for 
barnitri/.  Neither  can  barratry  l)e  committal  against  the  owner,  with  his  consent,-  for 
thougii  lie  may  be  liable  for  any  loss  or  damage  occasioned  by  the  misconduct  of  the  master 
to  which  he  consents,  yet  this  is  not  barratry.  Nothing  is  more  clear  than  that  a  man  can 
never  set  up  as  a  crime,  an  act  done  by  his  own  direction  or  consent." — (Marshall  on  Insur- 
ance, book  i.  c.  12.  §  6.) 

When,  therefore,  the  owner  of  a  ship  is  also  the  master,  no  act  of  barratry  can  be  com- 
mitted ;  for  no  man  can  commit  a  fraud  against  himself. 

It  is  a  maxim  in  law,  that  fraud  shall  not  bo  presumed,  but  must  bo  clearly  proved ;  and 
it  is  a  rule  in  questions  of  insurance,  that  he  who  charges  barratry  must  substantiate  it  by 
conclusive  evidence. 

It  is  not  necessary,  to  render  an  act  barratrous,  that  it  should  be  committed  with  a  crimi- 
nal intent  as  respects  the  owners,  in  order  to  injure  them,  or  to  benefit  the  captain  or  crew. 
It  may  even  be  committed  with  a  view  to  promote  the  owner's  interest ;  for  an  ilki^nl  ad 
done  without  the  authority  or  privity  of  the  owners,  and  which  proves  detrimental  to  them, 
is  barratry,  whatever  be  the  motives  in  which  it  originated.  Lord  Ellenborough,  in  an  able 
judgment,  has  laid  it  down  as  clear  law,  "  that  a  breach  of  tluty  by  the  master  in  resjiect  of 
his  owners,  with  a  fraudulent  or  criminal  intent,  orfjr  mnlcjicio,  is  barratry;  that  it  makes 
no  diirerencc  whether  this  act  of  the  master  be  induced  by  motives  of  advantage  to  himself, 
malice  to  the  owner,  or  a  disra^ard  of  those  laws  which  it  was  his  dufi/  to  olin/  ,•  and  that  it 
is  not  for  him  to  judge  or  supjmse,  in  cases  not  intrusted  to  his  discreti(m,  that  he  is  not 
breaking  the  trust  reposed  in  him,  when  he  endeavours  to  advance  the  interests  of  his 
owners  by  means  which  the  law  forbids,  and  which  his  owners  also  nmst  bo  taken  to  have 
forbidden." 

The  circumstance  of  the  owners  of  siiips  being  permitted  to  insure  against  the  barratry  of 
the  master  and  mariners  can  hardly  fail,  it  may  be  nut  uncharitably  presumed,  of  rendering 


icom- 


I  crimi- 
br  crew. 
\'iral  act 
them, 
an  able 
lijtccl  of 
makes 
limself, 
klthatit 
is  not 
of  his 
Ito  havo 

Iratry  of 
jm'ering 


BARREI^nATAVIA. 


177 


thcin  loasf  scrupulous  in  their  inijuiries  with  respect  to  their  chnrncter  than  tliey  would  other- 
wise lie.  Perhaps,  therefore,  it  ininht  In-  cxpeilieiit  to  prohihit  such  insuniiiees,  or  to  lay 
some  restrictions  upon  thetn.  'I'hey  were,  iiiilerd,  expressly  forliidilen  hy  (ho  Ordinance  of 
Rotterdam;  and  F«>rd  Mansfield,  whose  luithority  on  all  points  coinucted  with  the  law  of 
insurance  is  so  deservedly  hitjh,  seems  to  have  thi)nt;ht  that  it  would  lie  well  to  exchule  har- 
ratry  entirely  from  |)olicies,  and  to  cease  "niakini;  the  underwriter  become  the  insurer  of  the 
conduct  of  the  captain  whom  he  does  nut  appoint,  and  cainiot  dismiss,  to  the  owners  who 
can  do  either."  Uut  though  it  were  expedient  to  prcent  the  owners  from  making  an  in- 
surance of  this  sort,  nothing  can  be  more  reasonable  than  that  third  parties,  who  freii;ht  a 
shi|i,  or  put  koihIs  on  board,  shoulil  be  allowed  to  insure  airainst  such  a  copious  source  of 
loss. — (For  a  further  discussion  of  this  subject,  see  the  article  Maui  Mi  I.NsiinANCK  ;  and 
Marshall  mi  Iiixurance,  book  i.  c.  \'i.  ^  (i.,  and  I'ar/i'  iin  Inmiraiire,  c.  5.) 

Owners,  masters,  or  Kcaincn,  who  wilfully  cast  away,  burn,  or  destroy  ships,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  freiijhters  or  insurers,  incur  the  penally  of  di'ath. — (See  SSkamkn.) 

UAKKKFi,  a  cask  or  vessel  for  holdint;  li(pii<ls,  jiarlicularly  ale  and  beer.  Formerly  the 
barrel  of  beer  in  liondon  contained  only  ;t~  ale  (gallons  =  '.i'Zfs  Imperial  gallons:  but  it  was 
enacted  by  '13  (Ico.  .3.  c.  09.,  that  :)(>  (gallons  of  beer  should  be  taken  to  be  a  barrel;  .iiid  by 
the  <i  (Jeo.  4.  c.  M.  it  is  enacted,  that  whenever  any  iralloii  measure  is  mentioned  in  any 
excise  law.  it  shall  always  be  deemed  and  taken  to  lie  a  standard  Imperial  gallon.  .At  jire- 
scnt,  therefore,  the  barrel  contains  ;{()  Imperial  c;allons.  It  may  be  worth  while  observing 
that  the  barrel  or  cask  is  exclusively  the  prmlncc  of  f^nroiiean  ingenuity;  and  th.it  no  such 
.nrticle  is  known  to  any  nation  of  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  who  have  not  derived  it  from 
l]uro]ieans. 

[In  the  I'liitcd  States  the  barrel  in  use  is  uniformly  one  of  31^  gallons. — Am,  Ed.] 

BARWOOD,  a  red  dye  wood  brou;;ht  from  Africa,  particularly  from  Angola,  and  the 
river  (Jaboon.  The  dark  red  which  is  commonly  seen  upon  British  Bandana  lian<lkerchiefs 
is  for  the  most  part  jiroduced  by  the  colouring  matter  of  barwood,  saddened  by  sulphate  of 
iron. — (Hfinrniff  on  Coliiurn,)  The  imports  of  barwootl,  in  18~9,  amounted  to  Slti  tons  15 
cwt.  It  fetches  at  present  (October,  18;J:i)  Irom  9/.  to  1 1/.  a  ton  (duty  Ss.  included)  in  the 
London  market. 

BASKETS  (Fr.  CorbdUcs;  Qcr.Korhc;  It.  Pnnlcre ,-  Sp.  Canastas,  Cana.stos  ,■  Uus. 
Ktirsinii)  are  made,  as  every  one  knows,  princijially  of  the  interv\'oven  twigs  of  willow, 
osier,  birch,  &c.,  but  freiiuently  also  of  rushes,  splinters  of  wood,  straw,  and  an  immenso 
number  of  other  articles.  They  arc  used  to  hold  all  sorts  of  dry  goods,  und  are  constructed 
of  every  variety  of  quality  and  shape.  Besides  the  vast  ([uantities  produced  at  home,  some 
of  tiie  liner  kinds  arc  imported  under  an  ad  ralorcm  duty  of  20  per  cent.  In  18.33,  this 
duty  produced  1,044/.  7*-.  9</.,  showing  that  the  value  of  the  foreign  baskets  entered  for 
home  consumption  in  the  same  year  had  been  .'i,221/.  18s.  9rf. 

BAST,  for  straw  hats  or  bonnets.     See  Hats. 

BATAVIA,  a  city  of  .iic  island  of  Java,  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East 
Indies,  and  the  principal  trading  port  of  the  Oriental  islands,  in  lat.  6°  12'  S.,  long.  106° 
54'  E.,  situated  in  the  north-west  part  of  the  island,  on  an  extensive  bay.  The  harbour,  or 
rather  road,  lies  between  the  main  land  and  several  small  uninhabited  islands,  which,  during 
the  boisterous  or  north-western  monsoon,  atVord  sullicient  shelter  and  good  anchorage. 
Ships  of  from  300  to  500  tons  anchor  at  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  shore.  A  small  river 
runs  through  the  town,  navigable  for  vessels  of  from  20  to  40  tons,  from  the  sea,  u  coujde  of 
miles  inland ;  a  number  of  canals  branch  olf  from  it  into  dillerent  parts  of  the  town,  atlord- 
ing  great  conveniences  for  trade.  Batavia  was  formerly  so  notorious  for  its  insalubrity,  that 
General  Daendels  wiis  anxious  to  transfer  the  seat  of  government  to  Sourabaya ;  but  being 
thwarted  in  this,  he  set  about  '  ilding  a  new  town,  a  little  further  inland,  on  the  heights  of 
Welfevreden,  whither  the  go.ernment  otiices  were  immediately  removed.  Most  of  the 
principal  merchants  have  now  their  residences  in  the  new  town,  repairing  only  to  the  old 
city,  when  business  requires  it,  during  a  portion  of  the  day.  In  consecpience,  the  old  town  is 
at  present  jirinctpally  occupied  by  (-Chinese,  and  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  colonists, 
several  of  its  streets  having  been  deserted  and  <lemolished.  Kecently,  however,  the  Baron 
Capellen,  whose  enlightened  administration  will  long  be  gratefully  rememlH-rcd  in  Java, 
sensible  of  the  superior  advantages  of  the  old  town  as  a  place  of  trade,  exerted  himself  to 
prevent  its  further  decay,  by  removing  the  causes  of  its  unhealthincss;  to  accomplish  which, 
he  widened  several  of  the  .streets,  (illeil  up  some  of  the  canals,  and  cleaned  others,  demolished 
useless  fortilications,  &c. ;  and  the  j'lVect  of  these  judicious  measures  has  been,  that  Batavia 
is  now  as  healthy  as  any  other  town  in  the  island.  The  population,  according  to  an  accurate 
census  taken  in  1824,  consisted  of  :},()25  Eui'o|ieans  and  their  descendants,  2!), 108  natives, 
14,708  Chinese,  601  Arabs,  and  12,419  slaves;  in  all,  53,861  persons,  exclusive  of  the 
garrison.  As  the  population  has  increased  since,  it  may  at  present  lie  estimated  at  about 
60,000.  independently  of  the  military,  of  which  there  are  always  a  considerable  numlicr. 
Amons:  the  principal  merchants  are  Dutch,  English,  .Americans,  French,  and  CJermans.  The 
island  of  Java  forms  the  most  important  por!i(m  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East,  and  is. 

Vol.  I.  23 


e 

I 

I 


> 


nfl 


HATAVIA. 


4      '  ■♦ 

I;     .      i  . 


ill  liirl,  iiiii<  III' till' Iiiii'nI  roliiuirH  iti  llii'  vviirlil.  Il  I'lUiliiiiiH  nil  iiri'n  iif  riO.OllO  Hi)imrc  inilivt, 
Willi  II  |iii|iiiliiliiiii  1)1(1,(1011,(101)  iiiiIiviiIwiiIh,  or  I  V!(l  In  tlir  Hi|iiiirr  iiiilc,  'l'lii<  iiiiiiiiiil  rcvciiiii'  iif 
till'    lllllrli  p;iivi'llllllfll(,    wlltcll    |iiiHN<MNrN  iiliiillt    Iwii   lIliriJM  of  (lin  iHliiiiil,  iiiiioiiiUh  Io  iiliiilit 

:i,00(l,(IOO/.  nli'tliii^  ;  mill  llir  iiililliiiv  Ion' n i(-<  Io  iiluilM   iri.OOO;  orvsllicli  not  Icnm  tlliin 

N,IIOII  nil-  |'iiiro|ii'iill  tloo|iH,  lii-ilii;  iiliniil  iiiii'  tllliii  nl  llli-  wllolc  l')llt'o|M'ilil  tiin'r  ill  lll'ilinll  lliiliil, 
wliirli  liiiMii  |>o|iiiliilioiiol  OO.OOO.OOO,  iiliil  nil  mi'ii  ot  liil  wiiii  I, '^00,000  iillil  I,:i00,000  Hi|iiiiro 
lllllrH  III   li'iillnl  V. 

Till'  iilii|i|i'  |iiiiiIiii'Ih  III' till'  inhiiiil  iiii-  lii'r  (of  wliirli  '.'.'i,.'i()0  tiiiiri  \vi-l'(<  «<X|iorli'il  in  IMVIH), 
a  viiili'ly  of  |iiilm'H,  \fi;rliili|t'  oiIh,  tolMiio,  niii'ih,  iiiiiI  rolli'i'.  Till'  |ii'iiilii('tioii  of  NllKiir  irt 
rii|iiilly  nil  rniHiiin,  In  lM:i'i  the  r\|ioi(^  wiii'  I'^lmiiiliil  nt  •,;0(»,000  |iii-iilM  ( I'J.OdO  (oiih); 
lint  II  Willi  Hii|i|iimi'il  lliiil  llic  cxiioilN  III  Ih:I:I  woiiIiI  not  full  nIioiI  of  IN, (100  toliH;  anil  iih  iIio 
hllti'li  iiiilliiiiilii'n  liiixi'  iiiiiili'  i'vIi'IinIvi'  ■■oiitiiiclH  with  tlir  owiicih  of  liii'xf  tnirlH  of  liinil  to 
lull 
III 

lion  ot  iiuiinii,  I'liroii,  till,  mill  niw  miIK,  ih  iiiiikiiii;  ronsnli'iiilili'  |iiiikh'.sh.  Tilt"  tin  cxpoiicil 
riniii  ll.iliiMii  IH   luiumlit    fioin  lliinrii,  llii*  t'ii)i|ii'i'  fnuii  .lii|iiiii,  tliti  liner   ti|ii(TH    IV 


ki' i.uivii   III   M'lV  ii'iiniiii'riiliiik!   |iiiri'H   for  hhiiii'  yciUN  to  I'onir,   it    liiis  lict'ii  ciilrillilli'il  tllitt 
I'  i'\|Miil-<  III   ls:l|  woiilil  iiiiiiiilMl  Io   100.000   luriilri,  or  iilioiit  "1,000  loiiri.      Tilt'   |ii'oilnr- 


the 


IMoliirniN,  mill  tlii'  |ii'|i|u'i  liuiii  Suiiiiilni. 

Ill  IS'.'S,  I  hi'  r\|iii!lHlioinanil  iiii|ioilNiiito  Itiitiivia  wimc,  iiu|uiintily  iiiiii  vuliic,  iih  IoIIdwm: — 


l',\|>illlH. 


Arllvliu. 


I  ultM  ... 

Ml,,.  

I  I..1.-. 

Niil""'*" 

It.,r  

I'lM 

^,^„•  .... 

li.„i.' i„-.i«         .... 
r.,.,i- vvU        .      .      .      . 

Jli  t  l.>M.,,l  .... 

•M'l-' 

Itiliiiu  ..... 

,vi:i  .... 

J«|till  ill.l  Mll,l.ll   IVIHHI  . 

Iu.li«>.» 

Am.k 

Ili.lo.  

Tuiiiirrl,'  •        .        .        .        . 

lltil'i,  .  .Wi  1(0  thP  Itlr  ,'(    VlMlUT  I 
I'lM  Iv'iimltvU  .... 

Ja^^ii  ,',iiiiptk<r  ... 

aiiu'Im  lu'i  *{Tvini\i 

luvtiitl* 


'IVUl 


J 

liii|ii>ilii. 

I'l.  till  ■>( 

:iii  lu.  iMi'li. 

VliirliK. 

Ailirtp*. 

I'll'llll  of 
l:lli  lU  ro  11. 

Klolilii, 

4111,  r;i 

H.lUl.Hl'l 

1  ,>tl.>ii  lii.(uitl.i,liiliv,  Nrllt|.|lilll,li 



■J.iMo.nri 

i*\y 

iHyi- 

KikIiaIi 



I.M'I.  11. 

I.MJ 

-'.''Mil" 

Ki.i.rli        .         . 

_ 

I-.I.,!! 

i.i'i: 

;.'  1 , 1 .'  1 

W.'.'lli'll        .hllo          Nrlhi'il.lM.li 

'.'Ill, '1. 

Jl'l.llW 

Ll'ILlM. 

i:iiKii.ii.iitii  i^'iTiii'ti 

„ 

lll.Mil 

111,  i.i 

M<ll,  >.'  1 

l'i,t\i.i>>tii  tiMiii  KiKltiiil  only 

— . 

r>.'v\,iiJ 

ll^Mill 

l.lVi>l 

llt.iii.U  iiiil  ^iitt  \*       .... 



;i.'.'.i«H, 

— 

;>.i|.,lif.' 

\Vitir«  .                 .        .        .        .        - 

_ 

I.I  ii,Mii 

— 

4'lll.lji 

Hiiimii,  l,r\;iut 

ft'.rt 

717,  t.'!l 

101  iHi; 

Ilrimil      ..... 

no 

:i||..ii<i 

S..'.'li 

1  .1,^1 

I.V..I 

l.'.'^'ll 

7lM.|.' 

:ii.  101 

1  11.. il. 

1  ,'i'l'rl.  lUin'pr    .        .        .        •        - 

:l.l 

I'.IIO 

•-•i.'kiii 

l|.l  v,i 

.1 1)1.111       ..... 

ll.iiil 

H.INM  ■ 

:.-'ii' 

'K-.  1  ■  1 

'.Iicl  lu'lli  llir  Nf'ln-|l.llliU   . 

:.'« 

■.'.'.•ll>l 

l>s 

III, .'I.' 

IliiKliiiil 

IW 

i.'i.;. 

l.i'S     .v.1.1 

M..  Ilv.' 

.■'"i.lrll- 

1^1 

:«.lll.' 

..',1  10 

llMll  (null  Si%r.li-ii          .... 

;i.."ni 

•.':i..'T'. 

Ml.' 

l.'.OW 

Kliill.ili.l         .... 

■t.  .m 

.|  <.|l  ,0 

,1.,"    . 

Ni'Ox'iliii.U 

IMltl 

I.W.OIU 

;r: 

.    ,'111 

1  iilloii  I'l.if  <iKv!s  lli-nt.ll  ,111,1  M.itltTlt 

_ 

7^7,|II7 

4X1 

1.1.  ^^' 

1  .lit,!,,  1  AMI  lii'iii  ltii<  NrlIirlUll,ll 

W 

I.I  Hi 

.'  •. .'',  ill' 

,lil',.        riish.li       .... 

ili;i 

.1 1 .4.111 

l..-0:l,.'"l 

liiuil'ii  ^trl'l.t  .lii|>,>liii*A)        ... 

—. 

47-. V.I 

ItlOltl*                                                .           -           , 



V'.'.t.iA- 

"*• 

i:.i'.i'.i..Ui 

I  ii|Mii<  ill.iloltmiunO 

s,!!,  lu.l  .•I'lli'ii  I'lM' jihkU,  rtliiinKO  111.1- 

— 

:ll.O.:H,l 

IMlllt-IlIlT 

». 

:\i<i,7oi 

Miiuif  iliiiwi        •        •        ,        .        . 

.. 

.'ol.'-'li 

.\ilulr*u,,I  spiH-iHr,!     .         .         .         - 

_ 

:i.;>M...ii(i 

rmuuir 

— 

-J.li||i,707 

•r..i»i      .     - 

- 

r.SlTli.ll'M 

Till' t'l'lliiwiiis 'rntili'  siiiiws  ttu»  iliifi'iiMit  Ciiiintricn  Willi  «lilfli  llaiitvi.'x  ciirrioa  on  Trnde,  aiul  the 
VhIui-  I'l'  till'  1  v.Mil  mill  liinii'ii  Trailo  wilh  ciiili,  in  IvJf 


lmi>i'ii!< 

n-ul. 

i\' 

l\\|iorl.<. 

Mrivluil-tiw. 

rron 

Mrrv'tMUsliar 

1 

yi-.V  KM.          1 

TnyiMitr 

'I'n.jwurA 

ToUl, 

M.'i-i>. 

»-:.M..i 

»';.'-i.ij. 

»•;,■.  I.I.. 

»'i,"iiit. 

Nollioil.iiiiU     - 

|i.l,Ml,S.VJ 

i,iHii,'ii:! 

T.ll'l.-lV. 

Ni'llii-rliuiila    - 

l',l'«>.'.^.V' 

•r'.>,imi 

'.),:i',>s..'i;«> 

Knuliiuit 

•.M(l(••..^^.\i 

— 

'J,  1  !*<■'.. M."' 

Km:l;>iul 

'.'iXi.^Hi^ 

lt■«.^.:.•.o 

:w..:i'j 

Kt:UU'l' 

l.M,..VJI 

— 

i;i\>.:;i>'.' 

Kr.iiiio     - 

lO'.-.i-'J,-^ 

7,('>,'>0 

110,-.'> 

H.iii.b  ircli 

.^'|  '),^.'! 

lti,S30 

:<-.,:i'-: 

ll.uiil'iiii:li 

s.<.i:i 

— 

SolM 

tJit'i.iluir 

l<.'.-.s| 

S>.),'i'i*> 

l^l:.^•.•,. 

."iWO.llM 

•w.ivv: 

— 

•.•.•i.r..vj 

S«i'ilii>    - 

.^V.:!^'|1 

»l,.!-t 

V  s  I't'  Vmi<rti'ii 

l'.M,SS(l 

— 

l'.H>,SSi 

I   S  ,ii  .VmctiiM 

a'\i(-.i| 

w:,'iio 

l.ott',;ri 

('a|i<t;.i.'il  ll,i(H. 

H'Tll 

— 

I.'.ITO 

i-.liK-tJ.M.lll.'lV 

l.ti^Jt; 

— 

i.i".'i 

Nil'  .if  rt.iiiit- 

s>..'>i: 

|i•J„^•.\^ 

i.M,ii:o 

t>!i'  >'f    Kl:»lU'(' 

-n.iVil' 

— 

•ii.ii.'i 

M,Hii;» 

•-•s.isi 

— 

•.N.ISl 

t't'lsull  tilllt'    - 

I, .Mil' 

— 

l..'U' 

I'l-rst  in  Cull"    - 

IfJ.'.'.V 

— 

ii'i.'.'.s: 

ll.ll<.ll       - 

7«:,4';i 

10,-ahJ 

:t:  .(■'•:  1 

tlv.llltVW     - 

;i.(0.s 

— 

:!.ii,'ij| 

Sum 

l.;i.>\M 

— 

i;!i.ii'( 

li.iii.il     - 

::.i'.i: 

•3.(M0 

7'i,.i;t: 

i\vlnt\  I'lim*  - 

4,'.HM' 

— 

t.'.w 

Slim 

",»M 

*!,:s.% 

IIHI.'-W 

t'liuu 

.VvV.VV'i 

.N.4lV< 

SiH'.ri 

Cintim  ('Ili41;»  - 

"il.SSt 

- 

•JI.^^1 

M.UV.     - 

K\l'l> 

— 

t'v.O'^. 

i'liuia 

i,4:i,4>(; 

ST.ltiT 

i,:v(ii.i>.'i:( 

V.ti.ilU    - 

&),*9 

— 

..•v)  ils>> 

Muao      - 

:<.;.Y.i 

l.V.W 

i'lt.-;': 

J.^'.MU 

l.ixr.-j.ti 

— 

l.tv- .•:;!! 

Mimll.^    - 

:^,^.•.M(> 

;r..MHi 

T'.VTW 

N,«  H.'llsiul  - 

:,(•.!  3 

«,.vv 

U>,H\f 

Jll(V>ll 

wi.'ity 

•i-:.(>;)(i 

3i.i.:n;i 

ti«<!<vil    Vt-  I 

ctoijv'.Ato    V" 

.t.>'»,4«i 

7vc!,:t«> 

•«,SI>.».-<'1 

r.,i!Hi'rn  Vr-  ( 
tlum'Umi     \  ' 

:.M>>;i 

1,3" 

:ii,4(V 

. 

•ri,M4 

SlKVSH 

•»,-:o.nV' 

IVul       - 

1 

u,tsiis:o: 

i:.i»:(>.i>',M 

Tv»«al 

U'i.*.il>,lUo 

l.'W.'hM 

IT.ll^.^.Ul 

r* 


•  Thf  .luiuiily  ot"  stt|[«r  i'\ivru-J  in  IS'^'  tui.l  tisou  lo  M\iyV  picul*,  .inil  thf  iniiigo  to  l.SlXUlis. 


I.M'i.  l:l 

I  !•,!•■.■  II 

>.MII,>I'> 

III.Mil 

ll.'.'.cilHi 
1,1  il.^XW 

•,f.,':'.i 

:ill.:ii«i 
■:ii,i.i.' 

I  I.I  10 
if.'.'Uvl 

I.' I..'. 

:>.'«i: 

■:.y.'' '' 

I  Ml  <ll 

l;is.i«vi 

7^7.ilI7 

l.llii 

41.4.10 

4:'.^'i 

;i,vi.'.Hi4 

;uk;,:i'i 
.'I'l.'.'i' 

:l,;lNl..i'K. 

;,iiio.:i>7 

i:,ii:t;.i»M 


,  ixml  lUo 


T,.l*l. 


.:t'.»s,:>.w| 

>;.  iM, 
-'■"•'-1 

l.'.'TO! 
l.M.llTO; 

•-'s.hl 
ii-:.'.i.s:| 

7o,-,;t:| 
l(Hi.«' 

i.Mii.i''."i:t 
;u.i.:u3 

l,"7t'.>.V' 


.l'>.l..'ll 


HATAVIA. 

Thu  KlimrlH  nnil  liii|iiitli«  iiihIit  iliirrrL'iit  Miirr  h  rf>>  ni  follnw  ;- 


170 


Ini|i(irtN. 

lvi|MiriH, 

*'/..rrlll. 

1  ml. 

f'/MMtir, 

(  Vm(. 

Xi'llii'rIiilHlH          ... 

l'.',M.I,'.«l| 

hM 

Ni'ilii'ilaiiilii        ... 

ll/.l-^HJIIll 

•ili 

IOiiiiIikIi         -        .         .         . 

\.\ny*.:\:{ 

llllUll-ll        .... 

'i,:irj.ii!t 

'.M 

Aiiiirii  nil  (V.  Sliiti'ii)  - 

l,7i.'i.;i(Hi 

tt" 

I'r.i.ili        .... 

irni,ii-ri 

.M) 

riiiiii'^i'       -       .       -       . 

i7'.Mi'.i:i 

.Ml 

A man  (II.  SlaloH) 

i,:ni..'i7o 

:u 

Hmiiii'ii)       -        .        .        . 

.■lll.MI'i 

''11 

HlillMCHII         .             .             .             - 

;tii,Mi-j 

HI 

Nnlivi'           -         -         .         . 

■i::!.!!":! 

7:i 

riiiiii'Kn      .... 

ii.'.i,i:i:i 

\»7 

VaiiiiiiH  ntlirr  flaKR 

'.j'^h,ii;:t 

•.'•J  J 

I'liiliiuni'Hi'          ... 

i(i;i,H'j-i 

h5 

_  -_. 

VarloiiH  Dtliiir  riirtMKii 

3.il,lh7 

17,lf;tl,(l!M 

f>a 

I7.ii«i,;iii 

13 

In  IW,  lilt)  Nuiiitior  orsiiipHanil  Ainmini  nri'iinimc^  oiitcriiieiiiwarilM  diiiI  cliMiriiig  (lUtwiinUiiiiiler 

ilillVrciit  I'MaKH  wore  an  I'ollow  : — 


Oiitwanlii. 

Iiiwarilx. 

r\i(. 

Niitnliprnf 

\'f»w|!t. 

'rornritEr  ill 
I.ikU. 

KI.U. 

Nintitirr  ot 
V,-«.li. 

'I'liriri.ier  in 
l.j«1i. 

Ni'llirrlaiKU 

r.iiL'liNli       .        .        - 

riciii'ii      ... 

llaiiiliiirKll 

l>aiii-li        ... 

Swi'iliMJi      ... 

lliissliiM       ... 

Spiiiiisli       ... 

rurliimicKB 

\niiiuail 

Cliini'si'       ... 

SiaiiH'Sii      ... 

(Hliir  A.Kialie      - 

(IH 
<» 

I 
i 

I 

2 
4 
11) 

N 

7 

20 

•l.'l.lW'.t 

I1.77SJ 

Mill 

i:t7 
H.'l 
('>li 

l.'iM 
A'H) 
(Ki'iJ 
lllli 
NCi 

;i(w 

NrlllrrlallllH 

h'.iiKlisli        ... 

I'rrncli         ... 

Ilaiiiliiirull  . 

Danish        ... 

Swl'llJHll        .            .           - 

Uiisslaii      ... 
S|iaiiisli       .         .         - 
l'iirliti.'111'mi 
Aiiii'riiaii    ... 

4'liill('Ht^           .             .             - 

Siaiiirsi'       .         -         - 
Oilier  AHiallc 

Mil 

61 

H 

1 

:i 

4 
11 

H 

<) 

B.') 

■I.'.,(W| 
l(),7!l>.li 

(i'l-Ji 

rn 

h,'i 

lit) 

l.VI 

fiO.'i 
IKi'il 

2,(IN7 
Wl.'l 
.1!»71 
Nil 

I.IWrt 

(W.IOli 

IHHI 

(l:t,27H 

J\"l^■  •  Takiiid  llic  last  nl  2  ioiih,  i1u>  <]miiitity  of  tiiiiiiaKu  which  rlenroil  niitwiirds  will  lie  1S0,3S9, 
aiiJ  iiiwanlH  IW,S60  tons. 

Port  llftriihiliiinf.—1'hp  followinif  in  th(?  siiliRlanrc  orilm  port  rPffulntions  of  llafavia:— Int.  Tho 
roiiiiiiaiKli'r  ot'n  Hlii|i  arrivine  in  tlic  ruails,  is  mil  In  lainl  liiinsrll',  (ir  |ii'riiilt  any  nf  liis  rrew  >ir  iiassrii- 
gvxs  III  laiiil,  iiiilil  Ills  vcHscI  lie  visiled  liy  a  Imal  I'loni  Ihe  |'iiaril-shi|i.-  'iil.  'I'iii'  niastrr,  nn  landliii;  ia 
lirsi  111  wail  on  llic  iiuiMirr  allendaiil,  ami  al'liTwanls  rcpoil  liiinseirat  llie  iiiillcc  iilliic.— :til.  A  iiianl- 
fi'.M  III'  llii'  wlitili-  earuo  must  lie  ilt'llvereil  al  llii>  ('nsliiiii-liniise  wllliin  'i\  liniirs  nt'  tlir  ship's  HrriviM|< 
ill  till'  rnails.-  Illi.  TIlo  master  nl"  the  vessel  must  lii(l|!i'  llie  ship's  p:i|iers  willi  till'  master  allenilaiit 
when  lie  lirsI  laiuls,  whicli  arii  iliily  ih'livereil  up  in  lilm  when  lie  reeeives  his  purl  elearanee  frnni  thu 
Raiiie  aiilhiirily.-  Mh.  No  Kmiil!!  eaii  he  shippi'il  nr  laiitleil  al^ir  sunset,  iiniler  a  penally  iif  Mill  llnriiiH. 
— lilli  Nil  )!iiiicls  ean  hesliippeil  nn  Siiiiday  wilhcnil  a  speiial  periiiissinii  t'rnm  the  water  lisral,  which, 
however,  is  never  ret'iised  nn  appli(atiiin.-7lh.  Nn  muskets  nr  ammiinilinn  can  lie  impnrted  i  hut  tile 
priiliiliilinn  iliii's  lint  extend  In  Inwiinii  pieces  evceeiliiii;  IIKl  llnrins  value. 

'/'.in/.  —Willi  respect  In  the  larill.  all  I'nreiirii  wiinllens  and  cnltnns.  heinn  the  niannfacliirp  of  rniin- 
iries  III  Ihe  westward  nl'the  Cape  nt'Cnnd  llnpe,  impnrled  under  a  tiirel|:n  tla);.  pay  an  nil  niliimii  duty 
111"  "iii;  per  cent.,  and  uiiih'r  the  Netherlands  Ha":,  nf  I'Ji  piT  cent.,  that  is.  a  duly  iipnn  Ihe  wholeHalc 
price  al  llalavia.  not  in  liniid.  With  the  exceplinn  nt' wines,  spirits,  and  npiuiii,  which  pay  a  rated 
(Inly,  all  niher  articlen,  IT  imported  under  a  t'iireii:n  llai;.  pay  an  ml  nilnrnii  duty,  rateil  nn  thir  invoicu 
value,  nt"  lii:iS  pi>r  cent.,  and  it"  under  ihe  Nelherlaiiils  Mai;,  nl' ^  IH  percent.  Collnns  and  wnnllenB, 
the  manut'actiire  of  Ihe  Netherlands,  it' accompanleil  liy  a  certilicate  of  oriliiu.  <iri'  dutyfree;  hut 
filice  (lie  separation  nf  llelL'iiimand  Holland,  there  have  lieeu  no  imporlalions  of  cotton  liianufactlirca 
cNiiiiiiiii;  this  privileai-.  The  evporl  duly  on  coll'ee,  if  exported  on  a  t'oreijjn  holtoni  In  a  foreign  conn, 
try.  is  ,'i  llorins  per  piciil  ;  if  nil  a  foreign  hollnm  In  a  pnri  in  llie  Netherlands,  4  llnrins ;  and  if  on  a 
Nelherlaiids  hollnni  to  a  Nellierlaiidspnrt,  'i  llnrins.  Supar.  if  expnrled  nn  a  foreiuii  holtoni  In  what- 
ever coiinlry,  pays  1  tinrin  per  piciil ;  hut  if  exp<iiled  nn  a  Nelherlanils  hollom  to  a  Nelhi'riands  port, 
is  duty  free.  Kice,  on  whatever  hntlnni  expnrled.  and  In  whatever  country,  pays  a  duty  of  a  ttorinit 
per  coyauR  of  '27  piciils.  Tin,  exported  lui  a  foreian  ship  to  whatevi'r  port,  4  tlnriii!<  per  picnl ;  and  hy 
a  Netherlands  ship,  2  lloriuii  per  picnl.  Tho  trade  in  spicoH  in  now  inonnpnliiieil  hy  the  Nuthfrlanda 
'rradiiiK  Cnmpanv. 

ti'nnds  are  received  in  etilrcpM  not  only  at  llalavia,  hut  at  tho  ports  of  SamaranR,  Sourahnyn,  and 
Aiijie  in  Java,  and  liUiu  in  thu  IStraits  of  Malacca,  on  payniunt  of  ii  duty  of  1  per  cent,  levied  on  thu 
invoice  value. 

-ViiiicK.— .Vccnnntsi  arc  kept  at  llalavia,  in  the  tlorin  or  piiilder,  <livi<liMl  into  rentinies.  or  100  parts, 
represented  hy  a  proper  coinapn  or  doits.  The  lloriii  is  a  new  coin  niadeexpressly  for  India,  lint  of  tho 
»unie  value  as  the  tlorin  current  in  tlie  Nelherlaiids.  It  is  iisn.illy  eMiinialed  al  the  rate  nf  12  to  tho 
pound  slerlim:,  hut  the  correct  par  is  11  tlnrins  fiS  renliiues  per  pound.  Donhlonns,  and  the  coins  of 
rnntinenlal  India,  are  receivahle  at  the  ruslom-hoiise  at  ii  ti.xed  larill';  the  Hpaiiitih  dollar,  foruxuin. 
pie.  at  the  rale  of  100  for  200  llnrins. 

'liij'Af.*.— The  Cliinesi!  weit'lits  am  invarialily  tisod  in  commercial  transaclioiis  at  Uatavia.  and 
tliroiitliout  Java  and  tho  other  Dutch  possessions  in  India.  These  are  Ihi-  picul,  and  tho  cattle,  whicli 
i.-"  its  hundredth  part.  The  picul  is  commnnly  estimated  at  12,'i  Diilch,  nr  133}  Ihs.  avnirdupnis,  hut  ut 
Catavia  il  has  heen  long  ascertained  and  cnnsiilered  In  he  enual  In  i:i(i  Ihs.  avoirdupois.— (//iyfw(?»rp, 
Ciiiiji  d'lFil  sur  file  dt,  .lava,  cap.  t*.  &c.;  Ki-iilrnrr  of  Oillian  Jlaclniiir,  f'.si].  hrfore  the  Selicl  Commit- 
tte  of  the  HoHsc  of  Commong  on  the  A£aira  of  the  t:aH  India  Company,  1831,  and  private  communicattons 
Ooiu  tho  same.) 


^ 


180 


TJATTKN— HHECII. 


il 


*i  ^   <  :„ 


.     t 


(HintamcntR  with  reppcrt  to  ilin  1inpi)riii  nml  Kxporm  nf  Jnva  durlns  the  Ycari  1«30— 1834.) 


Vfan. 

Imnniifl  nf  fnttnn 

Oonill  fnmi  Kiiritpf, 

V'lluc  lu  riiiriM. 

Tnl.il  till- 

|M>ft«,  V.lluO 

ill  I'ioriiu. 

KilMir'i. 

Tin, 
lUiira. 
Hiculi. 

E«pi>r1i. 
Valtif  111 
Fliinnt. 

r.pprr. 

I'K'uU. 

I'l.ul.. 
iKC,7U 

I'l.ul.. 
IM.-W 

lilCl'. 

H,WI 

io,n7j 

30,314 

liillm. 
l*iiun<U.  (iM 

Hdiihl. 

IKH). 

Nrthili.          'Jj::!,;!!!!! 
I'<irri<n         l,6l(i,;s« 

|->,t>3I.V7li 
H,17!i,40l 
U,igO,(M7 

tu.nu 

21,426   14,6UI,77» 

i 

(>,llbl 

IN3I, 
1832. 

Nelhdi.           I.SMt.Mtt 

aii,i::i 

•U.SII 

30,251    11,702,14!' 

1 

7,KHi 

.N'flhiU.               67,.'IO 
rnrriiin          l,IKn,5ll 

r.irritn         3,IHI,0«j<i 

I6K,2II 

47,S01 

2l,U>4I.O[W 

7,U7i 

IKM. 
11)34.  ~ 

17,WM^77 

.10),  1  (ill 

:iti7,i:ii 

217,|Mi 

Ki'tiirn 
waiilnK. 

il3,:l43,.127 

Itrliirn 

K]Mllll<. 

Nt-lh,li.           ai3,M9 

21,37(1 

2.W,U< 

39,lt>> 

2U,02I,2I7 

7,704 

Amnne  llii-  nrtirloB  Ininnrlpil  Into  Java,  In  WH,  wrro  rnpiicr.  Iron,  hIppI,  Ac.  vnliic  875,1IM1  tlorinii ; 
RhiHH  anil  parllii'MWiirc,  2!lll,;ial  iln.;  «  iiii'i'  iind  HpirllH.  !l.'i|,;U5  iln  ;  pri>\  iHliniK.  i'.lfi,\r>n,  Ar.  'I'lif  Intiil 
valiii'  (if  llip  cxprirlH,  ill  \'*M,  was,  'JIMI'JI.'JIT  llnrliiH.  wliirli.  al  «()il.  li>  the  llnriii,  Ih  cipial  Ki  i!.llH.|:i,',/. 
\Vi>  liavi!  lint  It'arni'il  tlip  rxncl  iiiiiimiiiI  nC  Hip  IriipurlH  iliirliii;  tlip  Hainr  ypar,  Iml  taking  lliriii  at 
2,(Mlf),(mO/.  till!  wliD.P  Iraili!  of  Hip  islaill  wnnlil  aiiiniliil  In  ali.iiit  1,11111,(10(1/.  nr  ■l,.'il«l,(MK)/. 

Jifiiiiirk.s  on  llie  iihiire  Stiitrmnil^.—'Vhrfir  .  liili'iiiPiilii  nlmw,  tlwil  Hip  lr;i(|p  (if  Java  li.'M  inrrpaspil  vi'ry 
matprlally  hjiicp  IKK).  In  fact,  IIiitp  waiilH  iinlliini:  Iml  an  piiIIuIiIpiipiI,  lilicral  ailiiiiiiiHtratinn,  tlia't 
iiy  ilpalins  fairly  liy,  anil  L'lvinc  coMliilPiicp  id  llip  naliviH,  hIidiiIiI  iliveliipp  tin-  rpsoiircpH  of  tills  nohlo 
i.-ilaiiil,  to  rciKlcr  Java  liy  far  llipiiiiwl  valiialijp  of  all  tlip  laHtprii  colniiial  poHUPdjiiiiiiH  of  any  Ciirnppan 
piiwpr.  Il  Ih  (Uip  to  tli(!  Diitcli  to  Hlatr,  that  llicir  cnloiiial  uovpri'iiiPiil  in  now  niatcrlally  iiiiprnvpil,  aa 
coinparpd  with  what  it  forniprly  wan  ;  Init  II  Ik  still  ~iis('i'{itili|p  of  innrh  .'itiipniliiiciit ;  anil  II  is  to  hn 
liopi'd,  Kppirii;  Hip  wi'iiilprfiil  iiiiliipiiic  that  a  iiiori'  lllii-ral  nvslpiii  has  had  in  Cnlia,  and  othiT  loreiL'ii 
rnlonii's.  and  pvi^n  in  J.iva  Itself,  that  Hip  adiiiinislralloii  of  Hip  lattpr  will  Iip  still  farther  iiiipriiv(>il. 

It  Is  stated  in  tlip  Dinionary  (p.  .)  that  Hip  e\|iorl  of  ciitrpp  from  Java  iniiilil  lippstiniiilpd  at  alioiit 
IR.dlKI  tons  ;  hut  it  npppars  from  thn  nhove  tiilile.  ihat  it  has  increaseil  so  rapidly  that  il  amounted,  in 
ls;tl-,'),  lakine  Hip  piciil  at  i:il>  llis..  to  lil.(«M.ll>'' llis.,  or  to  ahovp  27,000  tons!  Thu  pxport  of  tuifar 
iliiriiiR  the  saniu  year  pxcppiIpiI  '2'i,^iW  loii!).— .Sh/i.) 

BATTEN,  a  name  in  common  use  lor  ;i  scantling  of  wood  2  J  inchca  thick  and  7  wide. 
If  abovn  8  inches  wide,  it  in  called  deal. 

BAZAAH,  n  term  used  in  the  East  to  desifjnafo  a  market,  or  building  in  which  various 
articles  of  inerchnndise  arc  exposed  for  sulc.  Uuzaar^  are  now  met  with  in  most  hirRc  cities 
of  Europe.  There  arc  several  in  London,  of  which  the  one  in  Soho-Hijuare  is  the  most 
considerable. 

BDELLIUM  (Aral).  AJlalonn),  a  gum-re.sin,  semi-pellucid,  and  of  a  yellowish  brown  or 
dark  brown  colour  according  to  its  au;e,  unctuous  to  the  touch,  but  brittle ;  soon,  however, 
softening  between  the  fingers;  in  appearance  it  is  not  unlike  myrrh,  of  a  bitterish  taste,  and 
moderately  strong  smell.  Two  kinds  have  been  distiiigui.shed:  the  o/xicu/piuiuiii  of  tho 
ancients,  which  is  thick  like  wax  ;  and  tho  common  dark  sort.  It  is  found  in  Persia  and 
Arabia,  but  princiiially  in  the  latter;  all  that  is  met  with  in  India  is  of  Arabic  origin.  The 
tree  which  produces  it  has  not  been  clearly  a.st:crtiiitied. — (Atiiiilic\i  Malcritt  Iiidlai.) 

BEACONS,  in  commerce  and  navigation,  [lublic  marks  or  signals  to  give  warning  of 
rocks,  shoals,  &c.  No  man  is  entitled  to  erect  a  light-house,  beacon,  &c.,  without  being 
empowered  by  law.  The  Trinity  House  cor[)oration  arc  authorised  to  set  up  beacons  in 
whatever  places  they  shall  think  tit;  and  any  person  who  shall  wilfully  remove  or  nm  down 
any  buoy,  beacon.  vScc.  Iielonging  to  the  'I'riiiity  House,  or  to  any  other  corporation,  indivi- 
dual or  individuals,  having  authority  to  establi.sh  it,  shall,  besides  being  liable  to  the  expense 
of  replacing  the  same,  forfeit  a  sum  not  less  than  10/.  nor  more  than  50/.  for  every  such  of- 
fence.—(G  Geo.  4.  c.  125.  §  91.)— (See  Uniys.) 

BEADS  (Ft,  lifjsaires ;  Gcr.Kosoi/irdnzc,-  Uii.  Pafernnstcrx ,•  It.Cornne  ,•  Sp.Curonas), 
small  globules  or  halls  used  as  necklaces,  and  made  of  dilferent  materials;  as  pearl,  steel, 
amber,  garnet,  coral,  diamonds,  crystal,  glass,  &c.  Homan  Catholics  use  beads  in  rehears- 
ing their  Ave  Marias  and  Paternosters.  Class  beads  or  bugles  are  imported  in  large  quan- 
tities into  India  and  Africa,  and  also  into  Borneo  and  Sumatra.  They  are  brought  partly 
from  Europe,  and  partly  from  China  and  the  Persian  (iulf.  The  gla.ss  beads  sent  from 
England  are  all  imported,  principally,  we  believe,  from  X'cnice.  The  noji-manufacture  in 
this  country  is  said  to  be  a  consequence  of  the  excise  regulations  on  the  manufacture  of  gla.ss. 

BEANS  (Fr.  Fives;  (icr.  Bn/tnen,-  It.  Fair,-  Kus.  Bixihil;  S[).  Hahan ;  Lat.  Fabw),  a 
well-known  vegetable  of  the  pul.se  species,  largely  cultivated  both  in  gardens  and  field.s.  Its 
cultivation  is  of  much  importance  in  rural  economy,  inasmuch  as  it  has  gone  far  to  super- 
sede fidlows  on  strong  loams  and  clays. 

BEAVER.    See  Skins. 

BEECH  (Fagus  st/lvatlca),  a  forest  tree  to  be  met  with  every  where  in  England. 
There  is  only  one  species,  the  diflerence  in  the  wood  proceeding  from  the  dilferenco  of  soil 
and  situation.  A  considerable  quantity  of  beech  is  grown  in  the  southern  parts  of  Bucks. 
It  is  not  much  used  in  building,  as  it  soon  rots  in  damp  places ;  but  it  is  used  as  piles  in 
places  where  it  is  constantly  weU     It  is  manufactured  into  a  great  variety  of  tools,  for  which 


1 


hki:f— iJi'.RinKs. 


IRl 


its  grrnt  hnriliioft  nml  unifDrni  toxliiro  rciuliT  it  HUi>orior  to  all  otlior  oortd  of  wooj;  it  is  al«o 
extc'iiHivoly  uncd  in  iimkini;  riiniitiirc. 

UEEF',  nH  t'vfry  one  kimwH,  is  ihn  lli'sli  nf  tlio  ox.  It  is  iincfl  lillicr  frcHh  or  t<nltr(!. 
Formerly  it  was  uhuuI  fur  most  lniiiiliiM,  ;it  it-nst  in  llir  rmiiitry,  f.)  Knp[ily  tlirinsclvis  \viii\  ;i 
Btork  of  Biiit  lit't'f  ill  OctdliiT  or  .Ndvi'mlicr,  wliirh  scrvcil  fur  their  ronsiiniiilion  tiiilil  ihi 
enHuin)^  fluinrncr;  luil  in  ciiiisccmciicc  of  tin"  imivrrHiil  rstnliliHliiiiiiil  of  ninrkctA  wlirrc  frrsh 
Wcf  miiy  1)0  lit  nil  fiinrn  oluiiiiu'd,  the  |ir;ictico  is  now  nearly  rclinipiislKvl.  nnd  llio  i,iiiintily 
of  salted  I't'pf  niude  \iHt>  of  us  r<nn|i;iri'ii  with  lVi'-;|i  liccf  is  qnilc  inconsidoriilijc.  I.iir;;"' 
guppiit'rt  of  salted  hcrf  nri',  ho'vcviT,  |irfiiiir<Ml  iit  Cork  nnd  other  jihiccH  fir  rxporlalion  f.« 
the  East  and  West  Indies.  |)urinii  the  w;ir.  Iiirse  supplies  were  also  required  lor  vietuiillinj: 
the  navy.  The  vessels  enguijed  in  the  coiistiiii;  trade,  and  in  tshort  voyages,  use  only  fresh 
provisions. 

The  English  have  at  nil  times  heen  tireat  ronsumrra  nf  hecf;  and  at  this  moment  more 
I)rcf  is  UHi'd  in  London,  as  ronipared  with  the  population,  than  any  where  clin\ — (F^t 
further  details  with  res|H'ct  to  tlie  consumption  of  Invf,  &c.,  see  Cattlk.) 

HEER.     Sec  Ai,K  AMI.  Di.ni. 

DELL-METAIi  (Fr.  Mlal  dc  Funtr  <m  dr  Chchrx,-  Oer.  rihrkmi^ut ;  I)u.  Kfnffspi/s .■ 
Sp.  Caiiipanil ,-  Kus.  Kiili<klniijii  mjat),  a  eoinpoi^ition  of  tin  and  cojiper,  usually  consisiing 
of  3  parts  of  copper  and  1  of  tin.  Its  colour  is  ^^reyish  while ;  it  is  very  liard,  sonorous, 
and  clastic.  l>rss  tin  is  u^ied  for  church  l>eir<  than  for  clock  Mh;  und  in  very  small  hells,  u 
little  zinc  is  added  to  the  alloy. — (Tfiiiiiisnti's  ^ '/ii tiiinfn/.) 

UENZOIN.    kSccUalsam. 

BEIUtEN,  the  first  commercial  city  of  Norway,  situated  at  the  hotfom  i>f  n  deep  hay,  ia 
lat.  60°  24'  N.,  long:.  5°  iiO'  K.  Population  vii/KiO.  The  hay  is  ineloscd  on  all  sides  !>y 
nigRcd  rocks  and  islands;  the  water  is  deep  ;  hut,  owiii;^  to  the  numlier  and  intricacy  of  ihi; 
passases,  the  access  to  the  town  is  ntleuiled  at  all  tiiues  with  a  uc^td  <leal  of  diniculty,  and 
shouki  never  Ihj  attemi)tcd  without  a  pilot.  C'ldiish,  salted  or  dried,  is  one  nf  the  prlncipiil 
articles  of  export;  when  dried,  it  is  called  stock-li(.li.  and  kocs  cliielly  to  Italy  and  HollaucL 
The  cod  fishery  employs  several  thousand  persfins  d\irinc;  tlu'  months  of  Fciiruary  and 
March;  and  the  exjiorts  amounted,  in  tS'Jlt,  to  H  l.dOl  liarri-Is.  The  herrinj!;  Ilshcry.  which 
used  to  he  very  successfully  carried  on  ii[ioii  the  coasts  of  JS'orwny,  has,  for  a  Rood  in:ui7 
years,  heen  comparatively  unproductive.  Whale  oil.  skins,  hones,  tar,  with  immense  nun:- 
hors  of  lohsters,  &c.,  are  exported.  The  exjiorts  of  tiinher  from  Hersjen  are  iiiconsiderahlf , 
and  none  has  latterly  koiu>  to  England.  Xorway  timlii'r  is  not  so  lari^'c  as  that  hrouRht 
from  Prussian  ports,  nor  so  free  from  knots ;  hut,  heiiiu;  of  slower  i-rowtli,  it  ia  more  coiujiact, 
and  less  liahlc  to  rot.  The  ]ilanks  are  either  red  or  wliite  (ir  or  pine:  the  n-d  wood  is  pro- 
duced from  the  Scotch  fir;  the  white  woul,  which  is  inferior  in  price  and  estimation,  is  the 
produce  of  the  spruce  lir:  each  tree  yields-  three  )iieces  of  timher  of  1 1  or  12  feet  in  Icm'th, 
and  is  70  or  80  years  of  auje  betiirc  it  arrives  at  jierfcction.  'J'he  planks  or  deals  of  15er;;e!» 
are,  however,  a  good  deal  inferior  to  those  of  (Jliristiania.  'J'he  imports  into  lierfreji  prin- 
cipally consist  of  grain  from  the  15altic  ;  and  salt,  hardware,  colUr,  suijar,  <S:c.  from  England. 

Vin.Vniiirs,  ll'ei<rht.-i,nni\J\hafvrrs,  scu  t:iii(l'-ri  'Ma  ;  wliiTi;  tliuri;  arc  furllu.T  details  as  toliiu  trulo 
and  iiiivi!.'.iliiin  "I"  Norway. 
Wi' siilijiiiii  ail  ai'coinitDt' the  principal  nx|i(ins  from  Dcrsonin  ISVi. 


Bonos 

_ 

.'id  Inns. 

f)il.  wliaio      - 

2,102  tuns. 

Fisli,  I.olislers 

. 

-  2.'ii).(inii  nnmlier. 

JSkins,  ^"liit,  Iiiirk,  and  du.  >  - 

41(1  <wl. 

('(III.  smoked  and  dry 

-    i.').;i7;t  iDiiH. 

sliiep  and  l:iml> 

T.'ido. 

—   H!llt 

. 

-  IM.Ili'il  li;iriels. 

I'ox,  iiiarlin,  otter,  &c. 

(17  skins. 

—  ri)0,  ditto 

. 

-     IX'.i-iT      d'l. 

Tiir      .           -           -           . 

4:.l  liiirrels 

ri(  Mvii  sprats 

. 

l.'.)l2krL's. 

Wood,  liintier  and  deals 

3SI  Ions. 

Horns.  o\  and  cow 

. 

ITSiwl. 

staves 

8111)  nnndicr 

jrtoss,  rock 

- 

i:tl  tons. 

(rrirn 

tc  itifurwaliiiii.) 

BEKRIES  (nnccre),  the  fruits  or  seeds  of  many  diflercnt  species  of  plants.  The  hcrries 
quoted  in  London  Price  Currents  are  bay,  junipi  r,  Turkey,  and  Persian. 

L  liai/  Berries  (Fr.  Biilm  ifc  [.atiritr  ,-  tier,  Lnrlieertit ;  It.  liarrhi,  dl  Laiiro ;  Sj\ 
Hai/as),  the  fruit  of  the  Launts  iiDhiUs,  Tliis  tre(>  is  a  native  of  the  south  of  Europe, 
l)Ut  it  ic  cultivated  in  this  country,  and  is  n;);  imcommon  in  our  i^ardens.  The  horry  is  of 
an  oval  shape,  fleshy,  and  of  a  dark  purple  colour,  almost  hlack ;  it  has  a  sweet  fragrant 
odour,  and  an  aromatic  astrinijent  taste.  Ray  berrit-s,  and  the  oil  obtained  by  boiling  them 
in  water,  are  imported  from  Italy  and  Spain. — {'riioiiimm's  DlspenxafDi-)/.) 

8.  Juniper  Berries  (Fr.  (liiiivriir;  Du.  Srvin/jonin  ;  It.  fliiiepro;  S^).  Enihro),  the 
fruit  of  tlie  coinmon  juniper  (7(/////;(;-r<,s' cf)////;((//;/.v).  They  are  round,  of  a  black  j>urple 
colour,  and  require  two  years  to  ripen.  They  have  a  moderately  strong,  not  disagreeable, 
but  peculiar  smell,  and  a  warm,  [lungent,  sweetisji  taste,  which,  if  they  be  long  chewed,  or 
previou.sly  well  bruised,  is  followed  by  a  considerable  bitterness.  They  arc  found  in  this 
country;  but  most  of  those  made  use  of  h'>re  are  imported  from  Holland,  Germany,  and 
Italy.  They  should  he  chosen  fresh,  uot  inin  h  shrivelled,  and  free  from  mouldiness,  which 
they  arc  apt  to  contract  in  keeping.  On  distillation  with  water,  ihey  yield  a  volatile  essential 
oil,  very  subtile  and  pungent,  and  in  smell  greatly  rcscmWing  the  berries.    The  peculiar 

Vol.  I.— Q 


i 


>  .♦' 


182 


iJEUYi..  MirrFJi-Nur. 


^ 


flnvour  niul  diurctir  qiiiliticM  of'finu'V!!  4lc|»'ii.l  iirincii'illy  on  ilio  pnMcnro  of  thin  oil.  Eni;- 
Ii<h  'rill  is  H;tiil  III  lie.  (or  the  most  |(iut,  ll:i\(Piiifil  ^^illl  oil  >'\  tiir|)i'iitiiu'. — (//t(t'i«'.i  Mut. 
A[ii/.;  'r'liimsiin'n  l)l^/ini.iiifiiri/,) 

'i'lic  <luty  i>ei  iuni|>«r  lurriiN,  provioiiHly  lo  1  <^'i,  w;i-<  1 1,«.  h/.  ii  cwi.,  Ix-iiiR  more  than  100 
ptr  C'tit,  on  tlnlr prirr  inliiiiul.  Tlir  ii|i|iri"<'»ivriicn!4  ol'  iIiIh  duty  fi'i'iii'i  lo  Imvo  l>ft'ii  tho 
|>rin<i|ial  niisoii  wiiy  tur|«'iiliiii',  wliicli  in  |>i>iiil  "I  llivmir  itml  all  oilier  rrt»|M"clH  \*  mi  in- 
li'rior,  li.wlx'cii  !iirt;i'ly  ii-ii'i|  in  |ir(li'rriicc  to  Jiniii'fr  licrrir*  in  ilir  |iri'|i!ir;itinii  ot'nin.  'I'liii* 
o)i[iris>.ivt'  liuty  was  roiiucfil,  in  \t*:VZ,  to  tiv.,  anil  wi-  cnlirl.tiii  liiili'  ilmilil  lliat  tliis  \vi>iO  aiul 
lilx'ial  iniM.'turc  will  nt  no  ilistant  prrioil  ona-ion  llii-  riiiipt  .i|  a  (,'ii'alfr  union  iil  ol'  rivi'nuc, 
at  the  riaini'  time  that  it  cannot  fail  iniitfriully  to  iinpri>vo  ihu  bcveriigo  uf  ii  larKc  |ir<i|)oriion 
ol'thi'  |i<<o|i!o, 

llilian  inni|)fr  licrrioM  fctcli  at  present  (Sept.  I,s:i:n,  in  flu'  i.onilon  rnnrkcl,  from  U.v.  fidL 
to  Id.v.  {\(f,  II  cwf..  duty  inchnli'il ;  ami  (icrnian  iiml  Dnicli  dillo.  from  Hx  t<i  '.l.v. 

.1.  Tur/,-i  1/  YtlliiH'  Ihrriis,  tin-  nnri|u'  fruit  of  tho  lihiimnni  infirturlitx  of  l.innicus. 
Thrv  :iri<  used  as  ii  dyo  dru^f,  in  prriiarinL'  a  lively  lint  very  fucitive  yellow,  for  to|ii('a[  a{>- 
flieatioii  in  calieo-iirintini;.  ( 'on-iileralile  '|uiintities  of  llu'ni  aro  i'X(>i'rted  from  Silouiea,  Ik 
wliieli  lliev  ari!  l>rou;ilit  from  'I"lie<s;ily  and  Alliaiiia.  An  inferior  -^ort  is  produced  in  FraiiLc. 
—{liiDicrift  (III  Ciiliinrn.)  'I'lie  iluiy  on  'I'nrkey  lierries  is  VJ.v. ;  and  their  jiricf,  duty  in- 
cluded, in  the  liondon  nmrkcf,  is  ('S'lii.  Irt.i:!)  'Ms,  to  ;tf;.v.  a  rwt. 

4.  I'ersiim  Yii/mv  Jiimcs  are  said  by  tlic  iiierchiintH  to  lie  of  ilie  saini-  species  as  the  Turkey 
yellow  lierries.  The  rolours  which  ihey  yiil  I  are  more  lively  and  lastinij.  They  are  hii^L 
jirieed,  t'etchinur  (duty  "iv.  included)  from  1  l(K.  to  hlOv.  a  ewf.  llillierlo  the  imports  Iiuvi 
heeii  vcrv  inconsiderahle  ;  the  yellow  lierries  ('I'nrkey  iw  well  as  I'i'r.-iiiii)  eiilcred  for  liomi 
cniijuinplioii  durinif  the  ',i  years  einliiii;  wiili  I  ><11,  heiii;,'  only  I,'./. til  ewt.  a  year.  The  nctr 
revenue  derived  from  all  sorts  of  lurries  iiiii)oited  in  \<VZ,  was  :i,(iii^/.  I'J.*.  li/. 

UHUVIi,  called  hy  the  Jewellers  A'/iimi'iriiir.  'J'his  stone  was  suspected  l>y  F'liiiy  to  lie 
a  Van''ty  of  the  omerald  ;  a  conjecture  which  rnndera  jiiineraloi;ists  have  completely  conlirm- 
od.  The  term  eineralil  is  !>.p|ilied  to  that  iiartieiilar  variety  wliieh  presents  its  own  peculiar 
colour,  or  rmrruM isncii  ,■  while  that  of  heryl  is  i;iven  iiuliscriininalely  to  all  the  otlier  vario- 
lies ;  as  the  sea  i^reeri,  pale  Mue.  iiolden  yellow,  aiul  ei'iiMirle-is,  I'liny  says  that  the  beryl  js 
found  in  India,  ami  rarely  elsewhere ;  but  be-ides  Imlia.if  is  fmnd  in  Peru  and  llra/il ;  nt 
IVanles  and  Idmo'^is,  in  France;  in  t!ie  W'icklow  nioiiiil  lin.--,  in  livlaiid  ;  in  the  district  of 
'.'airni^orm,  in  Srollaiid  ;  and  in  various  other  places. — {t'liii.  Uibt.  jS'ut.  lib.  xxxvii.  cap.  5. ; 
Ell  It/,  lirit.  new  edit.) 

"Tli"-ii'  only  wjiiili  am  of  ponil  colour  and  uniricipiit  diplli  nm  mniiiifartiiriil ;  lliiy  liavp  a  prdlty 
livil\  I  ilV'il,  n'liiirooil  |ir.i|iiirtiiiii  ami  will  polislnil.  I.arui'  -.loiiis,  iVom  oin-  loilini'  aiiil  I'onr  oaiicr'ii, 
ar<!  I  >t  iiiiroiMiiioii,  lull  from  ijnir  ImiIK  ar.'  olil>  in  f' i|iii -t  i-:  ~j>ri  iim  ii^  lor  Ilie  lal'iinl:  >nial!i:r 
i<l:iii' - -iiilahli'  lor  neiKlacrs  may  III'  lioiiu'iu  ;,i  |,,w  [iriri  •<,  «  itliiii  IIh' rr  n  h  ..f  m  ery  i!«M'ri|itioii  of 
jiuri  liaTr-i ;  riiii!  utoins  may  lie  iiail  at  a  lew  sliillliiL'-  I'ai  li ;  ami  laryer,  for  limoiiifj'  or  tjiajs,  I'ruiu 
II  |o  :i/.  anil  ol'li'ii  lower."— (.V.iirc  .<«  /»iii«m«..'.-,  ,y-,-.  '.'.I  IMil.) 

UHTKL-XIT,  on  AKRCA  (Sans.and  Hind..Vi//„/;7 ,•  Uaiay.  Pimimx:  I.wmu  J,iii,l,i), 
the  Ihiit  of  the  Areat  cu/fcfin.A  slinder  and  uracetul  palm,  ri^iie?  to  tlu'  heiirht  of  about  30 
or  30  feet ;  it  jiroduces  fruit  at  the  ai^e  of  live  or  six  years,  and  continues  bearini;  till  its  'Joth 
iir  HOtli  yciir.  The  fruit,  which  is  the  only  jmrt  of  the  jialm  tliat  is  made  use  of,  is  eatcii 
liotli  in  its  unripe  and  in  its  mature  state.  When  ripe,  it  is  of  the  si/.e  of  a  small  e^ii.  and 
of  an  oraiiiie  colour;  the  exterior  ]i:irt  cotisi>ts  of  a  soft.  sp,iiiv,'y,  fibrous  matter,  inclosing;  a 
nucleus  resembling;  a  nutme.r  in  shape,  internal  strucluie,  and  colour,  but  usually  lar'ier.  and 
always  harder.  A.simile  tree  produces, accordiiiLr  to  its  situation, aire,  cniliire,  tVcfrom  •.;(M)  to 
»!*(•(>  nuts.  They  are  objects  of  l'H  at  iiniiorlauce  in  the  llasi.formiiiLrihe  )iriucipal  incieilieiu  of 
a  compound  in  universal  use  as  a  mastic.itory  in  all  (\'iitral  and  'I'ropieal  Asia.  The  other 
imjredicnts  are  the  leaf  of  the  IJetel  pep|H  r — (which  .see),  iu  wliich  the  areca  nut  is  wrap- 
]>ed  ;  a  little  Chivah — (which  see)  ;  and  oemrallv,  hul  Hot  always,  a  little  rntit-htt  or  terra 
japoniea — (see  ('\tkciii  ).  The  whole  couipound  is  called  In  hi.  and  is  used  i.)  an  extent 
of  which  it  is  (hflicult  for  a  European  to  form  a  just  i.jia.  All  indi\iduals,  wi'.hout  exception 
of  a','e  or  sex,  begin  at  an  early  period  to  accnstoi!i  themseKes  to  betel.  'J'hey  ari"  unceasiiiv;- 
ly  m.i>lieatii)ir  it,  and  derive  a  Kralilication  fr.>m  its  use  that  straniiers  can  neither  under- 
.stand  nor  explain.  It  reddens  the  saliva,  .'ives  a  briirht  hue  to  the  lips,  and,  iu  course  of 
time,  renders  thi?  teeth  ((uite  black.  It  is  ~  m.\  to  di-pel  nausea,  excite  appetite,  and  stren.'lhen 
the  >t  iijiach.  Hesi(|(!!j  bein:,' used  as  an  article  of  luxury,  it  is  a  kind  of  ceremonial  which 
rcqulales  the  intercourse  of  the  more  polishril  classes  ot' the  East.  When  any  ]ierson  of 
Con.-.ideralion  visits  another,  after  the  lirst  saluiations,  betel  is  presented;  to  omit  it  on  the 
one  part  would  1k>  considered  nculect,  and  its  rejection  would  be  jiidired  an  iili'ront  on  the 
other.  >i'o  one  of  inferior  rank  inldies-es  a  diiinilied  individual  williout  the  previous  precau* 
tion  of  chewiui^  hetel ;  two  people  seldom  meet  iviilmut  exchani^inu;  it;  and  it  is  always 
oflered  on  the  ceremonious  interviews  of  piildic  mis.sionaries.  'J'he  areca  nut  is,  in  coiiso* 
(luenee,  an  article  of  very  extensive  trade.  The  countries  which  yield  it  nio-t  lar^'ilv  for 
cxj.ortation  arc  Malabar,  (>eyIon,  and  i^iimalra.  Ol  the  ixtent  of  this  trade,  so;ii,'  notion 
may  bo  formed  from  the  fact,  that  the  iinpi^rUi  of  areca  into  ilenijal  in  {h'Z'J-'.W,  were  fi'Jj 


ton«i, 
wliici 
Until 
Arthi 
BE 
f()reno 
mliai 
Easie 

rtCande 
(Jllilice 
Asia, 
with  m 

Ihhl: 

l)E/| 

toUlli 
of  a  dar 
concreii 
I'oar  in 
and  the 
yellow 
sea-porls 
be  proci 
were  till 
ti.i-iii  I  III 
ItlMt 
ii  (sca-jiorl 
from  I'or 
Pitri.-   I 

l<l(li',  (li,-l:o 

N..  Iiini;.  •-; 
rics  I'riim  .'• 

I'erlllL'alrll 

al  .'i  li.  I'  M 
isreiiil  III!' 
or  at  Olavii 
(IT.  a  lie:ivj 

ol'  llli-  li'ille 

III  till'  lll--l  i 

Diriitiiili.i  II 

Traill.— 

for  the  zeal 

tlicir  iiidust 

tlie  extensi 

eoimniniica 

pretty  consi 

the  introdiii 

country,  tin 

materially  d 

corn,  llour,  ( 

siderable.     ' 

and  Zainora 

Eiii,'lish  mill 

ifle  rate  of  ei 

If  tile  Ciinii, 

were  compli 

or  jilains,  on 

world  ;  the  c 

at  a  distance 

from  Ihlliao, 

state  of  consi 

t'cles  of  imp! 

tud  other  col 

of  lN.8:,;!:t„ii 

are  not  ineni 

port.— (W,.  I, 

the  Aniiuiilri 

1S;W;  and;;j 

Ijiat  IliulUiiuga 


UF/rrj.-I,EAF— niLBAO. 


183 


ftd. 


m  of 
Imui 

null 
at 


tonf»,  and  iii'rt  riinloti,  2,B'tt  ums,  ilKuiuh   IIohkiiI  nml  Houihom  Chinn  nro  cmintrirH  in 

U'liirli  iinMM  ix  liirufly  iiriMliicn!. — (.Sir  die  iirticlf  //(/( '  in  tlir  now  nlilion  of  llii'  Eiwi/. 
Unlimnlnt ;  ll'll's  J\'iriiir  i,/'  t/,r  l',ii,riinl  t'liniiinnr  nf  Itiii^iil;  Cnni'J'iinl'n  hiiliau 
Artliii>'t(i!^"<  ^"l-  '•  !'•  '"■-••  ^"i.  iii.  |      II.;  Chinrsi  Kn/i iii/nriiiii/  iiii^islrr  fur  \<\'i.  »Vc.) 

Ui;'l'r;i,-I.r.  \F  (llin.l.  l;i,n  MiIhv,  >■/>/// .•  .Invun.  .Vun.),  tli.- l.-nC  uliiKlfd  (o  in  tho 
fori'ifoiiiLf  ariii'lc.  It  is  ihi'  |iriiilu<'r  kI"  h  ("iH'i'ii'-i  ol"  |n'|i|ifr  vim'  {I'i/irr  lufil),  iiinl  siiiiii-- 
wlmt  rcsiiiililcH  tho  ivy  It'.it'.  lit  llicir  tVfi<li  ntiitt',  Ih'Ii-I  Icuvch  furiii  iiii  iiM|i>)rt:mt  iirtirli' cif 
KiiNlrrn  IriiHif,  liriiiu-  every  wliere  u>«e(l  in  the  |iri'pnr;iliitn  of  lietel.  'I'lie  I'ifur  In  hi  ii*  u 
>H-iiii(leiil  |>l:tnt,  iiikI  |mi|i'.4  ;iri'  phiciil  in  the  uroiiinl,  roiniil  VNhich  it  twines  itself.  In  eonHO- 
(jiicnee  ol  tiie  i»reiit  coMsiiiniitiiMi  nfit-i  jeaveH,  it  is  extensively  eultiviited  thrminliont  'I'ropir.il 
Afia.  It  irrowH  in  the  nre:ile-it  |>erl'eeti<<n  in  rii'li  Hoiji*  clow  to  tUeeijuntor;  iinil  is  riiiwctl 
witii  more  iliHienlty  the  I'nrtlier  we  reeeile  Iroiii  it. — (/''«fy.  Urilunniat,  new  I'llition,  articlo 
//(/(/.-    Criurfnnl'x  liii/i(i>>  Aiflr/H  fmr,,.  vol.  i.  ]).  UV.h) 

1J1'./(I.\U  (Arah.  h'uihij ;  lljnil.  /.iliir-innriih  ;  I'ers.  I'luhihr  Kariii),  n  ronrretinn 
1()iniil  in  the  stoinaeh  of  an  ;niiiii:i|  nl'the  i;>i;it  knul  ;  it  han  a  sniootli  irJOKsy  Hurfaee,  anil  in 
of  a  liark  trreen  or  olive  eiilonr ;  the  woni  he/oar,  lioweviT,  lias  lately  been  extended  to  all  t!u< 
eoiieretions  found  in  animals  ; — siieh  as  the //'/y //';ort/\  tound  in  the  Htoniacli  of  the  wild 
iKiar  ill  India;  the  /lorim  In  zoar,  found  in  the  nall-liladder  of  the  o\,  common  in  IS'epaul  v 
and  the  cuiiii/ /icnar.  found  in  tin  uall-hhidder  of  ih.- camel ;  this  last  is  much  jirized  an  n 
yellow  paint  hy  the  Hindoos.  Tin-  linest  jie/oir  is  hroimht  to  India  from  iJorne  >  iitid  the 
«eii-|Hirls  of  the  Persian  (iulf;  the  Persian  iirtieli-  is  ]iarlieiiliirly  sounlit  after,  and  is  said  to 
ho  procured  from  animals  of  the  ^'oat  kind,  i'tiprti  Cizvlla.  Many  extraordinary  virtues 
were  formerly  uscriiied  to  this  suhstaiice,  hut  without  tiny  sulfici(!nt  reason. — {Aindiva  Ma- 
tti-iii  liii/icii.) 

UlMtAO,  oil  (as  it  is  commonly,  thoimh  incorrertly,  written  in  this  country)  IHIiUOA. 
,1  lica-iiori  town  ol  S|)ain.  in  tin-  province  of  Uiscay,  on  tho  river  Yhiii  (Juhal,  ahout  '.>  miles 
from  i'ortiii^alete.      I'opulation  II, .')()(). 

l'ori.-'\'\\r  li;iy  iif  Ililliao  lii-"  lictwciii  r  unlit  (liilfn  on  its  ea«l.  ami  Piintn  l.ii'urrn  on  lis  wpslirii 
trnU:,  (li'ilioil  nlmnt  ;i  iiiiliH.  It  slr.irhiM  s.  I'.,  in  «  iiliin  1  of  a  mill,  ol  l'cirln«;ilrle,  in  Lit.  i:i  "ill'  Id" 
N.,  Innir.  ■•!'  5H'  \V.,  iic.ir  111.'  rM.Miiii  ni  tlie  rivir  mi  «  liii  li  llilliaci  is  limit.  'I  liit  waliT  In  lln'  liuy  va- 
rii's  I'riiiii  .'i  lo  1(1  unit  1 1  rilliunis.  I'liirr  is  a  luiral  ilii' inoiilli  cflhi'  river,  liciwii'ii  Hanliiri  e  .iiict 
t'erlliBalrti',  "li  wliii  li  llnre  is  imt  iil»'vc  f.mr  I'li  I  walcr  .'it  rlili  lidi'.  HiL'll  walcT  :\t  ImII  anil  i  linnire 
al  a  li.  1'  M.  SpiiiiL'  lull's  riM'  iilnnil  111  I'l  il  ;  :iiiil  liiit'e  Hlii|n  lakinc  ;iilviiiilaui'  ol"  lln'iii  sunn  limi'S 
isri'iiil  till'  rivir  as  I'ar  'is  llllliaii;  l>ni  iliry  nsiinlly  Inail  ami  iinlo.'ul  liy  li'.;lili'rs,  lillnr  al  I'lirliiu'.'ilile, 
iir  ill  UI;iviatM.  I  mill's  iii'luw  ilie  Imvn.  i'lLns  arr  In  lir  liail  al  SanHirr.',  witliniit  ili,.  liar  In  win- 
liT.  a  lii'MVy  si"i  sonii'tinii's  srl.-i  inln  llir  liav  ;  Imt  il  llie  {iilnl  ciinimt  <•»  otl',  lie  iilli'i's  liinisrir  nil  nne 
ill'  Ilii-  li'illiTii's  In  llie  N.  W.  lit'  Sanlnri'i'.  anil  liiaKi's  sii'iials  Willi  a  ml  llau',  so  as  lo  ilirerl  llie  Hlli|i 
111  till' lii>«t  anrliuraL'e  L'roninl  -  (isuu  i.iii/rii,'i  e.viillciit  t'liurt  vf  the  Uuy  I'f  Bii^aii/,  v/\\\i  llie  ftdi/i/i/,'' 
Dint  lions  \tiiti  ar('cini|iany  it.) 

Trade. — Hillmo  is  favourahly  situated  for  conimercc.  Tim  Bi.'^cnyan.s  arc  distiiiuriiishcJ 
for  the  zeal  and  couraije  with  which  they  have  defended  their  peculiar  privilen;es,  and  for 
tJirir  industry  and  activiiy.  Hilliao  and  Suiitander  are  the  princijial  ports  thmui^h  which 
tlie  exleii--i  ■  province  of  ( )ld  (Castile,  and  larire  iiortioiis  of  Leoii  and  Navarre,  most  easily 
communicate  with  !oreiu;n  countries.  They  have  in  conseiiuence,  particularly  the  former,  a 
pretty  coiisiileralile  foreign  trade.  Wool  is  one  of  the  principal  articles  of  e.-iport;  hut  .since 
the  introdiiclioii  of  Merino  sheep  into  (Jerinaiiy,  and  their  extraordinary  increase  in  that 
country,  this  hranch  of  i^patiish  commerce,  thoii'.;h  still  of  a  pood  deal  of  importance,  ha.s 
materially  declined.  Since  the  aholition,  in  lS'.i(t,  of  all  restrictions  on  the  exportatiun  of 
rorn,  lloiir,  Ac,  the  shipments  of  wheat  from  iiilhao  have  heeii,  in  some  years,  very  coii- 
fideralile.  The  supplies  are  iirinciiially  hroiiilht  from  tho  provinces  of  I'alencin,  Vulladoliil. 
ami  Zamora,  which  yield  immen.si- ijuantities  of  wlieat.  'i'he  distance  i.4  from  I-IO  to  110 
Kiinlish  miles;  and  owini;  to  the  hadiiess  of  the  mads,  .".nd  the  delicient  means  of  transport, 
tfle  rate  of  carriage  advances  enormously  when  there  is  any  extr-.iordinary  forei'.;n  deinand. 
if  the  Ciinul  of  (\i>itili\  intended  to  unite  the  Douro  with  Keynosa,  I{iI'.)ao,aiid  Santander, 
wore  com[)leted,  it  would  make  a  coiisiderahle  revolution  in  this  trade.  'J'lic  Cf/wyws, 
or  plains,  on  the  .south  side  of  the  Dmiro,  are  anionu'st  the  linest  wheat  countries  in  the 
world  ;  tlie  crops  lieiinr  frei]ueiitly  so  ahundaiit,  that  the  [leasants  ilccline  reaping  the  field.-, 
lit  a  distance  tVoin  the  viliaires!  In  Ih:!1,  1  |f>,2:)l  ipiarters  of  .Spanish  wheat,  principally 
from  IJilliao,  were  imported  into  (ireat  IJritain.  Tlu'  iron  manufactures  of  Hi.scny  arc  in  a 
state  of  consideralile  activity,  and  some  part  of  the  jiroilucc  is  exported.  The  principal  ar- 
t'cles  of  importation  are  wove  fahrics.  roil-llsli,  cutlery,  and  jiwellery  ;  snftar,  collee,  cacao, 
tu'd  other  colonial  proilucts,  spices,  indijjo,  itc.  In  !SI}I,  211)  forei'^n  .ship.s,  of  the  Imrdeu 
of  lS.Hv:".i  tons,  entcreil  the  jiort  of  liilliao.  The  countries  to  which  these  ships  belonged 
arc  not  mentioned  ;  hut  in  IS-S,  .Jit  liritish  ships,  of  the  hurden  of  'i.O.'il  tons,  entered  tho 
port. — ( We  have  derived  these  details  from  the  I'nrciirii  Qnariirli/  l\':ri(u\  No.  !l.  art.  Spain  ,■ 
the  An  mill  hr  (III  Citmnicrci'  Miiri/imcior  IS:);),  p.  205.;  the  i*(/r/.  7'«;jt;-,  No.  550.  Scs^ 
183;j ;  and  private  infnriiiiitiijii.) 

Miiric.i.  lliirrhif,  (inil  •Uiii.'-iirf.'.'.  same  as  iliose  of  ('api-/:  ;  ivliirii  sri.'.    We  may  munlioii,  however, 
tliat  thul'uiiuga,  or  muasuru  tor  grain,  is  ciiuivaluiu  to  1  tiS  Wincheslir  ijuartors. 


o 

s 


s 
& 

^1 


1H4 


WUA,  OF  KXCIIANCi:— IJll.l.  OI'  L.\I)IN(}. 


'■  i    I 


'I- 


»  . 


nil, r,  OF  i:\('n\.\(JK.   «.«  r.v.iuM.i.. 

lillili  or  IIDAI/ril.  II  )i'rtilli-:il<-  or  iiiNiriiini'iil  Ni^ni'il  liy  coiixiilx  or  otlu<r  |iri>|N'r  uu- 
Uioiilii'M,  ili'li\rri-<lti>  ihiMiiiiMtirN  III' 4lii|i<.  :ii  llii' tiiiii' iirihi'ir  I'lr^iriiiK  out  Ironi  nil  \tor\n  nr 
|>lu<'i'H  Hii»|M'('lnl  lit' lii'iiiir  |>iirlii'ularly  xul'ji'rl  In  iiili'i'liiiU'<  ilinnnlrrH,  rrrtilyin^  llii*  hliito  of 
ill  iillll  111  tlli<  mill'  tluit  Klli'll  hIi||m  hMllrij.      A  r/iiiii  liill  illi|Jorli«,  |j|,il  III  llii'  liiiii'  tliiit  lllr  n|i||i 

■iiili'il    HO   iiilrcliiiUM   ili>.i>rili>r   was    kimtvii   lo  rxi"!.      A    fiiiipirt'tf  hlW iiiiiiciiil\  nilli'il  u 

liiuiltiil  |iiiU'iit  or  jiill,  iiiipnrlN  lliiil  ilirrr  Will'  riiinoiirH  ol'  .in  iiiln-iioiH  iliwirili'r,  luit  llial  ii 
li.iil  nut  iirtihilly  ii|i|irairil,  A  fml  lull,  or  iIh'  aliNiiu'c  ol  rli'un  liijlri,  iiii|HiilH  iliat  llii'  iiiucu 
wuM  iiilfrli'il  wlii'ii  ilu-  vi'HHcl  MiiilrtI, — (^ii'i'  <ii  ui»\tini..) 

Illlili  OF  ],AI)l.\(i,  i^  ay.'.r///'// /'Ml .'/</ '•ulixrrilM'il  liy  the  liiiixtiT  of  ii  Mliip  in  liiii  en. 
|iarity  olciirrirr,  urkliou  1.  il'jiiii;  llial  li^'  Iiih  rrrcivnl  tlii>  \<wh.U  Hjn'rllifil  ill  it  on  iHiartI  IiIm 
sliiji,  mill  liiiiijiiii;  iiiiMNi'ir  (iiiiiliT  ri'iiaiil  r  >('i'|ili<iii-.)  |o  ili'livi'i'  lliriii,  ill  llir  likf  t{oo>| 
orili-r  iiH  ri'i-ciMil,  at  tiic  iilacc,  aii<l  to  the  itiili\iiliial  liuiiinl  in  llic  liill,  or  Ium  as-iii;iiN,  mi   Ins 

or  llirir  |iayiiiu'  liiiii  tlic  hli|>iilatr(l  I'rciulit.  «Vr.      W'lini  i; Ih  iiii'  mmiI  liy  ii  iilii|i  liirnl  liy  a 

t:liiirU'r-|>arlv,  lllr  I'IHh  of  lailiiiu  air  ilrlivrri'ii  ii_\  llir  iiia^trr  lo  llii'  iiirirliiiiit  liy  wlioiii  the 
»<lii|i  irt  chitrlrrril ;  Imi  wlnii  lliry  air  mmiI  Iiy  a  ifiv/r/v// >//•/;, — llial  is,  liy  ii  hlii|i  not  liiml 
liy  ('liiirli'r-|iarly,  lull  riii|iloy I'll  iM  a  u'''>>i  Till  cinicr, — I'arli  itiilixiilual  wlio  hi'iiiIm  u;ihiiIh  on 
Uiiiril,  rrri'ivi'rt  u  liill  ol  lailinu  tor  llir  Maini>.  In  all  taHi'H,  ihin-torc,  tliu  liill  of  Luting  iri  thu 
rviili'iiiv  of  and  lilit:  to  llir  ^moiIs  Hlii|i|iril. 

'I'll!'  lialiiiily  III  a  rariirr,  iil  roininoii  law,  to  ilrlivrr  tlic  ffomU  intruHtril  toliiH  ram,  in  ran- 
rrllril  iiiily  liy  "  tlirart  oi'Ciod  aiiil  llir  kiiiu'.'i  riirinirH,"  lint  lo  limit  llliMrrM|ioiisiliilily,  thr 
ti>lln\viiit{  rx('r|ition  iMiinw,  iiivariaMs  aliiiii-.|,  inlroiiiii'i'il  into  llir  rlaiiHi;  in  liilin  of  lailinu,  luiul- 
illu' tlir  iiiUNlrr  to  thr  lirlivcry  of  llir  uuoiln  : — "7'//(  art  iif  (iiitl,  llic  /finfr'x  i  ill  mil s,  Jin, 
itiiil  all  and  ivirij  ntli'r  iliiii^irn  tiiiil  lur-ilnil.s  nf  llic  fiiiin,  n'rtrn,  anil  mifif^iitiun,  if 
ir/iiiti nr  uatiiri:  anil  land  murir,  txrintiil," 

Uilln  of  lailiiiu;  arr  not,  in  K<'»<'f»l.  iiniiiniiutrly  kIvimi  liy  tlu<  iiiu*<ti-r  on  rrc('ivin;r  il^, 
(•noils.  The  uniial  |ir.iriic(>  in  for  thr  iiiasli  r  or  liis  ilrpiily  to  ijivr  a  coninion  rriripi 
for  llir  (,'o(i(|s,  wliicl.  is  (lr|i\rrril  ii|i  on  iirri\ii!i;  thr  hill  of  lailini,'.  'J'lir  lattrr  hIiouIiI 
iilwayh  III-  rrijuirrd  witiiin  Vi  1  hours  allrr  llir  ifooiU  iiir  rrcrivrd  on  hoard. 

'J'hrrr  srl.s  of  all  hills  of  ladiiii;  ,ii'r  iiiadr  out  on  hlaiii|ird  |ia|irr :  onr  of  ilirsr  slioiild  hr  rr- 
iiiilti'd  hy  thr  lirsl  jiost  to  ihr  |irrsiiii  lo  whuin  llir  );ooils  iirr  roiisii{nril,  a  srcond  hriii){  srni 
to  liiiii  hy  ihr  hhiji;  ihr  third  is  rrlainrd  hs  thr  shi|i|irr  of  thr  ^ooiIh.  'I'lir  niasirr  oimhl  aU 
way.-i  to  retain  ropirs  of  thr  hills  of  ladiii;;  lor  hiH  novrrnimnt.  A  Hliiiiiii  •'"'>  *''  •^'"''  '■"' 
rharirrd  on  all  hills  of  ladiiiLT,  wlirtiirr  lor  kimhI.s  rxjiortrd  or  carriod  j'oastwi.so. 

'I'hr  usual  form  of  a  hill  of  lading  is  as  t'ollows  : — 

\V.  II.         ).V.  //.— SMiri'l'D.  Ill  V. I  iiiilir  II  mi  \vr||  cniiilitiiini'il,  liy  .^.  Ii-  iiiiTrtiaiil,  In  ninl  ii|iiih 

Nt    1.  u.  III.  jllic  uimmI  ^'lll|l  ciilluil  .  u  III  rrnrc.  y>.  Is  iiiasiir,  iiiiw  In  llir  rivrr  Tliaiiiis.  aiiit 

liiillliil  fur  ,  llir  t'liiMJs   riilliiwiliif,  vl/.  \hi  re  ili.-irilir  Ihr  i'm/(/...|  iiilirkril  •iliil 

iiiiiiilirriiil  as  llir  iiiiiriiiii,  lo  lir  ili'llvrml,  in  ihr  likr  lmhiI  unlir  iiiiil  iiiiiilMiini,  at 

iit'oir'nlil,  {lilt  ml  if  (lull.  III!  1,111:;' !•  I  III  iiiii.<,  Jin,  iiml  nil  iiinl  i  nrii  nllier 
ihiiinrrs  mill  iirnm  iit.<  •  f  lln  .•.(».-.  /  in  rs.  mid  iiiiii^uilirii,  of  irlmli  nr  milnrr  ami  l,iiiil  m. 
fcir,  cmiiltil.)  unto  till'  v.iiil  ."/  //  nr  Ills  ,i-^ii.'iis,  lir  or  ilirv  ii.iyliii;  lor  ilm  .salil  fnipils 
III  III!'  mil!  Ill'  jii  r  iiii'ic  Iri'lflil,  u  illi  lirliiiaui'  ami  iivirii!.'!'  iiri'ii-Iuiiii'il.    In  \\  lliirsM 

wliiTciil'.  I  llir  sail!  iii:i<li  r  ol'  thr  ^.liil  i-lil|i.  havr  miIii  iimiI  In  llirri'  hills  oriailiiiL'.  of  I  Ins 
li'Miilinillililati'  ;  any  nin'  nt'u  hirli  lulls  In  ini;  ai  i'nlii|i|l.slii'il,  Ihr  oilier  lunarr  lolir  viilil. 
I.DiKlnn,  tills  (lay  of  ,ls;i|.  V.  I).,  Mi.^lir. 

But  in  ihn  ca.sc  of  .ships  hoinrwanl  hound  from  llir  West  IiidicH,  which  send  tiirir  hoats  to 
fi'Icli  thr  cartjo  from  llir  shorr,  thr  r\crplioa  in  llir  hill  of  ladiii!;'  is  usually  rxprrssrd  as  fol- 
lows:— "Tho  act  of  (ioil,  thr  kind's  riirniir.s,  fur,  and  all  and  rvri'v  othrr  dan^rrs  and  lu'ri- 
ilriils  of  the  srus,  rivers,  and  ii'.ivinaliou,  of  wlialrvrr  natiirr  and  kind  .socvrr,  xare  m/w  (</' 
tiiial.s,  SI)  far  iix  shlpnai'f  liiihlr  linn  In,  r\rrplrd."  Olhrr  o.vci'plious  may  ho  ami  arc  soiur- 
tuiirs  introdurrd  ;  hut  the  ahovo  is  thr  i,'i  iirr.il  form. 

Tniiiffcriif  laih  if  Lniliiii;. — Hills  of  la.liii;,' are  transfrrahlr  cilhrr  hy  lilank  or  special 
iiiiloi'srinriit,  likr  hills  of  rxrhaiiyr.  And  wiiatrvrr  iir.iy  hr  tiir  rharactrr  of  thr  |irrsoii  to 
whom  thr  n'oods  arc  roii.-amird,  wlirlhrr  lir  hr  a  hiiyrr,  or  iiirrrly  thr  liirtor,  a^^rnl,  or  hrokrr 
of  the  consi;jnor,  tho  liniiujuli:  holder  of  tlu'  hill  of  l.uliuf^  indorsed  hy  tho  eonsijrner,  is  en- 
titled to  the  tjoods,  and  may  claim  them  from  thr  maslrr,  if  hr  can  prove  that  ho  has  pur- 
chased tho  hill  for  a  i^imil  runxiiltnilitin  ,-  hut  unless  ho  can  do  this,  ho  is  not  untitled  to  tho 
yoods,— (/7.v//,  Law  if  Shipping,  2J  rd.  |i.  ,W.\.) 

Formerly,  a  factor,  thou;;h  he  inii;ht  sell,  could  not  plii/irc  [hv  poods  of  his  princiiial.  But 
tlie  hai'dshiji  and  ineonvi  nience  arisiin,'  from  this  rule  wrrr  such,  that  it  was  srt  aside  hy  tho 
lilt  ()  (too.  4.  c,  !)l.  The  .second  .seetion  of  this  act  declares,  that  any  person  in  |ios.session 
of  a  hill  of  ladiii)?  shall  ho  doomed  the  true  owner  of  tho  ijoods  s|)eciliod  in  it,  so  as  to  make 
a  sale  or  pledi^r  hy  him  of  such  ijoods  or  hill  of  ladinu;  valid,  unless  tlio  jK;rson  to  whom  the 
goods  are  sold  or  plcdRcd  has  notice  that  the  seller  or  pledgor  is  not  the  actual  and  buiiujiile 
owner  of  tho  jtiioiIs. — (!Seo  Facto  ii.) 

Jhlireri/  iiiiikr  Hill  of  Ludinir. — H,  hriiii;  usual  to  sign  and  deliver  throe  hills  of  lading, 
it  is  possililo  that  there  may  ho  conflicting  domaiids  upon  the  captain  hy  tho  dill'ercnt  holders. 
Notliing,  however,  is,  in  sucli  a  case,  required  of  him,  except  that  he  act  with  Rood  faith,  and 


1 


lnth« 

<lrnmi 
not  V 
firriil 
hi*  III' 
his  c: 
diti  It 

Wl 
paid  ti 
Irual 
uiiil  w 
llir  Mil 
cliarifr 

Bll. 
thr  rig 
thipi 

Bll. 
any  go, 
quaint 
iniporti 
fed  rill 
can  I" 
porirr  i 
rd,  till 
duly  w; 

In  lie 
lioiisr; 
ihrrron 
and  wai 

Thr 
goods 

^  -jr.. 
BILI 

tiuch  sto 

By  th 

follows:- 


(The 


niIJi  OF  SALE— niU,  OF  STORF. 


185 


III  ii|iiiii 

,aiiil 
I'd  iiiil 
t 

III  iilher 

I,  I  ml  .>(>- 

jriKiiU 

1  llni'SM 

ol'lliis 

!•  Vlllll. 

.•Iir. 

iDlltS  tl) 

a-*  tiil- 

ac'ci- 

,s/rt  iif 

some- 

N|u'cial 

ISOll    III 

is  I'li- 

is  iiiir- 

lo  thu 


I.  Uut 

l.y  tlio 
I'ssion 
iimkc 
III  the 
lajiilti 

lailing, 
oklcrs. 
h,  aiul 


li>tho  iNwt  nf  hix  i\iilmiiciit ;  ami  that  ho  iiiakf  ilihvcry  nl'lho  ^ixnIm  t>i  tho  prrxnii  who  l!riit 
drtiiiinilH  thrrii  •>!  Iiini,  u|i'>n  |irrH<'iitnii'Mt  nl'  thi'  Mil  of  iaiiiiiii,  pntviilul  llir  rirniniftdiian  In 
tint  .iiirh  11.1  loj'fl'fi/  II  >n^))iriiiii  ot  IiIh  haxiiiK  miliiirly  «»>l  ikimmmmioii  of  it.     II  hr  art  (hf- 


ft  riMillv.  hi'  ii*  aiiMWt 


riiMi',  iicriinliiii;  In  ihi'  iM'ctiliaritifH  ot  ihr  twm',  to  liii-  ihthou  iniunil  by 
hi*  iu't(lii;i'ii('<' i  tlif  lull  lit  iailiiii;  iH'in^  imi  only  tlu<  iiiHiructiDiiN  of  the  inirchunt  In  him,  iir 
hit  carrier  or  wrviuit,  l<ut  Wu  own  i'H|MTiul  auri'L'inont  to  ili'livcr  ai'ciiriiiiiK  tn  iln  roit- 
diti  >iiH. 

W  luTc  Ki'vcral  liilU  "I"  huliritc  of  n  ililVrrriil  iiii|i(irt  linvi'  hrni  cinni-il,  no  nunnl  in  to  |ir 
pniil  to  ihc  litiio  when  ihi'V  wt'ir  lirst  )iii;iu'il  liy  tin'  iiiasti'r;  iiui  tiii'  {MTKiin  who  limlM  ki>u> 
li'Ual  |HiKxrKniiMi  of  iini*  ot'ihi'iii  I'roin  tho  owiut  or  t<hi|i|H'r,  Inn  a  riuht  to  thn  I'oMxIijiiini  nt ; 
mill  whtTc  siicli  Mllx  ori.iiliiiir,  tlioMiih  liilltTriif  ii|iiiii  lln'  laci'  ol'  thrm,  arc  roti^triiilivcly 
tilt'  Nntnc,  mill  tin'  innNlir  liaN  acini  liniiii  Jlili ,  aililivcry  U('.<-iiriliti);  tn  kiii'Ii  l('i;al  III  Ir  will  ili>- 
r.iiarirr  him  iVoin  nil. —  {Hull,  |i.  'A'i>t.  anil  Wi'i.) 

MII.I.  I  tp  J^Alii;,  11  coiiliait  niiilcr  wal,  I  y  wliirh  on  imlividiml  convnys  or  |)nBm>ii  away 
ihi'  riu'ht  ami  intrn Ht  hr  haN  in  ihr  uI'IoiIm  or  chaltiis  naiiii'ii  in  tho  hill.  'I'ho  |iro|icrty  ol 
«hi|is  i-*  lran?<(rrri'il  liy  liill  nfsiili-. —  (Siu  Ht;iiiHri(t.) 

lIlMi  tiK  i^HiHT.  Whin  a  imrcliant  is  ii;iiora?it  ol'thi^  real  iiimntiticH  or  i|iia!iti('s  of 
any  ^'ihhIh  ansiKiicd  to  him,  xo  ihat  lu^  is  uiial>li>  to  iiiakr  a  |i<'rli'>'t  entry  of  tlicni,  lu'  inii>t  acv 
quaint  till' rolloctor  or  roni|ilri>ll('r  of  ill)' rircinii^lanri' ;  ami  ihry  an*  nuthoriHCil,  u|iiiii  tiu' 
inijiortiT  or  \\w  nKt-nt  inakiiiK  oatii  lhat  hi>  caiinot.  for  want  of  full  iiifornmlion,  iiiakr  a  pcr- 
ffft  entry,  to  receive  an  entry  hy  liill nj'sii^lil,  for  the  jiackanen,  liy  liie  lienl  ilej(cri|ition  which 
ran  N'  i^iven,  ami  to  urani  warrant  thai.  th>'  same  may  he  iaiuleil  uinl  exuiniiud  liy  tiie  in» 
jiiirlrr  in  |)reM''nce  of  llie  ollicer.s  ;  ninl  within  U  liays  alter  any  ;;ooil?(Hhni|  iiave  hoen  no  lamW 
I'll,  tlie  iiii|ii)rter  hhall  make  a  |ieilect  entiy,  iiml  ^hajl  either  j)ay  ijowij  the  duticn,  or  n!m!l 
duly  warelioiiKe  t!ie  saino. — (H  iN;    1  Will,  1.  c.  .')il,  -J  '-.'1.) 

Ill  ilelimli  of  iierd'ct  entry  within  U  dav-',  nnch  iioodn  iire  to  he  taken  to  the  kinn'H  wiinv 
house;  and  if  tlie  iinporler  Hhall  not,  witliiii  I  nioiilh,  ninkc  iii-rfect  entry,  and  pay  thrdiitien 
thiTcon,  or  on  hui'Ii  jiarts  as  can  he  entend  for  home  use,  to^jcther  with  charges  of  movini? 
mid  wari'hoiise  rent,  HUch  Roods  hIiiiII  he  sold  for  jiaynienl  of  tlie  duties. — §  :i!.'i. 

The  I'jiist  India  Coin|mny  are  nulhorised  without  the  proof  liefore-nirntionrd,  to  enter 
^'oods  hy  hill  uf  Hi|{ht,  and  to  muke  perfect  ontrv«  and  pay  thu  duticH  within  :)  inonths. — 

mill.  OF  STORE,  is  a  lioonfc  prnnted  hy  tho  ('untom-honso,  to  merchants,  to  carrv 
(tuch  ston-s  and  provisionH  bh  are  necessary  for  a  voyaije,  tree  of  duty. 

Ijy  the  act  3  oiid  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.,  roturiicJ  goods  may  ho  entered  hy  hill  of  store,  as 
follows  :— 

I'roMi  ,'iili  Janiinry,  ll"2(l.  It  »hall  ho  lawful  tn  ro-ltnpnrt  Into  ilio  rnlli'il  Kinuilnni,  from  any  placo,  hi 
n  uliip  111'  liny  coiimry,  any  cmiils  (i'vii'|it  as  Inn  iii-alirr  i.'\ci'pt«il)  w  hlrli  sliiill  have  hecii  li'L'ally  e»- 
jiorli'il  rriiiii  III!.' riiiti'il  Kinmliiiii,  mill  to  inlcr  tin'  saiiir  liy  liill  of  >|Hre,  rvlVrriiii,'  lo  tlio  iiilry  niit.- 
wni'ils,  anil  rxpiirtatioii  tlirrimr;  proviilril  tlie  pniprrly  in  xiiili  L''iiHl-ii'i>ntliiiir  in  the  jmrson  liy  wlioiii 
or  I'll  wliii:^  airiiiiiit  till'  Kaiiieliiivi.'lirriH'xpnrlril  ;  ami  H'Hii'  (.'(mils  so  ri'tiiriii'il  Im  fnri'iirn  uiiiiilswliicti 
liail  liel'iiri'  liri  n  legally  iniporleil  lulu  the  I'liiti'il  Kiiit:<l<'iii,  fin  >itiiii'  iliilirs  shall  he  payalilo  thrri'iiD  n* 
niiiilil,  at  I  III'  time  ot'siirli  ri'-liiipnrtalioii,  he  iiayalile  on  tin  like  if<>"ils,iiiiil('r  tlii.'..'aiiiiM'irriiiiHtiiiici!s 
of  linpiirtatiun  ns  tliiisi'  iiiiiler  wliicli  siii'li  iromls  hail  hein  iiriuinall>  iiiiportiil ;  or  hiirli  l'iioiU  may  lie 
nari'liiiiih'i'il  iipini  a  tlrst  lm|iiirtaiiiiii  llieri'iif;  prnx  iileil  alwi'.ys.  thai  the  s<'V.  ral  Forts  ot' i;iiiiiIh  eiiik- 
Tiiuratt'il  or  ili.'srrihi'il  in  tin.'  list  I'lillusviiii;  shall  imt  lie  re-imporinl  inio  the  |liii|(  >l  Kiiiuilniii  I'ur  hunu. 
UM,  iipi'ii  the  L'rnuiiil  that  the  same  hail  lieeii  I'lially  e.vpurtuil  from  them  e,  hiit  thai  llle  same  shall  he 
(Irrmi  il  lo  lie  fiircis'i  foiiils,  whi'llirrnriuiiially  such  ot  nut,  anil  bliull  aUu  \>o  iluuiiieil  tu  lie  Iniporti  >l 
fill  llle  lirst  time  into  the  I'liiteil  Kinpiloni ;  vi/,. 

(louti*  fipurnil,  irhirli  iimijnol  he  rc-iinportcd  fur  Jli/me  Uac. 
0>rn,  crain,  meal,  flour,  ami  malt ;  hops,  tohai'i'ii,  lea, 
fli.iiils  I'or  wliiih  any  liiumty  or  any  ilrawhaik  nt"  excipc  hail  hei'n  reriivid  on  exportation,  iinli'ss  hj 

sperial  pirmission  of  thu  coiniiiissiom.'rs  ol' tu:itiiiiiij,  uiiU  uii  repayment  of  t>ucli  hoimty  or  such 

lira  vv  hark. 
Ml  cooils  fur  vvliicll  liill  of  store  cannot  he  Ispunil  In  manner  lierelii-allir  ilirecteil,  e.vcnpt  small  riitt>- 

iiaiils  iif  llritislmoDils,  hy  special  permission  of  the  ^llmllll^siolu•rs  ofciislonw,  upon  proof  in  lliulr 

satisi'ai'lioii  that  the  same  are  Ilrilisli,  ami  hail  not  lieen  sold— (^  ,'1,1. 
The  person  in  whose  iianie  any  L'odds  so  re-imporleil  weru  eiileied  for  e.^portatUiii,  sh;ill  deliver  to 
Oil- searilier,  at  llie  port  of  exportation,  an  evaci  aiioiiiil  sit'in'il  hy  him  of  the  partiriilars  of  sucti 
L'''iiil-<,  r>  I'erriiii;  to  the  entry  anil  cliaranre  outwards,  anil  to  llie  nMiirn  iiiwarils  if  the  same,  willi 
Uir  marks  ami  niiinhers  of  the  pai;kai;i'S  hotli  Inwards  and  outwjirds  ;  and  IlieriMipoii  the  seareln  r, 
tiiiiliii;'  that  siirli  Boods  had  lieen  leually  e\|)orted,  uli.all  urant  a  liill  of  slcre  for  tin'  same  ;  and  if  the 
l'i;r-oii  in  whose  name  llie  foods  wen,'  entered  fur  e.\porlati(iii  was  not  Hit  pnijiriilor  tlnreof,  hut  hiji 
UL'inl,  lie  shall  declare  upon  oath  on  such  Mil  <if  store  the  iiaine  of  the  person  hy  whom  In  was  eiii- 
plnji'il  ,is  such  atti'iit ;  and  if  llie  person  to  whom  such  returns  are  cnnsinned  shall  not  he  such  pro^ 
1  riitor  and  exporter,  lie  sliall  declare  upon  oath  on  smli  hill  nf  store  tin;  naiin;  of  iMi;  person  for  wlinse. 
use  >iicli  iioiids  have  hei'ii  consi;!ned  to  lilin;  and  the  real  pri'|.ri<'tor,  usrertaiiiud  to  he  such,  ehail 
lii.ikc  oath  upon  such  hill  of  store  lo  the  identity  of  the  (.'omls  so  exported  and  so  riilurned,  anil  thai 
hr  was  at  tin:  lime  of  exportation  and  of  ru-im|iortation  tlie  proprietor  of  such  uoiiils,anil  that  tlie  same 
liad  iMl  diirini!  such  time  heen  sold  or  disposed  of  to  any  other  person  ;  and  such  allidavits  shall  b^; 
niaite  hefiire  tile  collector.i  or  comptrollers  at  the  ports  of  e.xpni'tatioii  and  ofimpovtntion  respectively, 
ami  tlnreiipon  the  collector  unit  comptroller  bliall  adiiiil  such  {jooilslo  entry  hy  bill  of  store,  unil  grant 
their  warrant  accordingly.—}  31. 

(Tho  6  &  7  Will.  4.  c.  fiO.  enacts,  that  goods  legally,  exported,  and  which  arc  after- 
wards re-imported,  may,  if  the  proprietor  thereof  he  resident  abroad,  he  entered  hy  hill  of 
store,  on  the  proprietor  Bubscrihino;  a  declaration  as  to  the  identity  of  the  good:?,  and  that 

Vol.  L— (i  2  21 


t 


180 


BILL[N(JS(JATE— lUlJOS'  NKSTS, 


r  I 


^ 


» 


i^ 


iluy  tliil  nnd  do  lu'lonsT  to  liiiii,  and  li:i\c  nol  lircii  sold  or  disjiost'd  of  to  any  ntlicr  person  ', 
siicli  declaration  to  lie.  suiiscril)  d  lu'lorc  tlie  Miitisli  (/'oiisul,  Si.c,—{\-  -.) — Sii/),") 

IiIl.ljlI\(ilS(iA'rii,  ti  market  lor  lisli,  eoiiiiiiiioiis  to  tlu!  Custoni-iioiise  in  liondon.  It  ia 
held  every  lawlid  day.  and  was  eslahlislud  in  l(i'.)l»  l>y  .slat.  1(»  «,V.  I  1  Will.  U.  r.  34.  Every 
jierson  Iniyinir  iisli  in  Hiilintjsgato  uiarket,  may  sell  the  same  in  any  other  jnarket-placc  or 
|i|aees  within  the  city  oi'liondon  ..r  e!se\vli<  re,  liy  retail,  with  this  rondilion,  tliat  none  but 
ti;-inuoni.',ers  he  permitted  to  sell  in  |j\ed  siiops  or  hour's.  JVo  person  or  persons  siiall  pnr- 
rh:ise  at  UillinKSH'iito  any  quantity  of  lish,  to  he  divided  hy  lots  or  in  sh:ires  amongst  any 
tishmoni;ers  or  other  persons,  in  order  to  lie  at'terwards  put  to  sale  hy  retail  or  otherwise; 
nor  shall  nny  llshnionffer  engross,  or  Imy  in  the  said  market,  any  <|nantily  ot'tish,  hut  what 
sliall  lie  for  his  own  sale  or  use,  under  the  jienalty  of  '»(>/.  iVo  jierson  is  to  have  in  his 
possession,  or  expose  to  sale,  any  spawn  of  lish,  or  lisli  unsizeidije,  or  out  of  season. — (:}(! 
<iiii.  ;}.  e.  lis.)  'J'he  niininunn  si:te  of  the  lolisters  to  ho  sold  at  lJillingsi;atc  is  fixed  hy 
statute. — (See  Loiistku.) 

]\o  tisli  of  foreiirn  lakinij  or  euriiii;,  or  in  foreii^n  vessels,  is  to  he  inijiorted  into  the  I?nited 
KiuKdom,  under  penally  of  fiirt'iituie,  except  turh.itsaud  lohsters,  stock-tish,  live  eels,  ancluv 
vies,  slursciin,  hotarf^o,  and  caviare.  Fresh  lish  of  British  lakini;,  and  imported  in  Hritish 
ships,  and  turhot  however  taken  or  imiiorled,  may  he  landed  without  report,  entry  or  war- 
rant.—(0  (ho.  4.  c.  11)7.) 

For  some  further  remarks  with  respect  to  tliis  suliject,  see  Fisu. 

niKCH  (I'r.  Ihmlnm;  Du.  Ihrhe.;  (ier.  liirhr ;  It.  Ihlulhi:  T.at.  lietulu ;  Pol. 
lirzizti ;  \\\\!^.  Ihrezit ;  ISp.  A/inlii/,  lUtulla),  a  f  iresi  tree  met  with  every  where  in  the 
north  of  Kurojii'.  It  is  a|)plied  to  various  purposes.  In  I. a|)land,  Norway,  and  iSwedcn, 
the  louu;  twit;s  of  the  hirch  are  woven  into  mats  and  twisteil  into  rojies ;  the  outer  hark 
lornis  an  almost  iiicorrui'tilili'  coveiiui;  for  houses;  and  the  inner  hark  is  used  in  periods  of 
nearcity,  as  ii  suhsiilute  for  hread.  K;i><sia  leather  is  prepared  hy  means  of  the  em|)yreu. 
matic  oil  of  tlie  biicli.  It  is  nn  excellent  wood  for  the  turner,  heiiiR  light,  compact,  and 
( asily  worked.  Its  durahility  is  ni.l  very  !:!;reat.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  hi  rriuii  liarrels. 

IJlUUId.MK  (Ger.  y,.irillclm;  Fr.  <//;/,•  It.  Panlu ,-  S\\Lii!;ii;  Rus,  Ptltsehci  Kid) 
oTudes  spontaneously  from  certain  plants,  and  is  obtained  artificially  IVvim  the  middle  hark 
of  tlu  holly.  Its  colour  is  greenish,  its  (lavour  sour,  and  it  is  uluey,  shining,  and  tenacious, 
The  natural  is  more  adhesive  than  the  artificial  birdlime. — (T/i(iiiiS(iii\s  C/itinin/ri/.) 

HIUDS"  IVESTS  ((Jer.  liuluni'tschi:  l'(i<j:i[iH><hi- ;  \)u,  IndidaiiKchc  rui^elnixljc^ ;  Fr. 
N'uh  lie  Tiinliin  ;  ii.  iSidi  ill  Tiiiichiiio ;  tSj).  A'/V/iw  ilr  l<t.  C/iiiia ;  Siwn.  Siisu ,-  Malay, 
^^(iriiii^-l'iiriuig),  the  nests  of  a  species  of  swallow  peculiar  to  the  Indian  islands  {Hirumli) 
tf-c'.ihntit),  very  much  esteemed  in  China.  In  shajie  this  nest  resembles  tliat  of  other  swal- 
lows; it  is  formed  of  a  viscid  substance;  and  in  external  apjiearanee,  as  well  as  consistence, 
is  not  unlike  fibrous,  ill-concocted  isinglass.  Fseulent  nests  are  principally  found  in  .lava, 
in  caverns  that  arc  most  fre(iuently.  though  not  always,  situated  on  the  sea-coasL  Manv 
contliding  statements  have  been  made  as  to  the  substance  of  nests;  some  contending  that 
llioy  are  formed  of  sea-foam  or  otlier  marine  jiroducts,  and  others  that  they  are  elaborated 
from  the  food  of  the  bird,  &c.  But  fliesc  arc  pohits  as  to  which  nothing  satisfactory  is 
known. 

We  Iiorrnw  frnm  Mr.  CriuvfiMil's  vulinlilo  worl;  nii  the  F.dnlern  JlrrliipiUitro  (vol.  iii.  pj).  d.tS— 4.'!7. ) , 
tlie  l"(illi)\viiii!  luilliemic  and  curidiis  lieiails  as  lo  the  nallii:  in  tliis  singular  pro(bicliiiii : — "'I'lie  licsi 
IIL'.-Is  are  tlicisc  (ihliiiMcil  in  deep  iiiiiii|i  lines,  ionl  sucUasioi'  taken  lirCui' llie  liirds  liave  \:iu\  llifjr 
i:l'!;s.  'I'lic  cciaisesl  arc  Ilmso  olitaiiii'd  atlcr  Ilie  yoiuiL'  arc  llcdijed.  'I'lie  tbiest  lu'slsare  the  wliilrsf, 
llial  is,  lliiisc  taken  lielore  the  nest  liiis  luiii  rrndiTi'd  nnpnre  hy  llie  (bod  and/iirc.-'  ol'thi'  yiHui-;  hird.4. 
Tliey  arc  taken  twice  a-year.  and.  it"  ri'L'uiarly  ((dlcctid.  Mini  no  nnnsiial  injury  lie  nllercd  to  the  Cii- 
viriis.  will  iMiidiice  very  ei|inilly.  Ilic  ciiuintily  h'iiiL'  vrry  linlc,  il"  at  all,  i'liprnvcd  hy  the  caves  lieinc 
Ii'I't  altciL'itlicr  nnniidesled  lor  a  year  or  l\\  u.  .sumi'  cd'  the  caverns  are  exircini'ly  ililiicnlt  of  aicess, 
;.Md  the  nesis  ran  only  lie  ccillrtcd  In  prrsons  acciisldiiiid  iVdin  their  ycnilh  to  the  ollice.  The  most 
reniarkalde  Old  prodnctive  raves  in  Java,  c  if  which  1  snpiriiilended  a  inoicly  of  the  rollectidii  for 
boveral  years,  arc  those  lA'  Kuraiiy-tinJuiiL'.  in  the  prdvincc  of  Hiif.'lrii.  on  the  sdnlh  ciiast  <if  the  isliiiid. 
H'rethc  caves  are  only  to  ho  approacheil  hy  a  perpend  iciilar  <li'si'cnl  of  many  Iminlred  teet.liy  ladders 
iif  laiiibdd  and  rattan,  over  a  sea  rdlliii^  violenlly  ULMinsI  the  rdcks.  When  the  month  of  the  cavern 
is  aliaiiUMl.  the  perilous  dilice  of  takim.'  lln' ni>is  iini>t  ofieii  he  iierformed  hy  tdrcli-li);lit,  hy  peiie- 
irauii!.'  into  recesses  of  tile  rock  where  the  sliuhii'si  trip  woiiM  lie  instantly  fatal  to  t!i.'  adveiiliirerg, 
wild  M'l"  noihiiif;  lieldw  them  liiit  the  tinlMileni  sinf  niakiiiL'  ils  way  into  the  chasms  of  the  rock. 

'•The  only  pri'paralidii  which  the  hi  ids"  nests  niideri-'d  is  that  of  simple  dryintr,  without  dircrt  ex- 
posure to  the  SUM,  afler  which  they  are  packed  in  small  lioxes.  usually  of  half  a  pii  ul.  They  are  as- 
sorted for  the  Cliiiiesc  market  into  three  kiinls.  accordiiiL'  to  their  ipialilies,  disiiniiuished  inlii  Jirst  or 
A-:.-/,  jiir.xii/,  and  lliird  qnalilii's.  Caverns  that  are  reL'ularly  iiianaL'ed,  will  all'did.  in  1(10  parts,  .'),'i-3 
jiarts  df  thdse  of  the  first  cpialily.  Xi  parts  df  tliose  of  the  second,  11*  parts  of  those  of  (he  third. 

"The  common  prices  for  hints"  nests  at  1  anton  are,  for  the  (irst  sort,  no  less  than  .'t.'ilH)  Spanish 
(IMIirsihe  picnl.  or  .^/.  IS,<.  l.|(/.  per  lli.:  I'ur  tlu:  seiond.  '.J.MKl  Spanish  didlars  per  piciil ;  and  hir  the 
third,  l.fidl)  Spanish  ddllats.  l-'roni  these  |i/ices  il  is  siillicieiilly  evident,  that  the  hirds'  nests  are  no 
ijinre  than  an  article  df  expensive  luxury.  Thi>y  ai(>  cdnsuuu'd  only  hy  the  ureal ;  anil,  indeed,  the 
liesl  part  is  si'iit  to  the  capital  fur  the  cdM>iiiH]>liiin  of  the  court.  The  seiisiial  Chinese  use  them,  under 
tiie  iintiiliiialidn  that  tin'y  are  powerl'ullv  stiiniiltiuuL'  and  tunic;  hut  it  is  prdhahle  that  their  iiiiisl 
\  iliialile  i|iiality  is  their  iieiiifr  pert'eeily  liarmle-..  The  pedph;  of  .lapan,  who  so  inncli  resemble  the 
Cliinest' in  many  of  their  haliits.  liave  no  ta-to  fr  tiieedilile  nests;  and  lunv  the  latter  acipiirod  a 
taste  fur  this  t'oruigii  cunimodity  is  no  ks^  singular  than  tliuir  persevering  in  it.    Aiiiuiig  tliu  wuslurii 


lUSMliTir,   HITUMEN. 


187 


iKillniiH  Ihvri'  JH  iintliiiii!  |i;irullrl  in  ii,  iiiil>'.~N  wr  i.'\i'i'|il  tlic  wliiiiisi(  iilisliiiiMiirin  in  wlii(Mitlir  Kdiiiui-' 
Iji'IiI  sMiii);  articli'K  of  lii\iir>,  rt'iiiiiikalilL- I'ur  llicir  sianiiy  liiilici  tliiiii  IWr  any  (inalitiuM  UHcrihcil  to 
llicm."' 
Mr.  ('iiiwfiiril  rslini:itc«  tin;  wliulc  iiiiaiilily  i>{  liircls"  iirst.-i  ix|ii)ili'(l  from  llio  Arcliiiiilimo  ill  '!  1-2. 101) 


Ihn.  w.Nlli  'i^l.-ilili/. 


Till! 


ihi 


li' 


il'lllis  iniiiii;ii-.i'  |irii|iiTly   In  ilic  cciiiiilry   w 


|iiiiilin'i"<  il>  risis  ii|Hm  llir  <ii|iriiiiiiiH  wauls  nl'  i  siMijIi-  |ii'ii|ilr.     Il   is  rliiimil  as  || 


liii'li 


prilv 
llir  stall 


III'  Hi 


II'  siivrri'iL'ii,  anil  fviiy  win 
'I'liiH  valiii'.  Iiiiwivrr,  i«  111' 


ni 


II'  I'Mlllsivr   prii- 
lipinis  a  valiialili'  luaiuli  nl'  his  iiiriiMir,  nr  nl'  llii'  rrvriiiii'  nf 
'iiisi'  mil  ri|iial,  anil  iIi'ihiiiIh  iipnn  llii!  siiiialiim  anil  llic  cir- 
iiisiani'cs  ciinnrrti.'il  wlili  tlic  lavi'iiis  in  \\  liii  li  llii'  iirsis  arr  rminil.     Ilriii!;  iillni  in  ri'iimlr  anil  Ho- 
i|iii'Sli'rril  silllalilln^'.  in  a  rnniiliy  sn  law  Irss,  ;i  |ii'ii|ii'rly  so  valiialilr  anil  r<,piisril  is  siil>|i'i  I  In  llir  prr- 

pi'liial  ilrpri'ilalion  nl'  I'ml ii'r.s.  ami  il  nni  iinriripiriilly  liappi'iis  lliai  an  allaik  iipmi  ii  is  ilii'  priii- 

rj|i:il  nliji'i'l  nl'  llir  waifari'  rnniinilliil  |jy  mii'  prllv  slalr  a(.'aiiisl  aniillirr.  in  smli  silnalimis.  Ilin 
I'Xpriisi'  III'  atrnrilinu  llirin  pinli'iiinn  is  mi  lii'a\.\,  llial  lliry  arr  ni'n'ssaril>  nl'  iillli'  valiii'.  In  sliiia- 
liiiiis  wlirrr  llir  ra\i'rns  arc  iIiHk  nil  nl'  ai  ri  ss  in  slraiiL'irs,  ami  \\  lirrr  llnTc  rrlt'iis  I'limii'li  nl'  nnlcr 
ami  lrani|iiillily  In  srrnri' llii'in  li<>in  iiilrrnal  ilrpri'ilalmn,  ami  In  ailinil  nl' llii'  iii'sts  lirini;  nliiaicnl 
williniit  nlhrr  rxpinsi'  llian  llii' siiiipli'  lalmiir  nl' ('nllnrliim  llii'in,  llin  valni' nl' llii'  prnprrly  is  vrry 
(Tral.  i'lm  cavrniM  nl'  huniiiff-huliniir.  in  Java,  arr  nl'  lliis  ilrsrriplinii.  'I'lii'sr  annually  ali'nril  (i,M(l 
Ills,  nl'ni'sis,  wliii'li  ari'  wnrlli,  at  tin'  llalavia  priri's  nr;i,".illil.  U..MIII.  ami  l,'J(M)  Spanish  ilnU'ars  llir  picnl, 
1'  r  Ihi'  ri'spi'i  livi'  kiinls,  marly  I.I'.I.IHII)  Spani'li  il.illars  ;  ami  llii'  \\  linlc  rxprnsr  of  I'l.lli'rlini:,  I'liriiiL'. 
ami  packing',  ainniinls  In  im  iiinri' llian  II  pi'rcrnl.nn  Iliis  aiiminil.  Tlii'  prii  r  nl' liirils'  iiiisIh  is  til' 
rniir.sr  a  nmnnpnly  prirn,  Ihi'  i|nanlily  prniliii nl  liriim  liy  naliiri'  liniitnl.  ami  iiirapalilr  nl'  aiiL'nii'nlii- 
tinii.  Till'  valni'  III'  llii'  laliiinr  rxpi'mlnl  in  liriimiin:  liinls'  msls  in  inarkrl  is  Ijiii  a  Irillini:  pnrlinn  nf 
llicir  prill',  which  rniisists  nf  Ihc  hiiihcsl  sum  llial  llic  liixnnniis  (  liincsc  will  aH'nril  In  pay  Inr  llicin, 
ami  whii'h  i!<  a  la.x  paiil  hy  llial  natiun  in  lli''  iiilialiilanls  nf  the  Inilian  islamls.  Tlicrc  is,  perhaps,  nn 
priiihirlinii  npnn  uliii  li  lininaii  imliislry  is  cxcrlcil,  nl'  (\  liirli  Ihc  cnsl  of  pi'iiilnrlinii  hears  sn  small  a 
pnipnrliiin  In  Ihc  inarkol  prico."— (Sou  also  the  vahrililu  work  of  Count  llugcndorp,  Cuiiji  d'lt'.il  sur 
(•//(■(/c/,ir«,  p.  ail.) 

DISMU'J'H  ((irr.  W'isiiiulh ;  Dii.  m.vntilh,  Ihrir.iftm ;  Ft.  Bismutfi ,-  It.  H!smuffc, 
Sj).  liismulli,  Pudni  in^a  ,■  Ixtis.  Wimntif ,-  liiit.  Uixiiiullinin),  a  mctsil  of  ii  rcildisli  wliito 
colour,  mill  nltuost  destitute  ot'tiisle  and  snicll.  Il  issoi'lcr  tli;ui  coiiiut;  its  Hjiecitlc  gravity 
is  'J'8'i3.  \V[u'ii  liiiiuuu'ri'd  cautiously,  ils  density  is  cDiisidcriilily  inrrca.sc(l ;  it  breaks, 
however,  when  struck  smnrtly  liy  ii  Inniiiuer,  and,  conseiiuciitly,  i.s  not  rnallealile,  nei- 
ther can  it  bo  drawn  out  into  wire ;  it  melts  at  t'.ie  tcmiieraturc  of  47G°. — ( Thomwn'ti 
Chanidri/.) 

''Ilisnuilli  is  used  '".  ••iecnnip">'itioM  «("  pcwicr.  In  llic  rahrii'alion  nf  printers'  types,  anil  in  various 
niher  iiii'lallic.  iiii.xlnri's.  With  an  i'i|nal  wcijUl  nf  h'ad,  il  I'nrins  a  hrilliant  while  allny,  innch  lianlur 
than  lead,  anil  inure  niallealilc  than  liisinntli,  llmiiLii  mil  diii  tile  ;  and  if  the  prnpnrlinn  of  lead  hu  in- 
creased, it  is  rendered  xlill  innre  niallcalil.i.  Kiiilil  parts  nf  liisiniilh,  5  of  lead,  and  ;t  of  tin,  constl- 
liileilic  fiisihle  metal,  soiiicliines  railed  iNewtnn's,  I'riiin  ils  ilisinvcrer,  which  melts  at  the  heat  of  hnil- 
iiiL:  water,  and  may  he  fnscil  over  a  caiidlo  in  a  piece  nf  still' paper  wilhoiu  liiirninmhe  paper.  I'ew- 
terers'  snider  is  tiirined  nf  oiiu  part  of  hisnmth,  with  5  of  lead,  and  'A  of  tin.  It  fiiriiiii  thi-  basis  of  u 
sympatliftic  ink."— (t/rt.) 

BITUMEN  (CJcr.  Judmpech;  Du.  Jiickiili/vi ;  It.  Asfallo ,-  Sp.  Asjhlfo ,-  Port.  .4s- 
pliullo ,-  Tins,  Asfalf  ,•  Lat.  AxphiillHiii,  Hlluniin  Jitdiiivum),  This  term  inc^Iudes  a  con- 
siderable range  of  inflannnable  mineral  substanecs,  burniiifj  with  flame  in  the  open  air.  They 
dilliir  in  consistency,  from  a  thin  fluid  to  a  solid  ;  liut  the  solids  arc  for  the  most  part  liijuo- 
fiable  at  a  moderate  Ivoat.  They  are, —  I.  i\'ii/i/il/iu  ;  a  fine,  white,  thin,  fragrant,  colourless 
oil,  which  issues  out  of  white,  yellow,  or  black  clays  in  Persia  and  Media.  This  is  highly 
inflannnable.  Near  the  village  of  Ainiano,  in  the  state  of  Parma,  there  exists  a  spring  which 
yields  this  substance  in  sudlcicnt  ((uantity  to  illuminate  the  city  of  (Jcnoa,  for  which  purpose 
it  is  employed.  With  certain  vegetable  oils,  naphtha  is  said  to  form  a  good  varnish. — 2. 
Petroleum  is  much  thicker  than  iiaplitiia,  resembling  in  consistence  ceminon  tar.  It  has  a 
strong  disagreeable  odour,  and  ti  blackish  or  reddish  brown  colour.  During  combustion,  it 
emits  a  thick  black  smoke,  and  leaves  a  little  residue  in  the  form  of  black  coal.  It  is  more 
abundant  than  the  llrst  mentioned  variety,  from  which  it  does  not  seem  to  diller,  except  in 
being  more  inspissated.  It  occurs,  oozing  out  of  rocks,  in  the  vicinity  of  beds  of  coal,  or  float- 
ing upon  the  surface  of  springs.  In  the  Birinaii  emjiire,  near  Hainanghong,  is  a  iiill  con- 
tinuing coal,  into  which  .520  pits  have  been  sunk  for  the  collection  of  jietinleum,  the  annual 
produce  of  the  hill  being  about  400,000  hogsheads.  It  is  used  by  the  inhabitants  of  that 
country  as  a  lamp  oil,  and,  when  mingled  with  earth  or  ashes,  as  fuel.  In  the  United  States 
it  is  found  abundantly  in  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and  New  York,  where  it  is  known  by  the  name 
of  Sniieca  or  Genesee  oil.  It  is  also  obtained  from  wells  in  the  island  of  Zanle.  Herodotus 
tells  us,  that  he  has  seen  these  wells — (lib.  iv.  c.  19.5.) ;  and  the  description  he  has  given  of 
them,  and  of  the  mode  of  obtaining  the  jietrolcum,  corresponds,  in  all  respects,  with  the 
accouuls  of  the  best  modern  travellers.  The  average  annual  produce  of  the  Zantc  springs 
is  about  100  barrels. — {C/iaiuf/ir's  Truvc/,s  in  Gnrce,  4to  ed.  p.  301.;  Halland's  Travels 
i'l  fiVvar,  4to  cd.  p.  18.)  Petroleum  is  particularly  abundant  in  Persia.  "When  taken 
from  the  ]iit,  it  is  a  thick  liijuid  re.semiiliiig  pitch.  The  bottoms  of  most  ves.scls  which  navi- 
gate the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  are  covered  with  it,  and  it  is  also  used  in  lamps,  instead  of 
oil,  by  the  natives.  The  most  productive  fountains  are  those  of  Kcrkook,  Mciidali,  and 
Badku.  The  wtlls  in  the  neighliourhoiul  of  the  latter  seem  to  be  quite  inexhaustible,  being 
no  sooner  emptied  than  they  auaiii  begin  to  lill.  Some  of  them  have  been  found  to  yield 
from  1,000  to  1,500  lbs.  a  day  r—Kinncir'.s  Persian.  Eniinre,  p.  'M.  and  ;15!}.)— 3.  j1/«V/A«, 
or  Sea-wax,  is  a  solid  whitish  substance,  not  unlike  tallow.    It  melts  wlicn  heated,  and  in 


I    ■' 


188 


BLACKINC}— BOATS. 


I 


;^ 


cooling  assumos  the  consistence  of  white  cerate.  This  is,  most  proliably,  the  hifumm  caiu 
diduin  of  Pliny  (Ifi'.st.  Ki/f.  Ub.  xxxv.  c.  15.),  It  is  not  used  as  pitch ;  but  it  affords  a  better 
light  than  petroleum,  and  emits  a  lesn  disagreeable  smell.  It  is  found  on  the  surface  of  the 
Baikal  Lake  in  Siberia,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Bucktiari  in  Persia,  and  in  some 
other  places, — 4.  Elastic  liilumin  yields  easily  to  ])ressure ;  is  flexible  and  elastic.  It  emits 
a  .strong  bituminous  odour,  and  is  about  the  weight  of  water.  On  exposure  to  the  air  it 
hardens,  and  luses  its  elasticity.  It  takes  up  the  traces  of  crayons  in  the  same  manner  as 
caoutchouc,  or  Indian  rubber,  whence  it  has  ol)tained  the  name  of  mineral  cainitc/ionc.  It 
has  hitherto  been  found  only  in  tlie  lead  mines  of  Derby.shire. — ."j.  Compact  liitumen,  or 
j4.s/)//a//«Ht,  is  of  a  shining  black  colour,  s.)li(l,  and  brittle,  with  a  conchoidal  fracture.  Its 
spccitic  qravity  varies  from  1  to  I'G.  Like  the  former  varieties,  it  bums  freely,  and  leaves 
but  little  residuum.  It  is  found  in  India,  on  the  shores  of  the  Dead  Sea,  in  France,  in 
Switzerland,  and  in  large  deposits  in  sandstone  in  All)ania  ;  but  nowhere  so  largely  as  in 
the  island  of  Trinidad,  where  it  forms  a  lake  three  niiles  in  circumference,  and  of  a  thick- 
ness unknown.  A  gentle  heat  rentiers  it  ductile,  and  when  mixed  with  grease  or  common 
pitch,  it  is  used  for  paying  the  bottoms  of  ships,  and  is  said  to  protect  them  from  the  teredo 
of  the  West  Indian  seas.  ']'hc  ancients  ein[)loyed  bitumen  in  the  construction  of  their 
buildings.  The  bricks  of  which  the  walls  of  Babylon  were  built  were,  it  is  said  {Herodotus, 
lib.  i.  §  179.),  cemented  with  hot  bitumen,  which  gave  them  unusual  solidity. 

BLACKING  (Gcr.  Schtifischiriirze,  Wic/ifif'  ,•  Fr.  Noir  (dc  curdnniiiera)  ,•  It.  Nero  da 
vgner  Ic  scurpe  ,•  Sp.  Nti^ro  de  znpalas),  A  f.ictitious  article,  prepared  in  various  ways, 
used  in  the  blacking  of  shoes.     It  is  in  very  extensive  demand. 

BLACK-LEAD,  oil  PLUMBAGO  (Uu.  Potkot;  Fr.  Mine  de plomh  noir,  Pkmb  de 
mine,  Potelot  ,•  Ger.  Poltloih,  licisultkij ,-  It.  Minicra  dipiomho,  Piomhn^gine,  Corczolo; 
Lat.  Plumbago;  Sp.  Pledra  mineral  de  plonio),  a  mineral  of  a  dark  steel  grey  colour,  and 
a  metallic  lustre ;  it  is  soft  and  has  a  greasy  feel ;  it  leaves  a  dark  coloured  line  when  drawn 
along  paper.  It  is  principally  emi)loyed  in  the  making  of  pencils;  it  is  also  employed  in  the 
making  of  crucibles,  in  rubbing  bright  the  surface  of  cast-iron  utensils,  and  in  diminishing 
friction,  when  interposed  between  rubbing  surfaces.  The  finest  specimens  of  this  mineral 
are  found  in  the  celebrated  mine  of  Borrowdale,  in  Cumberland,  worked  since  the  days  of 
Queen  Elizabeth. — {Thomson's  Chemistry,)  Recently,  plumbago,  of  a  very  gootl  quality, 
has  been  imported  from  Cevlon. 

BLACK-LEAD  PENCILS  (Du.  Pothmlpennen ,-  Fr.  Crayons  noirs  ,•  Ger.  Bleystifte  .• 
It.  Lapis  nero ;  Port.  Lapis  negro ;  Rus.  Kurunuschii ;  Sp.  Lapiz  negro),  are  formed  of 
black-lead  encircled  with  cedar. 

BLOOD-STONE  (Ger.  Bhitstcin  ,■  Fr.  Pierre  sanguine  d  crayon  ;  It.  Sangitigna  ; 
S[).  Piedra  sanguinaria !  Lat.  Hrrmatitcs),  or  the  Lapis  haematiles,  a  species  of  calcedony, 
is  a  mineral  of  a  reddish  colour,  hard,  ponderous,  with  long  pointed  needles.  It  is  found 
among  iron  ore  in  great  abundance.  These  stones  arc  to  be  chosen  of  the  highest  colour, 
with  fine  strim  or  needles,  and  as  much  like  cinnabar  as  possible.  Goldsmiths  and  gilders 
use  it  to  polish  their  work.     It  is  also  used  for  trinkets. 

BLUBBER  (Ger.  Thran,  Fischfran ;  Du.  Tliraein ,•  It.  Olio  di  peace,-  Sp.Grassa, 
Aceile  de  pescado;  Rms.  Saloworwannoe,  Worwan;  Lat.  Oleum  piscinum),  the  fat  of 
whales  and  other  large  sea-animals,  of  which  train  oil  is  made.  The  blubber  is  the  adfpa  of 
the  animal :  it  lies  under  the  skin,  and  over  the '  muscular  flesh :  it  is  about  6  inches  in 
thickness,  but  about  the  under  lip  it  is  2  or  3  feet  thick.  The  whole  quantity  yielded  by 
one  of  these  animals  ordinarily  amounts  to  40  or  50,  but  sometimes  to  80  or  more  cwt. 
Formerly  train  oil  was  manufactured  from  the  blubber  in  the  seas  round  Spitzbergen,  and 
other  places  where  whales  were  caught  j  but  the  practice  is  now  to  bring  the  blubber  home 
in  casks,  and  to  prepare  the  oil  afterwards. 

It  is  enacted  by  tlie  fiflnn.  4.  c.  107  }  14..  ili^n  licfore  any  liliibtuT,  train  oil,  spcrmriccti  oil,  tiL'aci  mat- 
ter, fir  wliali;  fins,  shall  lie  cntcriiil  as  hcinir  enlinly  tln^  iiniilnci'.  of  sea-animals  caiisrht  liy  tlic  crews 
or"  ships  fitted  out  in  the  United  KinL'iloni,  or  the"  isliuids  of  Jersey,  (Jnernsey,  J^ark,  aiid  Man.lliu 
master  of  the  ship  importing  sncli  jrooils  sliall  make  oath,  and  ihe  importer  also  shall  make  oath,  to  the 
hest  of  his  knowledge  and  lielief,  that  the  s;ime  are  llie  produce  of  lish  or  creatures  livinjj  in  tlie  sea, 
taken  and  caniilit  wholly  hy  Ihe  cniwof  such  ship,  or  liy  tlitTcrew  of  sonu'  other  ship  (naminsi  it)  lilted 
out  in  the  rnited  Kingdoili,  or  in  om;  of  the  islani's  of  (Juernsey,  Jersey,  Alderuey,  Sark,  of  Man 
(naniini;  which). 

liefore  Mubher,  train  oil,  &c.  can  lie  imtered  as  from  a  liritish  possession,  a  certificate  nnist  he 
obtained  from  the  Custom-jiouse  olficer  at  such  liritish  possession,  or  in  delUnIt  of  .such  oifirer  beltii; 
there,  from  two  principal  inhabitants,  not ifyinL'  lli:il  oath  had  Immmi  made  before  him  or  them  that  such 
blubber.  Ace.  was  th(^  produce  offish  or  creritnres  livinL'in  Ihe  sea.  and  had  been  taken  by  liritish  sub- 
jects usually  residing  in  some  part  of  his  Majesty's  dominions  ;  and  the  importer  is  to  make  oatli,  tn 
the  best  of  his  knowledtfo  and  belief,  to  ihe  same  elfi'cl. 

The  (.'auiiimj  of  casks  of  oil  and  blabber  is  dispensi'd  wiili  since  1S25.  They  are  to  be  iiasscd  at  thu 
rate  of  r2(i  gallons  the  pipe,  and  03  gallous  the  ho;.>shead. 

BOATS  are  open  vessels,  commonly  wrought  by  oars,  and  of  on  endless  variety  ofshapca, 

according  to  the  purposes  !o  which  they  arc  to  be  applied. 

It  Is  ordered  by  Ptnt.  0  flco.  4.  c.  10''.,  that  every  boat  lieloiming  to  or  attached  tn  any  other  vessel, 
shall  biive  painted  on  the  outeldo  uf  the  stern  of  Huch  boat,  the  name  uf  the  vesiiel  ami  jilacu  to  whlcU 


I 


she  hoInng<3 
inches  lonii 
jiaiiitecl  wit 
fcoiiis  bavin 
any  hole,  pi 

nri'iiliilii) 
for  scullers. 

Over  Ihe 
ferries),  for 

To  or  fro  I 
where  (be  i| 
shall  be  taki 

To  or  Iron 

To  or  froi 
e.vi'eeding  .01 

Wutermei 

Bij  Timef, 
fieciuni  hour 

To  last  fro 
Lady  Day  to 


London  llrid: 
S.iiithwark  I; 
lilacklriars  II 
Waterloo  Hri 
\Vesiniiiisti>r 
Lanibeih  .'S|a 
Vauxhall  llrii 
Tlie  fare  fri 


London  Urid<r 
Cbi'Isea  liri 
Wandsworl 
I'niney  - 
r'nlbam 
Ham's  Klni! 
IlanMnersmJ 
<.'biswick 
liarnes  - 
Mortlako 

Peplford 
(Ireenwich 
For  a  full  bn 
Pi'iinllirfi.- 
Waterman 
Iiasseiiircr  is  ( 
Ri'lusini;  to 
ing  5/, 
l  iinecessari 
Rel'usin;; 
snrnairH'.or  il 
exceeding  f/. 

Hull:--, I  ml  n 
Stairs,  wliili' 
Refusinir  to 
Obslrucling 
exceeding  1/. 
Towing  or 
ing ;)/. 

AL'reeing  to 
agreed  for.  lui 
Oidy  two  bo 
to  takih!;  turn 
any  oilier  boat 
prniredeil  two 

'I'be  o(ric{|. 
lilackwall. 

Bf)LE,  a 
1-4  to  2.  It 
and  in  Arinei 
French  boles 
niedica,  but  t 
iiian  bole  sli 
Persian  (iull 
very  frangiblt 
a  line  flesh  re 
such  as  the  ( 
of  hunger  Ic 


BOLE. 


189 


Bhe  bfilongs,  and  tlit;  nmatfir's  nninn  williin  sidi-  of  iln'  trnnsnm,  in  whito  or  yollnw  Romnn  Ictterg,  2 
inclii's  long,  on  a  hliick  (trdund,  iiiiilcr  |)iuii  ol' tiirliiiiirc;.     I!ii;its  nut  belmiitinir  to  vessels,  ary  to  be 

i)uinlt'il  with  llie  nanu!  of  the  (iwiht  and  \i\M-f  In  wliii  li  Ihcy  hi'lohL',  iindrr  pi'iially  of  forfeiture.  All 
loats  haviiij:  il(inhh>  sichs  or  hntloins,  or  scirrt  [ilans  for  Ihr  imriiose  of  conccalinn  (;oodg,  or  having 
aiiv  hole,  pipe,  or  olhir  device  for  the  pur|io>e  of  riiiiiiinu  L'ooil-.  are  to  hi;  forteited, 

hesiihit'iins  uf'H'atermtii  uu  the  'I'liamcg. — I'roni  I'hrlsea  Itriiln-  lowurda  Windsor,  M.  per  half  mile 
for  KiiilliTs. 

Over  the  water  directly  lietween  Windsor  and  Crawley's  w  liarf,  Greenwich  (excepting  the  Sunday 
ferries),  for  one  person,  ,'tr/, ;  two  per>ons.  \l.it.  each  ;  evceedin!;  two  persons,  \d.  eacli. 

To  or  from  ships  westward  of  (Jreenwicli.  for  one  person,  4/, ;  exceedlnu'  one  person,  \d.  each  ;  and, 
where  the  distance  to  tliu  shii)  does  not  exceed  tlie  (lintunce  across  the  river,  the  faro  acrosa  tlie  river 
shall  he  tal\eii. 

To  or  from  ships  eastward  of  Creenwich.  nt  tlie  rate  of  (nl.  per  half  niih;. 

To  or  from  vessels  for  passenL'ers,  fur  one  person  h/. ;  e.vceedinc  oni!  person,  3d.  each,  with  not 
c.vceediiiK  .')()  Ills,  of  Inacaiie  lor  each.     .M'ter  this  ;il  the  rale  of  \.i.  per  cwt. 

Watermen  detained  by  passengers  to  he  paid  for  time  or  distance,  at  the  option  of  the  watermen. 

.■<.  (/.  I  s.  d. 

Bij  Time  for  a  Pair  of  Oars. — First  honr  -     2  o     Kadi  succeeding  hour  -  -  -     1  0 

Second  hour   -  -  -  -  -Id  |  for  l he  day      -  -  -  -  -    12  0 

To  last  from  7  A.  M.  to  5  p.  M.  hctweeii  Michaelmas  and  Lady  Day;  and  from  6  a.  m.  to  6  p.  m.  from 
Lady  Uay  to  Michaelmas. 

f<Cl'l,I.Kll'.S  Taiies. 


77ic  Bridges  ilj-r.  xlaiul  iu  tin  fullowirtg  order. 


London  Uridce 
Honlliwarl\  Uridco 
lilacklriars  liridije 
Waterloo  Hridiie 
Wesiiniiister  Itridge 
Lainlietli  Stairs 
Vaiixliall  Dridge 


Nine  r;iiiis 

III  il  House.  Hallersea 

Su  an  Stairs.  Chelsea 

Clielsea  Uridine 

Iron  Oale 

Union  Stairs 

Kiiiir  r.duard  ditto 


Shadwoll  Dock  Stairs 
Kidney  ditto 
Liinehoiise  Hole  ditto 
Ditto.  TorriiiL'ton  .\rnis 
Deplford,  (ii'iirge  Stairs 
Ditto.  Low-Water  (iaie 
(Jreenwicli,  Crawley's  Wharf. 


The  fare  from  either  of  the  above  places  to  iIk^  iie\f  Is  .'W.,  and  so  on  in  proixirtion. 


Passage 

Boals.- 

-Oars 

'  Fare  8  I'asseng) 

rs. 

Sculler's 

Fare  0  Passengers. 

each 

each 

each 

London  Hridite  to 

.«. 

d. 

L 

nndon  Ilridne  to 

...  ./. 

London  Bridge  to 

.V.      (/. 

Chelsea  l!rid^e 

- 

. 

0 

li 

iirentlord      - 

- 

- 

1     3 

Walioii-iipoii-Thaine 

s 

1     9 

Wandsworth 

. 

- 

1) 

/ 

Isle  worth      - 

- 

- 

1    :i 

Shepperlon  - 

- 

- 

y  (» 

rntiiey  - 

- 

- 

1) 

8 

Uii'limonil     - 

- 

- 

1     3 

Weyliri<lge  - 

- 

- 

U    0 

rnlliani 

- 

. 

n 

H 

Twickenham 

- 

- 

1     6 

Lalehani 

- 

- 

2    0 

Ham's  Kims  - 

. 

. 

n 

8 

Tide-end  Town 

- 

- 

1     0 

Chertsey 

. 

. 

2     II 

Ilaiiimersmith 

. 

- 

0 

il 

KiiiL'ston 

- 

- 

1     f) 

Staines 

- 

- 

2    ti 

Cliiswick 

. 

. 

(1 

y 

ILnoplon  Conrt 

- 

- 

1     '.) 

Datchet 

- 

- 

3     0 

Barnes  - 

. 

. 

1 

0 

Hampton  Town 

. 

- 

1     !l 

Windsor 

. 

. 

3    0 

Mortlake 

- 

- 

1 

0 

Sunlmry 

- 

- 

1     'J 

Deplford 

. 

_ 

0 

f. 

niackwall     - 

.. 

. 

0    0 

Gravesend  - 

_ 

_ 

1     fi 

(ireeinvirh     - 

- 

. 

0 

() 

Woolwi<li    - 

- 

. 

1     0 

For  a  full  boat  load  of  lugiiage,  same  as  tor  ^  passengers.  For  half  a  load,  same  as  for  4  passengers. 

rriKillir.". — Taking  more  lliaii  fare,  not  exc liiiL'  2/. 

Waterman  to  have  a  list  of  fares  in  his  boat,  and  on  not  perniittinc  the  passenger  to  examine  it,  the 
passenger  is  discharged  from  payim;  his  fare,  and  the  waterman  may  he  lined  not  excecMliiig  5^ 

Refusing  to  take  a  passenger,  or  not  answering  when  called  by  the  number  of  his  boat,  not  exceed- 
ing 5/. 

Inneci'ssarily  delayitm  a  passengi^r,  not  exceeding  .')/. 

Refusing  to  permit  any  person  to  read  the  name  and  nninher  of  his  boat,  or  to  tell  his  Christian  or 
siirmiine.or  the  tiumher  of  Ills  boat,  on  being  paid  /its /arc,  or  making  use  of  any  abusive  language,  not 
exceeding  5/. 

Riilvit  mid  Bfi-liiirs  iiiiidr  by  the  Court  of  Jildmnen.  X.tlh  nf  Jlpril.  IH'i'*. — Lettine  his  boat  remain  at  any 
str.irs,  while  wilfully  absent,  or  not  beiiiL'  ready  to  taki^  a  passengt'r  into  his  boat,  not  exceedinir  1/. 

RefiisiiiL'  to  give  iiis  name  or  nnmlier.  or  that  of  any  other  waterman,  not  exceedina  1/. 

Olislriicliiig  any  other  waterman  in  taking  in  or  landing  a  passeiigi-f,  or  obstruct iiig  a  jiassenger.  not 
exc ling  U. 

Towing  or  being  towed  by  any  other  boat  without  the  consent  of  all  the  passengers,  not  exceed- 
iuL' ;!/. 

Airreoing  to  take  any  less  sum  than  the  rate  allowed,  and  afterwards  demanding  more  than  the  .sum 
acreed  for.  not  exceedim.'  2/. 

Only  two  boats  In  he  placed  aboard  any  str'amboat  nt  the  same  time  in  turn.  Walerinan,  iirevioiis 
to  lakiiii.'  turn  as  aforesaid,  to  lie  with  bis  boat  upon  his  oars  at  least  one  boat's  length  distant  I'roni 
any  other  boat  lying  alongside,  and  shall  not  apjiroacli  nearer,  until  after  the  former  boat  shall  Jiavo 
pimeeded  two  boats'  leiisrlll.  not  exceeding  .")/. 

Tl Ilices  of  Uarboiir-niaslers  are  in  Little  Thames  street,  St.  Catharine's;  and  Canal  Office, 

Llackwall. 

BOLE,  a  friable  earthy  sulislancc,  a  species  of  the  soapstone  family.  Specific  gravity 
1'4  to  ",  It  is  fouiul  ill  the  island  of  Lemiios,  whence  it  is  sometimes  called  Leiiinian  earth ; 
and  ill  Armenia,  Italy,  France,  iSilesia,  various  parts  of  South  America,  &C.  Armenian  and 
French  boles  were  at  one  time  not  uncoiiimon  in  thi.s  country,  beins?  used  in  the  materia 
mcdica,  but  they  arc  now  entirely,  or  almo.st  entirely,  discarded.  In  India,  however,  Arme- 
nian bole  still  continues  to  be  in  extensive  demand.  It  is  brouolit  to  Uomlniy  from  the 
Persian  (iulf.  It  is  soft,  feels  greasy  to  the  touch,  adheres  strongly  to  the  tongue,  and  is 
very  frangible ;  it  is  generally  of  a  yellowi.sh  brown  colour ;  though  sometimes  it  is  seen  of 
a  line  fle.sh  rod,  which  is  the  variety  held  in  the  highest  estimation.  Some  savage  nations, 
such  as  the  OttomiKiues,  described  by  M,  Humboldt,  arc  in  the  habit  of  allaying  the  pains 
of  hunger  by  eating  boles.    The  Javanese,  when  they  wish  to  become  thin,  eat  cakes. 


>     .| 


190 


BOIIEA,  BOMBAY. 


t 


^ 


i. 


cMciifamnmpo,mn(ieo(ho\c. — {Lewis, Mat.  Mcdicoi  TliomsorC a  Chemistry  ;  Ainsli^a 
Mat.  JniJIca.) 

BOHRA,  II  species  of  tea.    See  Tka. 

BOMU  W,  a  sea-port  on  the  westi  in  coast  of  British  India,  being,  after  Calcutta  and 
Canton,  tlie  greatest  commercial  emporium  in  the  East;  lat.  18°  50'  N.,  long.  72°  57'  E. 
It  is  situaleil  on  the  soutli-eastern  extremity  of  a  small  island  of  the  same  name,  separated 
from  the  main  land  by  an  arm  of  the  sea,  foriiiiiig,  with  the  contiguous  islands  of  Colabah, 
Salsctte,  Butcher's  Island,  and  Caraiijiih,  one  of  the  jicst  harbours  in  India.  Bombay 
Island  was  ceded  iiy  th('  Portunuise  to  tlie  l]ii'4:lish  in  10(51,  as  the  dower  of  (juecn  Catho- 
rinc,  wife  of  Charles  II.,  and  was  taki'u  possession  of  in  1004;  so  that  it  has  been  in  our 
ix-cuiiation  about  170  years,  Iieitiu;  by  far  the  oldest  of  our  possessions  in  the  East.  In  1008, 
it  was  iransferred  by  the,  crown  to  the  East  India  Company,  by  letters  patent,  in  free  and 
common  soecage,  on  payment  of  the  animal  rent  of  10/.  But,  by  the  present  charter,  it  has 
reverted  to  the  crown,  with  the  rest  of  the  Ci>iiipaiiy's  assets,  being  held  by  the  Company  in 
trust  merely.  On  its  cession  to  the  crown  of  Emjland,  in  lOCl,  its  population  did  not  ex- 
ceed ]5,()()()  souls,  the  outcasts  of  the  natives  of  India.  It  now  contains  15,474  houses, 
valued  at  3,000,4il/.  and  a  popiilalioii  exceeding  23!(,()00.  The  following  statement  of  the 
po]iulation  of  Bombay,  at  dillereut  perioils,  will  show  its  progress: — 


WA,  when  taken  possussion  of 
ITKi,       .  -  -  - 


is.eiio 
io.doo 


1-10 


-  161,550 

-  22'J,0U0 


The  census  of  1816  exhibits  the  proportion  of  the  different  classes  of  inhabitants  as 
follows : — 

-  10.?,«0O 

-  LI.SSO 


liritisli.  not  military 

-      1>1() 

Ilimlnns 

Dilii),  iiiil.iary  iiiiil  inariiK; 

-      2,ltii) 

fari-cos 

■,\;itiv(!  I'luisiians,  Ariiu'iiiang, 

ami  (lo- 

BiciKiaiits  of  I'ortU!;ui.'su 

-    ii.ri'Mi 

Jews             -           -     •      - 

NHl 

iMiiliiiiiiiiit'ilans 

-      2S,I1()() 

Total    lt')l,5.Vi 


The  fort  stands  on  the  south-east  extremity  of  the  island,  on  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  im- 
mediately over  the  harbour.  The  fortilications  are  extensive,  and  on  the  sea  side  very 
strong. 

Bomhny  ILtrhniir  i-s  one  of  tin:  safost  ami  most  rnmmnilioiis  in  Tiidia.  It  Is  boiindi'il  on  tlie  west  and 
nnrtli  liy  tlm  islaml  ot"  Colabali.  or  Olil  Wniiiiiu's  Isluiil,  lii'inliay  IslamI,  ami  tlic:  island  of  Snlsolti;. 
Till',  tirst  two  an,'  si'iiaratcd  only  liy  a  iiariow  ricrii  I'.jrilalilr  al  low  wati^r,  and  Bomliay  Island  was 
joined  to  Sal:jc'ltn  liy  a  caust'waV  (■onslnicli'il  in  iNi.'i.  (tn  llie  c'ast  side;  of  the  liarhour,  liutweiMi  it 
and  till'  main  land,  is  Miitclior's  Islanil.  ili~iant  alioiit  I  miles  from  l!oml>ay ;  and  imincdiati'ly  lii^himl 
liiitilii'r's  Island  is  tin;  famous  i>^laml  uf  Kli'|ilianta.  .Vliont  ,'!  mill's  south  irom  Hutclicr's  Islaiid  is  llio 
L-i!aiiil  of  I'aranjali,  un  the  wi'stcrii  side  of  wliii  li.  m  \t  Ilii'  liarlionr,  is  an  r.\trnsiv(^  shoal.  S.  W.  frnnj 
(arinjali.  di-ilani  aliniit  .')  miles,  i-*  'I'lill  point  :  lieiween  wliiili  and  ('idabali,  or  Old  Woman's  Island, 
is  the  inlrame  to  the  harlimir.  There  is  a  lit'lit-lnmse  mi  the  southern  e.\tii;niity  of  Colabah  Island, 
eli'vali'il  alioni  Kill  leet  aliovt:  the  level  uf  the  sea,  wliiih  in  dear  weather  niayhe  seen  at  the  distance 
of  7  leai.'nes.  'I'lie  |iiiinl  on  which  the  liL'ht-lionse  sfinds  is  siirroiiiidod  on  all  sides  liy  an  cvteiisivc 
reef  of  r'li'ks  divided  into  [iroii'-'s  :  of  these,  ihe  iiin>i  dancerons  is  the  pron^'  stretching  S.  W.  about  ^ 
miles  tViim  the  liL'ht-honse,  ainl  formim.'  Ihe  northern  boundary  of  the  entrance  into  the  liarboiir.  Thu 
reef  slrelihiiii.'  W.  N.  \V.  ironi  Tnll  point  alioni  ;i;  miles,  forms  the  sontln'rn  boundary  of  the  entrance; 
till,' breadth  of  the  clianuil  lietweeu  tliem  beir,^'  alioiit  M  miles,  with  a  depth  of  from  7  to  8  fathoina. 
In  coiiiL'  inio  the  harbour,  it  is  necessary  to  ili'ar  a  sunken  rock,  lyiiiij  almost  due  east  from  the  liKlit. 
house,  at  alioiit  Ij  inili:  distant ;  and  also  a  bank,  called  the  middle  {Ltronnd,  lyiii;;  nearly  opposite  to 
and  about  1|  mile  from  tin;  southern  e.vtreinity  of  the  town. —  (.See  JfichoUun  and  lyatson's  Plan  of 
Bomlniij  lliiiiniur.) 

Bucks. — Bombay  is  the  only  port  of  eonseipiencc  in  British  India  in  which  the  rise  and 
fall  of  the  tide  are  so  considerable  as  to  admit  of  the  formation  of  extensive  wet  docks.  At 
ordinary  spring  tides,  the  rise  is  about  14  feet,  but  occasionally  as  high  as  17.  The  capa- 
cious docks  constiucted  by  the  East  India  (.'ompany  arc  their  property,  and  are  for  the  most 
part  under  the  direction  of  Parsee.s,  who.  excepting  the  Chinese,  arc  the  most  industrious 
and  intelligent  people  of  the  East.  The  exiiense  of  repairing  ships  in  them  iH  enormous. 
Merchant  vessels  of  great  size,  or  from  1,000  to  1,200  tons  burden,  for  the  cotton  trade  to 
China,  have  been  built  in  these  docks.  FriLjates  and  line-of-battle  ships  have  also  been  occa- 
sionally constructed  in  them,  sometimes  imder  the  exclusive  direction  of  Parsee  artificers. 
Ships  built  at  Bombay,  on  account  of  the  timber  being  brought  from  a  great  distance,  are 
very  costly  ;  but  being,  contrary  to  the  practice  in  other  parts  of  India,  entirely  constructeil 
of  teak,  they  are  the  most  durable  vessels  in  the  world,  reipiiring  little  repair,  and  often  run- 
ning 50  or  GO  years.  Being  for  the  most  part  built  by  natives,  without  any  very  strict  aji- 
plication  of  the  rules  of  art,  they  are  commonly,  though  not  always,  heavy  sailers. 

Monies. — Accounts  are  here  kept  in  rupees;  each  rupee  beiiia  divided  into  Inuarters,  and  eacliquartur 
Into  100  reus.  The  rupee  is  also  divided  into  Hi  annas,  or  , 51)  pice.  An  urdee  is  2  reas ;  a  doreea,  d 
vitas;  a  itooL'aney,  or  sin^'le  pice,  t  reas ;  a  fiiddeu.  or  double  pice,  8  reas;  a  paiinchua  is  5  rupee:"  j 
and  a  )?iild  inohiir,  15  rupees.  Of  these,  ihe  annas  and  reas  only  are  iinaRinary  monies.  The  coins 
of  liombay  are  the  inoliiir,  or  (.'old  rupee,  the  silver  rupee,  and  their  divisions ;  also  the  double  and 
pinitle  pice,  the  nrdee,  and  doreea,  which  are  copper  coins  with  a  ini.xtiire  of  tin  or  lead.  Tile  folloiv- 
Ing  is  the  assay  and  sterling  valtic  of  the  present  gold  and  silver  coinage  of  Uoiubay  :— 


r 

In  the  , 

JCckoned 
cent,  tor  s 
Ent'land  ji 
Madras  an 


34 


72  Ti 
40  8, 

Tho.5o  Wei 
ccutinj;  salt. 

2Tif 
4  Sec 

All  Ihn  fori 
and  nieasiirei 
(Calculations  ,i 
jucrs;  and  S( 

•^hipping; 

*0  lacs  of  ru 

insure  separj 

liiero  were  4; 

Tliirope,  the  i 

ISO  tons  to 

cars,  tliosc  of 

oJlicers  only  ] 

native  craft,  i 

ill  to  near  47 

town  with  fii 

Trom  Cape  C( 

Arabian  Gulf. 

wsscls  perfon 

bringing  from 

reside,  cotton, 

and  return  to 

TIic  capital  en 

has  buen  cslim 

The  islajid  c 

affords  no  prod 

i(s  iidiabitants. 

of  Bombay,  alt 

to  11,000,000  i 

nial  staples,  sue 

fi'  the  impolitic 

hitheito  impo.s( 

dcncy  of  Madr; 

1:5,  notwith.stand 

i'rincipal  trade  i 

with  Calcutta,  C 

"f  America.    Fi 

and  from  the  Pe 

and  also  pearls, 

witli  dates,  and* 

consist  of  grain, 

?nd  metals,  pep 

'ndigo,  and  grain 

<:oco  nuta  aud  ea 


ami 

At 

pa- 
nost 
ious 

ous. 
^\c  to 
Icca- 
];crs. 
ari' 
Ictcil 

run- 

;  ali- 


gner 
ea.rt 

1  anil 
llow- 


Onld  mohur 
Silver  rupco 


BOMBAY. 


OroM  Weight. 

K'.iO 
K'JU 


191 


ire  Metal. 

SlerlinK  Valut, 

lt)l  (i,S 

2!)' Irt 

aiH 

In  the  East  India's  Company's  finanrial  arrniintM  riiiilcn-d  tn  pailianirnt.  the  Ilomliay  rnpee  Is 
teckniicd  lit  2,9.  3i/.  Tin;  cliarjiii  for  iiiiiiairi'  in  lliu  H'miliiiy  .Mint  is  21  per  cc  iit.  I'or  ^uM.'uikI  3  po.t 
cent.  I'lir  Kilvcr,  inrliidinij  the  rliiirL'rs  li'i  n  liiiiiiH.  'J'ln'  iiiadiliiiTy  fur  ijii^  mint  was  «<iii  out  I'rDm 
Ent'land  a  few  years  at'o,  and  is  niiiiplc  ir,  Imi  vrry  (n-lly.  Ai  liuniliay  ilieru  are  nu  banks,  us  at 
lUadras  and  I'alciitta,  and  paper  nionry  h  unkimw  ii  in  int'iraniili^  traiisiu  lidiis. 

tVcigkU  and  J\fiasurc.'. — The  weiulils  and  uiuaMires  n>ed  al  Ifdinliay  are  as  follow : —  , 


Oold  and  Hilver  IVeight. 

I  Wall  =     4475 
40  Walls  =  1  Tola  =  17U 


I  Turka  ■ 
ISfTnrkas  =  1  Uulieo  ^ 
24  Rutlees  =  1  Tank    ■ 


Pearl  Weight. 

IT. 

0  203 

.■? 

72 
Commercial  iVcisht. 

A\nir'tilpnis. 
/;.•.    r:.    ilr. 

1  Tank    =    n    I)  2-  1S3 
72  Tanks  t=  1  Seer     =0  11  .1-2 
40  Sixers    =  1  Maund  =  2S    0  0 


Vi.    oz.    itr. 

7  Pailles  =  1  Parah  ^    10    i)    0(1 
S  l'aralis=  1  Candy  •-  150  12  J28 

Suit  Mia.itirc. 

cttl'C  inrhci 

in;  Adowlics  =  1  I'arah  =       lfHi7ei 
KK)  I'iiralis     =  1  Anna   -   irj(i7ril 
11)  Annas       ==  1  Hash   =2572170 
Tlio  anna  weiglis  2i  tons,  and  tlio  rash  40  tons. 

I.iipiiir  Jl/idsice. 

(Siiiiita  mill  Cotllitry  Arnrk.) 

Tlio  pppr  wciplis  60  Iloniliay  Rnprcs,  and  rriualg 
Ub.  ^oi.  &idr.;  and  50  sucrs  uiaku  liiu  uiaiirJ. 


LvTi^  McaauTC. 

y.ni:lirfi  incltts, 
lOTussoos  =  lllatli^'is 
aiTussoos  =  Kiiiz   =27 

qnarlers,  &f .    Tlir  tiriTcdinff  wriclits 
oicnrs  in  nirrranlilc  lian^at  tion'^.thal 


These  weights  are  used  for  all  heavy  goods,  ex 
ccutiiig  salt. 

Grain  Measure. 

Ihi.  r:.    dr. 

2  Tipnrces  =  1  Seer  =0  11    ?,'!, 
4  Seers        =  1  r:iily=  2  12  12  » 

AH  the  foreitoint;  standards  are  likcwisi'  dividid  into  Iiiilvci 
and  nuasnrcs  are  generally  used  in  lloiiil>.iy  ;  Iml  it  sciiiu'tiiiK 
Palcnlations  are  made  in  jiounils  imd  mainiils,  w  lijih  IksI  vmIlMiI  is  reckoned  al  40,  iOi, 'il, 'i;!!,  and  44 
;;ccrs;  and  sonielhuea  in  Snrat  candies  of  20,  21,  iind  2C  niiiiinils. 

Sht'ppinir,  Commerce,  «Vc. — At  Botnliay  thorc  is  an  insuriinco  society  with  a  cni)ital  of 
30  lacs  of  rupees,  or  about  200,00(1/.  sterlinc; ;  and  tlirrc  arc  also  private  underwriters  v;ho 
"msurn  separately  on  ships.  In  1820,  and  we  believe  the  number  continues  about  tbe  same, 
ilicrc  were  45  registered  ships  bcloncino;  to  this  port  engasjed  in  the  trade  to  China  and 
Eunipe,  the  aggregate  burden  of  which  amounted  to  about  20,000  ttms,  Riving  at  an  avcruse 
150  tons  to  each  ship.  These  arc  for  the  most  jiart  navigated  by  Indian  seamen  or  Las- 
cars, those  of  Bombay  being  accounted  by  far  the  bi'.sl  in  Iiulia ;  the  master  and  superior 
Ollicers  only  being  Englishmen.  Besides  these  large  vessels,  there  is  a  numerous  class  f/f 
native  craft,  under  various  forms  and  names.  In  1820,  they  were  computed  to  amount  in 
all  to  near  47,000  tons,  of  from  2  to  Vi^t  tons  each,  'J'hesc  vessels,  besides  furnishing  the 
town  with  firewood,  hay,  straw,  &c.  from  the  neiglibouring  continent,  iiaviL'ale  coastways 
from  Cape  Comoriii  to  the  Gnlfof  Cutch,  and  sometimes  cross  the  sea  to  Muscat  and  the 
Arabian  Gulf,  During  the  eight  fair  months,  that  is.  from  October  to  May,  the  largest  sized 
vessels  perfonn  five  or  six  trijjs  to  Damaun,  tSnrat,  Cambay,  Broach,  Jumbosier,  and  Uutch, 
bringing  from  these  ports,  where  they  sometimes  winter,  and  where  many  of  their  owners 
reside,  cotton,  ghee,  oil,  jiulsc,  wheat,  cotton  cloths,  timber,  firewood,  putchok,  mawah,  &c, ; 
and  return  to  the  northern  ports  laden  with  the  produce  of  Eurojie,  Bengal,  and  China. 
The  capital  employed  in  this  trade,  in  the  minor  articles  of  commerce,  exclusive  of  cotton, 
has  been  estimated  to  amount  to  1,.'300,000/.  sterling. 

The  island  of  Bombay,  a  small  and  sterile  spot,  containing  only  about  IS  J  scjuarc  miles, 
aiTords  no  produce  for  exportation  ;  indeed,  hanlly  yields  a  week's  consnmi)tion  of  corn  for 
its  inhabitants.  Neither  is  the  neighbouring  territory  fruitful ;  nor  docs  the  whole  presidency 
of  Bombay,  altliough  estimated  to  contain  about  70,000  sijuare  miles,  and  from  10,000.000 
to  11,000,000  inhabitants,  yield,  with  the  exception  of  cotton  and  rice,  any  of  the  great  colo- 
nial staples,  such  as  cofTce,  sugar,  and  indigo;  a  circumstance  that  seems  liiainly  ascribable 
ti)  the  impolitic  restraints  upon  the  employment  of  British  settlers  and  capital  that  have  been 
hitlicvto  imposed  by  law,  and  acted  upon  with  peculiar  rigour  in  this  and  the  sister  pr;'si- 
ilcncy  of  Madras,  in  contrailistinction  to  the  greater  latitude  alforded  in  Bengal.  B^mibay 
\i,  notwith.standing,  a  great  emporium  for  the  exports  and  im)iorts  of  foreign  countrie.-.  Its 
principal  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  countries  on  the  (Julfs  of  Cambay,  Persia,  and  Arabia : 
whh  Calcutta,  China,  Great  Britain,  and  other  European  countries,  and  the  United  States 
of  America,  From  the  countries  on  the  Gulf  of  (Jambay  it  receives  cotton  wool  and  grain ; 
and  from  the  Persian  and  Arabian  Gulfs,  raw  silk  of  Persia,  copper  from  the  same  country, 
and  also  pearls,  galls,  coiree,  gum  arable,  bdellium,  copal,  myrrh,  olibanuni,  and  a?af(clida, 
witli  dates,  and*  other  dried  fruite,  horses,  and  bullion.  Its  exports  to  Arabia  and  Persia 
consist  of  grain,  raw  sugar  from  China  and  Bengal,  British  cotton  manufactures,  woollens, 
and  metals,  pepper  and  other  spices.  Froni  Calcutta,  Bombay  receives  raw  silk,  sugar, 
indigo,  and  grain;  and  exports  to  it  oak  timber,  coir,  or  the  fibre  of  the  coco  nut  husk,  with 
coco  nuts  aud  aaoilal-wood.    Tbo  trade  bctwecu  Bombay  and  Calcutta  has  declined  einco 


a.  I  , 


I 


192 


BO\in\Y. 


I.* 


k 


the  al)o!ition  of  tho  rcsfrictivo  system  in  IS  15  gavo  to  Bombay  a  wider  intercourse  with 
foreign  countries.  Previously  to  the  oiieiiini;  of  the  trade,  (Jaleuttu  was  the  entrepot  from 
which  many  of  the  proihielions  of  i\w  iiiiiihliouihood  of  Homhay  used  to  find  a  market  in 
distant  countries.  In  IHlUund  IHll,  acconlinu:  to  tiie  Custom-house  returns  of  Calcutta, 
the  value  of  the  imports  into  it  from  Homliay  ainouiitcil  to  400,000/.  sterling;  in  18 11)  and 
1820,  to  300,000/.;  and  in  1827  and  IS^'*,  to  200,000/.  The  exports  from  Calcutta  to 
liomhay  in  the  first-named  year  amounteil  to  280,000/.;  and  in  1827,  to  only  half  that 
amount.  The  greatest  branch  of  the  trade  of  l)oml)ay  used  to  be  that  with  China  ;  but  it 
has  considerably  declined  of  late  years,  'I'lie  princi|ial  article  of  export  is  cotton  wool,  to 
which  opium  has  been  added  since  we  olitaiiied  possession  of  the  province  of  Malwa.  The 
minor  articles  are  pepper,  sandal-wood,  Arabian  gums,  salt-lish,  fish  maws,  and  sharks'  lins. 
The  imports  consist  of  alum,  camphor,  cassia,  nankeens,  rhubarb,  tea,  raw  sugar,  vermilion, 
and  other  paints,  with  a  considerable  (juantity  of  bullion.  In  1828  and  182!),  the  number 
of  ships  which  cleared  out  from  Bombay  for  (Jaiiton  was  .30,  of  the  burden  of  2.5,731  tons; 
but  the  number  which  entered  from  thence  was  only  .')0,  of  the  burden  of  17,534  tons ;  many 
of  the  ships  which  cleared  out  having  made  intermediate  voyages  after  discharging  their 
cargoes  at  Canton. 

The  principal  export  from  Bombay  to  (ireat  Britain  is  cotttm  wool,  after  which  follow 
pepper,  cardamoms,  Ar.ibian  gums  and  drugs,  and  Persian  raw  silk.  The  chief  imports  are 
cotton  fabrics  and  cotton  twist,  for  both  of  wiiirh  Bombay  is,  after  (Jalculta,  the  greatest 
mart  in  India ;  woollens,  iron,  copper,  speller,  glass-ware,  iScc.  &c,  Bombay  tra<les  with 
France  and  Hamburgh,  but  not  to  any  consideralile  amount.  Neither  is  her  trade  with  the 
United  States  of  America  of  much  importance.  The  following  statements,  drawn  up  from 
papers  laid  before  parliament  in  1830  anil  1  S3 1,  show  the  whole  amount  of  the  trade  car- 
ried on  by  Bombay,  including  Surat,  with  (ireat  Britain,  foreign  Europe,  and  America,  in 
the  years  1813  and  1814,  ard  1828  and  182lt:— 

Imports  into  Hdinliay  and  Surnt. 


1813  ami  1^11. 

1828  and  1820. 

Mfrch.Auiiise. 

nultion. 

T.il:ll. 

Merrh:inilisf. 

IluUion. 

T.iUl. 

From  fireat  Britain 

—  I'raiife 

—  Ilaiiilmrgh  - 

—  America 

Total      - 

£ 

275,710 

e 
no 

£ 

275.820 

£ 

781,218 

0:i.20l 

7,;i20 

l,4til 

£ 

£ 

781.218 

03,201 

7,32!) 

1,401 

275,71li 

110 

2T5,s2t) 

853,304 

— 

853,301 

E.xpnrts  from  Uninliay  and  Snrat. 


1813  and  1814. 

1828  and  1820. 

Merdi-indise. 

nuiiii'fi. 

■J'nl.il. 

Mcrcli.iniiiBc. 

Ilullinn. 

Tntnl. 

To  Great  Britain   - 

—  France     - 

—  Hamlmrgll 

—  America 

Total      . 

£ 

135,342 

£ 

100,811 

£ 
305,154 

£ 
001.0.-.4 
5,005 

£ 
139,113 

£ 

833,707  ■ 
5,005 

135,312 

100,811 

;i05.151 

7no.(Uo 

130,113 

830,702 

In  some  of  the  intcnnediato  years  between  1814  and  1829  there  was  some  trade  between 
Bombay,  Portugal,  and  Brazil,  but  not  very  considerable.  It  will  appear  from  these  stato 
mcnts  that  the  present  imports  into  Bombay  from  Great  Britiun  amount  to  above  780,000/., 
and  the  exports  to  near  840,000/.;  the  first  having  increased  since  the  opening  of  the  free 
trade  by  500,000/.  sterling,  or  above  180  per  cent.,  and  the  latter  by  somewhat  more  tJian 
that  amount. 

T>nrl!  Hrnulatinns. — At  daylielit  the  wickets  of  the  catrs  am  opnni'd.and  at  7nVlock  the  sentry  catc. 
Iliill-'iin  liimr  aftor  sunset  llii'  (lates  are  shut,  tin' wickia  of  the  ciMitre  iratis  beiiiK  left  open  till  llie 
cv(Miiiiu'  Klin  he  tired.  No  hoats,  saving'  tlmsi'  lieloiiu'in^'  to  the  Ccinipaiiy's  marine  department,  or  liii< 
Majesi>  "s  navy,  are  pnrmitlcMl  to  come  to  the  dock-yiird  stairs  ;  hut  must  nse  the  piers  expressly  con- 
structed tor  tlieir  acconimoilalion.  No  meat,  stores,  or  liau';.'ii!.'e  lor  the  merchant  shippini:,  of  any 
ilcsiiiplion,  are  to  he  passed  tlirougli  the  dock-yards.  Alter  the  lirinu' of  the  oveniii!.'  (inn,  nohndy 
belonsiinij  to  the  ships  in  the  harhour,  helow  I  he" rank  of  a  coMnnissinniMl  olHcer,  is  to  he  allowed  to 
land  or  enter  the  dock-yard,  without  the  express  permission  of  the  niiister  attendant,  or  other  consti- 
tiltc-d  authorities. 

Uoats'  crows  arc  not  to  he  permitted  to  quit  their  boat  at  the  stairs,  after  the  linur  of  slinttiiig  the 
pates.  Small  cratl  are  not  to  deliver  (irewnod  or  any  other  ladinir  within  the  limits  of  the  yard, 
without  the  superintendent's  sanction.  The.  ships  and  vessels  in  dock  are  not  to  land  any  Imiilicr 
whatever  on  thepi(!r.  No  cargo  of  any  description  is  to  hi'  landed  in  or  passed  tlirnuRh  the  yard,  from 
or  to  any  sliip  in  dock,  without  tbu  superintendent's  purinissiuu  in  writiiit;.  No  tira  ur  light  is  allowed 


-) 


1824 

IWU 


manure 
in  the  forn 
have  uiide 
bushels  of 
<it  home, 
principally 
vessels  li(."| 
!illy  imixii 
tiiat  it  w; 
expended 
market.— r 
1827.) 

Account  of  I 
Voars  end 


1821 
ISO., 

]82;t 

1^2I 
l'<2J 
IVJO 
1827 
1828 
1820 
18.10 
1831 
1838 


nOMnAZINE,  BONES. 


103 


7li7  ' 

I'J'JO 


,7(V2 


ntrven"'' 

:M  till  111'' 

'lit,  or  lii!< 
sly  ciin- 
u,  of  any 
iiobndy 
iioweil  t" 
or  coiisti- 

itting  Ihi! 
the  ynrcl, 
ny  luiiilict 
^•iird.froni 
13  allowuil 


<in  Iionrd  any  ship  or  vosacl  in  ilncu,  wiiliont  the  anilinriiy  nt'  iho  stipcriiitondcnt,  to  whom  tlic  |iur- 
poscs  tor  wliicll  eitlii,'r  may  he  ri'i|Uiri.'il,  iimsl  hr  slatud  in  wriliiig. 

Export  of  Cotton  from  llombay  to  (^hitm,  Eiicihind,  &c.,  witli  pricrg,  freightn,  &c.  from  1S24  to  l!>3l. 


1«2J 

lioa 
iw 

1<JS 
!fJ9 
ISM 

|s:1l 

toil 
del. 


To  Chiiu. 


II 


lltlcl. 


i:,in. 

l.',130 
U,68(i 
19,00.1 
IJ,Si»0 
14,40. 

I7,.)7SI 


llilo. 


03,407 

103,53' 
103,i)96 
102,020 
!*,063 
117,989 

II. ■.,274 


l,i 


IlnlRI. 


7G,7S0 

!-3,OI3 
IIS,228 
121,089 


11.11,9. 


39,331 

33,454 
21,202 

•I3,Sj70 


ll.ilcj. 


117,9(I3|  02,103 
100,539,23,00*. 
17,339 


140,272 
132,S32 


17,905 


5,S0l 

14,129 
7,401 
in,llS 
19,091 
11,312 

22,23S 


Hallos. 


•i-B 

O  (3 


Grnn.l 
'I'liUl. 


Noni 
1,5.59 


OIU 


I 


300 
4,83S[  2,007 
8,523,    4,201 


10,871 
1 1,039 


3,9:., 

3,442 


7,542 1   2,900 

9,470,    3,113]  l)v,93» 


rriiTi.f  Sural 

I'i'i'nn  (H-r 

(■.ir..ly(pf 

■;m  III*. 


I'rip*  nf 
I)hiilleni. 


<  13 


RilM  of  Freight 

to  Kn^liii'l  j-erTon 

I.I'  4^  Kili^  nr 

:lU>ut    l,'.30ll.i>. 


ll.lll'S. 

122,591 

134,437 
153,H4 
191,101 
214,.''.2? 
13O,20S 
182,371 


Kllpci; 


IIO,17Ui^»l  ]l3.'i  111) 


192  100 

153' 137 

IK   130  122 

I       I 
101  133^120 

113  14o[l23 

114il2u|llO 

llKl  110  lOlJ 


I3l'l 
11012S 

oi'uo 
ityiii^ 
ia3i2s 

iOllO 


70 


SI 


13s 

I'll 

120 
100 
105 
117 
89! 

I- 


(7  0  to  9  0) 
.Jll  U  -12  10  V 
(9    0-7    7) 

S  0  10  —  u  0  ( 
i  10  0  —  «  05 
5  »  0  —  9  0  ( 
<  7  0  —  0  0( 
\  a  0  —  0  10  ) 
II    0  —  U  lU  i 

(  5  in  —  20; 

j  0  15  —  0  13  ( 

)  I  0-  2  0) 

!  1  5—1  Oi 

5  I  13-3  l.i( 

I  I  0-1  0  J 

.Us    0-6 

•|l   9    8  —  0 


-  6  10) 


K.I 

Ym 
I  liii..i 
.1)  .If  ' 

1 

tl't  10 

iir  (  .111- 

Mil".. 

ltii| 

IW. 

3f;,  4" 

00,   70, 

'i:i 
3', 

•1.5,  40, 

l.i 

4.".,    10 

44 

40,  33 

23,   33 

2«,  r., 

2s 

20,   IS, 

191 

30,   i>, 

10 

25,  33,    15 


From  \,^)m  to  2.(100  hairs  may  lio  tuliloil  In  \\w  cviiniis  to  fliiiia  lor  each  year,  as,  after  Iho  f-'oni- 
pany"s  vcssrls  tiro  iiniiiinally  hiiiilcil,  llii'  oaiilaiiis  lakr  rruii)  ,'t(l()  in  .'idO  hak'S,  which  un;  iiovor  phicnl 
upon  llii'  ('iislnm-hiinso  rcconls. 

(Si'o  .)/i7//HrH'.5  Orinilal  Ciuiiiiirrce;  Jhwilloii's  I'.iift  Imlia  Onzellcer,  IS'iii;  Bombny  CalenJnr  anil 
Rffjiflir ;  h'ilii/,1  Ctiiiihiat ;  llilsini'iillirier-iftlir  I'.itrniiil  Cmiiiifcrri  if  liiin'al,  uiiihr  liciiil  "CikihI 
nf  .Viiliihiir  ;"  Par!.  I'npcr.-i  reUiHnt!  In  llir  h'iiiiii>n.<  <■!'  Iinlin,  iind  'I'niilr  (f  Imliaaml  China,  !'»;(()  and 
is;il  ;  Sicniiil  Jliipcnilh  to  Hepurt  of  the  Hclcrt  Vniiniiiltir  mt  I'ublic  IJi'imi-liiinils,  I^3'2,  p.  271 ;  Circular 
nf  Bcckicith  ilj''  Cu.,  Ice.) 

BOMBAZINE,  a  kind  of  silk  stufl",  oriu;in:il!y  niamifacturcd  'at  Milan,  and  thonce  sent 
into  Franco  and  oliicr  countries.  Now,  liowovcr,  it  is  nowhere  manufactured  better,  or  in 
Inrffcr  quantities,  than  in  this  kingiloin. 

BONES  of  cattle  and  other  aiiiiiials  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts,  in  forming  handles 
for  knives,  and  various  other  purposes.  80  long  as  bones  arc  presei^'cd  fresh,  a  highly 
nutritious  jelly  may  be  obtained  from  them. 

Bones  have  latterly  been  employed,  partieiilnily  in  Lincolnshire  and  Yorkshire,  as  a 
manure  for  dry  soils,  with  the  very  best  ellect.  They  are  commonly  ground  and  drilled  in, 
in  the  form  of  powder,  with  turnip  Feed.  Their  eiVect  is  considerably  increased  when  they 
have  undergone  the  process  of  fermentation.  The  tjuantities  employed  are  usually  about  2.5 
bushels  of  dust,  or  40  bushels  of  large,  to  the  acre.  Besides  the  immense  supjilies  collected 
at  home,  they  have  begun,  within  these  few  years,  to  be  largely  imported  from  the  Continent, 
principally  from  the  Netherlands  and  Germany.  They  occupy  about  40,000  tons  of  small 
vessels  belonging  to  these  countries.  Mr.  Iluskisson  estimated  the  real  value  of  those  annu- 
ally imported  for  the  purpose  of  being  used  as  manure  at  100,000/.;  and  he  contended, 
tliat  it  was  not  too  much  to  suppose,  that  an  iulvaiice  of  between  100,000/.  and  200,000/. 
expended  on  this  article  occasioned  ."iOO.OOO  adilitional  quarters  of  corn  to  be  brought  to 
m'lrket. — {Lvudoii's  Encyclopedia  of  Agriculture ,-  l\lr.  Hunkissoii's  Speech,  Muii  7, 
1827.) 

Acroiint  of  the  Declared  Value  of  tlie  Rones  iniportod  into  fJroat  llrilain  (hirinjj  each  of  the  Twolvi; 
Voars  ending  with  the  fifth  of  .lanuary,  IMi.'l ;  tinil  nf  the  Amount  of  Duly  cliargeil  on  tiiu  saiiici. — 
(Purl.  Paper,  \o.  70f*.  Scss.  1S33.) 


Imports  into 

1 

\  1  :.RI. 

Djtv. 

EiigbnJ. 

.Scfitl.iu.i. 

Grral  nril.iiu. 

nccKiretl  Value. 

Decl.ired  Value. 

Declared  V.alue. 

£             K. 

d. 

£      s.      (/. 

£ 

./. 

£ 

.•?. 

rf. 

1S21 

15.8i)8    12 

11 

(ii)    17      0 

15,01.8       i) 

11 

l.-iO 

14 

4 

1822 

(l,-138      0 

5 

52    12      0 

0,400     12 

5 

04 

16 

4 

1S23 

ll,3!»5     15 

S 

82      0      0 

14,477    15 

8 

14.1 

16 

1 

ls21 

43,!M0    17 

11 

82    14      0 

41,023    11 

11 

440 

U 

3 

1S2,3 

8(1,571      5 

8 

131)      4      (i 

80,710    10 

2 

8('.7 

4 

10 

1^20 

94,717    16 

1 

215     IS      3 

04.003    14 

4 

005 

15 

6 

lS-27 

77,05(1      6 

8 

1.71)S      4      (1 

70,7,'i4    11 

2 

8.35 

1 

<) 

1828 

5'.),782      9 

11 

2,.s74      5      7 

(i2.C..V)    15 

6 

654 

14 

0 

182<1 

5((,7I1     11 

10 

12,323       1      '1 

72.063    16 

7 

748 

t 

11 

1830 

68,233    16 

5 

8,,52il     13       8 

f  6,763    10 

I 

688 

1 

6 

1831 

65.()23    10 

0 

7,073     16      0 

72,607      6 

0 

■  740 

0 

3 

1S32 

77,847      4 

4 

13,008      1       1 

01,755      5 

5 

910 

5 

•J 

Voii.  I.— It 


25 


s; 


194 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


I 


I    I 


i 


There  are  no  means  of  ilislinguishing  bctvvet'n  the  bones  imported  for  monuro  and  for 
oilier  purposes, 

BOOK,  UOOKS  (Ger.  Riicfier ,-  Du.  Ihekcn  ;  Da.  /%fr;  Ww.  liikkcr  ;  Fr.  LIvrea  .■ 
\i.  Libri ;  Nj).  Libros;  Port.  Livros ;  Hus.  Knlii'i  ;  I*ol.  Kmauld,  K^in;;!.  ,•  Lat.  L'lbri), 
tt  written  or  printed  treatise  or  treatineH  on  any  hranch  of  seieiice,  art,  or  literature,  composed 
in  tlic  view  of  instructing,  amusing,  or  i)erHuailiiigllie  reader. 

('iipi/rlffbt  is  the  right  whicli  the  authors  of  i)oolis  or  treatises  claim  to  the  exclusive  pri- 
vilege of  printing,  jmhlishing,  and  selling  them. 

books  are  sometimes  blank,  as  account  bonks  ;  hut  these  enjoy  no  peculiar  privileges,  and 
do  not  come  wiliiin  the  scope  of  our  in(|uiries. 

Books  are  divided  into  the  following  rlimnci,  according  to  the  mode  in  which  the  shectx 
of  the  p.iper  on  which  they  are  ])rinted  or  written  are  folded  :  viz.  folio,  when  the  sheet  is 
folded  into  two  leaves;  quarto,  when  folded  'mXoJ'nur  •  nctiivo,  when  lolded  into  riirhl  ;  duo- 
(ficiiuo,  when  the  sheet  is  folded  into  twelve,  6ic,  In  making  these  classiiications,  no 
attention  is  paid  to  the  size  of  the  sheet. 

I.  I'roirrcx.i  and  present  Stale  nf  the  Law  as  to  the  Copyrii^ht  of  Itnoks. — It  has  been 
doubted  whether  in  anti(iuity,  an  author  had  any  exehusive  riglit  to  a  work,  or  whether, 
having  once  ])ubli»hed  it,  he  could  restrain  others  from  eojiyiiig  it.  and  selling  copies.  We 
incline  to  think  that  he  could.  The  public  sali^  of  copies  of  works  is  often  referred  to  in  the 
classics ;  uud  in  such  a  way  as  warrants  the  inference  that  they  were  |)rodnctivc  to  the  author, 
which  could  not  have  been  the  cxse  had  every  one  been  perioitted  to  copy  them  at  pleasure. 
Terence,  in  one  of  his  plays  (I'nd,  in  Eunuch.  I.  "()),  says,  i'ahnhini,  iptam  nunc  acturi 
/minus,  pofiffptain  wdiles  emcrunt  ,•  hut  why  should  the  mai,'istratcs  have  bought  it,  had  it 
licen  free  to  every  one  to  copy  it  ?     MiU-tial,  in  one  of  his  epigrams,  says — 


Siinf  iiiiidiim,  ijiii  iiif  dinint  vnn  osc  poi'liiia  ; 
i<cdijiii  lilt  ei  iiilil,  liihUiijnilu,  jintiil. 


Mart.  lib.  xiv.  Ep.  liH. 

This  evidently  conveys  the  idea  that  ho  had  .assigned  the  right  to  sell  his  hook  to  a  single 
|)erson,  who  profited  by  it.  Passages  to  the  saint'  ed'ect  may  be  fuund  in  Horace  {Dc  Arte 
Pocfiea,  line  31.').),  Juvenal  (Sat.  7.  lino  HM.).  iVc. 

It  would  have  been  singular,  indeeil,  had  it  been  otherwise.  Of  all  the  .species  of  |)riv 
jierty  a  man  can  possess,  liie  fruits  of  his  mental  labours  seem  to  be  most  peculiarly  his  own. 
.\nd  tluMigh  it  may,  we  think,  be  shown,  tluit  many  serious  inconvenieiicies  would  result 
from  giving  the  same  absolute  and  interminable  property  over  ideas  that  is  given  over  material 
objects,  these  inconvenieiicies  could  hardly  have  been  [)ereeived  in  antitiuity. 

It  will  also  be  observed,  that  in  antiquity  a  copyright  was  of  much  le;.s  value  than  in  modem 
times.  Books  could  then  not  only  be  multiplied  by  copying  tliem  with  the  pen  ;  and  if  any 
one  chose  privately  to  copy  a  \v  nk,  or  to  buy  it  of  another,  it  must  have  been  very  dilficult 
to  hinder  him  ;  but  when  printing  had  beeu  introduced,  the  greater  cheapness  of  books  not 
only  extended  the  ilemand  for  them  in  far  greater  jiroporlion,  and  consequently  rendered 
coi)yrights  more  valuable,  but  it  also  alforded  the  means  of  preventing  their  piracy.  Print- 
ing is  not  a  device  by  which  a  few  copies  of  a  book  can  be  obtiuned  at  a  cheap  rate.  It  is 
productive  of  cheapness  only  when  it  is  employed  upon  a  large  scale,  or  when  a  considerable 
impression  is  to  be  thrown  olf.  And  hence,  after  its  invcnition,  piracy  could  hardly  be  com- 
mitted in  secret:  the  pirated  book  had  to  be  brought  to  market ;  the  fraud  was  thus  sure  to 
be  detected,  and  the  olVending  parly  might  be  prosecuted  and  punished. 

For  a  considerable  time  after  the  invention  of  printing,  no  questions  seem  to  have  occurred 
with  respect  to  copyrights.  This  was  occasioned  by  the  early  adojition  of  the  licensing 
.system.  Governments  soon  perceived  the  vast  importance  of  tlio  powerful  engine  lh,it  had 
been  brought  into  the  field ;  and  they  endeavoured  to  avail  themselves  of  its  energies  by 
interdicting  the  pidilication  of  all  works  not  previously  licenseil  by  authority.  During  the 
continuation  of  this  system,  piracy  was  elfectually  jm-vented.  The  licensing  act  (1.3  &  14 
('has.  2.  c.  2.)  and  the  previous  acts  and  proclamations  to  the  same  elfcct,  prohibited  the 
jirinting  of  any  book  without  consent  of  tiie  owner,  as  well  as  without  a  licence.  In  1(594, 
tiie  licensing  act  finally  expired,  and  the  press  then  became  really  free.  Instead,  however, 
of  the  summary  methods  for  obtaining  redress  for  any  invasion  of  their  property  enjoyed  by 
them  under  the  licensing  acts,  authors  were  now  left  to  deleud  their  rights  at  cow//(W*  /aw; 
and  as  no  author  or  bookseller  could  procure  any  redress  lor  a  piracy  at  eomm(m  law,  except 
in  so  far  as  he  could  prove  damage,  property  in  b()oks  was  virtually  annihilated;  it  being  in 
most  cases  impossible  to  prove  tho  sale  of  one  ])rint('d  copy  out  of  a  hundred.  Under  these 
circumstances,  applications  were  made  to  parliament  for  an  act  to  protect  literary  property, 
hy  granting  some  sjx^edy  and  effectual  method  of  preventing  the  sale  of  s|)urious  coj)ies.  In 
consequence,  the  statute  8  Anne,  c.  19.  was  passed,  securing  to  authors  and  their  assignees 
the  exclusive  right  of  printing  their  books  for  14  years  certain,  from  the  day  of  publication, 
with  a  contingent  14  years,  provided  the  author  were  alive  at  the  expiration  of  the  first 
term.  Persons  printing  hooks  protected  by  this  act,  witlnmt  the  consent  of  the  authors  or 
their  assignees,  were  to  forfeit  the  pirated  copies,  and  !(/.  for  every  sheet  of  the  same. 
Such  books  as  were  not  entered  at  Stationers'  Hall  were  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  this  act. 


It  hnd 

Ihiiversii 

ers"  Hall 

to  its  ])ro 

transltTn 

of  the  foi 

Faculty  c 

The  ac 

tiinded  th 

enlilied  U 

metitiouei 

preteiisioi 

jiroduclioi 

by  the  st; 

points;  III 

Ihvouiable 

(Jie  House 

riglit  after 

righfs,  J).  ! 

'I'lu;  act 

extended  ti 

out  cdiisen 

concession, 

one  to  'J'rii 

Every  or 

indemnify  i 

amount  of 

pi'r  a  perio( 

sisied  ill  its 

of  a  |ierson 

'J'his  was  111 

cunistaiice  c 

than  to  hill 

would  have 

can  be  more 

the  authors  I 

But  thouij 

repeatedly  pi 

right  act,  .''vl 

rights,  wlieil 

provision,  tli 

the  cojiyrigli 

statute. 

navin?  rofil 
ml  rpciti'd  aii 
priiitiK)  aiiit  |> 
koffier  (il'ilio  s 
niid  asrcqiiirt'( 
ries,  mill  us  it 
copies,  sliall  lit 

Anil  tliiit  II  I 
upon  v.-liirii  I  hi 
maps  aiiil  prim 

plllili^^lii'il,  nil  il 

nr  piililishi.rs  tl 

liaiid  iif  tlic  «:i 

(iiiiliorisoil  hy  I 

follmvini.';  ••ilk. 

l.ilirary  at  fain 

I''oiir  Univrrsiti 

iiiaiiy  iif  siiili  II 

rcsjicclivi'lv,  wi 

kccpir  of  tii(>  sri 

till!  use  iif  the;  li 

inoiilli  after  any 

snili  lilirary.    A 

ucl,  IiPaiMl  they 

of  5/.  for  each  cf 

by  actinii  in  imv 

Provided  nlwa 

eul'seqiient  editi: 

case  any  edition 

be  demanded  or 


nOOK,  BOOKS. 


105 


It  hncl  lirrn  rustomnry,  for  Bonic  time  j)rrvii)us  to  fliis  prriod,  for  the  libmries  of  the 
llnivcrsilioH  of  Oxford  and  Caniliriiiiif,  \'('.  to  Rvt  it  copy  of  inoHt  Iwiokn  piitorcd  nt  Stution- 
its'  Hall ;  and  tho  act  of  Amic  made  it  imperative  that  one  cojiy  of  all  works  ciilitled 
j  to  itH  protection  should  lie  d(  livi  red  to  the  following  lil'rarien  ;  viz.  the  Royal  Lilirary,  now 

transferred  to  tlu"  Uritisli  .Museiiin;  the  Liliraries  of  Oxford  and  (Jainlirid^e  ;  tile  fiiliraries 
of  the  four  Scotch  I'niver.^ities  ;  the  J-ihrary  of  Sion  Collejje,  London;  and  that  of  tho 
Fueidty  of  Advocates  in  IMiiilmrt^h  ; — in  all,  iiiiir  copies. 

The  net  t)f  .\niie  did  not  put  to  rest  the  (piestions  ns  to  ropyritjhts.  The  authors  coii- 
•i'nded  that  it  iliil  not  all'eet  their  natural  ownership,  and  that  they  or  their  assiKuees  were 
entitled  to  jiroceed  at  runimnn  liiir  a^niiist  those  who  pirated  their  works  after  the  period 
mentioned  in  the  statute  had  expired.  The  pulilishers  of  spurious  editions  resisted  those 
pretensions,  and  contended  that  there  was  either  no  ridit  of  property  at  eonnnou  law  in  the 
productions  of  the  mind  ;  or  that,  supposini;  stich  a  rit;ht  to  have  existed,  it  was  superseded 
Iiy  the  statute  of  Anne.  There  was  some  dillerence  of  ojiinion  in  the  courts  us  to  these 
points;  imt  l-ord  Mansfa-ld,  Mr.  Justice  IJIaekstone,  and  the  most  eminent  .Indices,  were 
favourahle  to  the  claims  of  the  authors.  However,  it  was  (inally  decided,  upon  an  appeal  to 
tJie  House  of  liords  in  177'1,  tiiat  an  action  could  not  he  maintained  for  piratinir  a  copy- 
rii;ht  after  the  term  wpecilied  in  the  statute. — ((•'iidsini  on  /he  Law  of  I'atoi/s  (iiid  Cupj/' 
riii/ils,  p.  iil)").) 

'l"ii(^  act  of  Queen  Anne  referred  only  to  Great  Britain  ;  but  in  1801,  its  provisions  were 
extciuied  to  Ireland  ;  the  penalty,  exclusive"  of  forfeiture,  on  printinir  or  iinporlini;  hooks  with- 
out consent  of  the  proprietor,  was  also  increased  from  If/,  to  :!(/.  a  sheet.  In  return  for  this 
concession,  two  additional  copicsof  all  works  entered  at  ."Stationers'  Hall  were  to  he  delivered; 
one  to  'I'rinity  Colle'ie,  Dublin,  and  one  to  the  Kin^r's  Imis,  Dublin. 

Every  one  must  be  satislied  that  11  years'  j'xciusivc  possession  i.s  far  too  short  o.  period  to 
indenmify  the  author  of  a  work,  the  eom])ositiou  of  which  has  recpiired  any  considcr.d)lo 
amount  of  laliour  and  research;  though  'iH  years  is,  perhaps!,  all  things  considered,  as  pro- 
per a  ]>('riod  as  could  be  fixed  upon.  Now,  the  p;rand  detect  of  the  statute  of  Anne  con- 
sisted in  its  makint?  tht^  riu;lit  to  the  excUisive  possession  fi>r  "H  years  eontinn:ent  on  the  fact 
of  a  person  havini?  lived  a  day  more  or  less  than  M  years  alter  the  publication  of  his  work. 
This  was  making  the  enjoyment  of  an  iini)ortant  r'luUl  di'pendent  on  a  mere  accidental  cir- 
cumstance over  which  man  has  no  control.  (Jould  any  thiiiH;  be  more  oppressive  and  unjust 
than  to  hinder  an  author  from  be(|ueathim;  that  property  to  his  widow  and  children,  that 
would  have  helonp;ed  to  himself  had  he  been  alive  !  IVothing,  indeed,  as  it  appears  to  us, 
can  bo  more  obvious  than  thcjusticc  of  extending  all  copyrii;hts  to  the  sumo  period,  whetlicr 
the  authors  be  dead  or  not. 

But  though  the  extreme  hardship,  not  to  say  injustice,  of  the  act  of  Quern  Anne  had  been 
repeatedly  pointed  out,  its  provisions  were  continued  down  to  18M,  when  the  existiuf:?  eopy- 
rinht  act,  Tvl  Geo.  '3.  c.  1,')G.,  was  passed.  This  act  extended  the  duration  of  all  copy- 
rights, wheihcr  the  authors  were  dead  or  alive,  to  '28  years  certain ;  with  the  further 
provision,  that  if  the  author  should  be  alivo  at  the  end  of  that  period,  he  should  enjoy 
die  co]iyright  during  the  residue  of  his  life.  We  subjoin  the  principal  clauses  of  this 
fitatute. 

riavine  rnrifoil  the  arts  8  Anne.  c.  11).  anil  41  Geo.  3.  c.  1(17.,  it  onarls  itiat  po  much  of  the  said  seve- 
ral rpiitid  arts  lis  rciiuirfs  lliat  any  cdpies  ol'aiiy  Imoks  which  sliall  he  (irinted  iir  pnlilislied,  or  re- 
priiil(M)  and  pnldlslicd  witli  additions,  sliall  he  delivered  liy  the  prliiltTs  lliereot' to  iln;  warehnase- 
keeiier  ol'llio  said  Coiiipany  of  Slalioiujrs,  for  the  nsi;  ot'aiiy  oftlie  liliraries  in  thesaid  art  meiitioncMl, 
mid  asrerpiires  tho  delivery  of  the  said  copies  hy  the  waroliouse-keepor  for  tli(!  use  of  the  said  libra- 
ries, and  IIS  imposes  any  penalty  on  surh  printer  or  warehouse-keeper  for  not  delivering  the  said 
ropies,  sliall  be  n^pealed. 

And  thill  II  prinleil  ropies  of  tho  whole  of  every  hook,  and  of  every  vidnnio  thereof,  npnn  the  paper 
upon  v.hira  the  largest  minilier  or  impression  of  siu'h  hook  shall  he  printed  for  siile,  lucelher  with  all 
maps  ami  prints  helonfjiri}!  Ihercito,  whirh  from  and  after  the  passin)!  of  this  art  shall  he  printed  and 
paliliyliiMl,  on  demaml  thereof  heinf!  made  in  writing.'  to  or  left  at  the  place  of  aliode  of  the  piihlisher 
or  pulilishers  thereol",  at  any  time  within  twelve  months  next  after  the  piihliralioa  thereot',  under  the 
liaiid  of  the  warehouse-keeper  of  the  t'oiiipany  of  ."stationers,  or  the  lilirarian  or  other  person  thereto 
aiitluirised  liy  the  persons  or  hody  pnlilir  and  cnrporat<s  proiirietors  or  inanapers  of  the  lihrariea 
folloiviiis;;  <'hle!ic(  the  Ilrilisli  Museum,  Sion  College,  tin;  llodli'ian  I.ihrary  at  Oxford,  the  Piihlir 
l.itirarv  at  rainhridco,  the  l.ihrary  of  the  racalty  of  Advocates  iit  iMliiilmruh,  the  lahraries  of  thu 
I'diir  IMiiveisities  of  Scotland,  'I'rinity  ('olleL'e  l.ihrary  and  the  Kiiisj's  Inns  l.ihrary  at  Diihlin,  or  so 
many  of  such  II  copies  as  shall  hi-  respectively  demanded,  shall  he  delivered  hythe  pulilishers  thereof 
resperlively,  within  1  month  at'ier  demand  made  thereof  in  writing  as  aforesaid,  to  iIk!  warehouse- 
keeprr  of  the  said  Company  of  ."^taliom^rs  ;  whichcopies  the  said  warehouse-keeper  shall  receivofor 
tlic!  use  of  the  library  for  whirh  surh  demand  shall  he  so  made  ;  and  he  is  hereby  required,  within  1 
iMoiith  after  any  siirii  book  or  volume  shall  Ik;  so  delivered  to  him,  to  deliver  the  same  for  the  use  of 
surh  library.  And  if  any  surh  publisher  or  warehouse-keeper  shall  not  observe  the  dirertions  of  this 
uct,  he  and  they  so  making  default  shall  forfeit,  besides  the  value  of  the  said  printed  ropies,  the  sum 
of  5/.  for  each  copy  not  so  delivered  or  received,  tojiether  with  the  full  costs  of  suit ;  to  be  recovered 
by  nrlion  in  any  court  of  rerord  in  the  United  Kinpdom. — }  2. 

Provided  al\v"ays,  that  no  surh  ro[)y  shall  he  so  demanded  or  delivered,  &c.  of  the  second,  or  of  any 
BUbsequent  edition  of  any  surh  book,  unless  the  same  shall  contain  additions  or  alterations;  and  in 
case  any  edition  after  the  first  shall  contain  any  addition  or  alterathm,  no  printed  copy  thereof,  shall 
be  demanded  or  delivered,  if  u  printed  copy  of  such  additions  or  alterutiuns  only,  priuted  in  un  uni- 


^ 


100 


HOOK,   HOOKS. 


1 


fnrm  iiinnniT  with  llin  former  (Mliliiin  of  hucIi  IkmiK.  hr  ililivrrcd  In  cnrli  of  the  lilirnrlc*  nfi>r<>«iil(I: 
proviili'cl  iiIkii,  tli;it  till' I'lijiy  III  I'Vrlv  liuiik  lli;it  hii:ill  Ih'  iIiIii  liiilril  Ty  llii'  llrilluli  MllHCUIIi  mIiiiII  Int 
ilcljvrri'ii  111'  llii'  lii'Mt  |iaiiir  mi  wliii  li  mhIi  work  ^ll:lll  In'  |iniiliil  -  (,i  ;i 

And  w  Inrr  1-  liv  llir  siuil  rrcilnl  iicln  it  H  iiimi  Iril,  lliiil  tin'  iiiillinr  nf  ;iiiy  Imdk,  anil  tin-  iishIkih  iif 
nm;ll  aillli.ir.  xiiinilil  liavr  tlw  mih-  lilii'ily  iil  |iriiiliiiu'  aiiil  ii'iirliitiiiL' silili  luiiik  lor  lll«  term  of  1 1  yen  r^ 
Ilc;  anil  ll  was  iirovl.lril,  ilial  allrr  ilic'rxiiiriilinri  of  lln'  ^ajll  liriu  of  1 1  >iars,  tlir  rmlit  of  |iriiiliiitf 
or  ilisiiiisliiKof  (opirrt  )i|iiiiilil  riliini  tn  tin'  aiilliMrs  tlifrcnf,  if  lln)  Wrrr  thru  liviim,  for  iiiiolliir  Irilii 

of  1 1  yraiK :  anil  wliiTras  il  will  alfonl  fiiiilii  r  i  iiroiiiutrr lit  to  liirraltiir,  if  Ilir  iliiratinii  of  -iiii  li 

rojiyfiL'lit  wirr  rvlriiiii'il  ;  lii'  it  ciiiirlril.  llial  III''  ailtlmr  of  any  liook  ur  hooks  i'oiii|iosi'il,  anil  not 
liriiitfil  ami  luililislinl,  or  wliii  li  ^liall  Inii' illir  h  '  ioiiiihihiiI.  ami  Ur  |iriiitril  ami  |iiiliii^lii'il,  ami  lij.-' 
hhkIkhs,  hliall  Irivo  llii'  Holr  lilirriv  of  |ii  iiilins'  ainl  rt'|iniiliiii!  mii  li  Imuk  or  liooks,  for  tlio  lull  li'rni  of 
/«-(nn/-»H'/(n/t(i)-,i,  loioinmrmi!  from  llii'  iliv  of  first  |iiilili>lun:.'  lliiMiiiii';  anil  also,  if  llio  antlior 
shall  III'  liviiii.'  at  till'  mil  of  lliat  iicrlml.  I  ir  lln'  rt'siiliii'  of  Ins  naliiral  lifi' ;  anil  if  any  liooksclli'r  or 
prinlri'.  or  oilier  |>i'rsoii  w  liatr-oi'\ri',  in  aiiv  part  oi  ilio  Ijijii'il  KiiiL'iloiii  of  tirrat  lint  a  in  anil  irilaiiil, 
in  till' Isli'-i  iif  .Man,  .Ii'rs.y.  or  (iiii  riisiy.  or  iiianynllirr  part  of  lln'  llnli^ll  iloniinioiis,  sliall,  Iroin 
anil  liflrr  llii'  passias;  of  lliis  an.  w  lllioi  tlir  liinrs  lomiiIiiI  ai'il  llinittil  liy  lliis  art.  print,  rrprinl,  or 
ii«;»irr,  or  i-iiall  caiisr  lo  In'  priiiti'il.  Aii  ■  any  sinli  liook,  w  illioiii  ilii' riuisini  of  llir  author,  or  other 
Jiroprii  tor  nf  ihi'  ropyrit'lil,  llrst  hail  in  wniiii'.' ;  or  know  Ink  tlio  saiiir  lo  ho  so  priiiti'il.  Ate.  w  ithoiit 
HiU'li  I'liMM'iit,  shall  sill,  piilillsli,  or  rvpus.'  to  sah',  or  lailsr  lo  he  suhl,  AiC,  or  shall  lia\  i-  in  Ills  pot). 
Ht'Hsioii  for  salt',  any  siirli  hook,  wilhoiii  siii'h  ronsi'iit  lirsl  hail  ami  oliiaiiicil  ;  siii'li  olli'inh'r  shall  ho 
lililih;  to  a  spi'iial  iu'lioii  at  tlio  siiil  of  llir  aiilhnr  or  oIIiit  proprntor  of  siiili  fopyriulil  ;  anil  ovory 
Hiich  aiillior  nr  nihrr  proprirlor  may.  in  sinh  sp.  i  lal  ai'lion.  movrr  ilainai!rs,  w  itli  ihnililr  costs  ;  ami 
I'Vrrv  siii'li  Klli  iiili'r  hliall  also  f  >rlril  siii'h  hook,  anil  rvrry  sliiit  of  siiih  hook,  anil  .-hall  ilrllvrr  Ihi! 
Hanu)  to  till'  author  or  olIiiT  propri''lor,  to  h.'  inaih'  waslo  paprr  of.  ami  shall  also  forfoil  tlio  siiiii  of  :W. 
for  i'vrry  shirt  tliirrof  cillnr  pnatril  or  pi  iiilin;:,  or  |mhli:ihi:il  ur  u.vposod  tu  salu  ;  tliu  oilu  inuii.'ty 
llicrrof  to  any  prrsoii  w  ho  shall  siii'  for  Iho  s  iiiii',-  (?  ■). 

Ami  in  or.hr  to  asiiTlain  w  hat  hooks  shall  hr  from  linii'  to  liiiir  imhijslii'd,  tin'  pilhlislicrs  of  I'viTy 
hook  di'inanilahlo  iiinlrr  Ihis  arl  shall,  wiihiii  I  rahmlar  month  at'irr  Ihr  day  on  wliiih  any  such  hook 
sliull  ht.'  lirsl  sold,  pnlilisli.''l,  advi'rtisi'd,  or  ol'iTrd  I'm  sail',  wilhiii  the  lulls  of  morlalily,  or  within  H 
ralrnilar  iiioiillis  in  any  olln  r  part  of  the  I  iiind  Kiiiudmn,  ciilor  tliu  lillo  lo  llir  copy  of  ovory  such 
liiiok.  and  till' nanii's  and  plai'i' of  ahmli'  ofllu'  piililishi'r.  in  Iho  ri'L'isii'r  hook  of  tin"  Cmnpany  of 
Station  rs  in  l.oinlmi  (lor  rviry  of  wlilili  si'vcral  iiilrirs  llir  hiiiii  of  'i,-\  shall  hi'  paid,  and  no  more), 
iiiiiliT  a  pi'ii.illy  of  till'  siini  of  A/.,  loai'tln  r  w  illi  rlrvi'ii  tiiiii's  ilio  prim  at  w  liicli  sinli  hooks  shall  ho 
Hold  or  advi'riisi'd  ;  to  hr  rrcovcnd,  toijilhrr  w  ilh  full  co>t>  nf  suit,  hy  pirsons  author  isod  to  siii'.aiid 
who  shall  lirsl  sui'  for  llir  saiiu'  -.  providi'd.  Iliat  in  tlio  case  of  maira/.inrs.  ri'vii'ws.  or  other  iierjodii  al 
puhlicalioiis,  it  shall  lie  siilhcienl  to  iiiake  sinli  entry  in  the  reirister  hook  of  the  said  C'miipany  w  illiiii 
1  nimitli  nevt  after  the  inililicalimi  of  the  first  iiiimhir  'ir  voliinie  :  providi'd.  that  no  failure  in  iiiakini! 
any  f-ucheatry  shall  in  any  manner  alt'eit  any  cn|iyri;;lit,  Inil  shall  only  siihjtict  the  person  inakiiiK 
lii'i'anll  to  till'  penally  aforesaid  iiiider  this  ai  l.—O  5. 

i'roviih'd  always,  thai  if  any  piihlisher  shall  he  desirous  of  deliveriiiR  the  copy  of  such  lionk  or 
volnnii',  on  hilialf  of  any  of  the  said  lihraries.  at  such  lihrary,  it  shall  and  may  he  lawful  fur  liliii  to 
deliver  the  saiiie  at  sinli  lihrary  ;  uiul  sucli  delivery  shall  be  liulJ  us  ui|uivuleiil  to  a  delivery  to  tin; 
said  warehoiisi'-keeper. 

And  if  the  author  of  any  hook,  which  shall  not  have  been  puhlished  II  years  at  the  time  of  passiiii; 
this  act.  shall  he.  liviiu;  at  the  said  linn',  and  if  siirli  author  shall  afterwards  die  liefore  the  expiration 
of  the  said  U years,  tliiiii  the  personal  representative  of  the  said  antlior.  and  the  assijins  of  such  per- 
sHiial  representative,  shall  have  the  sole  riu'ht  of  printiii!;  and  puhlisliini;  the  said  hook  for  the  furllier 
term  ofll  years  after  the  e.\piratimi  of  the  first  II. 

And  if  tlie  author  of  any  hook  which  has  Ihm'ii  already  puhlished  shall  he  livins;  at  the  end  id' 'i"i 
years  after  the  first  puhlicalimi,  he  or  she  shall,  for  the  reiiiainder  of  his  or  her  life,  have  the  sole 
rialit  of  priiitiu!;  and  pnlilisliiiiL'  the  same. 

Actions  and  suits  shall  he  cmiiinouced  within  12  luuiitlui  iie.M  after  such  ofleucu  roiniiiittcd,  or  be 
void  and  of  no  ell'ect.— ij  i  7,  ^,  U,  10. 

Musical  compositions,  engravings,  inap-s,  sculptures,  models,  &c.  enjoy  a  similar  pro- 
tection. 

The  great  practical  dilKcuity  in  intcrprctin.g  the  copyright  acts,  is  in  distinguishing  be- 
tween an  origiiiiil  work  and  u  copy  made,  unimu  furundi,  from  one  already  in  existence. 
The  following  is  a  summary  of  Mr.  Godson's  remarks  on  tliis  subject : — 

"The  identity  of  n  literary  work  consists  entirely  in  the  sentiments  and  laitiruiine.  The  same  con- 
ceptions, clolhe'.l  in  the  same  words,  must  necessarily  he  the  same  conipositimi ;  and  whatever  nietliiid 
is  taken  of  e.\liiliilini!  that  conipositimi  to  the  ear  or  the  eye,  hy  recital,  or  hy  icrilinir,  or  hy  priiiliiii', 
in  any  nuiiiher  of  copies,  or  at  any  iieriod  of  time,  the  jiroperty  of  another  person  has  been  violated; 
for  the  new  hook  is  still  the  identical  work  of  the  real  author. 

"Thus,  therefore,  a  transcript  of  nearly  ,ill  the  sentiments  and  laiiguaffe  of  a  book  is  a  jjlarinij  pi- 
racy. To  copy  part  of  a  book,  either  hy  takintf  a  few  pa};es  rrrliiitini,  when  the  sentiments  are  not 
new.  or  hy  imitation  of  the  principal  ideas,  althoui^h  the  treatises  in  other  respects  arc  ditrereni,  is 
also  considered  to  be  illofal. 

••Althoiigli  it  was  held  hy  EllenborouL'h  C.  J.  that  a  variance  in  furia  and  manner  is  a  variance  in 
suhslanee,  and  that  any  material  alteration  which  is  a  mclinrdtiun  cannot  he  considered  as  a  piracy  ; 
yet  a  piracy  is  comniitted,  whether  the  author  atteiupl  an  original  work,  or  call  his  book  an  alirida- 
iiieiit,  if  the  principal  parts  of  a  book  are  servilely  copied  or  unfairly  varied. 

"  Hut  if  the  main  design  be  not  co|)ied,  the  circiiiiistauce  that  part  of  the  rompositinn  of  one  luilhor 
is  found  ill  another  is  not  of  itself  piracy  sutlicieiit  to  support  an  action.  A  man  may  fairly  adopt  part 
of  the  work  of  another;  he  may  so  luake  use  of  another's  labours  for  the  proinotioii  of  science,  and 
the  benefit  nf  the  public,  but  havim;  done  so,  the  question  will  he.  Was  the  matter  so  taken  used  fairly 
with  that  view,  and  without  what  may  be  termed  tlie  aHimu.s  furamli? 

'•  In  judging  of  a  quotation,  whether  it  is  fair  and  candid,  or  whether  the  person  who  quotes  has 
been  swayed  by  the  animus  fiitandi,  the  quantity  taken  and  the  manner  in  which  it  is  adopted,  of 
course,  must  be  considered. 

'■  If  the  work  complained  of  bo  in  .iiihatanee  a  copy,  then  it  is  not  necessary  to  show  the  intention  to 
pirate  ;  for  the  greater  part  of  the  matter  id' the  book  having  been  purloined,  the  intention  is  apparent, 
and  other  proof  is  superlluous.     A  piracy  has  umloiihtedly  been  coniinitted. 

"  Hut  if  only  a  small  portion  of  the  work  is  iiuoied,  lh(;n  il  becomes  necessary  to  show  that  it  was 
done  aniinofiirandi,  with  the  intention  of  depriving  the  author  of  his  just  reward,  by  giving  his  work 
to  the  public  in  a  cheaper  form.    And  then  the  moilc  of  doing  it  becomes  a  subject  of  inquiry  j  fur  it  is 


i 


nooK,  nooKs. 


107 


pro 


:  con- 
I'lliiitl 
iitiin', 
l.ucd ; 

;  pi- 

iiiit 
uiil,  is 

iii'i.'  ill 
liracy  ; 
linila- 

mllior 

pt  part 

'.and 

I  fairly 

cs  has 
uil,  of 

tion  to 
)arei)l, 

it  was 
1  wiirk 
ur  il  is 


nol  diifflrli-rit  tn  rnn^tiliiti'  n  pirnry.  Ilifil  y^r^  <if  niir  ntillmr'"  Imcik  \*  rmind  In  llmf  of  nlinthiT,  iiiilt'«i 
It  III' lii'aily  III!' wlioli',  i>r  Hii  iiiiii  li  n't  uillxli'iw    (Ikiiiu  ii  i|urKliiiii  nf  riii  I  I'nr  IIh'  ,|iii>  Mli:il   it  \t  la 
diiiii  willi'ii  liail  liil)!lit,  mill  llial  llic  iiialirr  wlilcli  iii'Ciniipuiiii'H  U  liaii  licili  tftnurably  iiilriiiliU'iil."- 
<pp.  •Jl.'.-'ilT.) 

"If  II  wnrk  111'  iif  mirli  n  lilicllnii*  nr  tnixclili'voiin  imliirn  iir  to  uHicl  tlii<  pi 
Diilliiir  laiiiiiit  inaiiilaiii  an  iirl.nn  at  la(\  iipmi  il,  it  <  "lul  I'l  ciinity  w  ill  iiul  I 
tiiiri  to  prnti  It  ilial  wliirli  laiiiiiii  In'  iiillril  prnpirly.  I'm'ii  if  llaiic  Imi  u  timi 
tlio  Loril  CImiicelliir  will  not  liiii'rfnru."— (frfu(/»i'»,  !>•  "H.) 


imliirn  im  to  iilVi  el  tlic  puhlir  vwrnh,  niiil  Hint  Ilif 

'  ■■' ""       ■     'lllll|l.r.|'   «  nil    111   llljlllll 

lilUD  loitii  vvil  lciiil(i;<'.v, 


IT.  Exprdlrnri/oflimlltnff  Copi/rli^lit.i  fi>  Tirnifij-ri^/il  Ytar^. — It  iw  nrmicd  by  inniiy 
dmt  ropvriulits  sluxilil  In-  lumlc  |i«r|i.tual ;  llmt  wrrc  lliin  ilniic,  inrti  (if  lalnit.  iiml  li'iiniiiiu 
WDlilil  ilcviitf  llii'iiisclvi's  iniicli  iiiiirc  rcaililv  lliau  iit  |iirsi'iit  ti)  llli"  (•lllll|lo^ililln  nt' Wurkn  liv 
tjiiiriiii;  i;ri'iit  hilioiir  ;  iiinsimicti  il^^  tlic  cnpyri^lit  ursiicli  wiirKn,  wcri'  it  iii'r(i('Uiiil,  wiuilil  !<• 
uii  iultiiiiiitf  iiiovisimi  fur  ;i  I'niiiily.  Uiit  \\f  ilmilit  imitli  wlicihiT  llicso  untii'i|i:iliiiiw  wtuild 
1m;  n-iilisi'il.  Must  iiouks  or  iiiamiscri|ils  nrc  iiiirclmst'd  liy  llii"  Imoksi'lliTH,  or  iitililislu-il  ii|ioti 
thi"  iiri'simiptiDii  ilint  thcrr  will  iiiiiiicdialcly  I'f  a  cuiiHiilt'rnlili'  <ii'mnii(i  liir  tin  rii ;  iiikI  \vc  ii|»- 
prclii'iul  that  wiii'ii  copyriulits  nrr  siTiiri'il  lor  "S  jcars  cortniii,  very  litllo  iiioro  woiilil  ln' 
ffivon  for  tiicm  were  they  iiiailc  perpetual,  ^\'ll(•n  iiii  iiniiiitty,  or  the  rent  or  pr<iril  iirisinu; 
out  ofniiy  I'lxed  and  laiit,'il>le  pro|)erty,  witli  respect  to  wliieli  there  I'an  he  no  risk,  ij<  xold,  if 
the  nmiilicr  of  years  for  which  it  is  to  eontiiiiie  he  coiisideraMe,  the  jirire  wiiieii  it  is  worth, 
iiiid  which  it  fetclu'H,  tloes  uul  ditli'r  materially  fioin  what  it  would  hriii;?  were  it  perpetual. 
Hut  the  eo|iyrii;ht  of  a»  uiipulilishcd  work  is,  of  all  descriptions  of  properly  in  which  to  s|h«- 
rulate,  the  must  hazardous  ;  and  the  chances  of  rcnpini;  eoatinu;eiit  udvautase.-f  from  it,  at  the 
distance  of  SH  years,  wouM  he  worth  very  little  indeed. 

'I'hose  W'lio  write  hooks,  and  those  who  pnlilish  them,  ralculatc  oti  their  obtuinins?  a  ready 
and  extensive  sale,  nnd  on  their  heini;  indcinnilied  in  a  few  years.  Xvry  few  authors,  and 
fitill  fewer  hooksellers,  are  disposed  to  look  forward  to  so  disianta  period  as  "S  years  for  rt^ 
nuuu'ration.  They  are  mostly  all  saniruine  emuiu'h  to  suppose  that  a  nuich  shorter  term  will 
enable  tlu'in  to  rea|)  a  full  harvest  of  fame  and  profit  from  tlie  [itililiration  ;  and  we  ilouiit 
much  wliether  then;  he  one  case  in  a  himdred,  in  which  an  luithor  would  ohlain  a  lari;er 
sum  for  a  jierpctual  copyright,  tlian  for  one  that  is  to  continue  for  llie  period  stii)nliited  in 
the  late  act. 

But  while  tlic  making  of  copyrishts  perjietual  would  not.  as  it  n]ij)ears  to  us,  bo  of  nny 
material  advantaije  to  the  authors,  there  are  irood  j;roinuls  for  thinking  that  it  woi^ld  be  dis- 
advantageous to  the  public.  [Suppose  an  individual  calculates  a  table  of  lonarilhms  to  five 
or  seven  places ;  if  his  computations  be  correct,  no  improvement  can  be  madi«  upon  them,  to 
thei'Xtent  at  least  to  which  they  f;o;  but  is  he  or  his  assiLjiu'cs  to  bo  entitled,  in  all  time  to 
come,  to  jircvent  other  individuals  from  publishini;  similar  tables,  on  the  Rround  of  invasion 
of  private  property  ?  Such  a  pretension  could  not  be  admitted  without  ieadiiii^  to  the  most 
mischievous  eonse(|uenees ;  and  yet  there  is  no  real  ground  (though  thi;  courts  have  at- 
temiifed  to  make  one)  on  which  the  claim  in  (|nestion  and  others  of  the  same  description 
could  be  resisted,  were  copyrights  made  jierpctual,  and  jilaced  in  all  respects  on  the  same 
footing  as  other  property.  We  therefore,  are  clearly  of  ojiinion  that  good  policy  sug- 
gests the  limitation  of  the  exclusive  right  of  printing  and  publishing  literary  works  to 
such  a  reasonable  period  as  may  secure  to  authors  the  greater  part  of  the  j)rolit  to  bo  do- 
rived  from  Uicir  works ;  and  that  this  pcrioil  being  expired,  they  should  become  public 
projierty. 

Perhaps  the  period  of  28  years  might  be  advantageously  extended  to  35  or  40;  but  wc 
arc  satisfied  that  niorc  injury  than  benefit  would  result  to  literature,  by  extending  it  beyond 
that  term.  In  France,  copyrights  continue  for  20  years  after  iJie  death  of  the  author,  fn 
most  of  the  German  states  they  are  pcqietual ;  this,  however,  until  very  recently,  hardly  in- 
demiiilieil  the  authors  for  the  ease  with  which  s|)urious  eojiies  might  be  obtained  from 
other  states.  But  by  a  late  resolution  of  the  Diet,  a  copyright  secured  in  one  state  is  good 
in  all. 

III.  Taxes  ov  Liternfure. — These  taxes  have  been  carried  to  such  an  extent  in  England 
as  to  be  in  the  highest  degree  injurious.  They  are  at  once  impolitic,  oppressive,  and  unjust : 
iin]iolitic,  because  they  tend  to  obstruct  the  growth  and  dilFusion  of  knowledge;  oppressive, 
because  they  very  frequently  swallow  up  the  entire  reward  of  the  labours  of  the  most  deserv- 
ing persons ;  and  unjust,  because  they  are  rot  proportioned  to  the  value  of  the  article  on 
which  they  are  laid,  and  arc,  indeed,  much  oftener  paid  out  of  capital  than  out  of  profit. 

These  taxes  consist  of  the  duty  on  paper — (See  PArF.ii),  the  duty  on  advertisements— 
(See  AnvEHTisKMKNTs),  and  the  11  copies  given  to  the  public  libraries,  'j'he  follow- 
ing statements,  drawn  up  by  a  very  competent  authority  (Mr.  Rces,  of  the  firm  of  Longman, 
Kees,  and  Co.),  show  the  mode  in  which  they  operate.  They  refer  to  an  octavo  volnme  of 
SOO  jiages,  the  paper  such  as  this,  with  the  ordinary  quantity  of  matter  on  the  page,  and  sold 
by  retail  for  12s.  a  copy. 

Estimate  of  the  coat  of  such  a  volume,  when  500,  7.50,  and  1,000  copies  arc  printed, 
showing  what  part  of  this  cost  consists  of  taxes. 
u2 


5 

I 

s 


li(8 


HOOK.  HOOKS. 


1 


,1(1 


..    t 


,  i 


'  i 


Fin  lUndftit  fi<;"" 


I'rlnilnR  anil  corruritmii 

l'll|irr 

lloiirilliii: 
AilvirllHiiiR 


1 1  rcipii'!*  In  pnlillc  lihrnrli'ii. 
II  i'ii|ilrit  (•iiy )  III  amhor. 

4TS  «'i>i)ic'»  fur  "iili!  ttl  C/i.  3(/  .  .  .  - 

Dcclui'l  I'dnt         ...••- 

I'mllt  to  nnllinr  iinil  imMiilU'r,  (uinuila«l<<n,  (iml  Into-  ( 
rtHi  on  cii|iiiiil,  ir/i(ii  c(// u/'i' KiiW     -  ■  •  S 

Sercii  Jlundrcduml  Fffty  Coiiia. 
rriiitini;  anilcorriTtioiiH    .  -  -  •  - 

I'llp'T 

lluilldillL'        ...--•- 

Ailvirlisjnu  ...-•- 

II  i'o|ii<>K  lo  piililir  lllirarlL'.4. 
it  iii|ik'ii  to  uiitlior<<. 

725  ropios  for  nalo  at  ^.<.  3(/.  .... 

Dcdmi  I'lKi         ...... 

I'liiiit  III  author  and  piililHlirr,  roniinlDiInn,  anil  Inie- 1 
ri;-i  on  capital,  If. 'leiKi// u.*f  M'W     •  -  •  \ 


f 

Ittt) 
Itl7 


f.  (/. 
17  II 
H    0 


n-i  w  II 


£ 

3ll.t 
9(15 


•i    s 
I    u 


KM)     I     ft 


Uttc  Thousand  Ci'I'iCd. 


Printing  ami  corructlons 
I'.ip.  r 
Itiiaiiline 
AdVLTlising 


II  ropii's  to  piiliHc  libraries. 
14  I'ljiiii'.-i  to  autlior. 

1173  ropiiM  for  Halo  at  Ss.  id. 
UiuUict  cost 


l'<«i. 


hS  !•*  II 

^H  lU  II 

III  n  0 

»l    U  0 


Hi7    H    0 


m  It  II 

.')7  L'l  0 

1.1  0  0 

37  0  II 


311ft     I     II 


£  <i.  J. 
■  111)  II  3 
-    211  14    0 


Profit  to  niitlior  and  piildislior,  conunwsion,  and  Intr-  > 
rest  on  capital,  jchen  ull  are  6iild      -  -  -  \ 


lUj  12    3 


103  14  0 

77    0  0 

20    II  n 

45    0  0 


iiuir. 


£  >.  d 

II  II  II 

M  12  III 

3  ;t  N 

tl  II  u 


20  ID    0 


0     I)  0 

12  ID  4 

4  15  7 

II     5  0 


an  I'J  II 


0  II  0 

17  ft  il 

II  7  5 

13  10  0 


344  14    II 


3    3 


'J'hi'  following  statPmi'iU  sliow.><  llu;  (pprratioii  of  the  duties  on  a  iiamphlet  of  5  sheds  or 
80  pugiN,  of  wliicli  500  copies  arc  priiiic.l : — 


Cn«t. 

iiuir. 

Pamphlet,  Five  Hundred  Xiimlnr 

£    If. 

d. 

£    n.   d. 

£    g.   d. 

Printing       ....... 

I'.xtras          .-...-. 

14  14 
5    5 

"I 
Of 

19  lU    0 

0     0     0 

Piipir            ....... 

. 

(i  0  n 

1     0    1) 

Siiii'liins!  '   - 

. 

- 

I)  12    0 

II     0     0 

Advertising  (say)    ----.- 

■ 

' 

7    2    0 

2     3    1- 

33  13    ti 

3     3    li 

25  copies  for  niitlinr  and  pnldir  liliraric.^ 

IT.'i  copies  for  Halo.  "25  for  2/.  1 1.-. 

51     0 

u 

I'rolit   to  unllior  and   piildislier,  iiiteri'.sl,  Uc.  nfnr  all 

are  sold      --.-.-- 

£17  12 

fi 

'J'lu'.«e  statements  set  the  oppressive  operation  of  the  taxes  on  literature  in  a  very  striking 
point  of  view.  Where  the  edition  is  an  average  one  of  750  copies,  the  duties  amount  to 
about  a  seventh,  or  14^  per  cent,  of  the  cost  «)f  the  edition.  If  the  edition  consist  of  .')00  or 
750  copies,  the  duties  amount  to  more  than  tlie  entire  remuneration  of  the  author ;  and  if 
it  consist  of  1,000  copies,  they  amount  to  about  as  much  ! 

It  is  essential,  however,  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  previous  statements  show  only  how  the 
duties  afl'ect  books  when  the  entire  iiiijiresniiin  i.s  said  off  at  the  full  publicatiun  price  ,-  but 
this  seldnia  lie  /lens,  Excludin'^  ])ainphU'ts,  il  tnay  be  truly  ailirmcd,  that,  at  an  averaj^c, 
llie  original  impression  of  half  the  books  printed  is  hardly  ever  sold  oil',  except  at  a  ruinous 
reduction  of  jirice.  IVow,  if  we  supjiose,  in  tlie  previous  example  of  an  edition  of  750  copies, 
that  only  025  instead  of  725  were  sold,  the  result  would  Ixj  th:it  only  57/.  lO.v.  would  remain 
as  profit  to  the  author  and  publi.sher,  and  as  a  comjien.sation  for  interest,  the  risk  of  bad 
debts,  &e.  Were  only  500  copies  sold,  tlie  cost  would  not  be  more  than  balanced ;  and 
there  would  be  nothing  whatever  lo  remuneralc  the  author  for  his  laliour,  or  the  bookseller 
for  the  use  of  his  capital.     Were  only  400  cojiics  sold,  government  would  have  received  28/. 


HOOK,  IJOOKS. 


lUi) 


V. 

./. 

) 

0 

1 

1     II 
1    (1 
1    f. 

i     I'l 

tiking 
liiit  to 
100  or 
U  it' 

tlic 
I;  but 

Irage, 
linous 
jpios, 
linaiii 
bad 
nnd 
kllcr 
28/. 


lO.v.  Wif.  of  duty  Fritm  n  )i|ioriil;itiiiii  by  wliii  It  llic  aiitlinr  Imd  IonI  nil  IiIm  bilxnir,  ainl  tlio 
liiiiikHrllir  :))>/.  !'>'«.  dI'  hi-i  ('ii|>il.il  !  'J'lu'  iinri'  |io'"<iliilily  of  .<.ii('li  a  )«ii|i|iii-<itiiiii  In  iii^ 
rcaliHt'it,  wixilil  l><>  a  NUll'K'it  lit  crDiiuii  liir  u  rtv  iHiuii  nf  llic  ilulioK  ;  but,  in  (loiiit  uf  fact,  hui'Ii 
rawH,  iiiHii'ail  oCbciiiu  mrfi'l\  ^/i.    iblo  nr  rare,  arc  uf  iriri/  liiii/  nirtirn  iin  .' 

'I'lirri'  in  a  radiral  ililli'mico  luiwf '  '>  tbc  ilriiiaiiii  fur  bonk-',  nr  of  I'oihI  for  thf  initii),  aiiit 
food  for  the  body.  'V\w  latter  tit  alwaNH  sUr>'<  uiuUr  any  ( iri'uinHtanci'H,  to  foniiiiand  a  nale. 
'I'lit'  dciiiaiid  for  it  iMcoiiiiiiiratiM'K  •<>nstiui(  t  il  rum  tot  bo  diNjunM'd  with.  If  ala\  be  laid  on 
malt,  lialH,  orKlims,  it  will.  |i('rha|>«.  -■  iiu'wiiat  Icx^t'ii  |||^■  ilcniand  for  thcHC  arliclcx;  but  tilt' 
«|naiililii'M  (if  llu'ni  brouubl  '■>  invrki't,  iii  lutiifr,  will  wll  for  such  an  advaiicrd  price  an  will 
leavi-  llu- nistoinary  rate  of  ii,,,  ■  lo  ilicir  |iri.diic<Y'i,  Hut  witli  books  the  v.isv  is  allo»;(lluT 
dilU'renl.  Tilt' taxto  for  tlii'ni  is  |,rovt'rbially  (-a|iririon!3 ;  ">')  inuc-li  ho,  that  the  inoNt  H'i:>a> 
cioiis  individtialH  arc  i-vc  ly  day  dcroivcj  iiitiicjr  antici|iaiions  as  to  lh»'  success  of  new  vvurki*, 
ami  even  an  to  the  xale  ot  new  editions.  |)i,t  if  a  book  do  i\ot  take,  it  is  so  vi  ry  ruinous  an 
atliiir,  that  a  publisher  is  ulad  to  dis|ioM' of  the  urcaler  part  of  an  iin|ireMKioii  at  a  lourtii  or 
fifth  part  of  its  regular  price;  and  is  often,  indeed,  oblifjed  to  sell  it  as  trii.slt  jiiijicr  to  tin 
truiik-iiiaker  or  the  tobacconist. 

(hi  a  late  investiijaijoM  into  the  atVairs  of  an  eMeiisivo  pnblishiiin  concern,  it  was  found, 
that  of  i:iO  works  published  by  it  in  a  niven  time,,///'///  //(/'/  imt  jidid  l/iri'r  cvpiiiMix.  t)f 
tile  SO  that  did  pay.  111  only  had  arrivi-d  at  a  second  ediliipii;  but,  in  most  iiislaiii-es,  tiieDt* 
Hccond  i:ditioiis  had  not  been  prolitable.  In  j;encral  it  may  be  eslimaled,  that  of  the  book:* 
published,  nj'niirtfi  do  not  pay  their  expenses;  and  that  only  aif  In  fliihl  or  Itii  can  lie  n- 
prliitid  wIlJi  uilviinta^c.  As  respects  pamphlets,  we  know  we  are  within  the  mark,  when 
We  allirin  that  not  oiii:  In  fifli/  pays  the  expenses  of  its  publication ! 

Now,  when  such  is  the  fact,  can  any  thircj;  be  more  ^larinnly  unjust  than  to  impotie  the 
name  duty  on  all  works  before  they  are  published  !  In  a  vrrii  fiic  cases,  such  iluly  may 
fall  ]iriiicipally  on  the  buyers,  and  be  only  a  reasonable  deduction  Ironi  the  profits  of  tiie  au- 
thor and  publisher;  but  in  a  vast  number  more  il  swallows  tliciii  up  entirely  ;  ami  in  very 
many  cases  there  are  no  prolits  for  the  duty  lo  absorli,  so  that  it  falls  wholly  on  the  capital 
of  iho  unfortunate  author  or  publisher.  'V\'ere  tb.e  juili?es  of  the  courts  of  law  to  decide 
cascsby  a  throw  of  the  dice,  there  would  he  (iiiile  as  inucii  of  reason  and  justice  in  their  decisions, 
as  there  lias  been  in  the  proceedings  of  our  finance  ministers  as  to  taxes  oii  literature.  If 
books  inunt  be  taxed,  let  publishers  be  put  uiiiler  the  niinrllltnirc  of  the  excise  ;  let  them  be 
obliKcd  to  keep  an  account  of  the  books  they  sell,  and  let  tiiem  be  taxed  accurdiiiKly  ;  but  do 
not  let  the  loss  arising  from  an  unsuccessful  literary  speculation — and  more  than  half  such 
speculations  arc  unsuccessful — be  af;i;ravated  to  a  ruinous  deRiec  by  the  pressure  of  a  t-js- 
tciii  of  taxation,  than  which  there  is  nothinp,  even  in  Algiers,  more  unequal  or  oppressi\i\ 

The  reduction  of  the  advertisement  duty  h:is  done  somelhini;  to  lessen  tiiis  injustice. 
But  the  above  statements,  which  ajiply  to  the  reduced  duty,  show  that  the  relief  is  most  in- 
adciiuate.  It  acknowledges,  witliout  correctinu',  liic  evil.  Instead  of  boiiiff  reduced,  this 
duty  ouuht  to  have  been  entirely  repealed.  Ucfiirc  the  reduction  it  only  amounted  to  about 
170,000/.  a  year;  and  there  cannot  be  u  doul't  that  the  loss  of  revenue  occasioned  by  its  re- 
peal, and  by  the  repeal  of  half  the  paper  duty,  would,  at  no  distant  juriod,  be  made  uj)  by  the 
greater  productiveness  of  the  remaining  duty  on  paper,  resulting  from  its  greater  consumj)- 
tion..  The  advertisement  duly  presses  very  severely  on  all  sorts  of  works,  but  particularly 
on  jiainphlels :  it  may,  indeed,  be  said  to  have  utterly  destroyed  the  latter  class  of  publications, 
in  so  far  at  least  as  they  are  a  source  ol'  profit. 

Hut  we  object  altogether  to  the  imposition  of  taxes  on  books  previously  to  their  being 
jiublished.  It  is  not  possible,  for  the  reasons  already  stated,  that  such  taxes  can  be  other- 
wise than  iinjuxt.  This  objection  to  them  might,  indeed,  be  removed  by  imposing  the  du- 
ties according  to  the  number  and  value  of  the  copies  actually  sold.  Still  sucli  duties  must, 
however  imposed,  by  raising  the  price  of  books,  and  preventing  the  ditVusion  of  knowledge 
nnioiig  the  poorer  and  least  instructed  classes,  be  in  the  utmost  degree  injurious ;  at  tho 
same  time  that  they  can  never  be  rendered  considerably  productive.  They  seem,  in  fact,  to 
have  every  (juality  that  taxes  ought  not  to  have,  and  hardly  one  that  they  should  have. 

The  delivery  o( ilcvcn  copies  to  public  libraries  is  exceedingly  burdensome  ujiou  the  more 
expensive  class  of  works,  of  which  small  impressions  only  can  be  printed  ;  eleven  copies  of 
such  works  would  in  many  instances  be  a  very  fair  jirolit  i'or  the  author ;  and  the  obligation 
to  make  such  a  sacrifice  has  frequently,  indeed,  caused  their  publication  lo  be  abandoned. 
A  tax  of  this  sort  would  not  be  tolerable,  even  were  it  imposed  for  a  public  purpose ;  but 
such  is  not  the  object  of  its  imposition.  Though  called  pu/illc,  the  libraries  which  receive 
tho  eleven  copies  are,  with  the  exception  of  tho  British  Museum,  private  establishments, 
belonging  to  particular  corporations  or  institutions,  and  acccssllilc  imhf  to  their  members. 
Vi/  hy,  when  an  author  produces  a  book,  should  he  be  compelled  to  liestow  copies  of  it  on 
the  lawyers  of  Edinburgh  and  Dublin,  and  on  the  Universities  1  On  what  principle  can 
these  bodies  pretend  to  demand  from  him  a  portion  of  his  property  1  Perhaps  it  might  bo 
expedient,  in  order  to  insure  the  preservation  of  every  work,  that  copies  of  it  should  be 


200 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


»   ,..    J 


:  '  '» 


\'  I 


f  ■    1 


deposited,  one  in  London,  one  in  Edinburp;h,  and  one  in  DiiMin.  Even  this  would  be  call- 
inp;  upon  authors  to  nialte  a  considcrablo  sarrifice  for  the  pnlilio  advantage.  But  to  call  upon 
tliem  to  sacrifice  fen  copies,  exclusive  of  that  given  to  the  British  Museum,  for  the  lirncfit 
of  so  many  private  ijistitutiotis,  is  a  proceeding  utterly  at  variance  with  every  principle  of 
justice. 

The  law  of  other  countries  is,  in  this  respect,  far  preferable  to  ours.  In  America,  Prussia, 
Saxony  and  Bavaria,  only  otic  copy  of  any  won.  <  required  from  the  author ;  in  France  and 
Austria, /ifrt  copies  are  rccjuired ;  and  in  the  Nethrrlaiuls ///we.  The  governments  of  the 
most  despotical  states  treat  authors  better  than  they  have  hitherto  been  treated  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  England. 

IV,  liiiok  Trade  of  Great  Britain. — London  is  the  great  centre  of  the  British  book  trade; 
tlie  iiumber  of  new  publications  that  issue  from  its  presses  being  far  greater  than  all  that 
appear  in  the  rest  of  the  empire.  ^Vithill  the  course  of  the  last  forty  years,  however,  many 
very  important  works,  have  l)een  jniblishcd  at  Edinburgh ;  but  the  latter,  as  well  as  those 
that  appear  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  Glasgow,  &e.,  are  prinripally  disposed  of  iiy  the  London 
trade.  The  booksellers  of  Edinbur;;!!,  and  of  all  the  provincial  towns,  have  agents  in  Lon- 
don to  whom  they  consign  a  certain  number  of  copies  of  every  work  they  publish;  and  to 
whom,  also,  they  address  their  orders  for  copies  of  such  new  or  old  works  as  they  have  occa- 
sion for.  The  London  booksellers,  who  act  us  agents  for  those  in  the  country,  are  in  the 
habit  of  regularly  despatching  parcels  to  their  correspondents  on  the  last  day  of  each  month, 
with  the  magazines  and  other  monthly  ^lublications ;  but  if  any  new  work  of  interest 
appears  in  the  interim,  or  orders  be  received  from  the  country  that  cannot  be  conveniently 
deferred  to  the  end  of  the  month,  a  parcel  is  immediately  forwarded  by  coach.  The  book- 
sellers of  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  act  as  agents  for  those  of  London,  and  supply  the  Scotch 
and  Irish  country  trade  with  the  metropolitan  publications. 

The  price  of  new  works  is  fixed  by  the  publishers,  who  grant  a  deduction  to  the  retail 
dealers  of  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  on  the  jjrice  of  qnarto!),  and  from  2.5  to  30  per  cent,  on 
that  ofocfnvns,  and  those  of  smaller  si/c.  The  credit  given  by  the  publishers  to  the  retailers 
varies  from  seven  to  twelve  month?  -,  a  discount  being  allowed  for  prompt  payment  at  the 
rate  of  5  per  cent,  per  anruim. 

From  inquiries  we  have  made,  we  believe  it  may  be  laid  down  that  about  L-'50O 
tnlunief!  of  new  publications  (exclusive  of  reprints,  pamphlets,  and  periodical  publications 
not  in  volumes)  arc  annually  produced  in  (ireat  Britain  :  and,  estimating  the  average  im- 
pression of  each  .'olume  at  750  copies,  we  have  a  grand  total  of  1,125,000  volumes;  tho 
value  of  which,  if  sold  at  an  average  publication  price  of  9s.  a  volume,  would  be  506,250/, 
The  number  of  reprinted  volumes,  particularly  of  school-books,  is  very  gicat;  and  if  to  these 
we  add  the  reviews,  magazines,  pamphlets,  and  all  ot>ier  publications,  exclusive  of  newspa- 
pers, the  total  publication  value  of  the  new  works  of  all  sorts,  and  new  copies  of  o'd  works, 
tliat  are  annually  produced,  may  be  estimated  at  alunit  750,000/.  At  an  average  of  tlic 
three  years  ending  with  '831,  1,176  new  works  were  annually  entered  in  Stationers'  Hall; 
but,  as  no  account  is  kept  of  the  size  or  price  of  these  works,  this  return  furnishes  no  clue 
by  which  to  judge  of  the  number  of  volumes,  their  magnitude  or  value.  This  deficiency 
might  easily  be  supplied  either  by  the  Stationers'  Hall  or  the  British  Museum  keeping  an 
account  of  the  size  and  price  of  all  the  new  books  coming  into  their  hands,  and  making  an 
annual  abstract  of  the  same. 

TliC  old  book  trade  carried  on  in  Great  Brit.iin  is  very  extensive,  and  employs  many 
dealers.  The  price  of  old  books  depends  very  much  on  their  condition ;  but,  independently 
of  this  circumstance,  it  is  very  fluctuating  and  capricious ;  equally  good  copies  of  the  same 
works  being  frequently  to  be  had  in  some  shops  for  a  half  or  a  third  of  what  they  can  be 
bought  for  in  others. 

\.  Rc>rulalionfi  as  to  Importation  of  Worhn. — For  the  duties,  see  TAnirp.  To  prevent 
fi.ireign  books  and  maps,  the  property  of  individuals,  from  being  charged  with  duty  more 
tlian  once,  the  proprietor  shall,  on  each  importation  subsequent  to  the  original  one,  make 
oath,  that  the  duties  were  paid  when  they  were  first  imported,  or  that  he  purchased  them  in 
tliis  country  in  a  fair  way  of  trade;  that  tliey  are  the  identical  books  or  maps  he  exported 
from  this  kingdom,  and  that  they  are  now  brought  back  for  his  ]irivate  use,  and  not  for  sale. 
—{Treasury  Order,  3d,  and  Citfif(,}ns  Order,  8th  of  October,  1818.) 

No  books,  first  composed,  written  or  ])rinted  in  the  United  Kiiigdom,  imported  for  sale, 
except  books  not  reprinted  in  the  United  Kingdom  within  20  years,  or  being  parts  of  collec- 
tions, the  greater  part  of  which  had  been  composed  or  written  abroad,  shall  be  imported  into 
the  United  Kingdom,  under  forfeiture  thereof.— (3  «&  4  Will.  4.  e.  5:,;.  §  58.) 

Books  first  composed  or  written,  or  printed  and  published,  in  the  Uniti:d  Kingdom,  and 
r-printcd  in  any  other  country  or  place,  may  not  be  entered  to  be  warehoused. — §  59. 

The  permission  to  import  English  works  reprinted  abroad  for  private  use,  is  limited  to  a 
single  copy  of  each  work,  brought  as  a  part  of  a  passenger's  baggage,  for  the  private  use  of 
the  parties  themselves. — (Treasury  Order,  29th  of  Juno  1830.) 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


201 


Account  of  tliD  Amount  of  Duty  paid  upon  llm  Porcicn  Ilcmks  iinportcd  Into  tlin  UnitPil  Kingdom 
during  fiacli  of  llie  Ttin'Yoarrf  I'li.lii'i;  willi  lfW.~(Piirl.  Puptr,  No.  110.  Hi'ss.  1S32.) 


Yeir. 

Anintuit. 

Year. 

Alii'tunt. 

Yiar. 

Anuiunt. 

.£       s.  d. 

£      s.  d. 

£       s.  d. 

I'^ai 

12,i)S7    S    0 

1S2'-. 

17.n!).')  18  fl 

1S2S 

11.020  18  1 

\>-21 

13,0.1^    7  11 

|N-2() 

1(),7K-)     3  f^ 

l,'-2!) 

1I,4»()    8  2 

1H2S 

l.'i.M!!     I     5 

lb27 

11,133    2  5 

WM) 

11,(505    4  4 

\fi\ 

17,i!;t7  17    3 

tcvcnt 

1  more 
I  niiiko 
Icm  in 
liortoil 
salo. 

sale, 

boUec- 

into 

3,  and 

Id  to  a 
tso  of 


VI.  Bonk  Trade  of  France. — The  activity  of  the  French  press  has  been  very  greatly 
increased  since  the  downliiU  of  Naijoleoii.  'I'lie  Count  Daru,  in  a  very  instructive  work 
{Notions  Sfafisti(/uefi  mr  la  LUmiirtt)  pnblislicd  in  1827,  estimated  the  number  of  jirinted 
sheets,  exclusive  of  newspapers,  produced  by  tlie  French  press  in  1816,  at  68,8o2,88;J ;  and 
in  1825,  at  128,011,483  !  and  we  bellevo  that  tlie  increase  from  1S25  down  to  the  present 
period  has  been  little  if  any  thing  inferior.  The  ([uality  of  many  of  the  works  that  have 
recently  issued  from  the  French  press  is  also  very  sui)erior ;  and  it  may  he  doubted  wliether 
such  works  as  the  Bioi^rapliie  Unirtraclh,  the  new  and  eidarijed  edition  of  the  Art  de  verifier 
Its  Dales,  in  ;18  vols,  octavo,  and  the  two  octavo  editions  otJiai/lcs  Diet  lunar  t/,  could  have 
been  jiublished  in  any  other  country.  The  t^rcnter  number  of  new  French  works  of  merit, 
or  which  it  is  supposed  will  command  a  cunsiderable  sale,  are  immediately  reprinted  in  the 
Netherlands  or  Switzerland,  but  principally  in  the  former.  To  such  an  extent  has  this 
piratical  practice  been  carried,  that  it  is  stated  in  the  KeijiLite  presented  by  the  French  book- 
sellers to  government  in  1828.  that  a  single  bookseller  in  Brussels  had,  in  1825  and  1820, 
and  the  first  six  months  of  1827,  reprinteil  :318,(il.')  volumes  of  French  works!  Having 
nothing  to  pay  for  copyricht,  these  counterfeit  editions  can  be  allbrded  at  a  lower  price  than 
those  that  arc  genuine.  This  is  a  very  serious  injury  to  f>ench  authors  and  publishers,  not 
only  by  preventing  the  sale  of  their  works  in  foreign  countries,  but  from  the  case  with  which 
spurious  copies  may  be  introduced  into  France. 

All  the  French  booksellers  are  hrcvelcs,  tiiat  is,  licensed,  and  sworn  to  abide  by  certain  [ire- 
scribed  rules.  This  regulation  is  justly  complained  of  by  the  publishers,  as  being  vexatious 
and  oppressive ;  and  as  tending  to  lessen  the  nundier  of  retail  booksellers  in  the  country, 
and  to  prevent  that  competition  which  is  so  advantageous. 

The  discount  allowed  by  the  French  jiublishers  to  the  retail  dealers  is  not  regulated,  as  in 
England,  by  the  size  of  the  volumes,  but  by  the  subjects.  The  discount  on  the  sale  of  books 
of  history,  criticism,  and  general  literature,  is  usually  about  25  per  cent. ;  in  the  ca.se  of 
mathematical  and  strictly  scientific  works,  it  is  seldom  more  than  10  or  15  per  cent.;  while 
upon  romances,  tales,  &c,  it  is  often  as  high  as  50  or  60  per  cent. 

VII.  German  Book  Trade, — "  This  trade  is  very  much  facilitated  by  the  book  fairs  at 
Leipsic;  the  Easter  fair  behig  frecjuentcd  by  all  the  booksellers  of  Germany,  and  by  those  of 
some  of  the  neighbouring  countries,  as  of  France,  Switzerland,  Denmark,  Livonia,  &c.,  in 
order  to  settle  their  mutual  accounts,  and  to  form  new  connections.  The  German  publisher 
sends  his  publications  to  the  keeper  of  assortments  a  condition,  that  is,  on  commission,  for  a 
certain  time,  after  which  the  latter  pays  for  what  have  been  sold,  and  may  return  the  re- 
mainder. This  is  not  so  favourable  for  the  publisher  as  the  custom  in  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish book  trades,  where  the  keepers  of  assortments  take  the  quantity  they  want  at  a  fixed 
rate.  In  the  German  book  trade,  it  is  the  custom  ibr  almost  every  house,  cither  in  the  coun- 
try or  abroad,  which  publishes  or  sells  German  books,  to  have  its  agent  at  Lcii)sic,  who 
receives  and  distributes  its  publications.  A.,  of  Riga,  who  publishes  a  book  calculated  for 
the  German  trade,  has  his  agent  B.,  in  Leipsie,  to  whom  he  send-s,  free  of  expense,  a  number 
of  copies  of  his  publication,  that  he  may  distribute  the  new  work  to  all  the  booksellers  with 
whom  he  is  connected,  from  Vienna  to  Hamburgh,  and  from  Strasburgh  to  Konigsberg,  each 
of  whom  has  his  agent  in  Leipsic.  Instructions  are  also  given  as  to  the  number  of  copies  to 
be  sent  to  each.  B.  delivers  those  copies  in  Leii)sic  to  the  agents,  who  send  them  every 
week,  or  more  or  less  frecjuently,  by  the  jiost  or  by  carriers,  at  the  expense  of  the  receiver. 
C,  of  Strasburgh,  who  finds  that  he  has  not  received  copies  enough,  writes  for  an  additional 
number  of  copies  to  his  agent  D.,  of  Leip.sic:  I),  gives  the  order  to  B.,  who  delivers  the 
number  wanted  to  D.,  to  be  tran-sniitted  to  C.  This  arrangement  is  advantageous  to  the 
German  book  trade,  as  well  as  to  Leipsic.  Tiu;  dealer  receives  every  thing  from  Leipsic; 
and  as  a  great  number  of  packets,  with  books  from  all  fiarts  of  Germany,  arrive  there  for 
him  every  week,  he  can  have  them  packed  together  and  sent  at  once.  The  carriage  is  thus 
much  less  than  if  the  packets  were  sent  to  liiTii  separately  from  the  difterent  places ;  and  the 
whole  business  is  simplified.  The  booksellers  are  also  enabled  to  agree  with  ease  on  a  cer- 
tain discount  per  cent.  No  such  intimate  connection  of  the  booksellers  has  yet  been  formed 
in  any  other  country.  The  German  booksellers  rarely  unite,  as  is  the  practice  in  England, 
in  undertaking  the  publication  of  extensive  works." — (^German  ConversatlvnS'Lexlcun, 
American  edition.) 

The  literary  deluge  which  commenced  in  Germany  in  1811  still  continues  to  increase. 

26 


I 

2 

3 


202 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


»v 


■  I 


\    ' 


I 


For  the  2,000  works  which  wrro  thfu  aliont  tlio  annual  coniplpmcnt,  wo  have  now  about 
6,000.  Tlio  cataI()c;uo  of  tho  liciiisic;  fiiir  lor  Micliaalmas,  1830,  contains  3,444  articles,  of 
wiiich  2,704  are  actually  jjiililisluvl ;  ami  if  tlirso  arc  aililed  to  the  3,102  announced  in  the 
Easter  catalogue,  the  number  of  books  |)ublisli('(l  in  1830  will  amount  to  5,920.  The  num- 
ber jjublished  in  1829  was  .'j,3M  ;  in  ISCS,  5,054  ;  in  1827,  5,1()S ;  previously  to  which,  tho 
number  had  never  exceeded  5,000.  Magazines  and  popular  Encyclopaedias  liiivc  increased 
in  the  same  projiortion  ;  and  the  public  has  sliown  as  great  a  desire  to  read,  as  tho  learned 
have  to  write.  Private  libraries  are  diniinishitii^,  while  the  public  ones  arc  daily  increasing. 
— (Fi)rcl<:;n  Quurterfi/  licvicw.  No.  Xl\'.  p.  551.) 

(We  are  plad  to  have  to  announce  lliat,  durinc;  the  course  of  the  present  year  (1836), 
tho  taxes  atVectine;  books  have  bocn  very  materially  diminished, —  1st,  by  the  duties 
on  paper  l.aviiiir  Iuhmi  reduced  a  hnlf.  or  Trom  3^/.  \)cr  lb.  to  \hl.;  and  2d,  by  its  liaving 
been  enacted  that  Jirc  only  instead  of  eleven  co|iii's  of  new  works  arc  in  future  to  bo  fur- 
nished, at  th(^  expense  of  authors  and  publisliers,  to  public  libraries.  (6  (fe  7  Will.  4.  cap. 
1 10.)  'J'iiese  iiiiiiortant  reductions  will  be  of  the  >,rieatest  service  to  the  interests  of  litera- 
ture, and  will  contribute,  in  no  slight  degree,  both  to  lessen  the  risk  of  publication,  and  to 
reduce  the  cost  and  price  of  books.  Tt  is  to  be  hoped  that,  at  no  distant  period,  the  remain- 
der of  the  pa|)er  duty  ami  the  advertisement  (hity  may  l)otli  be  repealed.  However  reduced, 
all  duties  on  books  are  liable  to  the  fundamental  objection  (sec  Did.  p.  198.)  of  being 
imposed  on  articles  that  may  not,  and,  indeed,  very  fre(|uently  do  not,  sell;  and  when  such 
is  the  case,  the  duties  have  to  be  either  partially  or  wholly  paid  out  of  the  capital  of  tho 
authors  or  publishers.  'J'he  adverlisiMncnt  duly  is  still  very  heavy,  and  it  is,  at  the  same 
time,  most  unt'air.  What,  in  fact,  can  be  more  subversive  of  every  i)rui(:iple  of  justice  than 
to  i]iii)ose  the  same  duty  on  the  announcement  of  the  jjubiicationof  a  sixpenny  pam[)hlet,  as 
on  that  of  the  sale  of  an  estate  worth  lOO.OOtV.  ?  Luckily,  this  duty  may  he  relintiuished 
without  any  sensible  sacrilice.  'J'he  total  produce  of  the  advertisement  duty,  in  1835, 
amoimtcd  only  to  the  trilling  sum  of  (Ki.DlO/  ;  and,  as  its  repeal  would  be  of  as  much  ser- 
vice to  commerce  as  to  literature,  it  canuiit.  surely,  be  permitted  to  exist  much  longer. 

Compensation  is  to  be  given  by  tho  public  to  the  six  i)ublic  libraries  that  have  abandoned 
their  claim  to  copies  of  each  new  work.  The  Advocates'  Library  of  Edinburgh  still  retains 
its  privilege  of  receiving  a  copy  ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  sec  why  it  should  be  entitled  to  any  such 
distinction.  It  is  essentially  a  prirutr  iii^fifufinii,  from  which  the  public  are  carefully  ex- 
cluded, and  there  neither  is  nor  can  he  any  good  reason  why  an  author  should  be  obliged  to 
present  it  with  a  copy  of  his  works. 

'I'he  following  statement  may  bo  substituted  for  that  given  in  the  Dicf,  p.  193.  It  is 
derived  from  the  same  source,  and  shows  the  present  cost  of  printing  and  publishing  an 
octavo  volume  of  about  500  pages, — the  prper  such  as  this,  with  the  ordiimry  quantity  of 
matter  on  tho  page, — when  500,  750,  and  1,000  cojiies  are  ])rinted:  It  further  shows  what 
portion  of  the  cost  consists  of  duty,  and  the  prolits  of  the  author  and  publisher  on  each  edi- 
tion, supposing  the  volume  to  be  sold  by  retail  at  I'Zfi,  a  copy,  and  the  entire  edition  to  bo 
sold  oil*.     A  similar  statement  is  subjoined  for  a  pamphlet  of  80  pages. 


Five  Hundred  Copies. 
Printing  and  corrections    ... 

TlipiT  -  .  .  .  . 

lliiiirdins      ..... 
Ailvertitiiiig  .... 


.'i  copies  to  public  lihrariea. 
14  copies  to  aiillior,  &.c. 

481  copies  for  sale  at  83.  Hd. 

Deduct  cost         .... 

Fnr  prnfii  to  aiitlinr  and  paljlinhor,  commission,  and  in- ^ 
turcst  on  capital,  (fAtrt  u// «rc  .su/(/. 

Seven  Tliindri'd  and  Fifty  Cnpiea. 

Printin;?  and  corrections    .... 
I'ripcr  .--... 

llonrilinir       ..-_._ 
Advcrtii^ing  -  .  _  .  _ 

5  copies  to  putilic  libraries. 
14  copins  to  aullior,  &.K. 

731  copies  for  sate  at  8s.  5d.  -  -  • 

Deduct  coBt         ..... 

For  profit  to  antlior  and  paldisber,  cnmmisgion,  and  in-' 
terest  on  capital,  (cAen  «// ioW. 


Tolal  C 

IS*. 

Wherenf  Duly. 

1    1   1   1 
■    1    1    1 
1111 

£   s. 
M  18 
32    0 
10    0 
40    0 

(/. 

0 
(1 
0 
0 

£    s.  d. 
0    0    0 
4    0    0 
0  13    6 

10    0    0 

£    s.   d. 

.    2(12    8    5 
-     170  18    0 

170  18 

ori  0 

48    0 
15    0 
."iO    0 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

15    1    6 

0    0    0 

0  0    0 

1  3    3 
12  10    0 

1  ^-  \     :ti  10  5 

1  1  1  1 

1    1    1    1 
lilt 

£    s.  d. 

-  307  12    7 

-  90S    6    0 

208    C 

0 

20    2    3 

""■}      90    6    7 

BOOK,  BOCKS. 


203 


;  Duly. 


One  Thousaiid  Copies. 


Printing  and  conections 

I'lipcr 

Udiiriliiiff 

Advertising 


5  copies  to  ptihjic  lihrnries. 
11  cu|iius  to  aiitlior,  &,c. 

ysl  coiiips  for  sale  at  8.1.  5d.  .  .  - 

Uiiduct  cost         -  .  .  .  . 

For  profit  to  aullior  and  pnblislier, commission,  and  in-") 
t(^re:it  ou  ca]>it2il,  when  all  sulti        .  .  .  f 

Pamphlet  ofb  sheets,  500  printed. 
Printing       ---.... 

Km r:i  corrections  and  alterations  ... 

I'iipcr  ....... 

Stiicliinit      ---.-.. 
Advertising  (say)   -..-.. 


25  copies  for  atithor  and  public  libraries. 

•175  copies  for  sale,  at  25  for  2/.  14s. 

Deduct  cost  .  -  .  .  . 

Fur  profit  to  aiitlior  and  publislicr,  interest  &c.  vhin  altl 
arc  sold.  --._.. 


d. 

'.) 
0 

Tout  Cost. 

vVhereof  Duty. 

' 

.£    s.   (/. 
102  14    0 
01    0    0 
20    0    0 
•id    0    0 

£    s.  (/. 

0  0    0 
H  12    0 

1  11     0 
15    0    0 

£       .'!. 

412  10 
210  14 

246  14    0 

14  14    0 

5    5    0 

5    0    0 

0  12    (; 

10    0    0 

25    3    0 

0    0    0 
0    0    0 
0  13    5 
0    0    0 
2  10    0 

IfiO    2 

0 

- 

d. 
0 
ti 

£    s. 

-  51    0 

-  35  11 

35  11    0 

3    3    5 

15  14 

6 

Iinporfatinn  of  Rooks. — Under  the  lato  law,  such  books  as  might  lie  imported  were  ad- 
niiUi'd.  provided  they  were  of  editions  printed  in  or  .«inrc  the  year  1801,  on  ])aynient  of  a 
duty  of  T)/.  a  cwt. ;  but  this  duty  has  been  reduced  to  2/.  lO.v.  a  rwf. ;  vvilli  tiic  additional 
jiroviso,  that  the  books,  besides  being  printed  in  or  since  IHQ\,  nw  m  foiriirn /ii:inir  Ian- 
gU(i^v:cs, — (A  (St  5  lV/7/.  4  c.  80  §  15,)  This  conditioi;  was  inserted  principnlly  to  obviatn 
the  risk  of  dictionaries,  or  the  class  books  used  in  our  schools,  iieing  su])plied  from  the  Con- 
tinent ;  the  b.ooksellers  contending  that  the  */.  lO.v.  a  cwt.  of  duty  was  insuflicient  to  balance 
the  inlhieiicc  of  the  paper  duty,  and  the  [leculiar  burdens  incident  to  the  getting  u])  of  books 
in  this  country.  It  has  been  alleged,  indred,  tiiat  it  will  not  ellbct  its  purpo.se;  because,  as 
is  contended,  both  Latin  and  Greek  are  living  languages ;  the  former  being  spoken  in  cer- 
tain jjurts  of  Hungary  and  Poland,  and  the  latter  in  Greece!  I'ut  the  intention  of  the 
legislature  is  too  obvious  to  admit  of  its  being  defeated  by  any  (juiliblingof  the  sort  now  men- 
tioned. By  a  living  language  is  meant  a  language  siioken  by  a  nation  or  peo|)le.  and  not  by 
a  few  learned  individuals;  and  the  dialect  of  the  modern  (ireeks  is  abundantly  dilferent 
from  that  of  their  ancestors.  The  duty  of  1/.  a  cwt.  on  foreign  books  printed  prior  to  1801 
ought  to  be  repealed ;  it  throws  obstructions  in  the  way  of  their  importation,  while  it  is  quite 
unproductive  of  revenue. 

Siitiiir(rli)iir  i:f  EvpUsh  BonUs  from  abroad. — Very  consider.ilile  loss  is  sustained  by  literary  n»!n  and 
liooksillcrs,  by  tbe  clandestine  inii)ortation  of  Kuulisli  wdrUs  printed  abroad,  of  wbicli  the  copyrijjlit 
lias  not  "xpiri'd.  There  is  hardly,  in  fact,  one  of  our  popular  aulhors,  copies  cf  wlmse  works,  printed 
in  France  or  America,  may  not  be  readily  procured  in  London  ;  and  as  those  by  v.  lioni  they  inn  printed 
liave  neitluT  copyriitht  nor  paper  duty  to  pay,  lliey  are  able  uialerially  to  undersell  the  native  article. 
It  Is  suri.'ly  unnecessary  to  say,  that  every  practicable  ellnrt  should  be  made  to  hinder  such  an  inva- 
sion of  private  property ;  and  in  this  view  wo  beK  to  suL'L'est,  that  the  permission  fiiven  I o  persons 
cDiiilnj;  t'rom  abroad  to  briuR  with  them  sii'ijle  cojiies  of  all  prohibited  works,  ouiilit  to  be  withdrawn. 
It  opens  a  door  for  snuiciiliuK  and  fraud  ;  and  there  is  neilluT  sense  nor  justice^  in  allowing  any  indi- 
vidual to  invade  the  riehts  of  another,  mercdy  because'  he  has  been  acniss  the  Clianiu'l.  A  specific, 
penalty,  rec<iverable  byasunnnary  process,  onpht  also  10  be  imposed  on  every  individual  oli'ering 
such  tiiioks  for  sale.  This  would  be  much  more  cli'ectual  in  preventing  such  practices  tlian  tliu  exist- 
iii;,'  law.— See  IMct.  p.  I'JO.— S«;).) 

[In  addition  to  the  statements  of  the  author  concerning  copyright  in  the  different  Euro- 
jipaii  countries,  we  may  mention  that  the  government  of  Denmark,  by  an  ordinance  of  the 
7th  of  May  1828,  not  merely  sanctioned  a  perpetual  right  of  literary  property  in  its  own 
.sulijpcts,  but  even  went  so  far  as  to  assert  a  similar  riglit  in  the  case  of  foreigners,  by  pro- 
hibiting all  re})rints  of  foreign  books,  cxce[)ting  by  an  authority  to  do  so  derived  from  their 
authors  or  propri(!tor8  ain-oad.  Copyright  in  Kussia,  by  a  law  enacted  in  1828,  was  conferred 
ujion  an  author  and  his  heirs,  until  the  expiration  of  25  years  after  his  death.  A  law  of  the 
a.'ith  January  1817,  common  to  both  Holland  and  Uelgium,  and  probably  still  in  force,  not- 
withstaniling  the  separation  of  the  two  countries,  guarantees  the  right  of  literary  property 
for  a  period  extending  from  the  publication  of  a  liook  until  20  years  after  the  death  of  an 
author ;  any  edition  of  his  work,  published  without  his  consent,  being  rendered  liable  to 
confiscation.  The  publisher  is  also  subjected  to  a  jienalty,  e(iuivalcnt  to  the  price  of  200O 
cof)ies,  to  accrue  to  the  benefit  of  the  party  injured,  and  is  oi>liged  to  pay  a  consideral)le  fine 
to  bo  appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  poor.    Un  again  ollcnding  in  a  siniilaT  maimer,  the 


I 

in 


5 


C 

r. 


204 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


publisher  may  he  declaretl  incapable  of  pursuing  his  ocrupation.  The  disturbed  condition 
of  Spain  and  Portugal,  for  some  years  past,  renders  wliat  the  law  is  in  those  countries  con- 
ccrnuig  the  press  and  literary  property  of  et)inparatively  little  moment.  And  in  respect  to 
Italy  and  Switzerland,  whatever  iiroteetinn  to  autliors  is  professedly  granted  by  the  govern- 
ments of  tlie  dillercnt  states  into  wliieh  they  are  subdivided,  these  states  are  so  numerous,  and 
so  independent  of  each  other  in  tJK'ir  h'gislnlion  on  the  subject  of  literary  property,  that  very 
little  protection  is  in  reality  afforded.  A  work  which  appears  at  Florence  may,  for  example, 
be  immediately  reprinted  at  Modena ;  and  the  possibility  of  any  pecuniary  advantage  behig 
derived  by  the  author  from  his  labours  may  thus  lie  at  once  entirely  frustrated. 

An  author,  in  the  United  States,  by  tlie  act  of  Congress  of  May  3Ist,  1790,  "for the 
encouragement  of  learning,  &c.,"  had,  if  a  citizen  or  a  resident  in  the  country,  an  exclusive 
co])yright  in  his  works  conferred  upon  him  tor  a  term  of  14  years, — a  right  renewable  when 
this  term  shall  have  expired,  provided  tlir  author  be  then  living,  in  favour  of  him  and  his 
legal  re))resentatives,  tor  the  farther  term  of  14  years.  By  an  act  passed  February  ;5d,  1831, 
the  privilege  in  question  is  to  be  enjoyed  in  the  first  instance  during  a  term  of  28 years;  and 
if,  at  the  expiration  of  this  term,  the  author,  or  his  widow,  or  any  child  of  his,  bo  still  living, 
it  may  be  enjoyed  for  14  years  more.  'J'lie  expense  of  procuring  a  copyright  is  very  trifling ; 
and  only  one  copy  of  a  work  is  recpiired  from  the  author,  which  is  to  be  delivered  to  the 
Secretary  of  State,  to  be  preserved  in  his  oHlce. 

Latterly,  there  has  been  almost  every  where  a  tendency  to  extend  the  right  of  literary 
property  ;  and  the  justice  as  well  as  expediency  of  assimilating  it  to  the  right  of  property  in 
material  things,  by  making  it  perpetual,  has  been  argued  with  much  earnestness  and  force. 
The  desirableness,  too,  of  an  international  copyright  law,j)lacing  the  rights  of  authors  on  the 
same  footing  in  every  portion  of  the  civilised  and  literary  world,  has  been  of  late  fre(iuently 
expressed  in  quarters  entitled  to  the  highest  respect.  These  topics  were  brought  to  the  con- 
sideration of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  in  the  winter  of  1837,  by  a  petition  signed 
by  56  British  authors,  asking  the  privilege  to  secure  copyrights  for  their  works  in  the  United 
States.  The  committee  of  the  Senate,  to  whom  this  petition  was  referred,  made  a  report 
favourable  to  the  object  of  the  petitioners,  accompanied  by  the  following  bill,  which  was, 
however,  not  acted  upon. 

M  Bill  to  amend  the  act  entitled  '■^An  Jlct  to  amend  the  several  acts  respecting  copyright." 
"Btitcniiclrd  hij  the  Senate  and  House  of  licprr.-'ditatire.'i  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Conffress 
assemhlcil,  Tliat  llie  provisioiis  of  tlie  act  to  iiiiii'iMl  tin;  several  acts  respci'tiiiK  cn|iyriL'lit»,  which  was 
passed  on  the  tliird  day  of  I'ebriiary,  eighteen  hiiiiilrecl  and  tll;!•ty-(lll(^  slial!  lie  extended  tn,  and  the 
Iienelits  lliereiif  may  In;  enjuyed  by,  any  snliject  or  resjdint  of  the  United  Kinjidnni  of  (Jreal  lirltaiti 
and  Ireland,  or  of  France,  in  the  same  manner  as  If  they  were  citizens  or  residents  of  the  United 
States,  upon  doposltliill  a  printed  copy  of  iIk!  title  of  tin.'  hook  or  other  work  lor  which  a  copyriL'lit  in 
desired,  ill  the  clerk's  otHce  of  the  district  court  of  any  district  in  tlie  l/'niled  States,  and  coiiiplyiii;- 
with  the  othi^r  requireniunts  of  the  said  act:  I'rori-Jiul.  'J'hat  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  any  ol' the 
works  enumerated  in  the  aforesaid  act,  which  shall  have  lieen  etched  or  engraved,  or  printed  and 
piililished,  prior  to  the  passatu  nl"  this  act :  .'/«(/  pruridnl,  al.<o,  That,  unless  an  edition  of  the  work 
for  which  it  is  Intended  to  secure  the  copyrlaht,  shall  hi;  printed  and  piilili.died  In  the  I'liited  Statoa 
slninltaiR'onsly  with  its  lssu(!  in  the  foreisrn  country,  or  within  one  month  at'ter  depositinc  as  afore- 
said the  title  thereof  in  the  clerk's  ntficc  of  the  district  court,  the  bciietits  ofcopyriglit  hereby  allowed 
sliall  not  be  enjoyed  as  to  such  work." 

For  a  concise  tmd  excellent  view  of  what  has  been  done  on  the  subject  of  copyright 
generally,  both  abroad  and  at  home,  we  may  refer  the  reader  to  the  little  work  entitled 
"  Remarks  on  Literary  Property"  by  Phili[)  H.  Nicklin,  Esq.,  lately  published.  He  will  bo 
well  repaid  for  the  time  he  may  spend  in  its  perusal. 

The  progress  of  publication  and  of  the  book  irado  in  the  United  States  has  been  exceed- 
ingly rajiid.  Previous  to  the  year  ISO:!,  most  of  the  books  published,  besides  the  Bible, 
were  such  as  were  adapted  for  elementary  instruction  in  the  schools.  In  that  year  (he  ichok 
of  the  Bible  was  set  up  by  Mathcw  Carey,  Esii.,  then  actively  engaged  in  the  business  of 
bookselling  and  publishing,  and  kept  perinaiicntly  standing  in  the  4to  form.  Ijong  after- 
wards, however,  pocket  Bibles  and  other  kinds  continued  to  bo  imported,  chiefly  from  Scot- 
land. There  cannot,  at  the  present  time,  bo  less  than  100  sets  of  stereotype  plates,  of  va- 
rious sizes,  in  use  for  the  printing  of  Bibles. 

At  the  date  above  mentioned,  such  standard  works  as  Shakspearc  and  the  Pilgrim's 
Progress  were  constantly  imported.  Now  there  must  be  half  a  dozen  sets  of  plates  of  Shak- 
spearc alone. 

A  fact  evincive  of  the  great  extent  to  which  the  book  trade  is  carried  on  is  the  division  of 
labour  which  exists  among  our  principal  liooksellers  and  publishers.  One  deals  exclusively 
in  law  books ;  another  confines  his  attention  to  medicine ;  another  again  to  theology;  and  a 
fourth  is  concerned  only  with  school  books. 

The  most  extensive  and  costly  works  have  been  printed  in  the  United  States ;  such  as 
Rces's  and  Brewster's  Encyclopaedias. 

The  first  trades'  sale  took  place  in  1824.  Since  that  time  the  amount  of  books  annually 
disposed  of  at  trades'  sales  has  been  constantly  increasing ;  until  the  amount  at  present  has 
probably  reached  the  Bum  of  half  a  million  of  dollars. 


The. 
And  i 

Congres 

connecte 

capital  e 

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other.  It 

tlemand. 

than  in  ai 

land.     Tj 

Latin  cla 

our  colleji 

step,  we  I 

than  have 

nand  and  j 

months.    I 

to  have  pi 

^530,000  w 

in  a  single 

sum  for  se\ 

The  imp 

ed  in  value 

of  books,  di 

were  chiefly 

the  Mexicar 

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practised  in 

tensive  scale 

method,  how 

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from  them 

The  Journ 
enumeration 


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1 

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7 
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Folio  of 
I«Ijtr. 


f. 

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Balan 


Vol.  I.— g 


BOOK,  BOOKS. 


205 


till! 

ami 
work 

ori'- 
loweil 


be 


The  sale  of  five  bookselling  establishments,  it  is  said,  amounted,  in  1836,  to  ?1,350,000. 

And  it  was  stated  in  a  report  made  to  the  United  States  Senate  during  the  late  session  of 
Congress, "  that  the  number  of  persons  employed  in  the  United  States,  in  the  various  branches 
connected  with  book-making  and  periodical  publication,  is  estimated  at  200,000,  and  the 
capital  employed  in  those  branches,  at  from  30  to  40  millions  of  dollars." 

The  progress  of  authorship  in  this  country  has  been  perhaps  more  rapid  than  in  any 
other.  It  commenced,  of  course,  with  the  books  used  in  schools,  for  which  there  was  a  large 
demand.  The  authors  of  such  books,  it  is  probable,  derive  a  larger  revenue  from  their  works 
than  in  any  other  country.  American  school  books  arc  now  constantly  reprinted  in  Eng- 
land. This  is  even  occasionally  true  in  reference  to  American  editions  of  the  Greek  anil 
Latin  classics  in  use  for  purposes  of  instruction.  Books  of  science  also,  which  are  used  in 
our  colleges  and  higher  seminaries,  have  become  almost  universally  American.  Step  by 
step,  we  have  risen,  until  Irving  and  Cooper  have  obtained  higher  prices  for  their  works 
than  have  been  received  in  Europe,  except  by  a  very  few  authors.  (If  Prescott's  "  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella"  3,000  copies  have  been  printed,  and  nearly  all  have  been  sold  in  1 G 
mouths.  Of  Bancroft's  "  United  States"  4,000  have  been  sold.  A  single  publisher  is  said 
to  have  paid,  in  the  five  years  preceding  1834,  $135,000  for  copyrights,  out  of  which 
$30,000  were  for  two  works  only.  Carey,  Lea,  and  Blanchard  subsequently  paid  $30,000 
in  a  single  year  to  American  writers  ;  and  Harper  and  Brothers  have  paid  about  the  same 
sum  for  several  years  past. 

The  imports  of  books  into  this  country,  in  the  years  1834,  ISSf),  1836,  and  1837,  amount- 
ed in  value  to  §175,03.5,  $204,953,  $293,371,  and  $248,164,  respectively  ;  and  the  exports 
of  books,  during  the  same  period,  to  $12,543,  $07,354,  $61,553,  and  $41,438.  The  former 
were  chiefly  from  England  and  France  ;  while  the  latter  were,  for  the  most  part,  destined  lor 
the  Mexican  and  South  American  market.  It  may  be  added  too  that  the  exports  consisted 
mostly  of  books  printed  in  the  United  States. — A/n.  Ed.] 

BOOK-KEEPING,  the  art  of  keeping  the  accounts  and  books  of  a  merchant.  Book- 
keeping by  double  entry  means  that  niode  or  system  in  which  every  entry  is  double,  that  is, 
has  both  a  debtor  and  a  creditor.  It  is  called  also  the  Italian  method,  because  it  was  first 
practised  in  Venice,  Genoa,  and  other  towns  in  Italy,  where  trade  was  conducted  on  an  ex- 
tensive scale  at  a  much  earlier  date  than  in  England,  France,  or  other  parts  of  Europe.  This 
method,  however  familiar  to  merchants  and  book-keepers,  seems  intricate  to  almost  all  who 
have  not  practised  it;  nor  is  the  dryness  and  ditliculty  of  the  task  much  lessened  by  tiie 
printed  works  on  the  subject,  which,  having  been  compiled  more  by  teachers  than  by  practi- 
cal merchants,  contain  a  number  of  obsolete  rules  and  unnecessary  details.  The  most  ellect- 
ual  mode  of  giving  clearness  and  interest  to  our  remarks  will  be,  first  to  state  a  few  mer- 
cantile transactions,  and  then  to  explain  the  nature  of  the  accounts  and  entries  which  result 
from  them. 

The  Journal  of  a  mercantile  house  ought  to  open,  at  the  beginning  of  each  year,  with  an 
enumeration  of  their  assets  and  debts,  as  follows  : — 


'J       ! 


Folio  of 
Ledger. 


SlINDniES  Drs.  to  STOCK. 

For  the  following,  bi'iiig  the  assets  of  the  house. 

Cash  ;  amount  at  the  hankers'  this  day  (Ist  Jan.)         .  .  - 

ExcHKQiiER  Hills  ;  UMiouiit  in  hand        .  -  -  .  - 

Bills  Receivable;  in  hand,  as  pi^r  bill  linok      -  -  -  - 

Three  AND  A  half  per  cent.  Stock,  6,000/.,  valued  at  OOZ.  ^  100/.  stock 
Debentcre  Account  ;  drawbacks  receivable  at  the  Custom-house     - 
Sail'  Amelia  ;  our  three  ciijhlhs  of  that  vessel  -  _  . 

Adventure  in  Irish  Linen  ;  amount  in  hand,  computed  at  cost  price  - 
James  Uailev  &  Co.,  Liverpool ;  (hie  by  them    -  -  -  - 

Thomas  Watson,  &(^'o.,  Dublin  ;  do.      .  -  -  .  . 

Willia.m  SPENCE&  Co.,  I'lymuuth;  do.  -  .... 


2,550 

0 

0 

.5,310 

(I 

0 

7,,'!(I0 

15 

0 

0,400 

(1 

0 

613 

0 

0 

3,000 

0 

0 

2,407 

0 

0 

1,350 

10 

0 

3,5,30  12 

0 

970 

0  10 

£  ,32,391 

17 

10 

Folio  of 


STOCK  Dr.  to  SUNDRIES. 

For  the  debts  of  the  house,  as  follows : — 

To  Rills  Pavable;  amount  of  acceptances  at  this  date 

To  Insurance;  amount  of  preiniums  due  to  underwriters 

To  Morris  Pitman,  Trinidad;  balance  due  to  him 

To  James  Forbes,  Deniarara ;  do.  ... 

To  Simon  Frazer,  London ;  do     - 

To  James  Allan  &  Co..  Kingslon,  Jamaica  ;  do. 

To  Georoe  and  William  Fox,  Falmouth ;  do.    - 

Balance,  being  the  present  capital  of  the  house 


2,,350  10 

1,8.S0  15 

1.370    5 

720    5 

900  15 

1,150  10 

320  15 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

8,753  15 
23,038     2 

0 
10 

£32,391  17 

10 

^  ;4  ,  ii 


.  ■# 


Vol..  I.— S 


200 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


•1 


Let  tho  transaction  to  be  first  explained  bo  an  order  for  goods  from  a  correspondent 
abroad.  A  house  in  Jamaica  Kcnds  instructions  to  the  house  at  home  to  buy  and  ship  a 
quantity  of  manufactured  articles,  suited  to  the  Jamaica  marlict,  as  follows : — 

Order  from  James  Allan  jc  Co.,  of  Kingston,  Jamaica,  to  IIeniiv  Darclav  &  Co.,  of  London. 

J.  A.         lAnen;  I.iiil  Htri'litz  O.snnlturKH,  14  biiU-st,  aliont  dd.  ^  yard. 
tt,  Co.  Ut-'Ht  tow  Strclitz  do.,  !» lialcH,  Id.  or  ild. 

liRBt  wliito  I'lalillaH,  1  catii!. 

Linen  tlcl<  asHortud,  jtlis  width,  9(2.,  is..  Is.  3d.;  10  pieces  each,  cut  up  in  32-yard 
len^itlig. 
WnnUcnn ;  5  bales  I'ciiistonns,  Jttis  wide,  t)('st  iniliiro  blue,  Is.  a  yard. 
Cottons ;  M)  pieces  stoiil  calico,  28  yards  eacli,  jllis  wide,  \d.  a  yard. 

M)  do.  do.  do.  jllis),  superior,  till,  a  yard. 

lUOdo.  stout  cnlii:()sliirtin^',  jtlis  wide,  superior,  Oi/.  a  yard 
Hats;  4  dozen  geiilleiiii'n's  superfnu!  Iilacit,  '21l.<.  cacli. 
2  do.  (in  drab,  ao.i.  each. 

I  do.  youth's       do.  I)lacli,  lis.  eaclL      • 

20  do.  Cell  bats,  for  noRroes,  22.<.  •ti>  dozen. 
Shoes ;  10  dozen  prime  calf-skin  shoes,  full  size,  fi.'i.'j.  ^  dozen. 
10  do.    youth's  do  ti'is.  {>  dozen. 

5  do.    gentlemen's  dress  do.  lis.  ^  dozen. 

This  order  tho  London  merchant  divides  anionR  six,  seven,  or  more  wholesale  dealers, 
according  to  their  respective  lines  of  business.  Eacli  dealer,  or  tradesman,  as  ho  is  com- 
monly called,  provides  his  portion  of  the  order  in  the  course  of  the  fortnight,  three  weeks, 
or  month,  allowed  him  by  the  merchant ;  and  when  tho  goods  aro  packed  and  ready  to  ship, 
he  sends  in  his  account,  or  bill  of  parcels,  thus : — 

London,  lOlh  February,  1831. 
Messrs.  Henry  Barclay  &  Co. 

Bought  of  Simon  Frazer. 


J.  A. 
&Co. 

No.  8. 


10  pieces  best  tow  Strelitz  Osnaburgs,  140  yards  each,  at  4d. 
Inside  wrapper,  10  yards,  at  3d.  .  .  .  - 

Cord,  bale,  and  press  packing  ... 


'yard 


Then  follow,  stated  in  lilte  manner,  the  particulars  of  8  bales.  No.  9.  to  16. 
both  inclusive,  amounting  to  .  .  -  -  - 


£ 

s. 

d. 

24 

0 

8 

0 

4 

0 

0  10 

0 

25 

0 

8 

212 

4 

2 

£237 

4  10 

Messrs.  Henry  Barclay  Sc  Co. 


J.  A. 

&  Co. 

39. 


40. 
41. 


London,  20fA  February,  1831. 

Bought  of  J.  BORRADAILE  &.  CO. 


Case,  1  dozen  and  2  youths'  hats  and  bands,  at  15s.  each 
Case  (small)  ...--. 

Case,  9  dozen  felt  hats  for  negroes,  at  22s.  ^  dozen 
Case  (larpe)  ...... 

Do.  the  same  ...... 


£  a.  d. 

-  10  10    0 

-  0    4    0 

-  9  IS    0 

-  0  10    0 


£  s. 

d. 

10  14 

0 

.10  11 
10  14 

0 
0 

£32    2 

0 

The  merchant,  having  received  the  whole  of  the  bills  of  parcels,  fixed  on  a  vessel,  and 
agreed  for  the  freight,  proceeds  to  make  an  entry  at  the  Custom-house,  and  to  ship  the 
goods.  That  done,  the  next  step  is  to  prepare  tho  Invoice,  or  general  account  of  tho  ship- 
ment, as  exhibited  in  tho  next  page. 

This  invoice,  bein^  sent  out  by  tho  vessel  to  Messrs.  Allan  &  Co.  conveys  to  them  a 
number  of  particulars  in  a  short  space ;  viz.  the  mark,  ihc  numbers,  the  value,  and  the  con- 
tents of  each  package.  In  former  times  it  was  tho  practice  to  make  an  invoice  very  long, 
inserting  in  it  a  literal  copy  of  each  bill  of  parcels,  but  it  has  now  becciic  ■i!;ual  to  make 
each  tradesman  deliver  a  duplicate  of  his  account,  to  be  sent  abroad  .v'";i  th*  goods;  in 
which  case  the  invoice  may  be,  like  the  above,  little  more  than  a  summaiy  of  the  bills  of 
parcels.  This  method  has  two  advantages  :  it  saves  time  at  the  counting-house  of  the  export- 
er ;  and  it  affords  to  his  correspondent  an  assurance  that  no  more  is  charged  to  him  than 
has  been  actually  paid  for  the  articles. 

An  invoice  ought  to  be  made  out  with  the  utmost  care,  for  it  is  a  document  of  great 
importance  in  several  respects :  first,  between  tho  exporting  merchant  and  his  correspond- 
ent abroad ;  and  next,  when  in  the  hands  of  the  latter,  it  may  and  generally  does  form  a 
voucher  for  calculating  the  import  duty,  as  well  as  for  the  sales  ellected  to  retailers  or  other 
dealers. 

The  sum  insured  by  the  exporting  merchant  generally  exceeds  the  amount  of  the  invoice 
by  2  per  cent.,  because  the  recovery  of  a  loss  from  insurers  involves  a  charge  of  fully  that 
amount.    It  is  thus  necessary  to  cover  not  only  the  price  of  the  goods,  and  the  charges  of 


shipping 
of  loss, 
dcductio 

Lnvoicei 
Ki 

I      J.  A. 
I       ic  Co 

No.  1. 

2. 

3. 

4,  5,  6. 

7. 
8.  to  16 

17. 

18.  to  2J 

25.  to  38, 

39. 

40,1. 


I 


I 

1 
•1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


Folio  of 
Ledi^tT. 

~1 
1 
I 
J 

2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 


The  precet 
comprises  a 
account  of  su 

IxvoicE  of  Pla 
Master,  for 
risk. 


J.  T. 

1.  to  0. 


Ti 
riou 
Iposi 


Ci 
Fr 
Ct 

In 

Co 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


207 


s.   d. 


2    0 

!l,  and 
ip  the 
ship- 
hem  tt 
ic  con- 
Ions?, 
make 
bds;  in 
l)iUs  of 
export- 
tii  than 

If  great 
l;spon(l- 
I  form  a 
kr  other 

linvoice 
piy  that 
rges  of 


shipping,  insurance,  and  freight,  liut  such  further  sum  as  may  enable  the  shipper,  in  case 

of  loss,  to  carry  to  the  credit  of  his  correspondent  the  amount  of  the  invoice,  clear  of  any 

deduction. 

Invoice  of  Onnds  sliipped  by  IIknuv  Haiiclav  &  Co.,  in  tUc  Rawlins,  J.  Tlioinson,  from  London  to 
Kiiigxtun  in  Juniaica,  on  iiccount  iind  riuk  of  Menars.  Jamkn  Allan  &.  Co.  of  Kingston. 


J.  A. 

&Co. 

£  s.   d. 

£  a.  d. 

No.  1. 

Puncheon  strong  calf-skin  shoos,  ^  J.  Johnson's  bill  of 

|)urct:ls                  ...... 

93    7    0 

2. 

Do.                            do.                    ^do.  j  - 

94  16    4 

3. 

French  culf-skin  shoes,                   t*  do.     .           -           - 

23    9    0 

4,  S,  6. 

3  trunks        do.              -               4f>^  do.     - 

07    3    7 

27S  15  11 
42    0    0 

7. 

Case  linen  tick  assorted,  per  J.  Wilson's  hill  of  parcels    - 

. 

8.  to  16. 

9  bales  best  tow  Osnahurgs,  10  pieces  each,  ^  8inion  Frazur's  bill 

ot  parcels               ...... 

. 

230    5    0 

17. 

1  case  white  I'latillas,  ^  Mulling  &  Co's.  bill  of  parcels 

. 

41    0    8 

18.  to  21. 

7  eases  th(^  name,                              ^  do. 

. 

287     4    8 

25.  to  38. 

11  lia'es  lititO»nahiir|,'s,  ^  .1.  Mackenzie's  bill  of  parcels 

- 

307  10    0 

3'J. 

1  cani!  youth's  hats  and  hands,  ^  J.  Uorradaile  &  Co's  hill  of  parcels 

10  14    0 

40,1. 

2  cases  full  hats,              do                     •I?'  do. 

' 

21    8    0 

1,284  18    3 

£   s.    (/. 

Entry ;  duty  on  part  at  i  ^  cent.;  bond  and  debenture 

4    8    0 

Cartage,  wliartage,  and  shipping  charges 

7    9    6 

Freight  and  primage  38/.  'n.;  hills  of  lading  3»'.  fi(/. 

38  10    6 

Insurance  on  1,500/.  at  40*.  4p- 100/.            -        ±30    0    0 

Policy  duly        -            -            -            -             3  18    9 

33  IS    9 
00  15    0 

Commission,  5  ^j>' cent,  on  1,335/. 

do                i^  cunt,  on  1,500/.  insured 

7  10    0 

f 
Errors  excepted. 

At  C  months  credit ;  due  0th  of  September. 

158  11    9 

£1,443  10    0 

London,  O/A  uf  March,  1830.                                       Hen 

itv  Bauclay 

&Co. 

JoiJRNAL  Entries  resulting  from  the  foregoing  Invoice, 


Folin  of 

James  Allan  &  Co.  Drs.  to  Sundries. 

For  goods  shipped  to  them  in  the  Rawlins,  Thomson,  for  Jamaica. 

£    s.  d. 

1 

To  James  Johnson  ;  amount  of  slious,  ^  bis  bills  of  parcels 

278  15  11 

1 

To  John  Wilson;  linen  tick                             ^  do. 

42    0    0 

1 

To  Si.vioN  Frazer  ;  tow  Osnahurgs                  ^  do. 

230    5    0 

1 

To  John  Mackenzie;  lint  Osnahurgs             ^do. 

307  10    0 

2 

To  James  BonuADAiLE  &.  Co.;  liats                  i*  do. 

32    2    0 

2 

To  MoLLiNo  &  Co.;  for  Platillas                       t*  do. 

328    5    4 

3 

To  Freight  Account  ;  freight,  primage,  and  hills  of  lading 

38  10    6 

3 

To  Insurance;  premium  and  policy               .... 

33  18    9 

3 

To  Charges  ;  entry  outward,  duty,  and  shipping  charges    - 

11  17    6 

3 

To  Profit  AND  Lossj  for  commission            .... 

74    5    0 

£1,143  10    0 

The  preceding  invoice,  being  for  account  of  a  mercantile  house,  who  sell  agaui  to  dealers, 
comprisc3  a  variety  of  articles :  as  a  further  specimen,  wc  subjoin  two  short  invoices,  for 
account  of  sugar  planters,  and  confined  to  articles  consumed  on  their  estates. 

Invoice  of  Plantation  Stores,  shipped  by  Henry  Barclay  &  Co.  in  the  Adventure,  J.  Williamson, 
Master,  for  Kingston,  Jamaica,  by  order  of  Mr.  James  Thomson,  Planter,  and  for  bis  account  and 
risk. 


J.T. 
1.  to  6. 


0  bales  lint  Osnahurgs,  ^  bill  of  parcels  from  James  An- 
derson -  -  -  -  -    £240 


0    0 


Then  follow,  in  like  manner,  the  mark,  number,  and  contents  of  va- 
rious other  packages  of  plantation  stores  (hats,  shoes,  nails,  &c.),  com- 
posing the  ehipment ;  amounting  in  all  to  -  - 


Charges. 
Custom-house  entry,  and  shipping  charges 
Freight,  primage,  and  hills  of  lading 
Commission  on  2,374/.  at  2^  ^  cent. 

Insurance  on  2,550/.  at  22.  ^  cent. 

Policy  duty    .  -  - 

Commission,  \  ifff  cent. 


London,  id  of  October,  1830. 


£  s.  d. 

2  12    u 

18    7    6 
59    7    0 


51    0 

0 

6  10 

0 

12  15 

0 

Errors  excepted. 


Henry  Barclay  &.  Co 


208 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


i 


i 


1 


Invoice  of  00  Dnrrels  of  irorrinKs,  Hhipped  hy  Henrv  IIahci.av  &  To.  of  I.oiMlnn,  In  llio  Barrlay, 
Janica  Vv.tt'w.r,  hoiind  to  liiirliadiit's,  l)v  orilur  iiikI  for  ni-couiit  und  risk  of  Juiin  IIendeiihon,  Eiki 
Planter,  and  eonsigiivd  to  biiiiut  Uridgutowii,  UurbuduLd. 

London,  18<A  of  Feb.  1824. 
J.  II.    I   60  bnrrnla  prime  white  licrrinfffi,  deliverable  at  Bridgetown,  Uurbadocs,  free 

I        of  cliurge»,  at  2I».  ^f^  barrt'l  -  -  -  .  .    xfij    o    0 

This  iiivoicn  i<<  very  short ;  tlie  agreement  having  been,  that  tlie  herrings  should  bu  delivered  at  ii 
tixed  price,  all  churgun  included. 

Account  «f  Sales. — We  come  now  to  a  transaction  of  a  different  kind  ;  to  the  sale  of 
goods  imported  from  abroad.  A  merchant  in  England  receives  from  a  correspondent, 
whether  in  India,  the  West  Indies,  or  North  America,  notice  of  a  shipment  of  sugar,  coH'ee, 
rice,  or  other  produce,  about  to  be  made  to  England,  with  instructions  to  effect  insurance  on 
the  computed  value.  This  is  the  first  step  in  the  transaction ;  on  the  arrival  of  the  vessel 
the  goods  are  entered,  landed,  and  warehoused  ;  and  a  broker  is  instructed  to  report  on  the 
state  and  prospects  of  the  market.  On  a  sale  taking  place,  an  account  is  made  out  and  for- 
warded to  the  correspondent  abroad,  as  follows : — 


Account  SALuof  7  Jllids.  Sugar,  by  tlie  Cerw,  froui  Trinidad,  for  account  of  Morris  Pittman,  Esq. 

of  Trinidad. 


Insurnnre  ou  175/.  at  fiOo. 

^100/.  -  -    £5    5    (1 

Policy        -  -       0  10    0 


Freifhi  of  7i)c  wt.  25  Ihs.  at  tin.  i»  cut. 
Priinapc.  pifrauc  and  trade 
Duty  on  7'.lc\vt.  25  lbs.  at  27s.  t*  cwt. 
Entry  ... 

Dock  dues  ... 

Lnndwnitcrs  and  entry 
Warehouse  rent,  lU  weeks 
Hanipllni!     -  -  -  - 

Insurance  from  fire 
Interest  on  fri'iglit  and  duty 
Brokerage,  1  <*■  cent. 
Coinniission,  2  ^  cent. 
i  'tj>^  cent,  on  175/.  insured 

Nett  proceeds,  due  2d  of  May,  1830. 


London,  id  of  Jlpril,  1831. 


£  s. 

d. 

^  15 

6 

23  15 

4 

(1  y 

7 

106  10 

0 

0  () 
2  12 

0 
0 

0  16 

0 

1  15 

2 

0  3 

6 

0  0 

0 

1  12 

3 

2  6 

» 

4  13 

4 

0  17 

6 

152  8 

9 

81  11 

3 

£2.34  0 

0 

^" 

MP, 

l.to7. 


ewl.  qrn.  Ihs. 
7  Ulids.  weighing    87    3    21 
Deduct  dnitt        -     0    U    14 


Deduct  tare 


£  s.  d. 


^234    0    0 


Errors  excepted. 


IIenrv  Barclay  &  Co. 


We  have  here  on  one  side  of  the  account,  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  goods  sold ;  on 
tlie  other,  the  various  charges  attending  the  bringing  home,  the  warehousing,  and  the  sale  of 
the  articles. 

The  quantity  of  goods  accounted  for  in  an  account  sale  must  be  the  same  as  in  the 
invoice ;  if  it  be  less,  whether  through  damage  at  sea,  through  waste  or  any  other  cause,  the 
extent  of  the  deficiency  should  be  explicitly  stated.  By  the  "  overtaker"  in  the  following 
sale  is  meant  the  additional  barrel  or  package  required  for  the  colTee  taken  out  of  such  of  the 
tierces  as  have  been  opened  on  account  of  breakage  or  other  damage. 

Allowances  of  Weight, — The  tare  is  the  weight  of  the  cask,  and  differs,  of  course,  in 
almost  every  package  :  but  trett  (see  the  following  sale)  is  a  fixed  allowance  of  5  lbs.  per 
tierce  in  the  case  of  cofl'ee,  intended,  like  draft  in  the  case  of  sugar,  to  insure  good  weight  to 
the  buyer,  and  to  enable  him  to  do  the  same  to  those  who  purchase  again  from  him. 


Accoi'NT  Sale  of  20  Tierces  of  Coflfee,  ^ 


►■  Fittoria,  from  Demerura,  for  Account  of  James  Forbes, 
Esq.,  Deinerara. 


CKAROES. 

Insurance  on  20  tierces  at  35/.  a 
tierce,  700/.  at  SOs.  ;  policy 
36s.  9(/. 

Freight  on  114  cwt.  at 

7s.  Od.  *>  cwt.  -         £42  15    0 

Primage,  |)ierage,  and 

trade       -       -  17    6 


Dock  dues      -       -  -        -        - 

Landwaiters,  entry,  and  part  of 

bond        .        .  .        .       . 

Insurance  from  fire  ... 

Carried  forward  .-       -       - 


19    6    9 


44 
10 


1    2 

0  19 


£76    0    4 


J.  F. 

No. 
I.to20. 


5  tierces 
5    do. 
4    do. 


Gross  Weight.       Tare. 

Cwt.  qra.  lbs.    Cwt,  (jra.  lla. 

30    1    7  3    2  15 

32    2    5  4    0    5 

24    2    4         2    3  16 


87    1 


16        10 

Trett  0 


2    8 
2  14 


Deduct 

Nett 


11    022 


76 


11    0  22 


0  22  at  12U.  6(/. 
«>'cwt. 
Carried  forward 


462  17    9 


£462  17    9 


v^ 


Folio  of 
Lc[l|^r. 

4 
2 


3 
3 

4 
4 

4 
3 


4 
3 
3 
3 

4 
3 
4 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


Accui'NT  Sale— continued. 


209 


CIIAIKIKH. 

Drought  forward 
I'lililic  Hi»l(!  chiirKi'g  -  -  . 
Ilroktinuf,  1  ^  c.i'iit.  -  .  - 
( :i)iiiiiiit(8iiiii,  'H  ^  coiit.  on  O'ii/.  • 
CoiiiiiiiHHioii,  i  ^  cunt,  on  70U/. 
inaurud   -       -       -       -       . 


Nctt  proceeds,  due  3d  of  May,  1831 


London,  3d  of^pril,  1831. 


JETfl  0  4 

1  7  ft 

(i  It)  7 

10  IS  0 

3  10  0 

IDI  Vi  5 

571  13  1 


X'liTO    5    0 


J.F. 

No. 

i.ioao. 


Droiiclit  I'orward 
OroHH  Wciplii.       Tiiri'. 

Vwl.tin.lil.       i'wt.tjrt.  It  I. 

3tii'rcc8    17    1     1         2    0    (I 
3    du.        It)    3  15         2    1  15 


37    0  10         4    1  21 
Trott  0    1     1 


Deduct     4    2  25 


4    3  25 


Nett    32    1  ID    nl     100» 


I     100«.  1 
i>  c  wt.  i 


OrosH  Wiii-lit.       Tnre. 

Cwt.  V'-  /ti.      C'lrt.  tjri.  Ihi, 

Overtaker   5    1    !»        0    3    'J 
Trott  0    0  1! 


Deduct 
Nett 


0    3  20 
4    1  17 


0    3  20 


at     117..,-.  1 


£102  17 


IM    9    4 


Errors  excepted. 


Discount,  I  ^  cent. 
Gross  proceeds 
IfENnv  lUncLAV  ic.  Co. 


25  15 

0 

083    2 
0  10 

1 
7 

£070    5 

0 

i 


Freight  is  chargcil  on  the  weight  of  the  produce  only ;  not  of  the  produce  and  packages 
together.  This  allowance  is  of  old  standing,  and  is  to  be  traced  less  to  the  reason  of  the 
case,  than  to  the  competition  prevailing  among  shipmasters. 


Journal  Entries  resulting  from  the  preceding  Accounts  of  Sale. 


Folin  of 
LejRtr. 

June,  1831. 

4 

a 

4 

2 
3 
3 
4 
4 

4 
3 

4 

4 

I 
3 

4 
3 
4 

Thomas  Kemble  &,  Co.  Drs.  to  Sundries. 
To  Sugar  ^  Ctrts. 
Proceeds  of  7  hhds.,  M.  P.  1.  to  7.,  sold  by  them  at  one  mor 

2d  of  April 

To  Coffee  *>■  yittoria. 
Proceeds  of  20  tierces,  J.  F.  1.  to  20.,  sold  at  one  month's  c 
April       - 

Sugar  ^P"  Ceres  Dr.  to  Sundries. 
To  Insurance  Account;  for  premium  and  policy 
To  Freiqht  Account;  for  freight,  primage,  and  pierage 
To  Customs  Inward;  duty  and  entry      -           -           - 
Charges  ;  dock  dues,  52,«.  10<i.;  warehouse  rent,  35s.  2rf. ;  U 

samplintf,  3i.  0(/. ;  and  fire  insurance,  0«. 
To  Thomas  Kkmdle  &.  Co. ;  brokerage,  1  ^  cent. 
To  Profit  AND  Loss;  for  commissions    -           -           - 
Interest  on  freight  and  duty        .          -          .           - 

To  Morris  Pitman  ;  proceeds  due  2d  of  May,  1831 

Coffee  ^P"  Vittoria  Dr.  to  Sundries. 
To  Insurance;  for  premium  and  policy   -          -          - 
To  PuEioHT  Account;  freight,  primage,  and  pierage    - 
To  Charges;  dock  dues,  landwaiters,  insurance  from  fire 
charges   ------- 

To  Thomas  Kemble  &  Co. ;  brokerage    -           -           - 
To  Profit  AND  Loss;  for  commissions    -           -           - 
To  James  Forbes  ;  nett  proceeds  due  3d  of  June,  1830  - 

ith's  credit,  from 
redit,  from  3d  of 

indwaiters,  16s. ; 

'.          £5  10  10 
1  12    3 

£    s.    d. 
234    0    0 
670    5    6 

010    5    0 

5  15    0 
24    4  11 
107    5    0 

5  13    6 
2    0    9 

7    3    1 
81  11    3 

and  public  sale 

234    0    0 

19  0    9 
44    2    6 

13  IS    7 
6  10    7 

20  8     1 
571  13    1 

£076    5    7 

s 
I 


|l7j 


We  have  thus  given  an  example  of  the  transactions  which  form  a  great  part  of  the  busi- 
ness of  our  merchants ;  the  export  of  manufactured  goods,  and  the  imjmrt  and  sale  of  pro- 
duce received  in  return.    Our  next  illustration  shall  be  of  a  merchant's  Cashbook :  the 
following  is  an  example  of  the  entries  for  a  month : — 
8  2  87 


ii 


9t0 


BOOK-KEEPINU  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


t' 


Dr.                       CASH. 

1                                   PAID. 

Cr. 

IH30. 

£     1. 

d. 

!   \KW. 

X-    «.    d. 

Mar.  1 

To  Imlnnrn  at  llic  Hnnkor'H 

2,550    0 

0  Mar.  2 

By  liilN  pnynhle,  paid  No. 

3 

To  itilp  JImrliii,  rt'ccivril  nr 

201.  lo  .  aniex  lliirdinK     - 

145  10   0 

.liiiiii'H  .lacciliH,  fur  fri'iulit 

175    3 

0 

4 

Ily  (ieorve  and  Wdliam  Fox, 

0 

TobillN  rocrivntili;,  rfii-civcil 
)iiyin<Mit  1.1'  No.  251.  on  ,1. 

paid  their  balance  of  ac- 
count       .        .        -        . 

320  15   0 

liMulttrHoii       ... 

200    0 

0 

0 

Ry  John  Hniilli  &Honi),paid 

9 

To  .laiiK'a  linilry  tc  Co.,  rc- 
ccivi'il   piiynii'iit   ol"  their 
(Irnft  at  Hi|i;lit  on  J.  Uuiii- 

1 

J.  JuckKon  for  their  ac- 
count       .... 
Ily  billM  pavahlu,  paid  No. 

98    0   0 

briclBB       -        .        .        - 

152  10 

0 

209.  lo  J.  Stewart     - 

300    0  0 

15 

To  Willinm  Spruce  tc  Co., 
n'i:(;ivt!(l  Imlnuco  ot'  tlinir 

18 

Ily  interi'Ht  paid,  discount  on 
Harrison  &.  (;o.,  2  niontim 

6    110 

account    -        .        -        - 

790    0  10 

Ily  J.  JohnHon,  paid  Ilia  bill 

To  (lehcMturu  nccoiiiil,  rr- 
ci'iv<Ml  ilrnwbnck  on   to- 
l)Hcco  sliippi'd  liy  thi!  Plo- 

of parcels          .        .        - 
Hy  John  Wilson        do. 
Ily  Simon  Trazer       do. 

278  15  11 

•12    0    U 

230    5    0 

ver   

15    8 

0 

Ily  John  Macki'nzie  do. 

307  10   0 

IS 

To    hillH     recriviililn,    dia- 
caiiiiti'd  at    Iliii   liaiikcr.fl, 
llarriMoii  &  Co.,  diii!  15 — 

Ily  Jami.'M  llorradaile 

"&  Co.                        do. 
Ily  Mollinc  &  Co.       do.      - 

.32    2   0 
328    5    4 

IM  March  ...        - 

730  10 

0 

31 

Ilv   charues    paid,   postace. 

To  prolit  and  los.'<,  received 
5   t>   ciiil.   discount,   on 
payinR  witli  ready  money, 
the  acconnls  per  contra, 
not  due   till   si.x   niontha 
hence,  from 

— 

and   pi'lty   disbursements 
tliiH  month,  per  petty  caah 
book          .        .        -        - 
Ily  balance,  carried  to  next 
month       -        -        .        . 

15    2   6 

2,666  13   0 

jf- 

.lames  Johnson  jE13  10  0 

y^ 

John  WiL«on     -     2    2  0 

yl^ 

.Simon  Trazer    -   11. 10  0 

y^ 

John  Mackenzie   18    7  t) 

y^ 

Jame.s  llurradailu 

^r 

&  Co.      -        -     n  10  0 

j^ 

Moiling  &  Co.  -   10    8  3 

03    8 

9 

X 

£4,857    0 

7 

£4,857   0   7 

These  transactions,  when  put  into  the  Journal  form,  stand  thus: — 


Fnliddf 

March,  1830. 

CASH  Dn.  to  SUNDRIES. 

Received  this  month. 

£    s.   i. 

6 

To  Ship  Amelia. 

3d.    Freight  from  James  Jacobs             -           -                       ... 

175    3    0 

6 

To  Hills  Receivaole. 

lith.    Received  payment  of  J.  Anderson,  duo  tliifi  day        £200    0    0 
18th.    Discounted  Harrison  and  Co.,  due  9lh  May       -         730  10    0 

930  iO    0 

7 

To  James  Railey  &  Co. 

9th.    Received  their  draft  on  Bainbridge,  due 

152  10    0 

7 

To  William  Spence  &  Co. 

15th.    Received  balance  of  their  account         -           -           .           . 

970    0  10 

8 

To  Debenture  Account.                                                    I 

15th.    Drawback  on  tobacco  by  the  Plovtr       -           -           -           . 

15    8    0 

3 

To  Profit  and  Loss. 

18th.    Received  discount  on  sundry  accounts,  per  cash  book 

63    8    9 

£2,307    0    7 

1 


Folin  of 
Ledger. 


SUNDRIES  Dns.  to  CASH. 
Paid  this  month  as  follows : 


Bills  Payable. 

2d.    Paid  No.  261. 
7th.    Do.         269. 


•    £145  10    D 
192  15    0 


Customs  Inward. 

23d.    Paid  duty  on  sugar,  ^  Ceres,  79  cwt.  25  lbs.  at  27*. 
•P'cwt.               -          .           .          .           . 
Entry  ' 

Simon  Frazer. 

18th.    Paid  his  bill  of  parcels  ... 

26tb.    Paid  J.  Jackson  for  his  account 

Interest  Account. 

18th.    Paid  discount  on  Harrison  &  Co. 
James  Johnson. 

18th.    Paid  his  bill  of  parcels  ... 

Carried  forward. 


106  19    0 
0    6    0 


236    5    0 
98    0    0 


£  s.  d. 
338    5    0 

107    5    0 

334    5    0 

6    I  10 

278  15  11 


1,064  12    9 


The  Joi 

Folio  of 

LfJser. 

t 

7 

7 

1 

7 

1 

The  Jourr 

Folio  of 

Ledger. 

2 

J  A 

8 

G. 

1 

Si 

BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


911 


rolin  of 

HUNUUll::^)  Uri.  to  CA»U~c</iitiniieil. 

i:  X  ii. 

Uroufjlit  I'urwnril 

1,001  n  u 

1 

John  \Vii,(toN. 

INIi.     I'aiil  liH  bill  of  parccli                

49    0    (1 

1 

John  Mauk^nzik. 

l^lh.     I'lihl  liH  hill  of  parcflH 

307  10    0 

2 

Jamkn  IloiiiunAii.K  &  Co. 

IHili.    I'iiiil  iheir  hill  of  parctlH 

32    2    0 

2 

Mul,i,IN(l  &  Co. 

iMli.     I'ald  till  ir  Imlanct' r)f  accoiinl    -            .            -            -          - 

32S    5    4 

8 

Oeoikik  and  Wii.mam  I'ox. 

2ltli.    I'aiil  lliiiir  tmlaiii'u  of  account 

320  15    0 

3 

CllAH(IE8. 

31hI.    Paid  poetage,  uiul  putty  disihurtiuinvntB  tliia  month 

IS    2    6 

JCa.lTO    7    7 

The  above  bIiows,  that  for  nil  sums  received,  the  account  of  cash  ia  made  debtor,  and  the 
|iartieH  payinf;;  the  Haiiio  tire  made  creditors ;  while  fur  all  suinri  paid,  the  cash  is  credited,  and 
tlie  parties  receiving  them  are  made  debtors. 

We  are  next  to  state  the  mode  of  entrrint;  bill  transactions. 

Bills  Kkceivaiilk. — We  have  seen  by  the  Balance  sheet  that  several  correspondents  ore 
indebted  to  the  house.  The  debts  of  corros])ondeiit8  abroad  may  be  reduced  by  remitting 
cither  bills,  specie,  or  merchandise  for  sale :  from  correspondents  in  England,  bills  are 
almost  the  only  mode  of  remitting.  When  bills  come  to  hand,  the  rule  is  to  enter  each  in 
the  bill  book,  with  a  minute  statement  of  the  date,  term,  sum,  and  other  particulars  thus : — 


.\o. 

Uiteitxd. 

Frum  wlvim. 

liraimt  by 

Doll. 

Term. 

Drauni  <ni 

Tu  ortler  of 

nuc. 

•Sli»l 

How .  .tfi.  of. 

Bll 
<j3i 

8  March  Biiilfy  &  Co. 
10  do.        Walxin&Cn. 
12  do.      !j|)eucu  h  Co. 

W.  AJ.ims 
J.  Jacobs 
T.  Jolinsnn 

ncUast,  1  Mar. 
Ciirk,     3  do. 
I'almo.  5  do. 

2niths. 
1    do. 
i  do. 

T.  Jones,  nulilili 
J.  Adams,  Utiidon 
T.  Allan,  l.iver|iool 

A.  Williamt 

0.  WilMlU 

0.  Jones 

1—1  May 
3— ti  April 
5-8  May 

i. 
3-.0 
135 
t!60 

Rainier  St  Co. 
-Sinitli^  Cn. 
llverrud  *i  Co. 

The  JuuHNAL  Entries  for  these  bills  are  as  follows :- 


S 


Folio  of 
Ledger, 

DILLS  RECEIVABLE  Un.  to  SUNDRIES. 

For  the  following  remitted  this  month  : 

To  James  Bailgv  &  Co. 

No.  030.  on  T.  Janus,  Dublin,  due  4th  of  May  ... 
To  T.  Watson  &.  Co. 

No.  631.  on  J.  Adams,  London,  duo  Cth  of  April  ... 
To  William  Spence  &.  Co. 

No.  032.  on  T.  Allan,  Liverpool,  due  8th  of  May     -           .           . 

£   s.  d. 

350    0    0 
135    0    0 
260    0    0 

7 
7 

7 

£745    0    0 

Bri.18  Payable. — The  entries  under  this  head  are,  of  course,  wholly  different  from  the 
preceding,  being  for  acceptances  of  the  house  given  on  account  of  sums  owing  by  it  to  corres- 
pondents.    Each  acceptance  is  entered  in  the  book  of  bills  payable,  thus : — 


A-o. 

Draum  by 

Piacc  il7id  Date. 

To  Order  of 

Oil  Account  of 

Timi. 

When  accepted. 

Due, 

Siml. 

131 
152 
133 

J.  Allan  &  Co. 
G.  &  W.  Fox 

J.  Clark 

Jamaica,  15  Jan. 
Fahiiiiuih,  7Mar. 
Hull,  5  Mar. 

J.  Jones 

J. 'I'lionipaon 

G.  Barclay 

J.  Allan  ft  Co. 
0.  &  W.  Fox 
J.  Smith  ft  Sons 

no  days'  siyht 
15  days'  elate 
1  moi'uh's  date 

12  March 
It    do. 
16    do. 

10-13  June 

22-23  March 

5-8    ditto 

/..    J.    d. 
175  10    0 
73  15    0 
13'2  10    0 

The  Journal  entries  for  these  bills  are  as  follows : 


Folio  of 
Ledger. 


SUNDRIES  Drs.  to  BILLS  PAYABLE. 

For  the  following  hills  accepted. 

James  Allan  &  Co.    No.  151.  their  draft,  due  13th  of  June 

(i.  &.  W.  Fox.    No.  1.^2.  their  draf>,  due 25th  of  March 

Si.MON  Fhazer.    J.  Clarli'a  draft  on  his  account,  due  8ih  of  March 


-May,  1830.- 


CASH  DR.  to  THOMAS  KEMBLG  &  Co. 

27th.    Received  from  them  proceeds  of  sugar  ^  Ceres 
Less  their  hrokerage 

30lh.    Received  coffee  ^  Vittnria,     - 

Less  brokerage  ... 


534    0 
2    6 

0 
9 

6T6    5 
6  16 

6 

7 

£  s.  d. 

175  10    0 

73  15    0 

132  10    0 


£381  15    0 


231  13    3 

009    8  11 
£901    2    2     I 


S\ 


s 

§ 
C 

f  1; 


313 


nOOK-KEElMN(i  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


♦ 


TliP  prppodinn  cntricn,  few  a.*  thry  arc  roiiipari'd  to  tho  monthly  trnniinrlionH  of  a  houMS 
of  huHincH^,  iiri'  Hiilliciciit  to  hIiuw  thi?  nutiiri*  of  n  Jciuriml  an  well  uh  of  the  Hulwiiliiiry  liookii, 
(for  ciwli,  liillH,  iiivoiccH,  and  acooimt  Knlrs,)  from  which  it  in  ooiiipoHcd.  Tlif  .louriuil,  liciiij; 
u  complete  record  of  tlu;  hiiMiie-'ri  of  the  hoii.-M-,  in  very  varied  and  compreherinive  iti  itH 
nature,  and  may  Iw  termed  an  index  to  every  hook  of  roiiHeiiuenro  in  the  eountinK-liouitc. 
Hut  wliile  in  tho  easli  hook  every  pnyment  or  reeeipt  iit  entered  on  tho  day  it  taken  plaeo, 
and  in  ll>e  hill  hooks  every  hill  U  reniniered  on  the  day  it  comen  to  hand,  or  in  acropted,  the 
Journal  entries,  \mu)i  completed  oidy  at  the  end  of  tho  month,  admit  of  iM'ini^ronihined  to  n 
ronxiderahlc  extent,  mo  uh  to  exhihit  a  niimher  of  tranHaetiomi  in  collective  Humx.  Tlum  all 
the  acceptances  of  the  house  paid  in  the  courmi  of  the  month  Bi>|)oar  in  tl»o  Jourtuil  entry  of 
Bills  I'ayahle  Dr.  to  Cash  ;  they  are  arraiiiie<l  in  this  entry  as  they  fidl  due,  after  which  tho 
whole  arc  added  into  oni*  sum,  which  sum  alotiu  needs  he  carried  to  tho  Ledffor.  In  liko 
manner,  all  hills  receivable,  whetlier  di.scounled,  or  kept  by  tho  house  till  they  fall  due,  nro 
collected  under  the  head  of  I3ills  Kcceivalile  Dr.  to  Casti,  summed  up  toRcther,  and  carried 
to  Ihu  hedKur  in  one  lino ;  a  point  of  great  importance,  as  wu  shall  hvc  prusently,  in  facilitul* 
iiig  tho  halancc  of  the  Ledger. 

Wo  proceed  to  ^ivc  a  specimen  of  the  liodgcr:  the  whole  of  tho  Journal  entries  in  tho 
Vrccudiiig  pages,  when  posted  into  the  Ledger,  will  stand  thus  : — 


Dr. 

Stock. 

0*. 

1H31. 
Jan.  1 

to. 

1 

To  sunilries 

_ 

£     «.    d. 
8,753  15    0 

IH31. 
Jan.  1 

Fo. 
1 

By  sundries 

Ji     ».  d. 
32,391  17  10 

Dr. 

Cash. 

Ch. 

3nn.    1 
Mar.   1 
May  30 

1 

4 
15 

To  Htof  k    - 
ToHiindrics 
ToT.KcMil)le&;Co. 

2,550    0    0 
2,;)07    0    7 
,    1)01    2    2 

Mar.  31 

By  sundries 

2,170    7    7 

Dii. 

ExciiEQUKR  Dills,  i 

Cb. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock     - 

- 

5,310    0    0 

Dr. 

Three  and  a  half  per  Cent.  Stock. 

Cr. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock  .  - 

- 

5,400    0    0 

Dn. 

James  Johnson,  London. 

Cr. 

Mar.   1 

4 

To  cash 

- 

278  IS  11 

Mar.   6 

9 

By  J.  Allan  It  Co. 

278  15    1 

Dr. 

John  Wilson,  London. 

Cr. 

Mar.  1 

4 

To  cask 

- 

42    0    0 

Mar.  6 

9 

By  J.  Allan  &  Co. 

42    0    0 

Dr. 

Si.MON  Frazer,  London. 

Cr. 

Mar.  2fi 
31 

4 
5 

To  cash      - 
To  hills  poyahle 

- 

334    5    0 
132  10    0 

.Inn.    1 
Jan.    6 

2 
9 

By  stock     - 

By  J.  Allan  ic  Co. 

960  15    0 
236    5    0 

Dn. 

John  Mackenzie,  London. 

Cr. 

Mar.  8 

4 

To  cash      - 

- 

367  10    0 

Mar.  6 

9 

By  J.  Allan  Ic  Co. 

367  10    0 

Drs. 

James  Uorkadailb  &  Co.,  London. 

Crs. 

Mar.   1 

4 

To  cash      - 

- 

32    2    0 

Mar.  .6 

9 

By  J.  Allan  &  Co. 

32    2    0 

DR9. 

MoLLiNo  Sc  Co.,  London. 

Crs. 

Mar.  1 

4 

To  cash      - 

- 

328    5    4 

Mar.  C 

9 

By  J.  Allan  &  Co. 

1.328    5    4 

1 

.Mar.  « 
31 


f>ii. 


April  9 


Dr. 


Dr. 


Dr. 


Mar.  3 


Dn. 


Dr. 


r 

1  April  2 

I 

Dr. 


Aprils       3 


Dr. 


Dn. 


Dr8. 


April  3 


Dn. 


I  .Ian.    1 
Mar.  3 


11 


9    4 


Dm. 


BOOK-KEFPINC.  AND  ACCOUNTS. 

.1.  Ai.i.AN  U.  Co.,  KIngilnti,  Joinaka. 


213 
Cm. 


Mar.  « 
31 

0 
11 

To  •nndrln* 

To  bill*  iiityabla     . 

1,443  10    0 

175  in    0 

Jan.  1 

3 
1 

nyilnck    - 

1,190  10    0 

in.. 

HlOAIl  DV  TUB  ClinM. 

C>. 

April  a 

It 

T»  «im(lri«i 

934    0    0 

April  2    11 

llyT  KiiiiiliU*  4i  Co. 

334    0    0 

IIR. 


Dr. 


Ob. 


Mar.   3 


To  cush 


Dr. 


Da. 


April 3       3     To  Biinilrics 


Or. 


Fnt'KIHT  Al'IOlNT. 


Cr. 


Miir.   0 
April  y 
May     3 

(1 
11 

i:i 

i»y.I.  Allan  tin. 
Ilv  Hiiuiir  ♦►  Vtrti 
lly  i-iillVi'  \j>  filloria 

at  10    0 
21  11  11 
44    2    0 

Inhi'Ramcc  AccoiiNT. 


Cb. 


.Inn.    1 

o 

Miir    (i 

(1 

April  2 

11 

May    3 

13 

n\  stock      - 

lly  .1.  Allan  A.  Co. 

Ilv  HI  mar  {>  Crrf.i 


I.HHO  15  0 

33  IN  0 

ft  10  0 

U»    6  « 


Chauoem. 


Cn. 


IS 

3 

0 

Miir. 

fi 

i| 

A|iril 

•> 

11 

1  May 

3 

13 

lly  .1.  Allnn  k  Co. 
lly  Hiiiiar  |>  Citm 
llyi-ollVi!  |i>f'i»»rio 


II  17    0 

5  13    ti 
13  li    7 


Profit  and  I.odb. 


Cr. 


Mar.   ft 

!t 

By  .I.Allan  Sc  Co. 

74    5    0 

Mar.   H 

t 

Ilv  ratili 

fi3     N    0 

April  2 

11 

lly  HHirar  t>  Cere.t 

7     3     1 

May    3 

13 

ttycutYi-K  ^yntnria 

20    8    1 

DR. 

Customs  Inwards. 

Cn. 

April  2 

4 

To  cash      - 

107    5    0 

April  2 

U 

By  sugar  ^  Ceres 

107    5    0 

Coffee  per  Vittoria. 


Cn. 


(170    5    0 


April  3      11     By  T.  Kenililo  &  Co. 


f)70    5    0 


Dr. 

Morris  Pittman,  Trin 

(lad. 

Cr. 

Jan.     I 
April  2 

2 
11 

lly  stock     - 

By  snjiar  {>  Ceres 

l,.37n    ft    0 
;        81   II    3 

James  Forbes,  Di'inararn. 


Cr. 


.Ian.    1 
May    3 


2  I  Hy  slock    - 
13     By  coffee  ^(^rif<ori(i 


720    5    0 
071  13    I 


Dns. 

Thomas  Kemble  &  Co.,  London. 

Drs. 

April  3 

11 

To  siinilries 

910    5    6 

April  7 

30 

May  30 

11 
13 
15 

By  snear  ^  Ceres 
Bycoffrt'l^n«ori(i 
By  cash 

2    «    » 

fi  10    7 

901    2    2 

910    6    6 

Dr. 


Bills  Receivable. 


Or. 


.Inn.    I 
Mar.  3 

1 
9 

To  stock     - 
To  sundries 

7,300  15    0 
745    0    0 

Mar.  1 

4 

By  cash    - 

930  10    0 

*  '      ■'! 


!■ 


,'  i 


1  f  ' 


'I!  C   -" 


\ :  ■ 


214 

Db. 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


nii.LH  Payable. 


Cb. 


Mar.  7 

4    To  cash 

- 

S38    5    0 

Jan.    1 
Mar.  3 

2 
5 

Hy  stock     - 
Hy  sundries 

3,359  10    0 
381  15    0 

Dr. 

Hiiii'  Amelia. 

Cr. 

Jan.  1 

1 

To  stock    - 

- 

1 
3,000    0    0 

Mar.  1 

4 

By  cash 

175    3    0 

Dn. 

Adventure  in  Irish  Linen. 

Cr. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock 

- 

2,107    0    0 

DR8. 

James  Dailey  &  Co.,  I.ivfirpool. 

Cns. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock     - 

- 

1,350  10    0 

Mar.   .1 
Mar.   y 

4 
5 

Dy  rash     - 

Hy  bills  receivable 

152  10    0 
350    0    0 

DBS. 

Thomas  Watson  &  Co.  Dublin. 

Crs. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock     - 

-      3,530  12    0 

.Mar.   3 

5 

By  bills  receivable 

133    0    0 

Dr.s. 

William  Spencr  &  Co.,  I'lyniouth. 

Crs. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock     - 

- 

070    0  10 

Mar.  3       4 
Mar.  5       5 

Ily  rash     - 

By  bills  receivable 

970    0  10 
2(50    0    0 

DR9. 

Georoe  and  William  Fox,  Falmouth. 

Crs. 

Mar.  4 
M«r.  6 

4 

To  cash 

To  bills  payable 

- 

320  15    0 
73  15    0 

Jan.  1 

2 

By  stock    - 

320  15    0 

Dr. 

DEDENTrRE  AcCOfNT. 

Cn. 

Jan.    1 

1 

To  stock    .- 

- 

513    0    0 

Mar.   5 

4 

By  cash     - 

1 
15    8    0 

Dr. 

Interest  Account. 

Cn. 

Mar.  8 

4 

To  cash      - 

- 

6    1  10 

The  Ledger  h  thus  a  register  of  all  the  entries  in  the  Journal ;  and  a  register  so  arranged 
as  to  exhibit  on  one  .side  all  the  sums  at  Debtor;  on  the  other  all  those  at  Creditor.  It  is 
kept  in  the  most  concise  form,  the  insertions  in  it  hardly  ever  exceeding  a  line  each,  or  con- 
taining more  than  the  title  of  the  entry  in  the  Journal.  On  openin.c  a  page  in  the  Ledger, 
a  person  unacquainted  with  book-keci)ing  is  apt  to  consider  this  brevity  unsatisfactory  ;  and 
it  was  formerly  the  practice  to  add  in  each  line  a  few  explanatory  words.  Thus  the  entries 
in  the  account  of  Simon  Frazer,  which  in  our  preceding  page  are  briefly 

£    s.  (1. 
March  20.    To  rash  ---...        ^^^    5    0 

31.    To  bills  payable  -  -  .  .  -        132  10    0 

•would,  at  an  eaiiier  date  in  the  practice  of  book-keeping,  have  been  expanded  to 

£    s.  d. 

March  18.    To  cash  paid  for  soods  per  Rawlins    ...       230    5  0 

26.    To  ditto  paid  J.  JacUsnii  for  liis  account         -  -         98    0  0 

31.    To  bills  payable,  jiaid  J.  Clarks'  draft  for  his  account      132  10  0 

This  method  is  still  followed  in  some  counting-houses,  and  such  explanatory  additions  are 
certainly  conducive  to  clearness ;  but  they  are  practicable  only  in  a  house  of  limited  business  : 
wherever  the  transactions  are  numerous  and  varied,  they  should  be  left  out  of  the  Ledger, 
for  two  reasons ;  they  increase  greatly  the  labour  of  the  book-keeper,  and  they  never  can  be 
so  full  or  circumstantial  as  to  supersede  the  account  current  book. 


0    0 
5    0 


3    0 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


215 


10    0 
0    0 


'BS. 

0  10 
0    0 

Cn. 


8    0 


Iraneed 
It  is 

Sr  con- 

[icdger, 
and 

Icntries 


bns  are 
kiness : 
Ledger, 
Van  be 


The  same  Ledger  may  continue  in  use  from  one  to  fivp  yrnrs,  arcordino;  to  the  size  of  the 
book,  or  tlic  extent  of  the  transactions  of  the  house.  On  oj)ening  a  now  Ledger,  it  is  proper 
to  place  in  succession  accounts  of  the  same  class  or  character :  thus — Stock  account  ought 
to  be  followed  by  that  of  the  Three  per  cent,  consols,  exchequer  bills  or  other  property  be- 
longing to  tlio  house  ;  and  if  the  business  be  with  the  West  Indies,  it  is  lit  that  account"? 
with  Jamaica  should  be  placed  near  those  with  Demerara,  Trinidad,  and  other  sugar 
colonies. 

Balancing  the  Ledger, — This  important  operation  is  performed  by  adding  up  the  Debtor 
and  Creditor  side  of  every  account  in  the  Ledger,  ascertaining  the  difl'ercnce  or  balance  in 
each,  and  carrying  such  balance,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  the  Debtor  or  Creditor  column  in 
the  balance  sheet.  On  closing,  for  example,  a  few  of  the  preceding  Ledger  accounts,  we 
fmd  them  to  stand  thus : — 


Debtors. 

Creditors. 

Cnsli       .           .          -           - 
James  Allan  &  Co.       - 

£      s.    (/. 

3,.')S7  1.-)    a 

408  10    0 

Simon  Frazcr 
Treiglit  Account 

£      .s.    (/. 
780    S    0 
107    4  11 

And  so  on  with  every  account  except  Stock,  which,  having  no  entries  in  the  current  year, 
is  put  in  the  balance  sheet  exactly  as  it  was  in  the  beginning  of  the  year.  Including  Stock, 
the  total  at  the  Debtor  side  of  the  balance  sheet  ought  to  agree  exactly  with  the  total  at  the 
Creditor  side ;  and  if  it  do  not,  it  is  a  rule  in  all  well-regulated  counting-houses  to  follow  up 
the  examination  perseveringly,  until  they  are  made  to  agree.  The  apparent  difference  may 
not  exceed  a  few  shillings  or  a  few  pence  ;  still  the  search  is  continued,  because  the  smallest 
discrepancy  shows  the  existence  of  error,  and  to  an  extent  perhaps  greatly  beyond  the  frac- 
tion in  question.  It  often  happens,  indeed,  that,  as  the  examination  proceeds,  the  dillerencc 
undergoes  a  change  from  a  smaller  to  a  larger  amount,  and  without  increasing  the  difficulty 
of  diEcovering  the  error,  which  is  as  likely  to  have  occurred  in  the  case  of  a  large  as  of  a 
small  sum.  Differences,  when  in  round  sums,  such  as  10/.  100/.,  or  1,000/.,  generally  lie  in 
the  addition ;  fractional  sums  frequently  in  the  posting.  All  this,  however,  is  uncertain ;  for 
the  error  or  errors  may  be  in  any  month  in  the  year,  and  in  any  one  of  the  thousand  entries 
and  upwards  which  have  been  made  in  the  course  of  it.  Hence  the  necessity  of  examining 
the  whole ;  and  young  book-keepers  are  often  obliged  to  pass  week  after  week  in  the  tedious 
labour  of  revising,  adding,  and  subtracting.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  sometimes  exam- 
ples of  the  balance  being  found  on  the  first  trial ;  but  such  cases  are  rare,  and  occur  only  to 
careful  and  experienced  book-keepers.  The  oidy  effectual  means  of  lessening  the  labour 
and  perplexity  of  balancing  the  Ledger,  is  to  exercise  great  care  in  every  stage  of  the  book- 
keeping process ;  as  well  in  making  the  additions  in  the  iJournal,  as  in  posting  from  the 
Journal  into  the  Ledger,  and  casting  up  the  Ledger  accounts ;  and,  lastly,  in  adding  up  the 
balance  sheet,  which  is  generally  of  formidable  length. 

Accuracy  in  addition  is  one  of  the  main  requisites  in  a  clerk,  and  particularly  in  a  book- 
keeper. Of  the  extent  to  which  it  may  be  attained  by  continued  practice,  those  only  can 
judge  who  have  experienced  it  themselves,  or  have  marked  the  ease  and  correctness  with 
which  clerks  in  banking-houses  perform  such  operations.  They  are  in  the  habit  of  striking 
a  daily  balance  which  comes  within  small  compass ;  but  a  merchant's  balance,  comprising 
the  transactions  of  a  year,  extends  commonly  over  a  number  of  folio  pages.  It  is  advisable, 
therefore,  to  divide  each  page  into  portions  of  ten  lines  each,  adding  such  portions  separately. 
This  lessens  the  risk  of  error,  as  it  is  evidently  easier  to  add  five  or  six  such  portions  in  suc- 
cession, than  to  do  at  once  a  whole  folio  containing  fifty  or  sixty  sums. 

Another  important  point  towards  agreeing  a  balance,  is  to  limit  carefully  the  number  of 
Ledger  entries ;  in  other  words,  to  comprise  as  much  as  possible  in  those  aggregate  sums  in 
the  Journal  which  are  posted  in  the  Ledger.  Thus,  in  the  case  of  the  monthly  entries  for 
bills,  whether  receivable  or  payable,  while  the  inner  column  of  the  Journal  contains  the 
amount  of  each  specific  bill — the  final  column,  that  which  is  carried  to  the  Ledger — should, 
and  generally  does,  comprise  a  number  of  bills  in  one  sum.  Entries  in  the  cash  book,  which 
generally  form  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  transactions  of  the  month,  are  carried  by  some 
book-keepers  directly  from  the  cash  book  into  the  Ledger,  without  an  intermediate  arrange- 
ment in  the  Journal  form.  In  some  lines  of  business  this  plan  may  answer ;  but  as  a  gene- 
ral rule  it  is  better  to  take  the  trouble  of  journalising  the  cash,  thereby  comprising  in  30  or 
40  Ledger  entries  the  transactions  of  the  month,  \\  hich,  when  posted  separately,  would  ex- 
ceed 100.  The  time  required  for  re-writing  or  rather  re-casting  them,  will,  in  most  cases, 
be  amply  made  good,  by  exhibiting  the  cash  in  a  proper  form,  and  by  facilitating  the  ba- 
lance of  the  Ledger  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

We  have  said  the  close  of  the  year,  because,  in  nine  mercantile  houses  out  of  ten,  that  is 
the  period  for  striking  a  balance.  In  some  branches  of  trade,  however,  the  case  is  other- 
wise.   Thus,  among  West  India  merchants,  the  30th  of  April  is  the  time  of  balancing. 


'  ( 


t, 


216 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


1 


because  at  that  season  the  sales  of  the  preceding  crop  are,  in  general,  completed,  and  those 
of  the  current  year  not  yet  begun. 

Arrears  in  book-keeping  ought  to  lie  most  carefully  avoided — calculated  as  they  are  to 
engender  mistakes,  and  to  produce  loss  from  delay  in  adjusting  accounts.  The  practice  of 
balancing  the  Ledger  every  six  months,  and  of  transmitting  as  often  accounts  current  to  the 
correspondents  and  connections  of  merchants,  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  become  general.  It  is, 
however,  hardly  practicable  in  cases  \vh(>re,  as  too  often  happens  in  the  lesser  mercantile 
establishments,  the  book-keeper  is  charged  with  a  share  of  the  active  management.  Exemp- 
tion from  interruption,  and  removal  from  the  bustle  of  current  business,  are  main  requisites 
to  accuracy  and  despatch  in  accounts.  In  examining,  or,  as  it  is  called,  collating  the  books, 
the  book-keeper  requires  not  only  a  retired  apartment,  but  the  assistance  of  a  clerk  for  the 
purpose  of  calling  them  over.  A  similar  arrangement  for  another  puriwsc — we  mean  for 
composing  the  Journal,  the  book-keeper  dictating  from  the  subsidiary  books  to  a  clerk  whose 
writing  forms  the  draught  or  rough  copy  of  the  Journal,  has  as  yet  been  seldom  adopted; 
although,  when  properly  applied,  it  is  highly  conducive  both  to  accuracy  and  expedition. 

A  Ledger  must,  of  course,  have  an  index  ;  but  it  is  very  brief,  containing  merely  the  titles 
of  the  accounts  and  a  reference  to  the  page,  as  follows : — 


Allan  &  Co.,  James     - 
Amelia,  ship     - 


Fclio 


Bailey  &  Co.,  James 
Hills  payalile 


Folio 
7 
6 


The  Subsidiary  Books. — In  former  times,  when  business  in  this  country  was  conducted 
by  most  jiersons  on  a  very  limited  scale,  the  accounts  of  a  number  of  merchants,  or  rather  of 
those  dealers  whom  we  should  now  think  it  a  comj)liment  to  call  merchants,  were  often  kept 
on  a  plan  somewhat  like  that  at  present  followed  by  our  shopkeepers.  The  merchant  or  his 
chief  clerk  kept  a  daily  record  of  transactions,  whether  sales,  purchases,  receipts,  or  pay- 
ments, in  a  diary,  which  was  called  a  Waste-book,  from  the  rude  manner  in  which  the 
entries  or  rather  notices  in  it  were  written,  being  inserted,  one  by  one,  soon  after  the  trans- 
actions in  question  took  place.  From  this  diary  the  Journal  and  Ledger  were  posted  ;  and 
book-keeping  by  double  entry  being  in  those  days  understood  by  few,  one  person  frequently 
kept  the  books  of  several  merchants,  passing  one  or  two  days  in  the  wcRk  at  the  house  of 
each,  and  reducing  these  rough  materials  into  the  form  of  regular  entries.  In  process  of 
time,  as  transactions  multiplied  and  mercantile  business  took  a  wider  range,  separate  books 
were  more  generally  required  for  particular  departments,  such  as  a  bill  book  for  all  bills  of 
exchange,  and  a  cash  book  for  all  ready  money  transactions.  This  had  long  been  the  case 
in  the  large  mercantile  towns  of  Italy  and  Holland ;  and  above  a  century  ago  it  became  a 
general  practice  in  London  and  Bristol,  which  were  then  the  only  places  of  extensive  busi- 
ness in  England.  But  in  English,  as  in  foreign  counting-houses,  the  bill  book  and  even  the 
cash  book  were  long  considered  as  little  more  than  memoranda  of  details ;  not  as  books  of 
authority,  or  as  fit  documents  for  Jpurnal  entries:  for  that  purpose  the  diary  only  was  used. 
In  time,  however,  the  mode  of  keeping  these  subsidiary  books  improved,  and  merchants 
became  aware  that,  when  cash  or  bill  transactions  were  properly  entered  in  them,  the  Jour- 
nal might  be  posted  from  them  as  well  as  from  the  diary. 

Similar  observations  are  applicable  to  the  other  subsidiary  books,  viz.  an  invoice  book  for 
goods  shipped,  and  an  account  of  sales  book  for  goods  received  and  sold.  When  from  the 
gradual  improvement  in  the  management  of  counting-houses  these  books  were  kept  in  a 
manner  to  supply  all  that  was  wanted  for  Journal  entries,  the  use  of  the  diary  was  dispensed 
with  for  such  entries  also.  And  at  last  it  was  found,  that  in  all  well-regulated  counting- 
houses  the  books  kept  for  separate  departments  of  the  business  were  suflicient  for  the  com- 
position of  the  Journal,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  transactions  out  of  the  regular  course, 
which  might  be  easily  noticed  in  a  supplementary  book  called  a  Petty  Journal,  or  a  book  for 
occasional  entries.  The  consequence  was,  that  the  diary  or  waste  book,  formerly  the  ground- 
work of  the  Journal  and  Ledger,  became  excluded  from  every  well-regulated  counting-house. 
This  has  long  been  the  case,  and  the  name  of  waste  hook  would  have  been  forgotten,  were 
it  not  found  in  the  printed  treatises  on  book-keeping  which  have  appeared  from  time  to  time, 
and  have  been  generally  composed  by  teachers  in  schools  or  academics,  who,  unacquainted 
with  the  actual  practice  of  merchants,  were  content  to  copy  and  reprint  what  they  found 
laid  down  in  old  systems  of  book-keeping. 

The  subsidiary  books  required  in  a  counting-house  are,  the  Cash  book ; 

Book  of  Acceptances  of  the  house,  or  Bills  Payable ; 

Book  of  Bills  Receivable,  or  bills  on  other  mrtrchanls  which  are  or  have  been  in  possession 
of  the  house. 

Bought  book,  or  book  for  bills  of  parcels ; 

Invoice  book,  or  register  of  goods  sold  or  exported  ; 

Account  of  Sales  book ; 

Insurance  Policy  book,  containing  copies  of  all  policies  of  insurance ; 

Petty  Journal,  or  book  for  such  occasional  entries  as  do  not  belong  to  any  of  the 
preceding. 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


217 


ook  for 
om  the 
pt  in  a 
pensed 
unting- 
e  coin- 
course, 
ook  for 
round- 
-house. 
were 
o  time, 
aimed 
found 


Isession 


Such  arc  the  authorities  from  which  it  is  now  customary,  in  every  well-regulated  house, 
to  compose  the  Journal,  Their  numlicr  indicates  a  repartition  or  subdivision,  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  of  counting-house  work,  and  nowhere  is  such  repartition  productive  of  greater 
advantiigo.  How  much  belter  is  it  to  enter  all  bills  receivable  in  one  book,  all  bills  i)ayabl(i 
in  another,  and  all  cash  transactions  in  a  third,  than  in  any  way  to  blend  these  very  distinct 
entries  !  The  ellect  of  this  subdivision  is  to  simplify  the  Journal  entries  in  a  maimer  highly 
conducive  to  accuracy  and  despatch  ;  and  to  pres;'nt  such  means  of  checking  or  examining 
th';m,  that  many  transactions  may  be  stated,  ai.l  an  account  extended  over  a  number  of 
folios,  without  a  single  error. 

The  use  of  most  of  the  subsidiary  books  is  sufficiently  pointed  out  by  their  names  ;  but  if. 
may  be  well  to  add  a  few  remarks  on  the  "  Bought  book,"  or  receptacle  for  the  accounts  of 
goods  purchased.  A  bill  of  parcels  is  the  name  given  to  the  account  of  goods  supplied  by  a 
manufacturer,  tradesman,  or  dealer,  to  a  merchant.  Such  accounts  soon  become  numerous, 
and  it  is  evidently  of  consequence  to  adopt  the  best  method  of  keeping  them.  In  former 
times  it  was  the  practice  to  fold  them  up  in  a  uniform  size,  and  after  writing  on  the  back  the 
names  of  the  respective  furnishers,  to  put  them  away  in  bundles.  But  wherever  the  pur- 
chases of  a  merchant  are  extensive,  and  the  bills  of  parcels  numerous,  the  better  mode,  after 
arranging  them  alphabetically,  is  to  paste  them  in  a  large  book,  generally  a  folio,  made  of 
blue  or  sugar-loaf  paper:  this  book  to  have  its  pages  numbered,  and  to  have  an  alphabetical 
index.  Any  single  bill  of  parcels  may  thus  be  referred  to  with  the  same  ease  as  we  turn  to 
an  account  in  a  ledger ;  ami  one  of  tiiesc  Iblios  may  be  made  to  hold  a  very  great  quantity 
of  bills  of  parcels ;  as  many  as  would  form  a  number  of  large  bundles  when  tied  up  on  the 
plan  of  former  times. 

Book  of  Hills  Pai/able. — The  notice,  or,  as  it  is  termed,  advice  of  bills  payable  after  sight, 
generally  comes  to  hand  before  the  bills  themselves.  As  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  latter 
is  uncertain,  the  better  plan  is  not  to  enter  them  from  the  advice  among  the  othi^'  bills  pay- 
able, but  to  appropriate  a  space  of  ten  or  twelve  pages  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  the  hook 
of  bills  payable,  and  to  insert  there  the  substance  of  the  advice  receiveil. 

There  are  a  few  books  in  every  counting-house  which  do  not  form  part  of  the  vouchers 
or  materials  for  the  Journal;  viz.,  the  .\ccount  Current  book,  containing  dujdicates  of  the 
accounts  furnished  by  the  house  to  their  difforent  correspoiulcnts  and  connections ; 

The  Letter-book,  containing  copies  of  all  letters  written  to  the  correspondents  or  connec- 
tions of  the  house ; 

The  Petty  Cash  book,  or  account  of  petty  disbursements,  the  sum  of  which  is  entered 
once  a  month  in  the  cash  book. 

The  Order  book,  containing  copies  of  all  orders  received  ; 

The  Debenture  book,  or  register  of  drawbacks  payable  by  the  custom-house. 

It  was  formerly  a  practice  in  some  h  ises  for  the  book-keeper  to  go  over  the  letter  book 
at  the  end  of  each  month,  that  he  might  take  note  of  any  entries  not  sup[)lied  by  the  subsi- 
diary books.  This,  however,  is  now  unnecessary  ;  these  books,  when  carefully  kept,  con- 
taining, in  one  shape  or  other,  every  transaction  of  the  house. 

The  Principle  of  Double  Entry. — From  these  explanations  of  the  practice  of  book-keep- 
ing, we  must  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  a  topic  of  more  intricacy — the  origin  of  the 
present  system,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  was  adopted.  To  record  the  transactions  of  a 
merchant  in  a  Journal  or  day  book  was  an  obvious  arrangement,  and  to  keep  a  Ledger 
or  systematic  register  of  the  contents  of  the  Journal  was  a  natural  result  of  his  busi- 
ness, particularly  when  conducted  on  credit.  Such,  in  a  rude  form,  are  the  books  of  our 
shopkeepers,  who  enter  their  sales  and  purchases  in  a  day  book,  and  in  their  Ledger  carry 
the  former  to  the  Dr.  of  their  customers,  the  latter  to  the  Or.  of  the  wholesale  dealers  who 
supply  them  with  goods.  By  making  at  the  end  of  the  year  a  list  of  the  sums  due  to  him 
by  his  customers,  and  of  those  due  by  him  to  wholesale  dealers,  a  shopkeeper  may,  after 
adding  to  the  former  the  value  of  his  stock  on  hand,  make  out  an  approximative  statement 
of  his  debts  and  assets.  Now,  that  which  in  this  manner  is  done  indirectly  and  imperfectly, 
it  is  the  object  of  double  entry  to  do  with  method  and  certainty.  The  shopkeeper  makes 
out  a  list  of  debtors  on  one  side  and  to  creditors  on  the  other,  but  he  cannot  make  them 
balance,  because  his  entries  have  been  single;  t! > it  is,  they  have  had  no  counterpart.  On 
making  a  purchase  of  cottons  from  Messrs.  Peel  of  Manchester,  or  of  woollens  from  Messrs. 
Gott  of  Leeds,  he  merely  enters  the  amount  of  their  credit,  but  he  makes  no  one  Dr.  to  them, 
because  the  goods  are  not  sold ;  and  to  introduce  an  imaginary  account  would  be  too  great  a 
relinement  for  a  plain,  practical  man.  But  a  person  accustomed  to  double  entry  would, 
without  any  effort  of  thought,  make  "  Printed  Calicoes"  Dr.  to  Messrs.  Peel,  and  "  Ker- 
seymeres" Dr.  to  Messrs.  Gott,  for  the  respective  amounts  ;  after  which,  as  the  sales 
proceeded,  he  would  make  the  buyers  Drs.  to  these  accounts  for  the  amount  of  their 
purchases. 

We  thus  perceive  that  the  intricacy  in  the  application  of  double  entry  was  not  with  the 
personal  so  much  as  with  the  nominal  accounts.    Let  us  refer  to  the  coimtry  where  book- 

Vol.  L— T  28 


I, 


218 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


•f, 


i 


r 


keeping  was  first  Ktuilicd,  and  take  an  an  cxamiile  the  case  of  Doria,  a  merchant  in  Genoa, 
shipiiinpf,  iu  a  former  aa;e,  silk,  of  the  value  of  200/.,  boufiht  from  Flori,  in  Piedmont,  to 
Henderson  «&  Co.,  silk  manufacturers,  in  Enp;land,  on  the  terms  of  charging,  not  an  addi- 
tional price,  but  a  commission  of  5  per  cent,  with  interest  until  reimbursed  his  advance.  In 
entering  the  transaction,  Doria's  book-keci)er  would,  as  a  matter  of  course,  make  Hcncicrsons 
debtors  to  Flori  200/.  for  the  cost  of  the  silk  ;  but  he  might  not  so  readily  find  a  creditor 
for  the  10/.  commission,  or  tlie  7/.  interest  eventually  due  on  tiie  advance.  The  custom  in 
this  primitive  era  of  imok-keeping  proiiably  was,  to  introduce  the  firm  of  the  house  into  their 
books,  making  Hendersons  debtors  to  Uoria,  for  tlie  10/,  and  77.;  but  as  the  practice  of  book- 
kee)iing  improved,  it  was  found  prelcrablc  to  avoid  inserting,  on  any  occasion,  the  firm  of 
the  house,  and  to  substitute  nomiiiul  accounts,  such  as,  commission,  interest,  bills  payable, 
bills  receivable.  These,  attention  and  practice  rendered  in  time  familiar  to  the  book-keeper, 
who  learned  to  open  his  Journal  at  the  beginning  of  a  year  by  making  the  parties  who  owed 
balances  to  the  house  debtors,  not  to  the  firm  by  name,  Init  to  Stock ;  and  those  to  whom 
the  house  was  indebted,  creditors  !)y  Wtock.  As  the  transactions  of  the  year  proceeded,  he 
made  those  to  whom  money  was  paid  delitors,  not  to  the  firm  of  the  hou;-;e,  but  to  Cash ; 
and  those  for  whose  account  bills  were  accei)ted  debtors  to  Bills  payable;  so  that  book- 
kee|)ing  by  double  entry  assumed  its  jiresent  form  gradually  and  almost  im[)erceptibly. 

What  are  the  advantages  of  this  method  compared  to  that  of  single  entry  ?  First,  it  sup- 
plies a  test  of  accuracy,  inasmuch  as,  the  entries  on  the  debtor  sii'.e  of  the  Ledger  being  equal 
to  those  on  the  creditor  side,  their  resjiective  totals  ought,  as  a  matter  of  course,  to  balance. 
After  going  through  this  proof,  personal  accounts  of  whatevi'r  length  may  be  settled  with 
confidence;  while  ui  a  general  account,  such  as  kerseymeri's  or  jjrinted  calicoes,  the  value 
sold  and  the  value  remaining  on  hand  may  be  ascertained  by  merely  balancing  the  account 
in  the  Ledger,  without  the  repeated  refrrenccs  to  the  sales  book  that  would  otherwise  he 
required.  Without  double  entry,  a  dealer  could  hardly  estimate  his  property  unless  he  took 
stock ;  but  with  it  an  extraction  of  tlie  Ledger  balances  fulfils  that  object,  and  stock-taking, 
however  proper  as  a  test  of  the  honesty  of  servants,  beeomos  (juite  unnecessary  as  a  means 
of  calculation.  In  short,  in  regard  to  any  person  in  trade,  whether  merchant,  dealer,  or 
manufacturer,  double  entry  forms  the  connecting  link  of  his  accounts,  and  all'ords  a  ready 
solution  of  any  iii(}uiry  as  to  the  appropriation,  increase,  or  diminution  of  his  capital. 

'J'his  advantage  may  forUinatcly  l>e  obtained  without  any  great  sacrifice  of  time  or  labvuir. 
Of  tlie  books  of  dealers,  manufaclunrs,  and  retailers,  nine  parts  in  ten  may  continue  to  be 
kejjt  by  single  entry  ;  for  the  addition  of  a  few  pages  of  doulile  entry  in  the  form  of  a  sum- 
mary, at  tlie  end  of  the  montli  or  (juarter,  will  be  sulficient  to  exhibit  the  result  of  a  great 
extent  of  transactions. 

Nominal  Accouiiis. — Of  these  our  limits  permit  us  to  notice  only  two  ;  Profit  and  Loss, 
and  Merchandise.  The  former  contains  on  the  creditor  side  all  the  entries  of  commissions 
earned,  and  gains  obtained  on  particular  adventures;  while  the  debtor  side  exhibits  the  losses 
incurred,  whether  by  bad  debts  or  by  unsuccessful  purchases.  Every  house  keeping  regular 
books  must  have  a  [jrolit  and  loss  account,  but  a  merchandise  account  is  altogether  optional. 
Those  who  have  such  a  head  in  their  Ledger  are  accustomed  to  maU(^  it  Dr.  to  the  dealers  or 
furnishers  from  whom  they  make  purchases,  and  to  credit  it  in  return  i)y  the  correspondents 
or  connections  to  whom  they  make  sales.  In  many  houses,  however,  there  is  no  such 
intermediate  account ;  the  parties  to  whom  the  goods  are  sent  being  made  Drs.  at  once  to 
the  furnishers  of  the  goods,  as  in  the  case  of  the  shipment  to  Jamaica  stated  in  our  preceding 
pages. 

A  merchant,  before  estimating  his  profits,  ought  to  charge  interest  on  each  head  of 
investment.  His  clear  profit  cannot  be  ascertained  without  it ;  and  the  practice  of  charg- 
ing it,  is  a  lesson  to  him  to  hold  no  property  that  does  not  allbrd,  at  least,  interest  on  his 
advances. 

Mercantile  books  and  accounts  must  be  kept  in  the  money  of  the  country  in  which  the 
jiartncrs  reside.  A  house  in  Rotterdam  composed  of  English  partners  necessarily  kcei)  their 
accounts  in  Dutch  money,  although  their  transactions  may  l)o  chielly  with  England.  Fur- 
ther, hooks,  it  is  obvious,  can  be  kept  in  only  one  kind  of  money ;  and  when  a  merchant  in 
England,  receives  from  a  distant  country,  accounts  which  cannot  at  the  time  be  entered  in 
sterling  for  want  of  a  fixed  exchange,  these  accounts  should  be  notcil  in  a  separate  book, 
until,  the  exchange  being  ascertained,  they  can  bo  entered  in  the  Journal  in  sterling. 

A  book-keeper  will  do  well  to  avoid  all  such  puzzling  distinctions,  as  "J.  Johnson,  my 
account  with  him ;"  and  "  J.  Johnson,  his  account  proper ;"  on  the  plain  ground  that  every 
account  in  the  Ledger  ought  to  be  the  general  account  of  the  person  whose  name  it  bears. 

Errors  excepted. — This  expression  is  merely  a  proviso,  that  if  any  mistakes  be  discovered 
in  the  account  in  question,  they  shall  be  open  to  correction. 

Accounts  Current. — An  account  current  generally  contains  all  the  transactions  of  the 
house  with  one  of  its  correspondents  during  a  given  time,  generally  six  or  twelve  months. 
The  following  is  an  example : — 


4 


BOOK-KEEPING  AND  ACCOUNTS. 


219 


dead  of 

If  charg- 

OH  his 

Ihich  the 
Tcp  their 
Fur. 
chant  in 
ttcred  in 
book, 

Ison,  my 
lat  every 
Ihears. 
^covered 

b  of  the 

Imonths. 


Messrs.  James  Allan  &.  Co.,  Jamaica,  in  Account  Current  witli  IIeniiy  HAnoLAV  &.  Co.,  London. 


1831. 
June  30 

July  2 

July  9 

Oct.  10 


Dec.  31 


Drs. 


To  balance  of  last 
iicconnt 

To  ydur  draft  to  J. 
Stnitli.duo  A\ig.l3. 

To  invoire  of  gncids 
1*  Amelia,  dui' 
Oct.  0. 

Toiasli  paid  J.  Har- 
vey on  your  ac- 
coiint 

To  insurance  on  pio- 
duie  shipped  Ipy 
vou  in  the  Jinn. 
Nokes,  £1.100,  at 
2guineas  per  cent. 
£20  H  0 
Policy      3  10    0 


Poslnpe  and  petty 
rharues  during  this 
half  year  - 

To  conimission,  J  {> 
rent,  on  £203  paid, 
Do.    on  £2()0   re 
ccived  on  your  ac 
count 

To  balance  of  inte- 
rest this  half  year, 
1,270 divided  by  73, 
is      -       -       ■ 


£    s.  d. 

867  10  0 

128    0  0 

752    0  0 

75  10  0 


32  18  0 

I  15  0 

4    6  0 

17    9  7 


1,879    8 


Ibvj 
to  31 


Interest. 


181 

110 

83 

82 


1,505 
179 

624 

62 


1831. 

Aug.  10 


Sept.  15 


Sept.  20 


Dec.  31 


2,160 


Crs. 


Ily  proceeds 
of  21)  tierces 
coU'ee  i? 
f.iiuisa,  due 
Sept.  10. 

Hy  y(mr  re- 
mittanciHin 
J.  Austin, 
due  Oct.  10. 

Hy  proceeils 
of  17  lihds 
sugar.  ■IP 
J/crciitcs, 
due  Oct.  15. 

Ily  rasli  re- 
ceived from 
J.  Johnson 
on  your  ac- 
count 

Balance  of  in- 
terest car- 
ried to  Dr. 

Balanceof  ac- 
count car- 
ri(Hl  toyour 
Dr.  in  new 
account 


Ihv5  I 

lii;)l    IiiterCTt, 

1)1 


410    0    0 


350    0    0 


238    0    0 


260    0    0 


112 


82 


77 


lOU 


459 


287 


173 


265 


1,276 


621 


1,879    8 


2,460 


Lontliui,  31st  of  December,  1  '31. 


Errors  i  .wepted. 


IlENnv  Bauclay  &  Co. 


Wo  ha\e  here  on  the  Dr.  side  all  the  payments  made  or  responsibilities  incurred  for  the 
correspondents  in  question,  and  on  the  Cr.  siile  the  dilVercnt  receipts  on  their  account.  The 
interest  for  the  half  year,  the  commission  on  rcceii)ts  and  paynients,  the  postage  and  petty 
charges,  being  then  added,  the  account  may  be  closed  and  the  balance  carried  to  next  year. 
Coi)ies  of  accounts  current  ought  to  be  sent  off  as  soon  as  jiossibic  after  the  day  to  which 
they  are  brought  down  ;  and  with  that  view  they  ought  to  be  written  out  from  the  Ledger 
before  the  close  of  the  year  or  half  year,  particularly  as  the  entries  for  interest  ami  commis- 
sion can  be  made  only  after  they  are  written  out.  The  whole  ought  then  to  be  copied  into 
the  account  current  book. 

But  in  some  counting-houses  the  account  curitnt  book,  instead  of  being  copied  from  the 
Ledger  and  .Tournal,  is  posted,  like  the  latter,  from  the  bill  book,  the  cash  book,  the  invoice 
book,  and  the  account  of  sales  book.  It  is  then  considered  a  check  on  the  Journal  and 
Ledger;  and  from  the  comparative  case  with  which  it  is  posted,  may  be  completed  and 
made  use  of  before  the  latter  are  fully  brought  up,  This  is  certainly  an  advantage  m  houses 
where,  from  pressure  on  the  book-keeper,  the  .lournal  and  Ledger  are  in  arrear,  but  such 
ought  never  to  be  the  case  for  any  length  of  time  ;  while  as  to  the  former  point — that  of 
forming  a  check  on  the  Journal  and  Ledger — the  fact  is,  that  these  books,  from  the  mode  in 
which  they  are  kept,  are  much  more  likely  to  be  correct  than  the  account  current  book. 

Vrintcd  Works  on  Book-keeping. — To  the  publications  of  old  date  by  teachers  have  suc- 
ceeded, in  the  present  age,  several  treatises  on  book-keeping  by  accountants.  Some  of  these 
are  of  very  limited  use,  being  directed  more  to  recommend  a  favourite  practice  of  the  author 
in  some  particular  branch  of  book-keeping,  than  to  convey  a  comjirehensivc  view  of  the 
system.  The  only  works  on  the  subject  entitled  to  that  character  are  two  :  one  by  the  lato 
1-i'njamin  Booth,  published  above  thirty  years  ago  ;  the  other  by  !\Ir.  Jones,  an  accountant 
in  London,  printed  so  lately  as  the  year  1831.  Booth  was  a  man  of  ability,  who  had  expe- 
rience both  as  a  merchant  and  a  book-keeper,  having  passed  one  part  of  his  life  in  London, 
the  other  in  New  York.  The  reader  of  his  work  finds  a  great  deal  of  information  in  short 
compass,  without  being  perplexed  either  by  superfluous  detail  or  by  fanciful  theory." 

The  form  of  Mr.  Booth's  Journal  and  Ledger  is  similar  to  what  we  have  given  in  the 
preceding  pages,  and  to  the  practice  of  our  merchants  for  more  than  a  century :  it  was  by 

♦  The  title  of  the  book  is  "  A  Complete  System  of  Itook-keeping,  by  Ilenjaniin  Ilootli."  London, 
1799,  thin4to.  Printed  for  Grosvenor  and  Chatcr,  and  for  the  late  J.  Johnson.  St.  Paul's  Cliurch- 
yard. 

Mr.  Jones's  book  is  entitled  "The  Science  of  Book-keeping  exemplified."    4to.  London,  1831.  4{.4s. 


% 


220 


BOOTS— BORDEAUX. 


!'■' 


4-  f 


3 


much  the  best  work  on  book-kcppinir,  until  Mr,  Jones  dcvisod  several  improvements  cnleu- 
lated  to  lessen  the  risk  of  error  in  both  Journal  anil  Ledger.  One  of  these  improvements  is 
the  use  of  two  columns  for  figures  in  each  jiage  of  the  Journal,  one  for  the  Urs,,  tli(  other 
fortheCrs. :  by  inserting  each  sum  twice,  the  book-keeper  obtains  the  means  of  proving 
tlic  Journal  additions  page  by  page,  Tiie  posting  from  the  Journal  to  the  Ledger  is  also 
simplified  and  rendered  Icha  subject  to  error  by  the  use  of  these  columns.  In  regard  to  the 
great  task  of  balancing  the  Ledger,  Mr,  Jones's  jdan  is  to  do  it  quarter  by  ([uarter,  making 
use  of  a  separate  book,  called  a  balance  hook,  in  which  are  inserted  the  totals  on  each  side  of 
the  Ledger  accounts  at  the  end  of  three  months.  By  these  mean.-i,  the  agreement  of  the 
general  balance  is  made  a  matter  of  certainty  after  completing  the  additions.  Other  parts  of 
Mr.  Jones's  hook,  viz.  \\\»  farmulx  for  books  on  the  single  entry  plan,  and  for  the  accounts 
of  bankers,  contain  suggestions  of  evident  utility.  His  volume  consists  of  two  parts :  the 
printed  part  (120  pp.)  containing  the  treatise,  with  directions;  and  the  lithographed  part 
(140  pp.)  giving  copious  examples  in  two  sets  of  books,  one  kept  by  single,  the  other  by 
double  entry.  If,  on  a  reimpression,  the  author  were  to  divide  the  work,  anil  to  sell  the  sin- 
gle entry  part  sej)arately  from  the  double  entry,  the  price  of  each  might  be  moderate,  and  a 
great  service  would  be  rendered  to  the  mercantile  public, 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES,  the  external  covering  for  the  legs  and  feet,  too  well  known  to 
require  any  description, — (For  an  account  of  the  value  of  the  '.)oots  and  shoes  annually  pro- 
duced in  Great  Britain    see  Leathkii,) 

BOKAX,  oil  TINCAL  (Arab,  Buruk ;  Pers.  Tiinhir),  one  of  the  salts  of  soda.  This 
salt  is  obtained  in  a  crys'tallised  state  from  the  bottom  of  certain  lakes  in  Thibet,  It  is  found 
dissolved  hi  many  springs  in  Persia,  and  may  be  procured  of  a  superior  quality  in  China, 
It  is  also  said  to  be  found  in  Saxony  and  South  America  ;  but  it  is  more  abundant  in  Thibet 
than  any  where  else.  When  dug  up  it  is  in  an  impure  state,  being  enveloped  in  a  kind  of 
fatty  matter,  Itistiien  denominated  tincal ;  and  it  is  not  till  it  has  been  purified  in  Europe 
tlmt  it  takes  the  name  of  borax.  The  process  followed  in  its  purification  was  for  a  long 
time  known  only  to  the  Venetians  and  Hollanders,  Borax  is  white,  transparent,  rather 
greasy  in  its  fracture,  its  taste  is  styptic,  and  it  converts  syrup  of  violets  to  a  green.  It  rea- 
dily dissolves  in  hot  water,  and  swells  and  bubbles  in  the  fire.  It  is  of  great  use  as  a  flux 
for  metals. — {T/io)ii son's  Chemistry,  Ure's  Dictionary,  ^c.) 

The  Imrnx  entered  for  homo  cnnsuinplion  [iincmiited,  nt  an  averacn  of  the  3  yrnrs  endine  witti  IMl, 
to  151,,'ji;'.)  Ills.  ;i  year ;  lh(!  total  iiiipoils  diirinir  the  ;t  years  eiidhiE  with  X^yi  havin);  lieeii  1T(),3!)2  Ihs,  a 
year.  I'revi.m.sly  to  IbSi,  it  was  subject,  refined,  toa  duty  "I"  Sfo.,  and  iniretined,  to  a  duly  of  28.v. 
a  cwt.  In  1>S2.  however,  thesis  (hities  were  re(hired,  the  fiiriner  to  lO.v.,  and  the  hitter  to  As.  a  cwt. 
Their  prodnee  in  tlmt  year  amounted  to  b>il.  lbs.  hi.  Borax  is  wortli,  in  bond,  unrefined,  3^.  15s.  to  il.; 
reliiied,  1/.  Id.v.  to  51.  a  c«  t. 

BORDEAUX,  a  large  and  opulent  commercial  city  of  France,  situated  on  the  Oaronne, 
about  75  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat,  44°  50i'  N„  long,  0°  .34''  W.  Population  110,000. 
The  commerce  of  Bordeaux  is  very  extensive.  The  Garonne  is  a  noble  river,  with  depth 
of  water  sufiicient  to  enable  large  ships  to  come  up  to  the  city,  laying  open,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Dordogne  and  their  tributary  .streams,  a  large  extent  of  country.  The  commerce 
of  Bordeaux  is  greatly  promoted  by  the  famous  canal  of  Languedoc,  which  communicates 
with  the  Mediterranean.  By  its  means  Bordeaux  is  enabled  to  furnish  the  south  of  France 
with  colonial  products  at  nearly  as  cheap  a  rate  as  Marseilles.  Wines,  brandies,  and  fruits 
are  the  staple  articles  of  export ;  but  the  merchants  apply  themselves  more  particularly  to  the 
wine  trade.  Most  part  of  their  other  business  is  confined  to  dealing  upon  commission  ;  Imt 
tliis  they  conduct  almost  invariably  on  their  own  account.  The  reason  they  assign  for  this 
is,  that  the  difficulties  attending  the  purchase,  racking,  fining,  and  jiroper  care  of  wines,  so 
as  to  render  them  fit  for  exportation,  are  so  very  great,  as  to  make  it  almost  impossible  to 
conduct  the  business  on  any  thing  like  the  ordinary  terms  so  as  to  satisfy  thejr  employers. 
Colonial  products,  cotton,  &c.  form  the  principal  articles  of  importation. 

Money  is  the  same  at  Bordeaux  as  in  other  parts  of  France.  All  accounts  are  kept  in  francs,  the  par 
of  exchange  beiiis;  25  fr.  20  cent,  the  pound  sterling.— (iSee  Exchange.) 

IVeirrhts  and  Mea.^vres. — With  the  e.\ceplion  of  wines  and  hrandicis,  the  new  or  decimal  system  is  of 
general  application  in  Bordeaux,  both  in  wholesale  and  retail  operations.— (See  Weights  and  Mea- 
sures.) 

Wine  is  still  sold  by  the  tun  of  4  hogsheads.    The  hogshead  contains  30  veltes. 

Brandy  by  the  50  veltes. 

Spirits  of  wine  by  the  velte. 

The  rielte  is  an  old  measure  of  wliicli  50  are  equal  to  3-8  hectolitres. 

Oil  is  sold  by  weight  (per  50  kilog.)     50       —  81 J  imperial  gallons. 

Entrance  to  the  fliMr.— This  lies  between  Point  de  laCoiibrcon  the  north,  and  Point  deOrave  on  the 
south,  hearing  from  each  other  nearly  S.  E.  and  N.  W.,  distant  about  4  leagues.  There  are  lights  on 
both  these  points,  but  neither  of  them  is  elevated  to  any  great  height  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
middle  part  of  the  entrance  to  the  river  is  enciiiiibered  with  extensive  sand  banks  and  rocks.  On 
one  of  the  latter,  in  lat.  45°  35^'  N.,  long.  1°  10'  W.,  stands  the  Tour  de  Cordouan,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  light-houses  in  Europe.  It  was  erected  in  1010;  but  bus  been  materially  improved  since. 
It  is  206  feet  high.  The  light,  which  is  revolving,  exhibits  in  succession  a  brilliant  light,  a  feeble  lislit, 
and  an  eclipse,  the  changes  following  each  other  every  half  minute.  It  may  be  distinguished  at  the 
distance  of  8  or  9  leagues.  The  point  de  la  C'oubre  is  2^  leagues  N.  k  W.,  and  the  Point  de  (irave  U 
league  ti,  E.  by  E.  i  E.,  from  the  Tour  de  Cordouan.    Tliere  are  two  main  channels  for  entering  the 


river,— t 
river  ant 
shallows 
sagi'  lies 
direction 

llll^  OlIlIT 

and  flood 
making  tl 
15  fein,  ai 
sels,  exce 
Ibe  fiaror 
not  iinfrei 
venture  fi 
the  Bay  oj 
Shippiu: 


—  (.^(hnini.t 
of  the  114  1 
arrivals  fn 
Tlie  entire 

Port  Charg 
Bordeaii.x 
Bordeaux 
Europe. 


Report  .intl  jiil 

teet  w.iter  (I; 

L.azarelto  clues 

.Moving  vesae] 

filtering  ves!«!l 

Advertisements 

Tnnn.iffemr,nc\ 

Visitin?  officers, 

Maiiife.st  atul  fr 

RilList  t.iken  \i 

CiiDsiil'a  bill. 

filotige  from  F 

IJrolter'sconinjI 

III  ballast, ;' 

Ln-ided  per 

l.oade(l  iti  f 


.  JV.  J?.— No 

tioa  or  expor 

Ilritish  ves 

Europe,  othe 

foreign  colun 

fi'tports. — 1 
1827  and  182S 
reports,  no  of 


Sugar    - 


Coffee    - 


Cocoa    - 

Punento 
Pepper 

Cinnamon 

Cloves  - 

P"-  bruised 

Vanilla 

Itidigo 


BORDEAUX. 


221 


(    ' 


tlie  par 


3  on  the 

ji'lits  nn 

.    Tim 

s.    On 

le  iiinst 

since. 

C!  lililit. 

1  at  the 

riive  U 

iring  the 


r|vei-,_thR  Pnssn  du  Nnnl,  and  tliii  Pnssn  dn  firnvc.  Tin'  fdrinor  Won  Iiotwnnn  tlio  north  sidn  of  ilip 
rivtr  and  tlm  lianks  in  tlii^  middle,  alioiil  U  niili'  .•<i)iilli  IVdiii  llu^  Point  de  la  Coiilirc  ;  !li(^  watc^r,  where 
shallowi'st.liciniz  ahont  l.S  fatlinnH.  The  conrsr  iii'iiii'  is  nciirly  S,  K.  J  V,.  The  (illier  |irini;i|i!il  pas- 
sat'e  lies  belwi'en  the  Tour  de  Cnrddiian  and  the  I'oiiil  dii  (irave.  nearly  in  a  \.  N.  !•;.  and  S.  S.  W. 
dirertioii.  In  Hoine  plaoex  it  las  not  more  than  13  feet  water  j  ami  is  in  all  resperis  very  inferior  to 
the  other  pa»»aL'e,  which  is  always  to  lie  prciferred.  especially  with  a  lan:e  ship.  Tlie  tides,  both  ebb 
and  Hood,  set  thrniinh  the  channels  with  ureal  raplilily,  so  ihat  a  (inoil  dial  of  caution  is  rei|iiirt'il  on 
makini;  the  river;  but  havinsi  once  entered,  thiire  is  no  further  daiiL'er.  Spring  tides  rise  from  14  to 
15  feet,  and  neaps  from"  to  H;  lint  they  depend  ii  yooil  deal  on  tin' direction  of  the  wind.  All  vcs- 
.sels,  except  Krench  c<iasters  iimler  HI)  tons  bnnlen.  and  small  craft  from  the  north  of  Spain,  entering 
the  (iaronne,  are  obliged  to  take  a  pilot  on  board  as  soon  as  one  olfers  himself.  In  sniiimer,  pilots  are 
not  nnfrt'iinently  met  with  'M)  or  10  miles  west  of  the  Tour  de  (.'ordonan  ;  but  in  winter  they  seldom 
ventnre  far  beyoml  the  banks,  and  sometimes  cainiot  proceed  even  thus  fur. — (Seu  Laurie's  Plan  of 
the  Bay  of  Biscai/,  with  the  Hiiilinir  Dinrlinnf,  {\-c.) 
Shipping.— In  "1831,  the  arrivals  at  Bordcnu.x  were— 

French  from  French  colonies 

—  foreign  coiintrins    - 

—  fishery         ... 

—  coasting  trade 
Foreign  ships  from  foreign  countries 

Total 

—(.Administration  des  Dnuanen,  p.  312.)  It  is  stated  in  the  liesumi  .Annuel,  published  at  nordean.v,that 
of  the  114  foreign  ships  entering  the  port  in  IKU,  .111  were  IJnglisli.  In  1S:W,  there  wi^re  ninety-live 
arrivals  from  England ;  and  there  was  al>o  a  consideralih-  iiicri^aso  in  the  arrivals  from  the  north. 
The  entire  produce  of  the  customs  duties  at  Hordeau.x  in  1831,  was  10,'115,CH2  francs. 

Port  Charges.— \ccawDi  of  Port  Charges,  Urokerage,  and  other  public  Uislmrsements,  payable  in 
nordeau.t  on  account  of  a  French  or  English  Vessel  of  300  Tons  Itiirden,  from  a  Port  of  England  to 
Uordeau.v,  or  from  Bordeaux  to  a  Port  of  England,  or  from  or  to  any  other  British  Possession  in 
Europe. 


Ships. 

Tons. 

103 

24,T22 

110 

27,22(i 

2.34 

9,11)5 

2,341 

108,370 

114 

10,453 

a,'j3S 

185,036 

Nature  of  Cbargn. 

On  a  Fr.  or  Brit.  Vessel. 

Oni  Foreign  Vessel. 

In  French 
Money. 

In  Sterling 
Money. 

In  French 
Mdoey. 

III  Sterling 
Money. 

Report  anJ  pilotn^  from  .wa  to  Bordeaux,  for  a  vcmoI  drawinj  14  French 
leet  water  (13  ft.  3-9  in.  Brilisli) 

Lazaretto  ilues       ......... 

Movin?  vessel  up  and  mooring  her         .          -          .          -          -          - 

Eiilering  vessel  .it  Custom4lou3e,  and  brokerage  inwards 

Advertisements  for  freiKht  and  passengers  6  fr.  (4f.  lOd.)  to  each  newspaper 

Tonnaj(e  money  and  navipilion  dues  on  300  tons            .           .           .           - 

Visiting  officeni,  clearances,  tiarbouMUaster,  i:c            .... 

Manifest  and  freight  list    ...                      .... 

BalList  taken  in  and  nut,  Ifr.  25  c.  per  ton  (IJ.)  .           .... 

Consul's  bill.    I'snal  fees  (English  vessels),  17  fr.  25  c.  (13j.)    - 

Pilolige  from  Bonleaux  to  sea     . 

Broker's  commission  outwards,  care  and  attendance  for  expediting  the  vessel 
In  ballast,  50  c.  per  ton  (5d.),  say  120  fr.  at  most  (4/.  16j.)         J 
Ix»aiied  per  charterer  on  owner's  account,  I  fr.  (lOd.)  per  ton    >  average 
Loaded  in  freight,  1  fr.  50  c.  (1»,  3d.)  per  ton           -          ■    ) 

Fr.     c. 

21!!  93 
01     0 
10    0 

too  0 

493    0 

14  7> 

15  0 

220    0 
300    0 

L.   I.  d. 

8  15    2 
2  18  in 
0    8    0 
4    0    0 

19  16    0 
0  II  10 
0  12    0 

8  16    0 

12    0   0 

Fr.     c. 

247  50 
til    0 
10    0 

100    0 

1,239    0 
14  75 
13    0 

245  34 

300    0 

L.  :  d. 

9  19    0 
2  18  10 
0    8    0 
4    0    0 

49  11    2 
0  11  10 
0  12   0 

9  16    3 

12    0    0 

1,-lW  66  1       57    7  10  i       2,232  ,59  '       !*9    6    1   | 

JV.  J?.— No  regard  paid  to  the  nature  of  the  cargo,  as  all  goods  arc  importable  either  for  consump- 
tion or  exportation,  which  does  not  expose  vessels  to  pay  more  or  less  charges. 

British  vessels  are  on  a  perfect  equality  with  French  vessels  when  they  come  from  British  ports  in 
Europe,  otherwise  they  pay  pilotage  and  tonnage  dues  like  all  other  foreign  vessels,  us  stated  in  the 
foreign  column. 

//.•i7ior(«.— The  following  is  a  note  of  the  leading  articles  imported,  by  the  ships  not  of  Europe,  in 
1827  and  1S2S,  since  which  they  have  not  materially  varied.  They  arc  taken  from  the  ship  brokers' 
reports,  no  offlcial  account  being  published  by  the  Customs. 


Sugar    - 


Coffee 


Cocoa    - 

Pimento 
Pepper 

Cinnamon 

Cloves  - 

Do.  hruiseil 

Vanilla 

Indigo 


1827. 

1828. 

16,094 

22,748 

5,073 

4,783 

312 

346 

1,540 

1,603 

5,717 

39,317 

2,273 

1,949 

4,800 

3,490 

736 

663 

38,661 

27,540{ 

130 

51 

1,202 

525 

34,4?.- 

12i>29 

1,096 

?42 

25,4b'8 

21,698 

149 

0; 

2,635 

2,374; 

543 

323 

2,997 

227 

614 

434 

52 

45 

4,144 

5,693 

hogsheads 

boxes 

tierces 

casks 

sacks 

hogsheads 

casks 

tierces 

sacks  or 

bales 

hogsheads 

casks 

sacks 

bales 

do.,  sacks, 

andpackages 

cases  and 

serons 

bundles  3  to 

5  lbs. 

casks 

bales 

do. 

chests 

do. 


1827. 

1828. 

Indigo 

1,143 

1,568    serons 

Lac  dye 

0 

210    chests 

Canipeachy  and") 

r  parcels, 

other     dye      > 

118 

152<  quantities 

woods          -    > 

(.unknown 

Cochineal 

1,243 

2,926    serons 

Annotto 

680 

6G6    casks 

Gums  (different" 
kinds)             ' : 

9,423 

IK  iKi/do.,  bales 
15.151  land  sacks 

Quercitron     - 

340 

116    casks 

Quino 

4,793 

250    serons 

Bablap 

512 

208    bales 

.Talap   - 

252 

717    serons 

Sarsaparilla    - 

290 

230    do.  and  bales 

Saltpetre 

9,467 

8,713    sacks 

Saffron 

0 

110    bales 

Tea     - 

670 

99    chests 

Rice    - 

2,520 

4,306    casks 

White  and  ycl-> 
low  wax          5 

460 

fiSoj  '^^'  ^^"^^^ 

Curcuma 

1,130 

2,034    sacks 

Ivory 

28 

70    teeth,  &c. 

Mother  of  pearl 

602 

0    canisters 

Cotton 

9,429 

7  Qgg Clmles  and 
(.serons 

ti 


I  A 


1 


222 


BORDEAUX. 


I- 


'I 


<.  ,1 


1M7. 

1S28, 

1827. 

1S2.''. 

Raw  silk 

40 

,,  V  nascg  anil 
"»  biil.-H 

< 'It'll  rs 

lOli 

fiH5 

boxes 

J*  u  «T   m  1 IV               " 

KatlniiH 

. 

1.(104 

10,370 

nackets 
bottles 

Wool,  ('aahmRrb 

0 

0    lialvH 

(jiilckHilvrr 

. 

'i:,:i'j 

1,0'.M) 

Do.    Prrii     - 
Tiifiii  (iiiiw  rum) 

3 
1,031 

010    do. 

■KiO    [iinirhoons 

Tin.   I'nru  nnd  ) 
llanca             i 

9,759 

804 

bars 

(iiiiiit'a    blue     \ 
cintli              .  ( 

122 

-lOO    Imlcs 

Lead 
('opppr 

- 

0 

4,400 

11,583 
3,210 

palonors 
do.  or  bars 

Aiiiurlcan  hides 

47,llfi 

15,738    Bingle 

Plaliiui 

- 

5 

10 

larkages 

109 

0    bales 

(iold    - 

. 

735 

20 

IIKots 

Ox  horns 

10,000 

21,700 

8,2,'iO 

2,517 

doubloons 

rhini-hilla 

210 

0    dozens 

Silver 

. 

105 

51 

t'lll'StS 

Ruw  Hieing 

55 

80    bales  > 

36 

40 

ink'ols 

Tobacco 

4,504 

"•"••' i  and  bal.H 

98 

ll| 

boxcH  or 
Harks 

Ci);nr8 

170,000 

80.000 

1,550,500 

.1,781,231 

dollars 

In  addition  to  the  artlfles  aliovo  Hprrificd,  there  were  also  received  for  re-exportation  considerable 
qiiaiitifirs  of  bar  iron,  utensilM,  and  tools  from  Enclanil,  Hpnin,  and  Swrden  ;  zinc  from  (I'lTmany  ; 
and  linens  from  Enplaiid,  Holland,  and  (Jcrniany  :  for  coiisiimptinn.  lead,  tin  plates,  coal  (as  ballast), 
arsenic,  litbarpe,  iiiiniiini,&c.  from  Knislaiid  ;  lead,  steel,  olive  oil,  liiinorice,  paste,  sad'rmi,  and  sai- 
frariim  ficiii  Spain  ;  steel  from  Germany  ;  olive  oil  from  Italy;  lish,  (.due,  and  tallow  from  Uussia  ; 
timber  from  llaltic  ports;  cheese,  stock-lish,  &c.  from  Midland. 

Kj-/(/o7.<.— It  is  impossible  to  procure  even  approximate  information  recardiriE  the  qunnlilies  of  the 
several  articles  of  expurtation.  No  reports  are  piiblisliud  by  the  (.'iistoms,  nor  do  they  allow  extracts 
of  till!  entries  outwards  to  bo  taken. 

The  fidiDwiiij;  i.s  a  list  of  the  species  of  articles  exported  from  Hordcaiix  to  the  different  parts  of  the 
world  :— 

To  Mirliiiique  and  Onailalonpe.—Vrovis'wna,  flour,  wine,  brandy,  and  a  sniall  quantity  of  manufac- 
tured cood.'j.  , 

Til  Biiiirbiin.—W'iiwn,  provisions,  cattle,  fiirnitiire,  coarse  and  fine  hardwares,  perfumery,  silk,  cot- 
ton aiid  linen  stntVs,  stationery,  fiisliionalile  arlicles.  &;c. 

Til  Hie  United  Slates, — Wines,  brandy,  almonds,  prunes,  verdigris,  and  a  trifling  quantity  of  manu- 
factured sinods. 

To  SjKiiiiDh  America,  Cuba,  ^-c. — Wines,  brandy,  silks,  cloths,  stationery,  fashions,  jewellery,  per- 
fumery, saddlery,  &c. 

Til  the  ifinith  Scan. — Wines,  brandy,  liqueurs,  and  all  sorts  of  manufactured  articles. 

Til  the  Fast  Itidies  and  China. — Wines,  brandy,  furniture,  silver,  &c. 

Til  F.nirUiiid. — Wines,  brandy,  liqueurs,  fruits,  tartar,  cream  of  tartar,  plums,  rhesnuts,  walnuts, 
loaf-susjar  to  Guernsey  aiul  .lersey,  clover  seed,  aniiotto,  torn,  flour,  skins  raw  and  dressed,  cork  wood 
and  corks,  vinegar,  turpentine,  resins.  &c. 

To  the  .Yiirih  of  Europe. — Wines,  brandy,  spirits  of  wine,  tartar,  cream  of  tartar,  colonial  produce, 
loaf-sugar,  molasses,  &c. 

Wine— This  forms  the  great  article  of  export  from  Bordeaux.  The  estimated  produce  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  (Jironde  in  wines  of  all  kinds,  and  one  year  with  another,  is  from  220,000  to  250,000 
tuns ;  the  disposal  of  which  is,  approximately,  as  follows  : — 


Consumed  in  the  department 
Expedited  to  tlie  dill'erent  parts  of  France 
('oiiverted  into  lirandy 
Exported  to  foreign  countries 

The  exports  to  foreign  countries  a'e  as  follow : — 
To  Encland 
Holland 

The  north  of  Europe 
America  and  India 


about        .'lO.OOO  tuns. 
125,01)0    — 
25,000    — 
50,000    — 
200,000  tuns. 


1,500  to  2,000  tuns. 
12,000  -    15,000  — 
27,000  -  34,000  — 

1,000  -     1,200  — 


41,500  to  52,000  tuns. 


The  red  wines  are  divided  into  three  great  classes,  each  of  which  is  subdivided  into  several  sorts. 
Class  1.  embraces  the  Medoc  wines, 

2.  —  Grave,  and  St.  Emilion, 

3.  —  common,  or  cargo  wines. 

The./ir.st  c/fl.9s  is  composed  of  the  "grands  cms."  the  "cms  bourgeois,"  and  the  "crusordinaircs." 

The  "grands  cms"  are  further  distinttuislied  as  Jimts,  seconds  and  thirds. 

TUe  firsts  are  the  wines  of  Chateau  Margaiix,  l.atitte,  I.atour.  and  Ilaut-Ilrion.  The  latter  is  pro- 
perly a  Grave  wine,  but  it  is  always  classed  amongst  the  first  Medocs. 

The  seconds  are  tlie  wines  of  Rau/.an,  Leoville,  I.arose,  iMouton,(Jerse,  &c. 

The  thirds,  wines  which  are  produced  by  the  vineyards  touching  those  above  named,  ond  which 
differ  little  In  quality  from  them. 

The  quantity  of  "grands  crus"  wine  of  the  above  description  does  not  exceed  3,000  tuns,  and  sells 
at  from  l,t)00  fr.  to  3,500  fr.  per  tun  on  the  lees. 

The  "crus  boureeois"  consists  of  tlie  superior  Margaux,  St.  .Tulien,  Panillac,  St.  Estaplic,  tc. : 
quantity  estimated  about  2,000  tuns,  and  prices  on  tlie  lees  800  fr.  to  1,800  fr.  per  tun. 

The  '"'cms  ordinaires,"  sell  at  300  fr.  to700fr.  according  to  tlie  year  and  the  quality.  Quantity. 
25,000  to  35.000  tuns. 

The  whole  produce  of  Medoc  is  therefore  about  40,000  tuns. 

The  "jtrands  cms"  and  "crus  bourgeois"  require  4  years'  care  and  preparation,  before  delivery  for 
use  or  for  exportation  ;  and  this  augments  their  price  from  30  to  35  per  cent. 

The  second  cla.*s  is  composed  of  the  red  wines  of  ^rane  and  St.  Emilion,  which  are  in  greater  quan- 
tity, and  amongst  them  some  of  a  very  superior  quality,  that  are  generally  bought  for  mixing  with 
Medoc.  The  first  qiialitv  of  these  wines  sells  from  800  fr.  to  1,800  fr  per  tun.  The  second  qualities— 
Uneyries,  Montferrand,  Hassans,  Ate— .300  fr.  to  (iOO  fr. 

The  third  class  consists  of  the  common  or  cargo  wines,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  consumed  in 
the  country,  or  converted  into  brandy.  The  portion  exported  is  sent  off  the  year  of  its  growth. 
Prices  from  100  fr.  to  250  fr.  per  tun. 

The  white  wines  of  the  first  "crus,"  such  as  Ilaut-Rarsac,  Preignac,  Heatimes,  Sauterne,  &c.,  are 
only  fit  for  use  at  the  end  of  4  or  0  years,  and  for  exportation  at  the  end  of  I  or  2  years  more.  Prices 
on  the  lees  vary  from  800  fr.  to  1,500  fr.  per  tun. 

The  "  grand  crus,"  of  white  Grave  St.  Dries,  Carbonieux,  Dulamon,  tec,  sell,  in  good  years,  from 
500  ft.  to  bOO  fr. 


BORDEAUX. 


223 


naires." 
is  pro- 
Id  which 
Ind  sells 
lie,  &.C. : 
limntity. 

Ivery  for 

tr  quaii- 
|iiR  with 
ttlities— 

linifirt  in 
IgrowUi. 

I&c,  are 
Prices 


InfcrlnrwhitnwInrH  130  fr.  to  inner,  por  tun.  ^      ,         ,.       ,  ,.     ,  .        ,., 

Thf  <'.xpcnHrrt  of  nil  kiniU  to  the  winc-Krowcr  of  Mi'dnr,  for  ilin  ciiltivntinn,  (rnthBring,  nnd  mnking 
hi»  wine,  and  lliis  rusk,  nri;  fstiiimtiid  to  iiiiioiiiit,  in  tho  inogt  favouraldo  yeiirg,  to  iO  Ir.  per  hogHliend, 
or  2(10  IV.  per  tun.  „  .      .        ,  ,        .    ,         » 

Tlionicri  hnnts  in  eoncrnl  piirclmso  up  tin?  tiucst  min  an  nnnn  an  HUincicnlly  ndvanrod  to  judRO  nf 
their  rliarartcr;  or  uiori' lri'i|ucnllv  tlii'\' arc  iMHjelit  up  lor  a  itrrivn  of  years,  whctlirr  food  or  had. 
Thi-y  are  transported  to  llielr  rcllar'f  or  "  cliavM,"  in  Ilorileauv,  ho  Hll\uiti'il  anil  protected  liy  surrcuind- 
ing  houseM,  UB  to  preserve  a  tolerable  eipialile  leniperature  llirouRliont  the  year;  and  in  theni^  Ihey 
ripen,  and  undergo  all  the  dillerenl  priiiesises  cjf  llnine,  rarking,  inixiiiR,  &c.  eouKidered  necessary  to 
adapt  them  lo  the  ditlerent  lanes  of  the  l'orei<;n  rorisiinierx.        „..,.,.  „      .  - 

It  Ih  prellv  ceaerally  the  prarlice  to  adapt  the  wines  lor  the  I'.ngliHh  market  by  a  plentiful  dose  of 
the  Htrong,  liili-hodiecl.  and  high  Mavoured  wines  o(  the  Uinuie;  such  as  llerinilaue,  f.V.te  Rotie,  and 
Croze— especially  the  lir.'fl.  hv  whirh  means  iliev  are  harilly  cognisahle  liy  llie  Medoc  tlavoiir.  I'cr- 
hnps  the  principal  reason  for'ki'epiuK  these  wines  so  long  l.efore  Ihey  are  used,  is  to  givi!  them  time  to 
acciuire  a  honiogeiipous  tlavour,  destroyed  hy  llie  iiii.Mure  of  several  dlllerent  qualities.  I'he  wines 
shippoil  under  the  titles  of  CliUleaii  Miirgaiix,  l.alhle.  and  I.aloiir,  are  also  mi.xed  with  the  .vines  o| 
the  surrounding  vineyards,  which,  fnmi  the  naliire  of  the  soil,  and  provinuly,  rannol  he  greatly  dil- 
ferent.  Other  good  wines  are  also  saiil  to  enter  largely  into  the  ciMnposilKui  id  these  celebrated  mis  ; 
and  those  of  a  superior  year  are  emploved  to  tiring  up  the  nuality  of  one  or  two  bad  years,  so  that  it 
is  easy  to  conceive,  that  the  famous  wines  of  Irtll  and  of  the  years  IHIS,  ISIO,  and  ISa.'j,  are  not 
speedily  exhausted.  Home  houses  pretend  to  keep  lUeir  wines  pure;  hut  the  practice  of  mixing  is, 
at  any  rate,  very  general. 

The  purchase  of  llin  wines,  whether  from  the  grower  or  merchant,  is  always  efTected  through  a 
broker.  There  are  a  few  of  lliein  who  liave  aciiuired  ,i  repiilatioii  for  accuracy  in  dissecting  the  dif- 
ferent flavours,  and  in  tracing  the  rcsiills  of  the  wines  hy  certain  measures  of  training,  or  treal- 
ment. 

England  takes  off  nearly  half  the  highest  priced  wines,  and  very  little  of  any  other  qiiality.  Except 
in  Hordeaux  itself,  there  is  but  a  very  moderale  portion  of  the  superior  Medoc  consumed  in  France. 
The  capital  even  demands  only  second,  third,  and  fourth  rate  wines. 

The  Dutch,  who  are  large  consumers  of  Hordeaux  wine,  go  more  economically  to  work.  They  send 
vessels  to  the  river  in  the  wine  season,  with  skilliil  supercargoes,  who  go  amongst  the  growers,  and 
purchase  the  wines  themselves, cheaper  even  than  a  broker  would  do.  They  live  on  board  tho  ship, 
take  their  own  time  to  select,  and  wait  often  for  months  before  their  cargo  is  conipleled  ;  but  they 
attain  their  object,  getting  a  supply  of  good  smiiid  wine,  and  at  as  low  a  rate,  with  all  charges  of 
shipping  included,  as  the  wine  merchants  can  deliver  it  into  their  stores  in  Hordeaux.  They  never 
purihasc  old  wine  ;  they  take  only  that  newly  made,  which,  being  without  the  support  of  stronger 
bodied  wines,  iiii.st  be  consiiiiied  in  the  course  of  2  or  3  years.  They  follow  the  same  system  at  Uay- 
oniie,  where  2  or  '.i  ships  go  annually  for  the  white  wines  of  .Iiirancon,  &e. 

Tlie  cargo  wines  are  so  maniifacrured  that  it  is  hardly  possible  to  know  of  what  they  are  composed. 
They  are  put  free  on  hoard  for  2/.  per  hogshead  and  upwards,  according  as  they  are  demanded.  Tliev 
are  such  as  will  not  bear  exposure  in  a  glass  when  shipping  :  the  tasters  have  a  small  flat  silver  cup 
expressly  for  tiiein.  These  wines  are  principally  shipped  to  America  and  India,  and  some  at  a  higlier 
price  to  the  north  of  Europe. 

The  principal  wine  merchants  have  agents  in  London,  whose  hiisines?  is  more  particularly  to  intro- 
duce their  wines  to  family  use  ;  and  it  is  to  tlnit  end  they  pay  them  from  .300/.  to  800/.  for  travelling 
expenses  and  enlertainnients,  besides  allowing  3  per  cent,  or  more,  on  the  amount  of  sales.  They 
generally  look  out  for  individmils  for  their  agents  of  good  address,  and  some  connection  amongst  the 
upper  classes. 

Bnnulics  and  Spirits  nf  M'ine. — The  quantity  distilled  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Uordcaux  ia  esti- 
mated at  about  IH.tino  pieces,  of  .lO  veltes  each. 
Ditto,  in  the  Armagnan         -       Sn.nno  ditto 
Ditto,  in  tliu  Marinauduis      -         8,000  ditto 

46,000  pieces,  ordinary  proof. 

Of  this  quantity,  France  takes  ofl"  about  23,000  pieces  for  consumption;  England,  2,500;  United  States, 
10,000;  India,  2,500;  north  of  Ruropo,  5,nn0;  in  all,  43,000  pieces. 

I.anguednc  produces  annually  about  40,0(10  pieces,  of  80  veltes  each,  the  greater  part  of  which 
comes  to  Bordeaux  to  be  forwarded  to  the  different  ports  of  the  north  of  France,  or  to  foreign 
countries. 

France  consumes  about  two  thirds  of  the  above  quantity ;  the  remaining  one  third  goes  to  the  north 
of  Kiirope. 

The  prices  of  brandy  are  from  130  fr.  to  150  fr.  per  .'50  veltes,  ordinary  proof;  spirits  of  wine,  from 
4  fr.  to  5  fr.  per  velte. 

It  is  at  the  port  of  P'orniay,  on  the  Charente,  that  the  greatest  shipments  of  brandy  take  place  to 
England.  Cognac,  from  wliich  the  brandy  takes  its  name,  and  where  there  are  large  distilleries,  is  a 
few  leagues  up  the  river.  The  quantity  exported  is  far  greater  than  what  is  made  at  Cognac — the 
two  leading  distillers  there  (Marlcl,  and  Henessey)  buying  great  quantities  from  the  small  cultiva- 
tors. Tlie  greater  part  of  the  wines  made  about  AngoiilOme,  and  thence  down  toward  the  sea,  arc  of 
inferior  quality,  and  fit  only  for  making  liraiidy  ;  and  so  little  do  the  prices  vary,  that  the  proprietors 
look  upon  it  nearly  in  the  same  light  as  gold.  When  they  augment  their  capital  by  savings  or  profits, 
it  is  employed  in  keeping  a  larger  stock  of  brandy,  which  has  the  further  advantage  of  paying  the  in- 
terest of  their  capital  by  its  improved  value  from  age.  England  is  said  to  receive  upwards  of  0,000 
pieces  annually  from  Charente. 

At  Hordeaux,  as  at  Paris  and  Marseilles,  there  is  a  constant  gambling  business  in  time  bargains  of 
spirits  of  wine.  It  is  in  the  foriii  of  spirits  of  wine  that  nearly  all  tlie  brandy  consumed  in  France  is 
pxpcilited  ;  as  in  this  form  there  is  a  great  saving  in  carriage.— (For  an  oflici'al  account  of  the  exports 
of  wine  and  brandy  from  France,  see  Wine.) 

The  fruits  exported  consist  almost  entirely  of  prunes  and  almonds.  Tho  latter  come  principally 
from  I.angiiedoc. 

The  policy  of  the  Spanish  government  toward  her  American  colonies  during  the  last  10  years  has 
been  the  cause  of  a  great  many  very  wealthy  Spaniards  settling  in  Hordeaux ;  and  their  number  has 
been  still  further  increased  by  the  Spaniards  expelled  from  Mexico,  who  do  not  choose  to  employ  their 
fortunes  in  their  native  country,  or  find  greater  facilities  for  employing  them  in  Hordeaux.  These  are 
in  possession  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Spanish  American  trade  of  this  port,  and  are  viewed  with  a 
very  jealous  eye  by  the  old  merchants.  They  have  also  contributed  greatly  to  beautify  the  city,  hy 
employing  their  wealth  in  building,  which  Ihey  have  done  to  a  considerable  extent.  They  have  also 
reduced  the  rate  nf  interest, and  contributed  to  the  facilities  of  discounting  bills :  the  Spanish  houses 
generally  discount  long  hills  at  U  or  2  per  cent,  lower  than  the  Bank. 


s 

s 

1 

i 

I     •! 


"    ;  t 


224 


UOUDKVIIX. 


i 


llDrilcaiix  pniiiiRiifipn  iinnio  iron  rdiiiiili'iii^^.  c  .iiimi  laciorici),  Hiisnr  rnflnrri)'*,  slnmi  wnrkM,  ice,  liiit 
liibiiiir  iiikI  IIvIiiu  iiri'  Idii  IiI^'Ii  In  ailiiiil  m'  iH  lui  niiiiiiu  i>  rdiiHidiralilc  iiiiiiiiiriu'liirliiit  cily. 

liiiiihiiiir  I'.sliilitisliiiinils.-  'I'liiTi'  U  iiiily  "111'  li'iiiKinu  rniiipiiiiv  in  lldnlriiiix  llic  "  llorili'iiiix  Hank." 
11  liiM  !i  i,i|iiiiil  111'  H.dliO.ddO  iV,,  III  slii.ri's  111'  I. INI"  I'r.  I'iiili.  ri  is-iiiis  iMili'H  I'.ir  l.ddii  aiicl  .MM)  fr.  (IIU. 
ami  'iDI.)  payMlilc  in  K|ii'i'ii:  nii  ili'iiiaiiil.  IN  nielli-'  an:  iii:iiiai.'i'il  liy  a  lluaril  nl'  iliriTlnrs.  iianxd  liy  iliii 
.'id|iriiii'i|iiil  shari'lnilili'i's.  'I'IiIh  lluaril  I'im':!  iIm'  rah'  ul'  iIisi'miiiiI,  ami  llii'  iiiliiilirr  nl' naiiii's  lliat  niiL'lit. 
to  L'liaraiili'r  r arli  liill  ;  it  lii'iiii,'  li'l'l  to  llH'  liiHinaiil  rniiiiiiiili'i'  Id  jiiiIl'i'  nl'  iIm'  rr:«|iiiiisllillily  ol'  lln: 
Hlifiialiiri'M  nil  llir  I1III4  |irrsi'iili'il.  Al  |iri'si-iil  llii'  liaiiU  iliM'ninils  lijll.-i  nil  llnrilraiiv,  liaviii;;  H  iiioiitllK 
to  run.  ami  unaranli'iil  liy  :i  sJL'iialiirrs.  il  .'>  pir  1  riil.,  ami  llin^i'  nn  I '.iris  at  T  per  ri'iil. 

W'lii'M  hills  arc  pri'srnti'il,  not  havliiL' tin'  ri'ijiiiriil  nniiilirr  nl'  iiaini's,  nr  ilirsi:  ili'i'iiicil  siis|ili'ioui<, 
tlir\  lakr,  in  uiiaranli'i',  pillilic  Hliii'k  lionils  or  ollii>r  rll'vclri— ailv!iliciii|{  to  the  I'.Mi'lit  ul'  U-IIHIls  of 
tlii'ir  iMirriMit  valid'. 

Till'  hank  advanriis  ?llis  nl'  tlii;  valiii'  of  (.'I'lil  and  hiIvit  in  Intfoto,  or  In  fori'lifn  money,  ili>|iosit(Ml 
with  tliriii,  lit  till'  rati'  of  9  per  mil.  pi'r  aMiinin.  It  also  a<  ri'|ils  In  deposit, ilianmnds,  platr,  and  I'vrry 
kind  ot'  vaiiialil.'  properly,  I'nL'.'iiiiii)!  In  ri'didivi'r  llir  saiiii:  in  llir  stall'  riidivud,  I'nr  i  prr  cent.  pi:r 
i|narliT,  or  I  pnrii'iit.  per  aniiinn. 

'I'liosi'  who  have  acconiiis  nirri'iil  willi  llie  hank  ni.iy  lia\i'  all  lliiir  payiiii'iils  iiiadi'.and  iiioni'y  rn- 
ri'ivrd,  hy  the  liaiik,  wilhoiit  lee.  It  allows  no  interest  on  lialances,  and  iievur  iiiakoA  advunct'S  eitliur 
on  pcr.sdiial  srciirHii  or  on  inorlL'aL'e. 

(til  the  .'HhI  of  Deeehilier,  \K\%  llio  hank  doles  in  iiri'iilalion  amounted  to  12,ri.''tl.0nO  fr.  (.'.On.OOO/.) 

'I'lie  alfairs  of  ilii!  Ii.ink  are  siilijei  I  to  Hie  inspeiiinii  nf  the  I'rereel,  to  whom  half  yearly  reports  of 
ilH  situation  aru  iiiaile.  These  are  printed  eniire.  and  dL-lrilinled  to  the  M  principal  shareliolders  ;  an 
iihxiract  lieiii;,',  at  the  same  lime,  piililislied  in  llie  llnnleaii.v  jniirnals. 

ti.(\vK  the  revolution  of  .Inly,  \>'.'<(t.  there  w.is  a  .-severe  run  on  llie  hank  ;  niiil  owiiic  lo  Ilii;  dilliiiilty 
of  prociiriiiir  ;.'old  from  I'aris.  ilio  direciors  were  oldiL'ed  to  liiiiil  llieir  deliveries  in  specie  lo  .'>dd  fr. 
('20/,)  in  a  .siiiiile  paynienl  ;  liiil  notwillistiiiidiiu'  this  ciri  iiiiislaiice,  no  notes  were  prnlesled  ;  and  llii! 
lilonienl  supplies  of  !;old  could  he  olitained  from  I'aris.  the  npiT  itioiis  of  the  hanl<  resumed  their  usual 
I'liurse  ;  and  her  alfairs  liavt;  lieeii,  (liiriii!;  the  last  :i  years,  niicnnininnly  prn<pi'roiis.  I''\clusive  of  Ilii! 
ilivideiid  of  .O  per  cent..  Hie  hank  acciimiilaled,  in  l^lil,  a  Hurpiiis  prnlii  of  7'J,(ldl)fr. ;  und,  in  183°j,  her 
.surplus  prolilH  were  '25P,dlHI  fr.,  or  lll.ddd/. 

BrcLer.i.—Sii  one  is  allowfid  to  act  as  a  mercinlili!  hroker  in  I'rance,  who  i.s  not  •2.')  years  ofaije,  ami 
who  has  not  served  I  years  In  a  iMiminercial  house,  or  with  a  lirnker,  ot  a  notary  piihlic.  'I'liey  aru 
noinimiloil  hy  thi!  kiiiK,  lifter  their  qualilicalioiis  have  lieeii  ascerl allied  hy  Hie  Cliamlier  of  Conimercf". 
All  hrokers  must  deposit  the  sum  of  H.onil  fr.  in  llie  ireasiiry,  as  a  Kuaranlee  for  their  condiicl,  for 
which  they  are  allowed  interest  at  the  rale  of  -l  per  cent.  At  present  there  are  in  llordeaii.Y  21  ship 
lirokers,  21  iiierchaudise  do.,  2(1  wiin;  ami  spirit  do.,  7  insurance  do.,  and  2(1  money  ami  e.\clian(!e  do. : 
the  latter  fnriii  a  separate  class. 

All  foreigners  are  olilii;ed  to  employ  ship  hrokers  to  transact  their  husiness  at  the  (/'iistoni-house  ; 
and  althoui!h  masters  and  owners  o"f  Trencli  vessels  niiuhl  snmetimes  dispense  with  tlieir  services, 
tliey  never  do  so,  limliiii;  it  to  he,  in  all  lases,  most  advantageous  lo  ii.se  their  intervention.  All 
iliities  outward  011  vessels  and  carsoi^s  are  paid  liy  the  ship  hrokers,  who  iuvariahly  clear  out  all  ves- 
sels, French  as  well  as  fiireign. 

Kates  It f  Coiniiiia.-iiiin.—l.  Ship  lirokiTs  : — Vessel  in  liallasi,  ."in  cents  ('ul.)  per  ton;  vessel  loaded 
per  charter  or  on  owners'  account,  1  fr.  (Uhl.)  per  ton.  2.  Merchandise  brokers  :— i  per  cent,  on  co- 
lonial produce,  und  other  Kddils.  .1.  Wine  ami  spirit  brokers  :— 2  per  cent,  on  wim.',  &c.  4.  Insii- 
runce  hroki'rs  :— J  per  cent.  5.  Money  l.rokers  :—,',  per  cent.  011  I'aris  and  foreii.'n  paper  ;  ^percent, 
on  IJordeau.t  do.  (i.  Merchants  : — 2  per  cent,  on  all  sorts  of  operations  lielweeii  nalives  ;  U.i  percent, 
on  all  sorts  of  operntions  between  straiit'ers  ;  ;')  per  cent,  on  litiL'iiiiis  all'airs  ;  1  jier  cent,  on  goods  in 
truiisitii,  when  Iho  constituent  is  present ;  j  per  cent,  on  liankiiia  all'airs. 

Iiisiiniiicc  of  ships,  houses,  and  lives  is  effected  at  IJordeaiix.  The  tirst  is  carried  on  partly  hy  indi- 
viduals, and  partly  hy  companies  ;  the  last  two  hy  companies  oiilv.  The  partners  in  these  associa- 
tions are  generally  liable  only  to  the  amount  of  the  shares  thev  res'pectively  hold. 

For  statements  us  to  the  IVarehoii.niii;  Sijdlem,  Hiiiiiffii-liiiir,  &c.,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  article 
IIaviii-:. 

Quarantine  is  performed  at  Trninpelonp,  where  a  spacious  la/.ari^tto  has  been  consirneteil.  lior- 
deaiLv  is  a  favourable  place  for  repairing  and  careeiiiiii,'  ships,  and  for  obtuiiiing  supplies  of  all  sorts 
of  stores. 

The  exchange  or  money  brokers  nf  Unrdcau.x  follow  n  kind  of  business  pretty  similar  lo  the  London 
private  bunkers.  They  receive,  negotiate,  and  pay  bills  and  orders,  of  such  houses  us  have  ucconnts 
open  with  tlieni,  cliarfjin;,'  and  allowiii);  an  interest  on  balances,  which  varii.'s  from  3}  to  4i  per  cent, 
according  to  circumstances.  They  charge  ^  per  cent,  for  negotiating  bills,  und  j  per  cent,  on  all  the 
piyiiients  they  make. 

There  ure,  besides,  numerous  capitalists  who  employ  their  spare  funds  in  discounting  bills.  They 
prefer  bills  at  long  dates,  and  take  froni  3  to  0  per  cent,  discount,  according  to  the  confidence  they 
have  in  the  paper  presented. 

There  are  not  wanting  individuals  who  guarantee,  with  their  names,  every  sort  of  paper  presented, 
taking  from  5  to  liO  per  cent,  for  the  risk. 

Custouianj  Made  of  Paijinent,  and  Length  of  Crc(/it.— Colonial  produce,  spices,  dyo  stuffs,  and  metals 
are  usually  sold  for  cash,  with  .3  per  cent,  discount.  Corn,  hour,  brandy,  and  several  other  articles, 
are  sold  for  nett  cash,  without  discount. 

Wines  are  generally  bought  of  the  cultivators  at  12  and  15  months'  credit,  nr  6  per  cent,  discount. 
When  they  change  hands  amongst  the  merchants,  the  practice  is  to  sell  for  cash,  allowing  3  or  5  per 
cent,  ili.jcoiint. 

The  usage  is  generally  established  in  lJordeau.v,  to  consider  all  paper  having  less  than  .30  days  to 
run  us  ciish ;  and  with  such  all  payments  ure  made,  where  there  is  not  an  express  stipulation  to  be 
paid  in  coin. 

'yijre.s.— The  tares  allowed  in  Bordeaux  are  as  follows  : — 


At  Ciistcnn-hottse. 
Cottnii  in  bales,  6  per 
cent, 

Su^r  iu  hhds.,  15  per 

cent. 
Do.  in  cases,  Havannah, 

Sc,  15  per  cent. 
Do.  in  bales  from  Bour- 

bill,   Mauritius,    Ma* 

nilla,  &c.,  nett. 
Do.   clayed,   in    hhds., 

while  and  brown,  12 

per  cent. 


In  Convnefce, 

Larre  square  bales,  6  per  Cf  ut. 
.Smaller  do.,  8  per  cent. 
Round  do.,  4  percent. 
In  hhds.,  17  per  cent. 

Tret  per  hlid.,  I  kil.  (2-24  11)!.) 
In  cases,  Havannah,  &c  ,  14  per  cent. 

Tret  per  case,  I  kil.  (2-24  lbs.) 
In  bales  from  Bourbon,  &c.,  real, 

Mauritius,  Manilla,  &c.,  8  per  cent. 

Clayed,  in  hhds.  while,  12  per  cent. 

Tret  per  hhd.,  1  kil. 
Clayed  do.,  brown,  13  per  cent. 

Tret  per  hhd.,  1  kil. 


Al  Cusloin-hmue. 
Rice,  from  all  countries 

nnuc. 
Coll'ee  in  ba?8,  tare  nett, 

or  2  per  cent. 


Cocoa  in  ban,  tare  nett, 
or  2  per  cent. 


Pepper  In  bags,  2  per 
cent. 


In  Commerce, 
Tare  nett,  or  12  per  cent. 

In  lia^  weighing  60  kil.  (134  lbs.),  I 

kil. 
Do.  from  60  1-2  to  7j  kil.  (133  tol6S  lbs.), 

I  1-2  kil. 
Do.  above  73  kil.  (I6S  lbs.),  2  kil. 
!n  bajs  sveighing  60  kil.   (134  lbs.),  I 

kil. 
Do  60  1-2  kil.  to  73  kil.  (135  to  I6S  lbs.) 

1  12  kil. 
Do.  above  73kil.  (16S  lbs.),  2  kil. 
Id  bags  weighing  60  kil.  (IM  lbs.),  I 

kil. 


Indian, 
Ure. 


HOHDEAUX. 


996 


Tliev 


count. 
:  5  per 

lays  to 
lobe 


libs.),  1 

lesibs.), 

libs.).  ' 
|63  lbs.) 


At  Ciitltmt-hol'H 
Pepprr  in  btgi,  2   per 
cciil. 


Iii<li(n,  !u  cliuU,   rail 
Ure. 


Quercitron    bark,    rc.il 
Urr. 


In  I'omrnttei'. 

In  bi«9  wpichinir  fr-nn  Wl  1-2  m  7't  kit. 

IIS'ilo  llislii....  I  i.^kil. 
Inli-ili'S  I.Mlii  I'lUkil.  (.illl  tnlVIG  lb«.), 

ijkil. 
In  <rrc>iia,  ;V)  III  6(1  kil.lllito  I3.|llif.<,  .> 

kil. 
hi  rbfftU,  rp.il  iirt?. 
In  wnin^  UTujliiiii:  fmm4ri  tn  ,Vi  kil.  (l"t 

l«  Ul  lb<.i.  7  kil. 

11.1.  Vi  |.JI(il)->kil.llO.'ln  146lbi.>.tkil. 
II.,,  !.■>  |.ili,7'>kll.  I  nil  In  lOKll.H.),  Ilkil. 
Il..,7',  1  2lM(|-,kil.lll.!llnJl:lll-.).IOkil 
111.  Il'i  |.J  (II  107  kil.  |JI4loiWIU.),  II 

kil. 
liiri.kHiif  JIIO  kil.  ml  alKivc!  (IISIli>.), 

12  \i  r  (■■■111. 
Ilii.  Irniii  IVII.J  tn  iOO  kil.  (3371(1  ■ll'< 

lli^.).  I.'i  |ifr  rem. 
Iki.  rrinn  I2lll(i  UlOkil.  (JG9  In  3.10  IliM, 

M  |)(T  cent. 


Jtt  Cwtttni-hi^tH. 

rtruvi.iii  ti.irk,  n.il  lirr. 


A^h(■1,  (idt  And  prnri,  12 

jK-r  rciil. 
Ciiiii.iiiiiiii   in  clu-sN,  12 

|Hr  trill. 
Il<>.  Ml  li.iU-t,  2  ptfr  ctinl. 
Clinri,  re.il  lari*. 


r'ocliinr.il,  rcil  l.'\re. 
(imii  ill  (■i%kA.  il'i. 
M 11 1^  :ui<l  iiutnifioit  d'^* 
Allll'iM'i,  liolif. 

.^inipiriM.i,  rtal  tan',  (ir 
2  piT  crnt. 


In  Cmnmirct. 

Inrlirvt^,  tarf  iicti. 

Ill  nrriiiiit  »rii{liitii(  friim  4^  tn  ft!  1*2  kil. 

(Iiil  t(i  IJ'i  lli>.  I.  Hkil. 
I>ii.  (ill  III  7'i  kil.  |I3.|  Id  \m  Ibi.),  10  kIL 
I'ol  and  pearl,  12  per  cent. 

(V>Ini),  in  Renins,  iir  "iii«!e  bales,  3  kil. 

Dm.  llldllllMe   b.lll■^(>kll. 

(him,  in  clienls,  re.il  l.tre. 

In  ranks,  real  tare. 

In  li.ales  wriiihiiK  rnmi  30  |.J  tn  .^lO  kil. 

(liK  to  112  His.),  real  Uarc,  or  2  kil. 
In  liafTs,  single,  I  kil. 
Hial  tare. 
Keal  tare. 
Ileal  lire. 
In  rasks,  4  per  cent,  fur  luvn,  and  6  per 

cent.  tare. 
In  bales,  5  kil. 


♦*♦  The  instriirlivc  <li>tai!r<  with  rcsiicci  In  llic  Irinli'  of  llnnlciiiix  (jivcii  iilmvi',  ho  very  siiiicrinr  to 
wliiit  lire  In  111'  rniiiiij  jii  miv  (illicr  iMililiriitinii.  have  hiiii  |iriini|iallv  ilrrivnl  rmiii  a  iniiiiiiiiiilciilinii 
nr  Mr.  HiiihaiiaTi.  iil'lhi'  hiiiisi'  iit'  .laim  s  Mnrrlsnii  mikI  I'd.,  »  hnaciiniri'il  Ills  iiirnriiiiitinii  nii  Ihi'  s|i(il  : 
hut  sniiic  |iarlinilari(  have  liciii  Iranicil  rrniii  Ihc.  i  are't'iilly  ilrawii-iip  aiiswiTa  iiiaih'  hy  Ihr  ('nuMiil  lo 
till!  Circular  f^Hci'iV.v, 

Opini/liin  oj'  the  Frrnrh  coinniirrifil  Si/strni  im  l/ir  Trade  of  llnrdemn;  i\c. — Tho  trade 
of  this  ^rt'iit  city  lins  siidi'rcil  si'viTi-ly  from  tlic  sliort-siijhti^d,  anti-social  policy  of  the  French 
(,'ovcrniiicnt.  'I'his  iiohcy  was  first  hroadly  laid  down,  and  systeinaticully  acted  upon,  hy 
Napoleon  ;  and  we  iielievc  it  would  not  lie  ditlicult  to  show  that  the  firivations  it  entailed  on 
the  people  of  the  Continent  powerfully  conlriliuted  to  accelerate  liis  downfall.  IJut  those 
liy  whom  he  has  heen  succeeded,  have  not  hilhirto  seen  the  expediency  of  returiiiiiK  to  a 
sounder  system;  on  the  contrary,  they  have  carried,  in  some  respects  at  least,  the  "conti- 
nental system"  to  an  extent  not  contem|ilated  liy  Napoleon.  JS'otwithstandiiis;  the  vast  im- 
portance to  a  country  like  France,  of  supjilies  of  iron  and  hardware  at  a  cheap  rate,  that 
which  is  produced  by  foreii^ners  is  excludcil,  thouiih  it  might  he  ohtaiiied  for  half  the  price 
of  that  which  is  manufactured  at  home.  A  similar  line  of  policy  has  heeii  followed  as  to  cot- 
ton yarn,  earthenware,  &c.  And  in  order  to  lorce  tho  manufacture  of  sugar  from  the  beet- 
root, oppressive  duties  have  tieen  laid,  not  only  on  foreii^ii  sugar,  but  even  on  that  imported 
from  the  French  cokmies.  The  operation  of  this  system  on  the  commerce  and  industry  of 
the  country  has  been  most  mischievous.  Hy  forcing  France  to  raise,  at  home,  articles  for 
the  production  of  which  she  has  no  natural  or  aciiuired  capabilities,  the  exportation,  and 
conseiiuently  the  growth,  oftlio.se  articles  in  the  production  of  which  she  is  superior  to  every 
other  country,  has  been  very  greatly  narrowed.  All  commerce  being  bottomed  on  a  fair 
principle  of  reciprocity,  a  country  that  refuses  to  import  must  cease  to  export.  By  exclud- 
ing foreign  produce — by  refusing  to  admit  the  sugar  of  Brazil,  tho  cottons  and  hardware  of 
England,  the  iron  of  Sweden,  the  linens  of  Germany,  and  the  cattle  of  Switzerland  and  Wir- 
tcmberg — France  lias  done  all  that  was  in  her  power  to  drive  the  merchants  of  those  coun- 
tries from  her  marki!ts.  They  are  not  less  anxious  than  formerly  to  obtain  her  wines,  bran- 
dies, and  silks ;  inasmuch,  however,  as  commerce  is  merely  an  exchange  of  proilucts,  and 
as  France  will  accept  very  few  of  the  products  belonging  to  others,  they  cannot,  how 
anxious  soever,  maintain  that  extensive  and  mutually  beneficial  intercourse  with  her  they 
would  otherwise  carry  on  :  they  sell  little  to  her,  and  their  purchases  are  of  course,  propor- 
tionally diminished. 

This,  indeed,  is  in  all  cases  the  necessary  and  inevitable  effect  of  tho  prohibitive  system. 
It  never  fails  to  lessen  exportation  to  the  same  extent  that  it  lessens  importation  ;  st)  that, 
when  least  injurious,  it  merely  substitutes  one  sort  of  industry  for  another — the  production 
of  the  article  that  had  been  obtained  from  the  foreigner,  in  the  place  of  the  production  of 
that  which  had  been  sent  to  him  as  an  e(iuivalent — (See  Commeuck.) 

France  is  not  only  extremely  well  situated  for  carrying  on  an  extensive  intercourse  with 
foreign  countries,  but  she  is  largely  supplied  with  several  productions,  which,  were  slie  to 
adopt  a  lilicral  commercial  system,  would  meet  with  a  ready  and  advantageous  sale  abroad, 
and  enable  her  to  furnish  equivalents  for  the  largest  amount  of  imports.  The  superiority 
enjoyed  by  .\mboyna  in  the  production  of  cloves  is  not  more  decided  than  that  enjoyed  by 
France  in  the  production  of  wine.  Her  claret,  burgundy,  champagne,  and  brandy,  are  un- 
rivalled ;  and  furnish,  of  themselves,  the  materials  of  a  vast  commerce.  Indeed,  the  produc- 
tion of  wine  is,  next  to  the  ordinary  business  of  agriculture,  by  far  the  most  extensive  and 
valuable  branch  of  industry  in  France.  It  is  estimated  hy  the  landholders  and  merchants  of 
the  department  of  the  Gironde,  in  the  admirable  Petition  et  Memnire  a  VApptd  i)re.sentcd 
by  them  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1828,  that  tho  quantity  of  wine  annually  produced 
in  France  amounts,  at  an  average,  to  about  40,000,000  hectolitres,  or  1,060,000,000  gallons ; 
that  its  value  is  not  less  than  from  800,000,000  to  1 ,000,000,000  francs,  or  from  32,000,000/. 
to  40,000,000/.  sterling  ;  and  that  upwards  of  three  millions  of  individuals  are  employed  in 
its  production.  In  some  of  the  southern  departments,  it  is  of  paramount  importance.  The 
population  of  the  Gironde,  exclusive  of  Bordeaux,  amounts  to  432,839  individuals,  of 

29 


s 


il 


^ 


226 


l5(1IM)K\rX. 


i  ' 


wliom  no  fowor  than  SSfi.OOO  mi'  muiiimhhI  in  Im'  iliri'ctly  oiinuni'd  in  tho  cullivntinn  of  the 
vino. 

Kcro,  thon,  ix  u  hrnnrli  of  in>lii.Hirv  in  wliicli  l''riinrf  li;is  no  coiiiiH'titor,  wliicli  ovon  now 
atVonlH  rMi|ilovinfiit  for  iilioiit  a  li'iiili  |>.ii't  of  lici'  |io|iuliilioii,  and  wliii'h  is  Mii4t-i'|itili|i' of 
inili'Tniilc  cxtcnNinii.  Tin'  \:iliii'  of  tln'  wiiiis,  IiimiiiIIck,  viii('i;.irr:,  iVf.  i'\|i(>i't('il  from  i''r.ini'o, 
at  an  iivcninf  ol'ilii' :?  yt'.irH  t'lidiiin  with  \'i'M),  aiiiounlcil  lo  atioiil  ril,(l(l(),(Mllt  francs,  or 
ii|)w;\r(lH  of /(/vi  Mtillloiis  Hlcrliiii;.  'I'lir  animal  i'\portn  of  wiiu'  from  Uonlc-aiix  only. ''ici't'd- 
I'd  100,11011  lulls ;  and  as  the  Hn|>|ily  of  wini*  iniitlit  l)U  incrcasi'd  lo  almost  any  amount, 
I'Vaiu'c  lias,  in  this  win'^lc  arti<'l(',  tlic  ini'anM  of  carry  ini^  on  the  most  extensive  and  lucrativu 
coimncrci'.  "  i.e  uonvernement  l''raiicais,"  says  Mr.  ( 'liaplal,  in  his  wurk  Siir  I' Inifiis/rh' 
i'raiiCiiist ,  "doit  ies  plus  i;rands  cue  )uraiii'nirrils  ,i  la  culluie  des  Niijiies,  soil  i|u'il  coiisidiao 
Hcs  |a'oduits  relalivcmcnl  a  hi  lonsoinmalioii  iiilirieurc.  soil  i|n'il  Ies  eiivisnne  sous  je  rap- 
port dc  notre  coinmeri'i'  avec  rclranncr.  ilnni  il  isl  in  ij/'il  la  Imsi  isstiiliillr," 

Hut  instead  of  laliourini;  to  extend  tliis  i;ieai  liranch  of  industry,  government  has  con- 
S('nte<l  to  Kacrilice  it  to  the  inleri'^ts  of  the  iron-l'iuiiders,  anil  the  planter«  of  Martiniipie  and 
Ciuadaloupe  !  W'e  do  not,  indeed,  ini:iu;ine  that  they  were  at  all  awari  that  such  would  he 
the  elli'cl  of  their  policy.  Theirs  is  only  one  instance,  amoni;  myriads  that  may  lie  Hpecilied, 
to  jirove  that  ignorance  in  a  ministry  is  (|uite  as  pernicious  as  had  iiiteiitions.  'I'he  eonside- 
ration,  apparenily,  not  a  very  recondiic  one,  thai,  notwilhstandini^  the  hounty  of  nature, 
wino  was  not  Kratuitonsly  produced  in  Trance,  and  could  not,  therefore,  he  exported  exce|it 
for  an  eipiivalent,  would  seem  never  to  have  occurred  to  the  ministers  id'  l.ouis  and  (Jharies 
X.  IJut  those  whose  interesis  were  at  stake,  did  not  fiil  to  apprise  them  of  the  hollowncss 
of  their  system  of  policy.  In  18'J'J,  when  the  project  for  raisiie^  the  duties  on  suL,'.ir,  iron, 
linens,  Ac.  was  under  d;noussion,  the  merchants  nf  llordeaux,  Nantes,  Marseilles,  and  other 
(^real  commercial  cities,  and  the  wine-f^rowers  of  the  (Jironile,  and  some  other  departments, 
presented  iietitions  to  the  Chamhers,  in  which  they  truly  staled,  that  it  was  a  contr;idictiou 
and  an  absurdity  lo  attempt  sellintj  to  the  forci'^uer,  without,  at  the  same  time,  liuyiiu^  from 
him;  and  expressed  their  conviction,  that  the  imposiiion  of  the  duties  in  ipicslion  would  he 
fatal  to  the  commerci'  of  France,  and  woidd  couseipiently  inllict  a  very  serious  injuiy  ou  tho 
wineuirowers  and  silk  manufacturers.  'I'hese  representations  did  not,  however,  meet  with  a 
very  courteous  reception.  They  were  stiijinalised  as  the  work  of  ignorant  and  interested 
persons.  The  Chamhers  approved  the  policy  of  ministers  ;  and  in  their  ardour  to  extend 
and  perfect  it.  did  not  hesitate  deeply  to  injure  hranches  of  industry  on  which  several  mil- 
lions of  persons  are  depcndi'iit,  in  order  that  a  few  comjiaratively  insii?nilicaiit  hiisinesses-, 
nowise  suited  to  France,  and  supporting;  100, 000  persons,  niij^ht  ho  holslereil  \\\\  and 
j)rotccted  I 

'J'lie  event  has  shown  that  the  anticipations  of  the  merchants  were  hut  too  well  founded. 
There  is  a  discrejiancy  in  the  accounts  laid  hetiire  the  late  Ciniiiitisni/tn  iV Enijtiili'  hy 
jfovernment,  and  those  given  in  the  ahove-meiitioned  I'llithni  ct  Mriiniin:  d  l'A/>/iiii  from 
the  (iironde.  Accordiniito  the  tables  printed  by  the  (Joiimussion,  the  export  of  wine  from 
France  is.  at  this  inonient,  almost  exactly  the  same  as  in  17H!).  It  is,  however,  plain  that, 
had  there  not  been  some  ])owerfiil  eounteraeiiu'^  cause  in  operation,  the  export  of  wine  ought 
to  have  been  very  greatly  augmrnted.  The  rnited  Htates,  Unssia,  England,  Prussia,  and 
nil  those  countries  that  have  at  all  times  been  the  great  imjiorters  of  French  wines,  have  made 
prodigious  advances  in  wi^altli  and  poimlatioii  since  17S!);  and,  had  the  commerce  with 
them  not  been  subjected  to  injurious  restrictions,  there  is  every  reason  to  think  that  their 
imports  of  French  wine  would  have  been  much  greater  now  than  at  any  former  period. 

iJut  the  truth  is,  that  the  accounts  laid  before  the  Commission  are  entitled  to  extremely 
little  credit.  In  so  far  as  respects  the  export  of  wine  from  Hordeaux,  which  has  always  been 
the  great  market  for  this  sjiecies  of  produce,  tiie  statements  in  the  Miinnlrv  a  rA/ipitt  are 
taken  from  the  Custom-house  returns.  Their  accuracy  may,  therefore,  be  depended  upon, 
and  they  show  an  extraordinary  falling  oil'.  Previously  to  the  Revolution,  the  exports 
ainounieil  to  100,000  tuns  a  year — {I'ciic/ief,  Statist iijue  Elcmenlairc,  p.  138.)  ;  but  since 
1820,  they  have  only  been  as  follows  : — 


Tans. 

'i'lnis. 

Tuns. 

Tuns 

1S'20, 

111,110 

lS-2'2, 

:i!).'.ij.'j 

1*21, 

;i!l,l)-2.'i 

lS'2fi, 

4H,ll) 

1.S'21, 

(■..•!,24t 

i^-a. 

51, Mil 

hs-i,'), 

lli,;ill 

hS'.T, 

r)),!'.) 

It  is  also  stated  (Mi'inoirc,  p.  3.3.),  that  a  large  proportion  of  these  exports  has  been  made 
on  speculation  ;  and  that  the  markets  of  Hu.ssia.  the  Netherlands,  Hamburgh,  &c.  are  glut- 
ted with  French  wines,  for  which  there  is  no  demand.  "  Dans  ce  moment,"  (a.'ith  April, 
1828,)  it  is  said  in  the  Mciiioirc,  "il  existe  en  consignation,  a  Hainbourg,  12,000  a  1.5,000 
barriques  dc  vin  pour  compte  des  propri/taires  du  departement  do  la  Ciironde,  qui  seront 
trop  heurenx  s'ils  ne  pcrdent  (jiie  leur  C!i])ital." 

This  extraordinary  decline  in  the  foreign  demand  has  been  accompanied  by  a  correspond- 
ing glut  of  the  home  market,  a  heavy  fall  of  prices,  and  the  ruin  of  a  great  number  of  mer- 
chants and  agriculturists.  It  is  estimated,  that  tliere  were,  in  April,  1828,  no  fewer  than 
600,000  tuns  of  wine  in  the  Gironde,  for  which  no  outlet  could  be  found  ;  and  the  glut  in 


llllirrst  /, 
»('<  iiiirilii 
sill^  lies  |i| 
I'll.v  res  r:i 
'Millrlli' 

ft  rclr.iMi: 

"(111 
till  inn 
UlT. 


ciier," 


HOUDIvMiX. 


827 


iuli'(l. 
fir  I'y 
iViim 
t'rmn 
tliat, 
)iii;ht 
I,  and 
inii(li) 
with 
tlicir 

finely 

lu'cn 

lit  nrc 

lupon, 

njiirts 

»inco 


I  made 
I  i^lut- 
lApril, 
|5,()00 
\cront 

Iponil- 
nipr- 
than 

lut  ill 


thp  othrr  drpnrtnirntH,  Im  Muiil  Id  li;ivr  lurn  |iiii|i.irlii)imlly  tjirat.  Tlu"  full  in  llii"  |irici' of 
wiiii"  lias  rt'a(  ti'il  on  llif  viiu'vard^,  immt  of  w  liii'li  Imvc  lii'i'onif  i|iiitr  iiiiHalciililf  ;  ami  ii  total 
nt()|i  lia»  lifcn  put  to  every  fort  of  iinpnucinrnl.  Nor  li.ivr  liiiiltfrs  iiccii  in  llic  IriiHl  unu'rul- 
rd  ilinirin  llu'  currriil  yt'ar ;  on  ttii'  coiilniry,  llicy  nt'ini  to  In-  iTaiUiiilly  iM'ltini;  worse. 
iSucli  is  tlir  [lovrrtv  nt'  ihe  proprietors,  that  wine  is  now  lVi'i|iii'nl!y  .-ei/rd,  ami  solil  liy  the 
re\eniie  ollii'crs  in  pavnuiil  ol  arrears  of  taxes;  and  it  appears.  iVoni  some  late  statements  in 
the  Miiiiiiniil  liiinhliiis  (a  newspaper  pnlijislieil  at  Hordeanx'),  thai  tln'  wine  so  sold  has 
mif  reeiMitly  leteheil  nions  at  an  average,  than  ahout  two  thirds  of  the  eosi  of  its  prodnelion  ! 
The  followinu  (;//?m//  areo\ml  of  the  exports  of  wine  from  the  (Jironde.  ihniiiij;  the  \\  yearM 
enilini;  with  IM.'M,  sets  the  extraordinary  deeline  of  this  imjiortant  trade  in  the  most  Btrikini? 
point  of  view  ; — 

Vi  \r.  I.llrr^.  Imp.  IIaI.      I    Vi  :ir.  I.i'n".  III']'. (111.      I    Vc.ir.  I.ilrr<.  Iiiip.(l.ll. 

ih'2u      .n.Hav.iMii    ii.tii:i,(M  I  ism      aH,.',M,s';n  -  ti.'M,ii-i  |  ism      umiiimkii     r>.:i7ii,ii(i 

The  exports  of  hrnndy  have  declined  in  aliont  the  same  ilei;rei> ;  and  the  foreii;!!  dhippiiifj 
lVe(|uentinu;  the  port  has  lieeii  dinnnished  nearly  a  half. 

.Sneli  are  the  etleets  that  the  restriclive  system  of  policy  has  liad«in  the  wine  trade  of 
I'rance, — on  a  hranell  of  industry  which,  as  we  hav^'  already  sem,  employs //;*•/ /  iiiilHoiis  of 
jieopie.  It  is  salisliu'tory,  however,  to  oli.~er\e,  tiiit  the  landowners  and  merchants  are  fully 
aware  of  the  sonrce  of  the  misery  in  which  they  have  iici  ii  involved.  'I'hcv  know  that  they 
are  not  sndi'rini;  from  hostile  or  vindictive  measnrcs  on  (lie  part  of  forcini.crs.  lint  from  iho 
Mind  and  senseless  policy  of  their  own  (!;ov(  rinncnt  ;  that  they  are  \iilims  of  an  attempt  to 
c(Mniteract  the  most  ohvions  principles — to  make  I'rance  produce  articles  ilircetly  at  home, 
which  she  minht  ohtain  from  the  foreigner  in  e\elianv;e  I'or  wine,  liraiiily,  \e.  at  a  third  or 
u  f)urth  part  of  the  expense  they  now  cost.  V7/(  t/  rtiiiiiol  (.v/iart,  liicwtt^t'  tin  i/  air  luil 
(illiiicdl  III  iinpiirt.  Hence  they  <lo  not  ask  for  honnlics  and  prohibitions;  on  the  contrary, 
they  disclaim  all  such  <|Uaek  nostrums;  and  demand  what  can  alone  he  useful  to  them,  and 
U'lielicial  to  the  country, — a  free  conunereial  system. 

"Conniilrrt^  en  ln)-nu>iiie,"  say  tlic  laniiowiiers  ami  luenliahts  of  the  (ilronile,  '*  le  syslOiiie  priilii- 
liltil"  est  la  iibiH  ili'iiliinihir  ilr.H  iririim.  I.a  iiiUnre,  i  aiis  sa  xaririe  inliiin',  a  ile|iarli  i\  cliac|Hc  (■(ailree 
HC-  allnliuls  |i;irli(  iiliers ;  ellc  a  inipriiiii''  snr  i  liai|iii'  xil  sa  vi'rilalile  ilislinaiiuM,  ii  c'csl  par  la  dlver- 
fUf-  ill's  |>rni|iilts  el  lies  liesoliis,  iin'i'llr  a  vniila  iiiiii  l>  s  liuniiiii's  p:ir  ini  liiii  iiioversi'l,  et  iipi  ler  ciitrc 
riix  ci's  raiipriii'lii'iiieiils  i|iil  mil  pruilail  le  roiiaiirn  e  el  la  l'l\lll^alloll. 

••(iarlli'  est  la  liase  ilii  svslCaie  prnliiliiUri  line  verilalile  iliiiiiOrciiul  mas  isle  ii  essayer  ile  veniire 
i\  relraiiL'i'r  sans  acheler  lie  hil. 

"(larlle  est  iliiiM'  la  i'iins(''i|iirnce  la  plus  iiniiieili.iti'  ilii  syslOiiii'  preliil.inf,  i  ii,  en  iraulres  l"rnie.s, 
ila  iniiniipoli'  I  ("esl  ipie  le  |'a>H  ipii  est  place  suns  son  empire  lie  peiii  vniilre  sis  pruilails  i\  I'einiil- 
(inr.  I.e  vi)ili\  iliiMC  rel'onU'  ilaiis  lai-nienic  ;  el  il  riinpiissiliiliU'  ile  veiiilre  i  e  ija'il  a  ile  linp  \  iml  su 
join'Ire  li  n^'icsslK*  do  payer  plus  clier  le  ipii  lul  inani|ue. 

•'  Ncilre  inilnslrie  iie  ileinaniloil,  pnnr  frniliiier.  iii  la  I'lvnir  il'nii  iiiuiiiipiil,',  nl  celle  I'mile  irarliiUaiH 
et  lie  seinnrs  iliint  liien  il'aiures  mil  impose  le  I'anleaii  an  jiays.  I'lie  sa!;e  liheric  I'limiinriiale.  line 
('Tiiiiiiniie  jHilitiipie  t'miil^e  snr  la  nature,  eu  rippial  a\ec  la  rivillsatinn.  en  liiiriiionie  .im  r  tons  les 
inl('a'''ls  virilatiles;  telle  ^'tnit  smi  seal  liesoin.  l.i\rci'  asmi  essnr  iiiilnirl,  el|i>  se  seroi!  ('■lenillle 
iri'lle-monii'  snr  la  france  ile  isl  |.  roinme  snr  celle  ile  I7>'t;  elle  aurml  liini!i'  la  plus  riclic  hranclie  ile 
smi  aL'ricalliire ;  e'.le  aiirnll  fait  cirniler,  el  ilans  smi  sol  natal,  el  dans  Imit  le  «d  da  ruvaiinie,  line 
si>ve  lie  vie  et  de  ricliesse ;  elle  anriiil  eiii'me  attire  snr  nus  plates  le  nanmei'ce  dii  inonile;  el  la 
I'riune,  an  lien  ile  s't'-riirer  avec  eirml  en  pays  iiiannlaitMrier,  anroit  recmiipiis,  pur  la  I'lirce  des  c  hoses, 
ane  siipi'ridriti'  inciinieslalde  roiiime  pays  a^'rirole. 

••  l,e  systOine  coiilrairc  a  prevalii. 

"  l.a  mine  irnii  des  pins  importaiits  lU-parleinetils  de  la  rrani'e  ;  la  dilnsse  il.s  departements  rlr- 
cotivuisins  ;  le  dcpCrisseinenl  j;i'nrral  ilii  .Midi;  line  immense  pupnlalinn  allaipiee  dans  ses  iniiyeiis 
irevlstenre;  uncapilal  I'liorme  cmiipieniis  ;  la  perspi'ili\  e  de  lie  pmiveir  pr.'lrver  riiiipul  snr  ilntri! 
sill  appuiivri  et  il'pnuillt'' ;  nil  prejnilli'e  iinmeiiM'  pmir  Ions  les  il.'p,u'leiiii'nls  ildiil  noils  suniine  trilill- 
tairi's;  nn  decroisseineni  rapide  dans  cedes  de  nes  coMs.'inmatinus  (|ni  pridilent  an  iNonl  ;  la  stacna- 
tiiiii  fii'm'rale  da  cmaineri'e,  aver  Ions  les  il.'-aslres  ipi'elle  enlraine.  Iniiles  lis  pcrles  (|irelle  prodnil, 
et  tuns  les  d(iniinai;es  1)11  inatrriels,  on  pidiliiiiies  on  nimiiii.\,  Mill  e;i  s.uil  rin.'vitalde  suite;  eiiliii, 
raiieaiitisseiaenl  lie  )iliis  en  pins  irreparalile  de  Ions  ims  aniieiis  rappmls  ciMiiinerrianv  ;  les  aiitj-u.s 
pcnples  s'eiiriihissant  de  ims  perles  el  di'veloppaiit  lear  systOiiie  ciiniiiii  !■•  i;i|  .-nr  les  di'liris  illl  iiotru ; 

"Teds  sunt  les  frnils  anicrs  ilii  systOine  dmil  iiinis  avmiS  eie  l"S  piiniipales  victiines." 

Such  is  the  well  authenticated  account,  laid  before  the  ('hanibcr  of  Deputies  by  12,503 
landowners  and  merchants  of  the  (iironde,  of  the /i/v/c'  c(//  operation  and  real  elVcct  of  that 
very  system  of  policy,  which,  extraordinary  as  it  may  seem,  has  been  held  up  for  iinitntion 
to  the  parliament  of  England  ! 

'I'lie  elVectof  this  system  upon  the  silk  trade,  of  France,  the  most  important  branch  of  her 
iitiiiiufdcluriti}^  industry,  and  one  in  which  slic  had  loiiii;  the  superiority,  is  similar,  and 
hardly  less  destructive.  Her  prohibitions  have  forced  others  to  maimfacture  for.  themselves, 
so  that  the  foreign  demand  for  silks  is  raiiidly  diminishinir.  It  is  stated,  in  Oljscrralioiui 
(iddrcssi'i's  a  In  Cain  mission  d'EiK/uifc,  by  the  delei^ate  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
liyoiis,  that  the  silk  manufacture  is  in  the  worst  po.ssiblo  slate.  "  Ce  t|ui  doit  surtout  ex- 
citer," he  observes,  "  la  gollieitude  du  Rotiverneimail,  et  le  decider  a  entrer  dans  nos  vuoh,  c'est 
l't'l<it(li'plur(ilik,(il(irmant,(klaf(ilirli/iir  de  Li/oti :  les  quatre  anni'es  de  1824  li  1827 
offrent  sur  les  quatre  onnees  precedentes  im  deficit  ((ui  exceilc  ifiO  mille  kilog.  pour  les 
seulcs  cxiMiditions  d'Allemagnc  ;  I'amiee  182H,  et  I'iimee  courante,  182!),  nous  donneiit  uno 
progression  decroissantc  plus  etl'rayante  encore." — ([i.  1 1.)  It  is  further  stated,  in  u  Heport 
i'y  the  manufacturers  of  Lyons,  that  tliere  were  2G,000  looms  employed  in  that  city  in  1821, 


€ 


■''  As  jf 


< . 


228 


BOSTON. 


I      I 


.*  ' 


I- 


while  at  present  there  aro  not  more  tlian  15,000.  The  competition  of  Switzerland  and  Eng- 
land has  been  chiefly  instrumental  in  producing  these  cflects.  At  Zurich,  where  there  were 
only  3,000  looms  employed  in  ISIf),  there  were,  in  1830,  more  tlian  5,000;  and  at  Eber- 
feld,  where  there  were  none  in  1815,  thea!  were  then  above  1,000.  Switzerland  is  suid  to 
have,  in  all,  11,000  looms  employed  at  this  moment  (183.3)  in  the  manufacture  of  plain 
broad  s-iiks. 

Besides  the  injury  done  to  the  wine  trade  of  France  by  her  anti-commercial  system,  it  has 
been  much  injured  by  the  ocfrols,  and  other  duties  laid  on  wine  when  used  for  home  con- 
sumption. These,  however,  have  been  modified  since  the  accession  of  Louis  Philippe;  and 
it  is  reasonable  to  suppose,  that  the  experience  that  has  been  aftbrded  of  the  ruinous  eflects 
of  the  prohibitive  system,  and  the  more  general  dilVusinn  of  correct  ideas  with  respect  to  the 
real  sources  of  wealth,  will  at  no  distmt  period  cause  the  adoption  of  such  changes  in  the 
commercial  legislation  of  France,  a^-;  may  render  it  more  conducive  to  her  interest,  and  more 
in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the  age.  If  we  were  hostile  to  France,  we  should  wish  her 
to  continue  the  present  system  ;  but  we  disclaim  being  actuated  by  any  such  feelings.  We 
are  truly  anxious  for  her  prosperity,  for  her  sake  and  our  own;  for,  unless  she  be  surround- 
ed by  Bishop  Berkeley's  wr.ll  of  brass,  whatever  contributes  to  her  prosperity  must,  in  some 
degree,  redound  to  the  advantage  of  her  neighbours. 

"  Were  such  narrow  and  midignant  oolitics  to  meet  with  success,"  said  Mr.  Hume,  writ- 
ing in  the  middle  of  the  last  cep''i.  and  when  the  prosperity  of  others  was  generally 
regarded  with  an  evil  eye,  '*  we  i '  .'■■  .'duce  all  our  neighbouring  nations  to  the  same  state 
of  sloth  and  ignorance  that  prevail  .  Morocco  and  the  coast  of  Barbary.  But  what  would 
be  the  consccjuence  1  They  could  send  us  no  commodities ;  they  could  take  none  from  us : 
our  domestic  commerce  itself  would  languish  for  want  of  emulation,  example,  and  instruc- 
tion; and  we  ourselves  should  soon  fall  into  the  same  abject  condition  to  which  we  had 
reduced  them.  I  shall,  therefore,  venture  to  acknowledge,  that  not  ordy  as  a  man,  but  as  a 
British  subject,  I  pray  for  the  flourishing  commerce  of  Germany,  Spain,  Italy,  and  even 
France  itself.  I  am,  at  least,  certain  that  Great  Britain,  and  all  those  nations,  would  flourish 
more,  did  their  sovereigns  and  ministers  adopt  such  enlarged  and  benevolent  sentiments 
towards  each  other." — (Essai/  an  the  Jailomy  of  Trade.) 

For  a  more  ample  exposition  of  the  nature  and  eflects  of  the  French  commercial  system, 
the  reader  is  referred  to  an  article  in  the  99th  nvtmlwr  oi  \\\c  Edinburgh  Review,  conii'i' 
buted  by  the  author  of  this  work.  Most  of  the  foregoing  statements  are  taken  from  that 
article. 

[To  one  residing  in  the  United  States,  where  the  population  is  so  very  locomotive  that 
almost  every  person  is  occasionally  a  traveller,  it  must  appear  singular  that  only  two  dili- 
gences should  daily  leave  a  city  as  considerable  and  important  as  Bordeaux,  for  Paris, 
and  only  a  single  diligence  should  leave  it  in  the  opposite  direction  for  Spain.  Such  is, 
neveitheless,  the  fact.  Steam  navigation  has  been  introduced  on  the  (Jaronne,  both  above 
and  below  Bordeaux.  And  since  the  year  1825,  throe  packets  regularly  sail  between  that 
city  and  the  Havanna,  and  six  others  between  it  and  Mexico. 

The  chief  imports  from  Bordeaux  into  the  United  States  arc  wines,  white  as  well  as  red, 
brandies,  cordials,  olive  oil,  and  fruits  of  various  descriptions.  But  our  commerce  with  that 
port  has  very  much  declined  since  Havre  has  grown  into  importance. — Am.  Ed.] 

BOSTON,  a  commercial  city  of  the  United  States,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts,  and  the 
largest  town  of  New  England,  in  lat.  42°  23'  N.,  long.  71°  4'  \V.  Population,  in  1830, 
62,000.  The  city  is  situated  on  a  jieninsula  near  the  bottom  of  a  large  and  deep  bay,  being 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  water,  except  on  the  south,  where  it  is  joined  to  the  main  land 
by  the  narrow  isthmus  called  Boston  Neck.  But  it  communicates,  by  means  of  extensive 
wooden  bridges,  with  Charleston  on  the  north  side  of  the  hay,  and  with  Dorchester  on  the 
south.  Boston  Bay  is  of  great  extent,  and  is  studded  with  many  islands.  The  plan 
on  the  opposite  side,  will  give  a  better  idea  of  it  than  could  be  derived  from  any  descrij)- 
tion. 

Shipping. — Accnrdiii}!  to  the  ntlici.il  accounts!  hiid  hfifon;  Coiiiin'ss,  ISlli  of  Fcliriiary,  18,13,  tlie  rc!;is- 
Icri'd,  <'iir7)llL'{l,  and  licensed  toinia^'e  iMdoiiyiii!.'  to  llo^lon  in  Ihiil  ani(iiitil(Ml  to  138,174  tons,  of  wllicli 
21,084  tons  were  employed  in  the  coastinj.'  trade,  and  17.781  in  iln:  lislii'rics.* 

In  1831,  tlii;ru  arrived  from  foreiiin  pails  7ri(')  sliips,  <d' llic  linrdtMi  of  ISii.USO  Ions.  Of  these  were, 
Ami'rican,  Ii71  ships,  tonnapu,  ll5,7i'0;  and  lirilisli,  h(i  sliips,  lonnairi'  '.t,3,'j().  Willi  tin;  exception  of 
Sweden,  winch  sent  3,  lh(>re  was  not  iiiortf  than  1  ship  from  any  other  country:  in  1832,  the  foreiga 
arrivals  were  1,004  ships,  tonnage  not  staled  ;  (t(  these,  H12  were  Anniriran,  and  211  lirilish. 

Tin;  arrivals  coastwise  in  1832  were  3,530;  of  these  were  02  shi|)s,  514  hrigs,  2,332  schooners,  and 
028  sloops. 

Shipping  Charges.— For  an  nccounl  of  these,  see  New  Yokk. 


'y^ 


*  By  comparini;  this  return  with  that  for  1828,  (riven  in  the  former  edition  of  this  work,  there  would 
appi'ar  to  have  heen  a  considerable  fallinj!  off  in  llie  interim  in  the  amount  of  shipping;  this,  how- 
ever, is  not  really  the  case.    For  an  explanation  of  the  discrepancy,  seu  art.  New  Vouk. 


I  that 


111  the 
1830, 
behig 
1  land 

tensive 
on  the 
plan 

lescrip- 


!  rcgl3- 
f  wUicU 

e  were, 
Ijitioii  of 
I  foreign 

urs,  anil 


Jc  would 
Is,  liow- 


BOSTON. 


229 


V- 


2      „!•■■  T'"  2  •  .:  .      mV. 


3  'V<v?      i- 

^3     ;\ 


i,  ^'If^'SI 


s^ 


3V 


1     C^^-  ^"^  ''^%:^*^•^^      s'M/\j^ 


.0»^ 


H 


\f^0^V% 


7 

10 

7 

5 

7] 

10 

"^^ 

Nautic  Mill's. 


References  to  Plan. — A.  outer  litflit-lmitse,  05  feet  liisli,  having  a  revnivins  licht,  alternately  Iirilliant 
40  and  obscured  20  secoi  (Is.  H,  liuoy  on  tlin  outward  edce  of  the  shoal,  off  Alderton  Point.  (',  1),  E, 
flreat,  Middle,  and  Out  v'ard  Brewster's  Isliimls.  F.  Oeorcre's  Island.  The  passajro  for  ships,  lyinB 
between  this  island  an  i  the  rocks  on  the  oppn.iitn  side  of  Lovell's  Island  (CJ),  being  very  narrow,  it  is, 
in  effect,  the  key  of  the  harbour;  ami  larsre  sums  havi;  recently  been  expended  on  its  fortification. 
To  the  south  of  Georpe's  Island,  and  Raiiisford's  Island  (11),  is  Nantasket  road,  where  there  is  good 
anchorage.  The  outer  liarlnuir  lies  to  ttw:  wi'-t  of  Lovell's  (G)  and  Geort'e's  (F)  Islands,  being  sepa- 
rated from  the  inner  harbour  bv  Castle  Island  (M).  and  Governor's  Island  (N.)  On  the  north  end  of 
Long  Island  (I)  is  a  harbour  fixed  light,  27  frrt  high.  K.  Ueer  Island.  I.,  Spectacle  Island.  O,  Middle 
Ground,  dry  at  i  ebb.  P,  Upper  and  Mid<lle  (Jround,  having,  at  ebb,  only  5  feet  water.  Q,  Thomson's 
Island.  R,  Dorchester  Point.  S,  East  llosKm.  T,  Churlestown.  M,  N,  and  S,  are  all  fortified.  The 
course  that  a  ship  ought  to  steer  is  marked  by  tin;  dotted  line,  loading  between  the  light-house  and 
Alderton  Point,  and  between  George's  Island  (F)  and  Lovcirs  Island  (G).  The  soundings  are  laid 
down  in  fathoms  at  low  water. 
Vol.  I.— U 


fi: 


?■ 


'■*i « 


if  1  ■ 


230 


BOSTON. 


How  to  inter  the  Port.— In  coininp  from  tlic  Allanlir,  ii  ship  Pliould  bring  the  light-house  to  hear  \V. 
by  N.  to  W.  N.  W.,  and  run  direct  for  it.  The  lariicsl  ships  nmy  pass  it  at  within  less  than  n  cable's 
length.  If  there  be  no  pilot  on  boiird.  or  llu;  master  he  nnncquainted  with  the  harhour,  or  the  wind 
lie  north-westerly,  whicli  is  the  most  unfavourable  for  entering,  she  had  better  steer  W.  by  S.  for 
Niintnsltet  roads,  where  she  may  anchor,  and  gel  a  pilot. 

Mmriiifr,  (^c— Generally  speaking,  there  is  .sntilcii'nt  depth  of  water  to  enable  the  largest  ships  to 
come  up  to  town  at  all  limes  of  the  tide.  They  nsnally  moor  alongside  quays  or  wharfs,  where  they 
lie  in  perfect  safiuy.  There  are  in  all  about  fiO  wharls ;  whirli,  for  the  nio.^t  part,  are  built  on  piles, 
with  a  superstructure  of  stone  and  earth.  The  two  principal  are  "  Loni;  Wharf,"  550  yards  in  length; 
and  "  Central  Wharf,"  413  yards  long  by  50  in  hreadtli,  having  u  range  of  lofty  brick  stores  and  ware- 
houses along  its  whole  length. 

Pilutuge.—fio  particular  place  is  specified  at  which  vessels  must  heave  to  for  a  pilot.  Hut  all  vessels, 
with  the  exception  of  coasti.'rs  under  200  tons,  and  American  vessels  laden  with  plaster  of  I'aris  from 
British  America,  if  hailed  by  a  pilot  within  about  U  mile  of  the  oiiler  light,  nnisl  take  him  on  hoord, 
under  a  penalty  of  50  dollars.  If  they  have  got  within  this  distance  before  being  hailed,  the  obligation 
10  lake  a  pilot  on  board  ceases.  This  regulation  has  obviously  been  dictated  by  a  wish  to  have  the 
pilots  constantly  on  the  ^ilert;  it  being  supposed  that  masters  not  well  acquainted  with  the  bay  will 
heave  to  to  take  one  on  hoard,  though  they  have  got  within  the  free  limits. 


Tabic  of  the  Rates  of  Pilotage  on  Outward  and  Inward  bound  Vessels  in  the  Port  of  Uoston. 


1 


Outward. 

Intvanl. 

From  Nov.  1. 1>  Mny  1. 

Froti)  May  I.  lo  Nov 

.2. 

From  Nov.  1.  to  May  1 , 

Fii 

III  May  1.  loNoi 

.1. 

i-hips 

Dot. 

Ships 

Dot. 

Shi[» 

Unl. 

.Ships 

Dot. 

.Ships 

Doi. 

Ships 

DnI. 

Ships 

Uol. 

Ships 

Dot. 

drwff. 

per 

(Irw^. 

per 

FcKit. 

drvvfT. 

per 

ilru'e. 

piT 

Foot. 

drw«. 

per 
Fool. 

ilr»x. 

per 
Fool. 

drwe. 

Fool. 

dlUK. 

per 

W.itcr. 

Fool. 

VVjlfr. 

Walcr. 

Fool. 

W,ll>.T. 

WaliT. 

Water. 

Walcr. 

W.iler, 

Fool. 

7fi. 

O'JO 

17  ft. 

110 

7  ft. 

0-75 

17  ft. 

100 

7  ft. 

145 

17  ft. 

1-87 

7  ft. 

110 

17  ft. 

1-35 

8 

0-90 

18 

1-20 

8 

0-75 

18 

100 

8 

1-45 

18 

2-50 

8 

110 

18 

1-88 

9 

OiKI 

10 

130 

9 

0-75 

19 

1  25 

9 

1-45 

19 

2-75 

9 

110 

10 

1-S8 

10 

0'.»5 

20 

1-50 

10 

0-80 

20 

1-50 

10 

1-50 

20 

300 

10 

I-2'> 

20 

1-SS 

11 

1  (10 

21 

2(10 

11 

0-85 

21 

1-75 

11 

1-2 

21 

400 

11 

125 

21 

280 

12 

105 

22 

2-50 

12 

OiK) 

22 

200 

12 

1-77 

22 

4-00 

12 

1-30 

22 

3  00 

13 

110 

23 

2'75 

13 

Oi)5 

23 

2-25 

13 

1-77 

23 

4()0 

13 

1-35 

23 

300 

14 

110 

24 

2-75 

14 

005 

24 

2-25 

14 

1-87 

24 

400 

14 

1-35 

21 

son 

1.^ 

lilt 

25 

2-75 

15 

005 

25 

2-25 

15 

1-87 

25 

400 

15 

1-.35 

25 

3-00 

16 

110 

Ifi 

0'J5 

If. 

1-87 

Id 

1-35 

■1 


.1. 

1 


Carecninp,  Stores,  if-c— lioston  is  a  very  favourable  place  for  careening  and  repairing  ships.  All 
kinds  of  supplies  may  be  lia<l  of  the  best  quality  and  at  moderate  prices. 

CiisliDiis  Hn^eiiiie.—TUe  amount  collected  at  Uoston  in  1831  was  5,227,592  dollars=  1,170,208/.  4s.— 
(For  an  Account  of  the  American  warehousing  system,  set;  New  Yoiik.) 

Immiirrnliini.—TUi^  number  of  immigrai'ts  arriving  at  Uoston  is  not  great,  seldom  exceeding  l,fi00  in 
a  year.  A  city  ordinance  directs  that  the  masters  of  vessels  bringing  immigrants  shall  enter  into  a 
himd  with  siiritlies  to  the  amount  of  200  dollars  for  each  immigrant,  tliat  he  shall  not  become  a  charge 
tijion  the  state  for  3  years,  or  pay  a  commutation  of  five  dollars  on  account  of  each  individual.  Hut 
this  regiilailon  does  not  apply  to  immigrants  having  a  reasonable  amount  of  property ;  the  declaration 
of  the  foreign  consuls  as  to  this  point  is  commonly  acted  upon. 

Trade  of  Boston,  <^c. — Boston  has  a  very  extensive  trade  with  the  southern  states  and 
with  foreign  countries,  and  is  also  one  of  the  principal  seats  of  the  American  fisheries.  8he 
is  wholly  indebted  to  her  southern  neighbours,  and  principally  to  New  York,  Maryland,  and 
Pennsylvania,  fur  supplies  of  flour  and  wheat,  and  for  large  quantities  of  barley,  maize, 
oatmeal,  oats,  Ac,  as  well  as  for  cotton,  tobacco,  staves,  rice,  &c.  Of  these,  the  imports  of 
flour  may  amount,  at  an  average,  to  about  400,000  barrels  a  year ;  all  sorts  of  grain  to  about 
2,000,000  bushels  ;  cotton,  160,000  bales  ;  staves,  .3,000,000,  &c.  Her  returns  are  made, 
partly  in  native  raw  produce,  as  beef,  pork,  lard,  &c. ;  partly  and  principally  in  the  produce 
of  her  manufacturing  industry,  in  which  Mas.sachusetts  is  decidedly  superior  to  every  other 
state  in  the  Union ;  and  partly  in  the  produce  of  her  fisheries  and  foreign  trade.  At  an 
average,  Bo.ston  aiinualiy  sendn  to  the  southern  ports  of  the  Union  about  45,000  barrels  of 
licef  and  pork ;  l(>.'j,OflO  barrels  of  mackerel,  herrings,  alewives,  &c. ;  20,000  quintals  of 
dried  and  smoked  fish  ;  3..500,000  pair.=  of  boots  and  shoes  ;  600,000  bundles  of  paper;  Iic- 
sides  a  very  large  amount  of  cott.iii  and  woollen  manufitctured  goods,  nails,  furniture,  cord- 
age, &c. ;  so  as  to  leave  a  large  balance  in  hiT  favour.  Her  exports  of  native  produce  to 
foreign  countries  consist  principally  of  the  same  articles  she  sends  to  the  southern  states;  but 
she  also  exports  a  large  amount  of  the  foreign  produce  she  had  jireviously  imported.  The 
imports  from  abroad  consist  principally  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods  ;  linens,  canvas,  &c. ; 
hardware,  silks,  sugar,  tea,  coffee,  wines  and  brandy,  sjiices,  hides,  indigo,  dye  woods,  &(-. 
The  total  imports  from  foreign  countries  into  the  state  of  Massachusetts  in  the  year  ending 
3()lh  of  September,  1832,  amounted  to  18.118,'JOO  dollars;  while  the  exports  of  native  pro- 
duce, during  the  same  year,  amounted  to  only  4,(;..(i,635  dollars,  and  of  native  and  foreign 
produce  together,  to  11,993,763  dollars;  the  balance  against  Mas.sachu.sctts  being  paid  olf 
by  bills  upon  the  southern  states,  to  which  she  exports  much  more  than  she  imports.  IS'cw 
York  alone  is,  in  fact,  supposed  to  be  at  all  times  uidebtcdto  Boston  about  5,000,000  dollars. 
We  subjoin  a  summary 


So  that  then 

this  Sinn  liir 

uiiiler  disiiiii 

York  Mvcrti 

fii.iiiniiirc  i 

coiiipaiiles,  a 

ainoiiiiti'd  ill 

lives.    Till,  s 

511.)  percent 

Cmlit.—Pi) 

to  12liioiit|is: 

credit  is  givei 

Coiiiniin.'iion. 

(lerr  iiii-|ii(|i.(|] 

rhargt'd.    Tin 

■•^iiiii  iiiercliani 

cars-ocsiireso 
kerai;!'. 

Pniiknipfn/.- 
Prrlririiri.s  ar 
''■iiikriipt's  laii 
■I'l.V  .•(■,•! I  rla in, 
cullies  in  tli(.  w 
one  nut  thoroi 
eiii|il(iy  noil,.  1,1 

pound  sterlings 
&c.  see  N|.;w  V 
.  We  have  deri 
linn,  and  partly 


Dol. 
per 
I'oot. 
1-35 

r88 

1-88 
1-88 
2-80 
300 
300 
3'On 
3-00 


All 


BOSTON.  231 

Account  of  the  Trade  of  Boston  and  MassachusettB  with  Foreign  Countries  In  1831. 


Imports  from 

Dolbn. 

Export!  lo 

PolUn. 

Russia        .          ,          .           - 

H\vi!(l«n  and  Denmark 

Hrii/.il          ...           - 

Enu'land      -           .           -           - 

British  Kast  Indies 
Do.    West  Indies 
Do.   American  provinces 

Cuba  and  Spanisli  West  Indies    - 

China           .            ,            .            . 

From  othur  places  to  Boston 

Total  value  of  imports  to  Boston 
To  otiier  ports  in  Massachusetts  \ 
frotn  various  places         -        3 

Total  value  of  imports  into " 
Massachusetts           -        J ' 

14,209,056  dollars  =  3,210,527/.  12.s 

l,(H)fl,300 

322,800 

396,500 

6,030,000 

685,000 

92,(H)0 

92, 1(H) 

1,991,300 

762,000 

Russia         -           -           .           . 

Sweden  and  Denmark 

Hra/.il          .           -           .           . 

Enpland      .           -           -           - 

British  East  Indies 
Do.    West  Indies 
Do.    American  provinces 

Cuba  and  Spanish  West  Indies    - 

China          .           -          -           . 

To  other  places  from  Boston 

Total  value  of  e.xports  from  Boston 
To  various   places  from  other " 
ports  in  Massachusetts    -         j' 

Total  value  of  e.vports  from  \ 
Massachusetts            -          i 

170,400 
285,600 
428,500 
200,000 
426,000 
80,500 
531,000 
1,077,000 
.325,000 

12,278,000 
1,000,000 

3,530,000 
2,000,000 

13,278,000 
991,056 

:<,530,000 
':,203,763 

14,209,056 

7,733,763 

.  sterlin)!. 

7,733,763  dollars  =  1,740,096;.  13,i.  (td.  sterling. 

Banks-  In  .lanuary,  1833,  there  were  84  Banks  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  of  which  24  were  in 
Bost(ii).  or  tlie  latter,  4  or  5  were  only  recently  estalilished.  We  subjoin  a  detailed  statement  of  the 
principal  circumstances  in  the  condition  of  the  Boston  banks  in  1830;  and  for  further  particulars  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  article  Bank.s  (Forkion). 


Banks. 

Stwres. 

K.ich. 

C.ipilal. 

Time  and  H.ife  of 
Uiviai-ml. 

.'-mount  of 
iJiv'dcncl. 

IMIim. 

Diillari. 

IT.  3.  liranch  - 

15,000 

ion 

1,500,000 

.Ian.  3i— .InlySi 

105,000 

Aniericiin        -            -            - 

7,5(M) 

100 

7.50,(HU) 

April  1  —Oct.  2 

22,500 

MaFsailiMsntts 

3,200 

230 

H0O,(H)O 

April  2— Oct.  2'- 

3t;,oon 

New  Kniiland 

10,000 

100 

1,000,0(H) 

Aprii  3  —Oct.  3 

60,000 

St;ile  Hank 

30,000 

60 

1,800,000 

April  23— Oct.  21 

90.000 

Washiiurtc-. 

5,000 

100 

500,000 

April  li— Oct.  2i 

18,750 

Coiinuonwia''' 

5,0(K) 

100 

500,000 

April  3  —Oct.  3 

30,000 

Fade  .           .            -           - 

5,000 

100 

500,(H)0 

April  3  —Oct.  3 

.30,000 

(;i(il)e  .                       -            - 

10,000 

100 

1,000,000 

Anril  2i— Oct.  3 

55,000 

Union  - 

8,000 

100 

8(ll),0()0 

April  2  —Oct.  2i 

44,000 

Boston             ... 

12,000 

75 

900,000 

April  0  —Oct.  3 

27,000 

City     ...            - 

10,000 

100 

l,000,fl(M) 

April  li— Oct.  3 

45,000 

Cohmiliian      -           -           - 

5,000 

100 

500,000 

April  2  —Oct.  2i 

22,500 

Franklin          .           .           - 

1,000 

100 

100,000 

April  3  —Oct.  ^ 

6,500 

Trenmnt          ... 

5,000 

100 

500,(K)0 

April  0  —Oct.  2J- 

12,500 

North  Hank    .           -           - 

5,000 

1(H) 

500,0(M) 

April  31— Oct.  3i 

33,750 

Sutlblk            ... 

7,500 

100 

750.000 

April  3  —Oct.  3 

45,000 

Atlantic           .           .           - 
Totals    - 

5,000 

100 

500,000 

April  2i— Oct.  U 

20,000 

149,200 

13,900,000 

703,500 

So  tliat  there  were  in  18.30,  in  Boston,  18  banks  with  a  capital  of  13,900,000  dollars.  The  dividends  on 
tliis  sum  I'lir  tlie  same  year  amounted  to  703,500  dollars,  beiiis  at  the  rate  of  5()6  per  cent.  The  paper 
tinder  dii'iiiuiit  is  estimated  to  have  e.xceeded  70,000,000  dollars.— (StufemeHt  by  J.  II.  Guddard,  jfew 
York  Mrerti^er,  29lh  of  .lanuary,  1831.) 

Iii:iiiniiire.  Cnwyiniics.— Insurance,  both  fire  and  nuirine,  is  carried  on  to  a  Rreat  extent  hy  joint  stock 
cninpanii'S,  and  to  scuni!  extent  also  by  individuals.  The  stocks  of  the  dilferent  insurance  companies 
aniduiiti'd  in  .lanuary,  I83.i.  to  (),675,0()0  dollars.  Only  one  company  is  established  for  insurance  upon 
lives.  The  stocks  of  the  dilferent  insurance  companies  produced,  in  1830,  an  average  dividend  of 
511.1  piT  cent. 

Cifi///.— Foreign  poods  are  frequently  sold  for  ready  money,  but  more  usually  at  n  credit  of  from  3 
to  12  iiioiitlis  :  averape  Iciiuth  of  credit,  6  nxuiths  ;  baton  iron  and  some  other  articles,  12  months' 
credit  is  iiiven.    Discount  for  ready  money  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent,  per  annum. 

Cdiiiiiiifsioii. — The  rates  of  commission  are  arbitrary,  varyinjl  from  2  to  5,  ami  sometitnes  (del  cre- 
dere incluilcd)  to  7.i  per  cent.  On  small  accounts,  and  West  India  jioods,  5  per  cent,  is  usually 
charj-'cd.  The  ordinary  rato  may  be  taken  at  2J  per  cent.  ;  but  competition  is  so  priiat,  that  commis- 
sion iiicrchants  may  be  found  who  will  transact  business  on  almost  any  terms.  Sometimes  whole 
caru'iii's  are  sold  by  brokers  on  an  agreement  to  receive  a  specilic  sum  in  lieu  of  commission  and  bro- 
keraL'c. 

l!iinkr)iiitr>j.—T\ip  law  as  to  bankruptcy  in  Massachusetts  seems  to  be  in  a  most  disgraceful  state. 
I'rc  I'l'ifuriis  are  very  frequently  piven  ;  ami  property  is  in  many  instances  conveyed,  for  behoof  of  the 
liaiikrnpt's  I'limily,  to  persons  said  to  In;  creditors  to  a  correspomling  amount,  without  their  having 
any  rciil  ilaim  to  such  character.  It  is  true  that  these  conveyanct's  may  be  cancelled  ;  hut  the  ditti- 
cnilirs  in  the  way  are  so  grrat,  that  they  are  seldom  s(!t  aside.  The  safest  course  that  a  foreigner,  or 
one  not  thorongidy  acquainteit  with  the  city,  can  pursue,  is  to  deal  only  for  ready  money ;  and  to 
employ  none  hut  llii!  most  respectable  agents. 

.l/iDiV;/.— Ill  Massachusetts,  ami  throughout  New  England,  the  dollar  passes  at  fw. ;  so  that  tlie 
pound  sterling  =  U.  (>.<.  Sd.  Boston  currency.- (For  further  particulars  as  to  Money,  Weights,  Measures, 
&c.  see  New  YoiiK.) 

We  have  derived  these  details  partly  from  the  antliorilics  referred  to,  partly  from  private  inforiiia- 
tinn,  and  partly  from  the  iMaborate  Anstr.ers  of  the  Cmisul  to  the  Circular  (Queries. 

[According  to  a  censvis  taken  in  May,  1837,  the  population  of  Boston  was  80,325. 


§ 


I 


232 


BOTARGO— BOTTOMRY. 


h 


i   f 


From  an  abstract  of  the  returns  made  l)y  tho  banks  of  Massachusetts,  showing  their  con- 
dition on  the  lOth  of  February,  183S,  and  published  under  the  direction  of  the  Sccretarj'  of 
the  Commonwealth,  it  appears  that  at  that  date  there  were  no  less  than  128  banks  in  tho 
State.  No  returns  were  received  from  five  of  tiiese.  The  aKKregate  of  the  amounts  returned 
by  the  remaining  123,  together  with  those  returned  by  them  on  the  preceding  Ist  day  of 
October,  were  as  follows : — 


rircnlntion           .           ,          -          -          - 

Oct.  1. 

Feb.  10. 

S0,!Ki4,lin 

#9,100,776 

nnlaiici'M  tn  other  hanks  -          -          -          - 

5,H)S,ni2 

4,5.-i4,813 

Depositcs  not  on  interest            ... 

8,231, iSO 

5,43fl,.')30 

Do.       on  interest       .           .           -           - 

5,31H,ISt 

3,6.')0,b32 

Specie        .-.--- 

1,174.713 

l,7fll,4fiO 

Hills  of  ntlirrtmnks         .           .           -           - 

2,!).')l,8n4 

2,700,275 

nalnnces  from  other  banks         .           .           - 

5,r)(i-2,7KO 

4,037,()1« 

Loans        ------ 

5(),.'?!IH,121 

52,7!l<l,i«i7 

Nett  profits  on  hnn<l        -           -           -        '  - 

l.l74.'tl»7 

2,442,578 

Aino\nit  of  \an  dividend 

l.O.'tS.H,'')!) 

1,041,3.')0 

For  a  later  account  of  the  trade  of  Boston  with  foreign  countries  than  is  given  above,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  article  Imports  and  Exports. — Am.  Ed,] 

BOT.\RGO,  called  in  Provence  Bouargues,  a  sau.'iage  made  on  the  shores  of  the  Medi- 
terranean and  tlie  Black  Sea,  of  the  roe  of  the  mullet.  The  best  comes  from  Tunis  and 
Alexandria. 

BOTTLES  (Fr.  Bonfeilks  ,■  Ger.  nmtteiUen;  It.  Unftlglk ;  Fiaschi ;  Has.  Bulu/In  ,■ 
Sp.  Botellaa),  glass  vessels  for  holding  li(iuids,  too  well  known  to  require  any  description. 
They  are  exported  in  considerable  quantities.  The  duty  of  8.v.  a  cwt.  on  bottle  glass,  like  the 
duties  on  other  descriptions  of  glass,  is  both  oppressive  in  amount,  and  is  imposed  and  col- 
lected in  the  most  vexatious  manner.  The  manufacture  has  declined  considerably  since 
1826. — (For  further  details,  see  Glass.) 

(BOTTLES  (STONE).— In  1812,  a  duty  oi^s.M.  a  cwt.,  increased  in  1817  to  5.9.,  was 
imposed  uiion  stone  bottles.  The  average  nett  produce  of  this  duty  has  not  recently  ex- 
ceeded 3,500/.  a  year.  But,  to  collect  this  insigniruMnt  sum,  the  manufacture  had  to  be 
placed  under  tho  surveillance  of  the  excise,  and  those  engaged  in  it  subjected  to  various 
troublesome  and  vexatious  regulations.  The  duty  did  not  extend  to  Ireland,  so  that  a  draw- 
back had  to  be  granted  on  bottles  exported  to  that  country,  and  a  countervailing  duty  charged 
on  those  imported  from  it.  This  unproductive  and  troublesome  duty  was  imposed  at  the 
instance  of  the  glass  l)Ottle  manutacturers,  who  contended,  that  if  stone  bottles  were  exenijit- 
cd  from  duties,  tiiey  would  be  used  instead  of  glass  bottles,  to  the  injury  of  tho.se  engaged  in 
manufacturing  the  latter.  But  the  i)urposes  to  which  stone  bottles  and  glass  bottles  are 
applied  are  so  very  diHerent,  that  it  would  require  a  much  greater  reduction  of  the  price  of 
the  former  than  coulil  possibly  be  occasioned  by  the  abolition  of  the  duty,  to  make  them  be 
substituted,  to  any  extent  worth  mentioning,  in  the  place  of  the  latter.  These  views  were 
ably  enforced  by  the  Conmiissioners  of  Excise  Inquiry  ;  and  having  been  adopted  by  go- 
vernment, the  duty  has  been  abolished. — (4  ^  5  Will.  4.  c.  77. ;  see  also  Fifth  Report  bi/ 
Comminsiimers  of  Excise  Iiu/uiri/.) 

It  is  to  111'  hoppi]  that  the  daty  on  class  hottles  may.  also,  lie  speedily  put  an  end  to.  Tt  produces 
about  1  !<l,(»00/.  a  year.  We  noliceil  (see  art.  Wink)  the  propriety  of  eiiaclind  and  enforcinj;  some  re- 
gulations as  to  the  size  of  hottles.  The  liottle  Is.  in  fact,  a  very  important  lueasure ;  a  preat  deal  of 
wine  and  olhi^r  liquors  he  ins;  sold  liy  theilozeii.  Hut  there  is,  at  this  nionieiit,  the  greatest  discrepan- 
cy in  the  si/.iMif  liiUtles  ;  audit  appi'ars  to  ns  that  it  would  he  hiithly  e.xpeilieiit,  in  order  to  (diviiUc 
the  numerous  frauds  arisitiii  from  this  source,  to  enact  that  all  hottles  he  made  to  contain  not  less  tliaa 
a  certain  specified  <iuantity,  and  to  iilace  them  iiniler  the  ads  relatini;  to  weights  and  measures. 
— Hiip.) 

BOTTOMRY  axd  RESPONDENTIA— Bottomry,  in  commercial  navigation,  is  a 
mortgage  of  the  ship.  The  owner  or  captain  of  a  ship  is,  under  certain  circumstances, 
authorised  to  borrow  money,  either  to  (it  her  out  so  as  to  enable  her  to  proceed  on  her  voy- 
age, or  to  purchase  a  cargo  for  the  voyage,  jjledging  the  keel,  or  bottom  of  the  ship  (a  part  for 
the  whole),  in  security  for  payment.  In  bottomry  contracts  it  is  stipulated,  that  if  the  sliip 
be  lost  in  the  course  of  the  voyage,  the  lender  shall  lo.se  his  whole  money  ;  but  if  the  ship 
arrive  in  safety  at  her  destination,  the  lender  is  then  entitled  to  get  back  his  ]>rincipal,  and 
the  interest  agreed  upon,  however  much  that  interest  may  exceed  the  legal  rate. — {Black. 
Com.  book  ii.  c.  30.)  The  extraordinary  hazard  run  by  the  lenders  of  money  on  bottomry, 
who,  in  fact,  become  adventurers  in  the  voyage,  has  been  held,  in  all  countries,  asjustifyina; 
them  in  stipulating  for  the  highest  rate  of  iiUerest. 

When  the  loan  is  not  on  the  ship,  but  on  the  goods  laden  on  board,  which,  from  their 
nature,  must  be  sold  or  exchanged  in  the  course  of  the  voyage,  the  borrower's  personal 
responsibility  is  then  the  principal  security  for  the  j)erformance  of  the  contract,  which  is 
therefore  called  respondentia.  In  this  consists  the  principal  dillercnce  between  bottomry 
and  respondentia.    The  one  is  a  loan  upon  the  ship,  the  other  upon  the  goods.   The  moncv 


BOTTOMRY. 


233 


the 


I  produces 
IsmiH'  ri - 
lit  (li'iil  <if 
liscrt'iian- 
I  obviiile 
lli'ss  tliiin 
lu;;vsiircs. 

Ion,  is  a 
nalanoes, 
p\cr  voy- 
,  part  for 
I  the  shii) 
I  the  ship 
lipal,  ami 
.{Blurb. 
lotlomry, 
lustilying 

lorn  their 

Iporsonal 

[Wliicli  is 

jottomry 

.c  luonev 


ia  to  be  repaid  to  the  lender,  with  the  marine  interest,  upon  the  safe  arrival  of  the  ship,  in 
the  one  case ;  and  of  the  goods,  in  the  other.  In  all  other  respects,  these  contracts  are 
nearly  the  same,  and  are  governed  by  the  same  principles.  In  the  former,  the  ship  and 
tackle,  being  hypothecated,  are  liable,  as  well  as  the  person  of  the  borrower ;  in  the  latter, 
the  lender  has,  in  general,  only  the  personal  security  of  the  borrower. 

This  contract,  which  must  always  be  in  writing,  is  sometimes  made  in  the  form  of  a 
deed  poll,  called  a  bill  of  bottomry,  executed  by  the  borrower  ;  sometimes  in  the  form  of  a 
bond  or  obligation,  with  a  penalty.  But  whatever  may  be  its  form,  it  must  contain  the 
names  of  the  lender  and  the  borrower,  those  of  the  ship  and  the  master ;  the  sum  lent,  with 
the  stipulated  marine  interest;  the  voyage  proposed,  with  the  commencement  and  duration 
of  the  risk  which  the  lender  is  to  run.  It  must  show  whether  the  money  is  lent  upon  the 
ship,  or  upon  goods  on  board,  or  on  both ;  and  every  other  stipulation  and  agreement  which 
the  parties  may  think  proper  to  introduce  into  the  contract. — (See  the  Forms  at  the  end  of 
this  article.) 

"  It  is  obvious,"  says  Lord  Tentcrden,  "  that  a  loan  of  money  upon  bottomry,  while  it 
relieves  the  owner  from  many  of  the  perils  of  a  maritime  adventure,  deprives  him  also  of  a 
great  part  of  the  profits  of  a  successful  voyage;  and,  therefore,  in  the  place  of  t  lie  owners' 
residence,  where  they  may  exercise  their  own  judgment  upon  the  propriety  of  borrowing 
money  in  this  manner,  the  master  of  the  ship  is,  by  the  maritime  law  of  all  states,  precluded 
from  doing  it,  so  as  to  bind  the  interest  of  his  owners  without  their  cons6nt.  With  regard 
to  a  foreign  country,  the  rule  appears  to  be,  that  if  the  master  of  a  vessel  has  occasion  for 
money  to  repair  or  victual  his  ship,  or  for  any  other  jiurpose  necessary  to  enable  him  to 
complete  the  enterprise  in  which  she  is  engaged  ;  whether  the  occasi'^n  arises  from  any  ex- 
traordinary peril  or  misfortune,  or  from  the  ordinary  course  of  the  adventure;  he  may,  if  he 
cannot  otherwise  obtain  it,  borrow  money  on  bottomry  at  marine  interest,  and  jjlcdge  the 
ship,  and  the  freight  to  be  earned  in  the  voyage,  for  repayment  at  the  termination  of  the 
voyage.  When  this  is  done,  the  owners  are  never  personally  responsible.  The  remedy  of 
the  .ender  is  against  the  master  of  the  ship." — {Law  tf  Shipping,  part  ii.  c.  3.) 

In  bottomry  and  respondentia  bonds,  the  lender  receives  the  whole  of  his  principal  and 
interest,  or  nothing  ;  he  is  not  ansiverabk  for  general  or  particular  overage",-  nor  will  any 
loss  by  capture,  if  subsequently  recaptured,  aticcthis  claim.  In  tiiis  respect  our  law  dilfers 
from  that  of  France  {Code  de  Commerce,  art.  330.)  and  most  other  countries:  the  lenders 
on  bottomry  bonds  being  there  subject  to  average,  as  our  underwriters  upon  policies  of  insu- 
rance. No  Ipss  can  avoid  a  bottomry  contract,  unless  a  total  loss,  j)roceeding  from  a  peril 
of  the  sea,  during  the  voyage,  and  within  the  time  specified  by  the  contract.  If  the  loss  liap- 
pen  through  any  default  or  act  of  the  owners  or  master,  to  which  the  lender  was  not  privy, 
he  may  still  recover. 

There  is  no  restriction  by  the  law  of  England  as  to  the  persons  to  whom  money  may  be 
lent  on  bottomry  or  at  respondentia  except  in  the  single  case  of  loans  on  the  ships  of 
foreigners  trading  to  the  East  Indies,  which  arc  forbidden  l)y  the  7  Geo.  1.  stat.  I.e.  21.  §  2. 

It  does  not,  however,  appear  to  be  necessary,  in  order  to  enable  the  master  of  a  ship  in  a 
foreign  port  to  obtain  money  for  her  repair,  outfit,  &c.,  tiiat  the  contract  pledging  the  vessel 
in  security  of  the  debt  should  be  in  the  nature  of  a  bottomry  bond.  Provided  the  person 
who  advances  the  money  do  not  choose  to  take  upon  himself  the  risk  of  the  sliip's  return, 
and  do  not  stipulate  for  maritime  interest,  "  there  seems,"  says  Lord  Tentcrden,  "  to  be  no 
reason  why  the  master  should  not  pledge  both  the  ship  and  the  personal  credit  of  the 
owner."  And  in  the  case  of  mone-  advanced  in  this  way  to  refit  a  ship  in  distress  at 
Jamaica,  which  was  captured  on  the  voyage  home,  the  lender  recovered. — (Law  of  Ship- 
pin:^,  part  ii.  c.  3.) 

IJottoinry  contracts  were  well  known  to  the  ancients.  At  Athens,  the  rate  of  interest  was 
not  fixed  by  law  ;  but  the  customary  rate  seems  to  have  been  about  12  per  cent.  But  when 
niciiey  was  lent  for  a  voyage,  upon  the  security  of  the  ship  and  cargo,  the  interest  on  account 
(if  tile  superior  risk  encountered  by  the  lender,  was  in  most  cases  much  higher.  In  voyages 
to  the  Taurica  Chersonesus  and  Sicily,  it  was  sometimes  as  Iiigli  as  30  per  cent. — {Ana- 
chiir.si-s's  Travels,  vol.  iv.  p.  369.  Eng.  trans.)  By  the  Khodiau  law,  the  exaction  of  such 
hi!;li  interest  as  in  usual  bottomry  was  declared  to  be  illegal,  unless  tiie  ]>rincipal  was  really 
I'xposed  to  the  dangers  of  the  sea. — {Boeckh's  Public  Economy  of  Athens,  vol.  i.  p.  177. 
Kng.  trans.)  The  principle  was  adopted  by  the  Romans  who  gave  to  bottomry  interest 
t he  name  of  nauticum  fwnus ;  and  has  been  transferred  from  the  Roman  law  into  all  modern 
codes. 

"  Formerly,"  says  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall,  "  the  practice  of  borrowing  money  on  bottomry 
and  respondentia  was  more  general  in  this  country  than  it  is  at  present.  Tlie  immense 
caiiitals  now  engaged  in  every  branch  of  commerce  render  such  loans  unnecessary ;  and 
money  is  now  seldom  borrowed  in  tliis  manner,  but  by  the  masters  of  foreign  ships  who  put 
into  our  ports  in  need  of  pecuniary  assistance  to  refit,  to  pay  their  men,  to  purchase  provi- 

*  Mr.  Serjeant  Murslmll  dnutits  this  j  but  it  was  so  ducidcd  by  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  in  Ju^t' 
V.  Wimmmttn,  U.  R.  Mich,  23  Geo.  3. 

u  2  30 


c 


■y\ 


234 


BOTTOMRY. 


sions,  &c.  Sometimes  officers  ami  otlais  lelon^iiip  ti  ships  ongaRcJ  in  long  voyage*, 
who  have  the  liberty  of  trading  to  a  ciMt;iin  extent,  with  the  prospect  of  great  protit,  but 
without  capitals  of  their  own  to  employ  in  mich  trade,  take  up  money  on  respondentia  to 
make  their  investments ;  but  even  this,  us  I  am  informed,  is  now  not  very  frequently  done  in 
this  country." 

The  term  bottomry  has  sometimes  lieen  incorrectly  applied  to  designate  a  contract,  by  the 
terms  of  which  the  ship  is  not  pledged  as  a  security,  but  the  repayment  of  money,  with  a 
high  premium  for  the  risk,  is  made  to  depend  u[)oii  the  success  of  the  voyage.  This,  how- 
ever, is  plainly  a  loan  upon  a  particular  adventure,  to  be  made  by  a  particular  ship,  and  not 
a  loan  upon  the  ship,  and  of  course,  the  lender  has  only  the  personal  security  of  the  borrower 
for  the  due  performance  of  the  contract.  And  it  seems  that  loans  have  sometimes  been  made 
in  this  manner,  and  probably  also  with  a  jilcdge  of  the  ship  itself,  to  an  amount  exceeding 
the  value  of  the  borrower's  interest  in  the  ship ;  and  such  a  contract  is  still  legal  in  this 
country  in  all  cases,  except  the  case  of  shijjs  belonging  to  British  subjects  bound  to  or  from 
tlic  East  Indies,  aa  to  which  it  is  enacted  (19  Geo.  a.  c.  37.  §  5.), 


,..,.„..=,..>........>......, eyoiihot- 

loiiiiy  or  at  respnnik'Mtia  as  iilViriisiiiil,  shall  nxover  iriort:  on  any  assiiraiiin  than  tlii^  valiin  of  his 
intcri'st  on  Iho  ship,  or  in  tlie  nioritlianillai's  ami  cUiMts  la(l(;n  on  hoard  of  sncli  ship,  oxclusive  of  the 
money  so  liorrowiMl ;  nnil  in  casu  it  shall  appear  that  the  value  of  his  share  in  the  ship,  or  in  the  mer- 
chandises ami  etfeets  ladcMi  on  board,  doth  not  amonnt  to  the  t'nil  snin  or  sums  lie  hath  horroweil  as 
aforrsuiil,  such  borrower  shall  be  responsible  to  itie  lender  for  so  much  of  the  money  lion 

l...*l.   .....  Iiii.!  ..11,  nil  tdii  hiliiii     r\r  ,iiiii*i*hii  iiili.;i<a  hliljtii  t  liiiriiftt,     iti  tin,  itriiitui",  ii\.i  flm  (•ii\.t>iii 


ey  borrowed  as  he 
hath  not  laid  out  on  the  ship,  nr  meniiandlsra  laden  thereon,  in  Ihe  proportion  the  money  not  laid  out 
shall  bear  to  the  whole  nu)ney  lent,  notwithstanding  the  ship  and  merchandises  be  totally  lost." 

Lord  Tenterden  says  that  this  statute  was  introduced  for  the  protection  of  the  trade  of  the 
East  India  Company  ;  and  its  rules  must  be  complied  with  in  the  case  of  bottomry  by  the 
7iutf'tcn  of  ships  trading  to  the  East  Indies. 

For  a  further  discussion  of  this  sulyect,  sec  Ahhott  on  the  Law  of  Shipping,  part  ii.  c.  3.; 
ManhaUon  Insurance,  book  ii. ;  and  Park  on  Insurance,  c.  21. 

I.  Form  of  a  BoUomrij  Bond. 

KNOW  ALL  MEN  by  these  pn'sents.  That  L  •^.  B.  commander  and  two-thirds  owner  of  the  ship 
Ktrtcr,  for  myself  and  C.  1).,  remaiiiiiiL'  third  owner  of  the  said  ship,  am  held  ami  (irndy  bound  unto 
E.  h'.  in  the  penal  sum  of  two  thousand  jiound.i  sterling,  for  the  payment  of  which  well  and  truly  to  bo 
made  unlo  the  said  E.  F.,  his  heirs,  e.veculnrs,  administrators,  lir  assigns,  I  hereby  bind  myself,  my 
heirs,  evecutors,  and  administrators,  lirndy  by  these  presents.  In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto 
set  my  hand  ami  seal,  this  1 1th  day  of  JJcnmhcr,  In  the  year  of  our  Lord  I'SXi. 

WiiKiicAs  the  above  bound  ^.  B.  bath  taken  up  and  received  of  the  said  E.  F.  the  full  and  just  sum 
of  r""  Hiiiiisiuid  pounds  sterlinir,  which  sum  is  to  run  at  respondentia  on  the  block  and  frei)riit  of  the 
ship  I'.it.ler.  whereof  the  said  Ji.  B.  is  now  master,  from  tll(^  port  or  road  of  Bombay  on  a  voyage  to 
tile  jiMi  iif  London,  having  permissicui  to  touch,  stay  at,  and  prcuuied  to  all  ports  and  places  within  the 
liniils  of  tlie  voyasri!,  at  the  rat(!  or  premium  of  twenlij-jUn.  /w r  cent,  (a.*)  per  cent.)  for  the  voyage.  In 
toiisidi'ralion  whereof  usual  risks  of  tlie  seas.  rivers,"eneinies,  tires,  pirates,  &,c.are  to  he  oil  account 
of  the  said  E.  F.  And  for  the  further  security  of  tlie  stiid  /■;.  F.  tlu'  said  ./J.  B.  doth  by  these  presents 
mnrlLvi::.,'  and  assi;,'!!  over  to  the  said  E.  F  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns,  the'  said 
.ship  /.".ifVi-rand  her  freiglit,  together  with  all  her  tackle,  app:ii(d,  4i.c.  And  it  is  liiireby  declared  that 
the  said  ship  Exrtcr  untl  her  fn'ight  is  thus  assigned  over  for  the  security  of  the  respondiMitia  taken 
up  by  the  said  j?.  fl.,  and  shall  he  delivered  to  no  other  use  or  purpose  whatever,  until  payment  of 
tills  ii.iiut  is  first  made,  with  the  premium  that  may  beccune  due  thi.'reoii. 

Now  TiiK  Condition  of  this  (diligation  is  siicli,  thai  if  the  above  bound  Ji.  B.  his  heirs,  e.vecii- 
lors,  or  administrators,  shall  and  do  well  ami  truly  pay.  or  cause  to  be  paid,  unto  the  said  K.  F. 
or  his  attoriiey.s  in  London  legally  authorUed  to  receive  the  same,  tliiur  evecutors,  administrators,  or 
assigns,  the  full  and  just  sum  of  l.Ollll/.  sterling',  beinz  the  |irliici|ial  of  this  bond,  together  with  the 
lireiiiium  which  sliall  become  due  thereupon,  iit  or  beluie  the  expiration  of  ninetij  days  at'ter  the  safe 
arrival  of  the  said  ship  Exeter  at  her  moorings  in  ilie  river  I'luimis,  or  in  case  of  the  loss  of  the  said 
ship  Exeter,  such  an  average  as  by  custom  shall  have  become  due  on  the  salvage,  then  this  obligation 
to  be  void  and  of  no  efiect,  oth..'rwlje  to  remain  in  lull  force  sind  virtue.  Having  signed  to  three  bonds 
of  ihe  same  tenor  and  date,  the  one  of  which  being  accomplished,  the  other  two  to  be  void  and  of  no 
eilecl. 

JI.  B.  for  self 
and  C.  v.* 

Higned,  sealed,  and  delivered,  where  no  stamped  ^  G.  U. 
paper  is  to  be  had,  in  the  presence  of  j'/.  A'. 

*  In  this  bond  the  occasion  of  borrowing  the  money  is  not  expressed,  but  the  money  was  in  reality 
bnn-owed  to  retit  the  ship  which  being  on  a  voyage  from  Bengal  to  London  was  ohligi'd  to  put  back  to 
Bonihaii  to  repair.  See  The  Exeter,  IVhilford.  1  Kob.  A.  U.  ITC).  The  occasion  therefore  of  borrowin" 
the  money  gave  the  lender  the  security  of  the  entire  interest  of  the  ship.  Hut  this  bond,  although 
expressed  to  be  e.vecuted  by  the  master  for  hlniselt  and  the  other  part-owner,  would  not  bind  the 
I'tlier  part-owner  personally,  unle.-^s  he  had  bijn  preiUinsdnd  authorised  the  master  to  execute  such  a  bond 
fur  /i;,7i. —  (JibbotL  on  the  Law  of  Hhipjiiiig,  part  ill.  c.  1.  {  2.) 

II.  Form  of  n  Bottomry  Bill. 

TO  ALL  MF,N  TO  WHOM  THE.SE  I'RESENT.-i  r^MALL  COME.  ^.J^.  Rof  Bc„r„/,marincr,part- 
•iwner  and  master  of  the  ship  called  the  Enter,  of  the  biirlheii  of  fivi!  hundred  tons  and  ui)wards,iiow 
riding  at  anchor  in  Tulde  Bay.  at  the  Cojie  of  (loud  Hope,  send  greeting: 

WiiEHKAs  I,  the  said  .4.  B.,  part-owner  and  ma.-ter  of  the  aforesaid  ship,  called  the  Ereter  now  in 
pros(M;utioii  of  a  voyage  from  Beniral  to  Ut<!  port  of  Undon.  having  put  Into  Table  Ban  for  the'purpose 
of  procuring  provismn  and  other  sniiplies  necessary  fur  ilie  continuation  and  peribrmaiice  of  the 


}a.s.) 


voyn 

the 

to  se 

the 

tlie 

rail!  < 

voyai 

prese 

that  t 

Bents, 

in  con 

Iiefore 

Hdiiiin 

same, 

from . 

the  sill 

the  sal 

Ano 

tile  cal 

of  seal 

ship,  ni 

and  Ilia 

able  foi 

nieanin 

And  I 

in  case 

don  (rm 

Eliall  no 

but  shal 

Ills  exec 

liereln  n 

tlie  coiit 


BOUNTY. 


236 


c.  3.; 


CXRCU- 

liit  /■;.  F. 
latcirs,  or 
Ivitli  tlio 

lllll!  Silfl! 

tilt;  said 
|)lii!atii)ii 
r-e  lioiuU 
lul  of  no 

l(L.  s.) 


I  reality 
J  hack  to 
■rrowiii!? 
lltliouKh 
|)iiul  tli<> 


br.parl- 
Ida.iiow 

I  now  ill 

liurposi! 

of  llw 


voynite  nforcsaid,  am  at  this  time  neccsnitntcd  to  tnlxe  up  iipontlip  ndventttro  of  tlio  said  ship,  cnllod 
tlic  F.itler,  tlif  fiiiin  of  one  thouMnd  poundu  stcrlinj!  riionio»  of  (irrat  Britain,  for  setting  thn  said  ship 
to  sea,  anil  fiirnii'tiiiiR  h<;r  witli  provisions  and  iifceHsarirs  lor  the  said  voyagi',  wliichioini  C.  7J.  of 
tilt!  Ca)w  of  Good  Hope,  mnstpr  attcndnni,  liaiti  at  my  rf(|ii('st  lent  unto  nic',  and  supplied  nic  with,  at 
tile  rate  of  fiot/ue  hundred  and  lirentij  puHio/s  sterliiiK  for  llie  said  iine  tliuiiiiunU  pounds,  being  ut  tlio 
rate  of  one  hundred  and  tvenly-tico  puund.--  lor  every  hundred  /loiuiiys  adviinred  as  aforesaid,  duriiiR  llie 
voyaite  of  the  said  ship  from  Table  Bay  to  l.imduv.  Now  know  vk,  that  1,  the  said  A.  B.,  hy  these 
presents,  do,  for  ine,  my  executors  and  adniinistriilors,  covenant  and  (.'rant  to  and  with  the  said  C.  1>. 
thattliB  saidsliipsliall,  with  the  flrst  convoy  wliichshall  otfer  for  Knirlaiid  alterlliedate  of  these  pre- 
BOiits.sailand  depart  for  the  port  of  7>oii(/,iii,  thereto  linislithe  voya;;('  aforesaid.  And  I,  the  said  Ji.  B., 
inronsideralionof  the  Hnmof  (-jic  thuu.iund  pounds  sterling  to  nie  in  hand  paidliy  the  said  C.  D.  at  and 
before  the  scaling  and  delivery  of  these  presents,  do  lierehy  hind  myself,  my  heirs,  e.Teintnrs,  and 
HUmiiiistrators,  iny  goods  and  chattels,  and  particularly  the  said  sliip,  the  tackle  and  apparel  of  the 
liame,  and  also  the  freight  of  the  said  ship,  which  is,  or  shall  hecome  due  fur  the  aforesaid  voyage 
from  BenfralXo  the  port  \^i London,  to  pay  unto  Hie  said  C.  I>.  his  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns, 
the  sum  of /'/■rfrc  hundred  and  twentij  pounds  of  \a\\(\\\  Ilritish  money,  within  thirty  daya  next  after 
the  safe  arrival  of  the  said  ship  at  the  port  of  London  from  the  same  intended  voyage. 

And  I,  the  said  Jl.  B.  do,  for  nie,  my  executors  and  administrators,  covenant  and  grant  to  and  with 
Uie  said  C.  />.,  his  executors  and  administrators,  hy  these  presents,  that  I,  the  said  ji.  B.,  at  tlie  time 
of  sealing  and  delivering  of  these  presents,  am  a  true  and  lawful  part-owner  and  master  of  the  said 
uliip,  and  have  power  and  authority  to  charge^iul  engage  the  said  ship  with  her  freight  as  atbresaiu, 
and  that  the  said  ship,  with  her  freight,  shall, ?t  all  times  after  the  said  voyage,  he  liahle  and  charge- 
able for  the  payment  of  the  said  twelre  hundred  and  twenty  pounds,  according  to  the  true  intent  am) 
meaning  uf  these  presents. 

And  lastly,  it  is  hereby  declared  and  agreed  by  an  '  '  ween  the  said  parties  to  these  presents,  that 
in  case  the  said  ship  shall  be  lost,  miscarry,  or  be  i:u  .way  before  In  r  arrival  at  the  said  port  of  Lon- 
don from  the  said  intended  voyage,  that  then  the  payiuiMit  of  the  said  ticelne  hundred  nndtwrnty  puuvdx 
eball  not  be  demanded,  or  he  recoverable  by  the  said  C.  1).,  his  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns, 
but  shall  cease  and  determine,  and  thi;  loss  thereby  be  wholly  borne  and  sustained  by  the  said  C.  J)., 
his  executors  and  administrators,  and  that  then  and  from  thenceforth  every  act,  matter,  and  thini? 
herein  mentioned  on  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  said  ,4.  B.  shall  be  void  ;  any  thing  herein  contained  to 
the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

In  witness  whereof  the  parties  have  interchangeably  set  their  hands  and  seals  to  four 
bonds  of  this  tiMior  and  date,  one  of  which  being  paid,  llie  others  to  be  null  and  void. 

At  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  this  1,'ith  day  of  JVoremJer,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
one  thousand  eight  hutidred  and  thirty. 


Witness, 


-)E.F. 

,  \a.  It. 


,9.B. 


(L.  S.) 


[Bcsid»!3  the  works  referrcil  to  by  the  author,  the  reader  may  consult  with  advantage  the 
49th  Lecture  of  Cliancellor  Kent's  Cotnmentari/  on  Amerimn  Law.  It  contains  a  concise 
and  very  lucid  statement  of  the  subject  of  maritime  loans. — Am.  Ed.] 

BOUNTY,  a  term  used  in  commerce  and  the  arts,  to  signify  a  premium  paid  by  govcrn- 
nient  to  the  producers,  exporters,  or  importers  of  certain  articles,  or  to  those  who  employ 
ships  in  certain  trades. 

1,  Ikiunlirs  on  Production  are  most  commonly  given  in  the  view  of  encouraging  the 
establishment  of  some  new  branch  of  industry ;  or  they  are  intended  to  foster  and  extend  a 
branch  tliat  is  believed  to  be  of  paramount  importance.  In  neither  case,  however,  is  their 
utility  very  obvious.  In  all  old  settled  and  wealthy  countries,  numbers  of  individuals  are 
always  reaily  to  embark  in  every  new  undertaking,  if  it  promise  to  be  really  advantageous 
without  any  stimulus  from  government :  and  if  a  branch  of  industry,  already  estabUshed, 
be  really  iiiiportant  and  suitable  for  the  country,  it  will  assuredly  be  jirosecutcd  to  the  neces- 
sary extent,  without  any  encouragement  other  than  the  natural  demand  for  its  protluce. 

2.  Bounties  on  F.xportation  and  Importation.— It  is  enacted  by  thn  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.,  that  a  merchant 
or  exporter  claiming  a  bounty  or  drawback  on  goods  exported,  must  make  oath  that  they  have  been 
lU'lually  exported,  and  hav»!  not  linn  relanded,  and  are  not  intended  to  he  relandod,  in  any  part  of  tlie 
Viiited  Kingdom,  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man  (unless  entered  for  the  Isle  of  Man),  or  in  the  islands  of  Taro 
or  Kerro  :  and  ilia  further  enacted,  that  if  any  goods  cleared  to  be  exported  for  a  bounty  or  draw- 
back, shall  not  be  duly  exporteil  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  or  shall  be  relanded  in  any  part  of  the 
I'nited  Kingdom,  or  in  the  islands  of  I'aro  or  I'erro,  or  sliall  be  carried  to  the  islands  of  (.'uernsey, 
.hrsey.  .Mderney,  Sark,  or  Man,  (nut  having  been  duly  entered,  cleared,  and  shipped  for  exportation 
til  such  islands. )siicli  goods  shall  be  lorleite<l,  logellier  with  the  ship  or  ships  employed  in  relandingor 
lairying  tliein  ;  and  "v  person  by  whom  or  by  whose  orders  or  means  such  goods  shall  have  breii 
cleared,  relanded,  or       riud,  shall  forfeit  a  sum  eiiuul  to  treble  the  value  of  siicli  goods.—}  {  b7— 'J5. 

3.  Pol!ci/ofB(tu...ics. — It  was  formerly  customary  to  grant  bounties  on  the  exportation 
of  various  articles  ;  but  the  impolicy  uf  such  practice  is  now  very  generally  admitted.  It  is 
universally  allowed  that  bounties,  if  they  be  given  at  nil,  should  be  given  only  to  the  export- 
ers of  such  commodities  as  could  not  be  exported  without  them.  But  it  is  iilaiii  that,  by 
granting  a  bounty  in  such  cases,  we  really  tax  the  public,  in  order  to  supply  the  foreigner 
will-  commodities  at  less  than  they  cost.  A.  has  a  parcel  of  goods  which  ho  cannot  dispos*! 
of  abroad  for  less  than  110/. ;  but  they  will  fetch  only  100/.  in  the  foreign  market;  and  he 
claims  and  gets  a  bounty  of  10/.  to  enable  him  to  export  them.  Such  is  the  mode  in  which 
bounties  on  exportation  unitbrmly  operate;  and  to  suppo.se  that  they  can  be  a  means  of 
niriclinig  ihc pufdic,  is  eiiuivalent  to  supposing  tliat  a  shopkeeper  may  be  enriched  by  sell- 
ing his  goods  for  less  than  they  cost ! 

But  however  injurious  to  the  state,  it  has  been  pretty  generally  supposed  that  bounties  on 
exportation  are  advantageous  to  those  who  produce  and  export  the  articles  on  which  they 
are  paid.    But  the  fact  is  not  so.    A  trade  that  cannot  be  carried  on  without  tlieaidofa 


s 

2 

SI 


236 


BOX-WOOD— BRANDY. 


i 


I 


bounty,  must  bo  a  naturally  disadvaiitaijrouH  one.  Ilcnop,  by  prantincr  it,  individuals  ore 
tcni|)t(><l  to  cngago  or  iruntinuo  in  husincsMcs  which  arc  ncocssarily  vory  insecuri',  and  arc 
rarely  (M|)abl(>  of  beinp;  rcndcri-d  lucialivi' ;  at  ihr  saino  tiiiu' that  thoy  arc  prevcnti'd,  by 
triiKtinp;  to  tlic  bounty,  Ironi  making  tliosc  exertions  they  naturally  would  have  niado,  had 
thi-y  bocn  oliligi'd  to  dopond  enlirely  on  Kupfrior  skill  and  industry  lor  the  salo  of  their  pro- 
duee.  The  history  of  all  businesses  carried  on  in  this  country  by  ihe  aid  of  bounties,  proves 
that  ihcy  are  hardly  less  disadvantageous  to  those  engaged  in  them  than  to  the  public. 

'J'he  truth  of  these  remarks  has  been  acknovvle<iged  by  government.  The  bounty  on  tho 
exportation  of  corn  wax  reiK-aled  in  lS!(i ;  and  the  bounties  on  the  exportation  of  linen  and 
j-ioveral  otiier  articles  ceased  in  1830. 

4.  iii/uiilli'.i  on  Shipping  have  principally  been  y)aid  to  the  owners  of  vessels  engaged  in 
the  fishery,  and  their  intluence  will  be  treated  of  under  tho  articles  Hkhiu.nh  Fihugiit  and 
WuALK  FisnKur. 

For  an  account  of  the  bounties  that  still  exist,  see  the  article  Tauikk. 

BOX- WOOD  (Gcr.  BiK/ishunin  ,-  Du.  I'alnifwut ,-  Fr.  Huls ,-  It.  liussn,  litmn,  Ho,isiilo), 
the  woo<l  of  tho  box  treo  (Huxiis  sempervircnD^  fiTO\\'n\(r  wild  in  several  places  in  (ireat 
Britain.  This  tree  v/as  greatly  admired  iiy  the  ancient  Romans,  and  has  lieen  much  culti- 
vated in  modern  times,  on  account  of  the  facility  witiv  which  it  is  fashioned  into  dilferent 
forms.  Box  is  a  very  valuable  wood.  It  is  of  a  yellowish  colour,  dosegrained,  very  hard, 
and  heavy ;  it  cuts  better  than  any  other  wood,  is  susceptible  of  a  very  line  polish,  and  is 
very  durable.  In  consequence,  it  is  much  used  by  turners  and  mathematical  and  musical 
instrument  makers.  It  is  too  heavy  for  furniture.  It  is  the  a/ih/  wood  used  by  the  engravers 
of  wood-cuts  for  books;  and  provided  due  care  be  exercised,  the  number  of  impressions 
that  may  be  taken  from  a  box-wood  cut  is  very  great.  In  France,  box-wood  is  extensively 
used  for  combs,  knife-handles,  and  button-moulds ;  and  sometimes,  it  has  been  said,  as  a  sul>- 
i<titute  for  hops  in  the  manufacture  of  beer.  The  value  of  the  box-wood  sent  from  Spain  to 
Paris  is  reported  to  amount  to  about  10,000  fr.  a  year.  In  1815,  the  box  trees  cut  down  on 
Box-hill,  near  Dorking,  in  Surrey,  produced  upwards  of  10,000/.  They  are  now,  however, 
become  very  scarce  in  England.  The  duty  on  box-wood  is  ipiite  oppressive,  being  5/.  a  ton 
if  brought  from  a  foreign  country,  and  1/.  a  ton  if  from  a  British  possession.  At  an  ave- 
rage of  the  3  years  ending  with  1831,  the  entries  of  boxwood  for  homo  consumption 
amounted  to  382  tons  a  year.  In  1832,  the  duty  produced  1,807/.  17*.  4(/.  Turkey  box- 
wood sells  in  the  London  market  for  from  7/.  to  14/.  a  ton,  duty  included. 

BRAN,  the  thin  skins  or  husks  of  corn,  particularly  wheat,  ground  and  separated  from 
the  corn  by  a  sieve  or  boulter. 

BRANDY  (Ger.  liranteweln ;  Du.  Urondcwi/n  ,•  Fr.  Eau  ik  vie,  Brandivin  ,•  It 
Aqnarzente ;  Sp,  Ajs^uardiente ,•  Port.  Aguarilrnfe ;  Rus.  Wino;  Lat.  Vintim  adustuiii), 
a  spirituous  and  intlammablo  lic^uor,  obtained  by  distillation  from  wine  and  the  husks  of 
grajjos.  It  is  prepared  in  most  of  the  wine  countries  of  Europe ;  but  the  superiority  of 
French  brandy  is  universally  admitted.  The  latter  is  principally  distilled  at  Bordeaux,  Ro- 
chelle,  (Cognac,  the  Isle  de  Rho,  Orleans,  Nantes,  and  in  Poitou,  Touraine,  and  Anjou. 
That  of  Cognac  is  in  the  highest  estimation. 

Wines  of  all  descriptions,  but  chiefly  those  that  arc  strong  and  harsh  (pousses),  are 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  brandy.  The  superior  vintages,  and  those  that  have  most  fla- 
vour, are  said  to  make  the  worst  brandy.  It  is  naturally  clear  and  colourless.  The  different 
shades  of  colour  which  it  has  in  conmierce,  arise  partly  from  the  casks  in  which  it  is  kejit, 
but  chielly  from  the  burnt  sugar,  saunders  wood,  and  other  colouring  matter  intentionally 
added  to  it  by  the  dealers.  It  is  said  that  the  burnt  sugar  gives  mellowness  to  the  flavour  of 
the  liquor,  and  renders  it  more  jjalatable. 

The  art  of  distillation  is  believed  to  have  been  first  discovered  by  the  Arabians.  From  a 
passage  in  the  Testamcntum  Novlssimum  of  the  famous  Raymond  Lully,  wlio  flourished  in 
the  1 3th  century,  it  would  ap{)car  that  the  production  of  brandy  and  alcohol  from  wine  was 
familiar  to  his  contemporaries. — (p.  2.  edit.  Anient.  I.'i71.)  But  the  ])ractice  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  been  introduced  into  France  till  1313, — (Lc  Grand  dWitusi,  Vie  prive  de 
Fftinrois,  t.  iii.  p.  (54.)  When  first  introduced,  brandy  or  burnt  wine  (riiunn  (iduxiitm) 
ap()ears  to  have  been  used  principally  as  an  antiseptic  and  restorative  medicine  ^  and  tho 
most  extravagant  panegyrics  were  bestowed  on  its  virtues.  It  was  described  r.s  a  sovereiu;n 
remedy  in  almost  all  the  disorders  of  tho  human  frame;  it  was  commended  for  its  elHcacy  in 
comforting  tlie  memory,  and  strengthening  the  reasoning  powers  ;  it  was  extolled,  in  short, 
as  the  elixir  of  life,  and  an  infallible  preservative  of  youth  and  beauty  ! — (HcndersDn's  Hisf. 
of  Wine,  p.  2i.)  Dr.  Henderson  says  that  the  ex()erience  of  later  times  has  shown  how 
little  this  eulogy  was  merited  ;  but  in  this  he  in  contradicted  by  Burke,  who  maintains  with 
equal  eloquence  and  ingenuity,  that  "  tho  alembic  has  been  a  vast  benefit  and  blessing." 
— {ThoH'^hts  and  Ddailx  on  iicarcilij,  j).  41.) 

Brandy  has  always  formed  a  very  prominent  article  in  tho  exports  of  France ;  few  ships 
sailing  from  Bordeaux,  Rochelle,  or  Nantes,  without  taking  a  certain  quantity  of  it  on 
board.    Tho  following  is  an  account  of  the  exportation  of  brandy  from  France  during 


tlieSj 

Fera,  ] 

Veara, 
1787 
1788 

I7HU 

ISIO 

Wliicli,  I 
lulit  to  1( 

Dulii 
jK-rhaps, 
tlie  case 
not  exce 
gallons- 
whereas 
period  tv 
nary  circ 
rages,  bu 
of  brandy 
(fm]H'riai 
duty  take 
lias  done 
have  been 
and  dcnio 
is  too  ovei 
coast  of  l\ 
almost  tho 
ordinary  o 
oliiccrs  (o 
force.    Bid 
who,  but  i 
idle,  predat 
vengeance 
to  tho  most 
Neither  ( 
On  the  con 
tile  j)ubiic, 
and  politic 
tlie  latter  hi 
lii'ing  dimin 
was  5*.  the 
Ions.    Duri 
brandy  and 
2.700;000  R 
creased  to  Ij 
while  the  qu 
tlien  the  eon 
moment,  the 
Nothing,  the 
proved  by  th( 
I'y  reducing 
British  spirit 
•■^nd  where  is 
on  brandy  ec 
decisive  as  to 
taking  a  half 
similar  reduc 
i^muggling  ai 
very  greatly  » 
but  indirectly 
But  tho  ell 
ordinary.     Al 
wine  gallon, 
gallons,  prodii 
duties.    The 
than  doubled, 


BRANDY. 


237 


tlie  3  years  cniling  with  1789,  and  the  14  ycurn  ending  with  1828. — {Enquvte  sur  ks 
Fera,  p.  39.) 


Yean. 

17H7 

I7*J 
IHIS 


Hectolitm.'  Venn. 
3(l.'i,(W  I  1817 
aUl.lim  I  IHIH 
S3t,3UO  {  18 It) 

lf)t,lfi()  isai 
137,3118  I  1828 


lleru.litm. 

Yairs. 

lil,(W7 

I^'i3 

'.'!•.  ina 

ivil 

231,«,VJ 

18-^5 

'ri3.3l!l 

18!2(( 

IM.IOH 

1827 

23(1,180 

IH-iS 

Ili'clolitnf. 

3ll),U5U 

317,317 

a3(t,l»37 

IIM.IIO 

a73,.'>74 

403,207 


Wliich,  iiH  till!  hfctolitrt!  is  pqual  to  2I)'42  winr  tiallonH.HlinwH  that  tliuoxportatlonhi  1638  was  equiva- 
lent to  10,222,728  gullunti ;  l)Ut  it  iuiHHiiicti  ducliiii'd  ooiisideriilily. 

Duties  on  lirundif  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Quantities  consumed. — In  nothing, 
])<>rhiipfl,  hnn  the  injurious  operation  of  oppressive  duties  lieen  ho  strikingly  exemplified  as  in 
the  cam  of  brandy.  At  tht-  latter  end  of  the  1 7th  century,  when  the  duty  on  brandy  did 
not  exceed  9/.  a  tun,  the  imports  into  England  amounted  to  about  0,000  tuns,  or  l,Bl'i,000 
(rallons — (Historical  and  I'lilitical  Heinar/cs  on  t/iv  Tariff  of  t lie  late  Treulif,  1786,  p.  113.)  ; 
whereas  at  present,  notwithstanding  our  vast  increase  in  wealtli  and  imputation  since  the 
priod  referred  to,  we  do  not  iiniiort  more  brandy  than  we  did  then  !  Nor  is  this  extraordi- 
nary circumstance  to  be  ascribed  to  any  preference  on  the  part  of  tlic  pulilic  to  other  beve- 
rau'cs,  but  is  wholly  owing  to  the  exorbitant  duties  with  which  brandy  is  loaded.  The  price 
of  brandy  in  bond  varies,  at  this  moment,  according  to  ([uality,  from  'is.  to  .")«.  a  gallon 
(Iinp'rial  measure),  while  the  duty  is  no  less  than  'i'Zs.  (id.  Had  tlie  imposition  of  such  a 
duty  taken  away  the  taste  for  brandy,  it  would  have  been  comparatively  iimocuous.  Hut  it 
has  done  no  such  thing.  Its  only  elli-ct  has  been  to  convert  a  trade,  that  might  otherwise 
have  been  ])ro(luclivo  of  the  most  advantageous  results,  into  a  most  prolific  source  of  crime 
and  demoralisation.  The  temptation  to  snuiggle,  occasioned  by  the  exorbitancy  of  the  duty, 
is  too  overpowering  to  be  counteracted  by  the  utuiost  penalties  of  the  law.  All  along  the 
c^ast  of  Kent  and  Sussex,  and  the  districts  most  favourably  situated  for  runnini^  fipirils, 
almost  the  whole  of  the  labouring  population  are  every  now  and  then  vvllhdrawn  from  their 
ordinary  employments,  to  engage  in  siiuiuislinir  adventures.  The  etVorts  of  the  revenue 
odU'crs  to  seize  foreign  brandy  and  geneva  have  in  iununu'rable  iustanees  been  repelled  by 
force.  Bloody  and  desperate  contests  have,  in  consequence,  taken  place.  Many  individuals, 
who,  but  for  this  fiscal  scourge,  would  have  been  industrious  and  virtuous,  have  become 
idle,  predatory,  and  ferocious ;  they  have  learned  to  des|)ise  l\w  law,  to  execute  summary 
vengeance  on  its  ofliccrs ;  and  are  iiitluenced  by  a  spirit  that  has  been,  and  may  be,  turned 
to  the  most  dangerous  purposes. 

Neither  can  it  Iw  truly  said  that  tliis  miserable  system  is  upheld  for  the  sake  of  revenue. 
On  the  contrary,  it  is  easy  to  show  that,  besides  the  other  mischievous  eflects  it  entails  on 
tlio  public,  it  occasions  the  lo-ss  of  at  least  1,000,000/.  a  year.  In  1786,  Mr.  Pitt,  by  a  wist> 
and  politic  measure,  took  50  per  cent,  from  tiie  ilnty  on  brandy  and  geneva ;  (the  duty  on 
tlie  latter  has  been  for  a  lengthened  period  the  same  as  that  on  brandy ;)  and  instead  of 
beiug  diminished,  the  revenue  was  increased.  In  1790,  when  the  duty  on  brandy  and  geneva 
was  1)4'.  the  wine  gallon,  tlie  quantity  retained  for  home  consumption  was  2,2iJr),.'')90  gal- 
lons. During  the  3  years  ending  with  1803,  when  the  duty  was  9,v.  2^/.,  the  (juantities  of 
brandy  and  geneva  retained  for  home  consuini)tion  amounted,  at  an  average,  to  about 
2,700,000  gallons;  but  during  the  3  years  ending  with  1818,  wlien  the  duty  bad  been  in- 
creased to  18.S".  10^.  the  wine  gallon,  the  ([uantities  retained  did  not  exceed  850,000  gallons, 
while  the  quantities  actually  entered  for  home  consumption  were  considerably  less  !  Since 
then  the  consumption  has  increitsed  with  the  increasing  wealth  of  the  country ;  but  at  this 
moment,  the  (juantity  consumed  in  Great  Dritain  is  fully  03.'3,000  gallons  less  than  in  1790  I 
Nothing,  therefore,  can  be  more  palpably  erroneous  than  to  contend  tliat  the  revenue  is  im- 
proved by  the  jiresent  system.  Ilave  we  not  seen  the  revenue  derived  from  coll'ee  trebled 
[ly  reducing  the  duty  from  Is.  Id.  to  Gd. !  Have  we  not  seen  the  revenue  derived  from 
British  spirits  greatly  increased,  by  reducing  the  duty  from  SSs.  Ctd.  to  2,?.  the  wine  gallon  ■? 
And  where  is  the  ground  for  supposing  that  the  result  would  be  dilVerent,  were  the  duties 
on  brandy  equally  reduced]  But  the  experience  allbrded  by  Mr.  Pitt's  measure  in  1786,  is 
■iecisive  as  to  this  point.  He  quadru[)led  the  consumption  and  increased  the  revenue,  by 
taking  a  half  from  the  duty  when  it  was  a  good  deal  less  oppressive  than  nuw.  Were  a 
similar  reduction  made  at  present,  does  any  one  doubt  that  a  similar  result  would  follow  ! 
Smuggling  and  adulteration  vvouKl  immediately  cease ;  our  trade  with  France  would  be 
very  greatly  extended  ;  and  the  revenue  would  gain,  not  merely  by  adiiect  increase  of  duty, 
but  indirectly  by  a  very  great  diminution  of  the  expense  of  collection. 

But  the  ellcct  of  the  increase  of  the  duties  on  brandy  in  Irelund  has  been  still  more  extra- 
ordinary. At  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1802.  when  the  duty  was  7s.  3|rf.  the 
wine  gallon,  the  average  annual  consumption  of  brandy  in  Ireland  amounted  to  208,064 
gallons,  producing  a  nett  revenue  of  77,714/.  Now,  n'.ark  the  consequence  of  trebling  the 
duties.  The  consumption  during  the  last  2  years,  notwithstanding  the  population  is  more 
than  doubled,  only  amounted,  at  an  average,  to  20, 1 99  gallons,  producing  about  22,500/.  a 


i.w     ,i-: 


238 


BRANDY. 


i' 


'^■•J 


1 


year  revpnuc  .  Dr.  Swift  hai  Bhrowdly  rcmiirkfd,  that  in  tho  arithmrtic  of  the  customB  two 
and  two  do  not  aiwiiys  make  four,  but  HonuliiDCH  only  one.  Hut  hero  wo  have  throrfold 
dutifH,  with  little  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  thu  ruvenuo,  and  Icm  than  a  tenth  part  of  tho 
couHuniption ! 

It  is  Hurely  iniposHihIo  that  »uch  a  syntrm — a  system  cvincini;  in  every  part  a  degree  of 
ignorant  rapacity,  to  \hi  paralleled  only  l>y  that  of  the  HavnRes,  who  to  get  at  tho  fruit  cut 
down  the  tree — shoulil  be  perinitled  for  a  nuuh  loni;er  period  to  diHgracc  our  tiseal  code. 
Those  only  who  are  anxious  for  the  continuance  of  Hnni^pcling,  with  all  its  con8C(]uent  crime 
luid  misery,  can  be  hostile  to  a  reduction  of  tho  duty  on  brandy.  By  fixing  it  at  10s.  tho 
gallon,  neitlier  the  consumption  of  Uritish  Hi)iritH  nor  rum  would  be  sensibly  atFectcd.  Tho 
middle  classes  would,  however,  be  al>le  to  use  brandy,  on  occasions  when,  perhaps,  at  pre- 
sent, they  use  nothing;  its  clandestine  importation  woidd  bo  prevented ;  those  engaged  in 
smuggling  would  be  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  industrious  pursuits,  and  the  manufacture 
of  the  abominable  compounds,  that  are  now  so  frequently  sulistituted  in  its  stead,  would  bo 
put  an  end  to.  It  is  not  easy,  indeed,  to  suggest  any  measure  that  would  be  productive  of 
BO  nmch  advantage,  and  be  attended  with  fewer  inconveniences. 

Hr)riilnli(iii.i  as  to  Imporl  itinns,  iVc— Hriiiiily,  (.'I'linva.  uiiil  ollipr  fori'igii  spirilH,  iiillHl  tic  iinpnrlcd.  If 
iiHiiHks,  in  ciixkH  containini;  iml  Icssillmii  10  (.'iilldiiH.iiiKlri  |ii'imlly  ot'lnrfi'iinri'. — (;<&4  II ill. 4.  c.S2.) 
'I'lii'V  must  iilxii  III!  iiii|iiirlL'(l  in  hIOim  of  TO  tuns  liiirilrii  nr  ii|ivMirilH,  iiiiil  are  not  to  lii<  I'XiKirti'd  troni  ii 
lidiiiliMl  wari'liiMisc  ('.xccpt  ilia  vi'Hhi'I  i<(  liki?  IdiiiiaL'i',  iiikIit  pain  ol'  t'orfi'iliiri'. —  (lliiil.) 

Itriiiiily  is  licit  III  111!  iiiipurlril  except  in  Jlrilisli  ships,  or  in  ships  of  the  eonntry  or  pliire  of  wliicli  it 
is  the  priiiliirt,  or  from  wlili'li  it  is  imported,  on  pain  of  tiirfeitiire  thereof,  and  100/.  Iiy  the  innster  of 
the  ship— (JiSl  1  nUl.  4.  c.  51.) 

Jlramly  may  he  exported  to  Mexico,  (^hili,  or  I'erii,  in  casks  containing  not  less  than  IS  gallons 
encli.— ("VVra'f.  Onl.  ITtli.  of  Deceniher,  1N.J".) 

Hranily  and  (.'eiievii  nmy  lie  liottled  in  hondeil  warehouses,  for  exportation  to  liritiali  poSHessionB  in 
the  Mast  Indies,  under  the  same  coinlitioiis  as  wine  anil  rniii.— (See  SeudTs.) 

In  most  of  the  piihlic  accounts,  the  imports  of  hranils  and  neneva  are  hlended  together.  It  wonlil 
appear,  too,  from  the  note  to  llio  followiiiuacroiiMt,  that  there  are  no  means  of  accurately  distiiiLMiisli- 
iii);  them,  except  since  IMit,  The  reader  will  linil,  intlie  article  SeitilTs,  an  accoimt  of  the  ipiantities 
of  hrandy  and  ueneva  entered  for  home  consumption,  iiid  the  rates  of  duty  upon  lhi!in,  in  each  year 
since  17^1).  The  following  account  hIiowb  tliu  consumption  of  hraiidy,  and  rates  of  iliity  on  it,  sinct: 
ISl  I  :- 

An  Accnnnt  of  the  Number  of  Oallnns  (Imperial  Measure)  of  Foreign  Ilrnndy  entered  for  Homo 
Consumption  in  Great  llritaiu  and  Irelaml,  the  Itates  of  Duty  atfectiii'.'  the  same,  and  the  entiru 
lU'tl  Produce  of  the  Duty,  each  Year  since  Inl4.— (Ohtained  from  the  Custoiu-house.) 


Vcars. 

(JuanlitU'8  eiitereJ  for  Home 
Cniisuni|i(iaii. 

Neie  I'nx 

uc 

'  nf  Du'y  (Custnnu  ami  Eicisri. 

lilti's  of  t)uty 

|)»*r  Iniporlal 

Cill'in  ((.'UNlnina 

aii<]  f.xciM'). 

Vnited 

t'llilltl 

Gl.  Rrilaiii. 

Ireland. 

KiDgJoni. 

Gniit  Britain. 

IrelaniJ. 

Kill^iloMI. 

Ot.  Tlril. 

Iri-bifl. 

Imp.  iTdl. 

Imp.  f:ftl. 

Imp.  gal. 

/,.      ,   «. 

ll. 

/,.       .. 

(/. 

A. 

(/. 

/..   .t.      d 

/..   >.      d. 

ISM 

rmirm 

7.1  fill 

507.761 

.581.050     1 

1 

(i,0|8  12 

4 

587,074  13 

5 

1    3    03 

0  17     3J 

181,') 

(Mi^sris 

5,l(!0 

fiOl.715 

740.747  12 

1 

4,702     0 

1 

745,440  18 

2 

ism 

f>.">7,(Mi'J 

.5,275 

0(i2..').')7 

742..101     8 

0 

4.124  10 

5 

710,420    7 

5 

— 



I'*!: 

(1.11.017 

.S.S75 

fi37.S'.)2 

710.731     0 

(1 

3.218     .J 

4 

7I0.0S2    4 

10 

— 



ISlS 

■Kti.riW 

().2,'J2 

5.17,815 

.500..58I)     0 

1 

5.287  10 

1 

CiOl.hTS  10 

5 

— 



IMK) 

7(>7.4*2 

7.(1^0 

7'.ll..502 

8',((),008   10 

,s 

0,000  17 

10 

8!Ki,1.50  17 

(i 

1    2    7i 



1 '''■>() 

KI2.Mi1 

ti,(l25 

818,880 

050.275  10 

0 

,5.210    8 

(i 

001,405     5 

3 



iNii 

iHl.tWll 

().()()  1 

()20,(i31 

1,031..127  17 

0 

5.171  10 

2 

1,030,.501   10 

2 

— 



i>-ii 

l,noi,(i07 

"..IDS 

1,008.015 

1,1.12,410     3 

5 

0.114     1 

10 

1,1.18.8,10    5 

3 

— 



Ihi'i 

i.os.'i.ini 

17,118 

1,100,222 

1,22.5,481    10 

i 

11.330     1 

8 

l,2.10.t<l2     1 

3 

— 

1    2    8 

IS'Jl 

1.22(1.715 

!)S4 

1.227.00!) 

1,387.201     2 

8 

1.207     0 

8 

1..188,4I1    12 

I 

— 

IviS 

l.:t21..127 

3.550 

1..12 1.877 

1,4><0,708  11 

1 

4.177    3 

0 

1,40.1,015  15 

1 

— 



l>'2(i 

I,l7.t,2l3 

7.371 

l,480,(iH 

1,0,10,400     0 

( 

8.307  15 

3 

1,404.81.17     1 

10 

1    2    0 

1    2    0 

1^27 

L.-jiiun 

7.271 

1.320,488 

I,47l,.50l    12 

4 

8.2.12     5 

0 

1.470,7.11  17 

4 

lv>^ 

l..T27.it2!t 

7,55(i 

1,. 1.15.48) 

1,400.701    4 

2 

8.020  10  l(t 

1,400,423    4 

0 

— 



l^iO 

K.-iO  1.150 

8,52it 

1.. 100, 070 

l,400,7(i4  17 

0 

0.080  17 

8 

1.470,451   15 

2 

— 

1 

l^.iO 

(See  note 

below.) 

l,285,iKi7 

— 

— 

1,443,018     5 

8 

— 

-      1 

isni 

1 .22(i,--'S0 

8,^-21 

1,2.15.101 

1.178.244     0 

0 

0.<I23    0 

0 

1,38"!, 100    0 

0 

1^3-2 

1.570,(175 

.?  1.577 

1,001,052 

l,7(i.5.hK9    0 

0 

3.5,511     0 

0 

1,801,400    0 

0 



JVllte.—^n  consefpience  of  the  destruction  of  llie  ollicial  records  by  tire,  no  separate  account  can  be 
renilered  of  the  coiiduniptinn  of  brandy  and  geneva,  or  the  reviriiue  derived  tlierefroiu,  for  the  years 
prior  to  l'>14. 

The  trade  accounts  of  Crent  Ilritain  and  Ireland  having  been  incorporated  during  1830,  the  particu- 
lars fur  that  year  are  stated  for  the  United  Kingdom  only. 

[By  the  act  of  March  2d  1827,  it  was  enacted 

J  1.  That,  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  lir;inily  may  be  imported  into  tlie  United  States,  in 
casks  of  a  capacity  not  less  than  15  gallons,  any  tliini.'  iii  any  law  to  the  contrary  notwitlistanding: 
Pnirideil,  hinrerer.  thai  all  the  provisions  of  exislinu'  laws,  not  inconsistent  with  this  act.  relating  to 
the  importation  of  foreign  spirits,  be  complied  willi :  Jliid  pruriiled  fiirlliir.  That  all  lirandy,  imported 
in  casks  of  a  capacity  less  than  ninety  gallons,  shall  be  deposited,  at  llie  expense  and  risk  n(  tlie  im- 
porter, in  such  public  or  other  warehouses,  as  shall  he  designated  by  the  collector  or  surveyor,  for  the 
port  where  the  same  shall  be  landed,  and  shall  be  removed  therefrom  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  an 
act,  entitled  "An  act  providing  for  the  depo.site  of  wines  and  distilled  spirits  in  public  warehuilses, 
ami  for  other  purposes." 

i  2.  That  brandy,  imported  in  casks  of  a  rapacity  not  less  than  fifteen  gallons,  may  be  exported  for 
the  benefit  of  a  drawback  of  the  duties  which  shall  have  been  paid  thereon,  ami  the  exporter  or  ex- 


I 


t 


I 


HRASS— BllAZlL  WOOD. 


VJUO 


■fbivl. 


17 


d. 

33 


2    6 
2    0 


I  can  bi! 
u  years 

liarticu- 


Jatcs",  m 

Iitinil  to 
InpiirtiMl 
lllif  im- 
,  iVir  I  Iks 
Jil  by  iiii 

Irted  for 
■  or  ex- 


portcru  of  lirniiily  no  iiii)H)rti>il,  nliall  In-  (miiIiIi-iI  to  rcrclvi'  n  ili;licnliir(!  or  (Icln'iiliin's,  I'nr  tin-  amount 
of  micli  ilratvl>nrk,  nurrcalily  lo  tln'  rxiHliii);  lii\v>i ;  anil  nil  urtH  now  In  forrr  rrunlallnu  iIh'  rxjinrta- 
tion  of  KplrllK.  nnil  t\w  allowanri'  and  |i»ynii'iil  of  ilrmvliMckH  ami  I'.i'hiiitnrvii,  nliall  lie  liii-miil  ajipll- 
calili'  to  liramly,  the  tmpoitatioM  of  wliliii  U  pirmltti'il  liy  llilx  act." 

'I'liis  net  wiis  liiiiiti'il  iti  its  durution  to  tliriu?  yours ;  but  it  wa«  rcK^nnctiil  in  Fcliruary 
18;)0,  mid  is  Hlill  in  ibn-c. 

Sw  iirticle  Si-iniTs. — Am.  Ed.'] 

BKA8S  (Gcr.  Memiitf  ,■  Uu.  Mrsniiifr,  Misniiiij,  Ccelkoptr ;  Fr.  Citlvrrjaiine,  Laifaii  ; 
It.  Ottime  ;  S|).  Latwi,  Azofur  ,-  Kun.  Sikiitii  mjtd  ;  Lut.  Orichulcuiii,  Auricluilnmi)  is  a 
fiictitious  metal,  miulo  of  coiipor  and  zinc  in  certain  [iroportionn.  It  in  of  a  lioauliliil  yellow 
colour,  more  fusible  than  copper,  and  not  ho  apt  to  tarniHh.  It  is  malleable,  w>  ductile  that 
it  may  bo  drawn  out  into  wire,  and  is  much  tougher  than  copper.  lis  density  is  griuter  than 
the  mean  density  of  the  two  metals.  By  calculaliou  it  ought  to  be  7'f)3  nearly,  whereas  it  is 
actually  S-HD ;  so  that  its  density  is  increased  by  about  ono  tenth.  The  ancients  do  not  seem 
to  have  known  accurately  the  dilVerence  lietween  cofii^r,  brass,  and  bronze.  They  consider- 
ed brass  as  only  a  more  valuable  kind  of  cojiper,  and  therefore  used  the  word  ws  to  denote 
cither.  They  called  copper  rt'.t  ri/prltiin,  afterwards  ci/priuni ,-  and  this  in  process  of  time 
was  converted  into  cuprum.  Dr.  Watson  has  proved  that  it  was  to  brass  they  gave  the 
name  oi  orlchalcum.  Brass  is  malleable  when  cold,  uidess  the  pro])ortion  of  zinc  be  exces- 
sive ;  but  when  heated  it  In-comes  brittle.  It  may  bo  readily  turned  upon  the  lathe  ;  and, 
indeed,  works  more  kindly  than  luiy  other  metal. 

There  is  a  vast  variety  in  the  proportion  of  the  diflereiit  species  of  brass  used  in  com- 
merce ;  nor  is  it  easy  to  determine  whether  the  perfection  of  this  alloy  de|)ends  on  any  cer- 
tain proportions  of  the  two  metals.  In  general,  the  extremes  of  the  highest  and  lowest  pro- 
portions of  zinc  are  from  12  to  2.5  parts  in  the  100.  In  some  of  the  British  manufactories, 
tiie  brass  made  contains  one  third  its  weight  of  zinc.  In  Germany  and  iSweden  the  propor- 
tion of  zinc  varies  from  one  fifth  to  one  fourth  of  the  coj)per.  The  ductility  of  brass  is  not 
injured  when  the  proportion  of  zinc  is  highest.  This  metal  is  nuich  used  in  the  escapement 
wheels,  and  other  nicer  parts  of  watch-making :  and  bars  of  brass,  very  carefully  made,  fetch 
for  this  purpose  a  high  price. 

The  us«'  of  brass  is  of  very  considerable  antiquity.  Most  of  the  ancient  genuine  relics 
are  composed  of  various  mixtures  of  brass  with  tin  and  other  metals,  and  are  rather  to  bo 
denominated  bronze.  The  best  proportion  for  brass  guns  is  said  to  be  1,000  lbs.  of  copper, 
990  lbs.  of  tin,  and  600  lbs.  of  brass,  in  11  or  1 2  cwt.  of  metal.  The  best  brass  guns  are 
made  of  malleable  metal,  not  of  pure  copper  and  zinc  alone ;  but  worse  metals  are  vised  to 
make  it  run  closer  and  sounder,  as  lead  and  pot-metal. — ( Thomsotis  Chemistry,  Eiicyc. 
Brifunnica,  ^c.) 

BRAZILETTO,  an  inferior  species  of  Brazil  wood  brought  from  Jamaica.  It  is  one  of 
the  cheapest  and  least  esteemed  of  the  red  dye  woods. 

BRAZIL  NUTS,  or  Chcsnufs  of  Hrazil,  the  fruit  of  the  Juvia  (Ikrt/inlktin  exceka), 
a  majestic  tree  growing  to  the  height  of  100  or  120  feet,  abounding  on  the  banks  of  the 
Orinoco,  and  in  the  northern  [mrts  of  Brazil.  The  nuts  are  triangular,  having  a  cuneiform 
appearance,  with  sutures  at  each  of  the  angles ;  the  shell  is  rough  and  hard,  and  of  a  brown- 
ish ash  colour.  The  kernel  resembles  that  of  an  almond,  but  is  larger,  and  tastes  more  like  a 
common  hazel  nut ;  it  contains  a  great  deal  of  oil,  tiiat  may  be  obtained  l>y  expression  or 
otherwise.  These  nuts  do  not  grow  separately,  or  in  clusters,  but  are  contained,  to  the  num- 
ber of  from  15  to  50  or  more,*  in  great  ligneous  pericarps  or  outer  siiells,  generally  of  the 
size  of  a  child's  head.  This  outer  shell  is  very  hard  and  strong,  so  that  it  is  rather  ditlicult 
to  get  at  the  nuts,  which  are  closely  packed  in  cells  inside.  The  natives  are  particularly 
fond  of  this  fruit,  and  celebrote  the  harvest  of  the  juvia  with  rejoicings  ;  it  is  also  very  much 
esteemed  in  Europe,  'i'ho  nuts  brought  to  this  country  and  the  Continent  are  chiefly  ex- 
ported from  Para,  and  form  an  article  of  considerable  commercial  importance. — {HumboldCs 
Pvrit.  Nnr.  vol.  v.  p.  538.  Eng.  trans.) 

BRAZIL  WOOD  (Fr.  Bois  de  lircxn ;  Gcr.  Bra.iiticiiholz ;  Du.  BrasiUenhmit ;  It. 
Legiw  del Bras'de,  Verzino ;  Sp.  Miiderdde/ Brcsil ,-  I'ott  Peui  Briwil).  It  has  been  com- 
monly supposed  that  this  wood  derived  its  name  from  the  country  in  which  it  is  principally 
[)roduced.  But  Dr.  Bancroft  has  conclusively  shown  that  woods  yielding  a  rid di/e  were 
called  Brazil  woods  long  previously  to  the  discovery  of  America ;  and  that  the  early  voyagers 
gave  the  name  of  Brazil  to  thot  part  of  that  continent  to  which  it  is  still  ap|)licd  from  their 
having  ascertained  that  it  abounded  in  such  woods. — (See  the  learned  and  excellent  work, 
Pliilosop/iy  of  Colours,  vol.  ii.  pp.  316 — 321.) 

It  is  found  ia  tlio  greatest  abundance,  and  is  of  llip  best  quality,  in  the  province  of  Pernanibnro, 
where  it  is  called  /'an  rfa  rain/m,  or  (Queen's  wood  ;  but  it  is  also  found  in  many  othrr  parts  of  the 
Wcalern  Ilvmisphere.  The  tree  is  larfie,  crooked,  and  knotty  :  the  leaves  are  of  a  beautiful  red,  and 
tixliule  an  agreeable  odour.    Its  botanical  name  is  Cusalpinia  Brnsilclti) ;  but  it  is  called  by  tliu  ua- 

*  IluniboUlt  says  he  had  most  frequently  found  from  15  to  22  nuts  in  each  pericarp;  but  l)e  I.aet, 
will)  gave  the  first  and  most  accurate  descriplion  ol'  lliis  fruit,  says  that  llu?  pericarp  is  divulud  into 
six  cunipartniunt8,eacli  of  which  encloses  from  H  to  12  nuts. — (See  JiumbuU  ia  Uc.  at.) 


•1 


'  ll 


V 


■,  ! 


340 


imiuD. 


I 


'     » 


:^'l 


tivi>«  ihirinllutiffii.  Ni)lwithKtiiiiilinff  It*  .'i|i|ifiruii(  liiilk,  thi>  linrk  In  «n  Uiirk,  thni  n  lri<i>  no  liirffi'  no  a 
iiDiirH  lioiiy  wllh  tile  Imrk,  will  iint  lie  no  iIiIi  k  tm  llii'  Iru  wlirn  pi'i'li'il  Whi'ii  nil  Into  rlil|m,  li  |o4i-h 
till'  |i;ili'  I'lilciiir  It  lii'rnri-  hinl,  iliiil  hi'niiiii-'  ml  :  iind  ulii'ii  rln'wcil,  hii<i  a  nwccI  timli-.  It  In  iihciI  fur 
varliiiiN  |Mir|iiMi>i(  liy  •'iil'iiicl-iiiiiki'rH,  iiinl  inliiiils  nl' ii  lii'iMiuriil  viiriilHh  -  tint  ilx  prinri|iiil  iim'  In  In 
ilvi'liiir  ml  ;  mill  tlu'itik'h  llii-niloiir  U  liililc  linln  ly,  yi't,  liy  iiii.xliiu  wllli  it  iiliiiii  iiiiil  liirliir.lt  Ih  I'nHlly 
iiiiiili'  iirriiiaiii'iil  ;  tlirnUK  iilitii  iiiaili- nt' it,  liy  iin'iiiiii  nl' nriiln,  ii  Hurt  oC  ll(|iilil  luki'  nr  ('iiriiijiic,  fur 
piiliitiii:;  III  iiiliiialiir)'. 

Ilra/.il  tviiDil  liiiH  lini'ii  fur  many  ycnri'  |iai>t  ii  royal  iiinMiipoly :  ilK  rximrtallnn,  fxrcjit  iin  nrniiint  nf 
piivi'miiii'iil,  liriiiK  iiriilillilli'ij  iiiiili'r  tlir  Hi'Vcri'Ht  iirnallirH.     OwiiiK  In  tlir  liii|ir<>viili'nt   iiianiii'r  In 

wliiili  it  liaN  I II  lilt  iluwii  liy  till"  iti'viriiiiiriit  atfi'iiiH,  it  In  now  rarrly  I'oiiiiil  wiililii  Hrvcral  IcaunrK 

of  till'  rouHt.  IniU'i'il,  u'l'  iiri'  antfiiri'il  tint  many  of  tlii'  pliiiili'rK  liavi!  iirivalcly  riil  ilowii  tln^  tn-cH  nn 
llii'ir  I'stali'H,  anil  iimi'iI  tlif  tlmlii'r  an  tiri'-Nvooil.  that  tlii-y  iiiiulit  not  i>\|ioni'  tlii-iiiHi'lvi'M  to  aniioyaiiro 
Iroiii  till'  arhitrary  ami  vi'Milionn  prori'iihiiL's  of  IIu'hii  fiim'tioiiarlrH.  I'lin  ipiaiitlly  of  llra/.il  woiiil 
lliiportnl  Into  lliiH  I'liiinlry  is  hut  iiiioniiiliralili'.  Itx  prii'c  In  llir  l.omloii  iiiarki't,  PviliiHivo  of  llin 
iliilv  (2/.  jiiT  ton),  viirii'i  from  I'lH/.  to  "lO/,  p.'r  Ion.— (/>r.  Rnnrrnfl  in  lor.  cit.  Kiinjc.  Melrup.  Mmlern 
Tniri'llrr,  vol.  .\.\i.\.  p.  bl. ;  Milte  Hrini,  vol.  v,  p.  .VW.  Knit.  (^il.  \c.) 

BREAD,  tln3  priiicipiil  article  in  the  t'ooil  of  inoxt  civiliHoJ  nntioim,  roiiHistH  of  o  piiMto  or 
doiii;h  forniotl  of  the  Hour  or  inenl  of  liilU'reitt  HortH  of  urniii  mix«l  with  vviittT,  iitni  biikwl. 
When  Htiilo  dounh  or  yf'wt  is  adilcil  to  tho  fn-nh  dougli,  to  tiiiiitc  it  swell,  it  itt  baid  to  Ixt 
kavenrd  ,•  when  nothing  of  \\\\a  Hort  is  iidded,  it  is  said  to  be  unkimnciL 

1.  lUntitrlcal  Sliitcli  of  lirtitil. — The  PrCHident  do  GoRuet  liiw  endeuvourod,  with  his 
usual  saRacity  and  learning,  to  traee  the  Hiieeertsivo  hteps  liy  whieh  it  is  probalile  men  were 
led  to  (iiseover  the  art  of  making  bread — (Oriifin  of  Lawn,  <^r.  vol.  i.  pp.  !I5 — 10.5.  Eng. 
trans.) ;  Imt  nothing  positive  is  known  on  tiic  subject.  It  is  certain,  however,  from  tho  state- 
ments in  the  sacred  writings,  that  the  use  of  uiiieiivened  iiread  was  comiiion  in  tho  days  of 
Abraham — (^e/i.  xviii.  8.)  ;  and  that  leavened  bread  was  used  in  the  time  of  Moses,  tor  lie 
prohibits  eating  the  Paschal  lamb  with  such  bread. — {Exod,  .\ii.  l.").)  'I'he  (Jret-ks  affirmed 
that  Pan  had  instructed  them  in  tlic  nit  of  making  bread  ;  but  they,  no  doubt,  wero  indebted 
for  this  art,  as  well  as  for  their  knowledge  of  agriculture,  to  the  Egyptians  and  I'litnicians, 
who  had  early  settled  in  their  country.  The  method  of  grinding  corn  by  hand  mills  was 
practised  in  Egypt  and  Greece  from  a  very  remote  epoeli ;  but  for  u  lengtheneil  period  tho 
Romans  had  no  other  method  of  making  flour,  than  by  Iteating  roasted  corn  in  mortars. 
The  Macedonian  war  helped  to  make  the  Romans  aciiuainted  with  the  arts  anil  refmementa 
of  Greece ;  and  Pliny  mentions,  that  public  iiakers  were  then,  for  the  first  time,  eiitablisht'd 
in  Rome — (///'.t/.  Nat.  lib.  xviii.  c.  II.).  The  conquests  of  the  Romans  dillused,  amongst 
many  other  useful  discoveries,  a  knowleilge  of  tho  art  of  preparing  bread,  as  practised  in  Rome, 
through  the  whole  south  of  Europe. 

Tho  use  of  yeast  in  the  raising  of  bread  seems,  liowcver,  from  a  passage  of  Pliny  (lib.  xviiL 
c.  7.),  to  have  been  practised  by  the  Germans  and  (Sauls  before  it  was  practised  by  tlii^ 
Romans;  the  latter,  like  the  Greeks,  having  leavened  their  bread  by  intermixing  the  fresh 
dough  with  that  which  had  become  stale.  The  Roman  practice  seems  to  have  suiwrseded 
that  which  was  previously  in  u.sc  in  France  and  Spain  ;  for  the  art  of  raising  bread  by  an  ad- 
mixture of  yeast  was  not  practised  in  France  in  modern  times,  till  towards  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  It  deserves  to  be  mentioned,  that  though  the  bread  made  in  this  way 
was  decidedly  superior  to  that  previously  in  use,  it  was  declared,  by  the  faculty  of  ineilirinn 
in  Paris,  to  be  prejudicial  to  health ;  and  the  use  of  yeast  was  proliibited  utider  tlie  severest 
penalties  !  Luckily,  however,  the  taste  of  the  public  concurring  with  the  interest  of  the  bakers, 
proved  too  powerful  for  these  absurd  regulations,  which  fell  gradually  into  disuse  ;  and  yeast 
has  long  been,  almost  every  where,  used  in  preference  to  any  thing  else  in  the  manufacture 
of  bread,  to  the  wholesomeness  and  excellence  of  which  it  has  not  u  little  contributed. 

Tho  species  of  bread  in  common  use  in  the  country  depends  partly  on  the  taste  of  the 
inhabitants,  but  more  on  the  sort  of  grain  suitable  for  its  soil.  But  the  superiority  of  wheat 
to  all  other  farinaceous  plants  in  the  manufacture  of  breail  is  so  very  great,  that  wherever  it 
is  easily  and  successfully  cultivated,  wheateii  bread  is  used,  to  the  nearly  total  exclusion  of 
most  others.  Where,  however,  the  soil  or  climate  is  less  favourable  to  its  growth,  rye,  oats, 
&c.  arc  used  in  its  stead.  A  very  great  change  for  the  better  has,  in,  this  respect,  taken 
place  in  Great  Britain  within  the  last  century.  It  is  mentioned  by  Harrison,  in  his  descrip- 
tion of  England  (p.  168.),  that  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,  the  gentry  had  wheat  sufficient 
for  their  own  tables,  but  that  their  /wnne/told  and  poor  neighbours  were  usually  obliged  to 
content  themselves  with  rye,  barley,  and  oats.  It  appears  from  the  householil  book  of  Sir 
Eilward  Coke,  that  in  1596,  rye  bread  and  oatmeal  formed  a  considerable  part  of  the  diet  of 
servants,  even  in  great  families,  in  the  southern  counties.  BarK>y  bread  is  stated  in  the 
•rrant  of  a  monopoly  by  Charles  I.,  in  1G26,  to  be  the  usual  food  of  the  ordinary  sort  of  peo- 
jile. — (iS'/>  F.  M,  Eden  on  the  Poor,  vol,  i.  p.  .561,)  At  the  Revolution,  the  wheat  produced 
ill  England  and  Wales  was  estimated  by  Mr.  King  and  Dr.  Davciiant  to  amount  to  1,7.50,000 
ijuarters. — (Davenant's  Wor/i-x,  vol.  ii.  p.  217.)  Mr.  Charles  Smith,  the  very  well  informed 
author  of  the  Tracts  on  the  Corn  Trade,  originally  published  in  1758,  states,  that  in  his  time 
wheat  had  become  much  more  generally  the  food  of  the  common  people  tlian  it  had  been  in 
1689;  but  he  adds  (2d  ed.  p.  182.  Lond.  1766.),  that  notwithstanding  this  increase,  soino 
very  intelligent  inquirers  were  of  opinion  that  even  then  not  more  than  ftii/f  the  people  of 
England  fed  on  wheat.     Mr.  Smith's  own  esliinatc,  which  is  very  carefully  drawn  up,  is  a 


intRAD. 


241 


littlr  liiffhcr ;  for  takiiii;  tlii>  |io|iiil,ilii>ii  (if  Kimluiul  iiml  Wnltw,  in  17f!l),  at  (>,()0(),()(H),  hi; 
iUlipoHfd  that  ;j,7r)0,0(K>  were  (•oiimiiiiiitm  «i'  wht'at ;  7:il»,(l(l(t,  iif  liarli-y  ;  HMH.OdO,  of  ryo; 
and  fi'j;),()()(),  of  oiitH.  Mr.  Sinitli  further  kii|i|)(ihi'(I  that  tliry  iiiilividiiiilly  coiihiimii'iI,  tht> 
flrnt  f  lnHH.  I  tiiiarli'r  of  wheat;  tlie  mi  loml,  I  i|iiarler  ami  :i  liiiHheU  of  harley  ;  th<i  third,  1 
quarter  ami  I  luiNhel  of  rye;  mid  tlie  fourth,  'i  ijiiarters  and  7  liUNhelM  of  oats, 

Aliout  the  middle  of  last  century,  hardly  any  wheat  was  UHed  in  the  nurtheni  eountirx  of 
England.  In  i.'umiierlami,  the  priuripal  fnnilieH  uhciI  mdy  a  Hrnall  i|uantity  aliout  ('liriHt- 
uinM.  'I'lui  crust  of  theKi>i)se  |iie,  with  which  almost  evi'ry  lalile  in  the  county  is  then  hii|>- 
jilieil,  was,  itt  the  period  rcferreil  to,  almost  uniformly  tnude  of  barley  meal. — ( LJtn  tin  the 
I'oar,  vol.  1.  |).  .')(ii.) 

Kvery  one  knows  how  inajiplicalile  these  Htatomriits  uro  to  the  condition  of  the  people  of 
EiiLtlaud  at  the  present  time,  VVheaten  liread  ts  now  universully  made  use  of  in  towns  and 
villancH,  and  almost  every  where  in  the  country.  Uarley  is  no  longer  used,  except  in  tho 
dislillerics  and  in  hrevvmn ;  oats  are  employed  only  in  the  feeding:  o'  horses  ;  and  the  consump- 
tion of  rye  bread  is  comparatively  inconsidcralile.  TIk^  produce  of  the  wheat  crops  jiai* 
been,  at  the  very  least,  Inlilrd  since  17tiO.  And  if  to  this  iimuense  increase  in  the  supply 
of  wheat,  we  add  the  still  more  extraordinary  increase  in  the  supjily  of  butcher's  meat^— 
(nee  art.  Catilk),  the  fact  of  a  very  signal  improvement  having  taken  place  in  tin  condi- 
tion of  the  population,  in  respect  of  t'ood,  will  lie  olivions. 

But  Kreat  as  lias  been  the  improvement  in  the  condition  o^  tlie  people  of  Lngln  i  •  sinvo 
17fiO,  it  is  but  trillini?  compared  to  the  improvcnuMit  that  Icis  taken  olac.e,  mwvv  \m  h,.^i» 
pcrio<l,  in  the  condition  of  the  people  of  Scotland.  At  the  nu.idle  of  !,t'  centuiv,  S^'-otch  ,i-.i 
culture  was  in  the  most  depressed  slate;  the  tenants  were  distitnli  .i  i'  :i  of  ..npira.'  itiid  'iil!; 
green  crops  were  almost  wholly  unknown;  anil  the  (juantity  of  wheat  that  yhi)  (.u-eU  wn* 
quite  inconsideralilo.  A  Held  of  H  acres  sown  with  this  i^rain,  in  the  vi.  l:iity  of  liUin'ntrgh, 
in  1727,  was  reckoned  so  (;reat  a  curiosity  that  it  excited  the  att.Mitiou  >'i  du'i  whuk  (V-igb* 
bourhood! — {liolifrfnan's  Rural  Ricalkrlitttis,  \:,\H\1.)  Hut  even  so  I  lu  as  {•'e  ,\iiieri/au 
war,  the  wheat  raised  in  tho  Iiolhians  and  llcrwickshire  <lid  not  eyi'i'd  x  liiird  \)iirt  cfwhiit 
is  now  grown  in  them;  an<l  takini?  tin;  whole  country  at  an  u'/o.;  i."',  if.  '.riH  hi!  ft  mcjcrito 
estimate,  to  say  that  the  cultivation  of  wheat  has  increai'cd  -n  ii^linfaM  ,.roi  crtioi)  m\v:". 
178(1.  At  that  period  no  wheaten  bread  was  to  bo  met  with  ni  t'l  >•■  untry  pla.-e  :\]n\  \i\- 
lagcs  of  Scotland ;  iiuf  rakes  and  harlr)/  lianiiticks  boinp;  univi'isull"  made  use  <•,.  i.\if.  a{ 
present  the  case  is  widely  dilTercnt.  The  u|)i)pr  and  also  tho  middle  nud  )o'.\' :  olanm.-' ir* 
towns  and  villaufcs  use  only  wheaten  bread,  and  even  in  farndiou-,e!<  it  is  very  exioi.vively 
consumed.  There  is,  at  this  moment,  hardly  a  village  to  be  met  wid.,  Iiowcvr  lirui'.  J  its 
extent,  that  lias  not  a  public  baker. 

In  many  parts  of  England  it  is  the  custom  for  private  families  to  bakr.  'Iteir  ow;;  bread. 
This  is  particularly  the  case  in  Kent,  and  in  some  parts  of  Lancashire  In  IHOl,  tli'>ifi  wa^ 
not  asini,'le  |iublic  baker  in  Manchester;  and  their  number  is  still  wry  limned. 

2.  Jiriruliilioiin  an  to  the  Munufac/uir  nf  llninl. — OwiiiR  to  the  vasi  inviiorti'.ntc  of  tj'cad, 
its  manufacture  has  been  subjected  in  most  coiuitries  to  various  regulations,  somo  oi  ivhich 
have  had  a  beneficial  and  others  an  injurious  operation. 

a.  Assize  of  Hread. — From  the  year  l'JG(i,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  down  to  our  own 
days,  it  has  been  customary  to  regulate  the  pi  ice  at  w'licli  bread  should  be  sold  accorilinj,'  to 
the  price  of  wheat  or  (lour  at  the  time,  An  interference  of  this  sort  wa-'  f*>']i,>osed  to  be 
necessary,  to  prevent  that  monopoly  on  the  part  of  the  bakers  whiih  it  va.-;  I. '.ire J  'i.'pht 
otherwise  take  place.  But  it  is  needless,  perhaps,  to  say  that  this  appivlwnsion  was  of  the 
most  futile  description.  The  trade  of  a  baker  is  one  that  may  bo  easily  learned,  and  it 
reijuires  no  considerable  capital  to  carry  it  on ;  so  tliat  were  those  tu.^a-^eu  iii  I'lf, 'ivu-iness 
in  any  particular  town  to  attempt  to  force  up  prices  to  an  artificial  lievaiKa.the  c  )jib(n!»tioi. 
would  be  immediately  defeated  by  the  competition  of  others;  and  e'\'ii  iiougU  tluii  wore  not 
the  case,  th»^  facility  with  which  bread  may  be  baked  at  home  -v  ja)-.!  o'.  itsi  If  servo  lo  nullifv 
tiie  clforls  of  any  combination.  But  the  assize  regulaf'ons'  'verc  not  u.v'rely  useless  ;  they 
were  in  many  respects  exceedingly  injurious  :  they  reiulc  -  ■"  the  [iriti;  of  flour  a  matter  of 
comparative  inditVercnce  to  the  baker ;  and  they  o'  lig.  a  tiic  baker  who  used  the  finest  Hour, 
and  made  the  host  bread,  to  sell  at  tlic  banie  ra.  ■  ^",  tbosc  who  used  inferior  Hour,  and  whose 
bread  was  decidedly  of  a  worse  qualify.  But  these  considerations,  how  obvious  soever  they 
may  now  aiqiear,  were  for  a  long  tin«  entiieiy  overlooked.  According,  liowovor,  as  the  use 
of  wheaten  bread  was  t  xtended,  it  was  found  to  bo  impracticable  to  set  assizes  in  small  towns 
and  villages ;  and  notwithstanding  the  ftjwnoss  of  the  bakers  in  such  places  gave  them 
greater  facilities  for  combining  together,  the  j)rice  of  bread  was  almost  uniformly  lower  in 
them  than  in  places  where  assizes  were  set.  In  consequence,  partly  of  this  circumstance, 
but  still  more  of  the  increase  of  intelligence  as  to  such  matters,  the  practice  of  setting  an 
assize  was  gradually  relinquished  in  most  places;  and  in  1815  it  was  expressly  abolished, 
by  an  act  of  the  legislature  (55  Geo.  3.  c.  9!).),  in  London  and  its  environs.  In  other  places, 
though  the  power  to  set  an  assize  still  subsists,  it  is  seldom  acted  upon,  and  has  fallen  into 
comparative  disuse. 

Vol.  I— X  31 


o 

"C 
a 


i      t 


II 


*i- 


242 


BREMEN. 


I 


b.  Regulations  as  to  the  Wc!<rht,  and  In^redtcnfs  to  he  used  in  makhifr  Bread. — Accord- 
ing to  the  assize  acts,  a  sack  of  Hour  wci^liiiij^  280  lbs.  is  supposed  capable  of  being  baked 
into  80  (luartcrn  loaves ;  one  fifth  of  the  loaf  being  supposed  to  consist  of  water  and  salt, 
and  four  fifths  of  llo\ir.  But  the  numlior  of  loaves  that  may  be  made  from  a  sack  of  flour 
depends  entirely  on  its  goodness.  Good  flour  requires  more  water  than  bad  flour,  and  old 
flour  than  new  flour.  Sometimes  83,  83,  and  even  8G  loaves  have  been  made  from  a  sack 
of  flour,  and  sometimes  hardly  80. 

Under  the  assizn  acts,  bakers  are  restricted  to  bake  only  three  kinds  of  bread,  viz.  wheaten,  stand- 
ard wheaten,  and  hnnselinbl ;  the  tirsl  beiiie  iimde  (if  llie  linest  tlniir,  the  second  of  the  whole  flour 
mixed,  ami  tlie  third  of  the  courser  Hour.  '1  lie  Icmvi'.s  iire  dividcil  iiilo  peck,  lialf-peck,  and  <iiiarlern 
loaves  ;  the  lefjal  weight  of  each,  wlicii  li:ik(}(l,  lieiiig,  the  peck  lo:if  17  lbs.  ti  oz.,  the  lialf  peck  8  lbs. 
11  oz.,  and  the  quartern  I  lli.s.  .'ij  o/,.  iivoirdiipois. 

Now,  liowever,  it  is  enacted,  that  within  the  city  of  London,  and  in  those  places  in  the  country 
where  an  assize  is  not  set,  it  sliiill  be  lawl'iil  lor  the  bakers  to  make  an<l  sell  bread  made  of  wheat, 
barley,  rye,  oats,  buclMVheat,  Indian  corn,  peas,  lieiins,  rice,  or  potatoes,  or  any  of  them,  along  with 
common  salt,  pure  water,  eugs,  milk,  barm,  leaven,  pota'o  or  other  yeast,  and  mixed  in  suck  propor- 
tions as  they  shall  think  Jit.— (,  .i  Gen.  4.  c.  lOii.  ^  -2..  anil  1  i.  3  Gi-n.  4.  c.  .'iO.  H  2.) 

It  is  also  enacted,  by  the  same  statutes,  that  bakers  in  London,  and  in  the  country,  that  is,  in  all 
places  10  miles  from  the  Royal  ExclianL'i!  where  an  assize  is  not  set,  wii;/  make  and  sell  bread  of  such 
weight  and  size  as  they  thinti  fit,  any  law  or  assize  to  the  contrary  notwiihstandinc.  Hut  it  is  at  the 
saine  time  enacted,  that  such  bread  shall  always  be  sold  by  avoirdupois  weight  of  10  ounces  to  the 

Eoiind,  and  in  no  other  manner,  iiiiiler  a  penally  for  every  otfence  of  not  more  than  l(J.>-. ;  except, 
owever,  French  or  fancy  bread,  or  roll.s,  which  may  be  sold  wiilioiit  previously  wi'ighing  the  same. 

Bakers  or  sellers  of  liread  are  bound  to  have  lixed,  in  some  conspicuous  part  of  their  shop,  a  beam 
and  scales,  with  proper  weights  for  weighing  bread  ;  and  a  person  purcleising  bread  may  reiiuire  it  to 
be  weiL'hed  in  his  jiresence.  liakers  anil  others  seiuliiig  out  bread  in  carts,  are  to  supply  lliem  with 
beams,  sc.ib's,  &c.,  and  to  weigh  tlie  bread  if  reiiiilred,  under  a  penalty  of  not  more  than  5/. —  (3  Geo. 
4.  S.  lUli.  JH.) 

Bakers,  either  journey. nen  or  masters,  tisins  alum  or  any  other  unwholesome  ingredient,  and  con- 
victed on  their  own  cmifession,  or  on  the  oath  of  one  or  more  witiiessiis,  to  forfeit  not  exceeding  20/. 
and  not  less  than  .V.  if  beyond  the  environs  of  London,  and  not  exceeding  U)/.  nor  less  than  5/.  if 
within  Loiidcm  or  its  environs,  .liistices  are  allowed  to  puhlish  the  names  of  olFenders.  The  adul- 
teration of  meal  or  Hour  is  punishable  by  a  like  penally.  Loaves  made  of  any  othergraiii  than  wheat, 
without  the  city  and  its  liberties,  or  h(>yond  10  miles  of  the  lloyal  F.xchange,  tobe  marked  with  a  large 
Roman  M  ;  and  every  person  exposing  such  loaves  without  such  mark  shall  forfeit  not  more  than  40». 
nor  less  tlian  lO.--.  for  every  loaf  so  exposed. — (I  tc  '2  Gen.l.  c.  ,0(1.  JO.) 

Any  ingredient  or  mixture  I'ouiid  within  the  lioiise.  mill,  stall,  shop,  &c.  of  any  miller,  niealman,  or 
baker,  which  after  due  examination  shall  lie  ailjiid'.'i'd  to  have  been  placed  there  for  the  purpose  of 
adulteration,  shall  be  forfeited  ;  and  the  pcrsuii  within  whose  premises  it  is  foimd  punished,  if  within 
the  city  of  London  and  its  eiivinnis,  by  a  penalty  not  excec^ding  UU.  mir  less  than  40.«,  for  the  lirst 
ofTence, .')'.  for  the  second  olfiMice,  and  10/.  for  every  siihseipieiit  ollence. —  (:!  Gen.  4.  c.  100.  J  11.)  And 
if  willioiit  London  and  its  environ.",  the  party  in  whoso  house  or  prinnisea  ingredients  for  adulteration 
shall  be  found,  shall  forfeit  for  every  such  ollonce  not  leas  than  5/.  and  not  more  than  20/. — (1  &  2  Geo. 
4.  e.  C>.  J  8.) 

Bakers  in  London  and  its  environs  are  not  to  sell,  or  expose  to  sale,  any  bread,  rolls,  or  cakes,  nor 
bake  or  deliver  any  meat,  pmldiiig,  jiie,  tart,  or  victuals  of  any  sort,  on  (Sundays,  except  between  the 
hours  of  nine  in  the  niorniii!:  and  one  in  the  afteriioon.  under  jienalty  of  lO.s.  fir  the  lirst  ollence,  20i. 
for  tlie  si.'i'ond  oH<;iice,  and  Ws.  for  every  auliseipient  ollence.— (.')  Geo.  4.  c.  lOli.  $  10.) 

Bakers  in  the  country  are  proliiliited  from  selling,  &.c.  any  bread,  &c.,  or  baking  or  delivering  any 
meat,  &c.,  on  .Sundays,  any  time  after  half  past  1  o'clock  of  the  atteriiooii  of  that  day,  or  during  the 
time  of  divine  service,  iindiir  pc'iially  of  j.s-.  for  the  (irst  ollence,  lO.v.  for  the  second,  and  20s.  for  the 
third  and  every  siibseiiiient  otfence. — {M  Gen.  D.  c.  ."(i.  $  12.) 

There  iiro.  several  reL'ulations  in  tlm  acts  now  in  force  with  respect  to  the  sale,  &c.  of  bread  where 
an  assize  is  set ;  but  as  the  practice  of  selling  an  assize  is  nearly  relinquished,  it  seems  unnecessary 
to  recapitulate  them.  The  weight  of  the  assize  bread  has  already  been  mentioned,  and  the  principle 
on  which  its  price  is  fixed. 

Notwithstanding  tin'  prohibition  against  the  use  of  alum,  it  is  believed  to  be  very  generally  em- 
ployed, particularly  by  the  bakers  of  London. — "In  the  metropolis,"  says  Ur.  Thomson,  (Snppl.  to 
Encyc  lirit.,  ;irt.  Bakinir).  "where  the  goodness  of  bread  is  .'stimated  entirely  by  its  whiteness,  it  is 
usual  with  those  bakers  who  employ  Hour  of  an  inferior  (piality,  to  add  as  much  aliiin  as  coniiiioa 
salt  to  thcdoiiih;  or,  in  other  words,  the  quantity  of  salt  added  is  diniinished  a  half,  and  the  defi- 
ciency supplied  by  an  equal  weight  of  alum.  Tills  improves  the  look  of  the  bread,  rendering  it  much 
whiter  and  firmer. " 

There  are  believed  to  he  about  1,700  bakers  in  London,  Westminster,  &c.  The  trade  which  they 
carry  on  is  in  general  but  limited,  and  it  io  not  reckoned  u  very  advantageous  line  of  business. 

[Government  in  our  own  country,  too,  has  undertaken  to  regulate  the  quantity  and  quality 
of  a  loaf  of  bread.  There  is  a  law  in  Pennsylvania  inilicting  a  penalty  of  five  pounds  on  any 
baker  who  shall  m\\  up  or  adulterate  his  bread  with  any  impure  or  unwholesome  ingredient; 
and  he  is  obliged  to  make  his  loaves  of  a  certain  weight.  The  legislation  of  other  States  on 
the  .sulijnct  is  of  the  same  cliaracter. — Am.  Ed.] 

BREMEN,  one  of  the  free  Hanseatic  cities,  situated  on  the  river  Wcser,  about  50  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  ry.i°  ij'  N.,  long.  8°  48'  E.  Population  about  40,000.  Its  situation 
on  the  Weser  renders  Bremen  the  princi[ial  emporium  of  Hanover,  Brunswick,  nc.sse,and 
other  countries  traversed  by  that  river,  'i'he  charges  on  the  buying,  selling,  and  siiipping 
of  goods,  are  very  moderate.  The  principal  exports  are  linens,  grain,  oak  bark,  glass,  smalts, 
hams,  hides,  ra[)esced,  beef  and  pork,  rags,  wool  and  woollen  goods,  wine,  &c.  The  wheat 
an.l  barley  shipjied  here  are  mostly  very  inferior ;  but  the  oats  are  useful  common  feed ; 
beans  are  good.  The  linens  are  mostly  the  .same  as  those  from  Hamburgh.  The  imports 
consist  of  colFee,  sugar,  and  other  colonial  products ;  tobacco,  whale  oil,  iron,  rice,  hides, 
wines,  raw  cotton,  cotton  stulls  and  yarn,  earthenware,  brandy,  butter,  tar,  tea,  dyewoods, 
timber,  hemp,  &,c. 


Entre 

80Uth-V 

its  nioui 

side  wh 

and  nun 

schlussei 

intermit 

opposite 

nientg,  i 

nately  v 

Weser,  I 

day,  a  re 

7  lantern 

pelled  by 

side  of  tl 

Haven," 

and  thosi 

the  Sailin 

A  Staten 


Barilla 

Brandy 

Butter 

Coals 

Coffee 

Copper 

Copperas 

Cotton 

Currants 

Earl  hen  w 

Fustic 

Indigo 

Iron 

Linseed 

Hides 

Logwood 

Malioifuny 

Oil,  fireeiil 
-,  Newfo 

— ,  Norwe, 
,  Archil  11 
,  South  s 

Pepper     - 
I  Pimento  - 

Pitch 


F.ipnrts. — I 

snid  by  the  pi 

which  see.    1 

Duties. — Ai 

Bremen. 

Tlie  import 

the  ordinance 

The  value  o 

tlio  rate  of  ins 

only.    .Simuld 

of  the  value  ii 

aniiiiation,  if  i 

Kmifr  ration. - 

oinicranta  to  tl 

C(l  to  between 

particularly  to 

l^/iip-hrokcrs 

fill  discharge  o 

sels,  and   colle 

liut'iness  on  th 

exchange,  or  to 

Ni.iie  hut  npi 

person  cmployi 

liy  whose  condi 

'"hip-brokers 

•he  rapliiins  wti 

duties  and  othei 

The  fees  nllov 

owner  pa  VH  12  g 

Porout'ward-i 

For  entering  i 

lars ;  and  if  she 

Entry  dues  ar 

charge. 


1 


BREMEN. 


243 


Entrance  to  Bremen. — The  entrance  to  the  Woser  lies  between  the  Mellum  and  other  sands  on  the 
south-western,  and  the  Tejtlt'rs  I'liiiit,  &c.  (jn  the  nnrlh-oastern  side.  Its  course  from  Uremerlehe  to 
its  mouth  is  nearly  8.  E.  and  N.  W.  It  is  liimyed  tlirmii^liout.  The  hxwys  <in  the  rigl't  or  starboard 
side  whenenterinjf,  being  blacit  and  marked  witli  letters,  while  those  on  the  left  or  larboard  are  white 
and  numbered.  The  lirst  or  outer  liliick  buoy  has  a  yill  key  upon  It,  aiul  is,  therefore,  called  the 
schlussel  or  key  buoy ;  it  lies  in  lOi  fiithoins,  bcarina  N.  \i.  5  miles  from  VVrangeroog  light.  This  is  an 
intermitting  light,  having  replaced  in  \>'M\  the  olil  conl-fire  beacon  on  the  island  of  Wrangeroog, 
opposite  to  the  northern  e.Mremity  of  East  I'liesland.  It  is,  according  to  the  most  authentic  state- 
ments, in  lat.  53°  47i'  N.,  long.  7°  51'  35"  E.;  is  elevated  tWi  feetabove  high  water  mark,  being  alter- 
nately visible  and  invisible  for  thi!  space  of  a  miinile.  A  light  vessel  is  moored  in  the  fair-way  of  the 
Weser,  between  the  black  buoys  E  anil  I',  and  the  white  biii)>  s  2  aiul  3.  She  has  two  masts  :  during 
day,  a  red  flag,  with  a  white  cross  upon  it,  is  kept  Hying  at  the  mainmast ;  and  at  night  she  e.xhibits 
7  lantern  lights,  '28  feet  above  deck.  This  vessel  is  on  no  account  to  leave  her  slalion,  unless  com- 
pelled by  the  ice.  Large  vessels  do  not  now  ;;enerally  ascend  further  than  Uremerlehe,  on  the  cast 
side  of  the  river,  about  38  miles  below  Bremeii.  where  a  new  and  spacious  harlxmr,  called  '•Urenien 
Haven,"  has  been  constrtu'ted.  Ihit  vessels  not  drawing  more  than  7  feet  water  come  up  to  town; 
and  those  drawing  from  13  to  14  feet  may  come  up  to  Vegesack,  about  13  miles  from  Uremeii.— (See 
the  Sailing  Direttionafur  the  J^ortk  Sea,  published  by  Mr.  Norrie.) 

A  Statement  of  the  Quantities  and  Value  of  the  principal   Articles  of  Merchandise  imported  into 
Bremen,  in  the  year  1835. —  (Cmuiilar  Hclurii). 


Detcription. 


Barilla      - 

Brandy     - 

Butter 

Coals 

Coffee 

Copper     - 

Copperas  - 

Cotton 

Currants  - 

Earthenware 

Fustic 

Indigo 

Iron 

I.inseed     - 

Hides 

Logwood  - 

Malioaany 

Oil,  Greenland 

— ,  Newfoundland  do 

— ,  Norwegian       do 

— ,  Archil n'sel 

— ,  South  Sea 
Pepper     - 
Pimento  - 
Pitch 


cwts. 
hhds. 
cwts. 
lasts. 

lbs. 
cwts. 

do. 

lbs. 
cwts. 

cwts. 

lbs. 

tons. 

brls. 

No. 

cwts. 

brls. 


do, 
do, 
lbs, 
do, 
brls, 


Imports. 


Quantities. 


5,277 

1.281 

10,377 

231 

10,10,3,000 

1,107 

8.2G,S 

753.700 

3,211 

11,007 
20,1^00 
2,817 
11,.S00 
27,100 
12,080 

3,400 

4,.')00 

5,7(10 

000 

22,000 

320,900 

381,300 

501 


V.iliie. 


£ 

2.210 

0,7!  I 

23.003 

HI2 

263.138 

5,700 

2,220 

31,101 

0,,'JIS 

0,(187 

1,080 

.1, 1 00 

47,3a."i 

22.878 

32.20.-) 

3,703 


106,440 


5,347 

".l.iO 

324 


DescriptioD. 


Haisins     - 

Kice 

Uesin 

Itnni 

Salt 

Saltpetre  - 

Sugar,  raw, 

relined 


cwts. 

do. 

do. 

casks. 

lasts. 

cwts. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
•    brls. 

lbs. 
boxes. 

lbs. 

do. 

do. 

No. 


Imports. 


Quantities. 


Value. 


Svnip 
Tallow      - 
Tar 
Tea 

Tinplatep  - 
Tobacco,  leaf  - 

,  roll    - 

,  stems 

,  segars 

Miscellaneous  - 


Total 

Further  imports  by  water  from  tlie"] 

small   towns    situated   between 

Itremen   and  the  mouth  of  the  j 

river  Weser        .       -        -       .J 

Total  imports 


7,000 

33,055 

3,816 

852 

684 

4,670 

108,691 

l7.o;ii 

9,075 

1,1. '>7 

6,149 

415,MiO 

1  .«s6 

24,170.~T0 

003,  •:n 

4,893. 1 17 

1,633,(100 


£ 

7, .383 

33,924 

961 

15,720 

2,118 

6,27T 

215,571 

35,5t)4 

8,.340 

I,9.14 

4,035 

46,785 

3,394 

478,380 

27,947 

55,051 

3,840 

271,647 


1,802,553 
32,553 


1,835,106 


Exports. — Linens  are  one  of  the  most  important  articles  of  export  from  Bremen.  They  are  mostly 
sold  by  the  piece.  The  dimensions  of  the  pieces,  and  tlieir  prices,  are  similar  to  those  of  Hamburgh, 
which  see.    The  Westphalia  hams  are  mostly  shipped  from  this  port. 

Duties. — An  export  duty  of  j  per  cum.,  ail  cu/urcHi,  is  charged  on  all  merchandise  shipped  from 
Bremen. 

The  import  duty  is}  per  cent.,  advalorem, oi\a\\  articles  ;  having  been  increased  a  third  per  cent,  by 
the  ordinance  of  1830. 

The  value  of  the  imports  is  calculated  according  to  the  invoice  price,  adding  thereto  the  freight  and 
the  rate  of  insurance  current  in  Bremen  ;  the  value  of  tin;  exports  is  estimated  from  the  invoice  price 
only.  Should  there  be  no  invoice  of  imports,  it  is  the  duly  of  the  importer  to  make  a  correct  estimate 
of  the  value  upon  his  oath  as  a  citizen  ;  but  the  Custom-house  has  power  to  institute  a  stricter  ex- 
amination, if  the  estimate  appears  too  low. 

F.miirnitinn.—RTvmen  has  become  the  mo.«t  considerable  port  on  the  Continent  for  the  shipment  of 
eniierants  to  the  United  States,  and  other  parts  in  America.  In  1832  the  number  of  emigrants  amount- 
ed 10  between  9,000  and  10,000;  aiul  (heir  conveyance  has  become  an  object  of  much  importance, 
particularly  to  the  American  ship-owners.     A  large  proportion  of  the  emigrants  are  from  Hesse. 

!<!iip-hrolicrs  are  licensed  officers,  and  give  security,  to  the  amount  of  2.000  rix-didlars,  for  the  faith- 
ful discharge  of  their  duties.  These  are  to  eng:i2e  freights,  to  sell  vessels  by  atictioii,  to  enter  ves- 
sels, and  collect  freights.  They  are  not  permitled  to  have  partiu'rs,  to  transact  any  commercial 
bu.-'iness  on  their  own  account,  to  accept  coinniissiona  or  consignments,  to  sell  or  purchase  bills  of 
excliaiiee,  or  to  engage  in  any  mercantile  concerns. 

N'c.iie  but  appointed  brokers  of  this  class  can  undertake  any  of  the  duties  assigned  to  them.  Any 
persiiii  employing  a  non-appointed  broker,  is  deprived  of  legal  redress  against  the  unauthorised  agent 
by  whose  comluct  he  may  sustain  injury. 

Ship-brokers  are  obliged  to  keep  a  register  of  all  vessels  coming  in  or  going  out,  of  the  names  of 
the  captains  who  employed  them,  to  procure  manifests  of  cargoes,  and  to  attend  to  the  payment  of 
duties  and  other  dues  chargeable  on  vessel  or  cargo. 

The  fees  allowed  to  them  are,  for  chartering  a  vessel  in  bulk,  18  grotes  per  grain  last ;  of  thla  the 
owner  pays  12  grotes,  and  the  freighter  six  grotes. 

For  outward-bound  vessels,  taking  merchandise  as  it  may  be  offered,  2  per  cent,  on  the  freight. 

For  entering  a  vessel  from  sea  measuring  50  lasts,  5  rix-dollars  ;  measuring  100  ditto,  7i^  rix-dol- 
lars ;  and  if  she  measure  above  100  lasts,  10  rix-dollars. 

Entry  dues  are  to  be  paid  by  the  consignees  of  foreign  vessels  out  of  the  commission  they  may 
charge. 


344 


BREMEN. 


I 


t   I 


I 


>; 


* ' 


For  the  collection  of  freiplit  ninnny,  the  broker  is  entitled  to  receive  one  per  cent.,  but  the  consignee 
of  a  foreign  vessi'l  is  to  pay  I  his  sum. 

Regulations  of  the  Harbinir  uf  Bremen  Uaren.—\\\  vessels  entering  the  liarboiir  are  subject  to  the 
superintendence  of  tlie  liarbour-KKistcrs,  wliuse  directions  uru  tu  he  ()l)eyud  by  the  cu|)tiiin8  and 
crews. 

No  ballast  or  rubbish  is  to  be  thrown  overljoard,  under  a  penalty  of  10  ri.\-dollars  for  the  first 
offbnce,  which  is  increased  incase  of  reiielition;  the  offender, loo, is  obliged  to  remove  tlie  articles  lie 
may  have  so  cast  into  the  harbour. 

It  is  not  permitted  to  Iteep  gunpowder  on  board,  and  any  which  may  be  in  the  vessel  must  be  deli- 
vered up  within  two  hours  after  sbtMias  rciichrd  lier  berih:  iiDn-cou'ipliaucc  witli  lliis  subjects  tlie 
party  to  a  tine  of  from  10  to  51)  ri.v-dollars ;  nor  is  it  peruiilled  to  disiliarge  any  (ire-arms  in  port. 

The  use  of  all  lire  on  board,  from  sunset  to  sunrise,  is  prohibited  ;  tlie  captain,  however,  may  liavo 
a  light,  in  a  closed  lanlern,  in  his  cabin. 

The  crews  are  not  allowed  to  carry  on  shore  any  fire-arms,  dirks,  or  other  weapons. 

Vessels  passing  in  and  out  of  tlie  drawi)ridge,  or  which  may  remain  in  the  liarbour  during  two 
months,  are  s.ibject  to  the  payiuent  of  the  following  rates,  viz.  ;— 


Of  300  lasts  .ind  iipw.-inis 
Bt'low  300  —  In  i'lO  l.isis       - 

—  2:50  —  111  iM  — 

—  200  —  III  IM  — 

—  \m  —  1(1  120  — 

—  120  —  It)  ICO  —  s()Uiirp.ri?;eJ 

—  12)  —  lo  100  —  (plliols,  .\cc. 

—  100  —  t(»    SO  —  sqiLire-rii^et! 

—  100  —  li>    W  —  fcalliiits,  ki:. 

—  SO  —  lo   (>0  —  MUnie-risTired 

—  to  —  Co   1)0  —  g.llliol»,  &c. 


ix.  n. 

r,r. 

■     40 

0 

.    3-1 

n 

•    30 

0 

.    23 

0 

.     20 

0 

■    17 

3(i 

-     I'l 

0 

.    ir> 

0 

■     12 

3li 

-     12 

31) 

.    10 

0 

DelDW    60  hsis  In  10  lists 
—       40    —    10  30  — 


Rx.  n.  Or. 

■      7    36 
-     5      0 


If  voscls  rpiniin  longer  lli.in  two  nionltis,  they  are  to  pay  for 
evt'rv  .-I'iJitinii.il  iiiuntli,  calculating  tlie  eiitraticc  on  a  new  month  as 
a  lull  iiirinth. 


Vessels  of  30t)  Lists  .in  I  upwards 
Helnw       3(XI    —    10  2'.(l  lasts 

—  2'iO    —    to  201)    — 

—  200    —    to  100    — 

—  100    —    to    W) 


0 
3ti 
3S 
3« 
3fi 


^rrii'rt/.<.— During  the  year  ]S;!1,  1,000  ships  enti!red  the  pent  of  Hremen.  Of  these,  101  were  from 
Hanover;  111  from  (;re!it  llritain  ;  lilH  from  the  United  Stales;  W  fnuii  Trance ;  and  the  remaiiuler 
from  the  Netherlands,  Uussia,  .South  Americti,  tjpaiii,  iSwedeti,  tec.  The  shipping  charges  at  Uremeii 
are  particularly  low. 

Aloneij. — Accounts  are  kept  in  tlialers,  or  ri.v-dollars,  of  72  L'rontes  or  grotes  ;  the  grotes  being  di- 
vided into  .'■>  swares.  The  llreiiien  rix-ilollar  current  is  worth  ;).v.  2e/.  sterling;  and  the  par  of  exchange 
is  1/.  sterling  =  0  rix-dollars  22  grotes  1  swiires. 

fVci/rht.i  and  Jifca.tiirc.i. — The  commercial  pound  =  2  marks  =  10  ounces  -  32  loths  =7,090  Knglisli 
grains.  Hence,  100  llis.  of  Hremen  -- 10!)-8  avoinliipnis,  or  ■1'.)S25  kilog.  .\  load  of  pfuiidschwer  =  .'100  lbs., 
but  carriers  reckon  it  at  .'ios  lbs.  Acenliier-  lit)  lbs.;  a  slii|ipottii(l  ==  2ici!ntners,or2',)01l)S.  ;  avvaago 
of  iron  =  120  lbs. ;  a  stone  of  tlax  =20  lbs.  ;  a  stone  of  wool-  10  lbs.  A  ton  of  butter  great  mea- 
sure =300  lbs. ;  and  a  Ion  of  do.  small  measure  =  2-20  lbs. 

The  dry  measures  are,  4  spipts  ■-=  1  vii^rlel  :  4  viertels  =- 1  srlieflM  ;  10  scheffels  =  1  quart ;  4  quarts  = 
llast;  the  last  =f^0-70  htisliels  Winchester  measure,  or  lOl)."^?  ottarters  ;  that  is,  10  quarters  and  0  7 
bushel.     A  barrel  of  salt—  '.V.  sclietlels.     .\  last  of  coals  -2  clialdrotis  Newcastle  nieasttre. 

The  liiiuid  nieiistires  are  8M  (|iiarls  -  1  vierlel ;  .1  viertels  ~  1  linker ;  1  ankers  =  1  tierce  ;  1.'  tierce 
=  oxhol'l  ;  the  oxiioft  =58  Englisli  wine  gallons.  Wine  is  soiiietiiiies  sold  by  thealimof  tankers  =37J 
Eng.  wine  gallons.  A  barrel  of  whale  oil  =  li  steckan,or  210  lbs.  nctt  =31i  lOng.  wine  gallons.  A  ship 
last  of  herring's,  salt,  and  coals  =  12  barrels. 

The  Rreiiieii  foot  =  11-3S  lilng.  inches:  hence,  100  llremen  feet  =  94  8  Eng.  ditto.  The  Urenien  ell  is 
2  feet;  and  I  no  ells  of  Bremen  =  0;i  2  Kng.  yards. 

T*!! res.— The  usual  tares  are,  on  sugar  in  casks  and  Hra/.il  chests,  17  percent. ;  on  llavmnah  boxes, 
70  lbs. ;  Maryland  tobacco,  90  lbs.  pi^r  hocshead  ;  ditto  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  110  lbs.  ji^  r  hogsheail; 
cotton,  round  bales,  4  per  cent  ;  sipiare  ditto,  0  per  cent.  ;  tea  (green),  20  lbs.  jier  iiuarler  chest ;  dittn 
(black),  22  Mis.  jii'r  ijiiarler  ch.st.  ,MosI  other  articles,  such  as  Kast  India  intligo,  rice,  cotlee,  spices, 
ice.  real  tare. — (Drawn  up  prineipally  from  the  coininiitii''ations  of  Urenien  inttrchants ;  and  from  the 
Digest  of  Customs'  Laws  printed  by  order  of  the  American  (,'ongress,  vol.  i.  p.  434.  &c.) 

[The  tiiercantilc  marine  of  Bremen  has  of  hite  years  been  very  much  augmentet],  and 
may  be  now  ostiinated  at  about  40,000  tons.  Since  the  construction  of  the  harbour  of 
Bremerlehc,  above  mentioned,  ship-building  has  chiefly  been  carried  on  there,  instead  of  at 
Vegesack,  as  was  formerly  tlie  case.  And  some  very  line  ships  and  brigs  have  been  lately 
constructed  on  American  models. 

The  commercial  intercourse  of  Bremen  with  tlie  United  States  is  extensive  and  important. 
This  small  city  is  the  principal  market  in  Europe  for  American  tobacco.  The  average  (juan- 
tity  importeil  by  it  approaches  to  30,000  hogsheads  annually  ;  and  of  this  amount  the  larger 
portion  is  Maryland.  It  is  distributed  from  Bremen  all  over  Germany,  Prussia,  Austria, 
and  even  through  Italy  and  Rus.sia.  A  consideralile  number  of  Bremen  vessels  resort  for  it 
to  Baltimore;  some  to  Petersburg  and  Richmond.  The  inspection  lately  established  in 
Philadelphia  has  already  augmented  the  direct  intercourse  between  it  and  Bremen;  and  a 
regular  line  of  packets  is  to  sail  between  the  two  ports. 

The  quantity  of  cotton  annually  shijiped  to  Bremen  from  the  United  States  docs  not  go 
beyond  six  or  eight  thousand  bales.  Five  or  six  thousand  casks  of  rice  arc  annually  cxjiort- 
cd  thither. 

For  many  years  past  the  Bremen  vessels  have  brought  to  tliis  country  a  large  number  of 
German  emigrants,  consisting  chiefly  of  industrious  fanners,  mechanics,  and  labourers. 

During  the  years  1836  and  IH.'J?,  they  supplitvl  us  with  grain;  but  their  cargoes  ordi- 
narily consist  of  goods  manufactured  in  various  parts  of  Germany,  such  as 

Silks,  manufactured  mostly  at  Elberfeld  and  (Jrevelt,  in  Prussia. 

Cotton  goods,  principally  hosiery,  made  in  Saxony. 

Woollens,  chiefly  meriiioes,  some  coarse  woollen  hosiery,  some  light  summer  cloths,  and 
a  small  (}uantity  of  broad  cloth. 

Hardware  and  steel,  manufactured  at  Uemscheid,  Solingen,  and  neighbouring  places,  in 
the  Prussian  dominions. 

Hollow  glassware,  such  as  tumblers  of  the  commonest  description,  and  wine  and  por- 


f^onimon 
Large  . 
I'olished 


BRIBE,  BRICKS  AND  TILES. 


245 


Rx.n. 

"r. 

■      7 

■M 

-     5 

0 

to  pay 

for 

V  month  as 

•     5 

0 

■      1 

■M 

.      3 

3« 

.      2 

3ti 

-      I 

■M 

nportant. 
Igc  quan- 
^hc  liirger 
Austria, 
kort  tor  it 
llishcil  in 
\\ ;  and  a 

[38  not  go 
cxport- 

imbcr  of 

toes  ordi- 


aths,  and 
tlaccs,  in 
land  por- 


ter bottles.  The  importation  of  these  articles  is  gradually  decreasing,  as  our  own  glass- 
works are  improving. 

Linens.  All  kinds  of  German  linen  goods  have  been  in  a  great  measure  superseded  by  the 
linens  of  Ireland  and  Scotland,  Some  very  coar.«c  linen,  however,  for  bagging,  called  Hes- 
sians and  Hoeden  rolls,  and  some  burlaps  for  negro  clothing,  as  also  sail  cloth  of  a  good 
quality,  made  in  imitation  of  the  Dutch,  together  with  linen  tapes  and  bobbins,  continue  to 
be  imported  ;  also  damask  table  linen  and  napkins,  and  linen  pocket  handkerchiefs. 

Looking-glass  plates  of  small  sizes,  low  i)rii'ed  toilet  and  pocket  glasses,  burning  glasses, 
and  spectacle  glasses  procured  from  Nuremberg,  in  tlie  kin,r.:i-  ni  of  Bavaria ;  as  also  hooks 
and  eyes,  bone  buttons,  toys,  and  a  great  variety  of  small  a.ticK  i,  procured  from  the  same 
place. 

Thread,  silk,  and  cotton  lace,  lace  veils  and  embroideries,  cotton  and  worsted  fringes, 
brought  to  Bremen  from  Saxony. 

Slates,  slate  pencils,  marbles,  and  toys  from  Sonnenbcrg  in  Saxony. 

Oil  cloth  manufactured  in  Saxony. 

Westphalia  hams. 

We  may  remark  that  the  consumption  of  German  manufactures  in  this  country  is.  ^gene- 
rally speaking,  on  the  increase  ;  the  frugality  and  industry  of  the  Germans  enabhng  them 
more  and  more  to  compete  with  the  English  and  French, — Am.  Ed.] 

BRIBE.  Any  person  giving  or  olfering  a  bribe,  recompence,  or  reward,  to  any  officer 
of  the  customs,  to  induce  him  to  neglect  his  duty,  to  forfeit  200/. — (3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  53.  §  38.) 

[By  the  act  of  the  2d  of  March,  17!)S),  entitled  "An  act  to  regulate  the  collection  of 
duties  on  imports  and  exports,"  it  was  enacted, 

"  That  if  any  officer  of  the  customs  shall,  directly  or  indirectly,  take  or  receive  any  bribe, 
reward,  or  recompense,  for  conniving,  or  shall  connive,  at  any  false  entry  of  any  ship  or 
vessel,  or  of  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  and  shall  be  convicted  thereof,  every  such 
officer,  or  other  person,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  a  sum,  not  less  than  two  hundred,  nor  more 
than  two  thousand  dollars,  for  each  oll'ence ;  and  any  person  giving  or  olVering  any  bribe, 
recompense,  or  reward,  for  any  such  deception,  collusion,  or  fraud,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  a 
sum,  not  less  than  two  hundred  dollars,  nor  more  than  two  thousand  dollars,  for  each 
offence." — Am.  Ed.] 

BRICKS  ANT)  TILES,  well  known  articles  used  in  the  building  and  covering  of  houses. 
They  are  made  of  baked  clay  and  sand.  Until  last  year  (1833)  an  excise  duty  was 
charged  both  on  bricks  and  tiles,  their  manufacture  being,  in  consequence,  placed  under  sur- 
veillance. It  is  ordered  by  17  Geo.  3.  c.  42.  that  all  bricks  made  in  England  for  sale  shall 
be  8i  inches  long,  2^  inches  thick,  and  4  wide  ;  and  all  |)antiles  13A  inches  long,  9^  inches 
wide,  and  ^  an  inch  thick  ;  on  pain  of  forfeiting,  for  bricks  or  tiles  made  of  less  dimensions 
when  burnt,  as  follows,  viz.  20s.  for  every  1,000  of  bricks,  and  lOs.  for  every  1,000  of  pan- 
tiles, and  proportionally  for  a  greater  or  less  number.  It  is  also  provided,  that  the  size  of  the 
sieves  or  screens  for  sifting  or  screening  sea-coal  ashes  to  be  mixed  with  brick  earth  in  mak- 
ing bricks,  shall  not  exceed  ^  of  an  inch  between  the  meshes.  Makers  of  bri?ks  and  tiles 
must  give  notice,  under  a  penalty  of  100/.,  to  the  excise,  of  their  intentior.  to  begin  the 
manufacture.  Tiles  used  in  draining  land  vs'cre  exempted  from  the  duties.  But  in  so  far 
as  respects  tiles,  these  regulations  are  no  longer  of  iin[iortance,  the  duty  on  them  having 
been  abolished  in  1833.  The  revenue  derived  from  it  was  but  trifling.  It  was,  however, 
very  prejudicial  to  the  manufacture,  particularly  after  the  repeal  of  the  duty  on  slates.  It 
were  to  be  wished  that  the  state  of  the  revenue  was  such  as  to  admit  of  the  repeal  of  the 
duty  on  bricks. 

Account  of  the  Kates  of  Duty  on,  anil  Quantities  of,  tlio  difl'erent  Species  of  Bricks  produced  in 
England  and  Wales  in  1827,  1828,  and  1820. 


Species. 

Rates  of  Duty. 

Qnaiitity. 

Quaiititj-. 

Quantily. 

Common 
Large     - 
l'i)llslind 
Large  polished 

5.9.  lOd.    per  1,000 
U)s.          per    do. 
12s.  lOt!.  per    do. 
2s.  5d.     per  100 

Tdlairt 

1827. 
1,0112,447,0.58 
2,083.010 
8,1,50,750 

08,550 

1828. 

1,008,1110.330 

2,lil5,425 

7,700.075 

122,810 

1820. 

1,099.744,701 

2,510,360 

7,2'.(5,;f60 

110,275 

1,103,370,401 

1,078,037,040 

1,100,090,702 

Account  of  the  Rates  of  Duty  on,  and  Uuaiitiiii's  of,  the  dilFcrent  Species  of  Bricks  itroduccd  in 

Scotland,  in  1827,  1828,  and  1820. 


Species. 

Rates  of  Duly. 

(juantity. 

Quantity. 

Qu.iutity. 

Common 
Large     - 
I'olishod 

bs.Wd.    per  1,000 
lOs           \>0T   do. 
12...'.  10(/  per   do. 

Totals 

1827. 
20,071.337 
255,850 
3,375 

1828. 
24,281.032 
400,439 
1,850 

1829. 
24,741,582 
396,187 
6,522 

20,330,502 

24,080,321 

25,144,291 

•< 


.4. 


x2 


246 


BRIMSTONE— BROKERS. 


England 


Nett  Produce  of  the  Duties  on  liriuks  and  Tiles  in  1839. 

£       .«.   (/.  £       s.  d. 

J  Bricks         310,051  14    5  I      a^„„„M                     C  Bricks  6,714    0  0 

1  Tiles            31,S30   7    5        »coiiaua    -          -    ^^,j,^,g  1,922  18  0 


I' 


Total  nett  amount  of  revenue  from  liricks  anil  tiles  in  Great  Britain,  362,518/.  13s.  lOiZ. 

There  were,  in  1830,  5,369  brick  and  tile  manufacturers  in  England  and  Wales,  and  104  in  Scot- 
land.* 

The  entire  duties  on  bricks  and  tiloa  are  drawn  hack  upon  exportation.  Sufficient  security  must  be 
Riven  before  their  shipment,  tliat  tliey  sliall  be  shipped  and  exported,  and  not  relanded  in  Great 
Britain.— (21  Qeo.  3.  sess.  2.  c.  24.  J  16.) 

If  bricks  or  tiles  shipped  for  drawback  he  relanded,  the  bricks  or  tiles  so  relanded  shall,  over  and 
above  the  penalty  in  the  bond,  be  forfeited.— (}  17.) 

Return  of  the  Number  of  Tiles  made  in  the  Year  1830,  in  Great  Britain  ;  stating  the  Number  of  each 
Kind,  and  the  Rate  of  Duty  cliarged  per  Tliousand  on  each ;  also,  the  Gros.s  Amount  of  Duty  for 
the  Year,  and  Amount  paid  for  Drawback  on  Tiles  exported ;  distinguishing  each  Country,  and  the 
Number  of  Tiles  exported. 


England  - 

ScolLind  - 

Plain. 

Rate  of 
Duty. 

Pan  or 
Hiilge. 

Rate  of 
Duly. 

Small 
Paving. 

Ilile  of 
Duty. 

Paving. 

lintn  ,,f 
Dutv. 

All 
other. 

Rate  of 
Duty. 

GrossAmount 
of  Duty. 

41,707,915 

3,2.t0 

f.   d. 

6    8 

per  1000 

20,603,450 
2,638,942 

...   rf. 

12  10 

per  1000 

3,972,507 
67,330 

J.   rf. 

2    5 

per  100 

1,036,300 

13,370 

■    1,0J3.670 

».   d. 

4  10 

per  100 

399,675 

1,750 

•.    ,42,') 

».   rf. 

4  10 
per  1000 

L.      s.    d. 
32,438  19    5 

1,810  15    0 

Gl.  Bribin 

41,711,166 

— 

23,21^,392 

— 

4,029,837 

— 

— 

34,249  14    5 

Number  of  Tiles  exported. 

Ensiland 
Scotland 

Plain. 

Pan  or  Kidge. 

Small  Paving. 

Large  Paving. 

All  other. 

Amount  of  Draw- 
hack. 

17,000 

734,742 
52,000 

126,900 
7,900 

143,073 
750 

1,424 

£     s.    d. 

m.   '1  5 

44  14    6 

Great  Britain 

17,000 

786,742 

134,80!) 

143,823 

1,424     1       1,020    3  11 

.iVote.— Bricks  and  tiles  niado  iu  Ireland  are  not  subject  to  excise  duty. 

BRIMSTONE.    SeeSuiPHun. 

BRISTLES  (Fr.  Soles ,-  Ger.  Borsten  .■  Du.  Borslels  ,-  It.  Setok ,-  Sp.  Cerdas,  Setas  ,- 
Po\,  Szezeciny ;  K..s.  Schfschct!7ia,-  Lat.  Seta:),  the  strong  glossy  hairs  growing  on  the 
back  of  the  hog  and  the  wild  boar.  These  arc  very  extensively  used  by  brushniakers,  shoe- 
makers, saddlers,  «&c,,  and  form  a  considerable  article  of  import.  Russia  is  the  great  mart 
for  bristles ;  those  of  the  Ukraine  being  held  in  the  highest  estimation.  Of  the  total  quan- 
tity imported  in  1831,  amounting  to  2,070,306  IIks.,  Russia  furnished  1,867,096  lbs.,  and 
Prussia  (Kiinigsberg)  136,721  lbs.  At  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1831,  the 
entries  for  home  consumption  amounted  to  1,789,801  lbs.  a  year.  The  duty,  which  varies 
from  2id.  to  3^.  a  pound,  produced,  in  1832,  25,613/.  2s.  lOrf,  nett. 

BROCADE  (Bu.  Brokade  ,■  Fr.  Brocade,-  Gei.  Brokul .-  It.  Broccab ;  Rus.  Partscha,- 
Sp.  Brando),  a  stuff  made  of  silk  variegated  with  gold  and  silver. 

BROKERS,  persons  employed  as  middlemen  to  transact  business  or  negotiate  bargains 
oetween  different  merchants  or  individuals.  They  are  sometimes  licensed  by  public  authority, 
and  sometimes  not. 

Brokers  are  divided  into  different  classes,  as  bill  or  exchange  brokers,  stockholders,  ship 
and  insurance  brokers,  pawnbrokers,  and  brokers  simply  so  called,  or  those  who  sell  or 
appraise  household  furniture  distrained  for  rent.  Exclusive,  too,  of  the  classes  now  men- 
tioned, the  brokers  who  negotiate  sales  of  produce  between  different  merchants  usually  con- 
fine themselves  to  some  one  department  or  line  of  business  ;  and  by  attending  to  it  exclu- 
sively, they  acquire  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  its  various  details,  and  of  the  credit  of 
tliose  engaged  in  it,  than  could  be  looked  for  on  the  part  of  a  general  merchant ;  and  are 
consequently  able,  for  the  most  part,  to  buy  on  cheaper  and  to  sell  on  dearer  terms  than  those 
less  fiimiliar  with  the  business.  It  is  to  these  circumstances — to  a  sense  of  the  advantages 
to  be  derived  from  using  their  intervention  in  the  transacting  of  business — that  the  exten- 
sive employment  of  brokers  in  London  and  all  other  large  commercial  cities  is  wholly  to  bo 
ascribed. 

The  number  of  brokers  in  London  is  unlimited ;  but  by  the  statute  8  &  9  Will.  3.  c.  20. 
they  are  to  be  licensed  by  the  lord  mayor  and  aldermen,  under  such  restrictions  and  limita- 
tions as  they  may  think  fit  to  enact.  By  the  57  Geo.  3.  c.  60.,  brokers  acting  without  being 
duly  admitted  are  made  liable  in  a  penalty  of  100/.  The  fee  on  admission  is  fixed  by  the 
same  act  at  5/. ;  and  there  is,  besides,  an  annual  jiayment  also  of  5/. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  regulations  established  by  the  mayor  and  aldermen  pursu- 
ant to  the  act  of  Will.  3. : — That  every  person  shall,  upon  his  admission,  take  an  oath  truly 
and  faithfully  to  execute  and  perforin  the  ollice  of  broker  between  party  and  party,  in  all 

*  (Compiled  from  the  Parlia.nentary  Papers,  No.  191.  Seas.  1830,  and  No.  354.  Ses9.  1631.) 


things 

utmost 

pal;  a 

gain  in 

tracts, 

Brok 

sworn  ( 

A  m( 

duce,  if 

Twel 

city,  uni 

transfer: 

which  if 

ing  been 

the  suns 

Brokers. 

It  goo 

the  vend< 

of  the  pu 

opportun 

so}i  v.  Dt 

think  th_, 

limited  b] 

"unless 

payment 

disapprovi 

borough 

rejection  .. 

of  the  pur( 

period  for  i 

Brokers, 

of  bills  and 

the  circums 

countries,  a 

mutual  wai 

brokers  are  i 

to  do  if  the 

2*.  per  cent, 

"  Those," 

to  be  men  of 

fortune  of  th 

therefore,  the 

sole  point,  th 

negotiations 

have  heard  aj 

Brokers,  & 

('t  joint  stocl 

which,  amoni 

apparently  fra 

to  speculate  o 

shall  be  void, ; 

made  perpetui 

of  which  he  is 

TiOt  keeping  a 

50/.  for  each  o 

brokerage  on  i 

on  these  it  is  ] 

in  the  public  i 

I'y  the  parties  i 

Brokers,  Shi 

buying  and  se 

charterparties,  i 

!«  ship  brokers 

brokers,  they  cl 

settling  with  t 

contract,  and  a 

and  candid  disc 


BROKERAGE. 


247 


^rs,  ship 
sell  or 
Iw  men- 
piy  con- 
exclu- 
Jredit  of 
land  are 
In  those 
lantages 
I  cxten- 
hy  to  bo 

,  c.  20. 

limita- 

ht  being 

by  the 

pursu- 

|th  truly 

^,  in  all 

..) 


things  pertaining  to  the  duty  of  the  said  office,  vithout  fraud  or  collusion,  to  the  best  and 
utmost  of  his  skill  and  knowledge  ;  that  he  shall  in  all  cases  reveal  the  name  of  his  princi- 
pal ;  and  neither  deal  in  goods  on  his  own  account,  nor  barter  and  sell  again,  nor  make  any 
gain  in  goods  beyond  the  usual  brokerage ;  and  that  he  shall  regularly  register  all  the  con- 
tracts, &c.  into  which  he  enters. 

Brokers  grant  a  bond  under  a  penalty  of  500/.  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties 
sworn  to  in  the  oath  of  admission. 

A  medal  is  delivered  to  the  broker,  with  his  name  engraved  thereon,  which  he  may  pro 
duce,  if  required,  as  evidence  of  his  qualification. 

Twelve  persona  professing  the  Jewish  religion  arc  permitted  to  act  as  brokers  within  the 
city,  under  the  same  regulations,  and  receive  the  silver  medal  accordingly.  This  medal  is 
transferable;  sold  generally  at  from  800/.  to  1,.500/., exclusive  of  the  expense  of  transfer, 
which  is  uncertain.  Upon  the  decease  of  any  of  the  holders  of  the  medal  without  its  hav- 
ing been  transferred,  the  appointment  fulls  to  the  lord  mayor  for  the  tinie  being ;  and  for  it 
the  sum  of  1,500/.  has  not  unfrequcntly  been  given. — {Muntefivre's  Com.  Did.  art. 
Brokers.) 

If  goods  in  the  city  of  London  be  sold  by  a  broker,  to  be  paid  for  by  a  bill  of  exchange, 
tlie  vendor  has  a  right,  tvithin  a  reasonable  time,  if  he  be  not  satisfied  with  the  sufficiency 
of  the  purchaser,  to  annul  the  contract,  i)rovidi'(l  he  intimate  his  dissent  as  soon  as  he  has  an 
opportunity  of  inquiring  into  the  solvency  of  the  purchnscr.  In  a  case  of  this  sort  (^Hodg- 
son v.  Davies,  2  Camp.  N.  P.  C.  ."iSe.),  Lord  Ellenborough  was,  at  first,  rather  inclined  to 
think  that  the  contract  concluded  by  a  broker  must  be  absolute,  unless  his  authority  were 
limited  by  writing,  of  which  the  purchaser  had  notice.  Bvit  the  special  jury  said,  that 
"unless  the  name  of  the  purchaser  has  been  previously  communicated  to  the  seller,  if  the 
payment  is  to  be  by  bill,  the  seller  is  always  understood  to  reserve  to  himself  the  power  of 
disapproving  of  the  sufficiency  of  the  purchaser,  and  annulling  the  contract."  Lord  Ellen- 
borough  allowed  that  this  usage  was  reasonable  and  valid.  But  he  clearly  thought  that  the 
rejection  must  be  intimated  as  soon  as  the  seller  has  had  time  to  inquire  into  the  solvency 
of  the  purchaser.  The  jury  found,  in  the  case  in  question,  that^re  days  was  not  too  long  a 
period  for  making  the  necessary  inquiries. 

Brokers,  Bill, — propose  and  conclude  bargains  between  merchants  and  others  in  matters 
of  bills  and  exchange.  They  make  it  their  business  to  know  the  state  of  the  exchange,  and 
the  circumstances  likely  to  elevate  or  depress  it.  They  sell  bills  for  those  drawing  on  foreign 
countries,  and  buy  bills  for  those  remitting  to  them :  and,  from  their  knowledge  of  tho 
mutual  wants  of  the  one  class  as  compared  with  those  of  the  other,  a  few  of  the  principal 
brokers  are  able  to  fix  the  rate  of  exchange  at  a  fair  average,  which  it  would  not  lie  possible 
to  do  if  the  merchants  directly  transacted  with  each  other.  Their  charge  as  brokerage  ia 
2«.  per  cent. 

"Those,"  says  Mr.  Windham  Beawcs,  "who exercise  the  function  of  bill  brokers,  ought 
to  be  men  of  honour  and  capable  of  their  business ;  and  the  more  so,  as  both  the  credit  and 
fortune  of  those  who  employ  them  may,  in  some  measure,  be  said  to  be  in  their  hands;  and, 
therefore,  they  should  avoid  babbling,  and  be  prudent  in  their  office,  which  consists  in  ono 
sole  point,  that  is,  to  hear  all  and  sat/  nothing ,-  so  that  they  ought  never  to  speak  of  the 
negotiations  transacted  by  means  of  their  intervention,  or  relate  any  ill  report  which  they 
have  heard  against  a  drawer,  nor  otter  his  bills  to  those  who  have  spread  it." 

Brokers,  Stock, — are  employed  to  buy  and  sell  stock  in  the  public  funds,  or  in  the  funds 
Cif  joint  stock  companies.  Their  business  is  regulated  by  certain  acts  of  parliament,  by 
which,  among  other  things,  it  is  enacted,  that  contracts  in  the  nature  of  wagers,  or  contracts 
apparently  framed  for  the  sale  or  purchase  of  stock,  but  really  intended  only  to  enable  the  parties 
to  speculate  on  contingent  fluctuations  of  the  market,  without  any  stock  being  actually  sold, 
shall  be  void,  and  those  engaging  in  them  siibjecteu  lO  a  penalty  of  500/. — (7  Geo.  2.  c.  8  , 
made  perpetual  by  10  Geo.  2.  c.  8.)  And  by  the  same  act,  any  one  contracting  to  sell  stock 
of  which  he  is  not  actually  possessed,  or  to  which  he  is  not  entitled,  forfeits  500/.  Brokers 
r*ot  keeping  a  book  in  which  all  contracts  are  regularly  inserted,  are  liable  in  a  penalty  of 
60/.  for  each  omission  ;  half  to  tho  king  and  half  to  tliose  who  sue  for  it.  The  charge  for 
brokerage  on  all  public  funds,  except  Exchequer  bills  and  India  bonds,  is  2s.  firf.  per  cent. ; 
on  these  it  is  Is.  per  cent.  No  transaction  with  respect  to  the  purchase  and  sale  of  stock 
in  the  public  funds  can  be  concluded  except  by  the  intervention  of  a  licensed  broker,  unless 
by  the  parties  themselves. 

Brokers,  Ship  and  Insurance, — The  chief  employment  of  this  class  of  brokers  is  in  the 
buying  and  selling  of  ships,  in  procuring  cargoes  on  freight,  and  adjusting  the  terms  of 
charterparties,  settling  with  the  master  for  his  salary  and  disbursements,  &c.  Their  charge 
as  ship  brokers  is  about  2  per  cent,  on  the  gross  receipts.  When  they  act  as  insurance 
brokers,  they  charge  5  per  cent,  on  the  premium,  exclusive  of  a  discount  allowed  them  on 
settling  with  the  underwriter.  The  merchant  looks  to  the  broker  for  the  regularity  of  the 
contract,  and  a  proper  selection  of  underwriters.  To  him  also  the  underwriters  look  for  a  fair 
and  candid  disclosure  of  all  material  circumstances  ailbcting  the  risk,  and  for  payment  of 


*f       ? 


•nfl 

'*  a- 
P 

'c 

■  £9 
"■1 


li.  '^     ''  'i  *'!'   '""if. 


248 


BROKERAGE—BUBBLES. 


.    '  I 


their  premiums.  From  the  importance  of  their  employment,  ship  and  insurance  brokers 
ought  to  be,  and  indeed  gciuriilly  are,  ]i('r.soiis  of  respectability  and  honour,  in  whom  full 
confidence  may  be  reposed.  A  ship  l)roki'r  is  not  within  the  various  acts  for  the  regulation 
and  admission  of  brokers. — ((Hljhoiis  v.  Jiii/e,  C.  P.  27th  of  June,  1827.) 

Brokers,  Cusfuin-liouse. — It  is  enacted  liy  tlio  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.,  that  no  person  shall 
be  authorised  to  act  as  an  asent  for  trniisiicliiig  Imsiness  at  the  Custom-house  in  the  port  of 
London,  relative  to  the  entry  or  clcariince  of  any  ship,  &c.,  unless  authorised  by  licence  of 
the  commissioners  of  customs,  wiio  are  to  require  bund  with  one  surety  for  1,000/.  for  the 
faithful  conduct  of  such  ])ersoii  and  his  clerks.  This  regulation  does  not,  however,  apply  to 
the  clerk  or  servant  of  any  jierson  or  jiersons  transacting  business  at  the  Custom-house  on 
his  or  their  account.  The  commissioners  may  extend  this  regulation  to  other  ports. — §§ 
144.  &  118. 

Briikers,  Pawn.    See  Pawnkuokkhs. 

Brokers,  simply  so  called,  in  their  character  of  appraisers  and  sellers  of  goods  distrained 
for  rent,  are  regulated  by  57  (Jeo.  .3.  c.  93.,  which  enacts,  that  no  stick  person  making  any 
distress  for  rent,  where  the  sum  due  does  not  exceed  20/.,  shall  take  more  than  the  following 


sums ;  VIZ. 


Fur  levying  ...... 

Tor  iiii;ii  keeping  pnssession,  per  day  -  .  - 

Advi'rlisements,  if  any  .  -  .  _  . 

Catiilomies.  sale,  to JHsiDii,  ice.  in  tliu  pound  on  tlio  nctt  produce 

Stamp  duly,  lawful  aruDunt. 


£  s.  d. 

0    3  0 

0    2  0 

0  10  0 

0    1  0 


Appraisements,  whether  by  one  broker  or  more,  Gd.  per  pound  on  the  value  of  the  goods, 
under  a  penalty  of  treble  the  amount  of  the  money  unlawfully  taken,  with  costs  to  be  reco- 
vered summarily  before  a  justice  of  the  peace. 

In  France,  the  ])rokers  who  deal  in  money,  exchange,  merchandise,  insurance,  and  stock, 
are  called  agents  de  chmijre,  and  their  nuiniier,  at  Paris,  is  limited  to  sixty.  The  comjjany 
oi  agents  de  change  is  directed  by  a  clunnber  of  syndics  {cliambre  syndicale)  chosen  annu- 
ally by  the  company.  They  are  severally  obliged  to  give  bonds  to  the  amount  of  125,000 
fr.  for  the  prevention  of  abuses.  They  are  also  obliged  to  keep  books  ;  are  restricted  to  a 
charge  of  from  a  to  ^  per  cent. ;  and  are  interdicted  from  carrying  on,  or  having  any  inte- 
rest in,  any  commercial  or  banking  operations. — (See  Code  de  Commerce,  §  74.  &c. ;  and 
art.  BoiiDKAux,  in  this  Dictionary.) 

In  the  United  States,  brokers  are  not  licensed,  nor  do  they  give  bonds. 

BROKERAGE,  the  commission,  or  percentage,  paid  to  brokers  on  the  sale  or  purchase  of 
bills,  funds,  goods,  &c. — (See  Factoua(;k.) 

BRONZE  (Gcr.  SI iickg'it,  Stiikmetull ,-  J)vt.  Stilckgned .-  It.  Bronze,-  Sp.  Metal  de 
Canones  ,•  Lat.  Metallum  tormeutoruin),  "  a  mixed  metal,  consisting  chiefly  of  copper,  with 
a  small  proportion  of  tin,  and  sometimes  other  metals.  It  is  used  for  casting  statues, 
cannon,  bells,  and  other  articles,  in  all  of  which  the  proportions  of  the  ingredients  vary." 
-{Vre.) 

BROOMS  (Ger.  Besen  ,-  Fr.  Balais ;  It.  Scope,  Granule ;  Sp,  Escohas ;  Rus.  Metlil), 
are  principally  made  of  birch  or  heath.  Vast  (juantities  are  manufactured  in  Southwark,  for 
the  supply  of  the  London  market. 

BRUSHES  (Ger.  B'ursten  ,•  Fr.  Brasses ,-  It.  Sctole,  Spazzole ,-  Sp.  Brozas,  Cepillos, 
Escobillas  ;  Rus.  Sc/i/sc/ie/fo'),  well-known  implements,  made  of  bristles,  and  manufactured 
of  various  forms. 

BUBBLES,  a  familiar  name  applied  generally  to  fraudulent  or  unsubstantial  commercial 
projects,  which  hold  out  hopes  of  rajjid  gain,  for  the  purpose  of  enriching  the  projectors  at 
the  expense  of  sanguine  and  ignorant  adventurers ;  and  particularly  used  to  designate  those 
projects,  the  funds  for  which  are  raised  by  the  sale  of  shares  or  subscription  to  a  transferable 
stock.  In  conse(}uence  of  the  mischief  produced  by  the  gambling  in  transferable  shares  of 
bubble  companies  at  the  time  of  the  South  Sea  project,  1719  and  1720,  the  stat.  6  Geo.  I. 
c.  18.,  reciting  that  several  undertakings  or  projects  had  been  contrived  and  practised,  which 
"  manifestly  tended  to  the  common  grievance,  prejudice,  and  inconvenience  of  great  num- 
bers of  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  their  trade  and  commerce,"  and  describing,  among  other 
practices  of  the  time,  the  ordinary  mode  of  raising  money  by  shares  and  subscriptions  to  a 
j)retended  transferable  stock,  enacted,  that  the  undertakings  and  attempts  so  described,  and 
pul)lic  subscriptions,  assignments,  and  transfers  for  furthering  them,  and  particularly  tlie 
raising  or  pretending  to  raise  transferable  stocks  without  authority  of  charter  or  act  of  parlia- 
ment, should  be  deemed  illegal  and  void,  and  prohibited  them  under  severe  penalties.  Some 
decisions  limited  the  operation  of,  and  finally  the  stat.  6  Geo.  4.  c.  91.  altogether  repealed, 
these  enactments  and  prohibitions.  The  projectors  of  bubbles,  therefore,  are  now  punishable 
only  when  they  can  be  deemed  guilty  of  frauds  or  conspiracies  at  common  law ;  and  there 
is  no  other  check  on  the  adventurers  than  the  loss  and  troublesome  liabilities  under  the  law 
of  partnership,  in  which  participation  in  these  projects  often  involves  them. 


BU( 

mata  ,- 

dered,  i 

BUG 

Sarucer 

Po/ianc 

be  cut  V 

tlie  grail 

colour,  ( 

soils.     I 

century. 

learned 

vol.  i.  ar 

quarters. 

BUEI 

200  mile 

very  di/fc 

to  amoun 

vast  exte 

ficult  nav 

and  violei 

name.    S 

goods  into 

tlicm  to  th 

the  bay  of 

tJje  outwa 

houses,  an 

rafts.     Th 

are  sent  to 

exported  bi 

The  impoi 

earthenwar 

salt  fish,  ni 

the  interior 

inland  trad 

and  its  trad 

During  tlu 

48,378;  horse 

arrohas ;  Imi 

Ayres  is  cnrif 

of  lliij  .States 

we  imported 

—(.Set,'  NuTiii 

value  ot"  tliH  i 

year,  was  ,'i3i) 

It]  1828,  04  Hi 

vessels  that  a 

cnniinue  to  iin 

iinoccii|)ied,  u: 

Monies,  IVcii 

[We  .shall 

"States  with  ] 

amount  of  ou 

liy  no  means 

S50,000,  in  tl 

BUFF  (G 

h'iffles;  lt.B 

dressed  with 

mals,  when  pi 

It  is  used  in  n 

required. 

BUGLES, 
Africa,  to  whii 
BULLION 
BUOYS,  p 
water.  Those 
strongly  hooiie 
public. 


BUCKRAM— BUOYS. 


249 


BUCKRAM  (Fr.  Bnuffran ,-  Gcr.  fic/ief/re,  Slelfc  Lclmmnd ,-  It.  Tela  cnl/atn  o  ifom- 
matu;  Ru!».  Kkanku  ,•  Sp.  Bucuran),a  sort  of  coarse  cloth  made  of  hemp,  gummed,  culen- 
dercd,  and  dyod  several  colours. 

BUCKWHEAT  (Fr.  lilc  Samt.sin,  Hit'  iwlr  ,-  (Jer.  liiic/iwcizen,  Ha'dekom  ,•  It.  Grano 
Saruceno,  Fa^t^ina,  Fralna ;  Sp.  'J'r/u;i)  Sdniriiu),  Tr!i;o  iicirru  ,•  Pol.  Tatarat,  (Iri/ka, 
I'ohunca  ;  R\xa,  Grelschu  ,■  ImU  Fiif^npi/ritiii)  is  priiicipiilly  cultivated  in  onler  that  It  may 
be  cut  when  young  and  green,  and  employed  as  fodder  for  cattle ;  when  allowed  to  ri[)en, 
tlic  grain  is  usually  employed  to  feed  pigeons  and  poultry.  When  ripe  it  is  of  a  deep  yellow 
colour,  the  seeds  hearing  a  great  resemblance  to  liecc-h-mast :  it  will  grow  on  the  poorest 
soils.  Buckwheat  has  been  cultivated  in  this  country  from  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  Its  native  country  is  unknown,  but  supposed  to  be  Asia.  Beckmann  has  a  very 
learned  dissertation  on  its  introduction  and  early  cidtiire  in  Europe. — (See  Hint,  of  Invent. 
vol.  i.  art.  Buckwheat.)  The  average  tpiainiiy  of  buckwheat  imported,  is  about  10,000 
quarters.     The  duty  is  the  same  as  on  barley, — (tSee  CoaN  Laws.) 

BUENOS  AYRES,  a  city  of  South  America,  on  the  south  side  of  the  La  Plata,  about 
200  miles  from  its  junction  with  the  sea,  in  lat.  M°  ."30  V  S.,  long.  58°  22'  W.  Population 
very  dillcrcntly  estimated ;  but  said  {liullitiii  de-t  Sciences  Geographiques,  vol.  xx.  p.  152.) 
to  amount  to  81,000.  The  La  Plata  is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  the  world,  traversing  a 
vast  extent  of  country,  of  which  it  is  the  great  outlet.  Unluckily,  however,  it  is  of  very  dif- 
ficult navigation,  being  shallow,  infested  with  rocks  and  sand-banks,  and  exposed  to  sudden 
and  violent  gusts  of  wind.  There  is  no  harbour  at  Buenos  Ayres,  or  none  worthy  of  the 
name.  Ships  can  only  come  within  2  or  3  leagues  of  the  town  :  there  they  unload  their 
goods  into  boats ;  from  which  they  are  received  at  the  landing  )ilaces  into  carts  that  convey 
tliem  to  the  town,  which  is  about  :i  of  a  league  ilistant.  Shi[)s  that  want  careening  repair  to 
the  bay  of  Barragon,  a  kind  of  port  about  10  leagues  to  the  S.  E.  of  the  city  ;  and  there  also 
tlie  outward  bound  ships  wait  for  their  cargoes.  All  the  timber  used  in  the  construction  of 
houses,  and  in  the  building  and  repairing  of  vessels,  come  down  the  river  from  Paraguay  in 
rafts.  The  principal  articles  of  cxjjort  consist  of  hides  and  tallow,  of  which  vast  (juantities 
are  sent  to  England,  the  United  States,  Holland,  (Jermany,  &c, ;  besides  these,  there  arc 
exported  bullion  and  viccunna  wool  from  Peru,  copper  from  Chili,  salt  beef,  imtria  skins,  «Scc. 
The  imj)orts  principally  consists  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods  from  England,  hardware  and 
earthenware  from  ditto,  linens  from  Germany,  (lour  from  the  United  States,  spices,  wines, 
salt  fish,  machinery,  furniture,  &c. :  the  iinest  tobacco,  sugars,  wax,  &c.  are  brought  from 
the  interior ;  as  is  Paraguay  tea,  an  article  in  considerable  demand  in  South  America.  The 
inland  trade  carried  on  between  Buenos  Ayres,  and  Peru,  and  Chili,  is  very  considerable  ; 
and  its  trade  by  sea  with  foreign  countries  is  daily  becoming  of  more  importance. 

Dnrinjr  tlio  year  18.'i2,  there  were  exported  from  lliipiins  Ayres.  dry  hides,  S"7,l.'i2;  dilto  salted 
48,378;  horse  hides,  40,076 ;  jerked  beef,  10.'J,7S0  (niintiils  ;  horns,  2,(110,017  ;  tips,  101,851  ;  wool,  33,052! 
arrohas;  hnir,  31,257  ditto  ;  nutria  skins,  14,5()2  dozen,  Jtc.  The  trade  I'roiu  this  country  to  Uuenoa 
Ayres  is  confounded  in  ourCustiuii-lnuise  accounts  wilh  that  to  Monte  Video,  under  the  general  name 
nf  the  Slates  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  but  hy  far  the  larfjest  share  helongs  to  Buenos  Ayres.  In  1831, 
we  imported  from  these  states,  exclusive  of  hullion,  of  which  no  account  is  kept,  420,001)  niUria  skins* 
—(See  Nutria),  140,008  cvvt.  hides,  2,170  cwt.  tallow,  12,214  lbs.  sheep's  wool,  &c  The  declared 
value  of  the  articles  of  llritisli  produce!  and  ma:nn'a(  tore  exported  to  these  states  during  the  same 
year,  was  3,19,870/.  ;  of  which  cottons,  woollens,  hunlwiire,  uiul  liiii'ns  made  more  than  three  fimrtlis. 
Ill  1828,  04  British  ships,  of  the  burden  of  12,740  Ions,  entered  the  port;  the  total  inunberof  foreign 

vessels  that  annually  eater  it  beinu  from  300  to  400.     'l'\\i\  co 'rce  of  Buenos  Ayres  will  no  doubt 

cnniinue  to  increase  according  as  the  vast  countries  situated  on  the  La  Plata,  now  in  a  great  degree 
unoccupied,  are  settled. 

Monies,  Weights,  Measures,  IfC.  same  as  those  of  Spain ;  for  which,  see  Cadiz. 

[We  .shall  only  add  to  what  the  author  has  stated  concerning  the  trade  of  the  United 
States  with  Buenos  Ayres,  or  the  Argentine  Republic,  of  which  it  is  the  capital,  that  the 
amount  of  our  domestic  manufactured  cottons  which  we  export  to  that  country  has  become 
by  no  means  inconsiderable.  It  was  respectively  )S263,000,  §101,000,  $400,000,  and 
;?50,000,  in  the  four  years  ending  the  30th  of  September,  1837. — Am.  Ed.] 

BUFF  (Ger.  Biiffel,  Biiffclliiiute.-  Ft.  Biifflc,  Peau  de  biiffles,  et  Peatix  pas.iees  en 
buflle.i,-  It.  Biifalo,  Cuojo  di  bufulo),  a  sort  of  leather  prepared  from  tlie  skin  of  the  bulfalo, 
dressed  with  oil,  after  the  mamicr  of  chamois.  The  skin  of  elks,  oxen,  and  other  like  ani- 
mals, when  prepared  after  the  same  manner  as  that  of  the  buffalo,  is  likewise  called  /jtiff. 
It  is  used  in  making  sword-belts  and  other  articles,  where  great  thickness  and  firmness  are 
required. 

BUGLES,  small  glass  beads  of  different  colours.  They  are  in  considerable  demand  in 
Africa,  to  which  they  are  mostly  exported. 

BULLION,  uncoined  gold  and  silver  in  the  mass.     See  GoLn  and  Silveh. 

BUOYS,  pieces  of  wood,  cork,  or  some  light  substance,  moored  and  floating  on  the 
water.  Those  of  wood  are  sometimes  solid,  and  sometimes  hollow,  like  a  cask,  and 
strongly  hooped ;  they  are  made  of  various  shapes  and  sizes ;  and  are  either  private  or 
public. 

32 


260 


BUOYS. 


I 


Subjoined  is  an 


Account  H|icntyiii({  itio  lliioyH  mid  Itisicoin  iiiiiIit  Hi.'  ('oiitrnl  nf  tlio Trlnity-llotigo,  Deptford  Strond, 

Willi  Ihr  Itali'H  nf  Cliart,'!'  <im  iumdiiiiI  of  lln'  sa on  llrllJHli  iiiul  KorclKii  SliijiH,  niul  tilt!  TroUuco 

of  lliu  Kiilos  ill  cuth  of  lliu  Tlireu  Yt-arH  un(liii«  with  l>il%—(l'arl.  Paper,  No.  MIS.  SeHS.  1833.) 


Rr.l«i  nf  Cliarei'. 


Coulcrs. 


nrcli»li.iiil  Ko. 

ri'iKii  |iiiviU;:i',i 

Vri-.  ^(IVl■lM■l, 

|U|-  liai. 


iH't  privilt  !<t"l 


Kor  llii'  hniiys 
and  licaniijs 
in  the  cliaii- 
w.U  Icailiim 
lo    111.'   riviT  vary 


111  tlic  iMirl    (if  Londmi   llic    fidliivvliiL' 

rales  are  iiayaldt;  fur  llii;  inward  pas- 

sai-'f  (inly  ;  viz. — 

'I'll!'     rales 


friiai     1 


1  [If  liny 


2  pence  - 


Tliaiiies    and  |ieniiy  In  I  lar- 

port  (if  l.iiii-  lliiiiL'  iier  1(111, 

(1(111, inrlildiiil.'  aeidrdiny      lo 

loildsnianace  :llic(lescri|Mi(iii 

and  priinasie.  (if  llie  vessids' 

alsdinclndiii}!  carL'dcs,     and 

the  dues  Oir- Ihe  placesfrdiu 

iiierly  reliirn-  whi.'iicc     they 

ed  under  llieiariive. 

head  of  Tri- 
nity     lIou!ie 

diilies     from 

slranser's 

ships. 

These  dues  are  also  rereived  nt  the 
porU  of  Oravesend,  Sheeriiess,  lloihesler.  !'av(  r- 
shaiii,  i.eJL'li,  .Maldoii,  ('(dciiesler.  Ipswich,  Wd.id- 
hridL'e.  Ilarwieli,  and  AldlidriniL'h,  at  wliiili  ihey 
are  payalde  lur  llio  inward  passime  (inly.  The  rale 
on  fdicitrii  vessels  not  privile^'eil,  is  '2  iii'iiie  per 
ton.  Iml  ill  dllier  respects  llie  rales  are  determined 
Iiy  Ihe  ancient  iisau'e  of  llie  respeclive  places,  and 
arc  ^leiierally  iiiii!  half  the  amount  of  llinse  in  llie 
port  of  London. 


Ainounla  collected. 


1830. 


£       a.    d. 


8,623    7    5 


Buoys  olfYar- 

IIKIUth 

Buoys  and 
heacoiis  in 
the  river 
Te(!s 

Exeler  buoys 


;  farthing  perl  i  farthing    I  i  farthing 

toil.  I  1 

4  pence  per  vessel  under  40  tons,  0 

pence  on  all  others. 


1  penny 


2  pence   - 


Stone  boats,  5 
sliilliii|.'s  per 
iiiiniini. 
Conwaybuoys'  3  farlliinns  per  ton,  each  and  every 

tinii'  of  passiiiL'. 
Cariiiarthen       ;l  farlhiiigs  per  ton,  each  time  of  pass- 

biiovs  inir. 

Alierd'ovcy  1  lialf-pi'iiny  I  1  penny    -  |  1  penny  - 

buoys  I       per  ton.       |  I 


Total 


1831. 


£       a.  d. 


9,313  16    61 


1,806  10    2J 
402    7    8 

305  14    0 

48  18    2} 
no  12  <i\ 


1832. 


£       s.  d. 


8,449  IG    0^ 


£     11.3.i7  10    31 


1,835  11    4} 
452  17    2 

296    5  10 

49    2  lU 

105  14  lU 

31  14  10} 


1,802    8  Ij 

465    7  6 

350  19  7 

45    8  41 

107    7  3 

40    9  2 


12,085    3    7}     11,201   10    9} 


Trinity  House,  London,  0th  of  March,  1833. 


(Krrors  e.vcepted.)  J.  llenDERT,  Secretary, 


Private  Btiot/s  are  so  callril  from  tlicir  lieloiining  to  private  individuals.  They  arc  prin- 
cipally oinployud  to  mark  the  jilace  of  the  ship'.s  anoiior,  being  fastened  to  it  by  a  rope  or 
chain,  so  that  the  men  who  go  in  the  boat  to  weigh  it  may  readily  find  out  where  it  is. 

By  the  1  &  2  Heo.  4.  c.  ".').  ?  U-  >t  is  enacted,  that  if  any  pi^rson  or  persons  shall  wilfully  cut  away, 
cast  adrifl.  remove,  alter,  deface,  sink,  or  desnuy.  or  in  any  way  injure  or  conceal,  any  buoy,  biiny- 
rope,  or  mark  lieloiijiiiiL'  lo  any  sliip  or  vessel,  or  which  may  lie  attached  to  any  anchor  or  ralile  lic- 
lont-'iii!;  to  any  sliip  or  vessel,  whelher  in  distress  or  ollierwise.  such  person  or  persons  so  olfendiiig 
shall  upon  ('onviclioii  be  ailjudjied  ^iiiliy  of  felony,  and  shall  lie  liable  lo  be  transported  for  any  term 
note.xceeding  7  years,  or  to  be  imprisoned  for  any  niiinber  of  years,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Pithlic  Buoys,  being  intended  for  the  publir  service,  cannot  be  placed,  altered,  or  removed, 
except  liy  competent  authority.  They  are  generally  of  a  pretty  large  size ;  and  are  firmly 
'moored  by  chains  or  cables  to  rocks,  large  stones,  anchors,  &c.  By  floating  on  the  surface 
of  the  water,  they  serve  at  once  to  mark  the  channels  through  which  it  is  safe  to  steer,  and 
to  point  out  dangers  to  be  avoided,  such  as  sunken  rocks,  shoals,  wrecks  of  vessels,  &c 
The  places  in,  and  the  purposes  for,  which  buoys  are  exhibited,  are  always  specified  in  good 
charts :  and  as  the  leading  buoys  are  generally  of  a  peculiar  figure  or  colour,  which  is  also 
indicated  in  the  chart,  the  navigator,  as  soon  as  he  recognises  them,  shapes  his  course 
accordingly.  Hence  the  great  importance  of  having  buoys  properly  placed,  and  of  their 
being  carefully  marked  in  charts. 


BURDEN— nuSlIIRE. 


251 


Thn  0  Oco.  4.  c.  125.  }  01,  cnncii),  lliiii  every  pirsMii  who  >lmll  ride  by,  iimke  f:isl  to,  rrinnvo.  or 
wliriilly  mil  down  or  run  fmii  (il'iiiiy  vessel  pliiieil  to  eviulill  llithirt,  (iriiiiy  luioy  or  lieiiccjii  lii'loiiKing 
to  till!  corporiilion  of  tl:B  Trinity  llmise  i>(  l)e|ill'iird  Sircniil,  or  lo  iiny  ciilier  nir|Miiii!ion  liiivinit  iiu- 
tliorily  lo  place  hiicIi  vcxmcI,  hiioy.  or  liiiiiiiii.  sIimII.  lie^iidi'S  niiikiiii;  l'himI  all  diiniagu  occHHioiied 
llicrehy,  forfeit,  for  every  sntli  olVeiiee,  any  sum  not  cxc«edin(,'  00/.  nor  lets  than  10/. 

BUKDEN  of  a  ship.     Sec  Toxn  A(a;. 
HUUGUNUV.    Sec  Wink. 

BURGUNDY  PITCH,  a  rosin,  the  prothtcc  of  the  J'hiu/i  A/iles,  or  spruco  fir.  It  w 
obtnitied  by  making  incisions  in  tiie  Imrk  down  to  iho  woiul.  wiicncc  if  llow.s  thickly  and 
lansiiiilly,  iinincdiiitciy  concreting  into  Ihikcs  that  adiicrc  firiniy  to  tin-  tree.  'J'hcsc  liring 
taken  oil"  arc  inched  in  boihng  water,  and  strained  throuyii  coarse  clotiis.  It  is  of  a  close 
consistence,  rather  soft,  has  a  reddisii  brown  colonr,  and  a  not  unpieasmit  smell ;  it  is  very 
adhesive.  The  greatest  quantity  is  collected  in  the  neighbourhood  of  NeufchiUel,  whence  it 
is  brought  to  us  packed  in  casks.  A  fictitious  sort  is  made  in  Kngland,  and  found  in  the 
shops  under  the  title  of  cnnimnii  Uurgundy  pitch  ;  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  friability, 
want  of  viscidity  and  of  the  oi'our  which  characterises  the  genuine  sort. 

A  species  of  Burgundy  pitch  exudes  spontaneously  from  the  Norway  spruce  fir.  This, 
which  undergoes  no  preparation,  is  the  riwlii  or  t/iiin  of  tiie  old  London  riiarinacopceias.  It 
is  imported  in  the  form  of  tears  or  small  masses,  packed  in  casks,  each  containing  from  I  to 
2  cwt.  It  fetches  about  half  the  ]irice  of  that  which  is  strained. — {(Ivaifa  Supplement  to 
the  I'lutrmacopcrias,  Thomson's  Dis/tcnsdhiri/.) 

BUSHEL,  a  measure  of  cajmcity  for  dry  goods,  as  grain,  fruit,  dry  pulse,  &c.  containing 
4  pecks,  or  8  gallons,  or  ^  of  a  quarter. 

The  Winchester  bushel  contains  '^l.'iO'lO  cubic  inches,  while  the  Imi)erial  bushel  con- 
tains 22I8'198.  Hence  to  convert  Winchester  bu.sheis  into  imperial,  multiply  by  the  frac- 
lioii  ■.fyj'\'!,'9~Tj  or  •969'147,  or  approximately  deduct  ,',th,  and  . '  ,th  ;  and  if  great  accuracy 
be  required,  7t„'imT  '""l  ^rt '^,7  more.  To  conviTt  jirices  jur  Winchester  bushel  into  prices 
per  Imperial  bushel, multiply  by  the  fraction  -,',', ',iV'^'  "*"  l*"'^l''iL'J7. 

By  the  f)  Geo.  4.  c.  74.  §  7.  the  bushel  shall  be  the  stnndard  measure  of  capacity  for 
enak,  culm,  lime,  fish,  potatoes,  or  fruit,  and  all  other  goods  and  things  commonly  sold  by 
heaped  measure.  The  bushel  shall  contain  80  lbs.  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water,  being  made 
round,  with  a  plain  and  even  bottom,  and  being  I'.^  inches  from  outside  to  outside.  Sec- 
tions 7  and  8  direct  the  mode  in  which  the  bushel  shall  be  used  for  heaped  measure. 
— (See  Wkic.iits  and  Mkasimiks.) 

The  standard  mea.sure  of  ca|)acity,  by  this  act,  as  well  for  li(|uids  as  for  drj'  goods  not 
measured  by  heaped  measure,  shall  be  the  i^alhm,  containing  10  lbs.  avoirdupois  weight  of 
distilled  water  weighed  in  air  at  the  temperature  of  i\'Z°  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer,  the 
barometer  being  at  30  inches;  and  such  measure  .shall  be  the  Imperial  standard  gallon 
(containing  277'274  cubic  inches)  ;  and  all  measmrs  shidl  be  taken  in  parts  or  multiidcs, 
or  certain  proportions,  of  the  said  Imperial  standard  gallon ;  and  the  (juart  shall  be  the 
fourth  part,  and  the  pint  shall  be  an  eighth  of  such  standard  gallon;  and  2  such  gal- 
lons shall  be  a  peck,  and  8  such  gallons  shall  be  a  bushel,  and  8  such  bushels  a  quarter  of 
corn  or  other  dry  goods  not  measured  by  hcajicd  measmv. 

Bl'SHlKE  oil  ABUSHIHE,  a  sea-port  town  of  I'crsia,  in  the  province  of  Fars,  on  the 
north-east  coast  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  in  lat.  2'J~'  N.,  long.  .50°  M)'  E.  Population  uncertain, 
but  estimated  by  Major  Wilson  at  from  l.'t.OOO  to  2().0()().  J'ushire  is  situated  at  the  north- 
ern extremity  of  a  sandy  peninsula,  to  the  norlh  and  east  of  which  is  the  bay.  'J 'here  is  a 
convenient  anchorage  for  large  ships  due  west  from  the  town,  1?  or  4  miles  distant,  in  from 
25  to  28  feet  water ;  but  ships  of  .'JOO  tons  burden  or  thereby  lie  in  the  inner  roads,  to  the 
north,  about  6  miles  from  shore  ;  the  anchorage  is  pretty  good  ;  but  during  violent  north- 
westerly gales,  they  are  sometimes  obliged  to  cut  their  cables,  and  bear  up  forKarak,  a  small 
island  about  15  leagues  W.  N.  W^.  of  Hushire.  The  water  inuned lately  to  the  east  of 
the  town  is  deep,  but  the  passage  to  it  is  olistructed  by  a  bar,  which  caimot  be  passed  by 
vcs.sels  drawing  more  than  8  or  'J  feet  water,  excejit  at  spring  tides,  when  there  is  a  ri.se  of 
from  8  to  10  feet.  The  variation  in  1811  was  4°  415'  W.— (rvW»-/  of  the  Persian  Gulf, 
by  Captain  Ritchie,  &c.)  The  climate  here,  as  in  all  the  other  ports  of  the  Persian  Gulf, 
is  extremely  hot,  particularly  in  June,  July,  and  August.  The  unhealthy  season  is  in  the 
fall  of  the  year. 

Trade,  ^c. — Bushiro  has  a  good  deal  of  trade,  particularly  with  Calcutta,  Bombay,  and 
Madras.  Its  merchants  supply  almost  all  Persia  with  Indian  commodities ;  as,  also,  with  a 
good  many  of  those  brought  I'rom  Europe.  Of  the  imports  from  India,  indigo,  sugar,  sugar 
candy,  and  spices  arc  the  most  imi)ortant ;  the  stciM  of  India  is  preferred  in  Persia  to  every 
other,  and  is  made  into  excellent  sabres :  tin  is  brought  from  lianca ;  and  coffee  is  princi- 
pally supplied  by  Mocha  and  other  ports  on  the  Arabian  tiulf.  English  cotton  goods,  not- 
withstanding the  admitted  inferiority  of  our  red  dyes, — a  colour  in  great  esteem  in  Persia, — 
have  already  gone  far  to  supersede  those  that  were  formerly  brought  from  Hindostaii ;  and 
the  demand  for  them  is  rapidly  extending,  and  is  susceptible  of  an  almost  indefinite  increase. 
Besides  those  imported  at  Bushire,  a  good  many  are  introduced  through  Bussorah,  and 


'       i 


:!;' 


1         •'! 
I 


252 


BUSIIIRE. 


BoniP  throuffh  Turkry  and  Rii«xia  ;  the  latter  liy  wiiy  of  tlic  ninrk  Won.  tlio  formor  of  Smyrna 
and  ConMtiintino|ilr.  llitlu'rlo,  indrnl,  a  cciiisidi'ialil)'  part  of  tlio  cottons  imported  tliroiiirh 
the  lust  mentioned  ehanneU  liiivo  heeii  mipplied  l>y  tSvvil/.erland  and  (ieriiiuny, — tlieir 
iahries  Imvin^  been,  in  some  ren|'eetn,  lielt'T  lilted,  than  onrn  for  the 'I'lirkish  and  IVrsiatj 
jnarketH ;  hut  tliey  wein  to  liave  lont  tliis  advanla^^e,  an  our  ex|)(prts  of  eottons  to 'J'urkey 
an?  now  rapidly  inereasin;;.  Woollen  khoiIh,  enflery,  watches,  kVc,  sent  to  IntHa  from 
Kn((Iund,  are  thence  exported  to  IJushire.  Imitation  shawlH,  of  the  proper  size  and  pattern, 
arc  Haid  to  meet  with  a  fair  sale.  'J'lie  exports  princi|ially  consist  of  raw  silk,  Kermnn  wool, 
Kernian  and  Cashmere  shawls,  carpets,  hor^'•s,  silk  noods,  dried  fruits,  wine,  mrain,  copper, 
tunpioises,  asafcetida,  ^all-nuts,  jiearls,  and  oilier  articles  of  minor  importance.  'I'urkev 
aunually  supplies  Persia  with  a  very  eonsideralile  amount  of  bullion,  most  part  of  which  is 
sent  to  India. 

Of  the  Persian  exports,  raw  silk  is  the  moat  important.  It  is  produced  to  some  extent  in 
every  province ;  hut  tJheelau  and  Ma/.inideran  are  those  which  are  most  celebrated  for  its 
prowtli.  In  the  former,  about  l)0(),lt()()  lbs.  are  auiuially  raised,  Russia  is  a  lartje  customer 
for  this  article.  Dried  fruits  and  dates  are  sent  inconsiderable  ipiantities  to  India.  Horses 
ore  largely  exported  to  India  both  by  sea  and  land  ;  they  serve  for  momitiui;  our  Indian 
cavalry,  and  for  supply.'ug  the  lame  (irivate  demand  that  always  obtains  in  Hinilostan  for 
this  noble  animal.  Thouijh  neither  -o  swift  nor  so  beautiful  as  those  of  Arai)ia,  tiie  P<'rsian 
horses  are  lar(je,  more  powerful,  and,  all  tiiinijs  considered,  better  for  cavalry.  They  arc 
capable  of  supiwrtinij;  an  extraordinary  decree  of  fati^^ue.  Wine  of  Shiraz  enjoys  a  dejrree 
of  celebrity,  to  which,  judij;ina  from  the  f'W  samples  we  have  seen,  it  seems  but  ill  entitle(L 
Mr.  Fra/.er  says,  that  it  is  made  in  so  careless  a  manner,  llial,  in  choosinif  it,  not  more  than 
1  bottle  in  4  or  .5  can  be  made  use  of.  Persian  tobacco  and  yellow  dye  berries  are  highly 
esteemed  ;  the  former  enters  to  a  consideraMe  extent  into  the  trade  to  Turkey  as  well  as  to 
India;  the  berries  brine;  a  very  high  price  in  our  markets,  but  the  imports  hitherto  have 
been  inconsiderable.  Turquoises,  a>afa'tida,  and  various  sorts  of  drugs,  rose  water,  with 
other  minor  articles,  form  part  of  the  exi)orts.  iSheeps'  and  Roals'  wool  is  also  exported 
The  best  is  that  of  Kerman.  The  down  furiiisiied  by  the  goats  of  this  province  is  almost 
as  fine  as  that  of  the  Thibet  or  shawl  goats,  ("otton  is  extensively  produced  in  Persia ;  the 
Russians  carry  away  some,  but  the  greater  ])art  is  used  in  the  country,  (irain  is  sent  to 
Muscat,  hut  )t  in  large  quantities.  The  pearl  trade  is  now  principally  centered  at  MuscaL 
The  impori.  of  copper  into  Calcutta  from  IJushire.  Uus-iorah,and  other  ports  of  the  Persian 
Gulf,  during  the  7  years  ending  with  18v;7-2S,  were  valued  at  about  .')0,00()/.  a  year.  'J'liis 
copjier  is  principally  the  produce  of  the  Persian  mines,  mixed,  however,  with  some  Russian 
copper  from  Georgia.  Of  manufactured  articles,  the  principal  arc  carpets  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful fabric  ;  shawls,  partly  native,  and  partly  brought  from  Cashmere  ;  velvets,  silk  goods, 
gold  and  silver  brocades,  and  a  few  other  articles.  The  trade  between  Persia  and  Russia 
by  tlie  Caspian  Sea  is  very  considerable.  Most  |>art  of  the  paper  used  in  the  former  is  sup- 
plied by  the  latter.  The  furs  of  Russia  lind  a  ready  market  in  Persia ;  hut  it  is  a  I'act  worth 
mentioning,  that  Persian  merchants  have  recently  been  seen  at  the  Jjcipsic  fairs,  carrying 
gold  thither  for  American  furs! — (Ui-f/ii/iaii  an  //ic  licnuurces  of  Tur/t-n/,  p.  1.55.)  The 
Russian  provinces  on  llic  Caspian  derive  their  supplies  of  indigo  from  Persia  by  way  of 
Bushire. 

The  official  returns  slinw  tlint  the  total  value  (ii'ilic  entirn  trade,  imports  as  well  as  cxpnrtJ,  carried 
on  lietwoen  lirilisli  India  and  the  Persian  (lull,  nt  iiii  avi'raijo  of  the  7  years  eiidiiii;  willi  l^is,  was 
(lalviiic  the  ru|)(!e  at  2.<,)  l,;i37.ltW.  a  year.  Ol'this  iiiiiDiint,  Calculla  parlicipMled  to  llie  i-xtciit  of 
55!t,(isii/..  Madras  of  51.'.W1/.,  and  lloiidiay  ot'TiJ.mr/.  'I'liis,  hinvcver.  iiichidcs  tlie  trade  to  Muscat 
and  liussorali,  as  well  as  to  lliishirc.',  and  wi:  have  no  imans  ()rdis(  riininatiii<!  the  separate  a  nimint  nf 
eacli.  It  appears,  indeed,  frnni  an  accoinit  in  the  y-duw.  pafur  whence  these  statements  arr  taken,  that 
of  34  ships  lielonginj!  to  the  Persian  d'nlf  that  an  aid  at  liinnhay  diirinir  tlie  7  years  rel'errcd  to,  28 
belom;ed  to  Muscat,  and  oidy  7  to  Hiisliire.  Hnt  it  nmsl  not  he  supposod  tliat  the  traih;  to  tliese  places 
is  in  this  proportion,  inasnmch  ns  most  of  thr  Araliiaii  ships  iradiiii.'  to  Dnssorah  lieloni;  to  Mus- 
cat. It  may,  jiowi^ver,  he  fairly  presumed,  that  thi' arrivals  of  (inlf  ships  at  C'ahutla  ami  Madras 
would  he  in  ahout  the  same  proportion  as  iIm>si' at  Kumhay;  lint  the  destination  of  tlio  Ilritish  sliips 
tradiud  to  the  fiulf  not  hein?  t'iven,  and  it  hfln!.'  rMslcunary  for  most  sliips  to  visit  hoth  liushire  and 
liussorali,  it  is  impossililo  to  say  wlu'ther  tin'  value  of  \\ir  trailo  to  tlie  fornnT,  as  compared  with  that 
to  the  latter  and  Muscat,  corresponds  with  the  numlier  of  ships  they  respeitivelv  send  to  India. 

Water  at  liushire  is  excessively  had  and  dear  ;  hut  exiellent  water,  and  in  ureal  aliiindance,  may 
lie  had  at  Karak.  The  anrhora!.'e  at  tiiis  island  is  safe  at  all  times;  and  ships  may  lie  close  to  the 
beai-li.  .Sir  ,lohn  Malcolm  sujiifesteil,  that  tin'  peiiii.iiu'nt  possession  of  Kaiak  wmild  lie  an  oliji;ot  of 
eonsideralile  importance  ;  and  w  e  are  rather  imlinei!  in  aL'rei'  w  ilh  liini.  It  is  of  no  value  to  the  Per- 
sians, and  there  seems  little  doiiht  that  lliey  would  he  L'lad  to  cedi;  it  for  a  tritlim;  consideration.  Its 
possession  would  not  only  enalile  us  to  cnniniand  the  navis/ation  of  the  Persian  (iulf;  hut  it  would 
form  a  depot  where  (joods  destined  tor  liushiie.  liussorali,  .tc,  iniL'ht  he  kept  in  perfect  safely,  and  in 
a  situation  the  most  convenient,  lieinu  re  idil>  aicessilde  to  all  sorts  of  Araliian  vesseh.  .\  taste  for 
Ilritish  cottons  and  woollens  is  now  liirmiiiL'  in  all  tlie  vasi  cduntries  watered  liy  the  Kuphrates  and 
tlieTi(iris.or  which  derive  their  supplies  I'remtlie  emporia  erected  on  their  hanks  :  and  it  is  of  the  jireat- 
est  consei|uence  that  nothing  be  uiiiitled  that  may  serve  to  facilitate  tin;  ditfusion  of  this  taste,  and 
the  m  Mins  of  gratifying  it. 

.Alufi")/.— .Accounts  are  kept  in  tomans  of  .10  aha^scs,  fir  100  inamoodis.  The  toman  is  a  Persian  cold 
coin,  containiiiL',  according  to  the  report  of  the  Uninliay  mint,  trom  71.'i  to '17  gr.  pure  metal,  being 
consequently  eiiual  to  from  l"2.v.  'id.  to  1U-.  lid.  sterlini:.  The  toman  of  liussorali  is  worth  about  lifts., 
and  tliat  of  tiumbroon  about '24j>'.    These,  witli  I'er.suin  and  foreign  ijilver  cuius  oi'  all  denuminutions, 


nrfi  fnitr 
the  miti 

vcr\  nei 
Tlie  c. 
used.  'I 
zaar.  'I 
copra  is 
articles 
Pearls 

There 

iiion  gii/ 

Tile  P. 

tn  ii  mill'! 

The  an 

For  fur 

fian  Umpi 

Ao.  7;i.').- 

lator,  Jifc. 

BfXS 

from  50  t 
one  at  tl 

FlSHKIIY. 

(the  nam 
nhove  70 
consisting 
mean  iiiid 
and  plant) 
craft. 

The  bar 

within  is  d 

niny  withoi 

lie  navigati 

cast,  throiit 

enijiirc.     It 

and  extens 

and  industr 

similar  to  tl 

rein,  iScc,  ar 

of  the  year  I 

the  inerchan 

with  in  the 

liorscs,  gall  i 

tnry,  the  exj 

ilic  East  Inc 

caravans  to  i 

nieaiis  of  stci 

iJ'hnt-cl-Arab 

to  Gibraltar  i 

Mnieij.— All 

kept  in  viiiiniKii 

about  1,'i  sicca 

IVtijrh.t.1  ami 

Tlic  cominer 

vakiii  -  I'.loz.  ! 

ez  avoir.;  1  im 

Tlitse  are  thi 

jVra  littli'  froii 

Cliaiit  must  pay 

The  long  ine; 

for  I'otiiins  and 

Tor  further  (l< 

2"<;t.;  the  art.  Hi 

liir.p.  J2I.     Nl, 

BUTLER.J 
BUTT,  u  V 
BUTTER 

Lat.  Hutyniin 
Smiir),  as  evei 
stance,  obtainc 

The  varioui 
have  been  invt 
which  he  arriv 

Vol.  I.— Y 


BUSS— BUTTER. 


253 


MH  foiintl  nt  Unshlro;  tint  tlm  rf\t(<«  of  ilii'  forriifii  roinu  nro  pcrpctiinlly  varying,  nnd  tlio  \V(-i((lit  of 
tliii  nallvii  nilim  in  alnii  niilijii  I  In  rric|iiiiil  i  liiiiii.'C!4. 

Il'eilflil.i  unit  vWki.ihio.— Cold  anil  ^jlvl•r  arc  wri|(lii'il  liy  tlii!  iiiUcal  (if2(l\vt.  2;i  7-lC  (jr-i  <"■  3(l\vl. 
vcr)  iwarly. 

Tlid  ("iiiliicrriiil  wrinhts  vary  acroiiliiiB  l^i  tin'  fciiiiin(i(lllle!i  mid.  and  the  placi'H  wluTc  llirv  arc 
iiKi'd.  'I'lii'  iiiaiiiid  taliri'i'  wnuli^  0^  jliy.  av<>irdii|iidii  al  flic  ('iiHl(iiii'liiiii.''f' .  Inn  mily  li;  IIih.  at  ilii^  ba- 
zaar. Tills  wi'iitlit  JM  iiyi'd  hy  dcaliTH  III  i^iiiiar.  lutri'i.  riippcr,  and  all  Mirtt  of  iIiiiifh.  'I'lir  ni.iiuiil 
mpra  is  7J  llis,  al  llic  ('iimIimii-Iiipihc,  and  rrinii  '.;  In  "i  IIih.  al  tin'  lia/.aar.  ItcaliTH  in  riri'  and  iillirr 
nrlli'U'H  iirprnvlNiiin  nsr  ihis  wrlulil.     Tin'  iiiaiinil  sliaw  Is  diinlili.'  IIil'  niannd  tahni',  nr  111!,  IIm. 

IVarls  iiri'  wcjulird  hy  I  lie  alilias      U  U.'i  cr  'I'm) . 

Tlirri'  arc  varimis  »iiiu  nl'  irn/.'s  or  iiihlis,  One  rallt'tl  lliu  roynl  giiz  =  371  Eng.  InclicH  ;  Ihi'  nun. 
in«n  till/.  Ih  IU'o  thirds  nl'  the  liirnirr,  or  'J'l  inrlirK. 

Tin-  I'lTslan  Icauint  or  parasanir  Is  l-'JIlili  ot'a  drffrco  oftlic  (><|iintnr,  and  should,  tlicrrrori',  bi;  uipial 
10  ii  miles  :i  I'nrlonus  and  'ifi  poles  llnulisli. 

The  arlalia,  nr  priiieipal  rorn  measure,  is  cipiivalent  to  nlioiil  2  Winch.  qiiarterR. 

Tor  I'lirlher  parlienlarH,  see  .Virlmlir.  ^i. 1111^:1  tii  Jiriiliie,  tome  ii.  p.  7,"i.;  Kiiiiiiir's  Miiioir  of  Ihr  I'lr- 
siun  y.ininre,  p.  "II. ;  h'riistr'n  'I'ranl.-i  nv  llir  Sl(i,ny  nf  Ihr  ('((.-/iiini,  Spiiin.  pp.  ,'I.V2-;iHl  ;  /'«)•/.  I'lipii; 
i\().  7.'(i.— 11.  WCHS.  Ib32.  pp.  ()3a— (i.'is.;  Ktlhi's  Oriciitiil  Mtruliigy ;  ThiirntoH'.i  Kiist  Iniliuu  Ciilcif 
lalor,  -S'C. 

Bl'SS,  a  small  sen-vosHol,  used  liy  iw  ami  the  Dutch  in  the  hrrring  fiKhcry,  commonly 
from  50  to  60  tons  linrdi'u,  and  somoliiiit's  morr.  A  buss  has  two  siniill  slu'ds  orcai)ins; 
one  at  the  prow,  and  liie  utiicr  al  tlit-  .siorii ;  th;it  at  llic  prow  si-rvos  Cor  a  kitciuMi. — ((Si'c 

FiSIIKUV.) 

mJSSORAH  OR  BASRAH,  a  rity  of  Arnhia.on  the  western  bank  of  the  Shat-el-Arab 
(the  name  Riven  to  the  river  foniied  by  the  junction  of  the  'J'igris  and  tlie  Euphrates), 
above  70  miles  from  its  mouth,  lat,  'M)°  ;nV  N'.,  I'onu.  47°  32'  E,  rojiulation  about  (iO.OOO, 
coiisistiiiR  of  Arabs,  Turks,  Persians,  Arnitniiins,  Jews,  &c.  The  houses  and  streets  are 
mean  and  fiitity.  There  is  a  vast  area  wilbin  the  walls,  occupied  princi|ially  by  garden.^ 
and  i)lantulions  of  date  trees,  and  iiiter.seeted  by  canals,  on  which  arc  nuiaerons  small 
craft. 

The  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  8hat-el-.-\ralt  has  only  about  12  feet  water,  but  the  channel 
within  is  dee|),  so  that  ships  of  .')0()  tons  burden,  provided  they  cross  the  bar  nt  the  springs, 
may  without  dillieully  ascend  the  river  as  far  as  llie  city  ;  and  both  its  grand  liranehes  may 
lie  navigated  to  a  great  distance  by  smaller  vessels.  Bussorah  is  the  iiriiici(ial  inlet  on  the 
cast,  through  which  Indian  and  other  Eastern  products  iiiul  their  way  into  the  TurkiNli 
empire.  Its  commerce  is,  therefore,  even  at  present,  Jiretty  eoiisideiahle  ;  and  were  the  rich 
and  extensive  countries  traversed  by  the  'J'igris  and  the  Euphrates  occupied  by  a  civilized 
and  industrious  people,  it  would  be  very  great.  Its  imports  from  India  and  Europe  are 
similar  to  those  at  Busiii'ik  (which  see)  ;  from  Persia  it  imports  shawls,  jiearls  fn.in  Bah- 
rein, (Slc,  and  colTco  from  Mocha.  At  an  average,  C  or  8  British  ship.s  arrive  in  the  course 
of  the  year  from  India  ;  but  the  jirincipal  part  of  the  trade  is  carried  on  in  Arabian  boltoms, 
the  merchants  of  Muscat  being  the  owners  of  some  of  the  finest  ships  that  are  to  be  met 
with  in  the  Indian  seas.  Its  exports  are  princifially  bullion,  pearls,  dates,  copper,  raw  silk, 
Iiorscs,  gall  nuts,  and  drugs.  Captain  Hamilton  mentions,  that  in  the  early  [lart  of  last  cen- 
tury, the  exports  of  dates  from  Bussorah  exceeded  10,000  tons  a  year. — (Ncir  iiccniiiit  nf 
tlic  East  Indies,  vol.  i.  p.  78.)  The  commerce  with  the  interior  is  conducled  by  means  of 
caravans  to  Ale])po  and  Bagdad  ;  hut  it  might  be  carried  on  to  much  more  advantage  iiy 
means  of  steam-boats.  It  luw  been  jiroposed  to  forward  mails  from  India  by  steam  by  the 
8hat-el-Arab  and  the  Euphrates  to  Bir,  thence  by  land  to  Scanderoon,  and  again  hy  steam 
to  Gibraltar  and  England. 

jtl„i,eij. — All  sorts  of  ('(dns  circulate  here,  but  their  valne.s  are  constantly  flnclnatinir.  Accounts  an; 
kepi  ill  wi(m»("/ic,v  ol"  U)  ilaiiiuis.  or  \W  Jlounc  ;  HiO  miimii(i(/ic<  make  a  (umu/i,  which  may  be  valued  at 
abiiiit  Ifi  sicca  rupees,  or  3(i.s-.  sterlinir. 

/(Vi.ff/:/."-  iiml  Jt/ra.NHrcs-.— (iold  and  silver  are  weiffbed  by  the  rhrki  of  100  mi.^cals,  or  7,20(1  Eng.  prains. 

The  commercial  weinhls  are  the  mniinU  ailirif.  the  mniuid  xufi/  or  .vp,-.-.sr.  and  tin,'  «/.c  »/  Hairilml.  I 
rnkiii  ^  111  o/.  avoirdupois ;  2.;  vakias  =  1  okf  of  Hasdail  =  -17i  oz.  avoir.;  1  maiinil  alteruc  =28  lbs.  H 
V.7..  avoir.;  1  maund  sofy  =  HO  lbs.  1  oz.  avoir.;  1  nilrn  of  indiu'o  =  l.'iH  lbs.  LI  oz.  avoir. 

These  are  the  weichts  used  by  the  Kiiropeaiis  setlleil  at  Itiissorah  ;  those  used  by  the  Arabians  dif- 
j'er  a  litlh;  from  the  above,  and  frequently  alsoamoim  Ihemselves,— a  circumstance  to  «  liichthe  mer- 
chant must  pay  particular  alleution. 

Tilt!  lorn;  measures  are  the  Aleppo  yard  f  r  silks  and  woollens  =-  2  feet  21  imiies;  the  Iladded  do. 
for  I'otlons  and  linens  =  2  feet  10  2  incln's  ;  llie  HaL'dad  do.  for  all  purposes  =  2  feel  70  inehes. 

For  I'lirlher  details  as  to  tlie  (■ommerce  of  Hiissorali,  see  hiiineir'a  Jfniinir  on  the  I'erninn  l-Unpire,  p. 
2"*;!.;  the  art.  HrsimiE  in  this  Dictionary;  A'i//.v'.<  Uriinliil  Mlmld^ii ;  Thontton'.i  Kii.-<t  Imtiaii  Calcula- 
tor, p.  121.     Niebnlir  has  fiiveii  a  plan  (if  Ihissorah,  l^oijagc  en  Jimbie,  tome  ii.  p.  170. 

BUTLERAUE.     See  Puisaok. 

BUTT,  a  vessel  or  measure  for  wine,  containing  2  hogsheads,  or  126  wine  gallons. 

BUTTER  (Da.  Nwior.-  Y)\\.  Ihter  ;  Yr.  Ufurre  ,-  Cior.  Butler ,-  \i.  llurrn,  Butiro  ; 
Lat.  Butynim ;  Pol.  Mitulo  ;  Port.  Miinteiii^a  ;  Rus.  Miisslo  Knniwe  ,•  Sp.  Manteca ,-  Sw. 
Smor),  as  every  one  knows,  is  a  lat,  unctuous,  and,  in  temperate  climates,  a  pretty  firm  sub- 
stance, obtained  from  milk,  or  rather  from  cream,  by  the  process  of  churning. 

The  various  circumstances  attending  the  introduction  and  use  of  butter  in  antiquity 
have  been  investigated  by  Beckmann  with  great  learning  and  industry.  The  conclusion  at 
which  he  arrives  is,  "that  butter  was  not  used  either  by  the  Greeks  or  Romans  in  cooking 

Vol.  I.— Y 


7», 


i 


t'l 


354 


nUTTER. 


I 


or  tho  prcpnrntion  of  foo<l,  nor  wan  it  l)roii«lii  u|x)n  their  tiiMfs  by  wny  of  doHncrt,  a*  iacvpry 
where  eiiHluiniiry  i>t  preHent,  We  never  liml  it  iiieiitii>iieil  liy  (iiili'ii  mid  otherM  im  ii  foixl, 
thiiiiKh  they  hiive  xpiil<eri  of  it  tin  a|iplii';tl>le  lo  Diher  piir|iiH('M,  No  notice  is  taken  of  it  by 
AlpieiiiN;  nor  iH  there  any  thiiii^  Niiiii  of  it  in  that  re^peet  by  the  aiithorn  wlio  treat  of  aa;ri- 
I'lilliire,  tlioiii{h  they  iiave  ^iveii  im  very  particniar  inl'orination  with  rexpeet  to  milk,  eiieoNe, 
arid  oil,  'I'his,  iim  ha^  Iw'en  remarked  by  other!*,  may  Ih>  easily  accounted  '°ir,  iiy  the  iinciutitrt 
ha\inp;  urniHtomed  lheinwelven  to  the  use  of  pfood  oil ;  and  in  the  like  inninier  butter  is  very 
little  employed  at  prcHeiit  in  Italy,  Npaiu,  i'ortut^id,  and  the  Houlitern  piirtM  of  Franco." 
—  (Hi.s/(irf/  iif  liirrnfiiins,  vol.  ii.  p.  •!  UJ.  I'lnif.  ed.) 

Hutter  is  very  extensively  UHcd  in  this  and  most  other  northern  countries;  that  of  Eiiq- 
Iniiil  (Old  Holland  iH  reckoned  the  best.  In  London,  the  butter  of  KppinK  and  (l^ambridKe 
is  in  the  highest  repute ;  the  cows  which  produce  the  former,  fceil  during  summer  in  the 
Hhnil>by  pastures  of  I'jppini^  Forest;  luid  tiie  leaves  of  the  trees,  and  numerous  wild  plants 
which  there  abound,  are  supposed  to  irnjirove  the  llavour  of  the  butter.  It  is  iirounht  to 
market  in  rolls  from  one  to  two  feet  lon^,  weiKhin^  it  pound  each.  'J'he  Cnmbridi{e.shire 
butter  iH  produced  from  cows  that  feed  one  part  of  the  year  on  chalky  iiplnnds,  and  the  other 
on  rich  meadows  or  fens;  it  is  innde  u|i  into  lom;  rolls  like  the  Hppinp;  butter,  ami  Kcnernlly 
salted  or  ciireil  before  beiiii;  broui;ht  to  market ;  the  London  dealcrH,  having  wunhed  it,  and 
wrouj;ht  the  salt  out  of  it,  freipiently  sell  it  for  Hppint?  butter. 

The  butter  of  Snflblk  and  Yorkshire  is  often  sold  for  that  of  ('ambridcfeHhire,  to  which  it 
is  little  interior.  The  butter  of  Somersetshire  is  thouirht  to  eipial  that  of  Kppino; ;  it  is 
broui^ht  to  market  in  dishes  contnininir  half  a  ponml  each  ;  out  of  which  it  is  taken,  washed 
nnd  put  into  din'erenl  forms,  by  the  dealers  of  Hath  and  liristol.  The  butter  of  (Jloncester- 
siiire  and  Oxfordshire  is  very  good  ;  it  is  made  up  in  half  pound  packs  or  prints,  packed  up  in 
S(piare  baskets,  nnd  sent  to  the  liondon  market  by  wairon,  The  butter  of  tlie  mountains  of 
Wales  and  IScotland,  and  the  moors,  commons,  and  heaths  of  ['in^land,  in  of  excellent  ipialily 
when  it  is  properly  managed  ;  and  though  not  ecpial  in  <iuantity,  it  often  is  coidessedly  supe- 
rior, to  that  iiroduced  by  the  richest  meadows. — (liiimfuii's  f'liei/.  af  Airriciilftire.) 

(considerable  ([uantiticH  of  butter  are  made  in  Ireland,  and  it  forms  a  prominent  article  in 
the  exports  of  that  country;  generally  it  is  very  inferior  to  that  of  Hritain ;  but  this  is  a 
coiiseipieiice  raliicr  of  the  want  of  cleanliness  and  attention,  than  of  any  inferiority  in  the 
milk.  Some  of  the  best  Irish  butter  brought  to  London,  utter  being  washed  and  repacked, 
is  sold  as  Dorsetshire  and  Cambridge  butter. 

The  salt  butter  of  Holland  is  superior  to  that  of  every  other  country ;  large  quantities 
of  it  are  annually  exported.     It  forms  about  three  fourths  of  all  the  foreign  butler  we  import. 

'I'll"  iiniiliirlliiii  Mill!  I'dnsMinptioii  iif  Inilti'r  in  (Iri'M  llritaiii  is  very  creat.  The  ronsiiiiiption  iiitlii> 
Mi'lni|P()lis  limy,  it  is  lii'licveil,  lie  nvcriii-'eil  iit  iiliniit  mic  liiill'  piiiiiiil  per  week  tor  eiiili  iniliviiliiiil, 
Ix'liiL'  III  till'  rati'  lit'  Uli  Ills,  a  yrar ;  nnil  siippo-iiiiL'  lln'  pupiilaliiiii  to  aiiKiiiiit  to  1,1.111,01111,  tlic  Inlal  aii< 
iiii;il  ((iiisii  nipt  ii  111  wciiilil,  (III  this  liyiHillic-is,  be  liT.TIHI.OIIIIIIis.,  iir  iri,>.'f()  Ions  :  lint  to  this  iiiiiy  lie  iiiliji'il 
l.flilil  tuns,  I'lir  tin;  liiittiT  rciinired  tor  tin:  viiliialliii!.'  nf  slops  anil  nllier  piirposi's;  iii.ikiiiir  ttii' tiital 
ninsiiniplidii,  in  riiiuiil  nainlicrs,  21,000  tuns,  or '17,11 10,1100  Ills.,  wliicll  at  li)il.  piT  lb.  wiiiilil  be  wnrlli 
1. Olio, Olio/. 

Till!  averairc  proiliico  per  cnw  of  the  liiUter  iliiirii'S  is  csliiiiatiMl  liy  Mr.  Marshall  at  Ids  llis.  a  yc^r; 
so  tliiil,  siippiisiii!,'  we  an;  nearly  right  in  thi!  aliove  esliniiites,  alimit  yso.oiH)  cows  will  he  reqiiirVd  to 
[irmliice  an  iiileiiuato  supply  of  butter  fur  the  l.iinilnn  inarkel. 

'I'lie  I'onsiiinpliiin  of  hiitter  ia  I.onilun  has  sniiietiines  lieeii  estlniateil  at  50,000  tons  ;  whiili.  nrrnril- 
ini{  to  Mr.  Marshall's  slaleiiient,  of  tlie  aci  iiraiy  of  which  no  iloiiht  can  hu  eiiterlainril,  wimhlreipiiro 
liir  its  supply  upwards  of  Oti(i,000  cows!     I'lirther  cDinniuntary  on  such  a  statuinunt  would  ho  siipur- 

HllllllS. 

In  order  to  oliviato  the  prartice  of  fraud  in  the  weiuhiiic  and  packinir  of  butter,  difTereiil  statiilej 
have  been  passed,  particularly  the  Uti  (ieo.  3.  c.  "^0.,  and  ifn  (Jen.  H.  c.  T;i.,  the  priinipiil  ri'L'iilatiniis  of 
w  liiih  are  sulijoiiieil.  It  is  «ery  doiilill'iil,  however,  whether  they  have  been  prodiirtive  of  any  goml 
elfeit.  It  inJL'lit  be  proper,  perhaps,  to  order  tin;  weight  of  the  lintter.excliisivn  of  the  vessel,  luid  the 
dairyman's  or  seller's  naiiio,  to  be  branded  on  the  iiL-iiile  and  outside  of  each  vessel ;  but  most  of  iImj 
oilier  regulations,  especially  those  as  to  the  thickness  of  the  staves,  ami  the  wuiglit  of  the  vessel.^, 
seem  to  be  at  mice  vifxatioiis  anil  useless. 

Kvery  cooper  or  other  person  wlio  shall  make  any  vessel  fur  the  packing  of  butter,  shall  make  lli.' 
same  of  good  well-seasoned  timber,  tight  and  not  leaky,  and  shall  groove  in  Ihi!  heads  and  bollmiis 
Iher 'of;  and  every  vessel  made  lor  the  packing  of  butter,  shall  be  a  tub,  tirkin,  or  hall'-firkin,  and  iki 
i.ilicr. 

Dvery  tub  shall  weigh  of  itself,  including  the  lop  and  bottom,  not  less  than  11  lbs.  inir  more  than  1.) 
!bs.  avoirdupois;  and  neither  the  top  nor  the  bottom  of  any  such  tub  shall  exceed  in  any  part  live 
elgliihs  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 

lOvery  lirkiii  sliall  w('igh  at  least  7  lbs.  including  the  top  and  the  bottom,  which  shall  not  exceed  four 
eiL'hllH  of  an  inch  thick  in  any  part. 

II  ill'-lirkiiis  to  weigh  nol  less  than  I  lbs.  nor  more  than  0  lbs.  iiicliiding  the  top  and  the  bnttnni, 
which  sliall  not  e.\ceed  the  thickness  of  lliree  eighths  of  an  inch  in  aiiv  part  ;  upon  pain  tliiil  tlie 
cooper  or  every  other  perrion  making  any  siicli  vessel,  in  any  respect  contrary  to  the  preceding  direo- 
liniis.  shall  forfeit  every  such  vt^ssel  ami"  10.<. 

Kvery  cooper,  &c.  shall  brand  every  cask  or  vessel  before  going  out  of  his  possession,  on  tlie  out- 
side, with  his  name,  in  legible  and  permanent  letti^rs,  under  penalty  of  10;;.,  together  with  the  exact 
weight  or  tare  thereof. 

Every  dairyman,  farmer,  or  seller  of  butter,  or  other  person  packing  the  same  for  sale,  shall  pack 
it  in  vessels  made  anil  marked  as  aforesaid,  and  in  no  other,  and  shall  propiTly  soak  and  season 
every  such  vessel;  and  on  the  inside,  and  on  the  tojion  the  outside,  shall  brand  his  name  at  length, 
in  permanent  and  legible  letters;  and  shall  also,  with  an  iron,  brand  on  the  top  un  the  outside,  and 


Ve.irs. 

I'r 

I7,'I0 

1710 

n.'io 

17.'),''. 

17tM) 

17(i5 

1770 

1775 

1780 

1785 

1790 

BUTTER. 


2fi5 


on  the  hoimn  or  liody  nf  i-vcry  »nrli  rnnk.  Die  iriin  uilijlil  or  Inrn  of  pvprv  «tii"h  vi-pnel,  when  It  kIiiiII 
Imvii  Im'iwi  Hiiiiki'il  anil  Hi'iiMiiiii'il  ;  iinil  iiho  hIi;iII  liriiinl  IiIk  iiiiiin- nt  li'nirtli,  <>ii  lln' liuiiti- or  tlic  lnxly 
of  rvcrv  Hiuh  vc««i'l,  nrnmK  \\\i<  ilulVrciit  hIhvck  ill  liMim,  iiiiil  kIiiiII  illitlliit'tiv,  iiinl  ill  It'imll'.  Iiiiprliil 
hli  Clirliiliiin  iinil  Kiiriiiimi'  iipoii  thu  lopnf  lliu  Itiitti'r  In  inch  vt'aii!l  wliun  Dlli'il,  on  |iiiln  ol'  fiirlVitlng 
9/.  I'lpf  cvrry  iIi'I'iimIi  IIh  ri'dl". 

Evi'ry  lull  or  linllcr  Himll  ronliiln,  fxrlnnivc  of  llii-  lure,  ol'  uooil  unit  niiTrlmnliilpli-  liiiltir.  hi  Mh.j 
I'Vi-ry  llrkin  M  llw  ;  rvrry  hull'  lirklii  "Js  ||,h  ;  aiiil  no  >>l<l  or  rorrii|il  Imiiht  xIiiiII  !»•  niUr.l.  or  mii  knl  in  iinv 
Vi'Hui'lwImli'Vrr,  Willi  iiiiv  liiilirr  llml  M  tinv  ;uiil  Honml  ;  nor  hIiiiII  »nv  liiilU'i  iniiilr  oCwIiry  !»■  |>iii'ki'il 


or  niJM'il   Willi  liiilliT  liiiiilr  olrr 


vi'uhi'I  hIiiiII,  llironuliont.  Iii>  ornni'  Horl  anil 


iMiii,  lint  till'  rii|ifrlivi'  xorlii  Hliall  lif  piickril  M'|iaralil> ,  ami  llir  w  liih' 


hut  all  liiilli'r  Mhall  hi>  Halli'il  with 


iilnrsH  ;  in 


III  no  linllcr  nil!! II  ho  Hallnl  wilh  any  iiri.'.ii  lall. 


Hiiiall  mmII  ;  nor  >liall  iiiorr  kiiII  lie  iiilrrnilxril  Willi  IIh'  hnllir  IIiiiii 


Ik  iii'imII'iiI  lor  It'*  prcurrvalioii,  niiilrr  pmiillv  of  .'i/.  lur  ollriiiliiiu  iifalnst  iiiiv  of  thi'Hr  rritnlalioiM. 

No  rlmnirc,  iillrrallon,  frainl.  or  iliirli,  hIiiII  h.'  prai  Ini'iI  hy  any  ilralcrn  iir  parkiTH  of  hnllir.  rillii'r 
Willi  rrnpi'i  I  111  llii- vi'nurl  or  till'  hiiiirriio  pai  ki'il,  «  hi'llnr  111  iispni  lo  iinaiilily  or  olhrrwl.-ii',  iiii- 
ih'ra  p ilty  of  ;i(l/  lolir  iniposi'il  on  rvirv  pi  rsi nuaui'il  In  II iVinct 

Kvi'ry  ihi'i'Hi'inoiiKrr,  ih'iili'r  In  hull 
klim  of'hiiiicr,  hIiiiII  ilrlivir,  I 


lliin  ai'l.  or,  In  ili'laiill  ilim-of,  «lial|  he  Unhlr  t 


rr,  or  ollirr  pi'rr<oii,  who  hIiiiII  hiII  aiiv  liilw,  tIrkiiiH,  oi  lialflir- 
n  ivioy  hinli  rask  or  visicl  rrp<|  I'llivcl) ,  llii'  full  i|iiaiitily  appolnii'il  hy 


niaki'HalUfarllon  to  ilii' | ri'ri4oii  uhoHliall  liny  II if  >aini' 


lor  what  nhall  In-  wanlini:.  arionliiiL'  lo  ilip  pnrr  for  w  iiicli  it  wim  nolil.iiiiil  Hliall  he  llahlu  to  uii  actio 
for  ri'covi'ry  of  llii'  wiiiii',  wiili  full  nisN  of  1.1111, 

No  rlii'1'ni'nioni.'i'r.  ih'iilrr  ill  hnllir.  «ii  .  hliall  repack  for  xalo  any  hiittrr,  iiiiilcr  pcimlly  of  .^.'.  fcr 
every  Inh,  llrkiii.  or  liiilf-lirkiii  ho  rrpackctl. 

Notlilim  ill  thin  MCI  hliall  iMi'iiil  111  niakr  aiiv  clii'i'si'iiioiii!i'r.  ilcalcr  in  hiillcr.  or  other  pernon.  liii'.le 
to  any  penalties  for  iiHinu  any  of  llie  tiiln.  lirkiiM.  or  lialf-llrkiii-.  aflir  the  llritlMli  hiilter  iiseil  in  hiicIi 
veHHi'lH  Hliall  have  heeii  taken  thereoill,  for  llie  n  parKliiu  for  «ale  of  aiiv  foreiuii  hiiller.  who  hIiiiII, 
Iiefori'  he  HO  repack  hihIi  foreinn  Imiier.  eiitinls  nil  or  ill'ice  the  Hiveral  na h  ol  the  oriL'iiial  ilairy- 


iiiaii,  fanner,  or  hi  Her  of  hiitler,  from  evers  mh'Ii  vensel,  leavini:  llie  name 


III  tare 


llie  tare  of  the  oriL'inal  iliiirymaii.  fanner!  or  neller,  lliereon  ;  ami.  al'ier  the  naiiiiH  a 


e  of  Hie  cooper 


re  HO  I 


Ifac 


ami 


Hliall.  with  an  iron,  hraml  liin  t'hriitian  ami  Hiiriianie,  ami  the  wonJH  funiini  liiilti  r,  iipini  thu  lioiiKi;  <>'' 
every  silcli  vensel,  111  tosh  twoviaviH  at  least,  lo  ih  note  that  hiicIi  liniler  in  I'oreiijn  linller. 

I'erHoiiH  roiinlerfeitinu  or  forainu'  any  hikIi  n  iiiiih  or  niarkn.  hIiiiII  fur  every  hiicIi  od'i  iice  forfeit  MM. 

PenaltieH  not  evceeiliiiL'  ri/.  lo  lie  ileteriniiieil  liy  one  jiiHlice,  upon  the  evidence  of  one  wltiieHH,  ami 
till'  whole  Hliall  go  III  Hie  iiifonner. 

IVnallieH  aliove  .'>/.  to  he  recovereil  hy  iictloii  of  ilelit,  or  iiiforinatloii,  In  the  rouriM  nt  WcslmliiHtur, 
nnil  the  whole  to  the  Infoni.er. 

Nolliiii!»  to  evtenil  lo  the  pnckiiiK  of  linller  in  any  put  or  vchhi'I  which  Rhnll  not  he  rapalile  of  coii- 
tninine  more  than  I  I  IIh. 

I'revioiiHly  to  |viH.  m,  Imiter  couhl  he  hoIiI  in  any  pnlilic  market  in  Irelaml,  or  exporleil  from  it, 
witlioiii  lieiim  previoiiHly  examineil  anil  hranileil  hy  a  public  Inspector;  lint  coinplianci!  wilh  IIiIh  re- 
unlalion  is  tio  loii|;er  compiilsory,  lint  is  lefi  to  the  iliscretion  of  the  partien. 

It  iseiiacteil  hy  Hialnie  I  Will.  :t.  r.  7.,  that  every  wa  rehouse -keeper,  we  ialier.  Hearcher  or  shipper  of 
liiltleraml  cheese,  shall  receive  all  linller  ami  cheese  llial  sliall  he  liroiiL'ht  lo  liilii  for  the  l.oniliin  cheese. 
tiiiiiii,'('rs,  anil  ship  the  Raiiie  wilhonl  limine  preferem  e  ;  ami  shall  have  for  his  pains  C.v.  Iir/.  for  every 
liiail  i  anil  if  lie  shall  make  ilefanll,  he  shall,  on  convlctiiin  hel'ore  one  justice,  on  oath  of  one  witness, 
(ir  confession,  forfeit  for  every  lirkiii  of  Imller  10,1.,  iiiiil  for  every  weigh  of  cheese  5ii.,  half  for  the  ii.-wi 
of  the  poor,  iiml  half  to  the  inroriner. 

Anil  every  such  person  shall  keep  a  hook  of  entry  of  rocciving  ami  BhippiiiK  the  Kooda,  on  puin  of 
2,v.  Ill/,  for  every  lirkiii  of  hntter  anil  \vei)!h  of  clieeso. 

The  inasler  of  a  ship  rel'nsini.'  to  take  In  hntter  or  cheese  hefore  he  is  full  laileii  (e.xcept  it  in;  11 
I'liceseinoiitfer's  own  ship  sent  tor  his  own  Booils)  shall  forfeit  for  every  lirkiii  of  hntter  refused  Os., 
uial  for  every  weinih  of  clieese'2.«.  IW. 

This  act  does  not  u.xtend  tu  any  wuruhoiific  in  riieshire  or  Lancashire. 

Butter  made  in  hot  cmintrirs  is  Rrnorully  liiiiiiil.  In  Indiii  it  is  ilcnominnfcd  i^/ire,  anil  is 
mostly  iircpureil  from  tiit"  milk  of  luiiriilucs;  it  is  usnully  coiiveycil  in  (.iiipiicrs,  or  iiottlcs 
madi>  ot'hidi',  t'ach  of  which  conluiiis  from  10  to  40  gallons,  Gliue  is  an  article  of  considcr- 
able  I'oinmt'reirtl  im|)ortaii«'  in  many  parts  of  India. 

The  Arabs  arc  the  greatest  eonsuinei-s  of  Imtter  in  the  world.  Bnrckhardt  tells  us,  that 
it  is  a  cominun  praetiee  amonjr  all  classes  to  drink  every  morning  a  colU.'e-cup  full  of  melted 
liiitttr  or  ghee !  and  they  u.sc  it  in  an  inlinite  variety  of  other  ways.  The  taste  for  it  is  uni- 
versal; and  the  poorest  individuals  will  expend  half  their  daily  income  that  they  may  have 
butter  for  dinner,  and  butter  in  the  morning.  Largo  ({uantities  are  annually  shipped  from 
Cosseir,  Souakin  anil  Massuidi,  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Ked  Sea,  for  Djidda  and  other 
Arabian  ports, — (Hurck/iarJl's  Travels  in  Nubia,  p.  440.;  Travels  in  Arabia,  vol.  i.  p.  52.) 

The  averape  contract  prices  of  tile  butter  fiirnislied  to  Orooiiwicli  Hospital  from  1730  to  18312,  have 
licea  us  fiiilows  ; — 


8 


Vftini, 

Pricc§  per  lli. 

Ye.irj. 

IVicti  piT  lb. 

Yean. 

rricea  per  lb. 

Veara. 

I'lkes  per  lb 

s.    d. 

.«.      rf. 

.<.    (/. 

.T.    (/. 

n.'in 

0    5 

1795 

0     8i 

1813 

1    3 

1823 

0     7i 

174.1 

0    5 

1800 

0  11} 

1811 

I    2 

1H2I 

0    8^ 

1750 

0   51 

1805 

0  11} 

1815 

1    2 

1825 

0  10^ 

ns.') 

0   51 

1800 

0  II.L 

1810 

0  95 

1820 

0    9.} 

I7«l 

0    ih 

1807 

1     01 

1817 

0    8? 

1827 

0    8i 

1705 

0  .51 

1808 

1     Oi 

1818 

0  11 

1.S28 

0    8i 

1770 

0    Oi 

180!) 

1     1 

1819 

0  11 

1829 

0    8 

1775 

0    (ij 

1810 

1   u 

1820 

0  n 

1830 

0    fij 

1780 

0    tii 

1811 

1     21 

1821 

0    8} 

1831 

0    »i 

1785 

0   oj 

1812 

1    3i   ■•• 

1822 

0    7i 

1S32 

0    8} 

1790 

0  ^ 

(See  art.  Prices.) 


4 


256 


BUTTONS. 


!■ 


»    < 


An  Account  of  tlio  Total  Qiinntlty  (in  Iliindrod  Wciphts)  of  Butter  imported  into  Great  Britain  from 
Foi^igii  Countries  and  Ireland,  in  each  War,  from  Stli  of  Jiiniiary.  1M)1,  to  5tli  of  .lanunry,  1832; 
distiiiKui^'iing  tlie  (tuantily  from  Ireland,  from  tlii!  Inles  of  .lers-'y.  (ineriisiey,  and  Man,  from  Hol- 
land and  tliL  Netlu'rlands,  and  from  all  other  Foreign  Countrien  ;  and  stating  tlic  Rate  and  Amount 
1  Uuty  in  caci;  Year  paid  tliercon. 


- 

(Juanlilies  of  Butler  imported  into  Great  Dri- 

Years. 

a 
"11 

CO  t 

m 

tain  from  all  Paris  (except  Irel.iiiil). 

Amount  of 

Duly  rerrivel 

iu  Grent  Rrilain 

oil  Knreign 

llutler. 

Rales  of  Duty  on  Foreign  Butter. 

IP 

mi 

w 

l4 

n 

a 

IP 

■-1 

ill 
If 

Cirts. 

Cwt.1. 

Ciels. 

Cwta. 

Cwls. 

£         K. 

</. 

...    ,1. 

1601 

180,8!.M 

339 

71,200 

43,583 

115,130 

86    4 

7 

2  9^ cut.,  and  .3/.  ^ centum" 
ad  valorem. 

ISO"; 

254,248 

99 

84,100 

8,819 

93,018 

2  0li>'cwt.iin(l3/,12.<.  15- cent- 
um ad  valorem  (from 
12lliof  Mav). 

1«03 

240.388 

20 

53.682 

50,411 

101,120 

3  11 

11 

3    OJ  |>c\vt.(from  5tli  of  .Inly) 

1801 

li)t),037 

59 

100,085 

25,989 

120,731 

900  10 

5 

3  llit>rwt.(l'rom  1st  of  .lone) 

1H05 

242,141 

50 

04,010 

32,109 

96.843 

4  10 

2 

4  015  <>c\vl.(l'ri>iii,5lliofApr.) 

1S06 

2(il.!lll 

143 

00,544 

18,968 

85,(i57 

241  12 

4 

4  3-01  i>cwl.(fr()m  lOtli  May) 

1S07 

314,380 

01 

68,315 

18,970 

87,3 10 

2  12 

1 

— 

ISOS 

312.408 

40 

7,3,727 

5.810 

79.590 

0    0 

0 

— 

1800 

317,070 

30 

44,001 

.32.185 

70,283 

0  19 

0 

4  4  l>'  cwt.  (from  5tli  of  July) 

IslO 

311..55i 

fill 

5,956 

20,076 

.3:i,2ii 

— 

— 

IMl 

353,71)1 

359 

— 

2,451 

2,810 

— 



1SI2 

.311,475 

27 

22.415 

3,451 

25.h94 

190     4 

4 

— 

I8l;! 

351.832 

— 

till'  re 

cords  wcri^  dr.fliDVf^d  l)v  lire. 

5  If  l*  cwt.  (from  15th  of  April) 

ISM 

31.5.121 

1,804 

90,500 

17,373 

11,5,798 

7.397   13 

8 

— 

1^15 

320,055 

944 

100,8S5 

17,470 

125.31111 

32.3111    10 

s 

— 

ISIO 

2!-0,5M) 

327 

01,7.53 

2.0()2 

64.143 

4\T37   U 

5 

£1  V  cwt.  (.'rom  5tli  of  April) 

1,SI7 

305.002 

258 

20.279 

1.52 

20.0911 

211.510  in 

1 

_ 

1»18 

3.')2.53's 

l.!M7 

00,232 

15,544 

83.091 

f-3.5MI   III 

1 

_ 

IMil 

420.014 

1,2.')0 

62.498 

2,295 

OO.O'iO 

lM.s3li   11) 

4 



I'-ao 

457,730 

275 

65,9>^6 

2,295 

08.5,57 

0''.5T8  15 

9 

— 

ifii 

413.(f-s 

HH) 

99.345 

16,291 

115,X27 

U.^.'.iMI  12 

I 

— 

\>n 

377.051 

291 

108.501 

9.627 

I1S..120 

llN.2ll3   13 

10 



ir:!3 

40ii,83 1 

.').>7 

101,.549 

20.394 

122,331 

122,101   11 

10 



1S21 

431.174 

305 

132.093 

28.255 

lti9,051 

|llll.'<51   III 

•2 

— 

1825 

425,070 

.391 

100.018 

118.975 

279,418 

2i;3,>.|-il    19 

0 

— 

lS2(i  ' 

t   — 

131 

1 30.779 

59,288 

190.2110 

2ll2,i:ill     8 

s 



1827 

300 

142.0,58 

6M17 

211.111 

20;i.-|-2r     1 

,i 

— 

|82S 

— 

493 

14.5,017 

55, .532 

201,073 

lOJ.^-'iO     7 

9 

— 

182'J 



445 

110.233 

31.185 

11^.104 

1  17,997     4 

1 



IS30 

— 

.585 

77.025 

31,222 

10^,851 

I02.'-I    15 

11 

— 

is3l 

— 

022 

80,900 

42,147 

12.3.070 

121. .330  12 

0 



18.T2 

— 

331 

92.409 

38.400 

131.202 

I2S.330     9 

8 

— 

„V.  B. — We  liave  omitted  qm.  and  lbs.  from  this  aecuiiiif;  but  tliey  are  allowed  for  in  the  column  of 
totals, 
r  istom  House,  London,  5th  of  October,  1833. 

[There  is  no  butter  superior  to  what  h  made  in  our  own  country.  Of  thi.s,  too,  the  f're.sh 
lai/tei-  with  which  the  Philailelphia  iiiari<et  is  supplied,  lias  the  character  of  being  as  rooiI 
as  any  other  oi'  the  same  description;  while  the  best  butter  which  i.s  jmt  up,  so  a.s  to  keep 
for  a  considerable  time,  is  that  made  at  Goshen,  in  the  iState  of  New  York.  The  irludis' 
hutltr  from  Somerset  county,  Peimsylvania.  although  perhaps  inferior  generally  to  the 
Goshen,  is  also  of  an  excellent  ((uality. 

During  a  period  of  four  years,  upward.s  of  fiOOjOOO  pounds  of  butter  have  been,  on  the 
average,  exported  aiuiually  from  the  United  States,  mostly  to  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America. — Am.  Ed,"] 

BUTTONS  (Uu.  Knoopen  ,-  Fr.  Boulnii ,-  Ger.  K/iiipfc  ,•  It.  Bofhm'i  ,•  Rus.  P(i<rnioizii ; 
Sp.  Botimes)  are  well  known  articles,  serving  to  fasten  clothes,  &c.  Tliey  are  mtuiufucturcJ 
of  an  endless  variety  of  materials  and  forms. 

It  iiiiL'lit  have  been  .supposed,  that  the  mannfailitre  of  such  an  artich'  as  this  would  have  been  left 
i'l  be  carried  on  iiceordilld  to  the  views  and  inlerc-N  of  lliose  niiiii  rued,  iiiilividiials  lieinc  allowed  In 
select  any  sort  of  button  tliey  pleased.  Siicli,  Imwcver,  has  not  been  the  case  ;  and  variiiiis  statutes 
liave  been  passed,  pointing  out  tlie  kind  of  buttons  to  be  worn,  and  the  way  in  wiiicli  they  arc  to  Le 


*  Mutter  imported  In  British  shippinc,  or  in  shippiii!:  of  states  in  amity  with  his  Majesty, was  admitted 
free  nf  duty  under  the  authority  of  Orders  in  CoimiiI!,  by  virtue  of  the  act  39  (Jeo.  3.  c.  87,,  from  12lh 
of  July,  1799,  continued  by  siibseijueiit  at  ts  iiiilil  li  iiioiitlis  al'trr  tlie  nitilicatiiin  of  the  delinitive  treaty 
uf  pea'C.  :!Im1  fiirtlier  continued.  Iiy  Orne    in  I'niiiii  il.  until  2.'illi  of  Sepieiiiber,  1814. 

f  No  account  can  be  fiirnislied  of  the  <|iiaiitilii's  <>!'  bitlti'r  iiii|iiirli'il  I'liiiii  Irrland  for  the  years  snli- 
oi'iini'iit  to  |f25.  the  records  of  iiie  trade  belwei'ii  (Ireal  llrllaiii  iiid  In  land  having  been  disctuitiiiiieil, 
III  ciiii>ei|ueiice  of  the  reirulatioiis  adupleil  !'or  the  |iiirpnse  nl'  ;;iviiiL'  eO'ei  t  to  the  law  which  placed  the 
iiittjrcoursc  between  the  two  countries  un  tho  fui"''ig  of  a  coasting  tralhc. 


CABBAGE,  CABLES. 


257 


made  !  Most  of  these  regulations  have  luckily  fiillen  into  disuse,  but  they  still  occupy  a  place  in  the 
statute  boolc,  and  may  be  enforced.  Tlic  following  are  amongst  the  more  prominent  of  these  regula- 
tions : — 

No  person  shall  make,  sell,  or  set  upon  any  clothes,  or  wearing  garments  whatsoever,  any  buttons 
made  of  clolb,  scrse,  drugget,  frieze,  camhiet,  or  any  other  stutTof  which  clothes  or  wearing  gariiii'nts 
are  made,  or  any  buttons  made  of  wood  only,  ivud  turned  in  iniitutiou  of  other  buttons,  on  pain  of  for- 
feiting 40.1.  per  dozen  for  all  such  buttons.— (4  (iei).  1.  c.  7.) 

No  tailor  slinll  set  on  any  Imllons,  or  button-holes,  of  serge,  drugget,  &c.,  under  penalty  of  40s.  for 
every  dozen  of  buttons  or  button-holes  so  made  or  set  on. 

No  person  sliuU  use  or  wear,  on  any  clothes,  garnieuts,  or  apparel  whatsoever,  except  velvet,  aiiv 
buttons  or  Imttou-lioles  niiide  of  or  biiund  with  cloth,  serge,  drunget,  fiii'ze,  camblet,  or  other  stuffs 
whereof  clothes  or  woollen  gnrnients  are  usually  made,  on  penolty  of  forfeiting  40s.  per  dozen,  under 
a  similar  penally. — (7  Geo.  1.  c.  22.) 

To  prevent  the  frauds  wliicli  it  is  alleged  had  taken  place  in  the  manufacture  of  gilt  and  plated  but- 
tons, an  act,  30  Geo.  3.  c.  0.,  was  pasfed,  which  regulates  what  shall  be  deemed  gilt  and  what  plated 
buttons;  and  imposes  penalties  on  liiosc  wlio  order  as  well  as  on  those  who  make  any  buttons  with 
the  words  "gilt"  or  "plated"  niaiked  upon  them,  except  they  be  gilt  aiul  plated  as  the  act  directs. 
Inasuiucli  as  this  statute  goes  to  obviate  a  fraud,  it  is,  perhaps,  expedient ;  but  no  apology  can  be 
made  for  the  regulations  previously  alluded  to,  which  are  at  once  vexatious  and  alisurii. 

The  importation  of  buttons  from  abroad  was  prohibited  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  Hot  the  OGeo.4. 
c.  107.  i  52.  repealed  this  proliibition,  and  they  may  now  be  imported,  for  home  consumi)tion,  on  pay- 
ing an  ad  valorem  duty. 

[Buttons  constitute  an  article  of  exportation  from  the  United  States,  chiefly  to  South 
America. — Am.  Ed.] 


C. 


CABBAGE,  a  biennial  plant  (Brasska  Lin,),  of  which  there  are  many  varieties.  It  is 
too  well  known  to  require  any  particular  description ;  it  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the 
vicinity  of  London.  Sour  crout,  or  properly  satier  kraut,  is  a  very  favourite  dish  in  Ger- 
many ;  it  consist  of  a  fermented  mass  of  salted  cabbage. 

CABLES  are  strong  ropes  or  chains,  principally  used  in  the  anchoring  or  mooring  of 
ships. 

1.  Rope  Cables  are  in  Europe  principally  manufactured  of  hemp;  but  in  the  East  they 
are  very  frequently  made  of  coir,  or  of  the  fibrous  part  of  the  coco  nut,  and  in  some  places, 
particularly  on  the  Red  Sea,  of  the  coating  of  the  branches  of  the  date-tree.  Hemp  cables 
are  formed  of  three  principal  strands,  every  strand  of  three  ropes,  and  every  rope  of  thret; 
twists.  The  twists  have  more  or  fewer  threads  according  to  the  greater  or  less  thickness  of 
the  cable.  All  vessels  have  ready  for  service  three  cables  which  arc  usually  designated  the 
sheet  cable,  the  best  bower  cable,  and  the  small  bower  cable  ;  but  besides  these,  mo.st  ships 
have  some  spare  cables.  The  ordinary  length  of  a  cable  is  from  100  to  120  fathoms.  The 
following  are  the  existing  regulations  as  to  the  manufacture  of  hemp  cables  and  cordage  : — 

No  person  shall  make  or  sell  any  cordaso  for  shipping  in  which  any  hemp  is  used,  called  short 
rliucking,  half  clean,  whale  line,  or  other  toppings,  codilla,  or  any  damaged  hemp,  on  pain  of  forfeiting 
the  same,  and  also  treble  the  value  thereof 

rabies,  hawsers,  or  ropes,  made  of  materials  not  prohibited  by  tills  act,  and  whose  quality  shall  be 
interior  to  clean  Petersi)iirgh  hemp,  shall  bi^  deemed  inferior  cordage,  and  the  same  sliall  be  distiti- 
puislied  by  marking  on  the  tally,  staple  OT  inferior.  Manufacturers  making  default  herein  forfeit  for 
every  hundred  weiglit  of  cordage,  lOx. 

Mamit'aiturers  aie  to  alhx their  names  and  manufactory  to  new  cordage  before  sold,  under  the  like 
fDrlViture  ;  and  patting  a  false  name  is  a  forfeiture  of  20/. 

Persons  making  cables  of  old  and  overworn  stuff,  containing  above  7  inches  in  compass,  shall  forfeit 
Ibiir  limes  the  value. 

Vessels  belonging  to  British  subjects,  having  on  hoard  foreign-made  cordage,  are  to  make  entry 
lliereof,  on  entering  into  any  Uritisli  port,  on  penaltyof  20s.  for  every  hnnii  ed  weight.  But  this  is 
nut  Id  I'xiend  to  cordage  brouglit  from  the  East  Indies,  nor  to  materials  at  present  used  by  any  vessels 
liuill  a'.iroad  before  this  act. — (25  Geo.  3.  c.  SO.) 

2.  Iron  Cables. — The  application  of  strong  iron  chains  or  cables  to  the  jiurposes  of  navi- 
cation  is  a  late  and  an  important  discovery,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  Captain  Samuel 
Brown,  R.  N.  It  is  singular,  indeed,  that  this  application  should  not  have  been  made  at  a 
much  earlier  period.  On  rocky  bottoms  or  where  coral  is  abundant,  a  hempen  cable  speedily 
chafes,  and  is  often  quite  destroyed  in  a  few  months,  or  perhaps  days.  A  striking  instance 
of  this  occurred  in  the  voyage  of  discovery  under  the  orders  of  M.  Bougainville,  who  lost 
six  anchors  in  the  space  of  nine  days,  and  narrowly  escaped  shipwreck  ;  a  result,  says  that 
aliic  si'aman,  which  would  not  have  happened,  "  si  nous  eussions  vtii  munis  dcs  f/uelt/itcs 
chaincs  dc  fer.  C'cst  une  precaution  (juc  ne  doioent  jamais  oiMier  tous  ks  naviirateurs 
destines  a  de  pareils  voi/a<res" — ( Voymj^e  antuur  du  Monde,  p.  207.  4to  ed.)  'i'lie  work 
from  which  this  extract  is  taken  was  j  ul.'.ished  in  1771  ;  and  yet  it  was  not  till  nearly /o/-/^ 
years  after,  that  any  attempt  was  made  practically  to  profit  by  so  judicious  a  suggestion. 
The  ditliculties  in  the  way  of  importing  hemp  from  1808  to  1814,  and  its  consequent  high 
price,  gave  the  first  great  stimulus  to  the  manufacture  of  iron  cables. 

Iron  cables  are  constructed  in  difltTent  ways — (see  Encyc,  Metrop.)  ;  but  they  are  uni- 
formly tried  by  a  machine,  which  strains  them  by  a  force  greater  than  the  absolute  strength 
of  the  hempen  cable  they  are  intended  to  replace.     By  this  means  the  risk  of  accident  from 
12  33 


ml 


^ 


'r  « 


258 


CACAO,  CADIZ. 


f 


i    ' 


^     '     i 


defective  links  is  eflectually  obviated ;  and  there  arc  exceedingly  few  instances  in  which  an 
iron  cable  has  broken  at  sea.  Their  grent  weight  also  contributes  to  their  strength,  inasmuch 
as  the  impulse  of  the  ship  is  checked  before  the  cable  is  brought  nearly  to  a  straight  line,  or 
that  the  strain  approaches  to  a  maximum.  Bolts  and  shackles  are  provided  at  every  fathom 
or  two  fathoms,  by  striking  out  which  the  ship  may,  if  necessary,  be  detached  from  her 
anchors  with  less  difficulty  than  a  hempen  cai)le  can  be  cut. 

Even  in  their  most  defective  form,  iron  cables  are  a  great  deal  stronger  than  those  of 
hemp ;  and  as  to  durability,  no  sort  of  comparison  can  be  made.  No  wonder,  therefore, 
that  they  should  be  rapidly  superseding  the  latter ;  which  are  now  almost  wholly  laid  aside 
ill  the  navy,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  also,  in  the  merchant  service. 

[We  import  cables  and  cordage  for  the  most  part  from  Russia,  and  export  these  articles 
to  the  South  American  States  and  the  West  Indies. — Am.  Ed.] 

CACAO,  or,  as  it  is  commonly,  but  incorrectly  written  in  this  country.  Cocoa  (Fr.  and 
Sp.  Cacao ;  Ger.  Kakmt),  the  seed,  or  nuts  of  the  cacao  tree  {T/teobroma  cacao),  growing 
in  tlie  West  Indies,  and  in  many  parts  of  South  America.  It  is  said,  by  Mr.  Bryan  Ed- 
wards, to  bear  some  resemblance,  both  in  size  and  shape,  to  a  young  bUickheart  cherry, 
'J'he  nuts  are  contained  in  pods,  much  like  a  cucumber,  that  proceed  immediately  from  all 
parts  of  the  body  and  larger  branches  ;  each  pod  contains  from  20  to  ."O^uts,  of  the  size  of 
large  almonds,  very  compactly  set.  The  shell  of  the  nut  is  of  a  dark  brown  colour,  brittle, 
and  thin  ;  the  kernel  is  both  internally  and  externally  brownish,  divided  into  several  unequal 
portions,  adhering  together,  but  separating  without  much  dilliculty  ;  it  has  a  light  agreeable 
smell,  and  an  unctuous,  bitterish,  rather  rouijh  and  peculiar,  but  not  ungrateful  taste.  The 
nuts  should  be  chosen  full,  plump,  and  shiniiii;,  witlioun  any  mustinrss,  and  not  worm- 
eaten.  They  yield,  by  cxjjrcssion,  a  great  deal  of  oil ;  but  they  arc  cultivated  only  that  they 
may  be  employed  in  the  preparation  of  the  excellent  beverage  cacao,  and  the  manufacture  of 
chocolate,  of  which  they  form  the  principal  ingredient.  The  finest  cacao  is  said  to  I'e  that 
of  Socomusco.  The  jirincipal  importations  arc,  iiowever,  derived  from  the  Caraccas  and 
Guayaquil,  particularly  the  former.  Tlie  price  of  tb.e  cacao  of  the  Carraccas  is,  also,  at  an 
average,  from  30  to  40  per  cent,  hiqlicr  than  that  of  (iuayaquil. 

]\I.  Humboldt  estimated  the  consumption  of  cacao  in  Europe,  in  1806,  at  23,000,000 
lbs.,  of  which  from  6,000,000  to  9,000,000  were  sup))Osed  to  be  consumed  in  Spain.  The 
production  of  cacao  had  been  l.mguishint;  in  the  Caraccas  for  several  years  previously  to 
the  commencement  of  the  disturbances  in  South  America;  and  latterly  the  cultivation  of 
one  or  other  of  the  great  staples  of  cotton,  sugar,  and  cotVee,  seems  to  have  been  every 
where  gaining  the  ascendency. — {Huniholdt  I'urs.  Narrative,  vol.  iv.  pp.  236 — 247.  Eng. 
trans.) 

Duties. — Very  little  cacao  is  consuniod  in  r;iii.'liiiul ;  a  ifsull  which  wc  arc  inclined  to  ascribe  to  thi; 
oiJiirrcsiveiiess  of  the  datii's  witli  wliich  it  lias  Milliirtu  Iihcii  loadi'd,  and  not  to  its  bciiiff  unsnitahlH 
Id  tilt;  piihlic  taste.  It  is  now  many  years  siiici'  .Mr.  lirxaii  IMwards  declarnd  that  the  rain  of  the 
tacao  plantations,  with  which  .laniaica  oini'  alioinMli.il.  wa.s  tin'  ill'iM-t  of  ^-tUe  heavy  hand  of  inini.i- 
teriul  eraction." — {Hist.  »/  /re,<r  fnilies,  vol.  ii.  p.  ;!ii:i.)  Ami.  iinarroMiitaldo  as  it  may  seem,  this  pres- 
sure wa.s  not  materially  abated  till  18:i'2.  when  the  •'  iiies  on  caca':  iVoai  a  llritish  plantation  were  re- 
duced from  5(w.  to  18.«.  SJ.  a  rwt.  I'orcML'n  eacao  is  still  sniijeit  to  the  oppressive  dnty  of  5ti,'!.  a  cwt. 
Tlie  entries  of  cacao  for  hoaie  constiniplion,  at  an  average  ot  the  three  vears  emling  with  1831,  v.ere 
4-10,578  Ihs.  a  year.  In  1S32,  the  entries  were  ."iii'i.^lT  l!is. ;  luid  there  can  lie  little  doulit  that  the  re- 
duction in  the  rate  of  dnty  will  orcaslon  a  nuisiileralile  increase  of  consiunption.  E.xclngivo  ofthe 
ahove,  470,000  Ihs.  of  cacao  were  taUen  olf  in  l>.;i  tor  the  ms{>  ofthe  navy  ;  this,  not  heinR  liable  to  tin; 
duty,  was  entirely  foreign.  The  liiL'h  cHm  riniinatim;  duly  in\  the  latter  is  the  greatest  defect  in  the 
new  arraimemeiits.  Had  the  duty  on  foreit-'ii  i  a(  ao  been  lixed  at  2-'.i.  per  cwt.,  it  is  pretty  certain 
tiiut  a  wood  deal  of  it  would  have  been  taken  fur  ((nisniupllcin.  Kven  on  this  footins!,  there  would  have 
been  a  discriminatinff  dnty  of  no  less  than  ,')(l  per  cent,  in  favour  of  Hrilish  cacao  ;  and,  uidess  onr  object 
be  to  exclude  the  loreisrn  article  allouelhi  r,  ibis  is  surely  an  ample  preference.  The  duties  on  cacao 
j)rodnced,  in  1S32,  12,22i/.  124-.  britisli  cacao  is  worth,  at  present  (August,  1S33,)  from  Ms.  to  7l)c.  a 
owl.  in  bond. 

(.'acai  nut  husks  and  shells  are  alloweil  to  be  imported  under  a  duty  of  !).<.  -id.  a  rwt.  None  of  tlipin 
are  imported  into  (Jreat  Britain  ;  but.  in  l-.'i2.  :i.'iii..').'il  lb^  were  imported  into  Ireland.  They  are 
brouL'bt  not  only  fTointhe  West  Indies,  but  iVom  (iibraltar  and  other  places,  being  the  refuse  ofthe 
rliocolale  manufactories  carried  on  in  tin m. 

Cacao  cannot  he  entered  as  lieimr  the  produce  <'f  some  lirilisb  possession  in  America,  or  ofthe  Maa- 
ritins.  until  the  master  of  the  ship  by  wliiih  ll  is  imported  delivers  to  tlie  c(dlector  or  comptroller  .i 
crtificulf.  and  makes  oath  thai  the  (.'oods  are  the  proiluce  of  sin  h  places. — (3  and  i.ll'ill.  4.  c.  52.  i}37.) 
ISeitbir  shall  they  be  deemed  to  be  the  prmliK  e  iif  s.n  li  pbnes,  unless  imported  direct  from  thence.— 
(T  Gtii.  4.  c.  48.)     Permits  are  int  lon^-er  rc'iuired  lor  the  removal  of  cacao.— (!)  Geo.  4.  c.  44.  i  5.) 

C.\DIZ,  the  principal  commercial  city  and  .sea-port  of  Spain.  It  is  situated  on  its  south- 
western coast,  on  the  rocky  and  eleva'ed  extremity  of  a  narrow,  low  peninsula,  or  tongue  of 
land,  projecting  frotn  the  Isia  de  Leoi.,  N.  .\.  W.  aliout  '1-j.  nautical  miles.  It  is  surrounded 
(Ml  all  sides,  except  the  south,  where  it  joins  the  land,  by  the  sea,  and  is  very  strongly  forli- 
tied.  Population  from  60,000  to  70.(101).  It  is  well  huilt.  and  has,  at  a  distance,  a  very 
striking  appearance.  The  tower  or  liirlithouse  ol  .st,  Scliastian  stands  on  the  western  side  of 
the  city,  being,  according  to  Tolliio.  in  hit.  '.Hi^  31'  7"  .\..  long.  6'^  18'  .'J2''  W.  It  is  a  most 
cons|iicuous  object  to  vessels  approaching  from  the  Atlantic.  The  light,  which  is  17!i  feet 
high,  is  of  great  brilliancy,  revolves  once  a  miimtc,  and  in  fair  weather  may  bo  seej:  more 
than  0  leagues  oil". 


Sujfaf 

<  ocoa 

llldiL'O 

Spices 

nn 

Clo 

I'e, 

Wool  of  al 

S.ilf  fish 

Collee 
Olive  oil 
Ibilter 
(.'heese 


CADIZ. 


259 


lin  ot'tlieiii 

'flu'V  ail! 

Iiisc  of  the 

fllie  Miui- 
IptrnlliT  .1 
52.  d  HT.) 
J  llit'iH'e  — 
I  i  5) 

Its  south- 
Ln!j;u("  of 
|rroiinileil 
Igly  I'orii- 
a  very 
In  aide  of 
\i  a  most 
1 17'i  feet 
more 


Bay  of  Cadiz. — The  entrance  to  this  noble  Imsin  lies  between  the  city  and  the  town  and  promonlory 
of  Rota,  bearing  N.  W.  Iiy  N.,  illstuMt  about  1}  leiiu'iii'.  The  bay  is  of  very  great  extent,  nflbrding,  in 
most  places,  good  anchorage.  The  port  ia  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  city,  wliere  a  mole  of  considcra- 
l)le  diniensions  has  been  construrtiid  ;  but  tlie  water  is  not  snlticiently  dee|)  to  allow  large  \c-ssi'ls  to 
approach  nearer  than  within  about  i  of  a  mile,  where  they  anchor  in  from  5  to  7  fathoms.  The  rocks 
called  the  Cochinos,  the  I'liereas,  and  the  Diaiiiatite,  lie  to  the  north  of  the  city  in  the  (tntrance  to  the 
bay;  the  first  two  at  about  .1-5tlis  of  a  mile  distant,  and  the  Diamante  at  rather  more  than  IJ  mile 
from  the  city.  Vessels  nicy  enter  between  tlit;  I'liercas  and  the  Diamante;  but  none,  except  those 
not  drawing  more  than  \!>  feet  water,  and  well  acquainted  with  the  chnnnel,  ought  to  attempt  enter- 
ing between  the  Cochinos  and  I'uercas  and  the  cily.  The  town  of  St.  Mary's,  on  the  opposite  si(l(!  of 
the  bay,  is  fanunis  for  bein^  the  depot  of  the  wines  of  Xeres.  The  outer  bay,  or  that  of  Cadi/,  properly 
so  called,  is  separated  from  (lie  inner  bay  by  the  promontory  having  at  its  extremity  the  castle  of 
Matagorda,  which  approaches  within  about  }  of  a  mile  of  the  I'nnlales  castle  on  the  Isla  de  I.eon. 
Within  the  inner  bay  is  the  famous  arsenal  of  the  Caraccas,  the  town  of  San  Carlos,  the  canal  of 
Trocadero,  &c.  At  spring  tides  the!  water  in  the  bay  rises  10  or  11  feet,  but  at  neaps  the  rise  does  not 
e.\cped  li  leet. — (Kor  further  particulars  see  the  excellent  Cliiirl.  of  the  Buy  of  Cadiz,  by  'J'ofino  ;  Miil- 
liain's  JViival  Gazetteer  ;  and  Piirdy'.i  Hiiitiiiji  Hirrrtiuns  for  the  Bay  of  Biacuy,  S[C.) 

History,  Trade,  S(C. — Cadiz  is  a  very  iincient  city,  having  been  founded  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians about  1,200  years  before  the  (/hristiati  era.  The  tcinpie  which  they  erected  in  it  in 
honour  of  Hercules  was  one  of  the  most  celei)raled  in  atiticjuity. — [fiainte  Croix,  Dcs 
A7ic!c>incs  Colonies,  p.  14.;  Pontp.  Mda,  hb.  iii.  cap.  6.)  Iih  excellent  port,  and  its  situa- 
tion, favourable  alike  for  commerco  and  security,  have  made  it,  wiicther  possessed  by  Car- 
thaginians, Romans,  Moors,  or  Christians,  and  under  every  vicissitude,  a  place  of  considera- 
ble commercial  and  political  importance.  It  has  long  been  one  of  the  principal  stations  of 
the  Spanish  ntivul  force.  In  1720,  the  commerce  with  Spanish  America,  which  had  pre- 
viously been  exclusively  carried  on  from  Seville,  was  transferred  to  Cadiz.  It  enjoyed  this 
valuable  monopoly  till  17C5,  when  it  was  iiarliully  relaxed  iiy  the  trade  to  CJulxi,  St.  Do- 
mingo, Porto  Kico,  and  the  other  islands  being  opened  to  all  the  greater  ports  of  Spain. 
The  benefits  resulting  from  this  relaxation  were  so  very  great,  that  in  1778  'he  trad("  to  all 
parts  of  America  was  opened  to  ships  from  every  considerable  Spanish  [lort,  except  those  of 
Biscay,  which,  not  being  subjected  to  the  general  laws  of  the  kingdom,  were  not  .illowed  to 
participate  in  this  privilege.  In  consequence,  however,  of  her  situation,  the  great  capital  of 
her  merchants,  and  their  established  connections,  Cadiz  continued,  notwithstanding  the 
abolition  of  the  monopoly,  to  preserve  the  largest  share  of  the  American  trade.  But  since 
the  colonies  achieved  their  independence,  her  commerce  has  been  contracted  within  com- 
paratively narrow  limits ;  nor  is  there  nuich  pros[iect  of  its  being  materially  im))roved,  with- 
out a  total  change  of  policy  on  the  part  of  the  Spanish  government. — {llnhcrt soli's  America, 
b.  viii.  passim  ;  Tutvnsiiurs  Travels  in  Spi/in,  vol.  ii.  pp.  39,5 — 401.  2d  edit.) 

The  white  wines  of  Xeres  in  its  vicinity  form  by  far  the  principal  article  of  export  from 
Cadiz.  The  quantity  exported  may  amount  to  aliout  20,000  pipes  a  year.  The  prices  vary 
from  12/.  to  65/.  per  pipe  ;  but,  as  the  lower  (|ualities  predominate,  the  price  may  be  taken, 
at  a  medium,  at  about  2o/.,  making  the  tot;il  value  of  the  exports  ,500,000/.  More  than  jths 
of  the  whole  comes  to  England.  The  other  articles  of  export  are  brandy,  oranges,  and  other 
fruits,  olive  oil,  wool,  quicksilver,  &c.  The  imports  consist  principally  of  sugar  and  coilix! 
from  the  Havannah  and  Porto  Rico,  cacao,  hemp,  llux,  linens,  dried  fish,  hides,  cotton  wool, 
and  cotton  manufactures,  rice,  spices,  indigo,  &.C. 

In  1S26,  the  Spanish  government  pnblislied  what  tliey  termed  the  Buinn-.a  Mrrrnntil,  or  an  accoi  nt 
nf  the  commodities  imported  into,  atid  exported  from,  Spain  during  that  y(!ar.  It  i-i  ■;  very  <lelVctivo 
diicuiiii'iit ;  but  as  it  is  the  best  that  can  be  ohtained.  it  is  sulijoiued.  The  values  of  the  articles  only 
are  given.    We  have  coii'-t-rted  the  sums  into  lliu/lisli  money. 

Note  of  the  most  considerable  .Vrticlis  of  Importation  into  .Spain  in  1826. 


Finm 

Kmni   Spa-  9 

Frnm 

From  S|iii- 

KuIOIh'. 

iii'h  Ami-ri-  i] 

K'lrnpr, 

lli^h  Almri- 

Articles. 

Asii,  Africa, 

cai,tn|„„i-,]                          ArliclB. 

Asin,  Africn, 

can  Colotiies. 

m:\      I'llill'l 

iiiclusivi- 1 ;   n 

ami  rnili-d 

inclusive  nt 

1 

.Slates  (.r 

ilu^  I'liilip-   1 

.s'a'es  of 

tilt  I'hilip- 

1 
1 

Amera-a. 

|)l!ll>. 

AiiiPficn. 

piiii->. 

Sugar 

£7,filO 

£i:)7,5.'iO 

ilhi.'S 

, 

i;i2o,f.iio 

£1,010 

(  'iroa         ..              .             - 

IDl.ilMl 

!IO,12:'p 

CotlfMi  Wiml 

- 

lliii.|.)70 

7,v20 

Indiso       .           .           - 

■1,771) 

ti',l,0,'!ll 

Dindvarri 

. 

(in.diio 

Spices,  Cinnamon  je0'),12() 

Oilti)  iuaimt-irtr.rrs 

- 

■lliO.OSO 

Cloves       -    •in.KHI 

W'cHllllMI    (IlllO 

- 

oi,(i:;i) 

Pepper      -   ()7,5(il> 

Heiiip  anil  ll;i\ 

- 

lii.1.7liO 

2ii:",,nQit 

l.iiieii  iiianiifacliirus 

_ 

222.^70 

Wntilofallhmds- 

107,5110 

21,110      DilM  tliirad 

_ 

I2.<I70 

Kiie          -            -  102,270 

Sitl,  iii:iuilfaclures 

_ 

li)''p.l70 

1 

Wheat      -            -     b,IIO 

Inoi  ami  \n:i<-  ilitto 

_ 

l(::<,7l)0 

1 

11o.;m) 

2(ll),,MiO 

Cnlit  and  silver,   ill 
and  bars 

COItl 

Salt  fish    . 

81.'-'i0 

15,2'.;0 

Collee 

- 

7.'i,".!0      Karlheiiware 

- 

lil,700 

Olive  nil     - 

18,130 

Copprr 

_ 

12,100 

2,20(1 

1  liiilt.'r      ••          -  57,5nn 

Til, 

_ 

ll.d.iO 

1 

1  Cheese      -           -    17.«(in 

1 

7.'i.2i!0 

Cr\stal  and  ulass  w; 

10     - 

37.000 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

s: 


o 

u 

i 

C 


260 


CADIZ. 


Note  of  the  most  congiderable  Articles  of  Exportation  from  Spain  in  1826. 


f 


t     ' 


To  Eumj*. 

TnS|uiliih 

To  Eum|ie, 

To  Spanish 

Asin,  Africa, 

American 

Avia,  Africa, 

American 

Articles. 

anil  I'nileJ 

Colniiicj*,  in* 

Article*. 

anil  I'nitwl 

rnliiiiiei,  In. 

Slalw  (if 

clusiM'of  llU! 

SUlM  of 

cliHiveof  ttie 

America. 

rhilippincs. 

America. 

i'hilippincs. 

WilHiS         ... 

£137,550 

je51,7'JO 

Raw  silk   -           -           - 

JE28,8'.)0 

FruilH,  Aliiioiids    JE2I,.1.55 

Indi)!o       ... 

11.240 

Fill)t'rt.x     -            -  2il,l()5 

. 

3,030 

Silk  ninnufacttirca 

218,0.30 

£74,590 

I.t'Miiiiis&  oranges  :i(i,3IO 

Wool 

101,6.50 

Raisins     -           -  59,<I05 

\V()oll"ii  nianiifactiircs    - 

12.090 

(Jnipiis,  olives, and 

Cork-wood  and  corks 

34,010 

figs       -           -     2,410 

LiM'clics     ... 

10,080 



152,075 

2,015 

Paper  ol'all  kinds 

20,220 

17,500 

Hraiuly      ... 

107,715 

13,1. -ill 

Unt,  tisliinir        -  £18,1S0 

Olive  oil    - 

7.170 

(i.030 

for  guitars  -      2,500 

jSatlVon      -            -            - 

11,010 

2,800 

20,080 

10,905 

Lead 

21.').;i00 

Thread  lace 

10,285 

Ditto  orn    -           -            - 

7.705 

Tast  iron   -            -            - 

10,020 

Qiiiiksilvor 

oc..:ioo 

tJarbanzos,     beans,    and 

Barilla       - 

7i),2U0 

wheat    -           .           - 

3,080 

3.000 

Flour 

- 

49,290 

Shipi>iii<r  —In  1831  there  arrived  at  Cadiz  from  foreign  countries  475  ships,  of  the  liiirden  of  3r.5S2 
tons  ;  and  frorii  the  Siiatiish  colonies,  tliat  is.  from  ("nlia.  I'orto  Hico,  the  IMiilippiiii!  Islands,  &(■.,  103 
phips,  (itthe  liurdeii  of  17,812  tons.  The  arrivals  from  F,n(.'land  are  not  specitied ;  hut,  in  1828,  181 
Uritish  slii|is  entered  Cadiz.     Tlie  coasting  trach;  is  very  ronsiderahle. 

Mniieii—'tiw  monies,  weights,  and  mt^asures.  tised  at  Cadiz,  are  those  of  Castile.  Accounts  are 
kept  hy'the  i-eiil  (of  old  plate),  of  which  there  .ire  10,^  in  the  piso  iluro,  or  hard  dollar :  and  as  the  dol- 
l.ir  -  4.V.  3J(/.  the  real  =  4.?(/,  A  real  is  divided  into  10  quintos,  or  34  vmraoedis.  The  ilucndo  de  plata,  or 
ducat  of  plate,  is  worth  II  reals. 

ll'ci)riii.-i  mid  Meii.-<iire.<. — The  ordinary  quintal  is  divided  into  4  arrnhnt),  or  100  Ihs.  of  2  marcs  each: 
100  Ihs.  Castile  ==  lOli  lbs.  avoirilupois.  The  yard,  or  ivito  ==  027  F.nglisli  yard,  or  100  varas  =  !I2J 
English  yards.  Tlie  rnhi:,  or  measure  for  corn,  is  divideil  intr>  12 /(iH(n-«.<.  or  Ml  rileminii.-t,  or  570 
(/iiiirhtld's  :  100  cahi/.'s  -  19'7  Winch,  qiiarters,  iiiid  .'>  fanegas  -  1  quarter.  The  rantarii,iH  arrnlia,  the 
measure  for  li(|iiiils,  is  divided  into  8  tiziiiiihri:<,  and  32  ijvnrlilhis.  Tlii're  are  two  sorts  of  arrobas,  the 
greater  and  the  les«er  :  they  are  to  each  ollu'r  as  32  to  25 ;  tlie  former  being  eijual  to  4|  English  wine 
gallons,  tin;  latter  to  3}  do.  A  moyu  of  wim;  =  10  arrobas.  Tlie  botdi  =  30  arrobas  of  wine,  or  38J  of 
oil.  A  jHite  -  27  arrobas  of  wine,  or  34.i  of  oil.  Hence  the  botta  =  127  .i  English  wine  gallons,  und  the 
pipe  114}  do. 

British  Irnde  trith  Spain. — Notwithstanding  the  anti-commercial  influence  of  prohibitions  and  op. 
jiressive  duties,  we  carry  on  a  very  considerable  trade  with  Spain.  In  11^31  we  imported  from  her 
()1.021  I  \vt  barilla,  7^.007  cwt.  oak  iuid  cork  biirk.  1  lii.2.'M  qiiartc  rs  wheat— (see  llti.nAo),  7ri()cwt.  tins, 
W72  tons  lead,  about  "J.'^.OOO  packau'es  oranges  and  lemons.  l,2l3,tiNi  i;allons  olive  oil.  v;ii',l,.").58  Ihs.  qniik- 
silvi-r.  lO.i.dliO  cwt.  r;iisins.  3.700  cwt.  sumiich.  14. 1-1  Ihs.  silk,  (iO,  MO  gallons  hraiuly,  3,474.823  llis. 
wool,  and  2,5a7,0ri'*  L'allons  wine.  No  account  of  tie-  declarc'd  or  real  value  of  the  imports  is  kepi  at 
the  (Jnstiiiii-liouse  ;  but  ilie  i;;/iii«/ value  of  the  inijinrts  t'roni  Spain  in  l831,e.\clnsive  of  tliose  lVomih(! 
Canaries,  was  above  l.OOO.OOO/.  sterliui.'. 

During  tlie  .n.mie  year  the  rent  value  of  the  various  articles  of  British  produce  and  inaimfacture 
cleared  out  fnuii  our  ports  for  Spain  was  597.«4n/.  Of  these  articles  linen  was  the  principal,  its  value 
being  estimated  at  222,83"^/.  Cottons  amounted  to  above  148,000/.  The  other  articles  were  hardware, 
iron  and  steel,  tin,  &c.— (PuW.  Paper,  No.  550.  Sess.  18^3.) 

Smiii;i^liii<r,  iS'C- — III  1829  Cadiz  was  matle  a  free  port,  tliat  is,  a  port  where  u^oods  mav 
he  consumed  and  l)onded  without  paying  duty.  This  hoon  would  liave  been  of  compiira- 
lively  httle  conseciurncc  but  lor  the  opportunity  of  sinugi^hng  allbrded  by  the  opi)r('ssivcly 
high  duties  laid  on  most  foreign  articles  imported  into  Spain.  These,  as  such  duties  wherever 
impo.sed  never  fail  to  do,  have  given  birlh  to  a  very  extensive  contraband  trade ;  and  uinlcr 
the  free  regime  Cadiz  became  the  grand  focus  of  this  traflic.  The  crovernmenl  having  seen 
this  elfect  of  the  franchise,  it  was  withdrawn  on  the  2iid  of  December,  1832.  This,  how- 
ever, is  but  a  very  trilling  inconvenience  to  the  smuggler.  Nothing,  fortuiuitely,  but  the 
repeal  of  prohibitions,  and  the  reduction  of  opjircssivo  duties  to  a  reasonable  umount,  can 
ever,  materially  diminish  the  field  of  his  exertions.  It  would  apjiear,  however,  that  the  ex- 
perience of  a  couple  of  centuries  has  been  as  uniilile  toirnpre.-n  the  Sjianisli  government  with 
a  conviction  of  this  uiKiuestionable  truth,  as  it  has  been  to  open  their  eyes  to  the  enormous 
abuses  that  infect  every  part  of  the  public  administration. 

Mr.  Townsend,  the  author  of  by  far  the  best  English  work  on  Spain,  which  he  visited  in 
1780  and  1787,  has  the  following  admirable  remarks  on  thi.s  subject,  in  liis  chapter  on 
Cadiz : — 

'•The  .Spanish  government  has  never  yet  ac(inired  any  lilii'ral  ideas  respecting  tr.ule  ;  ami  even  at 
till'  present  moment,  some  of  their  best  political  writi'rs  resemble  bm  hounds  hunliiig  the  stale  scent, 
whil-t  the  tleete.Jt  are  already  in  possession  of  the  game.  Inste.id  of  ili  rowing  down  every  obstacle  lo 
commerce,  they  labour  to  contriict  lis  limits,  under  the  vain  hope  of  establishing'  a  monopoly,  witlnnit 
considerim:  either  their  own  want  of  capital,  of  industry,  and  uf  an  <'iilerprisin!;  spirii.  or  the  niter 
impossilnlily  of  preventitii/ sningglinir,  whilst  nllier  lialiniis.  with  greater  ailvantaLres  tur  iraije.  r;iii 
undersell  them  in  tin;  niarl<et.  I'util  they  shall  lie  more  I'lili^ililened,  until  they  shall  Inn  e  baiii>lieil 
their  inquisitors,  and  until  the  happy  period  shall  arrive  when,  under  the  proteitinn  of  a  free  I'merii- 
ineiit.  tliey  shall  have  restored  public  credit, and  placed  it  on  a  firm  finindation  ;  all  their  proliiiiiiions. 
.all  llieir  si'verities  exercised,  on  the  properly  and  persons  of  llie  iUicIl  traders,  all  iIu'M'  commercial 
tr''atie>,  .and  all  their  commercial  wars,  into  which  a  d.iiiiin  may  betray  Iheiii,  W''l  b"  iVIvoleiis  and 
vain  ;  because  no  elforts  will  ever  prevail  nguiiist  tb  united  interests  ol'tlieir  ownsu'ijijcts,aiid  ofsU 
Bur  ounding  nations. 


CAGLIARl. 


261 


:74,5!K) 

17,5U0 
10,905 


S.tiOO 
4'.),-2«0 


tooJs  may 
comparii- 

|l,rc'ssivcly 
wtierevor 
iiiJ  uiulor 

Iviiig  seen 
liis,  how- 
biit  the 
|nint,  can 
It,  the  ex- 
iient  with 
;uormous 

visited  in 
liipter  on 


III  I'vpii  at 

l;ili'  uvuU 
llisiuii'^tii 

Witllnlll 
I  |ll(^    lltllT 

Iriidi'.  laii 

1  llilliislll'll 
rnViTII- 
llniiitiaiis. 
liiiiiK'ri'inI 
il^ii-.  mill 
|;inil  "l';U 


"Evennt  homn,  the  wntctifiilness  nnilenerey  of  rvrry  (lovernment  hnveocver  hpcnnble  Inenforifl 
its  proliiliilliins ;  for,  ni)t«itliHmii<liii«  tlicHO.  wlicii  I  w.'is  Iriivfllini;  lliniiiuli  Spain,  all  tlic  ini'ii  a|  - 
peariMl  in  Maiirhfsti'r  rnttim  coihIh.  ami  iiii  wiiiiiaii  wan  seni  willioal  Iiit  iiiusIIii  vi'il.     In  Spiiiii,  a 
Iliruuclumt  l''.ari>iK',  It  is  t'onnil  that  when  llir  iiiice  of  insurance  is  less  tliiin  I'lr  ilntics  iniposeil  un  th< 
coiiiUKiility,  no  laws  art'  sullieieiit  to  control  the  operations  of  illicit  traders."— (Vol.  ii.  p.  31)1.) 

But  the  Spanish  K^'vi'rnment  hiis  been  proof  ngainst  such  considerations.  Instead  of 
diminishing,  they  have  materially  increased,  the  number  of  prohibitions  and  the  i)res.sure  of 
the  dutias ;  and  the  consequence  is,  that  in  many  extensive  [)rovinces  there  is  no  rei^ular 
trade,  and  that  every  thini?  is  carried  on  by  the  at^eney  of  the  smugglers,  jiartly  in  defiance, 
but  principally  through  the  connivance,  of  the  revenue  officers.  Notwithstanding  their 
exclusion,  English  cotton  goods  may,  at  this  moment,  be  bought  in  Madrid,  and  generally 
tliroughout  Spain,  at  from  20  to  30  per  cent,  above  their  price  in  Gibraltar,  where  they  are 
about  as  cheap  as  in  Manchester !  While  Cadiz  was  a  free  port,  about  0,000  persons  are 
said  to  have  been  employed  in  it  twisting  cigars,  which,  as  soon  as  fmished,  were  forthwith 
smuggled  into  the  interior.  Three  fourths  of  the  foreign  trade  of  Spain  may,  in  fact,  be  said 
to  be  carried  on  in  defiance  of  the  law.  And  wheie  such  is  the  case,  need  we  wonder  at  the 
low  state  of  industry,  or  at  the  prevalence  of  those  predatory  and  ferocious  habits  that  uni- 
formly mark  the  character  of  the  sinugj;ler  ? 

In  the  valuable  work  of  Mr.  Ingli:i.s,  entitled  "Spain  in  ls;K),"we  find  the  following 
statement  under  the  head  (Jadiz.  Though  written  more  than  40  years  after  tiie  })aiagra[)h 
previously  ([uoled  from  Mr.  Townsend,  it  shows  that  not  one  of  the  flagrant  abuses  de- 
nounced by  the  latter  has  been  eradicated ;  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  they  all  continue  to 
Houri.sh  in  still  ranker  luxuriance. 

"The  wlioleconmiercial  system  of  Spain  is  most  ciriini'iaisly  conceived.  The  proliiliilory  systrin  is 
cuirii'd  loalrnj.'lli  ahsolntfly  rninons  to  the  lair  trader,  anil  liiL'hiy  injnrions  in  the  revceiii'.  Tlio 
innnciise  dniies  npnn  ailniissilile  arliclcs,  aed  th,  *niiil  prdhiliiijon  of  others,  has  occasioni'd  a  most 
eMcnsivc  contral)anil  trade,  huth  I'Mernally  w  ith  ii.  v  lions  ports,  aloim  the  coast  of  S|i;iin,  ami 
internally,  tlironi;hont  the  whole  of  the  kinL'doni  ;  and  liy  this  trade  adinissilde  arlldi-s  arr  iMlioihnril 
into  the  interior,  at  I'roin  100  to  ;100  prr  cent,  hrlnw  Ihi'  ilntiis  iinposi'd.  tJovmnnenl  roil  Id  nut  fail  to 
he  hcnelileil  liy  perinittiny  tlir  iinporlati'in  of  articles  of  L'encral  use,  upon  payini'iit  of  snch  a  ilnty  as 
would  allow  the  sale  of  the  article  at  a  lower  price  tinui  is  now  paid  hy  the  consiinier  to  llie  sininr- 
(rler.  As  oiM!  e.vainple  of  the  iinpidicy  of  the  system.  I  may  cite  a  fid  re.-pi'cliii!;  the  trade  in  salteil 
tisl  the  returns  of  which  I  have  before  nl(^  The  import  of  ihis  article  into  Ciiiliz  in  one  year,  lietorc 
that  I  ily  was  made  a  free  port,  ainouiited  to  4  vessels,  whose  cnrcoes  reached  4,0',ia  cwt.;  while  at  Ihi; 
free  port  of  (iihrallar,  in  the  same  year,  41  vi'ssels  entered  with  f*'.KlW' I'wl.,  tlir  irlmli- nf  irhirli  iru.-< 
inlendiul  furllic  illicit  Iraile.  and  passed  into  Spain  tliriiin.'h  the  hands  of  the  .-iinnfiulers.  The  duty  upon 
this  article  is  ni..re  lliiin  100  per  cent.;  the  sniiiL'L'ler  considers  himself  n'lnunerateil  hy  a  j;;iin  ot' 
twenty-five  per  cent.;  so  that  the  article  which  tinds  its  way  into  the  -narket  tliroinih  the  conlrabanil 
trade  is  sold  T.'i  per  cent,  cheaper  than  that  which  is  admitted  upon  pa\  iiieiit  of  the  re;;ular  duties. 

"'i'lie  duties  upon  liritish  inannf.ctnreil  jroods  amount  almost  to  a  probibiiion  ;  they  ofieu  reach 
lOi)  (ler  cent.,  anil  Ihis  trade  is  therefore  also  in  the  h;inds  of  the  smmivlers,  who  obtain  the  prolit 
which,  under  a  more  wholesome  system,  nii<.'hl  j;o  into  ihe  treasury  i  f  the  kiinrdoin.  The  frandiilent 
dealer  IS  abo  L'riiatly  assisted  hy  the  cURtoin  of  urantini,'  a  royal  licence  to  individnals  to  import  ;i 
certain  limited  (|iiantity  of  prohitiiied  goods  ;  an  expedient  lesorleil  to  in  order  to  meet  the  e.xiueiicies 
i;*' the  state  ;  anil  under  the  lic(mcc  to  enter  100  Ions  of  merchandise,  liie  merchant  cnlers  perhaps 
1.0(10  luis;  a  deception  easily  practised  in  a  counlry  where,  ainonK  the  public  oltjcers,  a  scale  of 
hrihiry  is  perfectly  understood  and  acted  upon."— (Vol.  ii.  pp.  I;i2 — 130.) 

But  for  the  sy.stem  of  misrule  to  which  Spain  has  been  subjected,  there  can  be  no  reasona- 
i)!e  doulit  that  her  commerce  would  have  been  aliout  the  most  extensive  of  any  Euroi)eaii 
state.  Her  natural  advan'anes,  superior  to  most,  and  not  inferior  to  tho.se  enjoyed  by  any 
other  kingdom  ;  her  wines,  brandies,  fruits,  &ic. ;  her  wheat,  of  which  she  might  jiroduce  the 
largest  supplies;  her  wool;  Iter  iron,  which  is  of  the  best  ijuality  ;  her  lead  and  ijuieksilver 
mines,  respectively  the  mo':.c  jtr  uictive  in  the  world;  the  number  and  excellence  of  her 
harbours;  the  enterprising  and  .  -venturous  character  of  her  inhabitants,  and  her  favourable 
situation  ;  wouhl,  were  she  pern.i  ;.il  'o  avail  hi  rself  of  them,  raise  her  to  a  very  high  rank 
among  commercial  nations.  Let  the  g.  vernme.ii  cea.-iC  to  counteract  the  inle  ilioiis  of  na- 
ture; let  moderate  duties  take  the  place  of  j)rohi'.\tions,  and  freedom  of  regiilation;  and  uU 
sorts  of  industrious  pursuits  will  speedily  revive  ;iom  tlic  deadly  lethargy  in  which  they  hiwe 
been  so  long  sunk. 

[The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  Cadi/,  is  not  of  much  imitortance.  Wines  and  salt 
are  the  princii)al  commodities  we  get  from  there.     See  the  article  .Mal.vi;.\. — Am,  Ed.] 

I'Adl.lAKI,  the  capital  of  Sardinia,  situated  on  the  north-east  shore  of  a  spav'ious  bay  on 
the  south  coast  of  the  island,  hit.  39°  12'  13"  X..  long,  0°  (V  U"  E.  Population  20,000. 
The  city  stan.l:*  on  a  rising  ground,  and  has  an  imposing  elVect  from  the  ^ai.  The  public 
lioildiiigs  and  churches  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  .splendid  ;  but  the  streets  arc,  for  the 
must  part,  narrow,  sleep,  and  filthy. 

The  (inlf  of  CaLrliari  extends  from  I'lila  on  the  wist  to  Cane  Carbonaro  on  the  east,  a  distance  of 
ahiiul  Ml  miles  across,  and  about  I'2  in  depth,  with  aood  amhoraire  every  where  after  jjettini:  into 
soiiiidiin:s.  .\  mole  projects  from  the  I'raliiiue  ollice,  and  i-liins  usually  lie  about  1  mile  S.  \V.  hy  S. 
froMi  ii  111  0  or  N  I'iithoms  water,  on  an  excellent  bollom  of  iini.l.  There  is  a  very  convenient  pier  liar- 
liiiiir  at  Ihe  south  anj.'le  of  the  lin\  er  w  all,  capable  of  coiii,.i?ii!ia  M  or  Hi  vessels  of  a  tolerable  size, 
licsiiles  small  (raft.     .Mloui  iher.  Caiiliari  is  one  of  Ihe  bo' 1  iiinl  safest  ports  in  Ihe  Mediterranean. 

/m/)(o•^-  iiiid  /■,'i;)e)-/.s.— .\lmost  ail  the  trade  of  S.irilinia  is  earried  on  by  straui-ers  ;  and  even  Ihe 
lisli  oil  its  coast  iiiiil  in  its  ha i hours  iscau(.'lil  liy  Sicilians,  Nenpolilans,  T'usi  aiis.  and  t;enoise.  Corn 
'■^  the  principal  article  of  export.    In  good  jears,  the  exports  from  Ihu  whole  island  iiie.y  amount  to 


e 
-in 

C 


262 


CAGLIART. 


4' 


■    .''■  1 


1> 


400.000  Btnrelli,  or  nliniit  SOO.OOO  buslicls.  of  wlipnt,  200.000  stnrelll  of  barley,  6,000  ditto  of  nmizn, 
100,000  ditto  of  lionris,  200.011(1  of  pi'as.  iiiiil  1.000  clilto  of  li-ntilH.  Tin;  ciilturii  of  viiina  in  Kroduiilly 
l)i'ii)iiiiiic"f  iiiiiri'  iiii|inrtiiiicc  ;  and  iilioiil  .'i..')0;)  Cataliin  |ii|icri  urn  cxporlrd,  priiicipnily  from  AI).'li(>ro 
niid  Ouliaslra.  f'jii'i'sc  is  nii  iiiipurianl  ciliji-cl  in  tlii!  rnriil  tMtononiy  of  Sardinia,  iind  considuriililH 
quantitit's  iin^  I'xportcij.  Siill  is  a  royal  inonupuly.  and  alliirdH  a  considi-rahlc  nnTiiiit!.  Until  rnccnlly 
H«  cdcn  dri'W  almost  all  her  snp|ilns'  ipllljis  lnipi>rlant  nrci'ssary  from  Sardinia,  and  it  continiM's  to  Im 
exported  in  considerable  (piantilits.  I'lax.  linseed,  bides,  oil.  sfitfron,  riiKS,  alipiil'oux,  &i'.  are  aiiioni; 
tlie  ariicles  (d' export.  'I'lie  liinny  and  <ioal  tisheries  employ  u  good  many  bunds ;  but,  us  already 
observed.  Ibev  are  almost  wliolly  inanaL'ed  by  IbreJL'ners. 

Aliiiosl  ever>  article  of  dress.  Wliellier  I'oribe  (.'entry  or  tlie  pi'usantry,  is  imported.  8oup,  station- 
ery, iilass.  earthenware,  and  fnrnllnie.  a>  well  as  sniiar.  collee.  drnus,'  spices,  &c.,  are  also  supplied 
by  forei^iners  ;  and  notwillistandinu  llie  Sards  possess  many  ricb  nnnes.  several  of  wbicli  were  siic- 
cessfnlly  wron!;lit  in  antiipiity,  they  import  all  their  ircm  and  steel.  Tin;  only  manulactiires  carried 
on  ill  the  islaiiil  are  ilmse  of  irnnpowder.  salt,  hdiacco.  ami  woollen  caps.  In  is;)l,  there  entered  the 
ports  of  Sardinia  Ititi  fireiiin  vessels,  of  the  Imrden  of  (i.!l-J.')  tons.  Of  these, the  greater  mimlier  were 
rreiich  ;  and  next  to  them  weri'  .Ni'apolitaiis.  Anslrians.'I'iiscaiis,  &c. 

Miiiifii,  H'liishtf.  (n)(/./)/('H.-«n.--.— AccoMMis  are  kept  in  lire,  reali.aiid  solili.  .5  soldi  =  1  rcale  ■\[(l.; 
■1  reali  =  1  lira  ^  l.<.  0(/.;  I'Jreali  1  sciido  ^  ;i.v.  (W,  The  paper  money  consists  of  notes  for  5, 10,  and 
aosciidi. 

Farm  prodnceaiiil  the  coarser  metals  are  weiL'hed  by  the  /ic.-'i  ili  firm :  19  Sard.  nz.  =  1  Ih.  =  11  oz.5 
dr.  avoirdupois  ;  -ti  lbs.   -  1  rublio  ;  1  rulilii      1  cantaro      O't  lbs.  0  oz.  8  dr.  avcurdiipois. 

Tin;  starello.  or  corn  measiiri',  is  eipiivaleiit  to  I  bu>h.  Ij  peck  Km;.     The  palm  -  lOj  Eiii;.  inches. 

Causes  iif  t/ir  (kpre.tsal  utalc  of  SanUiiiii. — The  alxivp  statomPiits  sullicieiitly  show  that 

the  comini'ire  of  SJaiiliiiia  is  very  I'ar  from  lu'iiitj  what  iiiislit  naturally  lie  cxptjcteil  t'roiii  its 

rxtcnt,  fertility,  adiniraliie  situation,  and  tlie  ixceilenee  of  its  many  harbours.     It  contains 

ati  area  of  about  9,500  square  miles.,  beinu;,  in  point  of  size,  but  little  inferior  to8icily ;  and 

in  antiiiuity  it  was  hardly  less  celebrated  for  its  productiveness : — 

"  ISoii  opimas 
Sardinia'  seiretes  ferucis." — Uor.  lib.  i.  Od.  .11. 

But  a  long  series  of  wars  and  revolutions,  followed  by  the  establishment  of  the  feudal 
.system  in  its  worst  form,  and  the  siibjeetion  of  tlie  island,  first  to  ISpain,  and  more  recently 
to  the  house  of  8avoy,  have  been  attended  by  the  most  ruinous  conseiiuences.  'I'lie  Ko- 
inaiis  encouraged  the  exportation  of  corn  and  other  produce  from  the  ]irovinces  to  liome, 
where  it  always  met  with  a  ready  and  advantageous  sale.  But  the  modem  rulers  of  Sar- 
dinia have  followed  quite  an  opposite  policy ;  they  have  prevented  the  occupiers  of  the  land 
from  carrying  their  prodiiclions  abroad ;  and  as,  owing  to  the  want  of  a  commercial  and 
manufacturing  jiopulation,  there  was  little  or  no  demand  for  it  at  home,  no  surplus  wa.s 
rai.sed ;  so  that  the  wish,  as  well  as  the  means,  of  emerging  frotn  poverty  and  barbarism  has 
been  well  iiiglt  eradicated.  It  is  to  this  im[iolitic  conduct  on  the  part  of  government, 
and  to  the  insecurity  arisitig  from  the  want  of  police  and  of  occupation  under  the  worst  sort 
of  feudal  te-.iures,  that  we  are  inclined  principally  to  attribute  that  habitual  idleness,  and 
indillerence  to  the  future,  that  distinguish  the  moderii  Sard.s. 

We  arc  glad,  hovvcver,  to  have  to  state,  that  some  improvcinents  have  been  made  within 
these  few  years.  A  good  road  has  been  formed  from  Cagliari  to  Sassari,  and  cross  roads 
are  being  carried  from  it  to  some  of  the  mc-st  considerable  places  in  the  island.  'I'he  pojiu- 
lation,  which,  in  181(5,  amounted  to  only  .'3.52,000,  is  now  estimated  at  480,000  or  500,000*  ; 
and  some  meliorations  have  been  introduced  into  various  departtnents  of  industry.  But 
without  the  establishment  of  an  ellective  system  for  the  administration  of  justice  and  the 
prevention  and  punishment  of  crime,  the  introduction  of  a  better  system  of  letting  land,  and 
the  total  abolition  of  the  existing  restraints  on  tht;  exportation  of  corn  and  other  produce 
from  the  island,  it  will  be  in  vain  to  expect  that  its  capacities  should  ever  be  fully  developed. 
At  present,  it  is  usual  to  hire  land,  for  the  purposes  of  tillage,  by  the  year ;  no  corn  can  be 
exjiorted  if  its  price  exceed  30  reals  the  starello;  and  a  heavy  duty  is  laid  on  all  that  is  ex- 
ported, as  a  substitute  for  a  general  land-tax.  Nothing  can  be  more  preposterously  ab.surd 
than  such  reffulations.  They  have  paralysed  the  exertions  of  the  husbandman  to  such  an 
extent,  that  this  "  benlgnuiil  nitrsc^  of  ancient  Rome]-  is  sometimes,  notwithstanding  it* 
scanty  population,  under  the  necessity  of  importing  a  portion  of  its  supplies  !  Most  other 
articles  of  export  have  been  loaded  wilh  similar  duties  ;  so  that  the  industry  of  th';  inland  has 
lieen,  in  eflect,  completely  sacrificed  to  a  short-sighted  rapacity,  of  which,  fortun;''i  'y,  there 
are  not  many  examples.  Let  this  di.sgruceful  system,  which,  if  po.ssible,  is  even  more  in- 
jurious to  the  government  than  to  the  jieoplo,  be  [lut  an  end  to, — let  the  freedom  of  export- 
ation, with  rea.sonable  duties  on  imports,  and  the  security  of  property,  be  established, — and 
we  venture  to  predict  that  Sardinia  will,  at  no  very  remote  period,  recover  her  ancient  pros 
■jierity  ;  that  the  revenues  of  the  crown  will  be  increased  in  a  tenfold  proportion  ;  and  that 
the  population  will  cease  to  be  conspicuous  only  for  ferocity,  idleness,  and  contempt  of  in- 
novation. 

In  compiling'  this  article,  we  bav.'  eoiisiUled  t'aplaui   Siiiyili's  valuable  work  on  Sardinia,  particu- 
larly pp.  10(5—128.    Hut  the  most  complete  work  on  the  island  is  that  of  Murniura,  alreudy  referred  to 


*  Se.i\  Miniiara,  Vuynire  en  Sardaiffjie,  p.  170.,  and  tbi;  Foreiirn  Quarlrrlij  iiti'icw,  N\  23.  p.  25fi. 
Captain  Smvth  reckons  (he  population,  at  an  averaue  of  the  10  years  ei'idiiiL' with  1825,  at  about 
400,000.— (p."  12S.) 

t  "Siciliam  ct  t^urdiiiiatn,  beniffnissimas  iirbu  nosirw  jiii^rjcfs."— Vul.  Ma.ximus,  lib.  vii.  c.  6. 


It.  liowt 
adininisi 
p.  302,  & 

CAJ 

Leucad 
wood  oi 
birch, 
by  distil 
quantiti< 
colour,  \ 
pungent 
with  oth 
de]iends 
jiensa/or 

f'ajepui 
.Tilly.  1831 
"(  ilie  nio 
n.<.  an  lu 
lieen  obia 
(St|iteiiib( 

CALA 

8p,  Oris 
tipjiets,  ar 

CALA 
The  [ndia 
and  the  m 
ill  .Africa. 

CALA] 
Rus.  Ko/oi 
England  a 
cheeks  apf: 

CALA.'^ 

It  is  so  ha 
iiil"  sli;ipe. 
ini:  is  a  lino 
liovii  and  en 
:iiiyiiiiiliie  s; 
tallies.  Sir 
in  .Moninoiit 
iliat  Is  in  fir 
I'U-ii  use.  It 
"I'llie  tree,  t 
•lances,  p.  i: 

C.VLCU 

dominions  i 

'he  eastwan 

17"  E.    Iti 

western  brai 

'inly  arm  of 

water  the  ri^ 

opposite  to  ( 

fricacy  of  tli 

t'veii  if  it  dii 

this  place. — 

C/iart  in  thii 

In  "IT.  Call 
"lore  than  a  c. 
'i'oii^,  l,').l;i8; 

-^  t'l-eat  part 

liihiiiirors.  niei' 

Villiises  ;  coiiii 

•■sliiiialeil  by  tl 

•''■i'ii'''iiils  wbic 

|'"i.^'  '"•  estimai 

inink  of  (bo  r\\ 

"11  llie  same  si( 

i^iit'  that  it  uni 

ii.'ilnral  ailvanti 

lii'ilily  on  the  ( 

'lisiaiice  of  at  1 

'llaiiiiels. 

Tlie  principal 
""'er  Ruropean 
'  frsian  (.'nlf,  c 
''■r  usually  eitln 
iiumbor  of  adult 


CAJEPUT  OIL— CALCUTTA. 


263 


tule  within 
•ross  roads 
rriio  j)0[)u- 

Isoo.ooo*  -, 

itry.     But 
iiud  the 
;iiul,  and 
ler  produce 
developed, 
irn  can  be 
that  is  cx- 
isly  absurd 
to  such  an 
landing  it« 
tlost  other 
is' and  has 
;y,  there 
i\  more  in- 
of  cxport- 
ihcd,— and 
:ieiit  pros 
,  and  that 
Inipt  of  in- 


li;i,  parlicu- 
Irefurreilto 


,.  23.  p.  'i5li. 
B5,  at  about 


Ic.O. 


It.  however,  fnnches  very  (tnntly  on  the  criws  niul  scaiKlnlnnfi  ribimcs  that  intVct  every  partof  tlie 
adiniiiistratinii.  We  have  horruwuil  fidiiu;  ilrtails  IVdhi  tin;  .in  no  I  is  tin  t'oiiintene  .Vuritimc  iVir  1(533, 
p.  302,  &c. 

CAJEPUT  OIL,  the  volatile  oil  obtained  from  the  leaves  of  the  cajoput  tree  (^Melaleuca 
Lencadmdron  Lin.).  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  native  term  cdi/ti-ptttl,  lluit  is,  white- 
wood  oil;  because  the  bark  of  the  tree  which  yielils  it  lias  a  whitish  appearance,  like  our 
lurch.  This  tree  is  common  in  Amboyna  and  other  Eastern  islands.  'I'he  oil  is  obtained 
by  diRtillation  from  the  dried  leaves  of  the  smaller  of  two  varieties.  It  is  prepared  in  Rreat 
quantities  in  Banda,  and  sent  to  Holland  in  eo])per  flasks.  As  it  comes  to  us  it  is  of  a  Rreen 
colour,  very  limpid,  lighter  than  water,  of  a  strong  smell  resembling  catnphor,  and  a  strong 
pungent  taste.  It  burns  entirely  away  without  leaving  any  residuum.  It  is  often  adulterated 
with  other  essential  oils,  coloured  with  resin  of  milfoil.  In  the  genuine  oil,  the  green  colour 
depends  on  the  presence  of  copper;  for,  when  rectified,  it  is  colourless. — (Thonisoii's  Dis- 
pensatory.) 

rajcpiil  oil  not  being  used  except  in  the  maleria  nieilira,  only  small  quantities  are  iiiiporteil.  In 
.Inly.  1831,  it  boIiI  inlioiul  at  about  "id.  an  (uniic  ;  but  an  Idia  liavint'  llien  (int  ahniad  that  it  was  one 
<\(  the  nioBl  ctlicient  remedies  in  cases  iil'  cluib'ra,  ils  piiie  nise  in  .Ndveniber,  l^:!l,  to  nn  h'ss  than 
11,«.  an  ounce!  lint  it  soon  alter  Cell  inln  discredil  \\  ilh  tlic  facnhy.  ami  addilinnal  snpplii's  liavin;; 
been  obtained  from  Holland,  its  price  (biclined  almiist  iis  t'asl  as  ii  liad  risen.  It  is  not  at  present 
(September,  1833)  worth  more  in  bond,  than  from  b/.  to  '.\l.  an  onnee. 

CALABAR  SKIN  (Fr.  Pclit-frris  .■  (Jer.  C-aitwcrl! ,-  It.  T«or,  I'ajn ;  \\\is.  Bjelka.- 
8p.  Gris  pet/iteno),  the  Siberian  scpiirrul  skin,  of  various  colours,  used  in  making  mutl's, 
tippets,  and  trimmings  for  clothes. 

CALABASH,  a  light  kind  of  ve.s.sd  formed  of  the  shell  of  a  gourd,  emptied  and  dried. 
The  Indians  both  of  the  North  and  South  Sen  put  tiie  pearls  they  have  lislied  in  calabashes, 
and  the  natives  of  Africa  do  the  same  by  their  gold  dust.  Tiiey  also  are  used  as  a  measure 
in  Africa. 

CALAMANCO  (Du.  Kallemini!,  Kalnnnk  ,-  Fr.  Calniandc,  Calmrnidre ,-  It.  Durante  ,- 
Rms.  Kolomen/m ;  Sp.  Caltnaco ,-  Sw.  A'«//v///)/t"),  a  sort  of  woollen  stulV,  manufactured  in 
England  and  the  Netherlands;  it  has  a  line  gloss ;  and  iieiiig  ciieciuered  in  the  warp,  the 
checks  appear  onlv  on  the  right  side. 

CALAMANDER  WOOD,  a  beautiful  species  of  timber  brought  from  Ceylon. 

It  is  so  hard  that  common  cdee-tonls  cannot  worlv  it,  so  tlial  it  mnsl  lie  rasped  and  almost  cronnd 
inl'i  shape.  It  is  singularly  reniarkable  tor  the  vari>'ly  and  admixture  of  colours.  The  most  prevail- 
ini:  is  a  line  chocolate,  now  deeptniiiK  alimisl  into  alisolnle  liliick.  now  l.-ulimr  into  a  niedinni  between 
lliwn  and  cream  colours.  It  arrests  the  eye  from  tlie  rich  beauty  of  llie  iniermiML'b'd  tints,  not  from 
aiiyundue  sliowiness.  It  takes  a  very  liiKh  polish  ;  and  is  wronsiht  iulo  eluiirs.  and  particularly  into 
tallies.  Sir  Robi'rt  KrownrigK,  'ale  jjovernor  of  Ciylon,  luid  Ihe  doors  of  the  diiiinL'-room  of  his  seat 
in  MonmoHthsliire  made  of  calamander.  It  is  scarce  in  Civ  Ion,  and  is  not  reixularly  imported;  all 
tliiu  is  in  (ireat  Hritain  has  been  imported  by  private  yentlcuicn,  relurnius;  Iroiii  the  colony,  for  their 
i.wn  use.  It  is  by  far  the  most  beautitui  of  nil  the  fancy  woods.  'I'he  nearer  it  islaken  from  Ihe  root 
ijf  the  tree,  the  tiner  it  is. — {Milbitrii'ii  Orient.  Com.  ;  I.i'j.  iJ'  Entcrttiining  KiwiclciJire,  Vefietable  Sub- 
•l;iiifes,  p.  17',l.) 

('ALCUTTA,  the  principal  city  of  the  province  of  Bential,  the  capital  o '  the  British 
dominions  in  India,  and,  with  tlie  exception  perha]is  of  Canton,  the  greatest  emporium  t'l 
the  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Its  citadel  is  in  lat.  -i-i^  :V.V  .'it"  N.,  long.  88°  20' 
17"  E.  It  is  about  100  miles  distant  from  the  sea.  Iiciiig  .filiated  on  t'.ie  eastern  bank  of  Ihe 
western  branch  of  the  Ganges,  deiiomiiiatcil  by  Europeans  the  Ilooglily  Kivcr,  vvhicli  is  the 
only  arm  of  the  Ganges  navigable  to  any  considerable  distance  by  larije  slii])M.  At  lnc;h 
water  the  river  opposite  to  the  town  is  about  a  mile  in  breatlth  ;  but  during  the  ebb  the  side 
opposite  to  Calcutta  exposes  a  long  range  of  dry  sand  banks.  Owinir  to  the  length  and  in- 
tricacy of  the  navigation  from  the  sea,  it  cannot  be  unde  alcen  without  a  pilot ;  so  that, 
even  if  it  did  not  exceed  our  limits,  it  would  bo  useless  to  attempt  any  description  of  it  in 
this  place. — (See  the  reduced  Plan  (if  the  Moulh.'-  .;/'  l/ic  Hoog/ili/  River,  in  the  Jferci/tor's 
Chart  in  this  work.) 

In  'TIT.  Calcutta  was  a  petty  nativi?  village  of  paltry  hats,  with  a  few  hundred  inhabitants.  Little 
more  than  a  ci'ntury  later,  or  in  IS'2'2,  the  followiu:;  were  Ihe  returns  of  tlii'  population;  vi/..  ('hris- 
tians,  13,1,18;  Mohammedans, 48.1ti-2;   Hindoos,  1IS.-203;  Chinese.  11 1,  luakiiiit  in  all,  lTil,'.ll7, 

.V  irreat  part,  however,  of  what  nuiy  be  fairly  considered  Ihe  popiiluion  of  Calcutta,  consisting  of 
lalifiiirers,  nuH'hariics,  and  persons  emiaued  in  trade,  resiile  at  .liiihl  ni  the  suburbs,  or  neiijhbouriiii; 
vilhiL'es  ;  cnmiuK  into  town  early  in  the  niorninir  to  tlnir  resperive  em  ploy  me  i  its.  These  have  been 
isliueited  by  the  nniuistrates,  on  tolerably  (.'mid  data,  at  IIKI.illill-,  und  allowiu!;  for  the  increase  of  in- 
.'i.iliiianls  which  is  admitted  to  have  taken  place  wilhin  thi'  la  t  dozen  years,  the  existiuL'  population 
iii.iy  lie  estiniaied  at  abmit  300,00(1.  The  lown,  exdudinir  subiirlis,  extends  lo  iibont  -IJ  miles  alony  the 
t'aiik  of  the  rivi'r.  with  an  averaiii' breadlh  inland  of  about  1!  mil".  Kort  William,  the  citadel,  lii's 
(111  tin'  same  side  of  tin;  river,  a  little  lower  down.  It  is  a  slroiif;  resfular  forlilication  ;  but  so  exten- 
sive that  it  would  require  a  earrison  of  lll.liuil  men  for  its  elfectiial  defence.  Calcutta  possessi's  ureal 
iialur.il  advantaues  for  inland  naviiration  ;  all  sorts  of  I'oreiijn  produce  beiim  transported  with  sireat 
fiiiliiy  on  the  Canges  and  its  subsidiary  streams  to  tlii!  imnh-wesiern  (|uarters  of  Ilindostan,  over  a 
ilisiiince  of  at  least  1,000  miles,  while  ihe  productions  of  the  interior  are  received  by  the  same  easy 
cliamiels. 

The  principal  merchants  and  traders  of  Calciitia  consist  of  the  followinc  classes  ;  viz.  Itrilishand 
ether  Fairopeans,  Portuguese  born  in  India,  .\rmenians,  (Jreeks,  .lews.  Persians  from  the  coast  of  the 
Persian  (Jnlf,  commonly  called  Parsees,  Moguls.  Mohanimi'dans  of  llindoslau,  and  Hindoos  ;  the  lat- 
ter usually  eitherof  the' IJrahminical  or  mercanlile  casles.  anil  iiaiivesof  li.'ML'al.  In  |-'l.',  Ilw  total 
munberofadult  male  firilish  subjects,  in  the  Dengal  provinces  (the  ^'reat  majority  being  in  Calcutta;, 


•in 


m 


264 


CALCUTTA. 


.'■    t: 


-I 


eiiRnffpiI  in  trade  or  aRrirnlttiro,  was  1,22ft  ;  \n  IRIin.  it  was  1.707.  Thin  in  the  ntatrment  ffiven  hy  tha 
l»riiit(Ml  rrL'iH!rr;b»t  it  in  prolmhlv  much  uiidiTralcd,  particularly  tor  tlii-  last  ytiar.  The  iiativi'  Por- 
tnmifHc  iind  Ariii*aiian  iiicrehaiitH  have  nf  late  «rt'atly  dcrliiud  in  wimiHIi  and  iiuporlancw.  On  tin; 
other  iiand.  Ilii;  INTHian  merchants  have  incrcasinl  in  iininlierH  and  wraith,  Ktivrral  of  Ihcm  heinu 
Worth  'Jjd.lino/.  Htcrliny.  T\w  lanic  tortnnt'>*  ot"  the  Hindoo  nuTcliantH  have  hrrn  mii<  h  tirokrn  down 
of  lalo  yLMirn  by  litiKation  in  the  courts,  and  nainrally  thronL'h  the  law  of  «'(|nal  ciiparcrnary  auionK 
hroilmrM.  To  counlcrhalancc  thin,  ilicrr  haw  het-n,  since  tlie  opening  of  the  free  trade  in  IMt,  a  \nn 
auKmenlation  of  the  nundier  of  inferior  nnrchants,  worth  from  Uo.diM)/.  to  no.OUd/.  nlerlinp.  There  arc 
hui  few  Hindoo  merchants  at  present  whose  wealtti  e.\ce.«'ds  *2(H),(M)0/.  siertini;. 

The  principal  fnreimi  husiin'ss  is  conducted  hy  tlie  Knclish  merchants;  hni  ihe  other  partinn  also, 
ciilirr  in  partnership  with  the  KnjfliHh.  or  on  their  own  account,  speculale  lartftdy  to  Kurop*-,  Ame- 
rica, ami  especially  to  Cliiim.  The  brokers  known  uinler  tin;  name  of  Sircars  and  llabooH  are  all  Hin- 
doos.    Thencneral  rates  of  an^'ncy  connnission  arc  as  follow  : — 


2  l-2pi^rcent. 
1.2       ' 


do. 
do. 


2  1-2      do. 


l-2coniniiwion 


2  1-2  per  cent. 


21-2      do. 


2  1-2      do. 
}    1-2  per  rent, 
)    ptr  ineiisctii. 

5  per  cent. 

2  1-2  do. 


5        do. 
2  1-2  do. 


I.  <»n  tlip  sale  or  purchase  of  sliips,  Vfswis,  linuse* 
ami  hni's  ..... 

S.  Mm  ilif  s:ile,  iiurchasp,  or  shipment  of  bullion 
Do.  of  jewfller>',  Uianionds,  or  oilier  precious 

Btoties    -  •  •  •  -  •    2 

Do,  of  indii?n,  lac-dye,  country  pii^ce  goruls,  Bilk, 
opium,  cochintal,  coral,  spices,  collee,  cup- 
per, tin,  ant)  tuleri>Kue 
Do.  of  .ill  other  kinds  n{  fomla  • 

3.  Un  Koo'ls  or  treasure,  Vc.  consigned,  and  after* 

waids  \\  itlulrawn  or  sent  to  auction  ;  and  on 
(roods  consigned  for  conditional  delivery  to 
others    ...--• 

4.  On  all  advances  of  money  for  the  pnqioses  of 

trade,  whether  the  irooifs  are  coriHi^ried  to  the 
nifcnl  or  not.  and  where  a  ciimnii»sionof  opcr 
cent.  i>  not  charged      .... 

5.  On  ordtTinirgoo<ls,  or  superintending  the  fulfil' 

nient  of  cnntracis,  wliere  no  other  conmiis- 
sion  is  derlveij  .  .  -  •  • 

6.  On  iruaranteeing  l>ills,  bomis,  or  other  enpige* 

iiients,  and  on  hecoinini;  security  for  adminis- 
tratiniis  id'  estatei,  or  tn  government  or  indi- 
viduals for  contracts,  agreeinents,  N:c. 

7.  On  dil  creilere,  or  guaruileeii  g  the  respoasibili- 

ty  of  pfrs'uis  to  whom  gomls  are  sold 

8.  On  acting  for  the  estates  of  person!  deceased,  as 

executors  or  administrators     .  -  - 

9.  On  the  manacement  of  estates  for  others,  on  the 

amount  received  .... 

10.  On  procuring  freight,  or  advertising  as  the  agent 

of  owners  or  commanders :  on  the  amount  of 
freight,  whether  the  same  passes  through 
the  hands  of  the  agent  or  not 

11.  On  chariering  ships  for  other  parties    • 

12.  On  making  insurance,  or  writing  onfers  for 

insurance        .....        1-2  do. 

13.  (In  settling  insurance  losses,  total  or  partial, and 

on  procuring  returns  of  premium    •  -    1         do. 

14.  On  eflVning  remittances,  by  bdls  of  the  agent 

or  oiherwiie,  or  purchasing,  selling,  or  nego- 
tiating bdls  of  exchange        •  •  -     1         do. 

15.  On  debts,  when  a  process  at  law  or  arbitration 

is  neceisary     .  .  .  -  . 

And  if  recovered  ly  such  means  • 

16.  On  hills  of  exchange  returned,  noted,  or  pro- 

les'cd  ..... 

17.  On  the  collectinrr  of  hnuse-rent 

18.  On  ships' di^liursfments 

19.  On  negotiating  ioanson  respondentia    - 

20.  On  letters  of  credit  granted  for  mercantile  pur- 

poses   .  -  .  •  -  .2  1-^  do. 

21.  On  purcha.sing  or  selling  government  securi- 

ties,  and  on  each  exchange  of  the  same,  iu 

the  transfer  from  one  loan  to  another  •       1-2  do. 

22.  On  delivering  up  government  securities,   or 

dei>ositing  the  same  in  the  treasury  •  •       1-2  do. 

23.  On  all  .idvances  not  punctually  liquidated,  the 

ag'-nt  to  have  the  option  of  charging  a  second 
commissmn,  as  upon  a  fresh  advance,  pro- 
tided  the  charge  does  not  occur  twice  in  the 
same  year 
2-1.  At  the  (Option  of  the  agent,  on  the  amount 
debired  or  crediteil  within  the  year,  including 
intereht.  and  excepting  only  items  on  which 
a  commission  off)  per  cent.  Iia.s  been  chargeil    I         do. 
A'.  /J.— This  charge  not  to  apply  to  paying  over 
a  balance  due  on  an  account  made  up  to  a  particu- 
lar period,  unless  where  such  balance  is  withdrawn 
wilfiovit  rtMsonahle  notice. 

Mimnj, — Accounts  are  kept  here  in  imaginary  money  called  ru- 
pees, eiiher  current  or  sicca,  with  their  subdivisions,  annas  and 
jiici- :  12  pice  niake  I  anna;  16  annas  I  rupee;  and  Id  rupees  I  gold 
mohur.  Fo  this  currency  must  all  llie  real  specie  l-e  cnnvrrteJ,  I-e- 
f'ire  any  sum  can  he  regularly  entered  in  a  mere Iianfs  books.  Tlie 
Cninpany  keep  their  accounts  in  sicca  nipees,  which  bear  a  bat'a 
(prtniiuni)  of  16  percent,  over  the  current.  The  coins  current  are 
cold  mohurs,  with  their  wulKlivisions — halves  and  quarters;  sicca  ru- 
lu'es,  halves  ami  quarters;  annas,  pice,  and  half  pice.  'Jhe  two 
last  are  o  top|jtT.  Tiiere  are  Ivvo  mints  under  the  Uengil  presi- 
dency: that  at  Calcutta;  and  that  of  Ferruckabad,  in  lite  north- 
western provinces.  The  first  is  probably  the  most  splendid  est.!, 
blislinient  of  the  kind  in  the  world  ;  the  cost  of  the  machinery,  sup* 
ptj''  i  by  Messn.  Pollon  and  Wall  of  Birrningham,  having  exteedt-il 
■  XfO.OOOl.  Or>ld  money  is  coine<l  at  Calcutta  only;  but  silver,  whirh 
is  now,  and  h^s  always  been,  the  atanilard  of  India,  equally  at  both 
niiiitH.  The  fidlowing  statement  shows  the  present  weight,  tiiieness, 
and  s'erling  value  of  ihe  coins,  i^ckoning  the  value  of  gold  at  3/.  17*. 
10  l-2rf.  per  standard  ounce,  ant'  silver  at  .^.t.  2d.: — 


2  1.2  dr>. 
5         do. 

1 

2  1-2 
2  1-2 
2 

do. 
ilo. 
do. 
do. 

Coins. 

Grains 
pure. 

(iriins 
Alloy. 

rirains 
(iross 
Wfii-hl. 

V,ilup. 

Gnl'i  mohur 
Sii'c.l  Rupee 
Ff  rrutkahaJ  rupee 

17V923 
I6t2I3 

I70-)<) 
lj'019 

204-710 

ini-n:ii 

lH)i!4 

£.    ...    rf. 
1    13     2^2..>-. 
0     2     (iL  li-J") 
0      1    lljb-2j 

The  charge  for  coinlnfi  silver  at  the  Calcutta  mint  is  3  per  cent,  if 
the  bullion  be  the  itandanl  fineness ;  but  where  it  ilillers.  a  prfjpor* 
tional  charge  of  from  l«l  to  1-2  per  cent,  is  made  for  rehmng. 

The  course  of  exchange  by  m  tiich  the  customs  ol  CatculiA  are  at 
prenent  regulated  is  as  follows : — 


Sic.  rup. 

An. 

Pin-. 

(irenl  llrihin 

Pound  fttertinir 

_ 

10 

0 

0 

C.^l-e  of  GoikI  Hnne 

lt.xdollar(2j.) 

_ 

1 

0 

0 

.Maihns 

imi  rupees 

_- 

n:i 

1 

H 

Hoiid'Hy 

UK)    — 

_ 

'J4 

i:i 

0 

C'fVlfUi 

Itix-dollar 

— 

0 

14 

0 

China          ■        . 

1  lale 

-■ 

:i 

r> 

4 

Hurniah 

I2r,  lirkals 

~ 

100 

0 

0 

.Mauilla 

Spanish  dollar 

= 

2 

4 

0 

Forluifal 

I.UOOreis 

=- 

2 

12 

0 

France 

24  francs 

=r. 

10 

(1 

0 

lloilauil 

2i  florins 

= 

i 

1 

0 

Handiumh  anil  Co. ) 
peidiit^en         •       5 

_ 

1 

0 

0 

Li-Khorn 

100  pe7Z.u 

se 

202 

8 

0 

other  sorts  of  rupees  are  met  with  In  Bengal,  ditlering  in  finenen 
and  ^^eit[ht,  thoukcli  (heir  deiioiinnalion^  he  the  same.  Krcuu  ttiis, 
and  from  the  ualivtn  frequently  puncliini?  holes  in  Ihe  rupees,  and 
tilliiis  them  up  with  liase  ii,elal,  ar.d  their  frauilulenlly  dimmishinif 
the  vvfiilil  of  the  coin  after  coiiiinK  from  the  mint,  the  currencies  of 
the  ditlerent  provitices  are  of  dinereut  values.  'Iliis  defect  has  in- 
tniduced  the  custom  of  eniployintl  ifiro^U,  or  money-changers,  u-how; 
husiuess  is  to  set  a  value  ujion  the  ditterent  curreiiciis,  rucoidiiiK  to 
every  circumstance,  either  in  their  favour  or  their  jiniudice.  When 
a  sum  of  rupees  is  hroiizhl  to  one  of  these  shrotVs,  ho  ex.tinines  them 
piece  by  piece,  and  arran^ies  them  acou-diLR  lo  their  liiieiiess;  tlieii, 
hy  their  weii^ht ;  he  then  allows  for  the  dilttrent  leirtl  l.ilti'S  upon 
siccasand  soimats;  and  this  done,  he  valiies  in  *;ross,  |.y  the  rupees 
current,  what  the  wh(de  are  worth  ;  so  that  the  rupee  cuiieut  is  the 
only  lliituf  lixed,  by  which  com  is  valued, 

A  current  rup.  e'  is  reckoned  at  2v.,  and  a  sicca  rupee  of  account 
coninioiilv  at  2«.  (irf.  A  lac,  means  100.000;  and  a  crniv  100  lacs, or 
10.0<i0.(y!0.  The  followinz  are  the  monies  of  account,  prenuMn< 
that  the  lowest  deiioniinattoii  is  represented  hy  a  small  smooth  shell, 
a  species  of  cypra-a,  chietly  imported  as  an  ailiele  of  trade  from  the 
Laccadive  anil  Maldive  islands,  and  current  as  tuuj^  as  they  continue 
entire; — 


=  1  Gunda. 

^  I  Curn-nt  rupee. 

=  I  I'inm. 

=  1  Ai,na, 

=  I  Caliaun. 

--=  1  Sicca  rupee. 

=  1  Gold  mohur. 


4  Cowries 
2,5CO    do. 
20  Oundas 
4  I'unns,  or  12  pice 
4  Annas 
4  Cahauns 
If)  Sicca  nipees 

ffji^/it*.— The  (Treat  vTei^hts  are  maunds,  seers,  chiltacks,  an^I 
siccas  or  rupee  VTeighls,  thus  divided  :  — 

!i  Siccas  =  I  Chiltack. 

IU  Chitlacks  =  I  Seer. 

40  Seers  —  I  -Maund. 

There  are  two  maunds  in  use,  viz.  the  factory  maund,  which  is 
74  lis.  10  oz.  1O066  drs.  avoirdupois;  and  the  haz.aar  maund.  which 
is  10  per  cent,  better,  viz.  S2  lis.  2  oz.  2-133  drs. 


80  Sicca  weight 

fiOllitIn 

S2  Ditto 

h-i  Ditto 

96  Ditto 

A  ('alcutla  fiotory  seer  is  equal  to 
))Uns,  10  i^undjs,  3-f)3  cowries. 


=r  a  Calcutta  bazaar  seer. 
=.z  a  Seraninore  seer. 
=  a  Ilodghiy  seer. 
~  a  Heiiaras'  Mirzaporc  seer. 
=  an  Allahahad  and  laicknow  seer. 
'.  sicca  weight,  I]  aonas,  2 


Gold  attd  .Si/ncr. 
4  I'mikhos  =  I  Dhan,  or  grain. 

4  Dhnis  ^  I  llu'lv. 
(5  1-4  Ruttics  ^  1  Anna. 

5  Ruttics  =;  1  Missa. 

10  .\Iassi«  —  $  '  *''''"  "'''ifhl=  l7!)-7ers.Troy, 

~  {     or  (J-a'Oj  drs.  avoirdupois. 

IMRotties  =  I  Tolah. 

12  12  Massas  ^  1  Tolah. 

Id  Annas  =  I  Tolah. 

Ifiti  1-4  Kiitth-s  ri  I  .Mohur. 

13-2S.Mas5.as  =  I  ^h.hur. 

17  Annas  =  |  .Mohur. 

The  tolah  ^s  equal  to  224-,568  gn.  -i-roy. 

Liiiuid  MemurC' 


T  ?ilcca  wi.i^ht 
4  Chi't.achs 

4  Pouahs 
^,0  Se(-rs 

5  .Seei^ 

y  .Measures 


4  Khaonk-s 

4  Itaiks 
20  I'allies 
li)  Seal  lit-. 


=  1  Chitiark. 

—  1  Touah,  or  nice 

=  I  Seer. 

-.=  1  Maund. 

=  1  Pi,s.s;iree,  or  measure. 

•—  1  Baaar  maund, 

fj'raiii  Mmtiire. 

=   1  Raik. 

=  I  I'alli.  -  9-08  lbs.  avoird. 

=i  I  S<iallie. 

=  1  Khahooni=  30  bz.  mdi. 


6  Cubits,  or  hai 
X  4  ill  breai 
leChiitacki 
20  Cotlahi 

i  1-2  Biifgahi 


.■»  Jorbe, 
3  Angiillu 
>>  Gheriatii 
u  Hants 

Commereifil 


Conu 


Calicut  niaund  ' 
China  pecul  of  1 
Cochin  candy  of 
nnnliroon  haza: 
Goa  candy  of  20 
Jonk'-eylon  liaha 
.Ma  li-as  candy  of 
Malacca  bihar  o 
.Moctia  halnr  of 
^Iuscat  Cuilnm-li 
M.sore  candy  of 
IVzu  candy  of  I,! 
Femne  pecul  of 
Surat  maund  of  - 
■  I'ucca  mint 
Telhcherry  caii-h 


Bavk.i,  />'(/«, 
Bank  of  Be 
into  51)0  shiiri 
ehiiros  art!  no 
pointi^d  liy  go 
The  spcreCirj 
titircr,  tin-  tin? 
vaiit.  This  h 
liavo  lipoii.  I 
in  all  till!  ilisti 
over  a  very  I 
deralile  .shtire 
reltliorcof;  ti 
thi;  iisefiilnes 
tainly  attenilt 

1.  Tile  (10 vt 
Kecuril    for  I 
fore,  their  ni 
cial  cntiitimni 

2.  liy  their 
to  two  tlilrils  I 
cash  in  their 

3.  Their  ml 
avoiileilapplic 
ness  (if  ihel!. 
Company's  p.i 
of  tiie  (.'overt 
imper  in  C-iht 
lotiOntidTOlit 

The  iiii'oiivi 
an  alteration  : 
specie  to  he  n 
away ;  n\u\  nr 
As  soon  a.s  I 
in  the  money  i 

The  Union. 
(1S31)  evistiim 
noticed  in  ih 
'■r  the  Union  I 
the  conminiiitj 
no.'es  hejiiir  r,, 
hli.«hnii'nt  was 
Hank  of  Hciip 
ffoin  ils  iiote.s 
Ben^tal  Hank  n 
lie  a  favonrit. 
husiness  of  Cti 
taininaeoinnii 
The  rates  of 
quoted  were,  a 
Vol..  I.—Z 


/ 


CALCUTTA. 


265 


Squan  Miaiure. 

I  1  CliiHick, 


or  4'i   fiM't  (F.IK. 


All. 

Pict. 

0 

u 

(1 

0 

1 

H 

i:i 

0 

11 

0 

4 

1) 

(1 

4 

n 

\1 

u 

II 

II 

1 

(1 

0 

0 

S 

0 

i  Cublti,  or  hnuli,  in  leiijlh  »  _  J 

X4iiibrHullb  )      t         Mlii.it  I'. 

16  Chiltacki  =  I  Ciillali. 

JOInllatu  =  1  Di«<,lll  J  14,44011(1.  f' 

JI'iBiggahi  —  I  Kiiilish  lUtuic  dtrt. 


Cloth  Mttmire. 


3  Jnrttes 
3  An)!iillu 
sGhrrlths 
U  Hiuti 


at  I  Anfiill], 

=^  I  (ilit;ri.ih. 

.=>  1  ll.tiit  nrcubii  --  16  inches. 

t=  1  Uux  -^  I  y.ii.l. 


Lmi  .Vc.ijrtiir. 

3  H.irlrjTnrnB,  or   jowi  t       ,  .. 

4  Firncn 
:tll.uuU 
2  S|arin 
-1  Ciiliiti 


r^    1   HilTld. 
S3    I   >|1AU. 

!-;  I  ('iil'il,orRrm  = 


IS  iiichn. 


1, 000  t'attioiiti. 


i  rArliriiLirB 


1   C( 


4  liuiKLtitorZOpariicubn 


I  -3  I  itiilf  1  furlong  3 
—  I         |ifil"N  J  l-J  yarili. 

for  Goodi  rt:ckuncft  hj  Taie. 
1  (iiiii'1.1. 


—  I  KoDFje,  or  I  curi;?. 


Commercml  Weights  and  Mt;awnrt'fl  of  Iinliu,  with  tlirir  rqiiivaleiitH  in  EnKHah  Avoirdupois,  Dongiil 

Factory,  Miulr;irf»  uiul  Koniliiiy  Wi'i^'lilH. 


Commercial  Mea^uren,  tic. 


Actual!  Rahir  of  200  catlif* 
—  icuncha  (if  10  utliy 
Anjetign  caiiily  i)f  20  ih.uid'Is 
mtaviA  neriil  of  100  catties 
Bcnt'rHjIen  tahsr    •        .        .        . 
nt'iiicil  tiict(>ry  maund 

b-izaar  niauiid 

llnnibsy  ciiiJy  of  20  maunds 
Huuorah  maiitid  of  76  vakias 

(if  21  ditto 

Caliciil  iimiriit  'tf  100  prmh 
riiiiu  pwul  cf  I'lO  cattk's     • 
Cncliiii  candy  of  20  niamids 
ffpiribro-m  bniaar  canity 
Goacaiidv  of  20  iiiaumls 
Jniikn-ylnu  haharof  Hcapins 
M^'lras  candy  of  20  maiuida 
Malacca  Inhar  of  3  piT'ils 
Mnc!i;i  lnhTof  lifm/tls      • 
\ju'*t':\t  ('uilnm-hcnbf  iimnid 
M.snrt-  candy  of  7  iimratis 
Tt'itu  Cindy  of  150  vis 
Femne  pfcnl  of  KK)  cattica 
Sunt  inaiind  of  40  seers 
—  I'licca  iiniiTid 
Tellicherry  caniy  of  20  maiinJs   . 


Avninlii 

».ii. 

ncin 
Miii. 

1  Factory. 

•S'.     C/l. 

Madnn 

nonibiy. 
;iMi.    S.    I'ia. 

//r.. 

II- 

ilr. 

Mh. 

Ki». 

P.:l. 

■til 

u 

11 

a 

28 

13 

1« 

7 

1» 

\:,      4        27 

220 

(1 

0 

2 

.17 

137 

s 

(1 

10 

7    31         SU 

:tlU 

0 

0 

7 

•in 

0 

22 

3 

8 

20      0         0 

l.|-. 

10 

0 

1 

:\l 

10 

1 

3 

16 

4    33       22-4 

TjliO 

0 

0 

JO 

0 

22 

3 

8 

20      0         0 

71 

10 

107 

1 

0 

0 

2 

7 

av7 

2    2i)       20 

SJ 

i 

■i\ 

1 

4 

0 

3 

2 

11-3 

2    37        10 

5(i(t 

0 

n 

7 

20 

0 

22 

3 

8 

20      0         (1 

•m 

4 

(I 

1 

8 

h-r, 

3 

4 

3  •.•2 

3      S        279 

2S 

s 

0 

0 

1 1 

43 

1 

1 

4-H 

1      0       2I'I 

30 

0 

0 

U 

16 

11 

1 

1 

21 

I      2        2,V7 

1.13 

5 

ft-3 

31 

6 

a 

2 

2ti 

4    30        I4'3 

51,1 

H 

0 

7 

11 

2-n 

21 

r. 

3li.S 

l")     10        129 

7 

S 

(1 

0 

4 

0 

0 

2 

16 

0     10        214 

■m; 

0 

0 

6 

2-. 

2'9 

m 

B 

16 

17    27         4-3 

4S> 

,T 

63 

U 

20 

0 

1!) 

3 

12 

17     13        ID 

.500 

0 

n 

u 

2-1 

0 

20 

(1 

0 

17    31          8'6 

40-. 

0 

0 

,-1 

10 

ir. 

IG 

1 

21 

14     IS         171 

4.0 

n 

0 

G 

0 

IS 

(1 

0 

10      2        2j-7 

H 

1:! 

0 

0 

4 

11 

0 

2 

32 

U     12         13 

■■ifiil 

0 

0 

7 

SO 

0 

22 

3 

8 

•20      0          0 

SIIO 

0 

0 

6 

2S 

0 

20 

0 

0 

17    31          S'C 

1,11 

fl 

i-i-i 

1 

31 

G 

5 

2 

26 

4    30        14-3 

37 

r> 

r.:i 

0 

20 

0 

1 

3 

379 

1      13         10 

71 

in 

107 

1 

0 

0 

2 

7 

3V7 

2     20        20 

COO 

0 

0 

9 

0 

2 

21 

0 

0 

21     17           iS 

navkn,  Hatiliiiiff. — Tlin  p.ipiT  ciirronry  (if  Ciilciilta  U  siipplii'd  by  tlii^  fdllnwini!  Imiiks  :  — 
Bani!  of  Brnsdl- — Tills  is  \\\i\  only  liaiik  in  (-'iilriuiii  tliut  lias  ii  cliarlcr.  lis  0ii[ijliil  is  ."iO  lacs,  divided 
intd  500  shares  of  10,(100 sicca  riipocs  cacli,  cif  which  the  Rast  Imlla  Cniiipaiiy  hold  100  shares.  Tin- 
BharPH  ar(!  now  at  a  proniimii  of  .5,000  to  (3,000  riipcns.  It  is  nianaiiod  liy  nine  directors;  throe  ap- 
pointed liy  covernnient,  and  six  elected  by  the  proprietors  :  time  of  service,  lor  the  latter,  three  years. 
The  secretary  to  povernmeiit  in  tlK^  Cinancial  ilepartiiient,  the  accoiintaiit-petieral,  and  the  siih-trea- 
Fiirer,  are  the  er  (i/Sf'd  poveriiinent  directors.  'I'lie  bank  si^cretary  and  treasurer  is  also  a  civil  si^r- 
vaiit.  This  hank  possesses  peculiar  advantajies,  but  has  not  been  so  useful  to  the  public  as  it  niiKlit 
have  been.  Its  notes  are  received  at  all  the  pulilic  olHces,  in  payment  of  revenue,  by  the  cidlecturs 
in  all  the  districts  below  Keniiri's  ;  and,  coiiseiiueiitly,  its  ciri'ulatioii.  averasrinR  KO  to  lilO  lacs,  evtend.s 
over  a  very  larce  and  the  wealthiest  portion  of  our  Indian  territory.  The  jrnvernnient  bein^suchcnnsi- 
dtrable  shareholders,  too,  it  is  cenerally  supposed  by  thi^  natives  thiit  the  Ileiisal  IJaiik  is  part  and  par- 
cclthcreof;  and  it  iMijoys,  therefore,  the  same  credit.  Hut  other  circumstances  liave  operati'd  against 
the  usefulness  which,  with  the  adviintasjes  alluded  to,  it  inipht  have  been  supposed  would  have  cer- 
tainly attended  it. 

1.  Tiio  povernment  required  a  deposit  in  their  treasury  of  90  lacs  of  rupees  in  Company's  paper,  as 
(iccuril  ■  for  the  notes  received  at  tlii"  pulilic  ollices  and  the  district  treasuries.  To  this  extent,  there- 
fore, their  means  applicable  to  commercial  purposes,  or  rather  to  the  assistance  of  the  coiiiuier- 
cial  coniniunity,  were  crippled. 

2.  By  their  charter,  they  were  required  to  issue  their  notes  in  the  proportion  of  one  third  of  specie 
to  two  thirds  of  paper,— in  other  words,  for  every  'JO  rupees  of  notes  issued,  they  kept  ao  rupees  of 
cash  in  thi'ir  strong  lio.v. 

3.  Their  rules  for  (;rantin!»  accommodation  on  personal  credit  were  so  severe,  that  tlu;  public  rather 
avoided  applications  to  them,  if  thijy  could  obtain  di-:iouiits  elsewhere  ;  and,  coiise(|uently,  tin;  busi- 
ness of  the  lli'naal  Hank  was  almost  entirely  ciinlined  to  the  (.'r;nitiii!.'  of  loans  on  the  security  of  the 
Company's  paper.  In  182li,  1827,  and  1H'2S,  when  the  Ilurmise  war,  and  the  financial  arramjements 
of  the  iiovernment,  occasioned  .i  preal  diMiiand  for  moiKn.  the  amoiiiit  of  iliscnunts  of  mercantile 
paper  ill  Cilciilta  did  note.\ceed  10 or  12  lacs  or  riiiiees,  whilst  loans  secured  by  Company's  paper  rose 
to  (iO  and  70  lacs. 

The  iiiconv(Miience  of  this  system  havinp  been  felt,  the  povernmeni  of  Calcutta  has  recommended 
an  alteration  :  and  we  understand  the  capital  is  to  lie  incre.iscd  to  T,*!  lacs  ;  the  proporlidii  of  a  third 
specie  to  he  reduced  to  a  fniirtli ;  the  deposit  of  20  lars  of  Cfiin|i:iiiy's  paper  at  the  treasury  to  be  done 
away  ;  and  greater  facilities  to  lie  all'iirded  to  tie'  mercaiitil"  .iimmuMity  in  oblaiiiinL'  accommodation. 

As  soon  as  this  alteration  is  carried  into  elfect,  there  will  unqiiistionalily  be  a  [.'real  improvement 
in  the  money  market  in  Calcutta. 

The  UnUin  Uiuik. — This  establishment  was  foMtldeil  in  1820.  It  is  the  only  private  bank  at  present 
(1^31)  existiiip  in  lieiipal;  for  the  Itank  of  Ilinilostan,  the  Conimercial  Dank,  ami  ihi!  Calcutta  Hank, 
noticed  ill  the  former  edition  of  this  work,  have  all,  thoupli  solvent,  been  discontinued.  The  capital 
'•f  the  Union  llank  is  50  lacs  of  rupees,  consisting  of  1,000  shares  of  5,000  each,  held  liy  all  classes  of 
the  comiminily.  Its  notes  circulati?  only  in  Calcutta  and  its  immediate  neighbourhood  ;  no  private 
nn;{'s  being  received  at  tlie  collectors' treasuries  in  the  provinces.  The  main  object  of  this  esta- 
blisliinint  was  to  till  np  the  space  in  the  inoney  market,  occasioned  by  the  restrictiins  inlpo^-ed  on  the 
Hank  of  Hengal  by  its  charter ;  but  it  has  not  yet  been  able  toelfect  its  intentions  to  their  full  extent, 
fnini  its  notes  not  being  generally  circulated  ;  and  it  is  possible  that  the  proposed  alterations  in  the 
Bengal  Bank  may,  in  some  measure,  limit  its  opeiations  There  is  no  dnulit,  however,  but  that  it  will 
lie  a.  favourite  establishment ;  and  should  it  obtain  a  charter,  it  will  probably  pet  most  of  the  banking 
business  of  Calcutta;  its  rules  being  well  adapted  for  facilitating  commercial  transactions,  and  sus- 
taining commercial  credit  and  confidence. 

The  rate,s  of  discount  vary,  from  time  to  time,  with  the  state  of  the  tnonev  market.  The  last  rate* 
quoted  were,  at  the  Union  Bank,  6  per  cent,  per  annum  on  notes  at  3  mouths,  5  ditto,  at  2  ditto  ;  4 

Vol.  I.— Z  34 


C3 


206 


CALCUTTA. 


f 


'n, 


i.  ' 


ilittn,  (It  I  ilittn:  Hie  nniik  of  nr>na:il,  iliflcoiiiil  on  privntc  ImIIr  ni  ,1  innnth^.  (   |ier  cent,  p<<r  annum  | 
ititlo  Kiivi'riiiiii'iit  liilU*,  (llttd,  4  ilKto ;  iiitirr^t  nii  Idini.",  on  ilipcMJi,  iliiio,  :'<  (liiio. 

Jntliiin  >'u  ni/.v .  — Tint  pdlillc  lU'lil  I'lintriit'ii'd  liy  lliu  liiiljiiii  icvrrriiiKiil,  i>ii  iln'  Hn'dri'y  of  the  terri- 
tory, U  (iiiilcr  llir  inaiiaKrinciit  ol'  llii'  trcartnry  ilcpartiniiil  at  Calciilta.  'I'Iiim  ilrlii  in  nf  Iwo  ilvKcrlp- 
tlniis;  tliiil  bvarlnu  111)  iiittiriiKl,  anil  lliat  wlin  li  hrars  liitrrcril.  'I'lii'  liiHt  Ih  n)[alii  dlvldcil  Into  tliritu 
purtM ;  vi/,.  inoniex  ilcpui^ltt'il  l>y  piililjc  lioilii's  lor  Npriilic  piirpoHUH  ;  trraNiirv  iiiiIi.'h,  n(  I  he  Naiiii'  rliit- 
ruLtrr  nn  iiur  K\vlii'i|urr  IiIIIh  ;  and  tin-  act((ul  I'diult'd  nr  riiuixtertd  dt-lit.  'I'lie  liitlrr,  on  tliu  30l!i  of 
April,  lH3il,  wuH  aa  tollowii ;  for  ilungul. 

Htateinenl  of  the  Amount  BtnndlnK  on  tlir>  ecncral  RcKlitem  of  the  Frctiduncy  of  Bengal,  In  the  Name 

of  i;iiroiiit!ini4  uiul  Natlveg. 


Debt. 

Eiiropcnns. 

Nntlvng. 

Total.          i 

6  per  cent,  loan  of  1822 

5  _          _       1^23 

6  _           _       182.0-28 
5      _            _        lHai)-30 
4       _           _        |S2t-25 

4      _            _        I8*j-2U       - 

Hicea  rupees 

Sicca  rnpc'cs. 
703,13.0(10 

7(l'.t,f<7,N(l0 
^3•2,74,^()(l 

iy,.')i,7oo 

3,13,000 
0,03,1)00 

Sicca  ropi'i'H. 

43,0N,7!I(. 

200,30,7(10 

4Oi,70,.)0O 

7,01,300 

s.wi.aoo 

S,M4,100 

HIcca  rdpi'i's. 

747.12,200      i 

l)IO,27,.'i(M) 

Ull,.')4.30n 

2(),.0,3,000 

8,UU,20() 

18,47,700 

1,U75,3 1,400 

077,.')y,50(l           8,fi.')2,!l3,<HI0      ! 

lie  fi  \.?r  cent,  loan  of  1S22  Ih  irredfcninlpio  until  the  expiration  of  the  Company's  present  charter, 
then  l.'i  iiionlliH*  ncni(M)  to  lie  (fivcii  previously  to  diricliarui' :  llic  in 


The 

and  then  l.'i  iiionlliH*  ncni(M)  to  he  (fivcn  previously  to  discliarije  :  Hie  interest  on  tliix  loan  Ih  payalile 
either  liall'-yearly  In  India,  or,  it'  the  pniprieinr  lie  resident  In  I'.iirnpe,  he  has  Hie  option,  aH  a  matter 
of  ri|;lil,  of  deniandliiu  a  hill  upon  (he  luiirt  of  ilirectors  fur  the  liitirest.  payalile  at  12  nionlhs'  date, 

at  'in.  \il.  the  sicca  rupee.     The  5  per  eeiii.  hi if  |h23  was  iint   payalile.  in' any  part,  nntil  at'ter  the 

31st  of  March,  182.1,  and  then  only  li  crnre  in  any  one  year,  iil'ler  (ill  days'  notice ;  the  IntereHt  is  pay- 
nhle  npon  the  ftaiiie  termsas  that  on  Hie  0  per  cent,  loan,  with  this  important  diU'erence,  that  the  prl- 
Vileiie  which  the  residents  in  L'.iirom.'  p.issess  of  receiviiij.'  iiileresl  in  Mimland  lielont's  as  of  ritflit  to  the 
lloldercof  the  0  percent,  loan,  ami  is  only  enjoyed  liy  the  holders  of  Hiis  loan  ilurinx'  the  phii.iure  of 
the  home  authorities.  Of  the  5  per  cent,  loan  of  iNi.'),  no  part  w.'is  discharfii'alile  till  after  the  3llth(if 
April,  lb32,  and  then  previous  notice  of  3  niontlis  lo  lie  civen  ;  the  interest  upon  this  loan  is  piiyalilc 
to  all  the  holders,  whether  resident  In  llurope  or  not,  eillier  in  cash  in  liella,  or  liy  hills  upon  Knulatiil, 
at  2.«,  the  rupee.  In  this  ca^■e,  also.  Hie  ojilion  of  reniillance  to  r.ii(!land  may  lie  w  illidrawn  liy  the 
lioniii  authorities  at  pleasure.  Of  the  two  I  per  cent,  loans,  no  pari  of  the  first  was  discharuealile  till 
after  the  3(lHi  of  April,  Ib.'iO,  nor  of  the  second  (ill  the  30lh  of  April,  ls.'l2  ;  and,  in  lioHi  cases,  previous 
notice  of  3  moiilhs  to  be  (liviMi.  rrom  Hie  I'avonralile  conditions  of  tlii'  (i  jier  cent,  loan,  it  has,  of  late 
years,  home  a  premium  of  from  3(1  to  10  per  cent.  The  .^i  per  cent,  loans  have  generally  linriie  a  iirc- 
inidin  of  aliodt  fi  per  cent.;  and  even  the  4  per  cent,  securities  have  lieen  at  !iltl(-  niore  liian  a  nominal 
discount.  We  have  lieen  thus  particular  in  descriliin^  llii'  nature  of  Hie  Indian  national  funds,  liecaiis" 
in  a  codiilry  where  Europeans  have  lieeii  hillnrto  prcH'Inded  from  holdins  property  in  land  lieyond  tlii; 
narrow  linnnilaries  of  Hie  principal  cities,  and  wherethe  principal  holders  reside  in  Europe,  they  have 
been  justly  con.sidered  as  a  very  desirable  security. 


Pilt'ltiiii.—'l'he  n.ivicilioli  of  lilt'  river  llr-nirlily  frmii  llie  S,inti 
llcxls  t(>"c.ilctiti.i,  n  disuiiee  (if  about  IJO  milt-.,  is  n.itur.iily  flan* 
geroUB  .iiui  iiilric.ne;  hut  leiulereJ  ennii>arali\tly  sale  l»y  a  hiiiirul 
auJ  rxcelleht.  tliouKJi  very  citstiv,  [.iiiit  esl;il'linlinieiit.  Tl'iiscoiis-ists 
of  tivdvf  ve.^-els.  lieiue  Iriifs  i'{  l)fl\vei'ii  I  '>0  and  2uO  tiiiis  liurtlii  ii, 
cipabii;  r)f  iii.iinl.'iininf  their  staticiim  in  the  liidst  (joialerou;!  seasi  ii, 

Table  of  Rates  of  full  and  broken  I'ilotaf-'e.  charceahle  to  Phipa  and  Vessels  inward  and  ..iitward  of 

the  Uiver  Uoo'-hlv. 


vvhicll  extends  frtim  April  to  Octolier  inclusive ;  12  hraiirh  pilots.  24 
liListfiT*,  24  tirst  mates  H  second  lu.ileB.  and  liel»een  "0  ait'l  SO  vo- 
Iniitecrn.  Kach  liraiich  pilot  has  a  s,alary  of  70/.  a  month ;  each 
inasler  27/. ;  first  males  15/. ;  and  second  mates  and  volunteers  61. 
each,    'i'he  tollowuig  table  extiiliit  the  rales  uf  pilutaj^e : 


Draiipht  of 
Water. 

Full  Pilotage 
inward. 

Adilitional 
Pilolatce 
outward. 

Inward  Proportion. 

Outward  Proportion. 

1 

Keel. 

I. 

L. 

Fmiii  bea. 

Fnini  ("alcutla. 

flto  10 

10 

•\ 

To  Sauiror 

4  I2ihi 

To  Movapore  or  Fulta 

i  12ihs 

10      11 

12 

l           1 

To  KidKereo 

6  121  lis 

To  Fulta  harbour 

3  12!hs 

II      12 

14 

To  Cnlpee 

H  I2ihs 

To  Culpee 

4  I2lh> 

12      13 

16 

To  Cnlpee  harbour 

9  I2llis  1  To  Kedseree 

6  I2lhs 

13      14 

18 

1 

To  Knlta,  or  Movaiiorc     - 

n  I2th5    ToSauifor 

b  IJUis 

14      1.9 

21 

}          ^ 

To  CalcuUa,  full  pilotage 

Tu  Sea,  full  pilotage. 

15      IG 

23 

J 

16      17 

30 

-\ 

17      18 

33 

J-           4 

18      19 

40 

. 

19      20 

43 

20     21 

SO 

6 

21      22 

53 

22     23 

60 

J 

;Vn^fc— All  foreign  vewels  pay  the  s-inie  pilnlaee  as  tliosp  un^lcr 
British  roloiini.  liy  bn>keu  pilotage  is  meant  the  jirn[>or'ion  ni'  full 
pilotage  btitvvt'fn  the  dirterent  stages  nr  places  of  ant tiunurf.  All 
ships,  the  pmpcrty  of  f<irei|fnera,  as  well  Asiatic  as  Eumjiean,  are 
subject  to  the  charge  termed  "lead  money;"  it  betn?  imiispeiisably 
iiece<tsar>'  that  the  pilot  should  have  with  him  a  teadsmaa  iii  whom 
iie  can  confide. 


Iletentinn  money,  at  the  rate  of  4t.  per  diem,  from  Briti^ih  aiiJ 
foreign  vessels  is  charued  by  persons  (.f  the  pilot  service  kfpt  nn 
Ijoanl  ships  at  anchor  by  denire  of  thi'  conimandtr  or  owner. 

In  the  river  before  Calculta.  ami  in  nthtr  partt;.  (here  are  chain 
moorings,  of  w  hich  the  charges  .ireaa  follow  : 


Rurthen  of  Ships. 

April  to  October,  7  months. 

November  to  March,  3  montlis. 

500  tons  and  upward! 
Under  300  tous 

/,.    ,t.    rf. 
Per  diem               •               .       0     16    0 
Ditto         -           -              •        0     14    0 

/,.    ,(.    rf. 
Per  fliem                     -       0    12    0 
Ditto              .              •       0    10    0 

The 


Hire  of  the  chain  moorinitj  at  niamond  Harbour,  11.  per  diem.  |  blished  rate  per  diem  for  every  ilay  eicecdiiig  10.    The  cliaree  for 
he  lowest  charge  to  a  ship  re<iuiriii^  Ihe  accommo4latinn  of  the  1  transiMirtinc  a  ship  from  her  moorini^s  into  any  of  the  docks  at  Kid- 


:  charge  to  a  ship  re<iuirlii^ 

rin?8  at  either  of  the  placet  ... 

days  i  and  using  them  longer,  a  further  charge  is  made  at  the  etta- 1  ings,  is  lined  at  30  rupees ;  and  no  higher  charge  for  such  service  ii 


jhip  retiuir..^  .  . 

rhain  moorings  at  either  of  the  placet  above  mentioned,  is  for  10    der|iore.  Ho»  rah,  or  Sulkea,  or  Ironi  any  of  the  docks  In  her  moor- 


*  This  partiality  to  the  governraenl  bills  is  ohjccted  to.    The  Union  Dank  makes  no  distinction. 


Rati'H  of  r 
Kiirope,  i 
I'residem 


1.  nultinn  an 

2.  llunieH 

3.  .Marine  sti 

4.  .Metals,    h 

uiuvroug 
6.  Ojiiiim 
6.  Preeiouiitfl 


7.  iiill 


9.  Tobacco 


4.  (I|iium 

5.  Precious  ilom 

6.  .Salt 

7.  Spirit! 
^'  Tobacco 


CALCUTTA. 


867 


ranch  y.i\c\^,  W 
'UmA  KUo- 
nidiith ;  fflch 
luiileiTB  61. 


.    2  12t!i. 
.    3  12!hi 
.    4  I2lh! 
.    6  :2lhs 
.    b  12lla 

nritiih  aiiJ 
,t'rvire  kt'iit  on 
■owr.er. 
there  are  clwin 


)  mnnths. 

0    12    0 
0    10    0 

The  churee  fnr 

e  dorks  st  Kid- 

ks  tn  hiT  moor- 

T  such  tervice  ii 


llinclion. 


lutttnriM.  Tlrfiilm  pltnta«p,  tvery  ihip  U  rharKmhlr  wilh  the  hire 
of  A  mW'iMtat  (i)  arconipAiiy  hiT  ;  vi7  l>>r  i  I»kiI  <>r  (lir  tim  t  la-M.  21'-; 
of  the  teciiml  cli-w,  IH#.;  tn'l  of  lli*- r(nnl  cI.im,  llr.  of  Ufryrin.! 
hi[lit*hipu«e  hni  lit-on  en^clM  it  KedKfriT,  Tor  whkh  th»  ('h:inrf  nri 
Mrili<th  nr  American  f1,iKi  ii  nt  the  rnte  nf  Hf/,  per  ton  ptrnnniiin. 
htiipK  prorewling  lo  (.'.ilcuttA  inuil  \iii\t\  Ihnr  iriiit|H)U(lrr  at  Itif  |m)-,v- 
(ler  iiiAin/ine  at  Mny.ipont ;  the  rhAri[e  i%  ai  ilu-  rati*  of  I  lit/,  pf  r 
Ion  for  each  vnyat(y.  The  whole  pilot  fValjIi-dmirnl  arnl  the  ran*  of 
the  iiAviKitioii  of  the  Hooifhly  U  uixlcr  thr  in;inik,fiii(-iit  of  tcovt  rii- 
uieiit.  aii<t  ii  ilircrliil  hy  a  miriuo  board,  with  a  iiia&ter  alleiidaiit 
aiil  liarltonr  maiitf r, 

Thfre  are  leveral  dry  doclii  at  ralculta,  in  which  vewieli  of  uny 
■ill!  may  he  huill  or  rrpaind.  Shipi  liutK  at  Calnitta,  ire  r.f  liilc' 
rinr  diirat'ihty  to  Ihone  roiittrurtefl  at  Ilomlay,  in  roiiif<)Ui>iiru  of  Ijie 
fruiiework  tieiin  always  of  the  iuferior  wo.kU  of  the  courihy  ;  nnd 
tint  nhrtki,  Hhoalhiti^,  upjKT  worki,  and  derkH,  iluiif ,  of  (uak  :  which 
laitl  i»  fiiniiitht^l  almo?it  entirely  from  IVf^u. 

Ill  \^2i,  th(*  niiiiiher  of  ri'ttmlert'd  ihiiHi  tjclom^inf^  to  Ihr  ftort  of 
Calculta  wii  120,  of  the  Ijiirdini  of  4-l,3o'i  toim  ;  hviui  at  an  avt-ntte 
( f  alHUil  370  lorn  for  each.  Tim  lar^nt  cUm  of  vrtst-U  carry  m-arly 
KX)  Iritis ;  tJiit  •■liiim  drawing  ftj)  much  wati-r  am  iinht  for  I  hi;  navitca- 
tiiJi)  of  the  Hofuhly,  Not  hciiiiT  "I'le  to  load  at  Calcvitla,  they  -wn 
obliicnl  to  recrive  pirt  of  their  ririro  at  Di.iniiiiid  ll.ir)»<<iir,  atiotit  (14 
milm  farther  down  tht-  river.  Tiit>  mmt  cuuveiiiriit  si/cd  iliip  fur 
trade  tietwcea  Calcutta,  and  Kiimpr,  and  America,  ia  Imiii  300  to 
AW  toin. 

Dutiti,  ^f.— At  Calcutta  there  are  two  distinct  CUitom-houvi ; 
the  one  for  the  si'a,  and  the  uther  for  thu  iulaiid  duties.    Our  buaincM 


ii  with  lh«  flnt  only.  Hie  fli[>nrt  and  imnorl  ilntlei  aiht  dnwbarlu 
arr  reiciitatH  hy  an  onlinance  of  the  year  \f^2fi,  and  ire  tin-  wme  for 
fvfry  port  uridtr  the  government  of  ncnjcil  ;  or,  ,ia  it  ia  ti-  hnirally 
i-allrd,  the  rrmidntry  nf  Fort  Willi. on.  The  tarit!"  is  n-Kul.i'cd  hy 
ihrie  icticduleN,  ttatinc  rennrctivi-ly  Mir  ratrtof  duty  rliarntaldp  on 
Kft'Kli  iniuorted  tiy  sna,  the  drawlarkit  ill'pviad  on  re'ei|Htr(H,  and  th« 
ratftiol  duty  charncat. In  and  draw  haik»  allowed  on  rx|M)rtpd  artirlrt 
l'nin(  llie  priKJucn  and  niainifactiire  of  the  rnniiMv.  The  duty  nn 
KihkU  and  merchandiw  iini»orted  by  «**  in  lnip<'<«->l  «//  t'(iif>rfT»i,  or 
arcnrdiiii(  lo  Ihrir  market  value  at'ih*'  liuia  of  imimr'ation.  exct-pt 
when  otlirrwlitt  tpcnally  provided,  Tho  value  of  all  nurh  xnodt 
and  merchandise  muit  bti  i(a(e<l  nu  the  facr  nf  xiw  a|<|<lir.iii(iii  to 
clear  the  wnie  fnun  the  Custoiu-houic  |:rf«enttN|  hy  the  iinporlrr, 
cnn^i^ntv,  or  proprietor  of  iiati  icn'xNi  or  hit  kiiitwn  AKrnI  or  factor, 
who  miint  luhjoln  to  inch  application  a  declaralitii  of  the  truth  of 
the  name,  accordimt  to  a  preicriheil  form. 

The  fiilloivinic  table  nmlaini  the  import  du'ien  on  (oodt  prodncnt 
or  maimtacturet)  in  thn  I'nilrd  Kini(dnm,  fortii^n  Kurfipe,  <t  \h» 
Cnitid  States.  No  duty  ii  rhar^ed  on  any  article  the  prtxluce  or 
in.tiiiirictiit»  of  thtr  countr)',  if  ex|H<rted  in  a  l)riti»h  veniel,  and  wtj 
ran  ly  when  exported  In  a  foraifii  viNHid.  The  inland  diitiei  vary 
from  U)  to2  I  2  per  crnl..  a  drawback  of  fu*r>  fAiirfi  of  wtiirh  in  umi* 
ally  allovvfil  when  the  arliclea  on  which  they  are  cliarnel  arr  ei- 
|M)i'rd  in  Hrilihh  ve«eh,  and  of  i'nr  third  when  they  are  exported  in 
f"r*»ii(n  veMfth.  The  drawbacks  allowed  on  rf-pi[Kirtii  of  fon-imi  ar- 
tiele*  inijHirled  in  Hrifnh  vi-wela  vary  from  half  to  two  thinU  and 
Ihree  rnirljinof  the  import  duiyj  on  re-exporix  iu  a  foreign  vesul, 
Ihey  are  commonly  fnun  half  to  two  thirds  and  levi-n  eii^hlhif. 


Rfttrfl  of  Otity  rharapfililii  on  Ooods,  ilm  rrodiirn  or  IMamifjicliire  nf  ilu;  TTnilcit  Kiiiffiloin,  I'orfiifn 
Kiir(i|Ms  aiHl  liic  Uniinl  Stiites,  imported  hy  Hua  into  <;tlcnlia,  or  uny  Port  or  Place  hulon^Mii^  lo  thu 


Presidency  ol  Fori  William. 


Enumeration  of  Gootli. 


Imported  on  a 
llritish  n.iltoni. 


!niporte<t  mi  a 
t'oreif^n  Dollooi, 


li(.  GowIj,  the  Prodtux  or  Manufacture  of  tftf  Vnital  Kinfiiom. 


nullinn  and  coin 
Hones 

Miniie  stores 
>h-tal9,    wrought   and? 
unwmughi  •  J 

Opium  •  • ) 

PrcciijuiatouesaDd  pearls 

Salt       -  -i 

Spirituoui  liquon 

Tobacco  •  •< 

Wines 

Woollens 

All  itiiclea  not  included  1 
iu  the  alwve  eleven  > 
items  •  •) 


Free 
Free 


Fne 

21  n,  a  seer  of 

Wls.1, 
free 
3  n.  a  nid.  of 

'■2    sa.     wt, 

I  ■  r  seer 
10  per  cent, 

1  aiiiia*t  a  md. 
f 

per 
10  per  cent, 
Fred  • 

2  1-2  percent. 


a  seer  of  ) 
a.  wt.     ■  5 

;i 

iiinaH  a  md.) 
>f  HO  sa.  wt.  J. 
irr  seer        *) 


Fn-tf. 
Fit-e. 
2  t-1  per  cent. 
2  1-2  <]ilto. 
'IK  rn.  a  seer  of 

SO  s;i.  Wt. 
Free. 
C  vs.  a  matind  of 

yj  •^^.  wt.  per 

seer. 
20  per  cent. 
^*  aiiuas  a  md.  of 

M  sa.  wl.  iH:r 

seer. 
20  per  cent, 

2i-2dat.>. 

6  ditto. 


2d. 


Goods  the  Produce  of  Farci^  Europe^  or  of  the  UnitedStata 
of  America. 


1.  Amck  at  a  fixeil  valua^ 

ttnn  of  30/,  per  cask 
of  126  eatlons 

2.  Rullinn  and  coio 

3.  Unrses 

4.  Opium 
6.  Precious  stones  and  pearls 

6.  Salt 

7.  Spirits 

8.  Tobacco    - 


10  per  cent.     • 

Free 
Free 
2-1  rs.  a  seer  of  \ 

bOM.  Mt.  j 

Free 

3  rs.  a  nid. 

H2 

per  seer 
10  per  cent. 

4  annas 
of  SO  sa. 
per  seei 

10  percent. 

5  ditto. 


nid.  of) 
a.  wt.  > 
eer  •) 
?ent. 

I  a  md.  1 
sa,  wt.  > 
fer       - ) 


20  per  cent. 

Free. 
Free. 
45*  rs.  a  seer  of 
HOsa.  wt. 
Free. 
'*  rs.  a  maund  of 
yl  sa.  wt.  per 
seer. 
20  per  cent. 
S  annas  a  md.  of 
SO  sa.  wt,  per 
seer, 
20  per  cent. 

10  ditto. 


9.  Wines 
All  articles  not  included  ; 
iu  the  above  nine  items  \ 

3d.  Goods^  the  Produce  or  Afamifacture  of  Pla.fa  other  than  the 
I'nittd  Kingdottif  Foreign  Europe,  or  the  United  Statu  of 
Jimtrica- 


1.  Allspice 

2.  AIne  wood         •  • 

3.  Altah 

4.  Alum        -        • 

5.  Aniberi;ris 

6.  Arrack,  Ilatavia 

7.  Arrack,    from   foreign ) 

ttritories  in  Asia         ■  S 
9.  Arsenic,  while,  red,  or  j 

yellow  •  ■) 

9.  Asafo-'tida 
|0.  Awl  rciot,  or  morinda  • 

11.  Peails,  malas,  or  rosaries 

12.  H*'tel  nut  (customs) 
Ditto  (town  duty) 

13.  Ileiijimin,  or  loban 

14.  flraiulv,   from    foreign? 

territories  in  Asia     •  J 

15.  Brass,  wrought  and  un- ) 

wrought        ■  •  J 

16.  Brimstone 

17.  Brocades,  and  embroi* ) 

dered  gooils  •  > 

1?,  Buhera,  or  niyrobalan 
\9.  Ruckuni.  or  sapan  wood 

20.  Bullion  and  coin 

21.  Calireerah,  or  NigcUah 
S.  Caniphire 


10  per  cent.     - 

7  1-2  ditlo 
7  1-2  ditto 
10  dido 
7  1-2  ditto 
55  sa.  n.  per  ? 

Icager        •  i 
30  sa.   n.  per ) 

leager        • ) 

!0  per  cent.     - 

10  ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 
7l-2dillo 
5  ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 
30     ditto 

10      ditto 

10      ditto 

7  1-2  ditto 

10  ditto 
7  1-2  ditto 

Free 
7  1-2  per  cent. 
10     ditto 


20  per  cent. 
IS  ditto. 
15  ditto. 
20  ditto. 
15dilio, 
110   sa.  ra. 

1  eager. 
W   sa.    rs. 

le.igcr, 

20  per  cent. 
20  ditto. 
15  ditto. 
15  ditto, 
15  ditto. 
10  ditto. 
15  ditto. 
60  ditto. 

20  ditto. 

20  ditto. 

15  ditto, 

20  ditlo. 
15  ditto. 
Free, 
15  per  cent, 

20  ditto. 


Knumeration  of  Go<)ds. 


ueiit  rd'the  ^ 
Company  I 


Importe  I  on  a 
IlriiiHh  notttnii. 


23.  Cmvas,  exniitimt  can-' 
\ai  male  ui  sunn  or 
hemp,  (>r  tither  mnte* 
rial,  the  growth  i,r  ma* 
nuf;icliireof  pLacessuli- 
ject  lo  the  fovernment 
of  the  Fast  India  Com* 
paiiv,  which  is  ex- 
cinpteil  from  cbaru'e 
of  duty  on  impnrlalion 
hv  sea  • 

21,  (  ardunums 

2j.  Carriages  and  convey- 
ances 

2fi.  ("assia  -  • 

27.  (hanks 

JS,  Cheravia 

29.  China  goods,  nr  goods 

from  China,  not  other- 
wise emmjcratud  In 
thisl.able 

30.  Cloves 

31.  CorhineaL  or  cnmdanah 

32.  Collie 

33.  Ci'ir,  the   produce   ofi 

places  not  suliiect  to  | 
thcgovenm: 
F.ast  India  C 
in  India 

34.  Coin  and  bullion 
3'i.  Columlio  niol 

3fi.  C'M's^Kuii    fool,  or   saf- ? 

flower  •  -  S 

37.  Copal,  or  kahroba 
3y.  CojipiT,   wiYiught  and  ? 

uiiwi-ouglit     •  •  3 

30.  Coral 

40.  Cordage,  —  excepting") 

cordage  made  of  sunn, 
hemp,  or  olher  mate- 
rial,   the    pn>duce    of  1 
places  subject    to   the  I 
govrnimentof  the  East  f 
India  Company,  which  j 
shall  t)e  exempt  fnmi 
the  charge  of  duty  on  1 
importation  by  sea        j 

41.  Crimdaiiah,  or  cochine.al 

42.  Dhve  (lower 

43.  Klephauts'  teeth 

41.  Embroiderefl  gfXMlsand  ) 
hrocatles  •  .  J 

45.  Frankincense,  or  gun- J 
dihemza  -  '5 

46.  Clalbanum 

47.  (ialininll 

4H.  (ihee  (customs) 

Ditto  (hiwn  duly) 
49.  (iiu,  fmm  foreign  terrl-  > 

ritories  in  Asia  •  S 

60.  CiiMipee  muttee,  or  yel- 1 

low  ochre        -  •  S 

51.  Cioomooloo,  sunn,  and? 

hemp  -  -  i 

52.  Ciiini  Arabic 

53.  Oundiberoza,  or  frank-> 

incense  •  -  ( 

54.  Hemp,  sunn,  or   goo- J 
moo  too  •  •  5 

5.5,  Hurrah,  or  myrobnlan 

56.  1  torsi's 

.57.  Hurshinghar  flower 

58.  Hurtaul,  or   orpiment,  > 

or  yellow  arsenic        •  \ 

59.  Iron',  wrought  or  Ufl' 

wrought 

60.  Ivor\-    - 


ditto 


7  1-2  ditto 

7  1-2  ditlo 

10  ditlo 
7  |.2.litto 
10      ditto 

7  1-2  ditto 

10  di'tn 
7  1-2  ditto 
7 1-2  ditto 


ditto 


Fire 
10  ptT  cent,     • 

Free. 
20  per  cent 

7  1-2  ditto       • 

15  ditto. 

10     ditto 

20  ditlo. 

10     ditto 

20  ditto. 

10     ditto 

20  ditlo. 

Iiii|inrtt'd  on  X 
Fi)it't<ii  Ikittom. 


to  dillo. 


15  ditto. 

15  ditlo. 

20  ditt.i. 
I'l  ditto. 
20  dillo. 

15  ditlo. 

20  ditto. 
ft  ditto. 
13  ditto. 


10  ditto. 


ditto 


■1 


7  1-2  dillo 
7l2dillo        . 
7  1-2  dillo 

l">  ditlo. 

ISditln. 

IS  ditlo. 

7  1-2  ditlo       . 

13  ditlo. 

7  1-2  ditto        • 

13  dillo. 

10  per  cent,     • 
7  1-2  ditlo       ■ 
5       ditto 
10      ditto 

20  per  cent 
13  ditto. 
10  ditto. 
20  ditto. 

30      ditto 

60  ditto. 

10  per  cent     . 

20  per  cent 

Free 

Free. 

10  per  cent.     • 

20  per  cent 

7  1-2  ditto 

15  ditlo. 

Free 

Free. 

10  per  cent.     • 

Free 
7  1-2  per  cent. 

20  per  cent. 

Free. 
15  per  cent. 

10     ditto 

20  ditto. 

10     ("itlo 

20  ditto. 

7  1-2  ditto 

15  ditto. 

10  ditto. 


Si 


rfl 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


//     A^ 


1.0 


I.I 


12.8 


1^ 


itt  IM 


|2.2 

•u   ».     Mil 


u 

WMI. 


2.0 


I 

rlHIi 

m  111 U    IL6 


Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WiST  MAIN  STREiT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)I72-4S03 


^ 


268 


CALCUTTA. 


RatCB  of  (lutii'8 — continued. 


r 


Rnumrratinn  of  Ofx><l«. 

Itiiportf-l  on  a 
liritiih  Uoitniii. 

Inipfirte<l  on  a 
FiirfiKii  nitHoiii. 

KiiumiTation  of  (ioo,i9, 

lni|>ortpd  on  a 

llnlish  llottolii. 

Imported  in  i 
Foreii;n  Bottom. 

61.  JutlaiiiUDSfc,  or  spikt:-  i 
nard       •        -           -J 

10     ditto 

20 

ditto. 

97.  Kiini,  from  fnrei^u  ter- 1 
ntorit-s  111  Asia         -  ( 

.30      ditto 

60     ditto. 

fii.  Kiilliiiiuiii 

7  1-2  ditto       . 

l.i 

ditto. 

!W.  Sail  mil 

10      ditto        ■ 

20     ditto. 

63.  l**!.vt,  |.iK.  ^hep\  milled,  ^ 
an!  'mill  sti'it           -  > 

10      ditto        ■ 

20 

ditto. 

9fl.  .satlloiver,  or  coowom  ) 
l,„d        .       .           -i 

7  1-2  ditto 

15     dilto. 

i>i.    I/>ri.ni 

7  1-2  ditto        • 

IS 

ditto. 

100.  Jim.)      . 

7  1-2  ditto 

15      ditto. 

(i>.  J^iIlui,  or  bt'iiiamiii     • 

7  1-2  lino 

I'l 

ditto. 

3  m.   iier  mil.  ^ 

(i  r^.  per  ind.  i:f 

titi.  Mic« 

10      ditto 

20 

diltn. 

101.  .Salt,  foreign    .            -J 

Id  h}  sa.  wt.  \ 

S2  sa.  wt,  per 

67.  .M.i'Mer,  or  nniujtrtit 

7  1-2  ditto       • 

15 

ditto. 

per  seer         -) 

seer. 

tW.  M.ihi)Kiiiy,;»ii(li!l  (ither  ^ 
writ  of  rtn  ij  U4wl  111  C 

7  1-2  ditto 

15 

ditto. 

102.  .Sinhl     wood,    red,  ; 
white,  or  yi-llow       -  i 

7  1-2  per  cent. 

15  percent. 

cil-iiii't-worls              -S 

10,1.  S:ip:tn,or  liiickuiii  woml 

7  1-2  ditto 

15      ditto. 

m.  Ma-it.ck 

10     ditto 

20 

ditto. 

llll.  SeiiMi 

to      ditto 

20      ditto. 

70,  MiiiMiiii,  nr  rr<l  Iriil    • 

10      iliito 

2U 

ditto. 

10"t.  Stionaino'ikcy  leaf 

10      ditto 

20      ditto. 

71.  Mnrifilt.  nr  awl  nwit   - 
1  72.  .Miiii,t\;t,  or  iniid.iiT     • 

7  1-2.lilto        • 
7  l-J  lino 

15 
IS 

ditto, 
dido. 

lOti.  Spik'-ii.ird,    or    jntta-  > 
imiiiste           .            -  \ 

10      ditto 

20     dilto. 

73.  Mii^k 

7  1-2  ditto 

15 

ililtn. 

107.  Spirituous  liipior^,  iifti  i 
oTh.TW  ise     doscrilic  !  [- 
ill  ihis  taMe    -           •) 

74.  Myroliihns  viz.  hnhe-  > 
ra.  I.virntli,  ninlnwnla  > 

10      ditto 

20 

ditto. 

10      ditto 

20     ditto. 

T"*.  .%!yrrli      - 

10      ditto 

20 

ditto. 

ins.  Siiel.  wr.w,'lii  or  ini-  { 
wr-tiii^llt                      -1 

10      ditto 

20     ditto. 

76.  NiiMiit'Ti 

10      ditto 

20 

ditto. 

77.  ttils  VI  jcta!)lfc  or  ani*  J 

IIUI  tCU'itOIIIB)                 •  { 

7  1-2  ditto        - 

1.5 

ditto. 

lOft.  SlMn« 

HO.  Sinn,.,  (preeiors)  an  1  ; 
p.irls               -             -( 

10      ditto 
Free 

20     ditto. 
Free. 

Ilitto,  (lillo  ((own  .iulv) 

S        ditto 

10 

ditto. 

78.  Oil  sfeli  (ointnms) 

7  1-2  ditto 

15 

ditto. 

111.  S'lirar.  wet  or  dr>',  in-  i 
llll  l.ii;  jairiery  and  ^ 
nifila-sestetistonisi     -) 

Ditli)  (fovvri  <liuv)      • 

3        ditto 

10 

ditto. 

5  per  cent. 

10  per  cent. 

79.  OilH,  I'lTliiiiif-I    (ir  fs-^ 

BtMiti.il,  (ir  otter  .inJ  > 

7  1-2  ditto        • 

15 

ditto. 

Ditto,  ditto  'tnwii'lnly) 

5        ditto 

10     ditto. 

fjolcylI.-yl        •        .) 

112.  Stilpliur.  or  hrimstoiii'- 

10      ditto 

20      ditto. 

21  rs.  per  *«t) 
of    fo    Cil.  S 
sa.  wt.         .) 

4S 

rs.  per  vcr 

1  id.  Sunn,  hemp,  jiiiJ  i;to-  } 
llln.itiM)              -               -  S 

Free 

Free. 

90.  Opium,  furci^a 

I 

f     «0    Cal. 

i 

sa.  wt.             1 

111.  Ti|pe        -        - 

7  1-2  per  cent 

15  per  cenu 

HI.  OrpiniiMit,    or    yellow  t 
1            ar-.(Miic,  nr  hiirtml    .  j 

10  per  cent,     • 

20  per  cent.          | 

115.  'r.ii/i.pmt,    or    mala-) 
liillirniii  leaf             -$ 

10      .lillo 

20     ditto. 

1  S2.  OlIiT.  uri-.ii-ii'iil  i.ili 

7  1-2  ditto        • 

I'l 

ditto. 

118.  Tii 

10      ditto        . 

20     ditto. 

1  Kl.  Owiih,  or  invrihilni 

to      ditto 

20 

ilitio. 

ir.  'I'eik  tiniliir 

Free 

Free. 

S-l.  IVppiT,  Ijluk  :iii'l  white 

10      ditto 

20 

ditto. 

11".  ■I'hml 

7  1-2  percent. 

1  1  per  cent. 

Si.  Pitre  t^fyr*\-ij  —  r'.iitiri,'] 

119.  'llll  .in  1  till  vyare 

10      ditto 

20     ditto. 

silk,  .-iii'l   pirtly  cil- 

120,  Tohacco  (cintollis)      •< 

4  as.  per  ml  of) 
i-Osa.  wt.per'- 

H  as.  per  nid.  of 

Inri  mil!    pir'Iy   silk, 

SO  sa.  wt.  per 

the    imiiilfar'i'irc    ofS 

2  1-2  ditto        • 

5 

ditto. 

seer. 

the  llimn'ir.ililf  Crim- 

Ilitto  down  duty) 

10  per  cent. 

20  per  cent. 

iniiv's    tt-rritnrii'j  in 

121.   I'ooiil  tlnvir 

7  1-2  per  cent. 

15  |«-r  cent 

iiilia          •               -j 

Vil.  TiiTJer  wool 

7  1-2  ditto 

15     ditto. 

86.  Diiin.'lilln.  ■litm.  whpii^ 

12;l.  'riiriMi'rie  vmstonis)    - 

'■        ditto 

10     ditto. 

nn'   the   liiiM'ifirtiire  | 

Dii'o  itowiiduty) 

5        ditto 

10     ditto. 

of    tlio     H'lii  'tirihle  J- 

7  1-2  ditto       • 

15 

ditto. 

121.  'rn'emirile 

10      ditto 

20      ilitli). 

Ci'iiif'^ny'',  terntoriiM  ! 

I2'>.  IVx-r.  oraloti  wood   • 

7  1-2  ditto        . 

15      ditto. 

inliilia'        •            •} 

IJt).  V.Tiiiilion 

10      ditto 

20      dit'o. 

>*■   PiniLiitr),  or  alU;ilce     - 

10      ditto 

20 

ditto. 

127.  Verdiiris 

10      dilto 

20      ditto. 

«•*.  l'i;ie  itaviai 

7  1-2  ditto        - 

13 

ditto. 

I2r*.  \\'\t  and  wax  cr.ndlet 

10      ditto 

20      ilitto. 

S).  I'rcri'iis     slanes    and  ? 
p.  nh             ■           ■  5 

Fira 

Free. 

129.  Willis  and  spin's,  not  i 
otlierwise     [imvide  1  y 
for                  -           •  S 

10      ditto 

20      ditto. 

90.  rnis.i.iri  hluo 

10  per  cent,     • 

20 

ler  cent. 

HI.  I'lilrln  inut 

7  1-2  ditto       - 

15 

ditto. 

130.  Wool  of  ail  sorts  used  1 

7  1-2  ditto 

15      ditto. 

»2.  Quieksilver        • 

10     ditto 

20 

ditto. 

in  i-ahiiiet-wnrk          ■  ( 

93.  Rlllain 

7  1-2  ditto        . 

15 

ilitlo. 

131,  Yellow  ochre,  or  goo-  / 

10      ditto 

20      ditto. 

9-t.  MbI  Kiii'hl  wool 

7  1-2  ditto 

15 

llillO. 

pee  niutee       -             -  ^ 

m\J           Ulkli'. 

91.  RbI  iM'!,  or  uiinium    -       10      ilitin 

20 

iliHo. 

1.32.  Artieles    not  cnii        ■ ) 

5        ditto 

IC      tiitlo. 

96.  Ho!e-naliT        •           •       7  1-2  Jillo 

15 

ditto. 

atiil  .iliove     -           -  i 

*  v         iflmi.r« 

f 


I't 


Trmlr  of  Calcutta. — Krports. — Durins  llin  lost  20  yt'iirs  tlio  troilc  of  ('.ildiltii  lias  cxpttrii'iireil  some 
very  sirikiii!;  vicis.sitiitli's.  I'rfvitiiitily  to  lite  opi'iiiiiL'  of  liii-  lr:iili'  In  I'^ll-l'i,  ciiitnii  pipcc  ^ikhIs 
f(iriiii!(l  tllii  prniii|i:il  arlicli!  of  f\|iort   front  liiili.i :  the  viiliip  of  tliosi' cxpiirti'il  from  Ciiliiiit.i.  iil  no 

sverasit  of  tln'  .i  yi'iiiH  fniiii  181 1-1.5  to  l'<l's-l'.),  Iirino  (at  l..  piT  sicivi  riii )    l.'ilill.TUli/.  a  yctir.     Tliu 

t;.\tri'ino  clu'aiitii'Hs  of  lahoiir  in  Inilia,  atnl  tjiii  cvci'lliinri'  to  wlilcli  tin'  iiiliviw  hail  Ioiil'  alliiini'il  in 
Hfivi'ral  ili^itarlitii'titH  of  tlio  maimfactnri>,  wotild,  it  tiiialil  have  Ihmmi  sn|i|)osi'il.  Iiavi'  stillicrd  to  jiliirn 
this  iiiipnrlatit  ili'parlmi'iit  hryonil  tint  rcarli  of  t'nri'iiiti  ciiiiipi'lilinn.  Itnl  llii'  wotnlrrfnl  iri'iiins  of  mir 
iimcliaiiisis,  llif  ailinijalili!  skill  of  otir  worknicii,  ami  onr  iniini'tisi'  capiLil.  Iiavi'  fir  niori'  lliiiii  nnin- 
tttrv.iili'il  till'  appari'iitly  iiisiipi'r.ilili'  ilrawliack  of  liii'li  wiis.'i'-'.  tiini  llir  fvpctisi' of  ItritiL'ltiL' llic  raw 
iiiatorial  of  111"  tn.iiinfailiint  from  .\ini'rirM.  ami  cvimi  liiili  i  iNilf ;  ami  h  ivc  iiialilcil  onr  iiiaiiiifai'- 
tiiri'rs  lo  hear  il  nvii  all  opporiilioii.  tiinl  In  Iriiiiiijili  ovi'r  lln-  clicapor  lahonr.  foniioiions  iiiaU'rial,  .iiiil 
traditional  art  of  the  IliniJDos.  'I'ln;  iiii|)orts  of  llrilish  cotioti.s  ami  Iwisi  iiitn  linlja  havi'  inrri'asnl 
Kim:i!  IM  1-1.'),  u  illi  a  riipiilily  tini'\aiii|)li',l  in  tli'  annals  of  coniim'riit ;  and  tin' iialivi' iiianiifatMre 
has  sustained  a  slini'k  froni  which  il  i.j  not  vitry  liki'ly  il  will  ever  rriovi'r. — (r^i-v  art.  I,  vsr  Indiks.)  'I'jie 
iiitliienco  of  \\\>'<>'  liri'iinislani'.i's  on  tlii'  Iradi'  in  piiMi'  uomls  has  hfcn  very  sirikiti!.'.  DttriiiL'  llii'  yi'.ir 
IN,'):i-m.  tint  value  of  tlinsi-  cxpiirlrd  from  Bimiu' il  was  no  nmri'  than  7T.1T.V.,  ln-iii!;  only  alioni  mie 
si.vtfitnlli  or  oiif  si'Vcnti'iMith  part  of  what  il  tiinontitiMl  lo  Id  or  !■<  years  pii'vionsly  I 

An  e.Mrtiorilinary  i!hant!it  has  also  laketi  |ilaci>  In  tin-  Irtidi'  in  liiililon  al  Caliiill.il  .\t  no  dislaiil  pe- 
riod it  was  omt  of  tin- principal  arlicli's  of  ('vpurt  from  I'liiropi'  to  India;  and  in  lsil>s-lil,  ihi'ri' wi'ro 
imported  into  ('alcnlta  from  Kimland  only  l,'2lli.l  I.V.  of  LMld  and  silver :  Itiii  the  t  nrreiit  heeait  sunn 
tifler  to  cliaiiKe  ;  .tnil  now  sels  so  stroMiily  in  lln'  opposiie  ilireciinn,  that  in  |s:!2-;i.'!  the  evpnrls  of  llie 
precious  metals  from  Calcutta  for  I'^nsfl.iml  tiiiioiinted  in  ,5|ti. ll'.i/. 

The  exportof  hallioii  from  Kimland  to  India  al  the  former  period,  llunich  influenced  hy  other  cans.--, 
was  mainly  occasioned  liy  tlii!  dilliciilly  iimler  which  we  were  tjien  placed,  of  pnividim;  article-'  nf 
iiiurrhaiidise  siiitiilde  for  tin.'  Indian  ttiarkets.  siillici  Mil  to  lialance  onr  iinpurts.  'I'ho  astonishiii.  iii- 
critase  nf  our  exports  of  cotton  soods,  lie.iji|es  compl'lilv  ohvialini;  this  ilillicnliv.  lias  .ictnally,  its  wit 
tiavtt  jnst  seen,  prodnceil  an  importation  of  lart'e  ipiantiiies  of  hnllion  from  India.  Ilnl  il  shoiiM  In.' 
ohserveil,  that  Inilia  ilerives  most  part  of  the  hnllioii  seal  lo  lOnrnpe  iVoni  Cliitia  and  SiiiL'apore,  in 
payment  of  opitiin  ami  other  articles,  so  iliiit  the  drain  upon  her  is  liy  no  me  ins  so  lu.avy  as  has  lieen 
representeil ;  ami  It  may  well  lie  dotihted.  nolwillislandino  the  iiiinierons  alleL'alioiis  to  the  contrary, 
wlielher  it  has  liail  any  iiijurions  intlnence.  Umlonhtedly,  however,  it  wi'rit  much  to  be  wished  lliiit 
tin;  returns  madit  liy  India  to  Kiirope  in  articles  of  native  produce  and  niiiiiiifaclnre,  should  he  inaleri- 
nlly  incritased.  The  tastt!  for  Kritisli  product'  is  alntaily  widely  dilfiised  over  most  parts  of  llindoslan ; 
ami  it  will,  nu  doubt,  continue  to  gain  ground  uccording  ua  the  nutivoH  buconie  better  acquainted  with 


CALCUTTA. 


269 


nrt'il  some 

jilTI'    iillClllS 

Ilii,  m  :in 

;ir.     Tliu 
U;iini'i|  in 
■il  Id  placid 
mis  111'  "iir 
liiiii  I ri- 
ll I  111'  r^iw 
iii;\mil';ir- 
criiil.  iinil 
ilKTi'.lsrcl 
liimlUcl  iri; 
11:1.)   'I'lif 
|iL'  till'  >i''ir 
hiliiiiit  line 

ili-liiiil  |io- 

)|liTl'  UlTl! 
[illl  <0(1I1 

liirlH  <>('  tliu 

licr  rails. 'S 
iirlii'lf''  "'' 
iiisliin-  Mi- 
lillv.  ilS  Wl! 

slimiM  111! 
liL'iipnri'.  in 
Is  li:is  iii'i'n 

.  (iiniriiry, 
yisllfll  lliiit 
|l)(>  iiiiiii'ri- 
lliniliistun; 
liutoil  wiih 


our  lanRuagn,  nrtR,  and  hnliitia.  Thn  ilifflciilty  of  prnrurinn  return  cnriroeR  in  now,  in  fact,  almost  the 
only  oliiitncic  to  tlin  rapid  ami  indi'tiiiilii  lixti-iininii  of  tlic  triidi-  with  India.  And  it  may  lie  rcatiniiiihly 
prcmiini'd,  that  thi«  difficulty  will  pnisr^Hsivcly  diminlsli,  liy  tin-  ailnpliiin  of  u  cnurxt'  of  polliv  niiil  of 
meatiuros  ralciilatnd  to  devclope  thi'  vast  rcsmirres  and  doriiiaiit  cncrKii's  of  ilic  ciiiiiilry.  Tlir  repeal 
of  the  injudicious  rcHtrirtioiiH  that  fiiriiierly  lilndurcd  hlunipcaiiK  from  acqiiirliiKlaiiil.and  from  iipid.v- 
init  their  capital  and  skill  to  inost  HortH  of  iiidiiHtry,  carried  on  in  the  Interior,  with  the  exception  of 
the  culture  of  indiiro,  will  douhtlesg  lie  of  cinirtiderahle  advantage.  Hut  the  e.xorhitant  aiiiouiit  of  the 
land  revenue,  and  the  refitrictionH  and  diilleH  iiiipoged  on  the  traiiHit  trade  and  internal  commerce  of 
the  country,  are  uni|iieHtionahly  the  principal  cuuhch  of  the  depresned  titiite  of  auricullure,  as  well  an 
of  the  poverty  of  the  inhahitantH,  and  ihcirinalillily  to  furnish  eiiuivaleiitsfor  foreiiin  proilnciH.  The 
fiiriner  should,  if  possihle,  lie  materially  reduced  ;  and  it  is  not  easy  to  see  why  the  latter  should  not 
lie  wholly  abolished.  The  soil  and  climate  of  itenpil  are  hotli  adniiralily  siilled  for  tin:  production  of 
grain,  indlKo,  giiffar,  opium,  silk,  cotion,  saltpetre,  and  a  vast  variety  of  other  desirahli!  articles  :  the 
inhahltants  are  not  deficient  in  industry,  nor  in  a  desire  to  improve  their  condition  ;  and  there  wants 
only  the  adoption  of  a  sound  and  lilieriil  system,  to  render  the  country  prosperous  and  flourishing,  and 
to  lay  the  foiindationg  of  an  iniinense  ctinimerce. 

At  present  the  principal  articles  of  export  from  Calcutta  are,  opium,  indigo,  rice,  and  other  spccieii 
of  grain,  silk  aiuj  silk  goods,  sugar,  saltpetre,  cotton  and  cotton  piece  goods,  lac-dye  and  shell  luc, 
gunnies  and  gunny  bugs,  Sic.    We  sulijoin  a  stutcineiit  of  the 

Quantity  and  Value  (taking  t'nc  Sicca  Rupee  at  5.1.)  of  the  principal  Articles  of  native  Produce, 
ported  from  Calcutta  during  the  Years  IM)'2-33,  and  1833-34. 


Articlo. 

1H32-33. 

1833-34. 

: 

Quantity, 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value.          1 

Opium 

chests 

y,l(IH 

£  1,177,.W,) 

l2,(Wlfi 

JEl,2IO,3.-'2 

Indigo            ... 

.    Fy.  mds. 

131.010 

1,310.100 

90,2l7i 

1=02,175 

KiC(!    .... 

-    Uz.  mds. 

1,030.1 16 

2tO,.')32 

2,007,405 

40|,4.V.  1 

Raw  silk        ... 

— 

lu.itnj 

313.1'il 

1.3.550} 

.rO.ilMI 

Silk  piece  goods 

pieces 

4.'-i0.073 

210,001 

47'.t,.578 

217,951 

Siicar             ... 

.    Dz.  miU. 

'i2'.l.:)l7 

1S2.100 

2(10.3031 

230,822 

Saltpetre       ... 

— 

3.'>.l.K53l 

H»0,M3 

4i»0,554 

251. HOI 

Baw  Cotton  ... 

— 

I20,<H3 

127,0:iH 

143,555 

143,2.M) 

Cotton  piece  goods   - 

pieces 

47H,1M,) 

82,a-«9 

477,571 

77,174 

l.ac  dve          ... 

.    Bz.  mds. 

."i.osav 

10,!l5fi 

9,590 

22,410 

Shell  lac        . 

— 

ll).0«3i 

35,114 

26,0,')(ii 

60,412 

Slick  lac        ... 

— 

1,272 

1,249 

104 

199 

(iiinnies  and  gunny  bags     . 

No. 

3..')2H,fi28 

24,.'i77 

2,615,975 

I0„567 

Skins  and  hides 

— 

1,0I3,.118 

57.238 

1,251,577 

6(5.004 

Salllower 

-    nz.  mds. 

0,973i 

17,33<.» 

7,0301 

18,763 

Ginger           ... 

— 

21,488 

7,053 

39,877i 

13,524 

It  appears  from  the  following  table  that  the  total  value  of  the  merchandise  exported  from  Calcutta 
by  private  traders  in  1833-34  was  4,045,720(,  and  of  treasure,  212,573/.  The  value  of  the  Company's 
exports  of  merchandise  during  the  same  year  was  5.')2.252/. ;  but  their  exports  of  treasure  have  not 
been  stated.  In  these  statements  indigo  and  raw  silk  are  valued  at  the  Custom-house  rates,  which 
are  considerably  below  their  real  value.  Altogether,  the  exports  from  Calcutta  in  1833-34  cannot 
have  been  much  uniler  5,500,000/. 

Destinatiuniif  Kr;)»W.i.— From  40  to  50  per  cent,  of  the  exports  from  Calcutta  are  for  the  United 
Kingdom,  from  20  to  25  for  China,  0  or  7  for  Singapore  and  I'enang,  7  for  France,  4i  for  North  and 
Smith  America,  the  residue  being  for  the  coasts  of  Malabar  and  Coruniandel,  Pegu,  the  Arabian  and 
Persian  Gulfs,  the  Mauritius,  &c.    We  subjoin  a 

Statement  exhibiting  the  Value  of  the  Merchandise,  and  the  Value  of  the  Treasure,  exported  from 
Calcutta  on  private  Account,  in  1832-33  and  1833-34,  specifying  the  Shipments  for  each  Country. 


Countrin. 

1832-34. 

1833-34. 

Merchandise. 

Treasure. 

Total. 

Merchant  i»«. 

'1  reiMirr. 

Total. 

.S'iroi  liivptn. 

Sicta  Riiftfa, 

iSirca  Rufff^. 

N'lVrrt  JtitfKti. 

.Siffrt  Riipcn. 

'<<rra  Itufirt'.  j 

Great  Britain 

1,27,15,094 

51,64,189 

1,78,79,2'*3 

1,18,88.475 

19,1)8,257 

l..3'<..5t'.732 

France            ... 

29,97,422 

500 

29,97,922 

35,.54.237 

— 

35,54,2371 

Sweden          ... 

— 

— 

— 

90,004 

— 

90,004 

Portugal         ... 

1,60,814 

— 

1.00,814 

— 

— 

— 

North  America 

20,16,903 

5,500 

20,22,403 

28,40.361 

— 

28.40,301 

Coast  of  Coromandel 

13,29,198 

12,000 

13,41,198 

28,22,372 

200 

2S.92..572 

Cevlnn         -            - 

29,645 

— 

29,015 

38.588 

30,000 

08.588 

Maldives  and  I.accadives 

50,610 

— 

50.010 

53.241 

— 

53,241 

Coast  of  Malabar  - 

17,84,330 

— 

17.84,3,30 

22.92.998 

— 

22.92,998 

Arabian  and  Persian  Gulfs 

9,77,629 

— 

9,77,029 

9,(i8..577 

— 

9.08..577 

Singapore       ... 

24,22,202 

3.3,100 

21,55,302 

20.99.108 

2,025 

21,01,193 

I'enang  and  Malacca 

5,1.3,151 

— 

.5.13,151 

2,39.2.37 

— 

3.36,237 

China             ... 

97,63,511 

32,000 

97,9.5,511 

1,09,08.120 

37,427 

1,09,45..547 

New  Holland 

10,684 

— 

10,084 

87.031 

6,975 

94,006 

Sumatra  and  ,Tava 

29,460 

— 

29,400 

98,189 

— 

98,189 

Pegu                ... 

8,44,982 

— 

8,44,982 

9.67,574 

4,655       9,72,2291 

Mauritius       .           .           - 

7,51,121 

6,49,778} 

14,00,899} 

12.07,598 

3,76,188     15,83,786| 

llniirbon          ... 

1,I3,.331 

— 

1,13.331 

2,17,.371 

2,17,371 

Cape  and  St.  Helena 
Total  sicca  rupees    . 

88,816 

— 

58,816 

78,003 

78,003 

3,65,68,903 

58,97,067} 

4,24.65.970} 

4,04.,57,204 

21.25,727 

4,28.82.931 

or  at  2s.  per  sicca  rupee        £ 

3,656,890 

589,707 

4,246,597 

4,045,720 

212.573 

4,288,293 

Total  amotint,  merchandise  and  treasure,  exported  in  1S33-34 
Total  ainount,  merchandise  and  treasure,  exported  in  1832-33 


l» 


Difference  in  favour  of  1833-34 


Sicrrt  Rvprts. 
4,28,82,931 
4,24,65,970} 

4,16,960^ 


1     -f'^V 


-270 


CALCUTTA. 


Tlif  ('nmpnny'd  exports,  In  1832-33,  were,  iiicrrhunilisc  niid  treogiirc  together,  1,00,14,430  iiieca  rn- 

pt.'fM,  or  l,(KII,t43/. 

Rcmiirku  nil  Krport.i.—T\w  rojuler  will  clsfwlinri!  find  («co  nrliclcs  Canton  niid  Oph'm)  pretty 
niiipli'  iiilMriiiiitioii  in  rclatinii  lo  llic  Iradr  in  Opinin.  It  is  HntliciiMit  lirrc  to  Htati'.  Hint  it  is 
riipidly  LTiiwIns  in  iiiaenilintn  and  imiiortanci'.  At  an  nvfram;  iit°  tin'  ri  yearn  cndini.'  Willi  l^'iH-'il),  the 
Dxpcirt'x  iViiiii  t'alcntla  were  0,3t'>',l  rlicolH.  worlli  '.lll.ll'W.  a  year  ;  lint  at  an  averaue  nt'  the  Ti  >eariiend- 
me  with  1x33-31,  the  exporlH  liad  imreaKed  to  !),()Mi  rheHtH.  worth  l,lti3.Mt!i/.  a  year.  Iieiiie  an  annual 
inrreaKe  of  'i.liirii  choHlit,  and  of  211),73^/.  of  value.  Cliiiia  in  not  the  principal  merely,  hiil  aliiioxt  the 
only  market  tor  opiiiin  ;  ho  that  the  iradi!  Iietween  Caliiitta  and  her,  is  now  Heroiid  only  to  that 
lii'tween  the  rormer  ami  Knulaiid.  Some  opinin  is  shippi'd  for  Singapore,  lint  Cliimi  is  its  nltininte 
dcstinalion. —(«(//'.«  Uenrmfur  IKTi-MI.  p.  'Ij.) 

I'revlonsly  to  the  close  of  the  American  war,  the  exports  of  indiiro  from  Calcutta  were  ronipnra- 
tively  trItliiiK.  Hut  alioiit  that  period  llnropeans  lieuaii  toeiiL'ai.'e  in  the  Imsiiiess  ;  and  the  riilinre  of 
the  plant  has  since  lieeii  no  iiincli  extended,  and  llie  preparation  of  the  dnii!  so  much  improved,  that  it 
has  now  hecoine  an  article  of  primary  coinmercial  imporlance— (See  I.Miioo.)  iNext  to  (ireat  Dritain, 
Krai'ce  is  the  principal  market  for  iiidico. 

The  crop  of  iniliuo  in  Re imal,  which  had,  at  an  averaue  of  I  hi'  I  years  endinc  with  lS3'2-.t3,  amount- 
ed to  ulioiil  120,0(K)  muiimls  a  year,  fell  otf  in  1S33-3I  lo  Sl3.WI'i  maiimls.  This  (rreal  decline  was  ncra- 
tiioned  partly  hy  tlie  iintavonraldeiiess  of  ihe  season,  hut  more  liy  the  diiniiiished  cnltivalion  occasioned 


neiiiiii   I'll!  11^    II  y  ijn.'  iiiin,*i'itimniin  -.^  "i  «in^  ^  i«>^i>ii,  inai  IIIIII1    <>^  III,    iiiiiiiiii^iii  III  11111,1111111111,  I  (tniiiiifi 

liy  the  previous  low  prices,  and  the  t'ailnre  of  some  of  the  principal  parlies  eiipaiied  in  Ihe  trade .- 
(See  pn.-^t.)  Hut  notwillistandiiiK  this  decieasi;  of  the  crop,  and  the  L'reat  ri'diictioii  in  the  importi 
into  Ilniiland  in  1S3I  as  compared  with  previous  years,  prices  have  nut  siislained  any  very  materia 
iidvaiice.  Tlie  consmnption  of  iiidiuo  in  Kngland  has  f.illen  olf  considerahly  since  l^'M,  tlie  eU'ett,  ai 
is  supposed,  of  the  decreasing  use  of  blue  cloth,     r^uhjolnud  is  a  atuteinent  uf  the 


Exports  of  Indigo  from  Calcutta  during  the  Five  Years  ending  with  1S33-34,  gpecifying  the  Countries 
tor  which  It  has  heen  exported,  and  the  Uuuntities  sunt  to  each. 


(    • 


*i' 


"i  A 


li 


Average  total  annual  exports,  1S29-30  to  1833-31 
Average  total  annual  exports,  1821-23  to  1W8-29 


Far..  AMs. 

-  ll'.t,Hl!) 

-  115,846 


Of  the  various  articles  exported  from  nengal.  siiuar  is  that  of  which  n  large  increase  may,  perhaps, 
lie  most  reasonably  anticipated.  The  processes  fidlowed  in  its  culture  and  production  have  liiilierto 
been  of  the  rudest  description ;  hut.  now  that  Kiiropeans  may  eimiice  in  the  Imsiness,  it  is  proliahle 
they  will  be  materially  improved.  The  e.\cess  of.'M.  a  cwl.  of  duty  laid  on  Kast  Imlia  sugar,  impnrled 
for  home  consumption,  over  that  which  is  laid  on  West  India  siigar.  ought  to  be  repealed.  Tliere 
neither  is  nor  can  be  any  good  reason  why  similar  products,  from  ditl'erent  dependencies  of  the  em- 
pire, should  not  be  allowed  ro  come  into  our  markets  on  the  same  footing.  Sihoiild  any  considerable 
decline  take  place  in  the  production  of  sniiar  in  our  West  India  colonies,  tin;  exjiedieiicy  of  equalising 
the  duties  on  sugars  of  the  East  and  West  Indies,  would  be  as  obvious  as  its  justice. 

Cotton  is  another  article  of  export  which  iiiii;ht,  it  i.'i  believed.  \u\  very  creatly  increased  in  quantity, 
and,  probably  also,  improved  in  iiuality,  by  giving  creator  attention  to  its  c'lilliire  and  preparation. 
Uecenlly,  however,  the  trade  has  been  declining.  The  exports  of  cotton  from  Calcnila,  at  an  average 
of  the  3  years  ending  with  183,3-34,  did  not  excecMl  half  tht!  i|iiantity  exported  dnriuL'  the  3  years  end- 
ing with  l82t)-27.     Uombay  and  Sural  are,  however,  the  grisit  shipping'  ports  for  Indian  cotton. 

The  exports  of  rice  from  Bengal  tliicliiate  very  greatly.  This  is  not  caused  so  innch  by  variations 
in  the  crops  of  the  country,  as  by  variations  in  those  of  other  countries  ;  for,  when  a  scarcity  occurs 
in  inosl  parts  of  continental  Asia,  or  in  any  of  its  islands,  recourse  is  almost  invariably  had  to  lieiisal 
lo  supply  the  deficiency  ;  and  the  demands  iheiice  arising  have  lieen  Koini'limes  enormous.  In  1831-32, 
for  example,  the  exports  of  rice  from  Calcutta  to  tlie  coast  of  (lonmiamiel  amounted  to  only  hi, 5-1.') 
inaiinils,   wheri^as  in    1833-34,  they  amounli'd  to   l,25a,(r)t>  inaunds.— (B(7/'.>i  Cum  pa  nit  ire    yieir  of 

1832-33.  and  1833-34.  p. 41.)     It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  while  Dengal  is  sliippinj!  i lense  supplies 

of  rice  and  other  grain  to  distant  parts,  a  lari;e  part  of  her  own  population  is  freipienlly  in  a  state  of 
great  want  and  suH'ering.  Ireland  is  not,  therefore,  the  only  country  in  which  the  most  i\l)ject  po- 
verty and  wretchedness  on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants,  are  found  couiiiinoil  with  great  fertility  of  soil, 
and  a  large  exportation  of  food. 

Tht:  exports  of  saltpetre  from  Calcutta  have  increased  materially  diirinc  the  last  dozen  years,  and 
were  greater  iii  18.33-34  than  they  have  heen  for  a  leiiglliened  perioil.  It  is  (loubll'nl,  howi'ver.  owing 
to  the  competition  of  nitrate  of  soda  from  South  America,  whether  this  increase  will  be  maintained. 
France  is  now  principally  supplied  from  America. —  (See  Salti'ktiik.) 

Ilesides  the  articles  of  native  Indian  produce  exported  from  Calcutta,  she  re-exports  pretty  consi- 
derable (piantities  of  various  articles  broimht  from  other  parts.  The  value  of  the  Itritish  cotton  sends 
re-exported,  amounts  to  about  iX),(KM)/.  a  year.  They  are  principally  bartered  with  the  ItiiriiM'se  for 
silver.  Tlie  conveyance  of  the  latter  out  of  the  Uurmese  dominions  is  strictly  prohibited;  !iiit  In 
Itnrma,  as  in  England  and  elsewhere,  the  ingenuity  of  the  smuggler  is  too  much  for  the  vigilance  uf 
the  government,  and  the  trade  is  carried  on  without  much  ditticulty. 

Impnrln.—The  great  articles  of  import  into  Calcutta  are,  Britisli  cotton  manufactures  and  cotton 
twist;  hiiUion ;  copper  with  spelter,  tin,  leail,  iron,  and  other  metals;  woollens;  wines  and  spirits; 
ale  and  beer;  haberdashery,  millinery,  JLC. ;  cotfee  ;  hardware  and  cutlery  ;  pepiier;  coral,  glass,  and 
bottles ;  plate,  jewellery,  watcliee,  &.c. ;  books  and  stationery  ;  tea,  &c. 


CALCUTTA. 


271 


Statemi'iit  cxhihiliiin  the  Quantity  nnd  Valiit-  nf  iln'   I'riiiciiml  Artlr|p<<   (rlnxupd  in  Alpliabetical 
Order)  iinportud  into  Calciiltii  (liiriiig  lliv  Vrnrs  IKI2-33,  iiiul  1H33-34. 


Sptcin  of  MeKhandiM 

IH32 

-.33. 

lH.33-34.                   ( 

C(uintiiy. 

V.ilur. 

Quxniitjr. 

Valur. 

Bctrl  nut      ... 

•    Oz.  inds. 

2!l.(i:il 

i:5..'.74 

12.002 

£  5„5()1 

RntlloH,  finpty 

dozens 

7T,V25 

9.451 

lOD.TN,') 

IO.f*33 

BnokR  unci  piiiiiplllets 

— 

22.:  ( (1 

— 

10,725 

liiilfiili)  hiiriis 

No. 

niKi.ooi 

t),7ri(i 

1,100.905 

7.(1(H) 

rmiiplior      ... 

-    11/..  null). 

T'.i:)3 

3.0^.5 

l.3!l.ij 

o.4-:s 

Cotn'i! 

l.'!,.'..')!!', 

22017 

17.!)54i 

2(),()2(» 

CoillH 

— 

01,lil2 

2.!)I2 

140.717 

44.1(H) 

rnrril.  roal    - 

-       S.i.  wt. 

115,(130 

H.I  97 

28^,804 

14,117 

fJInns 

-    liz.  mils. 

— 

12.447 

— 

13..577 

(Jims  iind  pistols     - 

— 

(1.132 

— 

4.318 

lliilicrdiiKlirry,  niillini'ry  tc  apparnl 

— 

31. .'.(19 

— 

34..505 

Ilnrilwiire  niul  ciiliury 

His. 

— 

2C«.51N 

— 

10.hH2 

I.Hiiictta 

corge 

4J,Cfi9 

13,h.'<l 

50,970 

15,350 

Metals  : 

('"pper    -           -           . 

-    Bz.  nids. 

Hi.nio', 

292.!)07 

89.189 

285.187 

Sp»'ltpr   ... 

30.710} 

13.095 

24.911 

9.031 

Tin,  l.locis 



12.5I.'>J 

21.2h3 

9,470 

10.973 

Tin  plates 

noxi's 

KX) 

I.3.W 

2,017 

3,h25 

Lend        ... 

-    Bz.  mils. 

a-^.i-ii; 

1 1.920 

12.407 

S,842 

Lead  shot 

Imirs 

n,.w  1 

l.(13(i 

3.290 

9<.)1 

Iron         ... 

-    Bz.  nulH. 

1.5.'),  173 

41.005 

1.3.5,141 

43,584 

StKfil 



0.01!) 

(i.>4l 

12.7.571 

0,987 

Quicksilver 



1.321 

11.275 

1,23 |i 

10,088 

HriisH,  inuot 



41!) 

1.075 

1,182 

2,512 

Metal,  sheatliini; 



33H 

4!)9 

— 

Ironinonjrfry,  machinery  & 

inchors 

— 

15.H93 

— 

20,215 

Oilman's  stores  and  grocery 

-    Uz.  mds. 

— 

15.103 

— 

19.071 

Pepper,  liliictc 

— 

09,2731 

00,451 

31,219 

28,389 

I'iece  Roods : 

Wliite  cotton     - 

pieces 

000,1.35-) 

35,W)!)  J- 

2,OI<)3 

f 

1,0.30,227  •) 

yards 

273,233.? 

4,030  V 

339,699 

dozens 

(. 

tmS 

pieces 

.340,2!)77 

153,237^ 

174,320") 

Coloured  cotton 

yards 

H.7I2  } 

8,H31  V 

89,1.50 

dozens 

103,.32.')  ) 

30,953  3 

Silk  and  mixed  goods    - 

pieces 

13,';'J!) 

30,094 

20,521 

70,848 

Plate,  jewillery,  and  watches 

. 

— 

2(),h()0 

— 

12.!)48 

Salt- 

-    Bz.  inda. 

8,438 

2,4t>M 

12,490i 

3,05!) 

Spircs,  mace  and  nutmegs 

— 

M5l 

(>,KI3 

1,100 

8,7^7 

Sfgars  and  cheroots 

— 

— 

2.S23 

— 

5,329 

Stationery  and  cards 

— 

— 

12.2H3 

— 

14,026 

Spirits         .           .           - 

— 

— 

30,323 

— 

30,530 

Ale,  beer,  and  porter 

butts 

2527 
8.011  [• 
2.203  3 

f 

.322") 
7,1!»3  J- 
2,0N23 

hogsheads 

42,483^ 

26,972 

dozens 

t 

; 

Twist  and  yarn 

11)8. 

2,993.715 

23H,7S1 

3,030,021 

251,049 

Tea              ... 

— 

— 

19,831 

— 

18,M0 

Vorniillion 

chests 

552 

4.430 

1.941 

10,5.55 

Wines           ... 

-    Bz.  mils. 

— 

81.805 

— 

(11, .391 

Wood 

— 

— 

22,(109 

— 

14,475 

Woollens     .           -           - 

— 

_ 

^0.370 

— 

115,173 

The  total  amount  of  all  sorts  of  mercha?ii|jse  inipurtril  into  Calcutta  by  priviile  traders  in  1833-31 
was  1,9.50,627/..  exclusive  of  580,39U.  of  troiisure.  The  Company's  imporl^<,  during  the  same  year, 
amounted  to  90,325/. 

Soiirrr.i  of  Imports. — These  diller  in  dilTrri'nt  years,  but,  speaking  generally,  flreat  Ilritain  furnishes 
nbiMitOO  per  cent,  of  the  whole;  Trance,  .•ilioiil  3  pi-r  cent.;  North  .\nierica,  2i  ;  China,  from  12  to  15; 
Sincapore,  from  0  to  8;  coast  of  Ciiromamlel,  from  3  to  4  ;  Malabar,  from  3  to  4;  I'egu,  from  3  to  4,tc. 

We  subjoin  a 

Statement  exiiibiting  the  Value  of  llie  Mcrrhandise.  anil  tlie  Value  of  the  Treasure,  imported  into 
Calcutta  on  private  Account,  in  1832-33  and  1S3.3-31,  spnifyins  thr  Iinpnrts  from  each  Country. 


Coun(ries. 

lh32-33. 

1833-34. 

Merchandise. 

Treasure. 

Total. 

l\Ierrh:indiye. 

Tremure. 

Total, 

.S'lft-^l  lirtfipfx 

Mcca  Rtijica, 

Sirm  Ititt*PiS. 

Sirrn  Httpfn. 

.S'lcoi  Kitytcs, 

.s'lrrn  Htifcti. 

Ore Jl  Britain 

l,4lUli.707 

— 

i,in.ju,7ir 

1.;W,'II,V)1 

2.IK10 

1,30.14,701 

Fr.iiire        .... 

7,!10,.'Si3 



7.'i<>,2-'( 

lo,n.|.i:ti 

3,l^■23 

IO,07.<liS 

Swetlcn      .... 



— 

in.nei 

_ 

UlAi--. 

Soutli  America 

ao.Rti 

I,2l,s7'. 

l,)-.,70fi 

_ 

19,004 

North  America 

3,(l<l,(i77 

l>,0-^.-SB  l-l 

.w^.llil  11 

3,0:1,-117 

3.40.424 

6,44.231 

Coasl  (if  Commindel 

6,5S.,12S 

l,^^.-!;^  a-4 

s,47.IW):).l 

7,w.ni3 

I.SI.OOJ  1-2 

8,99.9  IS  1-2 

(?evliin        .... 

(i.n7-, 



i;,97', 

2-.,!WI 



2i.991 

M.il.liv(^  and  IjccadivM  • 

ns.GV) 



9S(i'>'l 

!)l.fi'ls 



91.<i9s 

Cnait  nf  .Malabar  • 

T,!>i,i;«) 

.I.OPD 

7.<>M:to 

7.'23.7.-)0 



7,23.7 -.0 

Anil)ian  and  Persian  Oulfi 

3,.'S.0-,0 

Ili.-lllO 

3,41.4.0 

4.3<l,46-2 

23,!Klfl 

4,(».3a' 

Sinwiiorr   .... 

5.s|.'|i>i 

i2.i;-.,72-.  1-t 

lS,l7,:i20  1.4 

.'i,o<t.3-3 

!).!l!l.mHi 

1-,.39,2S9 

Peii.11115  and  Malacca 

z.e-i.nofi 

i.i;j,i7-. 

4.2s.(l«l 

2.1MV1 

1.51.173 

3,79,510 

CInna         .... 

p.ai.jjs 

22,12,431 

ai.lti.fi')!) 

10.1  ,170 

37,r.K,524  1-2 

47,76,694  1-2 

Niw  Ilnlland 

r^M^ 



.■,.3.|7 

2n.-i<2 



20,892 

Sumatra  and  Java  . 

3I,-H1 



31,141 

2s.-,(i| 

24.215 

62.716 

Peiu           .... 

2,W.I7I 

■t,^",  1 14 

7,4">,nii 

2.0(>,.3'fl 

2.sli,2<l«  1 .2 

4.'«,697  1-2 

KL^urilius   .... 

ai,-..'2 

■2l.'(i4 

'.!'„Wi 

:!0,'»i7 

SO.S70  1-2 

l,21,Kt7  1-2 

RourlKin     .... 

7;i,77.-. 



73.77> 

!f..lllO 



95,110 

Ca|ie  and  St.  Ilelrna 
Total  siera  Rupees 

6,074 

— 

(^974 

3.217 

— 

3.247 

i,')2,ni,i!>ii 

4(i.Wi.W.1  14 

2,3'I.S7.-H2  I-l 

1     l.n'i.Wi.JTO 
1        l,'l.W,li27 

SSi.ftVMi 

2,M,30,212 

•1 2>.  ]xt  licca  rupee       -           •  L. 

l,92<l,120 

4li!l,l.'i6 

I     2,'!!1J,77« 

.')S«,394 

2,543,0'21 

•"Ufl 


272 


CALCUTTA. 


I 


i 


1 


Totnl  nmniint,  mPTPhnndisn  and  Ironmire,  Importnl  In  lSS.1-34 
rotnluiniiiiiit,  iiiuri'liaiiditfo  ami  trta)<iir(',  iiiijiurtvd  hi  lHJti-33 

DIffiTtMiro  in  favmir  nf  1833-34 

The  Company's  inipnrla  in  1833-31  were         ... 


SUea  Riiprts. 
2.W,3(l,'2l*i 
2,3y,'<7,7tWi 

14,43.110} 

8,00.*!  1 


Ai'rniint  nl'  itu'  Value  (in  Hicrn  Ilupi't'H)  ofllie  privnlc  Trndr  ((ciwcen  Orcal  Ilrilain  and  Hpnciil.  frntu 
tliu  Ut  of  May  1813  to  30tli  of  April  1831— (Bf//'.*  Cunipai-alifr  yiew  fur  1834-33  and  1833-31,  p.  55.) 


ImporU  iulo  ('Alculta. 

Rx|Mirtt  fnini  Calcutu, 

MiTrtuil.liw?. 

Treasure. 

T.iUil. 

Mrrrli-iiiiliBf. 

Tri-aiurf. 

T.>(.il. 

SiCiU  RltJHtJ. 

Hicta  «")>■"». 

.Si-ra  Httyia. 

Swm  Ituyc^a. 

^'lora  Af/A<j. 

Surd  Huf4t:t. 

1813-14 

53,70.775 

32,750 

54,  Oil,  .525 

1,10,63.10.5 

— 

1,19,6.3,405 

|N|;-15 

4(),!l'.t.lf>j 

5.25.127 

46,21.2!I2 

1.2I.42.2'>3 

— 

I,21,l2,a.s3 

1815-l(i 

57.52.Hsrt 

Il,42..5!«i 

6S,il.-|.|N2 

1.61,41.2(18 

— 

1.6I.14.20S 

I81ti.l7 

HI.5I.1I2 

18.,51t.853 

•10.1 0.1165 

l,;ts,mi,!(06 

— 

l,38.06,9t)6 

1817-18 

l..r.,li2,<.N!2 

61..57,'.»81 

1.07.^0,013 

I.(i!M2.<,Kt5 

— 

1,69.I2,!KI5 

\^\X-\'.\ 

1,5'.I,I4.4<M) 

1,2I.6I,!.5<I 

2,81.05.6,51 

1.3^,72.325 

— 

l.;t8.72,.325 

ISl'.l-UO 

t'>t>,M),i73 

«3,07,519 

l,20,88.;i02 

1.25.6l.:t01 

— 

1,2.5,61,301 

I8ill.2l 

N7,iy,tiC>4 

14,MI.017 

1,02.08,6X1 

2.07.0^,>«60 

4,106 

2.08.02.')6() 

|vi|.22 

l,2.'i.(W.218 

1,61,7.58 

1,42,15,670 

04.10,405 

13,500 

94.23.!t0j 

I82i.23 

I,ti7,!18.n82 

1,70.7.58 

l.OO.OS.SIO 

l,27,l(t,<W0 

5,46<l 

1,27,16,120 

1823-24 

1.37.()7,()35 

5,24,032 

1.42,01.067 

l,:t.5,(il.\51 

2,23,767 

1,.37.88,61>. 

1821-25 

l.(il.M.4.54 

13.2.50 

1.61.07.701 

1.30..'t(l.(IO3 

2,6y,4(i6 

l,4!.'.H),.55y 

182.'i-2t> 

l,21.'t.3.'.)58 

1,26,978 

l,26,50,0;i6 

1,71.31,015 

48 

1.7l.31.!Ki3 

182rt-27 

1,26,26,147 

20,180 

l,26.46.;t27 

90,61, .501 

3.78.032 

1,03.39,623 

1827-2.8 

1.86,43.444 

73,620 

1,H7. 17,064 

l,2",Si,l30 

7.06,979 

1.35,!KI,100 

1828-2(1 

2.2().2!l.71ll 

1,()87 

2,20,31,478 

1,16.10.299 

12,41,443 

1.2.^81,742 

l82y-30 

1.61.25,841 

— 

l,61.25.sn 

1,08,40,687 

12,20,257 

1,20,60,011 

1830-31 

2.(Ht.7,3.354 

1,000 

2,00.74.3.54 

1,18,40,971 

30,16,384 

1,48,.57,.355 

ls;ii-32 

1.73.72.762 

— 

1,73,72,762 

1.IM0.761 

.37,06,307 

l,55.17,15s 

I8:ia.;f;) 

1.4(1.26.707 

— 

1,40,26.707 

1,27.1.5.004 

51.61.189 

1.78.79.2N3 

1833-34 

l,3iMll,801 

2,000 

1,30.01.701 

1,1^,88,175 

19.68,257 

1,38,56,732 

Account  of  Sliip.«  and  Tonnnen,  arrived  at  and  departed  from  Calnitta,  during  the  Years  1832-3.3,  and 
18.33-34.     (Fractions  omitted  in  this  Table,  but  allowed  for  in  llie  sununing  up.) 


Arrivii 

9. 

Departures. 

British  Imports. 

lKJ2-a;). 

ls'M-34 

British  Eiporti. 

1S32  3J. 

is.i,i-;m. 

;sh. 

Tons. 

hh. 

'I'(in*. 

Sh. 

Tons. 

hh. 

•r 

Hiiiinurable  Company's  regular 

tlnii.  Cnriipaiiv's  n-ijularsliipi 

7 

9,391 

S 

9.(M« 

shiiM 

7 

9,3S3 

S 

10,5S7 

linn.  t'i'inii.inv>  rhsrten'd  ship* 

» 

4,IIS2 

t> 

3,ll!S    ; 

Honniinli'e  Comp.iny'8  charter* 

Ships  rifarfl  for  Kn»;l.ind,  via 

M  ships 

3,M1 

9 

.I,  IOC 

.Mailr-u,  \c. 

(iX 

2l>,71B 

87 

a7.2ti<  1 

Ships  iVoin  Ihel'.  Krn?(lom     • 

77 

a'>..1-9 

9i 

3'<,2!'7 

.Shifis  clcarwl  fnr  Africa  (Cape) 

2 

.591 

— 

— 

fmiii  Asiatic  iKirti 

1.17 

39  ilU 

l-i" 

46.0-.O 

fur  Asiatic  port! 

111 

33,.5tJO 

Kit; 

■f^^   1 

rthoiiiiis 

M 

.|,4iri 

172 

21,042 

Dhnnies 

27 

2,W)'i 

5K 

5.  J,)-, 

Veweli  hilfn  with  coMt  salt  • 

IM 

l.i,.'W9 

319 

3'i.793 

Ships  lifien  with  ^rain 

m 

22, 3M 

357 

46.07 ' 

in  Inllxst 

4 

1,389 

II 

3.4  % 

Arali  anil  Turkish 

H 

3,2  V) 

10 

4.1 11 

Aral)  ami  Turkish 

9 

3,823 

10 

4,44i 

in  Irtllast 

48 

4..569 

102 

"•"i- 

Buniiuie 

Total    . 

44S 

110,571 

2 

490 

Burmese 

Total     ■ 

448 

— 

' 

41X1   1 

7M 

l&'>.299 

110,550 

795 

lt>S,-.23 

Foretrn  Import*. 

Fnrenni  Eiports, 

Ships  from  f  irei^u  Europe 

l> 

4,!M2 

23 

7.70V 

Ships  cleared  for   foreign    Eu. 

from  North  Amenca     • 

15 

■l.l«4 

22 

7,.)->.l 

rojw  -           .           -            . 

15 

S,3«» 

17 

S.fi-,2 

fnim  Asiatic  ports 

S 

2,'-94 

9 

3,131 

Ships  cleared  for  North  America 

17 

6.l(» 

IK 

5.!y2 

iu  ballast 

ToUl     . 
Grand  Total      • 

3 

992 

for  Asiatic  |>orti 
Total     . 
Grand  total 

12 

44 

492 

3.903 
"14,407 

31 

4.iW 
16.-67    1 

a." 

12,321 

57 

19,1  ST. 

4»6 

132.<>»2 

«41 

1S4.4'*3 

124,957 

•Uti 

ISS.SK)    i 

Ihitit^i — Account  nf  the  Gross  Imonnt  of  Duties  collected  on  Mer- 
chandise imported  at  Calcutta  by  sea. 

1832-33.        183,3-34. 
/,.  L 

Cn.ler  British  colours  (including  town  duty)      ,57.1.50  54.267 

Foreign  colours  (ditto)  ■  •    I4,7S6  13,037 


Total 


i.  71.936 


67.304 


/5f/ti>-».— Account  of  the  Gmss  Amount  of  Duties  collected  on  Mrs- 
ctiandise  exported  from  Calcutta  by  Sea. 


I'nder  British  colours   • 
Foreign  colours  • 


1632-33. 

1833-,%! 

/.. 

/.. 

3.91  S 

4.2fO 

1,308 

2,1-6 

Total 


L.  5,226 


6.3«4 


Number  and  Tonnapn  of  Vessels  cleared  out  at  Cal'  utta  for  firnat  Hritain,  Foreign  Europe,  and  ilic 
United  States,  during  the  Ten  Years  ending  with  1832-33. 


Years. 

Great  Britain. 

Foreign  Europe. 

I'niteil  Slates.                  j 

t'lmU. 

TntmniTf. 

ycitli. 

Tonnagt, 

rciifh. 

Tonuaer. 

1822-23 

59 

.34,832 

21 

9,277 

11 

3,378 

1823-24 

m 

.34.122 

3 

1,165 

3 

911 

1824-25 

49 

20.843 

10 

3,897 

10 

3.449 

1825-2B 

65 

35,440 

12 

4,296 

17 

5.021 

1826-27 

86 

41,124 

13 

4,941 

6 

1.W3 

1827-28 

72 

.35,201 

18 

5.855 

13 

3,260 

1828-29 

80 

.37,802 

29 

8,006 

13 

4,207 

1829-30 

f.4 

32,816 

15 

5,475 

13 

4.068 

1830-31 

79 

.3fi,.33I 

17 

5,220 

15 

4,716 

1831-32 

74 

.34,931 

/ 

2.648 

25 

7,41 1 

1832-.33 

79 

35,240 

15 

5.309 

17 

5,013 

CAI.CUTTA. 


978 


Tou'. 

9,!>I>i 
3,118 

37,2ti'i 

..Jli 
46,117 ' 
4.1  II 

9,u:2 

■100 


5.S-.2 
5.V,U 
4,fW 

I6.-6: 

1SS,!:I0 


IKU-U 

;.. 

4.:(o 
2,i:6 

6.3'1 


I,  ami  itic 


iiTinrr. 
,378 
911 

1.449 
1.(121 

.'2fi!l 
,.2!i: 
,()(« 
1,7 1« 
■,II1 
1,013 


t'liilurta  at  Cn/cw^a.— Within  llii>  3  yonrM  indliii!  «  iili  1S33,  rnmn  nf  thn  principal  inprrnnlili'  fBln- 
tiliBliMii'iits  ill  lliiH  city  faili'il  t'nr  liiiniriisi'  siiin^.  'In  iviniiiiii'  iiiiiiiili'ly  iiitnMic  nriuiii  nt'tlK'sr  illsnstcrii 

Wdiilil  ii'iul  ii«  iiiln  iiuinirii'ti  fciri'lL-ii  in  tl hinl  cii'  iliw  wcirl*.  and  with  rr»| I  In  wiiirh   it   i:*  ililfi- 

ciill  to  .'i)'c|iiir)'  iici  iiralr  iiit'ciriiiatinn.     We  lirliivr.  Imwi'ViT,  llml  tin-  iniiiii  Hiiiircc  nl'  Ihi'  evil  w.im  tliii 

rniiiliiiialiKii.   I)y  iikmI  iiI'iIh'  |iriii(i{ial   I ms.  nl  llic   Iiiisiiioh  iit' iiiirrliaiilH  Willi  that  of  liaiilOTH. 

ThiMr  rrt'ilii  Ipciii',' liiph,  at  tlic  iiiil  of  ilii.  \\  ai  l:iru'r  sums  wiTi'  (li'poKilcd  in  ilnir  liands.  tor  which 
Ihi'y  fMi-'.iuc  il  to  pay  a  liiL'li  rali>  of  inli'ii-l  lliii  insliad  of  nnployinK  llii'si>  drposils.  m-  lianltcrs  in 
i;ni!''nd  would  have  iloni'.   in  tlir  diMoiml  of  Mills  at  sliort  dales,  or  ill  tin'  piirrliasi'  of  fovcrnniriit 

scciiriMrs  readily  lonverlilplu  into ney.  liny  enipli'ud  lln'iii.  prolialdy  heeaose  tlii'v  i  ciild  with  dilli- 

(iilly  dispose  ol  Ihi'iii  olhiTWis.'.  in  all  niaiiiier  of  nier(  aniile  Hprinlalloiis.- advaiinnL' Vi  tv  larL'ii 
sums  to  Ihe  iniliiro  planters,  evpi.nmL'  iiooiU  i,>  Dnro]"'.  eillnr  diriTlly  on  their  own  aii-oiint.  or  indi- 
reilly  liy  lendini.'  to  tlio-^e  who  did,-  heiomini;  ow  m  i«  of  Indian  sliipjiiii;.'.  Kr.  Mo>i  of  iliose  sperii- 
lalions  tiirni'd  ont  exceedinL'ly  ill.  'I'lie  proilm  imri  of  mdito  was  soinin  h  inrreased.  pailly  in  miise- 
ipieiiei'  of  the  lart'i- 1  apilals  turned  to  ih,.  laisiness.  and  partly  of  the  liicli  prices  in  I'lnuland!  that  ••line 
liliic'  vicdet,"  which    had  liroiii;ht.  in  the  l.,.iic!cin   niarki^t.  ai  an  aveiaL-e  of  the   3  \eiirs  endiiiL'  with 

1'^-*.  t> I'l--.  hW.  to  i.t«.  1,/.  per  lli..f.  II,  at  an  avc'raueid'the  :i  yearseiidini:  Willi  lV:t'.>.  to  from  .'i.>.  f-c/ 

loll.-.  I,/,  per  111.,  and  oiher  sorts  in  prnportinn.  .\i  ilioe  |iric-es  the  prodin  lion  wuidd  not  pa>  ;  .iiii! 
very  lic>av>  losses  were  snsiained.  and  nnieh  capifil  ,  unl>,  l>y  Ihe  plantc^rs  and  those  w  ho  had  ^ilp|lhc  cl 
lliein  w  iili  funds  to  evtencl  Heir  niiiierliikiiiL's.  'I  lic>  iiivestmeiils  in  Indian  sliippinu  Inriic  cl  out  even 
worse  than  those  in  the  indiL'o  plantations,  the  sliippiiiL'  of  l.tadand  havini.'  nearly  driven  that  of  liicha 
ont  of  thc^  field.     'I'lic'  einhanassmeiil  oca-'sioned  li\  Ihi-  lorkiia'  npol'  their  eapiliil.  iiinl  hv  lhc>  rnilioM- 

lialnre  ol'tlie  aclvenliirc  s  in  wliich  lln  y  were  end  arked.  le^L'an  loiiianifi  st  itself  si Ila'iieoiisly  w  itii 

the  sc-arrity  of  nioney  occasioned  U\  ihe  drains  on  :ic  i  cuint  of  Hie  lliirinesc>  war.  'Ihe  !;reat  mere  an- 
tile  hoiiseK  lieir.m  then  to  liacl  thiii  Ihev  V  erc>  eiitiieL'led  in  ciiliiinltic's  from  which  ihey  have  In  en 
wholly  niialde  to  c  xiric.iie  ilienisi  Ives.  '  .\|ier  siriii'idinL'  on.  some  for  n  lonL'cr  ami  some  for  a  shoiler 
periccil.  most  of  them  have  since  failed,  the  treater  i  In  r  lor  very  larjie  slims. 

Hnl,  however  distressimiiii  llic>  mei<n  tiini>.  the  emliarrassmi'iit  and  w  iiit  of  foiifideiire  nrisinE  t'rc  in 
the  tailiires  alluded  to  could  iioi  he  of  loni;  conlinnaiiccv  In  Ihe  cmicI  they  will,  no  doiilil,  lie  productive! 
of  a  lii'ller  order  of  lliiiii,"-  It  i.-  of  the  uiuicisl  ciii~ei|neiice  tieii  Ihe  vie'  ions  coiiiliination  of  ihe  husi- 
liess  ci|'  a  merchant  w  nil  that  of  a  li:inkcr  shoiild  he  put  an  end  to  It  is  siiiiiular.  indeed,  that  indi- 
viduals shcnild  he  found  w  illiiiL'  to  intrust  lari'c>  sums  in  ilie  hands  of  those  w  ho.  they  are  aware,  arc; 
einp|oyiii!:lhem  in  Ihe  most  ha/ardous  adventures  The  hi;;  In  r  the  interest  proiiiised  hy  such  persons, 
tile  LTcsiler  oiinlit  to  he  Ihe  caution  of  Hie  piildic  in  de.ilini;  w  itii  lliem 

Hcune,  perhaps  most.  Iir.inclies  of  ilir  import  trade  of  (ah  ulta  seem  also  to  have  heiMi  cnniiilctcly 
nvrnlcine.  Tint  of  coiicm  Iw  ist  is  an  inslaiice.  In  |s-.'ii.:;(i.  U\v  imports  were  l.(>2.''i,3:i3  Ihs  ;  in  ls:'(l- 
al,lliey  we're  3,1  P.I.PI  I  Ihs.;  ami  in  I'-Hl  32,  .•..l;i.t..i'.'3  Ihs.  .-inch  a  supply  wasfarheyond  Ihewant;! 
nf  III.' c  cnintry  ;  and  the  returns  wcresovc'ry  iiiaclee]iiale.  that  the  imports  were  reduced  in  l>.'iV!-33 
tci2,!)93,71.^  Ihs.  In  1^33-3),  tlie  imports  .•iiuoiinted  to  li.o.il'i.li'Jl  Ihs..  and  the  Iraelic  is  now  ccjinparativedy 
ftcady.     'I'he  iinports  id' copper  were  also  c  .irric^l    to  ane.vcess;  hut  llic>  greatest  excess  was   in  lln: 

article  s|ie|ler.  w  liicli  has  for  some  linn:  past   I n  almost  iiiisah  ahh'  at  (ah  iilta. — (Sim'  Spki.tkk.) 

I'c  r  t'urtlier  details  as  to  the  points  now  toiiclied  upon,  the  reader  is  ret'ern^d  to  the' clear  and  ahlu 
nvieleiice  of  (',.  (i.  de  II.  I,ar|ieiil,  Kscj.  hefore  the  ('ciiiiinittee  of  till-  House'  of  Coiiinions  on  iMuiiiifuc- 
tures.  Commerce,  &c.) 

This  article  li.is  heeii  roinpilecl  from  the  followina  authorities  :  —  Jlft/ft«rH'«  Orieiiliil  Cnwinerce;  .1 
Kerinr  of  Ilii'  iitrriial  Ciimmircv  of  Htiifiiil,  bij  Ilnrarr  /liniinnii  IIiIkov.  F.fi/  ,  l)>3fl  ;  Bill'n  Cumporii- 
lirc  Hew  nftlir  crtermil  Coniiiierre  nf  Hinnal,  (nr  the  vears  iyt2-3.3.  and  l(i33-34  ;  T'hc  Htnanl  Dirert- 
onj;  'l'hiiniliiii'.i  Eii<l  liiilinn  CiilrulnlDr  ;  I'lirliniiii  iitnni  /'n/x  r.<  rrlnliiig  tu  the  Fhiaiicts  vf  Inilia  nnd 
lilt  Triiile  I'f  Iiiilid  and  Cliiiiti,  IMIO — 1''33  ;  and  pnraft  riimiiiiiniruliiiiif. 

Internal  Transit  Dulles, — A  vi^ry  c;reAl  improvcniciit  has  recently  been  elTorled  in  the 
domestic  economy  of  our  Indian  emiiirc,  liy  tl\e  nliolition  of  the  duties  on  the  transit  of 
i;nod.s  t'roin  one  part  of  the  country  to  anollicr."  'rhc.>*e  duties  have  exi.«ted  in  India  from  a 
very  reiiiofe  period  ;  and,  by  obstructinp;  the  iiitereour.se  between  its  dillerent  districts,  have 
hecn  singularly  pernicious.  After  tiie  Kast  India  (Jompany  betjan  to  iicijuire  a  footing  in 
India,  tiu'V  availed  thein:<clves  of  a  favoiinilile  cipportunity  to  jirocure  an  exemption  from  tho 
liinisit-diitics  in  favour  of  their  own  trade  ;  "the  t>;eii)ds  which  they  iiiiporled  lieiiiu:  allowed 
to  pass  into  the  interior,  iiiid  those  wliic-h  they  liurchasod  for  e.xporlalioii  in  the  interior  beinp 
allowed  to  pass  to  tho  sea,  without  either  stoppai>e  or  dtilies." — {Mill's  India,  Mvo  ed.  vol. 
iii,  p.  "S!).)  They  were  not,  however,  Kniix  peritiitted  to  monopolisi>  this  privilege.  Im- 
niriliatt'ly  after  the  victories  of  (,'livc  had  raised  the  Conipaiiy  to  the  situation  of  a  preat 
terrilorial  power,  their  servants  engaRcd  largely  in  the  inland  trade,  and  endeavoured,  jiartly 
liy  iVaiid  and  partly  by  force,  to  extend  to  tlieir  own  goods  the  exemption  from  transit 
ckitics  established  in  favour  of  those  belonging  to  the  (jomjiany.  Every  reader  of  Indian 
history  is  aware  of  the  multijilied  abuses  aiiel  distinliaiices  that  grew  out  of  tliis  attempt  of 
the  ("oiupaiiy's  servants  to  release  tlieiiiselves  from  duties  and  charges  tiiat  ]iressed  with 
U'riiuliiig  severity  on  the  natives,  and,  by  cciiisc((iience,  to  engross  (for  siieh  was  tlieir  object) 
the  whole  internal  trade  of  the  cotiiitry.  The  ('oiiipaiiy  endeavoured  to  obviate  the  exil  by 
strictly  forbidding  its  .servants  from  engaging  in  internal  tiatlic.  lint  its  orders  to  ihiseircct 
were  long  either  totally  disrettarded,  or  but  very  imperfectly  obcxcd.  At  leiiKth,  in  1788. 
Iiord  (.-'ornwallis  adciptcd  the  decisive  and  judicious  iiieasuie  of  alioiishint;  the  duties.  They 
were,  however,  again  renewed  in  ISOI.  The  exclusion  of  l]iiglislimcn  from  all  participa- 
tion ill  the  interior  trallic  of  the  country  having  been  gradually  carried  into  cc)m])lcte  elVect 
for  a  lengthened  period,  they  were  less  alive  than  they  would  otherwise  have  been  to  thu 
injurious  inlluencc  of  the  duties,  so  thai  their  re-establi.shinent  met  with  comparatively  little 

♦  This  important  iiipasitre  was  prercMled,  and.  we  helieve,  tirincipally  lirniislil  nhniit.hy  the  piihlirn- 
tion  of  an  elaliorale  and  very  valiiahle  report  on  thn  iiilaml  customs  of  Hernial,  hy  Mr.  Trevelyan,  oiifi 
of  tile  Secretaries  to  (•'overnmenl.  We  avail  ourselves  of  this  .ipporliinity  to  stale,  that  the  most 
ample  details  asto  Ihe  foreijin  trade  of  Ilenual  areenihodied  in  the  Comparalive  Ueviews  thereof,  puh- 
lisheil  annually  hy  iMr.  Htdl.  of  the  customs'  est;ihli>limeiit  at  Calcutla  'Ihey  contain  a  jireater  fnnil 
of  infcirmation,  coinhined  with  sound  remarks,  than  are  to  he  luel  with  respecting  thu  trade  of  any 
other  eniiioriiuii  with  which  we  arc  acciuaiiiled. 

as 


Ss 


C3 


£2 

o 
o 


•It' 


i' 


'■^^ 


274 


CALCUTTA. 


)   •  'i 


opitnsilioti.  In  IfllO,  anew  tnrilT  was  intnuliiccd  liy  whirh  Ihn  iluticH  "  woro  frifthtfully 
au);nH'iiU'(l ;"  ami  tiny  liavi;  ('itiitiiiiii'd  I'roiii  llmt  »'|tiHh  down  to  their  rvcvnt  aliolition 
urrimisly  to  olislruct  all  sorlit  i)f  iiiti-riial  tralllc,  luiil  to  ojiposn  the  most  formidable  obstacle 
to  the  improvement  of  the  i-oimtry. 

Had  the  iidaiid  transit  duties  been  productive  of  a  lari^c  amount  of  revenue,  that  would 
have  been  some  set-iilV  atniiiist  the  enormous  evils  of  which  they  have  been  pnxluetive. 
Hut  sueh  has  not  been  the  case.  The  expense  of  collection,  and  the  interruption  of  communi- 
cation, have  been  so  very  (jreal,  that  the  nelt  produce  of  the  inland  transit  duties  has  been 
quite  insinnilicant ;  so  nuieh  so  that,  accordini^  to  Mr.  'I'revelyan,  it  liaa  not  exceedcil,  in 
the  extensive  province  of  IJennal,  the  inis«'rable  |titlance  of  27,500/.  n  year.  (Jiiporf,  p. 
l,'j;j.)  W'e  have  no  reason  to  doubt  the  accuracy  of  this  statement;  and  nsHumiufi;  it  to  be 
correct,  we  are  warranted  in  nUlrniimj  that  there  is  not  another  instance  to  be  found,  in  the 
history  of  taxation,  of  a  tax  bo  fruitful  of  mischievous  results,  and  so  barren  of  revenue. 


Hllil  IMI-.tS.) 

.\'i If  Cii>liiiiia  /yiitirn. — Thrro  lire  no  cnnd  urciiniils  fur  lliirikinc  ■•■■•v  •■■^  ■.  .<  im.;  i..>,ii,i  n.xi:  him 
any  lliiiiu  liy  tlie  aliiiliticiii  i>l'  llie  traiii'it  ami  tnw  ii  ilniii's,  evrii  llinugh  no  new  taxi's  had  lieun  iai|i(isi'(i 
In  tlirir  stead.  Hat  smne  small  ailditiciiis  have  liecn  landc  to  the  riistonis  datles,  or  to  tliu  dalles 
rh'irL'i'd  iin  the  im|ii)rt:itiiiii  ami  expo  rial  Ion  of  rirlalii  arlliles.  Thu  prusent  custunis  law,  unuctud  in 
May  l^JO,  and  the  dalles  churgud  under  it,  aru  Huhjuinvd  : — 


AC;T  No.  XIV,  of  1S36. 

I.  t(  in  Iifrphy  fnarti'il.  thst  fnilii  thp  til  June  nf it,  diirh  parts  pf 
R.Hul.iliiMn  IX.  ami  X.  ISin,  Ilrnulaliiiiij  .\V.  Isji,  ;„i,|  m  .my  „i|||.r 
rvtul  (linns  Ml  Ihe  Hrlieal  Crvaittt'iicy  as  prfscnlir  Ihc  Irvy  <•!  Iraiisit 
(triiil.iiil  citi'iirns  <lulit%  (ir  tif  tiMVii  iJiitifA,'  ainl  lilcw  iMMlie  ki-lii- 
itiilf-snf  tlii'icsanij  pniviAJDns  nt  any  l<in<l  cnntained  in  tlie«  r,-  any 
oltiiT  resiilaiinns  for  ltxiii<  Itie  aiiiouiit  of  ilnty  In  In'  It'vtfd  v\Hm 
gnihU  iuipitrte>]  into  or  fXitorteJ  Iniiii  ttu-  laid  I'rrsiJeury  l>y  tt-A, 
kliilt  he  rt-))i'a)('<l, 

II.  An  I  It  in  litTfhy  cnactnt,  lliat  itntlus  of  rustniii<i  tliall  l)c  Ifvirit 
m  *roi>  Is  iiiiporlfd  liy  v\  into  Calrulta,  or  into  any  nthcr  (d.tre  wiili- 
ill  ttie  )>m\  iiict^  i>f  IW luat  ami  Orl!«.a,  arrordiiiK  tn  Itie  ratt^sBiHTititd 
in  i^i'hcduli'  A,  anlll-Xf^i  to  tliis  Act.  witfi  itip  fxci-|ili()iis  sptriliril 
(JitTein,  and  Itie  said  sotiediilf,  wilti  tlie  notes  attaclied  tl)iTt'ti>,  sliall 
Ix*  taken  tn  III*  a  part  of  this  Art. 

III.  And  i(  is  licrcl'V  turllier  fnacltil,  that  diitios  nf  ciislonis  shall 
lie  U'vied  ii|H)n  country  i;<M>tls  (>X(Htrlt-d  hy  sea  fnnu  any  port  of  Hen* 
nal  or  Orissa,  accnrdinif  to  Ihe  rales  specified  in  Scheilule  H.  anneieil 
to  ttiis  Act,  IV  il'i  ttie  eiceptions  therein  specified,  and  the  slid  sche- 
dule. \\  ith  ttie  notes  attached  thereto,  shill  also  be  taken  to  tie  a  part 
of  tins  Act. 

A".  H. — Tln-ve  duties  are  to  lie  collected  under  the  same  reeulations 
ILs  former  dulies ;  and  baiEcaife  is  to  be  {i.asseil  by  the  collectnr  of  cus- 
toms as  lierelolnre. 

Tlie  remiinder  of  the  Act  relates  to  regulatioDS  respecting  ships* 
niajiifests,  kc. 

SCKEmi.E  A. 


SCHEDDLE  A.—cmtinutd. 


ot  the  I'reiiiitiicy  nl 

Korl-William  in  1 

Genual. 

When  imported 
oil  British 

When  imported 

EnumeratioD  of  GooJi. 

on  Foreign 

n-itloms. 

Botloms. 

Piillion  ami  roin 

Free          .        • 

Free, 

I'rfi'toiw  sfniit't  .111(1  {«arti     « 

Dillo 

Ditto. 

Gr:iiii  :in(l  |iii1k 

Hittrt 

Ditto, 

Hnrtesaiiduthcr  living  animals 

Ditto 

Diito. 

Ir '          • 

Ditto 

Ditto. 

Co.il,  cokcj  bricki,  chalk,  and 

atntitrs 

Ditto 

Ditto, 

Books  printed    in  the  rnitetl 
Kiiieilmii,  or  iu  any  British 

|)*>ss**ssioii 

Ditto 

.1  per  rent 

F'lniTU  l>rM)|ts 

3  per  cent.     • 

6  percent. 

M.irinf  stcirt'5,  the  prndiice  or 

in.iniif;icture   of  the  I'litteil 

Kine>loni,  or  uf  any  Hritish 

|>nss«^imi 

3  per  cent     • 

6  per  cent 

Do.  vI'Im  tlie.  product' or  nmnn- 

farMire  of  any  other  place  or 

country 

6  per  cent      • 

12  per  cent 

Metals,  wrought  or  unwroueht, 

1     the  pro<lurt'  or  niauufacture 

of  iht*   CniU'd   KinKdoui,  or 

any  British  |H»«'wion 

3  per  cent     • 

6  per  cent. 

Metals,  do.  (to.,  eKCfptinic  tin, 

the  pro<lure  or  manufacture 

of  any  oiher  place 

6  per  cent      • 

12  per  cent 

Tin.  the  profhice  of  any  other 
place  than  the  Vnited  King- 

dom, or  any  British  posies- 

Rinn              ... 

10  per  cent.      - 

20  per  cent 

Woollens  the  prn<Iuce  or  raa* 
nufactureoftnernited  KinR* 

dom,  or  any  British  poues* 

aiou           -           •          - 

2  per  cent     - 

4  per  cent 

Enumeration  of  Goods. 


Woillin*.  'he  priHlure  of  any 
other  pl.ice  nr  counlry 

Ciiltnii  ;in.|  Silk  piece  eoods, 
cottiin  iwjst  and  yam,  the 
pnxluce  of  the  I'liitefl  Kini?- 
di>ni,  or  of  any  British  {Km- 
sesvion 

Do.,  the  produce  of  any  otlier 
pI.u-0 

'^plum  •  •  -J 

Salt  -  .  .} 

Ahim 

famptior       -  .  . 

Cassia 

(   lr.Vl-8 

(■(.tVec 

Inral 

NutmeKiand  mace  • 

I'rpper 

Hiftans 

l.ri    .... 

ViTftiilinn 

Willi's  and  liijuors    • 

Spiri'-i,  ronMuidateil  duty,  in- 
chidiiiK  that  levied  hereto* 
fore  IhniuKh  the  imljce  of 
Calcutta     • 

And  tlif  duty  on  spirits  shall  be 
n'lMliIy  increased  as  the 
slreinrth  excewls  of  London 
I'ntof,  and  when  imported 
111  Itoftles,  tive  quart  Ixiltles 
shall  hiMleeined  equal  to  the 
Iiitperiil  ^llon. 

All  arlicleti  not  included  in  the 
al'ove  (niinieralion 


W^hen  lnq>ortcil 

on  British 
Bottoms. 


4  jwr  cent 


31-2|)ercent 

7  per  cent, 
2-i  n.  per  seer  1 
of  m  t(dai      ! 
Rs.  3-4  per  nid. 
of  W)  tolas  i)er 
seer 
10  per  cent 
'0  per  cent. 
10  |>er  cent. 
10  IHT  cettt. 

7  1-2  |Hr  cent 
10  per  cent. 
10  |ier  cent. 
10  per  cent. 

7  I -2  i^erceot 
10  per  cent. 
10  per  cent 
IU  per  cent     • 


9  aa.  p.  Imp.  gal. 


3  1-2  percent. 


When  imporiut 

on  Fdici^n 

Bnttoiiifl. 


B  per  cent. 


7  per  cent 

14  percent. 

24  rs.  per  leerop 

SO  tolas 
Us.  3-4    per  ml 

of  m  tolas  |ief 

seer. 
20  per  cent, 
20  jier  cent. 
20  per  ceiiU 
20  per  cent 

15  jier  cent 
20  jwr  cent 
20  per  cent 
20  per  cent 
r'l  per  cent 
20  per  cent 
2i)  i>er  cent 
2U  per  cent 


16  as.  p.  Im.gaL 


7  per  cent. 


And  when  the  duty  Is  declared  to  \te  ad  valorem,  it  shall  be  levied 
on  the  m:irket  value  without  deduction ;  and  if  the  collector  of  cus- 
tom? hhall  see  n-ason  to  doubt  whether  the  eoofjs  come  fmin  the 
C'liiiitry  from  whicti  they  are  declared  to  come  tiy  the  iin|>orler,  it 
shall  he  la"  ful  for  the  collector  of  custonis  to  call  on  the  itnporter  to 
furnish  eviilence  as  to  the  place  of  manufacture  or  priMlnctinn,  and 
if  Mirh  evl'lence  shall  not  s,itisfy  the  snid  collector  of  the  trulli  of 
the  declaration,  the  Bloods  shall  lie  chaffced  with  the  hi^'liest  rates  of 
duty,  tuhject  always  to  an  ap|)eal  to  the  Board  of  Custonis,  <>:dt  and 
opium  excepteil. 

And,  upnn  the  re-export  by  se,i  of  eootls  importe.l,  eiceptimt 
oiiiuin  and  nalt,  provided  the  ire-eiport  be  matte  within  two  yean 
of  the  d.ife  of  inqiorl  as  |)er  custom-house  register,  and  the  coo«is 
be  jitentified  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  collector  of  cusioins,  there 
shall  be  retaineil  one-ei^hlh  of  the  .imoiint  of  duty  levieil,  and 
the  reinaiii'ler  shall  \tc  repaid  as  dra\Tback.  And  if  e^rxU  t» 
re-exiKirteil  in  the  same  ship  without  being  laiidetl,  (always  excejit- 
inc  opium  and  salt,  in  re^rd  to  which  the  special  rules  in  fnrca 
shall  c.intiuuti  to  apply,)  there  iball  be  no  import  duly  levied 
thereou. 


lodigo 


CALCUTTA. 


87ft 


scHcnrLG  a 

Ibtrf  nf  PtitT  In  b*  (tuim-l  upon  C*<»(>ili  fiportftl  hy  Sra  from 
uiy  l^^^t  or  FUce  id  lh«  riwitUiicy  nf  Kori  Williiin  iii  IViical. 


r.nuiiifnition  of  Onnilt. 


Hulli"ti  .111.1  CMiu        •  • 

I  n  ri"Ui  stnin'^  aivl  |*irii    * 
|i<)<■k•i>^lltlt^t  III  lii'li'i 
llnrwHAii'l  livinKaiiiiinl*    - 
Oixuiii  (luntiMB*!  It  Kovern* 

iiiriil  vi''"*  111  Cilruiu 
CoMnnw.H.l  i-n«irtr«l  (oKii'l 

r.>|tt',  tilt'  rnitcti  M«U'«  nf  ( 

AiiiiTiM.    IT  .my  Hriri»li  f 

|MHMf»ii(mi  in  AuivriM       J 
i)n.  .!n.  «i|>ortctl   to  plafM^ 

(itlit-r  ili.iii  i»liove  •     C 

S(U.»r.»int  nmii'iiiHirteJ  to  Uif 

l'iiiti-<l  Kiii^ilt or  to  .111) 

lin'iih  pi>«M-niiiii  • 
Do.  ex^fortnl  to  auy  ullwr  |iUrf 


Onio  Aol  pul«  of  all  snrU 


lolifO 


EsiK>rtnl  uii 

llntiili 

lltit   4>I1IV 


Krrc 

Ditti) 
Ditto 

)illii 

Oilto 
Ditto 


Ai.  ft.  t>.  Dxl-  of 
M)  t(>la«  wt-r 


;1  }HT  cent. 

I  .-tnii.'i  |itT  hie, 
not  riccrcliiiK  i 
iiiiKof  hOtnli.. 
IcitLr  tfor,  or  if 
t'X(K)rtetl  ntlifr 
wise  than  m 
h^|p^  12  au  an 
iia  jxT  in.iui)il. 

Ki.  3  |).  iiid.  Ill 
K)  tiilu  to  thf 
seer. 


H\|»'iri*''l  oo 

l<>rt'ii(ii 

lloltoliii. 

Ytvv. 

Diriii. 
Ditio. 
Uittii. 

Dittct. 

iH%%.  p.  nut.  ni 
J    ''UtiilAito  (he 

i  At.  10  p.  mit. 

<       of  so  Ml.11   Ici 


SCItEOn.E  K-fcntinued, 


Eiiunirrnlinn  nf  Onmlt. 


.ibortrilon 
Itrilitti 
ll<Htniiii. 


Kii'oripJ  on 
ItottniKt. 


i4  rrr  tfiit.  M  \trr  cvnt. 

.1  \-i  M.  |i.  brernf   t  7  m.  prr  •rer  of 

;l  »•.  p.  WIT  fif  M)  *  (i  ,1*.  J"  r  tee r  of 

4  .lit.  p.  ni.iumi      ,"  •)■■  p.  iiiauuil. 


I J  |tfrrei)t. 


tt  IMT  ffllt. 


3  pfT  rriil. 

t)  \tvr  i-i-iil. 
J  li.  |.»i  hiifnot 
ticri-'ltiii;      2 
iii.N.uf    H)  to- 

I.M  IM  till-  M-'T. 

or  il  ri|i<iTl(-'l 
olhtTVMM-  ih^tii 

ill  IlliC!!.  1  ,11111.1 

PIT  Ilium  I. 

J\i*.  ti  p.  nut.  of 
HtMnl.ll  tottit! 
WtT. 


Iji<-  ilyr  ami  bIh-II  lie 

Silk  nw,  filature      •  | 

Sillt.  Hfiiifil  wnuni)  •  ^ 

Tolncni 

AM   ntiintry  irtifl«  not  rmi' 

lliiTltnl  (T  ILinif-l  .iInivi*     - 

Aii'l  »)h-ii  thr  'lii'y  ii  tcclirr-l  in  he  .\\  v-iU-n-in,  tin*  ainir  ftli:i)l  \m 
IfVie  1  nti  thf  iiiiikft  vilue  of  Ihi*  irtji-lr  at  the  pl4('i-  (if  i-i|K)rt, 
withoiil  ili-(hirti<>ii. 

Aiitl  III  wtltiiiK  Tt  )ho  •liilie«  nil  i'i|Mirlt  hy  ici,  rrt-lit  hIhII  ha 
C'.vt-h  for  jiiyiiKlit  of  intuit  riik'<,||it  Juty,  an<l  ll^l1^l^t^k  ohiU  t<« 
allowi*.]  nf  aiiv  rxcmi  of  -hiiy  pntf  ii|miii  pHNhit-tint)  of  ruMaioi 
unlrrlhr  ti.ll*.'"  mi  co||lh'ln|l^'1ll|tl|  Ok-  Nt  April,  Ki?:  — 

/'irif.  Tint  Itif  ffiMhliHliilt  )•«■  iitnitittr  j.aijil  ilc<tlinalinn  tolhe|iort 

j  iif  .■X|><>rl  prn^rl  iti  llu*  iihu.tt  iii.irinrr. 

I      Siiniul,  Th.it  lhi<  ttivv.ini-Hhill  Ifir.t.itF  t«r<Telh(>  M  April,  ItOA, 

I  iiiil  tli<*  tf¥t.\n  s\^^\\  imt  liivf  hfi-ii  prolrcuvl  ihi'n-hy,  ur  by  the  oriKi- 

I  lul  (hfrnif.  iii'in-  thill  two  yi-iri. 

'  Aihl  after  the  wi-l  l»t  April.  ISlT,  rn-ilil  "hill  not  he  nivcn,  nor 
iliiil  >tntvli.)(k  l«  iHoMt-t  of  any  iiiliii't  ni>l<iiii)i  or  l.iivt  frmiticr 
iltiiv,  piiit  It  .my  ni«tiiiii-liiiuw  nr  chukir  of  the  Juniiu  froiilirr  linr. 

,  or  iif  ltniin>«,  evi't-pt  diiK  upon  Mir  nrtii-leof  rotlon  wool,  rnvfrrd 
tiy  rinviiiis  t.-ikm  out  it  tlii^  riiiilfiiii.hnu»n<  <»!  thf  »e«ifrii  pniviiictn, 
ami  iifnvnl  f'l  hue  heni  ili-itlniil  ItT  fHiMirt  hv  m-i.  w  liru  iiwtl  niU 

'    f  Ihosf  pr^.viiuei*.  W.  M.  SlAt  NAt.niKN, 

Sii-y.  to  the  lin't.  vj  ItuiuU 


HemarJts  on  the  ahtn'e  Duties. — Th»!  policy  *>f  rlmririnir  iliitit'S  on  *»xpor!(*n  articles,  iiiid  n\*  tiiakinc  so 
crcat  a  iliHtiiirtioti  bi'twrtMi  tlir  diiticH  on  articlr<  iinportnl  anil  rxportcd  in  Hi  itl^«ll  ami  in  rorriun  shipH, 
Hft'ins  very  qiicHtioiiabtr.  'Vim  ^rcat  tiiirn  iiltv  iindfr  wliicli  India  lahoiirs,  in  a  conmirn  iai  point  ot* 
vi<  w,  (oiisiHlH  priiK!ipally  ill  her  inability  to  t'lirnish  npiix  alrnts  tor  toniL'ii  iinpurifd  (.'iiodrJ,  and  to 
make  tip*  nt'ccHSiiry  payinriiis  abroad  ;  and  wlnti  snrh  is  tln>  cane,  il  in  certainly  n<it  a  little  contradict- 
ory to  lay  dtiticMoii  exptirid.  Tin*  most  olivionsionsidrratiohft  ot'  exprdiincy  and  common  smsr  woolil 
faiirui'st  tliat  they  shoidd  he  allowed  to  he  expnrh-d  dnty  -iVee.  There  can  he  nodnnht  llial  Ihr  sliiuil- 
ItH  tlii^  wofdd  ^ive  to  their  production,  witiild.  hy  iiicreasini!  the  piihlic  wealth,  intinitely  more  than 
compensate  tin'  L^)veriuueiil  for  tlit;  loss  of  the  inconsiderahle  stun  produceil  hy  tlie  dniies  willi  which 
rhcv  are  charged. 

The  dntiert  on  nmsl  articles  of  importation  do  tnd  appear  to  h(»  at  nil  excessive,  provided  tliey  wero 
r.qtially  distrihtited.  lint  it  PceuiH  ipiite  iiiconsisieiii,  seeini;  that  we  have  admitted  the  reciprocity 
principle  into  the  trade  of  tlritaiii^  that  we  slmidd  exclude  u  tVoni  tiiat  of  India.  Thr  hest  intorined 
parties  concur  in  opinion,  that  tin;  etl'ect  of  the  discritnin.itiim  duties  is  to  diminish  trade,  wilhont 
preiiiotini;.  in  any  material  dt*uree,  the  nnplnytrn-nt  of  Itriiish  ohippiim,  and  to  provokt'  retaliatory 
iiieasiires  on  the* part  of  the  foreigner.  I'lie  sotmer.  conseinn'iiily.  that  this  distinction  is  aliidished, 
IIP'  hetterwill  it  hu  for  all  purtit'tf.  UeKnIaiioiiH  of  this  nort  aru  in;ver  productive  of  any  real  lut- 
vantage. 

PiMaif.  ,Vf.— The  Marine  BoanI  at  Calcutta  hare  recwtly  iisui'il  I     When  the  viwcl  is  finallv  lulen,  the  comnianiler  \n  to  (tive  notice 

Ihefntlnwiiu  rr<uUiioiw,  with  rrtpect  to  pilntiRc,  ki:  tluTf-f  loihf  M»'*ttT  At'rml.iiit,  uhni  ttu-  iinfr  of  w.itcr  is  to  he  av 

I.  ('oiiim.iii'hT^  are  n'(|ue*tecl,  prior  tn  quill  insc  thtir  vt"sfls,  on  ,rfrr.iiiifil  luil  ccilifinl  hv  Ihi*  foiiimaii<liT  (T  coiiimiii'iiiitt  oflirer  oti 
arrival  tilF  Calcutta,  to  fill  up  and  ctrtify,  ()miutr  to  I..-  lillfl  up  ami  j  (jib  part  of  thf  vt-Mrl.  aiid  hy  the  harlKiiirinasliT  on  thf  pirt  of  (?'>■ 
ifriitii-il,  a  fonn  of  certilicate,  showiriK  the  actual  reeiitcrt-ii  tomaict',  i  verimiftit;  subject,  in  ras."  of  ili-pntf,  to  I  lie  .hri'^ion  of  the  Master 
the.lraft  of  water,  aiiJ  whether  the  ve»Bt;l  has  or  hah  nor  Ih-i-h  tu^t^-l  |  AtteinLint.  (hi  receipt  of  the  cti'rliriti-.  tlu-  M  isltT  At'cmlant  will 
by  ailcuier  any  pari  of  the  way,  or  h.uor  liiH  not  ha.i  Ihi- uv  of  a  cause  a  bill  to  l)e  m.aJe  nul  fT  the  rt-ftiil.ir  amoutit  of  |iiloi;ue,  anJ 
nuv  halt ;  whit'U  form  will  be  fumiihed  to  the  pilot,  in  or.ler  to  the  ;  for  the  niw-hoat  hire,  accontinif  to  an  avpraitt*  ralf,  w  iih  reference  to 


hilli  I'f  the  vl'^M•l  heinz  correctly  m.iiln  nut. 

2.  Cruiimin  lens  are  further  rViiuwteil,  as  early  aftrr  their  .arrival 
M  \his^Mt',  to  notify  in  writnic.  (ii  Ihe  .M.isti'r  Atti-u.lanl,  fl»'  nuiiH 
anil  ri-si't<-rirf  nf  the  n'ff  rence  for  the  piyineut  of  his  vt^trP*  bilU. 

3.  On  the  n'Cfipt  tiy  'he  Master  Atten/lant  of  Ihe  above  rcrtitii'itp, , 
anil  written  reference  for  payment,  a  linicle  bill  will  be  pre|iire.t.  | 


the  sizn  nf  Ihu  vtw>els  ami  the  season  of  the  year,  li\<'«l  by  a  marine 
roniniittee  n  hieh  lately  sat  at  the  Dank^hall.  the  majiTity  of  whicti 
was  coinpmitl  i(  iiieinbers  of  housm  of  aneiiry  and  com  111.1  ml  en 
of  ship*.  The  hill  aiil  certlticate  will  be  preaeiiUtl  in  t-ue  course 
for  payineiit. 

As,  however,  il  fTeqiieiilly  haj-pi-n'  that  ves-wl*     '■   *:  'Jug  in 


.DcluJun  inwanl    pilotage,  h^ht-liouse  duty,   MoyijKire  miiiiziiie  carun  or  tilling  their  water  un  io  the"  last  ilay  of  theii 

(lutv.  ail'!  rnw-lK>at  iiire  (if  any,)  which,  t-i<etherwitli  the  certilicate.  "■-•'"- -■' -  "■  -  >  ■■    -      ■ 

will  1*  fnrwarlel  to  the  marine  payni.aster,  for  colbriioii  «  itliiii  I'l 
vl.\v»of  Ihe  arrival  of  the  vessel,  ami  having  on  it  the  ntiiie  .111 1  n-si- 
leiicenf  the  nirty  referred  to  for  piynicnt,  which  cnnimaii-iers  .ue 


rt'iiiinled  to  hirmsh  toihe  M.isirr  Attemlaiit,  in  writiniE.  at  early  .after 
tlieir  arrival  as  practicable,  that  nflicer  will  tinTe  re.nlily  be  enabled 


'?e,  or 
that  fnun  other  cavisfs  the  bills  for  the  ehain-mooriius  an-  ';(wani 
pilotage  cannot  lie  nia.leimi  till  Ihe  eve  of  departure,  owneiii.  .itteiiht, 
and  conimaiiders  are  in  such  cas*'s  particularly  reipies'it',  with  a  view 
to  despatch,  to  cause  an  in<liviilual  In  alinid  at  the  liinkshall,  and  ei- 
pwliie  the  IransniiMion  of  the  bill  and  eertitirate  toihe  l«iar  I  f<T  re- 
I  ijislry,  and  to  the   Pay  (Office  for  collection  ;  at  each  of  which  oflicei 

tft  present  it.    Rv  this  arraiii^enient,  all  the  charges  conneele.!  withltliey  may  in  such  cWea  depeml  upon  the  iii<ist  ready  and  B[)feial  al- 

tlie  vessel,  up  to  iW  .arrival  oti' Calcutta,  will  beemlHHliett  in  one  bill,  tention. 

iuitead  of,  as  hitherto,  liein^  made  up  in  separate  bilN.  i     i<,  hi  the  event  of  a  vessel  beinc  tu?Ke.l  any  part  of  the  way  down 

4.  In  Ihe  event  of  vessels  dockinfc,  or  beinn  Iransporteil  at  the  de- ;  by  steam,  or  not  hiving  Uu'  use  of  a  row-lHwt,  commanders  are  to 
lire  of  the  commander,  il  is  requested  that  a  certificate  mav  be  given  |  obtain  fnmi  the  pihit  at  Kedgeree  a  certilicate  to  that  elVect,  which 
by  theconimandingortictTnf  the  nneratinn  having  been  performed,!  they  should  forward  I>y  Dtk  to  their  agents.  On  receipt  theretif, 
inonler  to  its  .accompanying  the  bill  when  presented  for  p.iyinent  tol.aienlsare  requested  to  make  out  a  bill  .against  the  honourable  com- 
tiie  refertre.  Ipany  f-T  the  tjuarter  deduction  frcuu  the  pdatage  allowwl  if  tugged 

5.  The  practice  nf  chancing  for  hauling  tn  the  cliain-mmirings  for  iiy  steam,  (T  for  Ihe  row-tioal  bin*  paid,  as  Ihe  case  may  be  ;  and  to 
their  monthly  hire,  and  f(T  hauling  fmm  Ihe  moo^inir*  in  wpante  |  forward  it,  Ingcther  with  the  certificate,  to  the  marine  board  for  audit 
bills,  is  discotltinUl^l,  and  henceforward  one  bill  will  be  prepared.  , and  payment.^ 

incliKling  the  charge  for  hauling  to  the  nunTings,  that  for  occiipviiiL'  I  9.  hi  cases  where  a  vessel  leaves  CalcuPa  avowedly  intendeil  to 
them, and  that  for  hauling  from  them  :  and  commanders  are  reqtuHtedi  till  up  cargo  at  some  place  belnw,  Ihe  pilnlage  will  be  cluriied  at  the 
to  give,  or  cause  their  commanding  officers  to  give  to  the  Master  At- 'draft  al  whirhshe  leaves  Calcutta  in  like  manner,  though  at  the  re- 
tenilanl,  nr  the  harbour-master,  certificate  nf  the  date  of  hauling  to  duced  amount,  as  if  she  had  pmceeded  to  sea :  and,  with  respect  to 
and  from  Ihe  moorings,  which  cerlifu-ate,  as  iK'fore,  will  aci-ompany  ,  the  »ub*equenl  pilotage  charge,  from  tho  place  at  which  the  vessel 
the  bill  when  presented  for  payment.  The  hire  of  IhemooringH  will  tikes  in  the  .additional  cariro  to  sea,  owners  rir  agents  nf  vessels  will 
be  rhargol  for  the  day  on  which  the  vessel  is  hauled  thereto,  without  j  Ix'  rofpiired  to  furnish  a  special  gnarantee  to  pay  tlie  amount  charge- 
reference  to  the  iwnod  of  tlie  d.iy  ;  and,  in  like  manner,  no  charge' able  acciTding  In  a  cerliticate  of  the  draft  of  water  to  Ih:  signed  !)y  the 
will  tw  made  for  the  d.ay  on  which  she  hauls  fmm  her  itiiHiriugs,  commander  ur  coiiiniandingntTicer  .and  pilot. 

however  late  in  the  day  she  mav  quit  them.  The  charges  connerte«l|  10,  Six  sets  of  niiKirings  at  Diamond  I!arl>our  tmvlng  been  fitted 
wiih  Uiechain-nionrings  will  thus  t)e  emlnxlied  in  (uie  bill,  aiii|  tie  s|>rcially  to  enable  vessels  arriving  in  ilistrevs  from  loss  of  anchore 
discharged  in  nne  payment  instead  of  Ihree  or  more,  according  to  the .  and  cahb^s  tn  be  readily  nKK)red.  the  charge  will  be  Co's  lis.  50  for 
nunilK-r  nf  months  the  vessel  occupied  Ihe  moorings.  |  nuMTing  and  unmixTing,  and  the  daily  liire  Ihe  same  as  for  the  moor- 

6.  The  system  nf  charging  outwanl  pilntage  nn  an  estimated '  ings  at  Calctilla.  The  moorings  will,  of  course,  be  available  to  ves- 
drauRht  of  «vater,  with  an  addition  nf  10  per  cent.,  subject  to  .adjust-  sels  not  in  dislrpw  fmm  loss  of  anchors  and  cablw,  tmt  the  harlxiur- 
menl  after  the  vetsel  has  sailed,  and  of  charging  a  certain  number  of  master  will  l)e  inslruclid  at  all  tmies  to  keep  two  seta  vacant  during 
days  fur  a  row-boat,  subject  to  a  like  adjuslnient,   is  abolished;  anditheS.  W.  mousooD,  to  meet  caiualtict. 

in  future  Ihe  outwanl  mintage  and  charge  for  row-boat  hire  ou  out'  (Sup*) 

ward-bouiul  vmela  will  be  made  u  foUowi  t—  ' 


,1  ■ 


'   I 


Ss 


53 

§2 

54 


rn 


€9 

i 

■  ki 
I    ""  1 

I     'If; 


27fl 


CALICO. 


f' 


'I 


CAIjro  (Orr.  jr«7//fin  ,■  Du.  Knhen  ,•  Diiii.  A'r///»M  ,-  Sw.  rffZ/jin  ,•  Fr.  Ci^w,  Toik  de 
Cnlim  ;  It.  7f /«  Haniliiiifina,  Ti/ti  liiplnfn  .■  H|i.  7i7rt  f//-  Alumlun  ,■  I'ort.  /'h/k*  ^/f  Alf^itduo; 
Huh.  W'ii/iiiikn  {  Pol.  Unwiiuika),  clutli  iimili"  of  coiion ;  no  (•iill('<l  iVoiii  (lalinit,  on  thn 
Muliilmr  riiiisf,  whptiro  it  wuh  lirst  iiiiiiortcd.  Fii  l'!iiLrliii(l,  nil  while  or  iiii|>riiili'il  cotton 
ciotliH  iirr  tiriioininatcil  riilicot'H  ;  but  in  llif  United  t^tutes  tiiin  term  i*  aii|iiii'ii  to  tlioso  only 
thnt  urc  |irinl('(l. 

tlis/nrira/  NiitifC  of  thr  Art  of  C alien  I'rinfinir. — 'I'hin  nrt.  thouRli  npparpntly  onn  of  thi- 
moHt  (lillicuit,  huH  iHU'n  iiriictiscd  from  n  very  r('niot(^  or:t.  llcrodntUM  nu-ntionM  (lih.  I.  ^  'iO'i), 
that  II  nation  on  the  Hhori-n  of  the  ( 'uHpian  wit*;  in  the  liahit  of  iniinlinu;  the  fii;urrM  of 
animals  on  their  clothes,  with  ii  colrjiir  formed  from  the  leaves  of  trees  hriiised  and  soaked  in 
water;  and  ho  adds,  tiiiit  this  eolour  was  n.it  elllK-iMJile,  and  was  as  durnhle  ii->  tiie  rjothes 
themselves.  It  is  dillieult  to  imagine  that  lhi>  colours  could  have  Ihmmi  ho  |ierni.uient,  had 
not  those  nsinu  them  iieen  acijuaiiiled  with  the  use  of  mordants.  'J'here  is,  however,  a  |ias- 
»<a(;e  in  I'liiiy  (///■*/.  Niif.  lili.  xxxv.  §  11),  whicli,  ihouuh  in  sonw  respects  ohscure,  shows 
tiiat  the  ancient  Ki{yptinnH  were  fully  acipiainn-d  with  the  priiici|ile  of  calii'o  ]irinlinir. 
"  Tiu'v  ptiint,"  says  he,  •'  the  clothes,  not  with  colours,  hut  with  druRs  (.vw7«'////Af/.s  iiin/Jm- 
tin  litis')  that  iuive  no  colour.  This  lieinur  done,  they  innnerse  them  in  u  vat  fidl  of  lioilini; 
dye,  and  leave  them  there  for  a  little;  when  they  take  them  out,  they  are  p:iinl<'d  of  variou^ 
cohnrs.  It  is  extraordinary,  seeini;  that  there  is  only  one  colour  in  the  vat  (itiiu.i  in  cnrtliiu 
cii/iir),  thnt  a  variety  of  colours  should  he  produced  hy  the  optnition  of  the  <huns."  Fliiiy 
further  states,  tliat  the  colours  wen-  so  adhesive  llicy  could  not  he  wasiied  out ;  and  tlult 
clothes  were  tin-  stronger  for  lieing  dyed.  A  sinolar  procivs  is  known  to  have  hecn  f.il- 
lowed  in  India  from  the  earliest  times,  'i'iie  chemical  and  mechanical  iuvenlinns  of  modrrii 
ages  have  heen  thn  cause  of  vast  improvements  in  this  iru;enious  and  heautil'nl  art ;  hut  the 
passai^i!  now  <pioteJ  shows  distinctly  that  we  have,  in  this  instance,  hern  only  i)erfcctinq[  and 
improving  processes  practised  in  the  remotesi  antiipiity. 

Culirii  Priiitiiii^  in  this  Coiinln/.  Diitiis  on  ('.//icnrs. — In  (ireat  Uritain  the  printini,' 
of  cottons  ha.i  formed,  for  a  ccmsiderahle  period,  a  very  important  and  valuable  business.  Ii 
has  heen  calculated  that  there  arc  not  less  than  "IJ(l,()()l>  individuals  eniployeii  in,  and  ric- 
pendent  upon,  the  print  trade  for  subsistence,  receiving  the  aiuiual  sum  of  -,l(l(),()()(t/.  in 
wajres. 

This  important  and  valuable  business  may  he  truly  said  to  have  fjrown  uj)  amnnirs  t  us  iri 
despite  of  re|)eatetl  efVorts  for  its  suppression.  To  prevent  the  use  of  calicoes  from  intcr- 
feriiiR  with  the  demand  for  linen  and  woollen  stulls,  a  statute  was  |)assed  in  1721,  imposing 
a  penalty  of  .5/.  upon  the  weaver,  and  of  UO/.  upon  the  seller,  of  a  piece  of  calico  !  Fifteen 
years  after,  this  extraordinary  .statute  was  so  far  modilied,  that  calicoes  manufactured  in 
tircat  Uritnin  were  allowed  to  be  worn,  '*pro\idi'd  the  war])  thereof  was  entirely  of  liiu-n 
yarn."  This  was  the  law  with  resjiect  to  calicoes  till  after  the  invention  of  Sir  Hichard 
.Arkwriuht  intnMluccd  a  new  era  into  the  history  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  when  its  ini- 
policy  became  obvious  to  every  one.  In  1774,  a  statute  was  ])assed,  allowim?  printed  nocjds, 
wholly  made  of  cotton,  to  be  used,  after  payinff  a  duty  of  ;W.  a  yard  (raised  to  :}',r/.  in 
181)0);  and  enacting  some  regulations  as  to  the  marks  to  be  allixed  to  the  ends  of  tlip 
pieces,  the  strii>cs,  &c. 

This  act  rontiniicd  in  force  down  to  1831  ;  liaf,  ttinncti  an  improvemetil  upon  tlip  old  law,  it  was 
much,  and  jiislly,  cnnipluined  of.  Its  injiislice  and  injurious  operaliciu  were  very  Inrrilily  poitiicij  (lul 
hy  iMr.  I'mili'tt  Tlmnipsiin,  in  his  v.xctdli^nt  speech  on  taxation.  "  It  is  a  uiallir  nt' ."urjirisi;  tu  me," 
(!aid  llu'  lli|.'ht  lion.  pnuX.  "thnt  this  niont  impolitic  impost  should  have  hci'ii  allowed  lo  c»n- 
tinui',  cspi'cially  whmi  It  was  declared  hy  theconnuittei'  of  lsl^  to  In'  •  purl  in  I »  nil  diijin-.^sire,  and  tliit 
its  ri'pi'ai  was  niont  dcsirahle  ;'  who,  indeed,  c:oi  evaniine  It,  ami  not  t'cil  I  In.'  truth  of  this  iilKirva- 
lion  !  Is  it  credilde,  that  in  order  to  raise  a  nett  revenue  of5'.".i.(ilHI/..  a  gross  ta.x  stionid  ho  inipnsiMl  of 
2.()Ht,7;i7/.  )  and  yet  this  was  the  return,  according  lo  the  paper  on  your  tahh-,  for  IsiS.  Aiul  Ihcun 
lignres  are  still  I'ar  from  showinir  the  real  cost  (iflln^  c<dlecii.in  of  this  tax  ;— licit  niu;t  ho  tiikcii  iipua 
the  gross  produce  ;  and  sapposiuKtlie  rate  of  the  ccdlrction  for  the  rvcisc  to  hi'  .'i  pcrci'iit  ,  which  inW-m 
than  it  really  is,  you  have  a  eoi<t  of  20  per  cent,  on  the  nett  prodiu'i'  of  this  t!i.\,  for  chart'cs.  In 
adililion  to  this,  fnim  all  the  ini|uiry  I  liavi^  hrcn  alilc  to  nuike.  the  iiicriMsrd  cost  to  the  iniuuifacliircr 
is  fully  ,'i  per  cent,  upon  the  whole  ipianlity  niadi- ;  so  lli.il  yon  have  thus  two  snnis,  cio'li  of  IdO.lKKi; , 
levieil  on  the  puhlic,  for  the  sake  of  e.vactiiii;  a  ilnty  ol'lidO.imn/.  lint  Ihe  revenue  isagain,  in  Ihiscasc. 
far  t'roin  hiim;  the  measure  of  the  injury  you  iiillict.  'I'lie  in<Min:ility  of  the  lax  constitutes  its  chief 
olijiMliiin.  The  duty  is  Ifvied  upnn  the  square  yard,  at  '.\'_il.  piT  yard.  TImh.  the  pii'cc  of  calico 
which  sells  for  Cxi.,  duty  paid,  contrihntcs  ei|ually  with  th;u  whi-  h  is  worth  .'w.  a  yard.  Von  levy  an 
onerous  and  oppressive  tax  of  l(K)  or  15(1  per  cent,  upcni  the  poor,  who  are  the  purchaser.s  of  interior 
cottons  ;  whilst  the  rich,  who  hay  only  the  linest  kinds,  p.iy  hut  l(l*()r  I.')  per  cent." 

It  is  due  to  Mr.  Thinn|isoii  to  stale,  that,  not  satisfu'il  with  ttivint'  this  I'orcihie  exposilinn  of  the  in- 
erpiality  and  injurious  operation  of  the  duly  on  printed  goods,  one  of  his  first  ineasnres,  on  coming  inln 
ollice,  was  to  propose  its  repeal. 

Hy  the  3t  (;en.  3.  c.  23.  it  is  enacted,  that  Ihe  inventor,  desiirner,  or  printer  of  any  new  and  original 
pattern  for  printing  linens,  cottons,  calicoes,  or  niusliiis,  shall  Icive  the  sidi^  ri^'lit  of  |irinting  and  re- 
printini;  the  same  fur  three  months,  to  coiuiuence  from  the  day  id'lirst  pnhlishing. 

The  following  tnhles  exhihit  the  quantity  of  printed  cloths  produced  in  Oreat  Britain,  the  ipiantily 
pxported,  and  the  amount  of  revenue  and  drawback  thereon,  during  the  year  ended  5th  of  January, 
l^JSO 


I.  Rein 
Coiion 
heen  il 
land  Ml 
Vanls  I 


Tiiglnnd 
Hcolland 

Year  er 


n.    Reiiir 

porleil  fr 
imcks  pa 
to  Foreju 
nioval  I'll 


CA^().M^:l^(^^MKIi. 


277 


I.  Rptiirn  nf  tlui  Niinilmr  of  H<|iinrr  Viirilx  nf  I'lilii-oi'ii,  Mimliii*,  I.iiipnii,  nnil  HriiilV,  nimlc  cltlii-r  i>( 
rmion  iir  l.iiirii,  jirlnli'il,  iiuiiiiiil,  mihiu'iI.  cir  ilxnl.  In  (irciii  llrit.iMi  (I'Xii'in  am  ii  ii«  i<liiill  liitvu 
Ih'i'Ii  ilyi'il  iil'iirii!  rolciiir  tliniiiKliniir).  w  iili  ilii-  miitil  i<l  Kxi'Ihi-  Diitji'x  nilli'<  ii  rl  llii'ri'iui  in  Km- 
liiinl  iiikI  Hi'dlliiiiil,  in  tin*  Vi'iir  ciidi'il  .'iili  ni' .liinniiry,  InHii;  iliHlinuniKliiiiK  Hn'  .Nunilirr  ol' {ji|iiiiru 
ViiriN  mill  Amount  orUiity  riillfi  Icil  llii'ri'nn  —  (i'uW.  hijirr,  No.  XiS.  KmH.  I^;ii).) 


F.nelnnil      .           .           - 
Hii!iliinil     ... 

Y<!iir  imdpil  Sih  Jnn.  IMO 

Numbrr  nf  prii. 

Aniiiunt  of  dutr. 

1 

Furfifn  r.tii- 

l.inriiH  ,tii<l 
»lillla 

la 

iciKt  iitd  Mm* 
hiu. 

W,33.S 

1,701.7111 
h,7SS 

H«,2:ii.i.'.i 
ati.ios.Mo 

£        ».    ,1.     1 
l.Alit.CII   U  III 
M),f-X\  Vi    3 

aii.;)3H 

l,7l.'»,Slrt 

13H,3I(MKII 

l,sU7,a(lJ    7     1 

n.  Hi'liirn  i)f  llif  Toliil  NiirnlitT  of  Sciutiri'  YunUnf  iiririlcil  f^alii'OCi),  Miinlini,  Mni'nn,  nnil  SliifTii.cT- 
nnrti'il  t'rnni  Knuliiiiit  iiiiil  Srnlliiiiil.  in  tln'  V)  ir  ■'iiiliil  ruli  ul'  January,  I'<:i0 ;  tlw  Aiiiniinl  nf  llriiw- 
hnt'kH  piiiil  iir  iiIIiiwimI  llirrron  ;  ilixtuiL'iiiKliliii,' tin-  (liiiiiilltli'.'<  iinil  Anioiint  of  Draw  liarkn  allnwrtl 
Id  l'°iirriun  I'ariM  from  tlm  (inantilii.'H  ami  l)ra»  iiackn  |mlil  iir  iillowi'il  on  tliu  llki.'  Artii'.li'^t  on  lliu  l(i,>- 
niovul  roaHtwUit  to  Irrlaiiil. 


Dnt'lanil      ... 

?i|'llllMllll       ... 

Year  fmli-rt  .Mli  of  Jnn.  IR-IO 

F..tp'>rlt-.l  111  Knreifii  Counlric*. 

Kx)N>rt*^  to  Irt'Liii'l. 

Numbrr  of  Varli. 

Linens,  SlnlFi, 
rMrciirn         C  diriM-a,  aii<l 

Amount  of 
lirau  liark. 

Number  (if  Y.irli. 

Antnimt  nf 
DmnbKk. 

I.ilicNS  Slulls 

I  llH'iH'*,  .Till 

Muiliiit. 

3,072 

HI,. MS.  121 

H.  117,0011 

£         K.    d. 

1,1h:.n.V2  17    •» 

l2y.7|N    0  11 

.^,10<.».0s3 

Ml',l,H:')H 

£     ».    «/. 
7.'.,3'.i|     4    3 
ViXu"*    2    (I 

3.072 

Hl,»?0a.t3;t  ;     l,310,tHM)  H  3 

0,030,011 

h!<,O0'J     «   11 

CALOMEL.  Cliloriilo  of  nu'rciiry ;  Iriijiiiiitly  called  milil  muriiito  of  mercury;  and 
somi'tiiiu's.  but  less  projH-rly.  Hutunurisiti!  of  iiuTi'iirv. 

CAMUHK^  on  CAMBKICK  ((Jor.  K<nnm>rli',ck  ,-  l)u.  Kiiinin/f:.s(lorl,- ,-  Fr.  Carnhnn/ 
llatlnle ;  It.  Cambraju ;  Sp.  Cauilivn! ;  I'nrt.  ('(iinliraia ;  lUis.  Kamcrlmj;),  a  HiiccicH  of 
vi-ry  fine  white  linen,  first  mmlc  nt  I'nnilirny,  in  Frciicli  Fliindcrs,  whence  it  derives  its  up- 
|H'liittinn.     It  i»  now  produced,  of  an  eijimlly  Rood  quiilily,  in  (Jreut  Hrituin. 

CAMEL  (Fr.  Cluimeau ;  It.  anil  Mp.  Ciinii'lti ,-  (Jer.  Kniitcr/ ,-  Arab.  Dj'und;  \mX, 
Caiiulus  ,•  Greek,  Ka^en^ct)  is  indigenous  to  Ariiltia.  and  wo  only  mention  it  In  this  place 
on  account  of  its  extreme  imjiortance  in  the  eonmierce  of  the  East. 

The  camel  is  one  of  the  most  useful  of  the  animals  over  which  the  inhalutants  of  Asia 
and  Africa  have  acquired  dominion.  These  continents  arc  intersected  by  vast  tracts  of 
burniiiB  sand,  the  seats  of  desolation  and  droui;lit,  so  as,  apparently,  to  exclude  the  possibility 
of  any  intercourse  takin;?  place  between  the  countries  that  they  separate.  "  But  as  the  ocean, 
which  appears  at  first  view  to  be  placed  as  an  insu|HMal)le  barrier  between  diirerent  re^^ions 
of  the  earth,  has  l)cen  rendered,  by  navii^ation.  subservient  to  their  mutual  intercourse  ;  so, 
by  means  of  the  camel,  which  the  Arabians  ein))hatically  call  t/ie  S/ii'p  af  the  Desert,  the 
most  dreary  wastes  arc  traversed,  and  the  nations  which  they  disjoin  are  (^nabled  to  trade 
with  one  another.  Those  painful  journeys,  impracticable  by  any  other  animal,  the  camel 
performs  with  astonishing  despatch.  Under  heavy  burdens  of  60(»,  700,  and  800  lbs.  weifjhf, 
tlipy  can  continue  their  march  during  a  long  period  of  time,  with  little  food  or  rest,  and 
sometimes  without  tasting  water  for  8  or  9  days.  13y  the  wise  economy  of  Providence,  the 
camel  seems  formed  of  purpose  to  be  the  beast  of  burden  in  those  regions  where  he  is  placed, 
and  where  his  service  is  most  wanted.  In  all  the  districts  of  Asia  and  Africa,  where  deserts 
arc  most  frequent  and  extensive,  the  camel  abiuuids.  This  is  his  projier  .station,  and  beyond 
tliis  the  si)hcre  of  his  activity  does  not  extend  far.  He  dreads  alike  the  excesses  of  heat  and 
colli,  and  does  not  agree  even  with  the  mild  climate  of  our  temperate  zone." — {Robertson's 
Disi/uisltion  on  Ancient  India,  Note  .53.) 

The  first  trade  in  Indian  commodities  of  which  wc  have  any  account  (Genesis  xxxvii.  25.) 
was  carried  on  by  camels ;  and  they  still  continue  to  be  the  instruments  employed  in  the 
conveyance  of  merchants  and  merchandise  throughout  Turkey,  Persia,  Arabia,  Egypt,  Bar- 
Iiary,  and  many  contiguous  countries.  The  merchants  assemble  in  considerable  numbers, 
forming  themselves  into  an  association  or  caravan — (see  Caiiavas),  for  their  mutual  pro. 
tcction  against  the  attacks  of  robbers,  and  the  dangers  incident  to  a  journey  through  such 
rude  and  iidiospitable  coimtries.  These  caravans  are  often  very  large  and  usually  consist 
of  more  camels  than  men.  The  capacity  of  the  camel  to  endure  fatigue,  and  the  small  sup. 
ply  of  provisions  that  he  requires,  is  almost  incredible.  "His  ordinary  burden,"  says  VoN 
ney,  "  is  750  lbs. ;  his  foot],  whatever  is  given  liim — straw,  thistles,  the  stones  of  dates, 
beana,  barley,  &c    With  a  pound  of  food  a  day,  and  as  much  water,  be  will  travel  for 

Vol.  1—2  A 


1 


m    I 


•JTS 


CAMI'.I.S'  IIAIIi— CAMIMlnU. 


I  ! 


.  ..  f 


1  > 


wri'ki*.  Ill  tlio  jiiiimrv  fri)in  Ciirn  to  Hue/,,  wliiiii  ix  10  or  '1(1  lumrM,  tlioy  ncithor  ml  nor 
tiriiik  ;  I'lit  lliCHi'  liiiii^ Vii^m,  irnHi'ii  n|i.:iti',l,  wcur  tliciii  out.  Tliiir  iihiiiiI  riiti*  ol'truvi'lliim 
Ii4  vriy  hI.iw,  liiirilly  .ilioxr  two  iiiilr- an  lioiir :  it  Ih  in  vniii  to  |iiihIi  iIu'mi  ;  tlicy  will  not 
quirk)  II  lliiir  |i.ui' ;  Iml,  if  nlluwcil  'Oiiii'  xliorl  rot,  liii-y  will  Iriivil  15  or  H  hoiirK  it  iliiy." 
— (  /'(ii/«j,'c  III  Si/rii ,  loin.  ii.  |i.  MsM.) 

Tliu  .\riil)iiinH  rc^iinl  ilio  caiinl  ;m  u  Macrtil  uiinial,  llir  n\(i  of  Hiavni,  willimit  wIkhi-  iiiil 
thoy  I'oiiM  IK  itlii-r  Hiilwint,  nor  Irailf,  nor  truvrl.  ||h  milk  in  ilitir  ordinary  I'oimI  ;  liny  aUo 
«'nt  iin  IU'hIi,  cxptTially  ''lat  of  llio  yoiiiivj  caiiul,  wliii  li  llicy  nrkon  fxcillfiil ;  ilM  hair,  wliirti 
in  rriu'Wi'il  cvcrv  >i'i>r,  in  |iarlly  iiianiilactiiri'il  into  hlnllri  lor  tlirir  clotlu'it  uml  t'lirniturc,  and 
[lartly  Hcnt  aiiroad  ana  \aliialilc  arlicli- o|'  incri  lundisr  ;  ami  i-vi-ii  il4  (iuct'H  hitvc  lliciii  liir 
I'llfl.  IJIcHt  with  tluir  caim  U.  tlit'  Aralm  want  niiliin'.;,  and  Iriir  nothintf.  In  a  Miimlo  day 
thry  can  travfrwi  H<  or  .')0  iiiilf.H  ol'llii'  di'Mcrt,  uiid  inl<'r|ioNO  ilM  innklrHs  KUidi  an  an  iiii- 
|Miii''ral)li^  rampart  lu'twfcn  lluiii  uid  llu-ir  I'ock. — (Sec  ihi;  adiiiiralilf  dcHirijilioii  of  tin- 
cuiiirl,  in  linlliin.) 

Unt,  liowi'Vir  usffiil  to  tin*  inlialiiUiiitH  of  parclicti,  naiidy  dt-Hi-rtH,  it  may  In-  wortli  wliilc, 
pi'rha|is,  to  oli.scrvc,  that  liu"  faiml  in  of  very  lilllo  niTvii-c  (•iHi'win'rf.  Ilf  cannot  walk  ItMl 
yards  on  wet  or  niippcry  ground  without  stuiiililini{.  lie  in  totally  unknown  in  all  hilly  m 
woodv  counlrii'.'' ;  and,  with  few  cvccptioiM,  in.iy  he  naid  to  he  as  areata  ^IraiiutT  in  the 
KiiHliTii  IsiandH,  .lapaii,  the  Houthern  purls  of  China,  the  whole  eouiilry  lyiii«  hetweeii  China 
and  India,  ami  all  tlie  Houtherii  parl.-i  of  the  latliT,  inehidim;  Uonnal,  an  he  ii-  in  l-urojie.  In 
all  tho.te  vast  I'ountrie^i  the  ox  is  the  most  iHefnl  of  ijie  lower  aiiiinals.  It  is  used  lor  drauijhl 
(for  which  the  camel  is  totally  unlit),  in  the  c.irt  ami  plouudi,  in  the  carrying  of  hurdcits,  m 
tre.idiii.!;  c<>rn,  in  the  oil  jiresri,  Jkc,  and  llnaliy  as  food. 

(.'.WIKIiW  IIAIU  (tier.  Kiimtilhniir ;  Vt.  I'ail  ilf  r/irtniaiu,  Imiiii:  iff  c/irmm  .-  It, 
I'rlit  ({'•  ruinrllo ;  K\t.l't/'i  I'l  tuiKi  ilr.  eiiiiu Hi),  The  hair  of  the  camel  importi'd  into  this 
country  is  principally  used  in  the  manufacture  (d'l'ine  pencils  for  drawiinT  and  [)aiiilini,'.  In 
the  Kast,  however,  it  is  an  im|iortant  arlici  •  of  coiniiH'rce,  and  is  e\tensively  usi'd  in  tlie 
arts.  It  serves  for  the  fahrieation  of  the  tent.-i  and  carpets  of  the  Arahs,  and  for  their  weariiij; 
appiirel.  (Moth  is  also  mannfactured  of  it  in  Persia  ami  other  places.  'I'he  most  esleeiiied 
hair  comes  from  Persia.  It  is  divided  into  ilin;-  (|ualities  ;  lilack.  red,  and  ^;rey.  Tim  hlark 
is  tlie  dearest,  and  the  !,Tey  is  oidy  worth  half  tlie  red.  ( lonsiderahle  (pianlitit^s  of  camels' 
hair  arc  exported  from  Smyrna,  Constantinople,  and  Alexamlria.  It  is  used  in  ihu  iiiiiiui- 
faclure  of  hats,  jiarticularlv  I'V  the  l''reueh. —  [liris's  ('i/c/o/iiiilifi,  art.  < 'uiiiiJu.s.) 

CAMM:T.  oil  (;AMIM,1;T  (<ier.  and  Un.  Kiiinilot ;  Vr.  ('(imr/nt ,-  It.  Ciiimhrlhth, , 
Sp.  CumcMi' :  Ku'«.  Kiimlut),  a  plain  stull",  manufaitured  on  a  loom,  with  two  treadles,  .y.-. 
linens  are.  There  are  camlets  of  various  colours  ;ind  sorts;  some  wholly  of  goats'  Imir; 
others,  in  which  the  warp  is  of  hair,  and  the  woof  half  hair  ami  half  silk  ;  others,  ai;aiii,  in 
which  liolh  tiie  warp  and  tlie  woof  are  of  wool ;  and,  lastly,  some,  of  which  thti  warp  is  ot 
wool  and  the  woof  of  thread  :  some  are  stri|ie(l,  some  wilered,  and  some  lii;uri'd. 

(JA.MOMlI.r,  {Vr.  ('niiuuiiilli  ;  It.  ('(iiii'iiailhi ,-  Sit,  Mdiizitiii/lii ,-  \m\.  C'ltdiiKiui'lla), 
a  well-known  jilant,  whose  llowersare  used  for  medical  purposes.  Most  of  what  is  |proiii;lii 
to  the  I.oniloii  market  is  ijrowii  aliout  Mitchain,  in  Surrey. 

CA.Ml'lIOK,  oil  (JAMIMIIUI']  ((Jer.  Kii),ipf,r ;  i)u.  Kaiiifrr,-  Fr.  Canip/m  .■  It. 
faiifira;  Sp.  Alriiufur  ,■  Kus.  Kainfiru;  \m.  ('iiinphiirii ,-  .Xrah.  and  I'ers.  Kafmr  ,■ 
Mai.  KiUifiir).  There  arc  two  descriptions  of  this  valuable  article,  which  must  not  not  he 
cont'ouniled. 

I.  Ciimpliiir  «f  Ciiininerre,  or  that  met  with  in  Kuropo,  is  ohtained  hy  hoilini^  the  ti;ii- 
licr  of  a  species  of  laurel  ([jiiurim  ('anip/nrii),  a  tree  found  in  the  forests  of  Fokieii,  in 
(yhinii,  near  the  city  of  Chinchcw,  where  tliere  is  annually  |)roduced  from  il,.'i()()  to  ;i,0(l(), 
and  sometimes  as  much  as  -l.OOO  j)icuis.  Most  of  the  camphor  imported  into  Ruro|)e  ciimcs 
from  ('liina;  hut  a  small  ipiantity,  considered  of  superior  (pialily,  comes  from  .lapan  liv  way 
of  Hat.ivia.  The  exports  from  (^'anton  in  IS:t()  and  IS;U  were  respectively  ;!,'l.'),  and  -,tll;i 
jiiculs,  heing,  at  an  averaije,  ;ili(i,".J(i(»  llis. ;  if  to  this  we  add  the  exports  from  Iiatavii  of 
Ja[)an  camphor,  amounting;  to  481)  |)iculs,  the  total  aniniul  produce  of  ('liina  and  .lapan  lor  ex- 
portation will  he  4:J2,77()  llis.  It  is  hrounht  lo  tiiis  country  in  chests,  drums,  and  casks ;  iiiid 
is  in  small,  ;;ranulur,  friahle  masses,  of  a  dirty  white  or  )?reyis!i  colour,  very  imieii  reseinlilimj 
half-retined  sui^ar.  When  Jjure,  the  camphor  of  conuncrce  has  a  stronijf,  pi'culiar,  fragrant, 
penetratini;  odour,  and  a  hitter,  puiit^ent,  arointitic  taste.  It  is  in  reality  a  concrete  essential 
oil.  ('ami)hor,  when  refined,  is  in  thin  hollow  cakes  of  a  hcautiful  virt;in  whiteness,  and,  if 
exjiosed  to  the  air,  totally  evaporates,  (Jreat  cure  is  therefore  re([uisite  in  packiie.;  cainplior, 
to  prevent  serious  loss. 

«.  ('(unplinr.  Mala}/,  commonly  called,  to  distiu'fuish  it  from  the  last,  camphor  of  Harus, 
from  the  port  of  Sumatra,  where  it  is  mostly  ship|)ed.  It  is  a  product  of  the  Urijofiulitiiops 
Camphiird,  a  forest  tree  confined  lo  Sumatra,  IJornro,  and  the  Malay  peninsula.  It  is  found 
in  concrete  masses  in  the  fissures  of  the  wood  ;  there  are,  however,  hut  very  few  trees  that 
afl'ord  it;  and  those  that  do,  only  in  small  (luantilies.  This  species  of  camphor  i.s  more  fra- 
f?rant  and  less  biting  and  pungent  than  that  yielded  by  the  laurel,  and  is  in  higii  rcputi; 


(^AMlMinllOII^CANALS. 


1 


27J) 


■monv  th«  ('hiiii'iM*,  l>y  vtUittu  it  In  nlmnwt  wliolly  ronNiiiDol.  TIkto  i*  iiii  iniinrti'-"  dis- 
|)iiriiy  ill  till' prii'i'M  III' ih(<  twn  H|ii<rii'M  in  riiiii:i.  Inn  iirirc  rurrcnl  rrcniilv  |iuliliHlii<i|  at 
('unliiii,  llif  lini'Ht  i'liiiifsc  <'jiiii|iliiir  in  c|iic)iril  :il  :I0  (lollars  pir  |iii-iil.  wliilr  llic  Miiliv  fiun- 
|iliiiri.'<  i|iinin|  lit  :|0  iliilliirH  |mt  cully,  iiiiikiiii'  llir  |irii'i'iirilii'  hilln-  KKMImrM  mrnicr  lliiiii  tliiit 
iirilii-  ruriiiir !  Muiiiy  ••iinnilior  iH  wlinliy  uiilviiown  in  lliirojm  iih  un  tirUiU'  ol  tratir. — (/V/- 
riil'  iiifiiriiititi'iin.) 

['I'lii-  i|iiiinlily  lit'  ciiMiiihnr  iin|'iirlrcl  intu  tlio  I'liitrd  Siniiw  luw  of  lute  m'ium  Iiccm  ripiilly 
iiiiTi'.i-iiii;.  IliiNi'il  ti)lii>  |ir<i(-urril  iiiiHtIv  liy  \v:iv  lit 'Dnu'l.inil  mill  IIuIIjihI.  IIiiI  ii  niiwrninrM  In 
UH  (linctly  rnmi  Cliiiiii ;  ami  in  in  purl  hiiliNt'i|ui'ntly  ri'-i'\|ii)rlril  |i>  lliiri)|if. — Am,  l'.(l.\ 

CAMI'IJOU  ((III  (Miiiity,  Miiiifiik),  a  I'riiLrriiiit  iNxoiilinl  nil,  olilniiu'il  in  liir«i'  (|n:iiililirfi 
|iV  lii'iitinu;  llii<  woixl  III'  tlir  /)ri/iili<i/iiiiii/>s  < 'oiii/i/inni.  It  is  iicarly  iik  clifiip  ns  npiriN  nf 
lurpi'iitinr,  Iiii!  is  nut  licM  in  iiiiy  cstrt'iii  liv  ilw  ('liiii<'Hi\  It  iiiiL'.iit.  iicrliiipH,  lit>  pinlitiiiily 
iinp'>i'ii'il  intii  l']nir|;iii<l  as  ii  xiiltstitiili'  lor  spiritx  of  liirpi'iitiiic  in  lli>'  arl-4.  an>l  for  iiu'iliriiinl 
jinrpii^'i'H.  W'r  may  iiiM,  tliat  llir  limlicr  nf  llir  t)ri/ii/iii/iiiii>/ii  < 'iini/)li(ini  irt  not  iiili'rior  Iti 
any  prmlnri-il  in  llio  counlrii'^  vvlirrf  it  i;rii\vM,  for  tlir  piirpnstw  of  Iioiihi*  uihI  niiip  Imiltlini;. 
— (I'ririi/r  iiifiirinittlnii,  ami  Crinffuriry  fni/liiii  Arrliipi liitxii,  vol,  i.  p,  ■'iUi.) 

TAM  Wool),  a  red  dyi' wiioil,  first  linuiulit  lo  Kiiropc  I'roin  .Africa  iiy  the  I'ltrliiirni'sp, 
It  in  iirincipaily  olitnini'il  from  llu-  vicinity  of  Siorrii  i.coni'.  Tin-  col mrinij  niatlcr  wliicli  ii 
allordn  ililVcrH  liiit  litlli'  from  thai  of  ordinary  Nicarainui  wood,  cillirr  in  ipialily  or  i|nantity  ; 
iiiid  it  may  lie  cmployi'd  willi  similar  mordant-*. — [Itiiiirnjl  on  Cn/dUis.  Sec  also  f>:iiii/)lcr, 
vol.  ii.  part  ii.  p,  .'iM.)  ('aniwood  in  at  priHcnt  worth,  in  tln'  Iiondon  ni;uki'l,  trom  Iti/.  In 
in/,  a  Ion,  duly  (.'is.  ii  ton)  inclndrd.  In  I'^'^S,  Ii")  Ions  of  camwood  were  impoitid  ;  hut 
the  imports  in  |N-i!»  only  amounted  In  I  I!)  Ions. — (/'«/•/.  I'li/i'r,  No.  (iCd.  Ness.  |H:t(l.) 

rA.N.Mi,  (!A.\ Al.S.  A  canal  in  un  urlillciul  cliannel,  tilled  willi  water  kept  iit  llio  lUv 
mred  level  liy  ineuiis  of  loekM  or  sluieex,  forming  i>  eoiiimunieation  lietwceii  two  or  iiioro 

JllllCCf". 

(I.)  Itlsliir'iritl  Shrfrh  of  ('dtirih.  Aiiririif  I'tnidls. — Tlie  roinpnrativ(<  cheaiine.-is  and 
t'ai'ilily  with  wliicli  noods  may  lie  conveyed  liy  sea,  or  I'y  means  of  naviiralile  livers,  sreni  to 
Imve  su'-tL;ested,  al  a  very  early  perioil,  llie  fcirmalion  nf  canals.  The  In  si  iiulhenticated  lie- 
CDimt-t  of  ancient  r.uypt  reprc'^enf  lh;it  eoiinlry  as  iiilersicted  liy  eaii.ds  eidni'yin'j;  the  watern 
of  the  .\ile  to  the  more  distant  |||lrt.^  of  the  country,  partly  for  the  purpose  nf  irri!.'ation,  iind 
pardy  for  that  of  internal  navi'.fation.  The  ollorts  made  hy  the  old  Muyptian  mnuarcliH,  and 
by  the  I'tolemies,  lo  construct  a  caii.il  hdween  the  |{ed  Sea  and  the  .^'ile  are  Wi-ll  known; 
and  evince  the  liinh  sense  which  they  eiilertaiiicd  of  the  importance  of  this  species  of  com- 
nmiiiiMtioll. — (Ann  il/imi,  Connnnrr  t/i  •:  I'.i^iijtthiis,  p,  7().) 

(ireece  was  too  small  a  territory,  too  much  intersected  hy  arms  of  the  son,  nnd  suh-dividod 
iiiti)  too  many  independent  stales,  to  alllird  much  seopi-  for  inland  imvii^ation.  .\ttempt« 
were,  however,  made  to  cut  a  canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  (/'orinth  ;  hut  they  did  not  succeed. 

'I'he  Uonians  did  not  distinguish  themselves  in  canal  iiavit;ation.  Their  nciueducis,  the 
stii|"'iidoun  ruins  of  which  attest  the  wealth  and  power  of  tlii'ir  foundc^rs.  were  inleiideil  to 
furnish  sii|i|'liesof  water  to  some  adioiniii!.'city,aiid  not  for  the  con  viyanee  of  vessels  or  produci^ 

[i.)  f  /liiir.sr  Viinnls, — In  (Jhiiia.  canals,  partly  for  irrii^ation,  and  partly  for  navigation, 
hiive  existed  from  a  very  early  period.  The  most  eelclirated  amonirst  them  is  the  imperial 
or  (irand  Canal,  formiii!;  a  communication  hetween  Pekin  and  ('aiitoii,  said  to  lie  ahout 
1,0(10  miles  loiur.  Hut  there  can  he  no  ilouht  that  this  is  a  very  irreal  exaLrneration  ;  and 
that  it  includes  the  various  rivers  which  really  form  the  fjrcater  part  of  the  navigation,  the 
excavated  portion  heini?  of  comparatively  limited  dimensions.  'I'he  canal  is  said  not  lo  have, 
at  any  time,  more  than  from  .')  to  (!  feet  water ;  and  in  dry  seasons,  its  depth  is  freipiently 
roihiced  to  IM'eet.  {Ik  Id  Limih,  ('inuiux  (k  Nitrii;(itlo)),  y.  ^I'V.).)  The  locks  are  con- 
structed with  very  little  .skill ;  and  as  the  vessels  are  fjunernlly  drajjjged  hy  men,  the  navigii- 
lion  is  extremely  slow.  The  rnnals  are  mostly  faced  with  stone ;  and  the  hridu;es  across 
them  are  said  to  he  very  inureniously  contrived. 

(:!.)  Ifu/tiin.  f'mml.i. — The  Italians  were  the  first  jieople  in  modern  Europe  that  attempted 
to  plan  and  execute  canals.  They  were  [irinci|)ally,  however,  undertaken  for  the  jiurpose  of 
irrigation;  and  the  works  of  this  sort  executed  in  the  Milanese-  and  other  parts  of  liOiiihardy, 
ill  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth  centuries,  are  still  regarded  as  models,  and  excite  the 
warm  admiration  of  every  one  cajiahle  of  appreciating  them.  In  1271,  the  Navilio  (Jrande, 
or  canal  leadinc  from  Milan  to  Ahhiate  (irasso  nnd  tho  Tesino,  was  rendered  navii^able.— 
{Yiiun!j;'s  Tnivf/x  in  Friincf,  i\c-  vol.  ii.  p.  170.) 

(1.)  Dulrfi  Cuiials. — iVo  country  in  Eurojie  contains,  in  proportion  to  its  size,  so  many 
navi'^ahle  canals  as  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  and  particularly  the  ]irovince  of  Hol- 
land. The  construction  of  these  canals  commeneed  as  early  as  the  twelfth  century,  when, 
owiiiu  to  its  central  and  convenient  situation,  Flanders  heuraii  to  he  the  intrcput  of  the  coio- 
merce  hetween  the  north  and  south  of  Kurope.  Their  nnmher  has  since  hceii  astonishingly 
increased.  "Holland,"  says  Mr,  Phillips,  in  hlt^  Histori/  of  Inland  Niwifrat ion,  "is  inter- 
sected with  innumerable  canals.  They  may  be  compared  in  number  and  size  to  our  public 
roads  and  highways :  and  as  tlic  latter  with  us  are  continually  full  of  coachus,  chaises, 


CD 


"ir  ■'! 


280 


CANALS. 


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wagons,  carts,  and  horsemen,  going  from  and  to  the  diflbrcnt  cities,  towns,  and  villages ;  so, 
on  the  former,  the  Hollanders,  in  their  boats  and  pleasure  barges,  their  treckschuyts  and 
vc  sels  of  burden,  are  continually  journeying  and  conveying  commodities  for  consumiuion 
or  exportation  from  the  interior  of  the  country  to  the  great  cities  and  rivers.  An  inhabitant 
of  Rotterdam  may,  by  means  of  these  canals,  breakfast  at  Delft  or  the  Hague,  dine  at  Ley- 
den,  and  sup  at  Amsterdam,  or  return  home  again  before  night.  By  them,  also,  a  most 
prodigious  inland  trade  is  carried  on  between  Holland  and  every  part  of  France,  Flanders, 
and  Germany.  When  the  canals  are  frozen  over,  they  travel  on  them  with  skaits,  ami 
jjcrforin  long  journeys  in  a  very  short  time ;  while  heavy  burdens  are  conveyed  in  carts  ami 
sledges,  which  are  then  as  much  used  on  the  canals  as  on  our  streets. 

"  'J'he  yearly  profits  produced  by  these  canals  are  almost  Iwyond  belief;  but  it  is  certain, 
iuid  has  been  proved,  that  they  amount  to  more  than  250,000/.  for  about  400  miles  of  inland 
navigation,  which  is  625/.  per  mile,  the  square  surface  of  which  mile  does  not  exceed  two 
acres  of  ground  ;  a  profit  so  amazing,  that  it  is  no  wonder  other  nations  should  imitate  what 
has  been  found  so  advantageous. 

"  The  canals  of  Holland  are  generally  60  feet  wide  and  6  deep,  and  are  carefully  kept 
clean ;  the  mud,  as  manure,  is  very  |)rolitable ;  the  canals  arc  generally  levels ;  of  course, 
locks  are  not  wanted.  From  Hotterdain  to  Delft,  the  Hague,  and  Leyden,  the  canal  is  <iuite 
level,  but  is  sometimes  affected  by  strong  winds.  For  tlie  most  part  the  canals  are  elevated 
above  the  fields  or  the  country,  to  enable  tiiem  to  cary  olf  the  water,  which  in  winter  inun- 
dates the  land.  To  drain  the  water  from  Delft'  Mid,  a  province  not  more  'ban  60  iiiik-s 
long,  they  employ  200  windmills  in  sjjring  time  to  raise  it  into  the  canals.  All  the  canals 
of  Holland  are  bordered  with  dams  or  banks  of  immense  thickness,  and  on  these  depc:idsll\e 
security  of  the  countiy  from  inundation  ;  of  course  it  is  of  great  moment  to  keep  them  in  the 
best  repair  ;  to  effect  which  there  is  a  kind  of  militia,  and  in  every  village  is  a  magazine  of 
proper  stores  and  men,  whose  business  it  is  to  convey  stones  and  rubbish  in  carts  to  any 
damaged  place.  When  a  certain  bell  rings,  or  the  waters  are  at  a  fixed  height,  every  iimn 
repairs  to  his  post.  To  every  house  or  family  there  is  assigned  a  certain  part  of  the  bank, 
iu  the  rojiair  of  which  they  arc  to  assist.  When  a  breach  is  apprehended,  they  cover  the 
banks  all  over  whli  cloth  and  stones." 

(5.)  Canal  from  Ainstenhim  to  Nicwdirp,  mar  the  Helder. — The  object  of  this  canal, 
which  is  the  greatest  work  of  its  kind  in  Holland,  and  probably  in  the  world,  is  to  allord  i\ 
safe  and  easy  passage  for  large  vessels  from  Amstcnlain  to  the  German  Ocean.  This  ciiy 
Las  40  feet  of  water  in  the  road  in  front  of  its  port,  but  the  painpus  or  bar  at  the  junction  nt' 
the  Y  with  the  Zuydcr  Zee,  7  miles  below,  has  only  a  depth  of  10  feet;  and  hence  all  siii]« 
of  any  considerable  burden  entering  or  l(>aving  the  port  must  unload  and  load  part  of  tlinr 
cargoes  without  the  bar.  As  the  Zuyder  Zee  is  every  where  full  of  shallows,  all  ordinary 
means  of  improving  the  access  to  Amsterdam  were  necessarily  inell'cctual;  and  the  resolu- 
tion was,  therefore,  at  length  adopted,  of  cutting  a  canal  from  the  city  to  the  Helder,  the 
most  northern  point  of  the  province  of  Holland.  The  distance  between  these  extreme 
points  is  41  English  miles,  but  the  length  of  the  canal  is  about  50,}.  The  breadth  at  the 
surface  of  the  water  is  1244  English  feet  (120  Rhinland  feet) ;  the  breadth  at  bottom  ;1G; 
the  depth  20  feet  9  inches.  Like  the  Dut<-h  canals  generally,  its  level  is  that  of  the  higliest 
tides,  and  it  receives  its  supply  of  water  from  the  sea.  'J'he  only  locks  it  requires  are  ut' 
course,  two  tide-locks  at  the  extremities  ;  but  there  are,  besides,  two  sluices  with  floodgates 
in  the  intermediate  space.  It  is  crossed  by  about  18  drawbridges.  The  locks  and  sluice.s 
are  double, — that  is,  there  are  two  in  the  breadth  of  the  canal ;  and  their  construction  and 
workmanship  are  said  to  be  excellent.  They  are  built  of  brick,  for  economy  ;  but  bands  of 
Umestone  are  interposed  at  intervals,  and  these  i)roject  about  an  inch  beyond  the  brick,  to 
protect  it  from  abr.ision  Ity  the  sides  of  vessels.  There  is  a  broad  towing  path  on  each  side, 
and  the  canal  is  wide  enough  to  admit  of  two  frigates  passing. — (For  the  expense  of  towing, 
see  AMSTKunAM.) 

The  Une  which  the  canal  follows  may  be  easily  traced  on  a  map  of  Holland.  From  the 
Y  at  Amsterdam  it  proceeds  north  to  Purmerend ;  thence  west  to  Alkmaar  Lake ;  au'iiiu 
north  by  Alkmaar  to  a  point  within  2  miles  of  the  coast,  near  Petten,  whence  it  runs  nearly 
jjarallel  to  the  coast  till  it  joins  the  sea  a  little  to  the  east  of  the  Helder,  at  the  fine  liarliour 
of  iViewdiep,  formed  within  the  last  30  years.  At  the  latter  place  there  is  a  powerful  sleam- 
ciiginc  for  supplying  the  canal  with  water  during  neap  tides,  and  other  purposes.  The  time 
spent  in  towing  vessels  from  Niewdicp  to  Amsterdam  is  18  hours.  The  Helder  is  the  only 
spot  on  the  shores  of  Holland  that  has  dee[)  water ;  and  it  owes  this  advantage  to  its  being 
opposite  to  the  Texel,  which,  by  contracting  the  coiiimunication  between  the  (Jcrman  Ocean 
!Uid  the  Zuyder  Zee  to  a  breadth  of  about  a  mile,  produces  a  current  which  scours  ami 
deejjens  the  channel.  Immediately  o|iposite  the  Helder  there  are  100  feet  water  at  hinh 
tides,  and  at  the  shallowest  part  of  the  bar  to  the  westward  there  are  27  feet.  In  the  same 
way,  the  artificial  mound  which  runs  into  the  V  opposite  Amsterdam,  by  contracting  the 
water-way  to  about  1,000  feet,  keeps  a  depth  of  10  leet  in  the  port  (at  high  water),  while 
above  and  below  tltere  is  only  10  or  12. 


CANALS. 


281 


extreme 
idtli  iit  Ihc 
bottom  :5(j ; 
the  hiifliest 
lircs  i\K  ot' 
floodgates 
and  sluices 
ruction  iiiid 
)iiiids  of 
he  tiriek,  to 
each  side, 
of  to^v^^^^ 

From  the 
lake ;  ai;aiu 
runs  nearly 
ne  harbour 
;rl'ul  sieam- 
The  tiiiie 

is  tlic  only 
to  its  being 
man  Oeean 

scours  and 
Iter  at  hinh 

n  ll>e  samo 

ractiu);  the 
iter),  while 


The  canal  was  I)Paun  in  ISli),  and  linishod  in  1825.  Tho  cost  was  estimated  at 
10.0()0.()0((  or  12,0()(),(U)0  florins,  or  about  l.OOO.OOO/.  sterlincr.  If  wo  conipiiti>  the  nia^'ni- 
tudc  of  this  canal  by  the  cubic  contents  of  its  bed,  it  is  the  Kroatest,  we  believe,  in  the  world, 
unless  some  of  the  (Jhinese  canals  be  exceptions.  'J'he  volnme  of  water  whieli  it  contains, 
or  the  pri.sme  (It  rcmplt.ssai(e,  is  twice  as  ijreat  as  that  of  the  ]\ew  York  Canal,  or  the 
Canal  of  Lanpruedoc,  and  two  and  a  half  times  as  tfR'at  as  that  of  the  artit'ieial  part  of  the 
(Caledonian  Canal.  In  consecjuence,  however,  of  the  facility  with  which  the  Dutch  canal 
was  duff,  and  of  the  evenness  of  the  proinid  through  which  it  passes,  the  diliiculties  with 
which  the  enijhiecr  had  to  contend  in  niakiiiK  it  were  trillini;  compared  to  those  which  had 
to  be  overcome  in  constructing  the  canals  now  mentioned.  We  have  not  learned  what 
returns  this  canal  yields;  most  probably  it  is  not,  at  least  in  a  direct  point  of  view,  a  prolita- 
ble  concern.  Even  in  Hollaml,  notwithsiandinK  the  lowness  of  interest,  it  would  require 
tolls  to  the  amount  of  40,000/.  a  year  to  cover  interest  and  expenses ;  and  so  lariie  a  sum 
can  hardly,  we  should  think,  be  raised  t)y  the  very  moderate  tolls  laid  on  the  ships  passing 
through  it, — (See  AMs-mmAM.)  This,  however,  is  not  the  only  consideration  to  be  attended 
to  in  estimating  the  value  of  a  work  of  this  sort.  Its  iidhience  in  promoting  the  trade  of 
Amstt;rdani,  and,  indeed,  of  Holland,  may  far  more  than  compensate  for  its  cost.  It  is  evi- 
dent, too,  that  tho  imposition  of  opjiressivc  tolls  would  have  cflectually  counteracted  this 
advantage  ;  that  is,  they  would  have  defeated  the  very  object  for  which  the  canal  was  con- 
structed,— (We  have  derived  these  details,  partly  from  an  able  article  in  the  Scutxijiun,  and 
partly  from  private  iiifornuition.) 

(6.)  Danish  Cuiirik. — The  Holstein  Canal,  in  Denmark,  is  of  very  consideraiile  import- 
ance. It  Joins  the  river  Eyder  with  Kiel  Bay  on  the  north-east  coast  of  Holstein,  forming 
a  navigable  communicdtion  between  the  IVortli  Sea,  a  little  to  the  north  of  Heligoland,  and 
the  Baltic;  enabling  vessels  to  pass  from  t\u'  one  to  the  other  by  a  short  cut  of  about  100 
miles,  instead  of  the  lengthened  and  dillicult  voyage  round  ,Iutland,  and  through  the  ('atte- 
gat  and  the  Sound.  The  Eyder  is  navigable  for  vessels  not  drawing  more  than  'J  feet  water, 
from  Tonningen,  near  its  mouth,  to  Bendslnirg,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  canal,  which  com- 
municates with  the  Baltic  at  Holtenau,  about '-)  miles  north  of  Kiel,  The  canal  is  al)Out  2ti 
Unglish  miles  in  length,  including  about  0  miles  of  what  is  principally  river  naviijation. 
The  excavated  portion  is  O.'i  feet  wide  at  top,  .'Jl  feet  0  inches  at  bottom,  and  9  feet  6  inches 
deep  (Eng.  mcas.).  Its  highest  elevation  above  the  level  of  the  sea  is  24  feet  4  inches  ;  to 
which  height  vessels  arc  raised  and  let  down  by  6  locks  or  sluices.  It  is  naviijable  by 
vessels  of  120  tons  burden,  or  more  provided  they  arc  constructed  in  that  view.  The  total 
cost  of  the  canal  was  about  500,000/.  It  was  opened  in  1785,  and  has  so  far  realised  the 
views  of  its  projectors,  as  to  enable  coasting  vessels  from  the  Danish  islands  in  the  Baltic 
and  the  east  coast  of  Holstein,  Jutland,  &c,,  to  jjroceed  to  Hamburgh,  Holland,  England,  &c, 
in  less  time  and  with  much  less  risk,  than,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  navigation,  they  could 
have  cleared  the  point  of  the  Skaw  ;  and  conversely  with  ships  from  the  w^'st.  The  smaller 
class  of  foreign  vessels,  particularly  those  under  the  Dutch  and  Hanseatic  flags,  navigating 
the  Baltic  and  North  Seas,  have  largely  availed  themselves  of  the  facilities  all'orded  by  this 
canal.  During  the  5  years  ending  with  1831,  no  fewer  than  2,780  vessels  passed  each  year, 
at  an  average,  through  the  canal.  This  is  a  suflTicient  evidence  of  its  utility.  It  woidd, 
however,  be  much  more  frequented,  were  it  not  for  the  diflicult  navigation  of  the  Eyder  from 
the  sea  to  Rcndsburg.  The  dues  are  moderate. — (Coxe's  Truirls  in  f/ie  Nurthof  Europe, 
fjih  cd.  vol.  v.  p.  239.,  where  there  is  a  plan  of  the  canal ;  Catteau,  Tableau  des  Etats 
Danois,  torn.  ii.  pp.  300 — 304. ;  and  private  information.) 

(7.)  Swedish  Canals. — The  formation  of  an  internal  navigation  connecting  the  Cattegat 
and  tho  Baltic  has  long  engaged  the  attention,  and  occupied  the  elforts,  of  the  peo[)le  and 
government  of  Sweden.  Various  motives  conspired  to  make  them  embark  in  this  arduous 
undertaking.  Tho  Sound  and  other  channels  to  the  Baltic  being  commanded  by  the  Danes, 
tiiey  were  able,  when  at  war  with  the  Swedes,  greatly  to  annoy  the  latter,  by  cutting  olfall 
cunnnunication  by  sea  between  the  eastern  an(l  western  provinces  of  the  kingdom.  And 
hence,  in  tho  view,  partly  of  obviating  this  annoyance  and  partly  of  lacilitating  the  convey- 
ance of  iron,  timber,  and  other  bulky  products,  from  the  interior  to  the  coast,  it  was  deter- 
mined to  attempt  forming  an  interrml  tiavigation,  by  means  of  the  river  (!otha.  and  the  lakes 
Wener,  Welter,  &c.  from  (lottenbur«h  to  Soderkceping  on  tl>e  Baltic,  'J'he  lirst  and  most 
dillicult  part  of  this  enterprise  was  the  perfecting  of  the  communication  from  Cfottenburgh 
to  the  lake  Wener,  The  Gotha,  which  flows  from  the  latter  to  the  former,  is  navigable, 
tin-ough  by  far  the  greater  part  of  its  course,  for  vessels  of  considerable  burden  ;  but.  besides 
others  less  diflicult  to  overcome,  the  navigation  at  the  point  called  Tnillha-tta  is  interrupted 
by  a  series  of  cataracts  about  112  feet  in  height.  Owing  to  the  rapidity  of  the  river,  and 
the  stubborn  red  granite  rocks  over  which  it  flows,  and  by  perpendicular  banks  of  which  it  is 
bounded,  the  attempt  to  cut  a  lateral  canal,  and  still  more  to  render  it  directly  navigable, 
presented  the  most  formidable  obstacles.  But,  luidismaycd  by  these,  on  which  it  is,  indeed, 
most  probable  he  had  not  suiriciently  reflected,  Polhem,  a  native  engineer,  undertook,  about 
the  middle  of  lust  century,  the  Herculean  task  of  constructing  locks  in  the  channel  of  the 
2  A  3  36 


53 


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t"", 


J  1 


282 


CANALS. 


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river,  and  rendering  it  navigable  !  \\'l»cther,  however,  it  were  owiiii?  to  the  all  but  insupera- 
ble obstacles  opposed  to  such  a  plan,  to  the  detective  execution,  or  deticient  strenpfth  of  the 
works,  they  where  wliolly  swept  away,  utter  beinij  cousideriihly  advanced,  and  n("ler  vast 
sums  had  been  exj)cnded  ujion  them.  From  tliis  period,  down  to  ITXi,  the  undertaking  was 
ai)andone(l ;  but  in  that  year,  the  plan  was  projiosed,  which  should  have  been  adopted  at 
first,  of  cutting  a  lateral  canal  through  the  solid  rock,  about  U  mile  from  the  river.  'I'liis 
new  enterprise  was  begun  under  the  aus])ices  of  a  eonipaiiy  incorporated  for  the  purpose  in 
171)4,  and  was  successfully  completed  in  1800.  The  canal  is  about  3  miles  in  length,  and 
has  a!)out  fi  A  feet  water.*  It  has  8  sluices,  and  admits  vessels  of  about  100  tons.  In  one  part  it 
is  cut  through  the  solid  rock  to  the  depth  of  73  feet.  The  expense  was  a  good  dial  less 
than  might  have  been  expected,  being  only  about  80,000/.  The  lake  Wener,  the  naviga- 
tion of  which  was  thus  opened  with  Ciottenburgh,  is  very  large,  deep,  and  encircled  by  some 
of  the  richest  of  the  Swedish  provinces,  which  now  possess  the  inestunable  advantage  of  a 
convciiient  and  ready  outlet  for  their  products. 

As  soon  as  the  Triillhictta  canal  had  been  completed,  there  could  be  no  room  for  doubt  as 
to  the  practicability  of  extending  the  navigation  to  Soderkivjiimr.  In  furtherance  of  this 
object,  the  lake  Wener  has  been  joined  to  the  lake  Wetter  by  the  Gotiia  Canal,  which  admits 
vessels  of  the  same  size  as  that  of  TrolllmHta ;  and  tlie  prolongation  of  the  navigation  to  the 
Baltic  from  the  Wetter,  partly  by  2  canals  of  c(!iud  magnitude  with  the  above,  and  jtartly 
by  lakes,  is  now,  we  believe,  about  completed.  The  entire  undertaking  is  called  the  Gotha 
Navigation,  and  deservedly  ranks  among  the  very  first  of  the  kind  in  Europe, 

Besides  the  Jibove.  the  canal  of  Arboga  unites  the  lake  Hielmar  to  the  lake  Maelar  ;  and 
since  1SI9,  acanal  has  been  constructed  fnun  the  latter  to  the  Baltic  at  Soderlelge.  'J'he 
c^iiuil  of  Stroemsholm,  so  called  from  its  passing  near  the  castle  of  that  name,  has  ell'ected  a 
navigable  communication  between  the  ]in)\ince  of  IJalecarlia  and  the  lake  Maelar,  iVc. — 
(For  further  details  see,  besides  the  autliorities  already  referred  to,  Cnxe'.s  'Vruvel"  In  Ihe 
Ati)i/t  I  if  Europe,  5th  ed.  vol.  iv.  pp.  253 — 366.,  and  vol.  v.  pp.  iJS — 66. ;  T/io/nsiin's  Tra- 
vels in  Siveden,  p.  35,  «&c.) 

(8.)  French  Cunak. — The  first  canal  executed  in  France  was  that  of  Briare,  3'U  En'?, 
lish  miles  in  length,  intended  to  form  a  comimiiiication  between  the  Seine  and  Loire,  [t 
was  commenced  in  1G05,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV'..  and  was  completed  in  1013,  under  liis 
successor,  Louis  A'lII.  The  canal  of  Orleans,  which  joins  the  above,  was  connnenccd  in 
167o.  But  the  most  stupendous  undertaking  of  this  sort  that  has  been  executed  in  France, 
or  indeed  on  the  Continent,  is  the  canal  of  Languedoc.  It  was  projected  under  I'rancis  1.; 
but  was  begun  and  completed  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  It  reaches  from  Narbonne  to 
Toulouse :  and  was  intended  to  form  a  safe  and  sjieedy  means  of  communication  In'twcen 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  64  French  leagues  long,  and  6  feet  deep; 
and  has,  in  all,  114  locks  and  sluices.  In  its  highest  jiart  it  is  600  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  In  some  places  it  is  conveyed  by  bridges  of  great  length  and  strengtii,  over  iars^e 
rivers.  It  cost  upwards  of  1,300,000/. ;  and  reilocts  intinitc  credit  on  the  engineer,  Iliquot, 
by  whom  it  was  planned  and  executed. 

Besides  this  great  work,  France  possesses  several  magnificent  canals,  such  as  that  of  The 
Centre,  connecting  the  Loire  with  the  Saone;  of  8t.  Quentin,  joining  the  Scheldt  and  the 
Sonime ;  of  Besanjon,  joining  the  Saone,  and  cunse(pient!y  the  Rhone,  to  the  Rhine;  of 
Burgundy,  joining  the  Rhone  to  the  Seine,  Ac.  Some  of  these  are  of  very  consideralilc 
niagiiituile.  The  canal  of  the  Centre  is  about  72  English  miles  in  length.  It  was  com- 
pleted in  1791,  at  an  expense  of  about  11,000,000  liaiics.  Its  summit  level  is  about  310 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Loire  at  Uigoin  ;  (he  breadth  at  the  water's  edge  is  about  18  feci, 
and  at  bottom  30  feet ;  depth  of  water  5|  feet ;  numiier  of  lo<'ks  81.  The  canal  of  .St.  i^ueii- 
tin,  3S  English  miles  in  length,  was  completed  in  ISIO.  The  canal  joining  the  Klione  to 
the  Hhine  is  the  most  extensive  of  any.     It  stieti'hes  from  the  ."^aone,  a  little  aliove  St.  .lean 

de  Lo>ne,  by  Dole,  Besangon,  and  .Muiliouse.  to  Straslmrg,  where  it  joins  the   Hlune, ii 

distance  of  about  200  English  miles.  From  Dole  to  Voiraucourl,  near  .\iontboliard.  the  canal 
is  principidly  excavated  in  the  bed  of  the  Doubs.  It  is  not  (|uite  llnisheil.  The  canal  of 
Burgundy  will,  when  completed,  be  about  243  kilom.,  or  150  English  miles  in  length  ;  JMjt 
at  pre-ent  it  is  only  navigable  to  the  distance  of  about  '.).")  kilom.  In  addition  to  thi  se.  a 
great  many  other  canals  have  been  liiiished.  while  several  are  in  jirogress,  and  others  pro- 
jected. There  is  an  excellent  account  of  the  French  canals  completed,  in  progress,  ami 
projected,  in  the  work  of  M.  Dutens,  entitled  Hisluire  ile  la  ^'itfiiraHitn  Intrrintre  de  la 
France.  3  vols.  4to,  and  to  it  we  beg  to  refer  the  reader  for  I'lirther  details.  He  will  timl,  at 
the  end  of  the  second  volume,  a  very  beautiful  map  of  the  rivers  and  canals  of  France. 

It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  railroad  projects  now  set  on  fool  in  Franco  may  ti'inl,  tor 
a  while  at  least,  to  check  the  progress  of  canalisation.  We  may  observe,  too,  that  the  state 
of  the  law  in  France  is  very  unfavourable  to  the  undertaking  and  success  of  all  Ln(Mi  pulilic 
works:  and  we  are  inclined  to  attribute  the  comparative  fewness  of  canals  in  France,  aiul 

*  Tli:-  IS  till!  stRKMiinntof  Cnttpail.  Tnlihnn  ilr  In  .Mir  Bnllt'iiii. \itinv  ii  p  77  ;  Oilily.  in  hi=  Fiimjmin 
Commtrci.  p.  JtHi.,  unit  Ualbi,  Abrciri  tit  lu  rit>':.'r,i;ihit.  p.  ;j?,i.,  s;iy  llial  Ilir  (k|itli  (>!'  water  is  KHVut. 


CANALS. 


283 


the  recent  period  at  which  most  of  (hem  have  been  constructed,  to  its  inflneiicc.  In  that 
country,  canals,  docks,  and  such  like  works,  arc  mostly  carried  on  at  the  exjionst;  and  for 
hohoof  of  government,  under  the  control  of  its  agents.  No  scope  has  licon  f<;i\vn  to  the 
enterprise  of  individuals  or  associations.  Before  either  ii  road  or  a  canal  can  lie  constructed, 
plans  and  estimates  must  be  made  out  and  laid  before  the  minister  of  the  interior,  by  whom 
they  are  referred  to  the  prefect  of  the  department,  and  then  to  the  Bureau  ties  roii'fg  tt  (lea 
Chaussi's  ;  and  supposing  the  i)r()i('ct  to  b(^  approved  by  these,  and  the  other  functionaries 
consulted  with  respect  to  it,  the  work  must  after  all  he  carried  on  under  the  superintendence 
of  some  public  officer.  In  consccjuence  of  this  preposterous  system,  very  few  works  of  this 
description  have  been  undertaken  as  priviite  speculations.  And  while  not  a  few  of  those 
begun  by  government  remain  unlinisbcd  and  comparatively  useless,  those  that  are  completed 
have,  as  was  to  be  expected,  rarely  proved  protitable.  There  are  some  good  remarks 
on  this  subject  in  tho  useful  work  of  M.  Dupin,  on  the  Forces  Conimerciaks  of  Great 
Britain. 

(9.)  Prussian  Canals. — The  Prussian  states  are  traversed  by  the  great  navigable  rivers 
the  Elbe,  the  Oder,  and  the  Vistula;  the  first  having  its  embouchure  in  the  North  Sea,  and 
the  others  in  the  Baltic.  The  formation  of  an  internal  navigation,  that  should  join  those 
great  ivater-ways,  excited  the  attention  of  government  at  a  distant  i)eriod  ;  and  this  object 
has  been  successfully  accomplished,  partly  by  the  aid  of  the  secondary  rivers  falling  into  the 
above,  and  partly  by  canals.  In  16G3,  the  canal  of  Muhlrose  was  undertaken,  uniting  tho 
Oder  and  the  Spree;  the  latter  being  a  navigable  river  falling  into  the  Havel,  also  a  naviga- 
ble river  joining  the  Elbe  near  Havelburg.  But  the  navigation  from  the  Oder  to  the  Elbe 
by  this  channel  was  diflicult  and  liable  to  fre(iuent  interruption  ;  and  to  obviate  these  ilefects 
Frederick  the  Great  constructed,  towards  the  middle  of  last  century,  the  Finnow  Canal, 
gtrelching  from  the  Oder  at  Oderberg  to  the  Havel,  near  Leibenwaldc ;  the  communication 
is  thence  continued  by  the  latter  and  a  chain  of  lakes  to  Plauen  ;  from  which  point  a  canal 
has  been  opened,  joining  the  Elbe  near  Alagdeburg.  The  Elbe  being  in  this  way  connected 
with  the  Oder  by  a  comparatively  easy  navigation,  the  latter  has  been  united  to  the  Vistula, 
partly  by  the  river  Netze,  and  partly  by  a  canal  joining  that  river  to  the  Brahe,  which  falls 
into  the  Vistula  near  Bromberg.  A  vast  irdand  navigation  has  thus  been  completed  ;  barks 
passing  freely  through  the  whole  extent  of  country  from  Hamburgh  to  Dantxic  ;  alVonling 
the  means  of  shipping  the  products  of  the  interior,  and  of  importing  those  of  for»ign  coun- 
tries, either  by  the  North  Sea  or  the  Baltic,  as  may  be  found  most  advantageous. — (  CutUau, 
Tableau  de  la  Mer  Baltique,  tome  ii.  p.  1 1 — 18. 

(10.)  Russian  Canals, — ^The  inland  navigation  of  Russia  is  of  vast  extent,  and  very 
considerable  importance.  The  reader  will  find  some  details  with  respect  to  it  under  tho 
article  Petersiidiioh. 

(11.)  Austrian  Canals. — ^The  Austrian  empire  is  traversed  in  its  whole  extent  by  the 
Danube ;  but  the  advantages  that  might  result  to  the  foreign  trade  of  the  empire  from  so 
(jrcat  a  command  of  river  navigation,  have  been  materially  abridged  by  the  jealousy  of  the 
Turks,  who  command  the  embouchure  of  the  river,  and  by  the  difficulties  thut  are  in  some 
jilaces  incident  to  its  navigation.  Two  pretty  extensive  canals  have  been  constructed  in  Hun- 
gary. That  called  the  Bcga  Canal  is  7;}  English  miles  in  length :  it  stretches  from  Faseet 
through  the  Bannat  by  Temeswar  to  Becskerek,  whence  vessels  pass  by  the  Bcga  into  the 
Theiss,  a  little  above  its  junction  with  the  Danube.  The  other  Hungarian  canal  is  called 
alter  the  Emperor  Francis.  It  stretches  from  the  Danube  by  Zambor  to  the  Thciss,  which 
it  joins  near  Fijldvar,  being  62  English  miles  in  length  :  its  elevation,  where  highest,  does 
not  exceed  "7  feet.  Besides  the  above,  the  canal  of  Vienna  establishes  a  conunuiiieation 
liptvveen  that  city  and  Neust.adt.  It  is  said  to  be  the  intention  to  continue  this  canal  to 
Trieste  ;  but,  however  desirable,  we  doubt  much  whether  this  be  practicable.  A  railroad  is 
at  present  being  made  from  Munthausen  on  (ho  Danube  to  Budweiss  on  the  MoUlau,  u 
iia\ni;able  river  that  falls  into  the  Elbe.  This  promises  to  bo  a  highly  useful  conmuinieation. 
—[HriirhCs  Travels  in  Huturary,  ji.  246. ;  Jiullii,  Abrei<;e  de  la  Gtvirraphle,  p.  2l(i.) 

(12.)  Spcinish  Canals, — No  where  arc  canals  more  necessary,  both  for  llie  purposes  of 
navigation  and  irrigation,  than  in  Spain ;  but  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  the  poverty  and 
ignorance  of  the  government  as  well  as  of  the  people,  oppose  formidable  obstacles  to  their 
construction.  During  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  a  company  of  Dutch  contractors  oflered  to 
render  the  Mani'anares  navigable  from  Madrid  to  where  it  falls  into  the  Tagus,  and  the  latter 
from  that  point  to  Lisbon,  provided  they  were  allowed  to  levy  a  duty  for  a  certain  number 
of  years  on  the  goods  conveyed  by  this  channel.  The  Council  of  Castile  took  this  proposal 
into  tiieir  serious  consideration,  and  after  maturely  weighing  it,  ])ronounced  the  singular 
decision — "That  if  it  had  pleased  (iod  that  the.se  two  rivers  should  have  been  naviirable,  he 
would  not  have  wanted  human  assistance  to  have  made  them  such  ;  but  that,  as  he  has  not 
done  it,  it  is  |)lain  that  he  did  not  think  it  proper  that  it  should  be  done.  To  attempt  it,  there- 
fore, would  lie  to  violate  the  decrees  of  his  providence,  and  to  mend  the  imperfections  which 
lie  desii^nedly  left  in  his  works!" — (Clitr/ct's  Letters  tin  the  Spanixk  Niilimi,  p.  281.)  But 
such  undertakings  are  no  longer  looked  upon  as  sinful;  and  many  liave  been  projected  since 


tl'll 


C3 


o 


C 


884 


CANALS. 


I 


the  accession  of  the  Bourbon  dynasty,  though  few  have  been  perfected.  The  canal  of  the 
Ebro,  bcRun  under  the  Emperor  ("Imrles  V.,  is  tin'  most  imjOTrtant  of  the  ^Spanish  canals; 
but  it  is  only  partially  completed,  and  lUirinc;  dry  seasons  it  sutlers  from  want  of  water.  It 
runs  parallel  to  the  rigiit  bank  of  the  Ebro,  from  'J'udeia  in  Navarre  to  below  Saragossa ; 
the  intention  beinij  to  carry  it  to  8asta!?o,  where  it  is  to  unite  with  the  Eiiro.  The  canal  of 
Castile  is  intended  to  lay  open  tlie  country  between  the  Douro  and  Reynosa,  and  to  facilitate 
the  conveyance  of  (^rain  from  the  interior  to  Saiitandar  and  Bilbao.  It  passes  by  Valladolid, 
Palencia,  and  Aguilar  del  Campos ;  a  small  part  has  been  executed,  and  is  now  in  operation. 
A  company  has  recently  undertaken,  what  the  Dutch  contractors  formerly  oHered,  to  render 
the  Tagus  navigable  from  Araiijuez  to  Lisbon  ;  the  free  navigation  of  the  river  having  been 
Btipulated  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  A  jiroject  for  deepening  the  (Juadalipiivir,  and  some 
others,  are  also  on  foot. — (Fureii^n  Qitarfcr/ij  Rc'vi'tw,  No.  d.  ]},S5. ,-  lialbi,  Abrcgc  de  hi 
Gi'ii<rrap/nt;  p.  349.) 

(i;5.)  liritish  Canals. — Owing  partly  to  the  late  rise  of  extensive  manufictures  and  com- 
merce in  Great  Britain,  but  more,  pcrhaiis,  to  the  insular  situation  of  the  country,  no  part  of 
which  is  very  distant  from  the  sea  or  from  a  navigable  river,  no  attempt  was  made  in  Eng- 
land, to  construct  canals  till  a  comparatively  recent  period.  The  ellorts  of  those  who  llrst 
began  to  improve  the  means  of  internal  navigation,  were  limited  to  attempts  to  deepen  the 
beds  of  rivers,  and  to  render  them  better  lilted  tor  the  conveyance  of  vessels.  Ho  early  as 
1C:55,  a  Mr.  Sandys  of  Elatl)ury,  Worcestersliire,  formed  a  project  for  rendering  the  Avon 
navigable  from  the  Severn,  near  Tewkesbury,  through  the  counties  of  Warwick,  Worcester, 
and  Gloucester,  "  that  the  towns  and  country  might  be  better  supplied  with  wood,  iron,  pit- 
coal,  and  other  commodities."  This  scheme  was  approved  by  the  principal  nobility  and 
landowners  in  the  adjoining  counties ;  but  the  civil  war  having  broken  out  soon  alter,  the 
project  was  abandoned,  and  does  not  seem  to  have  been  revived.  After  the  restoration,  and 
during  the  earlier  part  of  last  century,  various  acts  were  at  diil'erent  times  obtained  forcheaj)- 
ening  and  improving  river  navigation.  For  the  most  part,  however,  these  attempts  wore 
not  very  successful.  The  current  of  the  rivers  gradually  changed  the  form  of  their  channels; 
the  dykes  and  other  artificial  constructions  were  apt  to  be  destroyed  by  inundations  ;  alluvial 
Band  banks  were  formed  below  the  weirs ;  in  summer,  the  channels  were  frecjuently  too  dry 
to  admit  of  being  navigated,  while  at  other  periods  the  current  was  so  strong  as  to  render  it 
quite  impossible  to  ascend  the  river,  which  at  all  times,  iudeed,  was  a  laborious  and  ex[)en- 
eivc  undertaking.  These  difficulties  in  the  way  of  river  navigation  seem  to  have  suggestivl 
the  expediency  of  .ibandoning  the  channels  of  most  rivers,  and  of  digging  parallel  to  them 
artificial  channels,  in  which  the  water  might  be  kept  at  the  jiroper  level  by  means  of  locks. 
The  act  passed  by  the  legislature  in  1755,  for  improving  the  navigation  of  Sankcy  Brook  on 
the  Mersey,  gave  rise  to  a  lateral  canal  of  this  description,  al)out  lljj^  miles  in  length,  which 
deserves  to  be  mentioned  as  the  earliest  elfort  of  the  sort  in  England. 

But  before  this  canal  had  been  completed,  the  celebrated  Duke  of  Bridgewater*,  and  his 
eijually  celebrated  engineer,  the  self-instructed  James  Brindley,  had  conceived  a  plan  of 
canalisation  independent  altogether  of  natural  channels,  and  intended  to  allbrd  the  greatest 
facilities  to  commerce,  by  carrying  canals  across  rivers  and  through  mountains,  wherever  it 
was  practicable  to  construct  them.-j- 

'I'hc  Duke  was  proprietor  of  a  large  estate  at  Worsley,  7  miles  from  Manchester,  in  which 
were  some  very  rich  coal-mines,  that  had  hitherto  been  in  a  great  measure  useless,  owing  to 
the  cost  of  carrying  coal  to  market.  Being  desirous  of  turning  his  mines  to  some  account,  it 
occurred  to  his  Grace  that  his  purpose  would  be  best  accomplished  by  cutting  a  canal  from 
Worsley  to  Manchester.  Mr.  Brindley,  having  been  consulted,  declared  that  the  scheme 
was  practicable  ;  and  an  act  having  been  obtained,  the  work  was  immediately  commenced. 
"The  principle,"  says  Mr.  Phillips,  "laid  down' at  tlie  commencement  of  this  business, 
reflects  as  much  honour  on  the  noble  imderfaker  as  it  does  upon  his  engineer.  It  \v;is 
resolved  that  the  canal  should  be  perfect  in  its  kind  ;  and  that,  in  order  to  preserve  the  level 
of  the  water,  it  should  be  free  from  the  usual  construction  of  locks.  But  in  accomplishing 
this  end  many  difficulties  were  deemed  insurmountable.  It  was  necessary  that  the  canal 
ehould  be  carried  over  rivers,  and  many  large  and  deep  valleys,  wliere  it  was  evident  that 
Buch  stupendous  mounds  of  earth  must  be  raised,  as  would  scarcely,  it  was  thought  by  iiuiii- 
bers,  be  completed  by  the  labour  of  aws;  and.  above  all,  it  was  not  known  from  what  source 
BO  large  a  supply  of  water  could  be  drawn,  even  on  this  improved  plan,  as  would  supi)ly  !lie 
navigation.  But  Mr.  Brindley,  with  a  strength  of  mind  jjcculiar  to  himself,  and  being  pos- 
sessed of  the  confidence  of  his  great  patron,  contrived  such  admirable  machines,  and  took 

♦  This  truly  noliln  person  expeiidi'd  a  prinrcly  tVn  tniK'  in  tlie  pr<is(,'cnti<)n  of  liis  jricut  deslKiis ;  ariil 
to  iiicrease  his  resoiirees,  is  siiiil  to  liavi!  rrslricli'd  his  iiwii  pi'isiiii:il  c.vpi'iisi's  to  ■10(1/.  a  yr.ir  I  ISiit 
hi^  priiji'cts  were  productive  of  prear  wi'altli  to  hiiiiscll'iuid  hissiirri'ssdis  ;  ami  have  prDiiioliMl.  in  wi 
ordinary  deftroe,  the  wealth  and  prosperity  of  liin  country,     lie  dit'd  in  l"'iH. 

+  There  is  a  gooil  account  of  llriutllcy  in  Aikia'g  BiiKjriijihiml  Dicliiinin-ij.  His  intense  appliiiilion, 
and  the  anxiety  of  mind  inseparalile  from  the  great  enlerpriscs  in  wliiih  lie  was  engaged,  leriuinaled 
hi.i  valuable  life  at  the  early  age  of  50. 


CANALS. 


28!) 


Buch  mcthmls  to  facilitate  the  proi^rcss  of  the  work,  that  the  world  soon  began  to  wonder 
how  it  could  be  thought  so  dirt'icult. 

"  When  the  canal  was  completed  as  far  as  Barton,  where  the  Irwell  is  navigable  for  large 
vessels,  Mr.  Hrindley  proposed  to  carry  it  over  that  river  liy  an  a(|Ueduct  '19  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  water  in  the  river.  Tills,  however,  being  considered  as  a  wild  and  extrava- 
gant project,  he  desired,  in  order  to  justify  his  conduct  towards  his  noble  employer,  that  the 
opinion  of  another  engineer  misht  be  taken,  believing  that  he  could  easily  convince  an 
intelligent  person  of  the  practicatiility  of  Ihc  design.  A  gentleman  of  eminence  was  accord- 
ingly called,  who,  being  conducted  to  tiie  place  where  it  was  intended  that  the  acjueduct 
should  be  made,  ridiculed  the  attempt;  and,  when  the  height  and  dimensions  were  commu- 
nicated to  him,  he  exclaimed — '1  have  often  heard  of  castles  in  the  air,  but  never  was  shown 
licfore  where  any  of  them  were  to  be  erected.'  This  unfavourable  verdict  did  not  deter  the 
Duke  frotn  following  the  opinion  of  his  own  engineer.  The  aqueduct  was  immediately  lio- 
gim  ;  and  it  was  (tarried  on  with  such  rapidity  and  success  as  astonished  those  who,  but  a 
little  before,  thought  it  impossible." 

Before  the  canal  from  Worsley  to  Manchester  had  been  completed,  it  occurred  to  the 
Duke  and  his  engineer  that  it  miijht  be  practicable  to  extend  it  by  a  branch,  which,  running 
through  Chester  parallel  to  the  river  Mersey,  should  at  length  terminate  in  that  river,  below 
the  limits  of  its  artificial  navigation  ;  and  thus  alVord  a  new,  safer,  and  cheaper  means  of 
communication  between  Manchester  and  its  vicinity  and  Liverpool.  The  execution  of  this 
plan  was  authorised  by  an  act  passed  in  17()1.  This  canal,  which  is  above  29  miles  in 
length,  was  finished  in  about  5  years.  It  was  constructed  in  the  best  manner,  and  has  proved 
eijually  advantageous  to  its  noble  proprietor  and  the  puiilic. 

"When  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater,"  says  Dr.  Aikin,  "undertook  this  great  design,  the 
price  of  carriage  on  the  river  navigation  was  Vis.  the  ton  from  Manchester  to  Liverpool, 
while  that  of  land  carriage  was  M)s.  the  ton.  The  Duke's  charge  on  this  canal  was  limited, 
by  statute,  to  six  shillings ;  and  together  with  this  vast  superiority  in  cheapness,  it  had  all 
the  speed  and  regularity  of  land  carriage.  The  articles  conveyed  by  it  were,  likewise,  much 
more  numerous  than  those  by  the  river  navigation  ;  besides  manufactured  goods  and  their 
raw  materials,  coals  from  the  Duke's  own  jiits  were  de[)osited  in  yards  at  various  parts  of  the 
canal,  for  the  supply  of  Cheshire ;  lime,  manure,  and  building  materials  were  carried  from 
place  to  place  ;  and  the  markets  of  Manchester  obtained  a  supply  of  provisions  from  districts 
too  remote  for  the  ordinary  land  conveyances.  A  branch  of  useful  and  profitable  carriage, 
hitherto  scarcely  known  in  England,  was  also  undertaken,  which  was  that  of  passengers. 
Boats,  on  the  model  of  the  Dutch  treckschuyts,  but  more  agreeable  and  capacious,  were  set 
up,  which,  at  very  reasonable  rates,  and  with  great  convenience,  carried  numbers  of  persons 
daily  to  and  from  Manchester  along  the  line  of  the  canal." — (Aikin's  Description  of  the 
Cunnfri/  round  Manchester,  p.  IIG.) 

The  success  that  attended  the  Duko  of  Bridgewatcr's  canals  stlinulatod  pul)lic-spirifcd 
individuals  in  other  districts  to  undertake  similar  works.  Mr.  Brindley  had  early  formed 
the  magnificent  scheme  of  joining  the  great  ports  of  London,  Liverpool,  Bristol,  and  Hull, 
liy  a  system  of  internal  navigation  :  and,  though  he  died  in  1772,  at  the  early  age  of  .56,  ho 
had  the  satisfaction  to  see  his  granil  project  in  a  fair  way  of  being  realised.  The  Trent  and 
Mersey,  or,  as  it  has  been  more  commonly  termed,  the  Grand  Trunk  Canal,  96  miles  in 
length,  was  begun  in  1766  and  completed  in  1777.  It  stretches  from  near  Runcorn  on  the 
Mersey,  where  it  communicates  with  the  Duke  of  Bridgewatcr's  Can.al,  to  Nevvcastle-under- 
liiiie ;  thence  southwards  to  near  Titchlield  ;  and  then  north-westerly,  till  it  joins  the  Trent 
at  Wilden  Ferry,  at  the  north-western  extremity  of  Leicestershire.  A  water  communication 
between  Hull  and  Liverpool  was  thus  completed  ;  and  by  means  of  the  Stalfordshirc  and 
Worcestershire  Canal,  which  joins  the  Grand  Trunk  near  Haywood  in  the  former,  and  the 
Severn  near  Stourport  in  the  latter,  the  same  means  of  communication  was  extended  to 
Bristol.  During  the  time  that  the  (Jrand  Trunk  Canal  was  being  made,  a  canal  was  under- 
tjiken  from  Liverpool  to  Leeds,  130  miles  in  length;  another  from  Birmingham  to  the 
Statfonlshire  and  Worcestershire  Canal,  joining  it  near  Wolverhampton ;  and  one  from 
Birmingham  to  Fazeley  and  thence  to  (Coventry.  By  canais  subsequently  undertaken,  a 
communication  was  formed  between  the  Grand  Trunk  Canal  and  Oxford,  and  consequently 
with  London,  completing  Brindley 's  magnificent  scheme.  In  1792,  the  Grand  .luiietion 
Canal  was  begun,  which  runs  in  a  pretty  straight  line  from  Brentford,  on  the  Thames,  a  little 
above  the  metropolis,  to  Braunston  in  Northamptonshire,  where  it  unites  with  the  Oxford 
and  other  central  canals.  It  is  al)out  90  miles  in  length.  There  is  also  a  direct  water 
communication,  by  means  of  the  river  Lea  navigation,  the  Cambridge  .lunction  (Janal,  &c., 
between  London  and  the  Wash.  In  addition  to  these,  an  immense  number  of  other  canals, 
some  of  them  of  very  great  magnitude  and  importance,  have  been  (ronstructed  in  ditferent 
parts  of  the  country;  so  that  a  command  of  internal  navigation  has  been  obtained,  unparal- 
led  in  any  European  country,  with  the  exception  of  Holland. 

In  Scotland,  the  great  canal  to  join  the  Forth  and  Clyde  was  begun  in  1768,  but  it  was 


C2 


286 


CANALS. 


'  J. 


!■'' 


auspcndcil  in  1777,  and  was  not  rcsumod  till  afii-r  ilio  closo  of  the  American  war.  It  was 
finully  coinplcti'd  in  I7!)().  Its  tot;il  Ifii\'ili.  iiichiiliii^  tliti  collatenil  cuts  to  (Jlusgow  and  Iho 
Monkland  Canal,  is  18,'  miles.  Where  hiffhest  it  is  150  leet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
It  is  on  a  larL^er  scale  than  any  of  the  Eiiijlish  canals.  Its  medium  width  at  tlu;  surtacc  is 
SO,  and  at  the  hottom  27  feet.  Oriiriiially  it  was  ahout  H  feet  (i  inches  dee|);  hut  recently 
its  banks  liave  been  raised  so  that  the  (le|)th  of  warer  is  now  about  10  feet.  It  has,  in  all,  3!) 
locks.  In  completini;  this  can:d,  many  serious  dilliculties  had  to  be  encountered.  These, 
however,  were  all  successfully  overcome;  and  tlioutfh  unprolitable  for  a  while,  it  has,  for 
many  years  past,  yielded  a  handsome  return  to  its  proprietors.  Swift  boats,  on  the  plan  of 
tliosc  subsoiiuently  described,  were  established  on  this  canal  in  183'^. — (See  Cklund'.s  S/(i- 
ti,Kticfi  iif  (;/iis<^(iii;  J).  170.  <!tc.) 

T!i(^  Union  Canal  joins  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal  near  Falkirk,  and  stretches  thence  to 
Edinburgh,  bcin?  •US  miles  in  length.  It  is  '10  feet  wide  at  the  top,  20  at  bottom,  and 
fj  deep.  It  was  completed  in  1822;  but  litis  beiMi,  in  all  respects,  a  most  unprolitai)le 
undertakim,'.  Ililherto  the  proprietors  have  not  received  any  dividend  ;  and  their  prospects, 
we  understand,  are  little,  if  any  thinu;,  improved. 

A  canal  intended  to  form  a  connnuiiication  between  Glasgow,  Paislej-,  and  Ardrossan, 
was  commeiiceil  in  1S()7;  but  only  that  jioriion  connecting  Glasgow  with  Paisley  and  the 
village  of  .lolmstoun,  has  hitherto  been  linislieil,  Tliis  part  is  about  12  miles  long;  the  canal 
being  no  feet  broad  !it  top,  IS  at  bottom,  and  1.^  deep.  It  was  here  that  the  important 
experiments  were  originally  made  on  (juiek  travelling  by  canals,  which  demonstrated 
that  it  was  cjuite  practicable  to  iini)el  a  properly  constructed  boat,  carrying  j>assenger8 
and  goods,  along  a  canal  at  the  rate  of  J)  or  10  miles  an  hour,  without  injury  to  the  banks! 
— {See  /)as■^) 

The  ('rinan  Canal,  across  the  peninsula  of  Kintyre,  is  9  miles  long,  and  13  feet  deep, 
admitting  vessels  of  100  tons  burden. 

The  ('aledonian  Canal  is  the  greatest  imdertaking  of  the  sort  attempted  in  tlie  empire. 
It  stretches  S.  W.  and  N.  E.  across  the  inland  from  a  point  near  Inverness  to  another  near 
Fort  William.  It  is  chiefly  formed  by  Tioch  .\ess.  Loeli  Oich,  and  Loch  Lochy.  The  total 
length  of  the  canal,  iiiclnding  the  lakes,  is  nS  J  miles  ;  but  the  excavated  |)art  is  only  21  \ 
miles.  \t  the  sunnnit  it  is  00}  feci  above  the  level  of  the  Western  Ocean.  It  has  been 
constructed  ui)oii  a  very  grand  scale,  being  20  feel  deep,  .'JO  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  122  iit 
top  ;  the  bicks  are  20  feet  deep,  172  long,  and  lO  broad.  Frigates  of  152  guns  and  merchant 
fihi|is  of  1,000  tons  burden  may  pass  through  it.  This  canal  was  opened  in  1822.  It  was 
executed  entirely  at  the  expense  of  government,  from  the  designs  and  imder  the  superiii- 
tcndencc  of  Thomas  Telford,  Esq.,  on  whose  skill  and  ta'»'nts  as  an  engineer  it  reflects  the 
highest  credit.  The  entire  cost  has  been  OHO, 92 1/.  It  would,  however,  appear  to  have  been 
projected  without  ilue  consideration,  and  pr  )mises  to  be  a  very  unprolitable  speculation. 
During  the  year  1S29,  the  total  revetme  of  tlu^  canal,  arising  from  tonnage  dues  anil  all 
other  sources,  amounted  to  only  2,.'j7.')/.  (!v.  IrA,  while  the  ordinary  exj)enditurc,  during  tlio 
same  year,  amounted  to  4,57.3/.  Os.  I  ^(/. !  It  is,  therefore,  very  doubtful  whether  the  revenue 
derived  from  il  will  ever  he  able  to  defray  the  expenses  of  keeping  it  in  repair,  without  allow- 
ing any  thing  for  interest  or  capital. 

The  rc)II(nviiiL'  i-s  a  'Ictaileil  account  ol'  the  varinu:*  items  of  expenditure  on  account  of  tlio  Caledo- 
nian Canal, lroia-2Utli  of  October,  I>u;i,  to  l.^^t  of  May,  lS:tO:— 


Mannpeinint  ami  Iravellincr  expenses 
Tiinlicr.  ami  earriiiui!  tlieroot' 
Macliinery,  cast-iron  worlis,  tools,  ami  materials 
Quarries  and  nitisomy        -  .  -  . 

filii|>I)ini.'  .  -  .  .  . 

Houses  and  otlier  huiidingrJ  -  .  . 

Lalionr  and  wnrknianslii|>  (day-work) 
I.aliour  and  WDrkmansliip  (ini'asurii  work) 
furrhaseiif  land,  and  payrniuits  on  accouin  of  damages 
I'nrc  liasi"  and  hire  of  liorses  an(i  provcmler 
Incidental  expenses  -  -  -  . 

Itoadniaking         ..... 

Total  cost 


£  s.  ,1. 

-  ai)sm  12  loj- 

-  7-2,317  1  Kli 

-  l'2H,SH(i  .1  TJ 

-  200,(111  4  lOJ 

-  11,719  1  () 

5,.'):i!»  10  C. 

-  51,-2m)  1  1} 

-  41H,,'),-)|  pi  HI 

-  47.!I5I>  1-2  '.>} 

3,0:)S  12  2  J 

2,S20  18  10 

4,.'i70  ;i  fij 

£'JSti,<l21  1  0} 


Some  other  canals  have  been  projected  and  completed  in  different  parts  of  Scotland. 
Of  these  the  Monkland  Canal,  for  the  supply  of  Glasgow  with  coal,  has  been  the  most 
successful. 

The  following  extract  from  the  share  list  of  Mr.  Edmunds,  Broker,  (9.  Change  .Alley, 
Cornhill,  12th  of  October,  183.3,)  gives  an  account  of  the  number  of  shares  in  the  princi- 
pal British  canals,  the  cost  or  sum  actually  expended  upon  each  share,  the  dividend  payable 
upon  it,  its  selling  price  at  the  abovementioned  date,  and  the  periods  when  the  dividends  ore 
payable : — 


3,,''>7.') 

2,11 

1.297 

000 

1,1S7 

(<ii9 
II,fi()0 

120,000/. 
2.S491 

749 


6,2,1S 
lis 
25,;t2S 
150 
ll.OOO.} 
2,8711} 
IS} 
510 
5 
I,Sil7 
70 
3,000 
2.)(l 
500 
101 
2,100 
TOO 

lion 

217 

500 

130 

522 

l,7Ni 

2,100 

2,520 

21 ,4  IS 

5,(i«9 

500 

500 

SOO 

45,000 

700 

.SOO 

3,(1 17  I 

200 

533 

350 

4,S05 

3,311 


1,150 
1,300 
2.600 
1.000 
1.000.1 
%0 


It  was 

null  iho 

the  soa. 
lurfaco  is 
,  recently 
ill  all,  39 
These, 
t  has,  for 
e  jilan  of 
ind'a  Star 

thence  to 
ittoni,  ami 
iprolitalile 
prosjiccts, 

\rtlrossaTi, 
cy  anil  the 
;  the  canal 
inH)ortant 
nionstrati'd 
passengers 
the  bunks! 

3  feet  deep, 

the  empire, 
nollier  near 
.  The  total 
is  only  31  \ 
It  has  been 
,  and  123  at 
id  nierchaTit 
yZ-Z.  It  was 
he  superin- 

reflects  tho 
have  been 

peculation. 

nes  anil  all 

durinc;  tho 
\e  reviMiuc 

thout  allow- 

f  tin;  Caledo- 

.<!.    d. 

12  lOJ- 

1  m 

■t    7} 

4  111} 

1     (> 
11)    0 

1     U 
Iti    Hi 

12  n 

IS  111 

1   oi 

i>f  Scotlani 
i>n  the  most 

lanRC  Alley, 
\\  the  princi- 
lend  payable 
lividends  are 


CANALS. 

287 

Number  of 

Namm  of  CanaU. 

Allirilllit  of 

Awnv- 

(■™t   1 

i'rirc  iiir 

niv.  pf-r 

nlvi.leiid 

Starts. 

yiiarc. 

|*r  sh.irt,.      1 

biwre. 

Aiuiuin. 

fayible. 

£    s. 

£    ,v. 

/. 

£  s. 

£    >.  ,1. 

1,IS2 

Aslihy-de-ln-Zoucli 

mil  0 

113     0 

0 

71    0 

4     0     0 

Ap.  Oct. 

l,7«i 

Asliti'iii  aiul  Oldlmiii 



113     0 

I) 

130     0 

5     0    1) 

Ap.  Oct. 

72(1 

llariisli'y             ... 

ion    0 

iU     0 

0 

2!N)    0 

14     0    0 

Feb.  Aug. 

l.'iliO 

llasiiiKslokn       -           -           . 

100     (1 



5    5 

Ditto  ImncU        .           .           . 

Kill     0 

— 

— 

— 

April. 

4.IIIIII 

itiniiiiiuliaiM  (JiIihIi.) 

17  III 



233  10 

12  10     0 

Ap.  Oct. 

4,0il() 

Uirniitiuliani  &  Liverpool  Junc- 

tiiiM 
lliiltiiii  1111(1  lUiry 

100     0 

1(10    u 

Opd. 

30     0 

477 

2,^0     0 



105     0 

0    0    0 

.January. 

1,(10') 

Urcckiiock  and  ".Miercnvenny  - 

l.'ill     (1 

— 

85     0 

4     0    0 

Jan.  July. 

(iOd 

liriil^'ewatcr  and  TauMtoii 

Kill     II 

100    0 

Opd. 

70     0 

r-alder  and  Ilidilile 

— 

. — 

4!I0    0 

I. mill 

CarliHlc 

5(1     0 

21  10 

Opd. 

4110 

(^liclinnr  and  UUickwatcr 

101)     II 



103    0 

5    0    0 

January. 

i,,',im 

•  .'lu'sliTliuld 

lllll     (1 



170     0 

H     0     0 

rm 

Ciivcniry           .          .          . 

Kill     11 

— . 

(iOO     0 

32    0     0 

May,  Nov. 

l.Hal 

(-'riiiaii    -           .           -           . 

.ril     0 

— 

2    0 

4l!l) 

C'roniford            .           .           . 

Kill     I) 

— 

300    0 

18     0    0 

Jan.  July. 

4,510 

Croydon              .            .            . 

IIMI     1) 

31     2 

10 

1    0 

11,811)/. 

Ditto  l)onda         -           -           - 

10(1     0 

— 

50    0 

5    0    0 

tiiiii;. 

l).!rl)y     -           .           -           - 

IIKI     0 

no  0 

n 

117    0 

0    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

u.noii 

Dudley               .           .           . 

1110     II 

— 

50    0 

2  10    0 

Mar.  Sept. 

Kiliiiliiirgh  and  Glnsfrnw 

100     I) 

3,.^7.') 

EllesniLTU  and  Chester 

l:i3     0 

1.33    0 

0 

80    0 

3  15    0 

September. 

am 

Ereuash             .            .            . 

nil)     0 

7.50    0 

0 

705    0 

47    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

1. 207 

rorlli  and  Clyd« 

100     0 

too  10 

0 

545    0 

25    0    0 

June,  Dec. 

(iOO 

Glamorganshire 

100     0 

172  13 

4 

2<.l()    0 

13  12    8 

S  Ma.  June, 
\  Sep.  Dec. 

1,1S7 

Gloucester  and  Berkeley 

100    0 

_ 

13  10 

8',l',) 

Ditto  (Now)  of  10  per  cent.     - 



— 

45    0 

ll.fiOl) 

(Jrand  .luiiction 

100     0 

'.24  10 

0 

215    0 

12    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

1..V21 

(iraiid  Surrey 

100     0 

— 

22    0 

— 

Apr.  Oct. 

120,0110/. 

Ditto  lo.in           -           -           - 

— 

— 

80    0 

4    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

2,'<4i)i 

Grand  Union      -           _           - 

100     0 

— 

24    0 

1     0    0 

1st  Oct. 

3,0',lli 

Grand  Western 

IOO     0 

100    0 

Opd. 

21    0 

74'J 

Grantliam           .           .           . 
neri'ford  and  Gloucester 

150     0 
IOO    0 

150    0 

0 

200    0 

10    0    0 

May. 

6.2.18 

Ilnddersfudd      - 

10(1     0 

57    0 

0 

34    0 

1  10    0 

September. 

118 

Ivel  and  Ouso  Beds 

1110    0 

100    0 

Opd. 

115  10 

5    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

25,328 

Keiinet  and  Avon 

IOO     0 

3!)  18 

10 

27    0 

1     5    0 

Septendier. 

1511 

Kensinf;ton        .            .           - 

IOO     0 

100    0 

Opd. 

10    0 

ii.oimi- 

Lancaster           .           .           . 

100    0 

47    0 

8 

20    0 

1    0    0 

April. 

2,87!IJ 

Leeds  and  Liverpool    [- 

100    0 

— 

470    0 

20     0     0 

May,  Nov. 

18J 

Ditto  (New) 

— 

— 

— 

10     0     0 

iMaV.  Nov. 

5111 

Leicester            .           -           - 

— 

140    0 

0 

175    0 

10    0    0     Jiiii.  .Inly.   1 

5 

Ditto       .           .           -           - 

— 

(10    0 

0 

80    0 

13  10    0     .lMn..Iuly.   | 

l,Sil7 

Leicester  and  Northampton     - 

100    0 

83  10 

0 

SO    0 

4    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

70 

Lnui;lilH>rou|;h 

— 

112  17 

0 

1,820    0 

124    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

3,noo 

Macdeslield       -           -           - 

100    0 

100    0 

Olid. 

50    0 

2.-.(l 

Melton  Mowbray 

100     0 

— 

100    0 

0    0    0 

July. 

500 

M<'rsey  and  Irwcll 

ion    0 

— 

750    0 

40    0    0 

Juiie. 

101 

Monkland           .           .           . 

100     0 

— 

00    0 

2,100 

Moninoutlishire 

100   0 

100    0 

0 

108    0 

10    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

700 

Monl|,'oinerysliire 

100     0 

— 

85    0 

4    0    0 

:\Iar.  Aug. 

Olio 

North  Walsham  and  Dilham  - 

50    0 

50    0 

Opd. 

10    0 

— 

January. 

217 

Neath     .           .           .           - 

— 

107  10 

0 

200    0 

15    0     0 

Aug.  Feb. 

50(1 

Nottingham        .           .           - 

150    0 

— 

205    0 

12    0     0 

April,  Oct. 

130 

Nntbrook            .           .           - 

UK)    (I 

— 

— 

0    2     0 

522 

Oakham              .           .           . 

130    0 

— 

44    0 

2    0     0 

May. 

1.7M) 

OxCoril    .           .           -           - 

loo   0 

— 

505    0 

32    0    0 

Mar.  Sept. 

2,400 

Peak  Forest 

100     0 

48    0 

0 

77    0 

3  10    0 

June,  Dec. 

2,520 

Portsmouth  and  Arundel 

50     0 

50    0 

0 

10    0 

21,418 

Uegent'8              .            .            - 

100    0 

33  10 

8 

10  15 

0  13    0 

July. 

5,lili'J 

Rochdale            .           .           . 

100     0 

85    0 

0 

111    0 

4    (J    0 

May. 

ylKI 

Shrewsbury 

125    0 

— 

255    0 

11    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

500 

Shropshire         .           .            - 

125    0 

— 

138     0 

7  10    0 

June,  Dec. 

80(1 

.Somerset  Coal 

50    0 

— 

170    0 

10  10    0 

Jan.  July. 

45,000 

Ditto  Lock  Fund 

12  10 

— 

12  10 

5  lOp.ct. 

June,  Dec. 

700 

Stiillbrd  and  Worcester 

110     0 

140    0 

0 

010    0 

34    0    0 

Feb.  Aug. 

300 

Stourbridge        -           -           - 

115    0 

— 

200    0 

i)    0    0 

Jan.  July. 

3,(U7 

Siratford-on-Avon 

— 

7'J    0 

8 

30    0 

I    5    0 

August. 

200 

siroudwater      .          -           - 

1.50    0 

— 

500    0 

23    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

533 

Swansea            .           .           . 

100    0 

ISO    0 

0 

220    0 

12    0    0 

November. 

350 

Tavistock           .           -           - 

too   0 

— 

105    0 

2    0    0 

4.S0,i 

Thames  and  Med  way   - 

100    0 

30    4 

3 

1    0 

3,311 

Ditto  New          .           -           . 

3  10 

2  15 

Opd. 

Ditto  1st  loan     .           .           . 

— 

5()    0 

0 

— 

2  10    0 

Ditto  2d  loan      - 

— 

40    0 

0 

— 

2    0    0 

Ditto  3d  loan      .           -           - 

— 

100    0 

0 

— 

5    0    0 

Ditto  4th  loan 

— 

100    0 

0 

— 

5    0    0 

June. 

1,150 

Thames  and  Severn,  New 

— 

— 

33    0 

1   10    '0 

June. 

1,300 

Ditto  Original 

— 

— 

27    7 

1  10    0 

June. 

2.600 

Trent  and  Mersey  {})   - 

50    0 

— 

040    0 

37  10    0 

May,  Nov. 

1.000 

1.000,5 

1-  Warwick  and  Dirminghain   - 

f  1(10    0 
X   50    0 

— 

278    0 

10    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

960 

Warwick  and  Napton 

100    0 

— 

210    0 

12    0    0 

May,  Nov. 

C3 


mi's, 

i 


288 


CANALS. 


Number  of 
>han:i. 

Namai  of  CmiU. 

Anioiiiit  nf 
hliirr. 

AviTHf  Coil 
piT  siiart'. 

Trice  per 
Slurc. 

Div.  per 
Anutiiii. 

Dividendi 

I'lynblr. 

OOS 

2(),0(M> 

120 

6,000 

SOO 

Wi-y  nnd  Ariiii 

Wilts  ami  IJerka 

VViHlit'iich           .           .           . 

W'lircesior  nnd  nirininslmm    - 

Wyrley  und  Essiiigton 

110    u 
105     0 
125    0 

110    0    0 
105    U    0 

a-i  0 

5  10 

'10    (1 

KH  10 

75    0 

(15  0 
4    0    0 

Miiy. 

.IlltlC. 

I'chrimry. 
I''t'li.  Au(j. 
I'eliriiary. 

(14.)  Irish  Canals, — Various  canals  have  boon  undertakrn  in  Irelaml,  of  which  the 
Grand  Canal  and  the  Royal  Canal  arc  the  princiiml.  The  Grand  Canal  was  begun  in  1756, 
by  a  body  of  subscribcrfl ;  but  they  could  not  have  completed  the  work  without  very  lar^B 
advances  from  government.  The  canal  commences  at  Dublin,  and  stretches  in  a  westerly 
direction,  inclining  a  little  to  the  south,  to  the  Shannon,  with  which  it  unites  near  Baiiaghrr, 
a  distance  of  87  statute  miles.  But,  excluHive  of  the  main  trunk,  there  is  a  branch  to  Athy, 
where  it  joins  the  Barrow,  a  distance  of  about  20  miles ;  and  there  arc  branches  to  Portar- 
lington,  Mount  Mellick,  and  some  other  places.  There  is  also  a  westerly  branch,  recently 
constructed,  from  the  Shannon  to  Balliiiasloe,  about  14  miles  in  length.  The  total  length 
of  the  canal,  with  its  various  branches,  is  about  15G  Eng.  miles.  Its  summit  elevation  is 
278  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  al  Dublin.  It  is  40  feet  wide  at  the  surface,  from  24  to 
20  feet  at  bottom,  and  has  6  feet  water.  It  cost,  in  all,  above  2,000,000/.  In  1829,  191,774 
tflha  of  commodiuvss  were  conveyed  along  the  canal  to  and  from  Dublin,  and  about  67,000 
passengers.  The  tonnage  dues  on  the  former  amounted  to  31,435/.,  and  th(^  fares  of  the 
latter  to  10,575/.  In  1831,  the  produce  conveyed  by  the  canal  had  increased  to  237,889 
tons,  and  the  tonnage  dues  to  36,736/.  We  liavo  not  learned  the  number  of  passengers  for 
this  year. 

Two  capital  errors  seem  to  have  been  committed  in  the  formation  of  this  canal, — it  was 
framed  on  too  large  a  scale,  and  was  carried  too  far  north.  Had  it  been  4  or  4^  instead  of 
6  feet  deep,  its  utility  would  have  been  but  little  im[)aired,  while  its  expense  would  have 
been  very  materially  diminished.  But  the  great  error  was  in  its  direction.  Instead  of  join» 
ing  the  Shannon  about  15  miles  above  Lough  Derg,  it  would  have  joined  it  below  Limerick. 
By  this  means,  barges  and  other  vessels  passing  from  Dublin  to  Limerick,  and  conversely, 
would  have  avoided  the  difficult  and  dangerous  navigation  of  the  upper  Shannon ;  the  canal 
would  have  passed  through  a  comparatively  fertile  country ;  and  it  would  not  have  been 
necessary  to  carry  it  across  the  bog  of  Allen,  in  which,  says  Mr.  Wakefield,  "  the  company 
have  hurried  more  money  than  would  have  cut  a  spacious  canal  from  Dublin  to  Limerick." 
— (Account  of  Ireland,  vol.  i.  p.  642.) 

The  Royal  Canal  was  undertaken  in  1789.  It  stretches  westward  from  Dublin  to  the 
Shannon,  which  it  joins  at  Tormanbury.  Its  entire  length  is  about  83  miles ;  its  highest 
elevation  is  322  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  At  bottom  it  is  24  feet  wide,  having  6  feet 
depth  of  water.  It  has  cost,  exclusive  of  interest  on  stock,  loans,  &c.  advanced  by  goverih 
nicnt,  1,421,954/.  The  tolls  produced,  in  1831,  12,729/.  6s.  Irf.— asum  hardly  adequate 
to  defray  the  ordinary  wear  and  tear  of  the  canal,  and  the  wages  of  the  persons  employed 
upon  it,  without  leaving  any  thing  for  interest  of  caj)ital ! 

This  canal  seems  to  have  been  planned  in  the  most  injudicious  manner.  It  has  the  same 
defect  as  the  Grand  Canal,  of  being  extravagantly  large ;  and  throughout  its  whole  course 
it  is  nearly  parallel  to,  and  not  very  distant  from,  the  latter.  There  are  consequently  two 
immense  canals,  where  there  ought,  perhaps,  to  he  none.  At  all  events,  it  is  abundantly 
certain  that  one  canal  of  comparatively  moderate  dimensions  would  have  been  quite  enough 
for  all  the  business,  of  the  district,  though  it  were  much  greater  than  it  is  at  this  moment,  or 
than  it  is  ever  likely  to  become. 

Besides  the  above,  there  are  some  other  canals,  as  well  as  various  river  excavations,  in 
Ireland ;  but  hardly  one  of  them  yields  a  reasonable  return  for  the  capital  expended  upon  it. 
They  have  almost  all  been  liberally  assisted  by  grants  of  public  money ;  and  their  history, 
and  that  of  the  two  great  canals  now  adverted  to,  strikingly  corroborates  the  caustic  remark 
of  Arthur  Young,  that  "  a  histuri/  of  puhl'c  works  In  Ireland  iciiuld  ha  u  Iiintory  of  jobs," 
— (Tour  in  Ireland,  fiart  li.  p.  66.  4to  ed.)  Those  who  wish  to  make  themselves  fulfy 
acquainted  with  the  history  and  state  of  tlie  canals  of  Ireland,  may  consult  the  valunblo 
Iteport  by  Messrs.  Henri/,  Mullins,  and  M'Mulion,  in.  the  Appendix  to  the  Report  of  the 
Select  Committee  of  1830  on  Me  State  of  Ireland.  The  previous  statements  have  been 
derived  principally  from  it,  and  from  the  evidence  of  Nicholas  Fleming,  Esq.  before  the  same 
committee. 

(15.)  American  Canals. — The  United  States  arc  pre-eminently  distinguished  by  the 
spirit  with  which  they  have  undertaken,  and  the  perseverance  they  have  displayed  in  exo 
cuting  the  most  magnificent  plans  for  improving  and  extending  internal  navigation.  Besides 
many  others  of  great,  though  inferior,  magnitude,  a  canal  has  been  formed  connecting  the 
Hudson  with  Lake  Erie.  This  immense  work  is  3C3  miles  long,  40  feet  wide  at  the  surface, 
28  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  4  feet  deep.    The  locks,  81  in  number,  exclusive  of  guard 


lockfi,  a 
constru( 
maimer, 
on  the  N 
sterliua;, 
an.swcrt'i 
justilyii, 
Besi(|( 
from  the 
cost,  and 


Trin 

t'liaiiipln 
0.s«c),'(i 
Cayiiya  i 


CANALS. 


289 


)ividendf 


lit;. 

•Iinmry. 
'It.  Auk- 
ibruttry. 


/hich  the 
1  ill  1756, 
very  InrKO 
a  westerly 
Ban!i!5hrr, 
h  to  Athy, 
to  Portar- 
\\,  recently 
)tal  length 
;lcvation  is 
from  24  to 
9,  191,774 
,out  67,000 
arcs  of  the 
to  237,889 
sscngers  for 

lal, — it  was 
^  instead  of 
would  have 
;eail  of  join* 
w  LiniericL 
1  conversely, 
11 ;  the  canal 
ot  have  hecn 
the  company 
>  Limerick." 

)ublin  to  the 
its  highest 
laving  6  feel 
[1  by  govern- 
dly  adequate 
ns  employed 

las  the  same 
;hole  course 
?quently  two 

abundantly 
luite  enough 

moment,  or 

Icavations,  in 
}ided  upon  \l 
Iheir  history, 
lustic  remark 
\iry  of  jobs." 
Inselves  fully 
Ithe  valuable 
\ieport  of  the 
Is  have  been 
Vorc  the  same 

ished  by  tho 
flayed  in  exo 
Tlion.  Besides 
Innccting  the 
It  the  surface, 
Isivo  of  guard 


lockB.  arn  90  feet  long  and  14  feet  wide,  the  avernge  lift  of  each  beinp;  S  t  feet ;  they  are 
constructed  of  stone,  mid  finished,  like  tiie  rest  of  the  raiial,  in  n  suhstaiitial  and  liinidsoiiie 
manner.  The  rise  and  fall  along  the  entire  line  is  (i(il  teel.  This  great  work  wat  oiieiied 
on  the  Hth  of  October  IXi'.i,  but  wius  not  finally  completed  till  1H25.  It  ccist  nearly  l.HdO.tKMl/. 
sterling,  and  wus  executed  at  tlu;  exiiense  of  the  state  of  New  York.  It  has  coin|)letely 
answered  the  views  of  the  projectors  ;  and  will  remain  an  example  to  the  other  states  ;  fully 
justilying  the  cnromiums  that  have  been  bestowed  upon  it. 

Besides  Erie  Canal,  the  state  of  New  York  has  completed  Champlain  Canal,  stretching 
from  the  Hudson,  near  Albany,  to  the  lake  of  that  name,  and  two  smaller  ones.  The  length, 
cost,  and  revenue  of  these  canals  are  as  follow  : — 


rinsln. 

LeriKlh. 

Coil. 

T.iis,  isin. 

Tolls,  K-IO. 

1 

T..ll-,ls3l. 

Trie 

('liiiinplalii    -            .           - 
Oswt'tiii         ... 
Cayuga  anil  f^cueca 

Navigable  feeders 

3(13 
(i3 

SH 
20 

Oullan. 
0,(l'i7,4.'itVn5 
I,I7!I,S71!»J 

5-r.,ii.v;i7 

2I1,UU0'31 

Ihillart. 

7()7,NS.i-  til 

b7.l71(U 

M.  139  II 

b,tii;i-i9 

n,lliirf. 

aii.S'iHo.'i 

7s,MN(i:i 
12,.335I8 
H,"Jb7  Si 

II  hart.           1 

1,091,71  r2f. 
l(l'i.>!«i-23  ' 

iii.anio 
ii,9io;i'j 

481 
8 

492 

l(),'.»lf.,4l308 

8 1.3, 137 '45 

l,():j(i,709fi7 

1,222.M)11H) 

The  C/icsapeafie  and  Ohio  Canal  is  the  largest  by  far  of  those  now  in  progress.  This 
truly  gigantic  work  was  commenced  in  1S2S.  It  begins  at  the  tide  water  of  the  I'otomae 
River  above  Georgetown,  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  is  to  tijrminate  at  Pittsliurgh,  in 
Pennsylvania,  a  distance  of  34 1  i  miles.  Its  dimensions  considerably  exceed  those  of  the 
Erie  Canal ;  its  breadth  at  the  surface  of  the  water  being  from  CD  to  80  feet,  do.  at  Imttoin 
50  feet,  with  a  depth  of  water  varying  from  G  to  7  feet.  The  lucks  arc  of  stone,  100  feet 
by  15 ; — amount  of  lockage  required  in  the  whole  line,  3,215  feet.  At  the  suiiiiiiit  level  on 
the  Alleghany  mountains,  there  is  a  tunnel  4  miles  and  80  yards  in  length.  The  esiiinateJ 
cost  of  this  vast  work  was  22,375,000  dollars;  but  it  is  believed  that  it  will  be  finished  for 
less. — (Aincrican  Almanac  fur  1833.) 

A  great  number  of  other  canals  have  been  completed  in  different  parts  of  the  Union,  and 
many  new  ones  arc  now  in  progress. 

(16.)  Canada  Canals. — The  British  government  has  expended  a  very  large  sum  upon 
the  Kideau  River  and  Canal,  stretching  from  Kingston,  on  Lake  Ontario,  to  the  Ottawa,  or 
Grand  River  ;  but  this  work  was  undertaken  as  much  in  the  view  of  improving  the  military 
defences  of  Canada,  as  of  promoting  its  commerce.  The  expen.so  has  been  enormous, 
while  the  benefits  are.  contingent  and  doubtful. 

(17.)  Ufilifi/  nf  Canals. — The  utility  of  canals,  when  judiciously  contrived,  and  opening 
an  easy  communication  between  places  capable  of  maintaining  an  extensive  intercourse  with 
each  other,  has  never  been  better  set  forth  than  in  a  work  published  in  17C5,  entitled  "A 
View  of  the  advantages  of  Inland  Navigation,"  &c.  But  the  following  extract  from  Mac- 
pherson'n  Annak  of  Cuiinncrce  (anno  1760)  contains  a  brief,  and  at  the  same  time  elo- 
quent, summary  of  the  principal  advantages  resulting  from  their  construction. — "  They  give 
fresh  life  to  established  manufactures,  and  they  encourage  the  establishment  of  new  ones,  by 
the  ease  of  transporting  the  materials  of  manufacture  and  provisions;  and  thence  we  see 
new  villages  start  up  upon  the  borders  of  canals  in  places  formerly  condemned  to  sterility 
and  solitude.  They  invigorate,  and  in  many  places  create  internal  trade,  which,  for  its 
extent  and  value,  is  an  object  of  still  more  importance  than  foreign  commerce,  and  is  ex- 
empted from  the  many  hardships  and  dangers  of  a  maritime  life  and  changes  of  climate. 
And  they  greatly  promote  foreign  trade ;  and  consequently  enrich  the  merchants  of  the 
ports  where  they,  or  the  navigable  rivers  they  are  connected  with,  terminate,  by  facilitating 
the  exportation  of  produce  from,  and  the  introduction  of  foreign  merchandise  into  tiie  inte- 
rior parts  of  the  country,  which  arc  thus  placed  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  maritime  parts ; 
or,  in  other  words,  the  interior  parts  become  coasts,  and  enjoy  the  accommodations  of  ship- 
ping. The  price  of  provisions  is  nearly  equalised  through  the  whole  country  ;  the  blessings 
of  Providence  are  more  uniformly  distrii)Uted  ;  and  the  monopolist  is  disappointed  in  his 
schemes  of  inicjiiity  and  oppression,  by  the  ease  wherewith  provisions  are  transported  from  a 
considerable  distance.  The  advantages  to  agriculture,  which  provides  a  great  p;irt  of  the 
materials,  and  almost  the  whole  of  the  subsistence,  required  in  carrying  on  manufactures 
and  commerce,  are  pre-eminently  great.  Manure,  marl,  lime,  and  all  other  bulky  articles, 
which  could  not  possibly  bear  the  great  expense  of  cartage,  and  also  corn  and  other  produce, 
can  be  carried  at  a  very  light  expense  on  canals;  whereby  poor  lands  are  enriclied,  and 
barren  lands  are  brought  into  cultivation,  to  the  great  emolument  of  the  farmer  and  land- 
holder, and  the  general  advantage  of  the  community,  in  an  augmented  sup|dy  of  the  neces- 
saries of  life  and  materials  of  manufactures;  coals  (the  importance  of  which  to  a  manuliie- 
turing  country,  few  people,  not  actually  concerned  in  manufactures,  are  capable  uf  duly 
Vot.  L— 2  B  37 


2S 


53 


•*in 


>nf   '1 


200 


CANALS. 


♦ 


;   » 


apprpcinting),  stone,  lime,  iron  ore,  an<l  minerals  in  prnpral,  an  wril  aa  mnny  otlirr  articles 
of  great  l)ulk  in  proportion  to  their  value,  which  had  iiitlx-rtu  lain  UHeleHH  to  their  proprietortt 
by  reuHon  of  the  expense,  and,  in  many  eaoeri,  impoHHitiiiity,  uf  carriage,  arc  ealled  into  life, 
and  rendered  a  fund  of  wealth,  by  the  vicinity  of  a  eanul;  which  thus  gives  birth  to  a  trade, 
whereby,  in  return,  it  is  maintained.  'J'ho  cheap,  certain,  and  pleasant  conveyance  of  tra- 
veliers  by  the  trcckschuyts  in  Holland,  has  been  admired  by  all  who  have  been  in  that 
country;  and  it  must  be  owing  to  the  universal  desire  in  this  country  of  Hying  over  Iho 
ground  with  the  greatest  possible  rapidity,  that  a  mode  of  travelling  so  exceedingly  easy  to 
the  i)nrKC  and  the  person  is  ho  little  used  here.  Neither  ought  we  entirely  to  forget,  among 
the  advantages  of  canals,  the  pleasure  alVordetl  to  the  eye  and  the  mind  by  a  beautiful  mov- 
ing landscape  of  boats,  men,  horses,  Ac,  busied  in  procuring  subsistence  to  themselves,  and 
in  diilusing  o|)ulencc  and  conveniences  through  the  country.  And,  in  u  woril,  we  have 
now  the  experience  of  about  40  years  to  establish  as  a  certain  truth,  what  was  long  ago 
said  by  Ur.  Adam  Smith,  that  '  navif^ublt  canuU  arc  uinoni^  the  f^rmkst  of  all  improve- 
vientn.' " 

(18.)  Increased  Speed  af  Travelliiis^  by  Canals. — Great,  however,  as  have  been  the 
advantages  derived  from  the  formation  of  canals,  it  is  not  improbable  that  tlicir  further 
progress  may  be  in  some  degree  checked  by  the  formation  of  Haii.iioaiih  (which  see). 
We  believe,  however,  that  the  proprietors  of  most  of  the  existing  canals  have  very  little  to 
fear  from  this  cause.  The  recent  improvements  in  the  art  of  constructing  and  propelling 
canal  vessels  promise  to  be  of  very  great  national  importance,  and  will  enable  the  canal 
owners  still  better  to  withstand  the  competition  of  the  railroad  companies.  The  new  system 
was  introduced  on  the  Paisley  and  tJIasgow  Canal,  by  Mr.  Houston,  in  June  1831.  The 
results  are  described  in  the  following  statements,  to  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  call  the  read- 
er's attention. 

Mr.  ThoiiiusOrahamc. civil  enciiKM'r,  in  Ills  "I.ptter  to  Canal  I'rnpriptnrs  anrl  Trnders"  says,  "The 
cxpiTinii'iits  ot"  ureal  viloi'ily  liiivi^  hrcii  trii'il  anil  prnvi'd  nn  tlir  iiarrvircul,  .iluiltoirtut,  and  mo.it  curved 
tuniil  in  Srotlniul,  viz.  the  Ardroisiiu  or  l':iisli'y  Caiiiil,  uniiiu'clinjr  lliu  city  of  (lliisRow  witli  llie  lown 
of  I'liislcy  ami  villairo  of  .Iciliiislinin,— a  ilisluini'  of  12  iiiiIch."  Tin-  rcHiill  has  ilisprovi'il  uvery  pro- 
vinii.^llif'ory  UN  to  iliHiiiilly  ami  c.vpriiso  of  allainiiii.'  I'n'at  vflocity  on  canals;  and  as  to  llio  danger 
or  lianiaife  to  their  hanks  liy  un.'at  veliuity  in  nioviiiL'  ve^Hel.'i  along  tlieai. 

'•  'VUcordiiiiirii  a/iecd  lor  I  lie  coiiveyami'of  pii-itieiigersi  on  the  Ardrossan  Canal  lias,  for  nearly  2  years, 
lieeii  from  nine  to  ten  viilci  an  hour ;  and,  althouijh  there  are  fourteen  journeys  aliinff  the  canal  per  day, 
at  thin  rapid  speed,  its  hanks  hare  tuftdiued  no  injun/.  The  boat H  are 'o  feel  in  length,  nlioiit  5  feetij 
iiielies  liroud,  and,  liiit  for  I  lie  extreme  narrowness  of  the  ranal,  niiglil  lie  made  broader.  They  carry 
easily  from  7(l  to  80  passengers;  and  wlii'ii  rei|iiired,  ran  and  have  carried  upwards  of  110  passengers. 
The  entire  cost  of  a  (mat  and  linings  is  alioiit  I2.'i/.  The  hulls  are  formed  of  light  iron  plales  and  rilis, 
and  the  covering  is  of  wood  and  light  oiled  cloth.  They  are  more  airy,  light,  and  comfortable  than 
any  coach.  They  permit  the  passengers  to  move  about  from  the  outer  to  the  innercaljiii,  and  the  lare^ 
per  mile  arc  one  penni/  in  theyiVi/.and  three  farthings  in  the  second  cabin.  The  passengers  are  all  car- 
ried under  cover,  having  the  privilege  also  of  an  uncovered  space.  These  boats  are  drawn  by  2  horsca 
(the  prices  of  which  may  be  from  Ml.  to  00/.  per  pair),  in  siage.i  of  4  miles  in  length,  which  arc  dune 
in  from  22  to  25  minutes,' including  stoppages  to  let  out  and  take  in  passengers,  each  set  of  horses  doini; 
3  or  4  stages  alternately  each  day.  In  fact,  the  boats  are  drawn  through  this  narrow  and  shalbm 
canal,  at  a  velocity  which  many  celebrated  engineers  hud  demonstrated,  anil  which  the  public  believed  to 
be  impossible. 

'•Tlio  entire  amount  of  the  whole  expenses  of  attendants  and  horses,  and  of  running  one  of  these 
boats  4  trips  of  19  miles  each  (the  length  of  the  canal),  or  48  miles  daily,  including  interest  lui  the 
capital,  and  20  per  cent,  laid  asiile  annually  for  replacement  of  the  boats,  or  losson  the  capital  therelM 
vested,  and  a  consideralde  sum  laid  aside  for  accidents  and  replacement  of  the  horses,  is  7(10/.  some 
odd  shillings;  or,  taking  the  number  of  working  days  to  be  312  annually,  someibing  under  2/.  2,<.  W. 
per  day.  or  about  11(/,  per  mile.  The  actual  cost  of  carrying  from  80  to  100  [lersons  a  distance  of, 11) 
miles  (the  length  of  the  Liverpool  railway),  at  a  velocity  of  mmrly  10  miles  an  hour,  on  the  I'ai-ley 
Canal,  one  of  the  most  curved,  narrow,  and  shallow  in  Britain,  is  therefore  just  U.  's.  dd.  sterling. 
Such  are  the  facts,  and,  incredible  as  they  may  appear,  they  are  facts  which  no  one  who  inquires  can 
possibly  doubt." 

The  following  statement  by  Mr.  Macneill  shows  the  gross  expense  of  running  old  heavy  boats  on  the 
Paisley  Canal  at  the  rate  of  4  miles  per  hour,  and  new  light  boats,  on  the  same  canal,  at  the  iati>  of 
10  miles  per  hour,  and  the  comparative  expense  per  mile  ;  also  the  number  of  passengers  carried  before 
and  after  th«  introduction  of  the  new  system. 


18.30.* 

1831. t 

1832.t 

Speed,  10  hours           ...            miles 
Number  of  passengers  carried          -           - 
Number  of  miles  run  each  day        -           - 

Gross  expense  in  the  year      -           -           . 
Cost  per  mile,  year  taken  at  312  days 

4 
32,831 
48 
£    s.   d. 
700    4    7 
0    0  11 

10 
70,455 
varying 
£   s.   d. 
1,316  17    5 

10 
148,501 
1.52 
£    s.   d. 
218    5  11 
0    0  10} 

lie  power  of  conveyance  thus  established  on  the  Paisley  canal  may  be  judged  of  from  the  fact, 
on  the  31st  of  December,  1832,  and  31st  of  January,  1833,  there  were  conveyed  in  these  boiils 
1.,  o  <inn  .,...,„o..no,o     Tdp  increase  still  continues.    The  number  carried  in  April,  1833,  being 


The 
that 

nearly  2,500  passengers,      i  iie    increase  sun   cormniies.      i  iie   iiiiiniier  i!arrieii  in  Afi 
20,000,  or  at  the  rate  of  240,000  a  year.— (Jl/acnci//  on  the  Resistance  of  H'ater,  (Sj-c .  p.  5.) 


(19.)  Profits  of  Canals. — It  is  a  well-known  fact,  that  canals,  at  an  average,  and  allow- 
ing for  the  length  of  time  that  must  elapse  from  the  first  outlay  of  capital  before  they  yield 

*  These  charges  are  the  bare  outlays. 

t  These  charges  include  loss  on  purchase  and  sale  of  additional  horses,  and  10  per  cent,  on  cost  of 
taorses  and  boats,  deposited  in  a  contingent  fund. 


CANARY  SEED,  CANDLE. 


391 


nny  rrturn,  ore  not  very  prodiictivp.  When,  imlcnl,  thry  ronnopt  pliirfu  that  Imvn  an 
fxtiMisivo  iiitcri'ourw,  iiiul  wlicii  no  very  oxtriiordiimry  (liMiciilticM  Imvt?  to  U'  Huriiiouiitfil  in 
jlnirrmiHtruition,  tlicy  moxt  coininonly  yic'lil  very  lar^c  profits;  lint,  upticnilly  H|iriikiiiR,  this 
(lot's  not  ii|>|K'i»r  to  1h'  the  cam';  iiiiil,  on  the  whole,  they  Heein  to  have  been  uioro  lienelieial 
to  the  pultlic  than  to  tiieir  projeelors. 

It  is  customary  to  insert  clauses  in  the  ncU  authorisinflf  eanals  to  he  eut,  limilins;  the 
charite  which  the  proprietors  shall  be  entitled  to  iuipoHo  upon  the  Roods  conveyed  liy  them. 
Jhit  we  think  that  the  dividend  oui^ht  also  to  be  hmited  ;  and  thut  it  should  be  xtipulated  that 
whatever  a  nviderate  toll  yielded  over  and  above  delVayintf  this  dividend,  and  providing;  for 
the  rejjair  of  the  canal,  should  be  accumulated  as  a  fund  in  order  to  buy  up  the  stock  of  the 
canul,  so  that  tin?  toll  may  ultimately  be  reduced  to  such  a  sum  as  may  suflice  merely  to 
meet  the  necessary  repairs.  Wo  are  not  aware  that  any  (j;ood  (ilijection  could  be  made  to  a 
pliiii  (if  this  sort ;  and  had  it  been  adopted  in  this  country,  there  are  several  instances  in 
which  it  would  have  l)een  very  advantageous  for  the  |tublic. 

When  the  canal  of  Languedoc  was  completed,  the  moat  likely  method,  it  was  found,  of 
keeping;  it  in  constant  repair,  was  to  make  a  present  of  the  tolls  to  Uitpiet  th(!  enijineer. 
"These  tolls  constitute,"  says  IJr,  Smith,  "a  very  larc;e  estate  to  the  dilJerent  brandies  of 
the  family  of  that  irentleman ;  who  have,  therefore,  a  Rreat  interest  to  keep  the  work  in  con- 
stant rejiair.  Hut  had  these  tolls  been  put  under  the  manacjement  of  conunissioners,  who 
had  no  such  interest,  they  niiu;ht,  i)erhaps,  have  been  dissipated  in  ornamental  and  >innecessary 
expenses,  while  the  most  essential  parts  of  the  work  were  allowed  to  go  to  ruin."  Dr.  iSinilh 
ought,  however,  to  have  mentioned  that  Hi(juet  advanced  a  fourth  part  of  the  entire  sum 
lai(i  out  upon  the  canal  (J)utcn.s,  Niivi'ijntinn  Iiifrriciire  de  la  France,  tom.  i.  p.  1 19.  &c.)  ; 
and  that  olliccrs  were  appointed  by  the  crown  to  see  that  the  tolls  were  not  rendered  oi)[ires8- 
ive,  and  the  canal  kept  in  pjood  order.  At  the  Hcvolution,  most  part  of  the  property  of  the 
canal  was  confiscated;  hut  at  the  restoration  of  the  Uourhons  in  1814,  such  parts  of  the 
confiscated  ])roperty  as  hail  not  been  sold  were  restored  to  the  successors  of  M.  Riquet,  who 
have  at  this  moment  the  principal  mauap^enient  of  the  canul. 

*  ,*  For  a  map  of  the  canals,  railroails,  &c.  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  reader  is 
referred  to  the  magnilicent  six  sheet  map,  published  by  J.  Walker,  Esq.  of  Wakefield. 
This  map,  which  is  cijually  correct  and  beautiful,  is  a  truly  national  work,  and  well  deserves 
tlic  public  patronage.  "An  Historical  Account  of  the  Navigable  Rivers  and  Canals,  &c., 
of  (ireat  Britain,"  in  4to,  attached  to  it  by  way  of  Index,  is  both  an  accurate  and  a  useful 
publication. 

[To  avoid  unnecessary  repetitions,  it  is  deemed  expedient  to  treat  of  the  ordinary  roads, 
the  railroads,  and  the  canals  of  the  United  States,  or,  in  other  words,  of  our  "internal 
improvements,"  as  we  choose  to  style  them,  under  one  head,  to  wit,  under  that  of  Roahs  ;  to 
which  article  the  reader  is  accordingly  referred. — Am.  Ed.] 

CANARY  SEED.    Sec  Skea. 

CAxNDl.E  (GcT.  Lichfcr,  Kcrzen  ;  Da.  Knarzcn  ;  Fr.  Cliamhllc  ,■  It.  Candelk ,-  Sp. 
and  Port.  Veins ,-  Rus.  Swjetschl  ,■  Lat.  Caiidilii,-)  a  taper  of  tallow,  wax,  or  spermaceti,  the 
wick  of  which  is  commonly  of  several  threads  of  cotton  spun  and  twisted  tocether. 

Dr.  lire  gives  the  following  table,  as  containing  the  result  of  certain  ex|ieriments  he  had 
made,  in  order  to  determine  the  relative  intensity  of  the  light,  and  the  duration  of  dill'ercut 
sorts  of  tallow  candles : — 


"*1fl 


,1 


Niimtier  iu  a 

Duration  of  a 

W*eia:ht  iu 

Consnniplinnprr 

Proinrlionof 

Economy  of 

Can  Mfsfqnal 

i'ouiil. 

CanJIe. 

Grains. 

Hour  in  Grains. 

l.i;,'hl. 

LiSliI. 

nil*'  Ar.:aii>l. 

10  inniilil, 

5  li.      0  111. 

n>:2 

132 

12| 

OS 

5-7 

Kldippfd, 

4         3ti 

072 

l.'iO 

13 

f>r,i 

.vi.'i 

fi  llKlllUl, 

6         31 

t=Mi 

132 

lOi 

S'.ti 

0  0 

(i  do. 

7           2^ 

l.KiO 

l(i3 

m 

01) 

.-iO 

t  do. 

9         30 

1,787 

18(5 

20i 

so 

35 

Art'snil  oil 

tliiiiir. 

512 

09.4 

100 

"A  Scotch  mutchkin,"  says  Dr.  Ure,  "or  I  ofa  gallon  of  good  seal  oil,  weighs  6,010  gr., 
or  l:3j'i,  oz.  avoirdupois,  and  lasts  in  a  bright  .\rgand  lamp  11  hours  '11  minutes.  The 
weight  of  oil  it  consumes  per  hour  is  equal  to  4  times  the  weiglit  of  tallow  in  candles  8  to 
the  pound,  and  3^  times  the  weight  of  tallow  in  candles  6  to  the  pound.  But  its  light  being 
equal  to  that  of  5  of  the  latter  candles,  it  appears  from  the  'above  talile,  tliat  2  lbs.  weight  of 
oil,  value  'J(/.,  in  an  Argand,  are  eiiuivalent  in  illuminating  power  to  3  lbs.  of  tallow  candles, 
which  cost  about  2s.  The  larger  the  flame  in  the  above  candles,  the  greater  the  economy 
of  light." 

Until  1831,  when  it  was  repealed,  candles  were,  for  a  lengthened  period,  subject  to  an 
excise  duty  ;  and  their  consumption  wa.s,  in  consequence,  pretty  exactly  ascertained. 


j  "It"-' 


202 


rANDLESTirKS— CANTirATUnKS. 


An  \rrniiril  iif  lln<  Riitcn  iif  Duty  Hc|mriiti'l.v  i  Imrifc'il  on  TiilWivv,  Wnx,  nml  HiiiTinnrcll  rumlli'ii,  thft 
N 11  III  III' r  III'  I'iiiiiiiIh'  NV  rill  III  iii'i'iii  |i  hurl  iiriMJiiiril,  iiml  ilir'roi.il  aiiiiiial  Nili  Ur  v'i'iiiitMlorkvi.'iirruiu 
I'uiiilleH,  In  Ori'iil  llrlliiin,  In  I'liili  Vi'iir  Hinir  !•<«»  —  (I'ar/.  /'d/nr,  No.  I(W  Hi>n«.  1S30.) 


t    ' 


'      t 


.    '      I 


t 


Yun. 

PniiiIi'  W>i(hl  nf  I  tivlln. 

NttI  HiHiiiw. 

Milrnf 

Halnnf 

Rtla  i>r 

Tallnw. 

Duly  (icr  lb. 

Wm. 

Duly  |wr  lb. 

Siwrmacrll. 

Duly  per  lb. 

i/. 

./. 

il. 

£       >.   it. 

1«20 

ss.n.w.'ini 

1 

fiOO.TO.'V 

H 

l03,'tA3 

•Ji 

.77;M.VI  H    ft 

isai 

(»;i,N|ti.;Mt( 

— 

(1117,  liNl 

IM,(117 

:iii.'),(iii   H  7 

IN«J 

»H,;iii.H(ii 

— 

IWU,-ill 

— 

l7ll,'J(tN 

— 

•ILVMllI  1.1    ,1 

lH'.i;i 

KfJ.ltil.N;!! 

— 

i;!l|,MII 

— 

]H(I,1()| 

— 

•i:i:t,.'):i7  n  n 

1N'.'» 

imi,'<i(i,<,MMt 

— 

:.^(t,7.M 

— 

K!),!.-*! 

— 

Ilili.OI'J   |l>     1 

is'ir, 

IK,  in:,  wo 

— 

K',i.;i7(» 

— 

a(iH„i77 

— ^ 

■K'l.OII     H     u 

l-'-Jtl 

iiiMii'j.tu:i 

— 

TO.'i.tilA 

— 

2(II,71K) 

■\h-.im  \'i   1 

IVJ7 

1 1  i,ii:i!i,.VH 

— 

TL-KtMS 

— 

2S».ii:7 

— 

•IhT.illS    i    4 

iNiW 

I17„TW.1.'>7 

— 

7  \H,'i<» 

— 

27{l,2ft3 

— 

4i)7,77(l    2    1( 

IH3U 

ll.'i,l.'Hi,HIW 

— 

7ltl.().Vi 

— 

XIO.HM 

— 

4N»,«5U     1     0 

[Both  spermaceti  and  tnllow  caiulk's  arc  cxporti'd  to  a  very  coii.'jiileralilc  amount  from  the 
L'liited  StiUea  to  tlie  We.st  IndicH,  Mexico,  and  Smitli  .America.  IVevv  Uedford,  in  Muhhu- 
cliu.selts,  is  tliti  jiriiK'ipal  place  wiiero  tiic  former  description  of  tliein  arc  made;  nltiiough 
Judd'H  candles,  from  New  Vork,  are  those  whicli  arc  in  the  highest  repute. — Am.  l!if.] 

Cvviii.K,  S(ik  or  Auction  hi/  Iiirh  of,  is  when  a  wniill  piece  of  candle  lieinjf  lii^hted,  tho 
hystaiiderx  arc  allowed  to  bid  for  tiie  niercliiiiidist!  that  is  Helling  :  but  the  moment  the  cundlo 
is  out,  the  commodity  is  adjudi;cd  to  the  last  bidder. 

L'.VMJLESTK'KS  {iWuUwhUr  ,■  l)».  Kaiuhlmin ;  ¥t.  ChamhUern ,•  It.  Candel- 
fieri ;  fSp.  ('ii)tdclcrox ;  Kus.  I'oil.swtsc.liiiikii)  are  of  silver,  brass,  iron,  bronze,  tin  japnimed, 
or  copper  plated,  made  of  dilferent  palleriis  and  sorts.  The  best  plated  candlesticks  are 
iiianufacturud  at  Hhefneld  ;  the  common  Hurt  of  plated  unca,  as  also  bratis,  japanned,  &c.  are 
made  at  Dirmiiif^ham. 

CANELLA  ALUA  (Fr.  Cainlk  hlanrhc  ;  Gcr.  Werner  Ztmmct ;  \i.  Canellu  h'lanca ; 
Sp.  Caniila  Ijliinca;  Lat.  Canclla  alhu),  the  iiuier  bark  of  the  C'miclla  alba,  u  tree  growing 
in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  brought  to  this  country  packed  in  casks  and  cases,  in  long  pieces, 
.;omu  rolled  in  ({uills  and  others  tint ;  the  (piillcd  sort  is  considerably  thicker  than  cinnamon, 
and  the  Hat  nearly  J  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  The  (juilled  pieces  arc  yellow  on  both  sides ; 
the  ilat  jiiecesare  yellow  on  the  outside  and  pale  brown  within.  The  odour  of  both  kinds, 
when  fresh  broken,  is  aromatic,  something  like  a  mixture  of  clovca  and  ciiuianaon ;  and  the 
taste  sliuihtly  bitter,  and  extremely  warm  and  pungent 

CANES.     Sec  Bamiioo,  Rattans. 

CANNON,  CANNONS  (Du.  Kmionen .-  Fr.  Cannns  ;  Gcr.  Kanoncn ,-  It.  Caniwni  ,- 
Ta],  Dziula ;  Por.  Canfioes  ,-  lias.  Puscfiki ,-  i^p.  Canoties ;  Sw. /Cano«),  a  kind  of  long 
hollow  engines  for  throwing  iron,  lead,  or  stone  bulls  by  the  force  of  gunpowder.  They  are 
commonly  made  of  iron,  but  frequently  also  of  a  mixture  of  copper,  tin,  and  brass.  They 
arc  either  cast  hollow,  or  solid  and  then  bored ;  those  made  in  the  latter  way  being  very 
superior.  Brass  cannons,  or  cannons  made  of  mixed  metal,  are  said  not  to  be  so  well  cal- 
culated for  hard  service,  or  quick  and  continued  firing,  as  those  made  of  iron.  The  propor- 
tions of  the  ingredients  used  in  niakinij;  the  former  do  not  differ  materially  in  difl'crent  coun- 
tries,  though  they  rarely  coincide.  To  240  lbs.  of  metal  fit  for  casting,  wc  commonly  put 
68  lbs.  of  copper,  52  lbs.  of  brass,  and  12  lbs.  of  tin.  To  4,200  lbs.  of  metal  fit  for  eastinjf, 
tlio  Germans  put  3,687/p  lbs.  of  copper,  204||  lbs.  of  brass,  and  ."3074"^  lbs.  of  tin. 
Others,  again,  use  100  lbs.  of  copper,  (>  lbs.  of  brass,  and  9  lbs.  of  tin  ;  and  others,  100  lbs.  of 
copper,  10  lbs.  of  brass,  and  1.5  lbs.  of  tin. 

It  seems  to  be  the  general  opinion  that  cannon  were  first  made  use  of  in  1336  or  13.38 ; 
l)Ut  Don  Antonio  de  Capmany  has  produced  some  statements,  which  render  it  almost  certain 
that  some  sort  of  artillery  was  used  by  the  Moors  in  Spain  so  early  as  1312. — (Qucstione.i 
Criticus,  p.  181.  «Scc.)  Cannons  were  certainly  u.sed  by  the  English  in  1347  at  the  siege  of 
Calais,  and  by  the  Venetians  at  Chioggia  in  1366,  and  in  their  wars  with  the  Genoese  in 
1379  and  1380.  The  Turks  employed  them  at  the  sieges  of  Constantinople,  in  1394  and 
14.53.  When  first  introduced,  they  were  for  the  most  part  very  heavy  and  unwieldly,  and 
threw  balls  of  an  enormous  size ;  they  were,  however,  owing  to  tlieir  frequently  burstincf, 
about  as  dangerous  t  >  those  using  them  as  to  their  opponents.  There  is  a  valuable  article 
on  the  construction  und  history  of  caimons  in  Re.es's  Ci/clopasdia ;  but  it  was  published  pre- 
viously to  the  appearance  of  Capmany's  work  referred  to  above. 

CANTHARIUES,  OR  SPANISH  FLY  (Fr.  Cantharides,  Mmichcs  d' Espagne ;  Ger. 
Spnyii,sc/ie  FUes;en  ,•  It.  Canterelle  ,-  Lat.  Cantharis  ,•  Kus.  Hixcfipanskie  muchi ;  Sp. 
Cant(trid(ts).  This  insect  is  found  on  a  variety  of  shrubs  in  Spain,  Italy,  France,  &c. 
Those  used  in  this  country  are  imported  partly  from  Sicily,  but  principally  from  Astracan, 
packed  in  casks  and  small  chests.  The  best  arc  of  a  lively  fresh  colour,  a  small  size,  and 
not  mouldy.'   They  are  frequently  adulterated  with  the  Melohnlha  vitis  ,•  but  this  is  distin- 


CANTON. 


20:1 


ivcil  irum 


1 

a. 

d. 

Sfi 

It 

5 

II 

H 

7 

,:a  1.1  H 
iw  Irt    1 

)14     H    « 
MH)  1*2     1 

;iis  a   1 

77(1    2    It  I 
051)    1    0  I 

t  from  the 

ill  MiiKHa- 

i\llliou(;h 

,  /■;,/.! 

ii;hteil,  llu) 
the  cuuUle 

[t.  CanJil- 
:  jnpniini'il, 
I'stickii  are 
!■(],  &c.  are 

7«  hlanca  ; 
CO  growing 
long  piecfit, 
cinnsitiion, 
both  siilfs ; 
both  kinds, 
n ;  and  the 


Carmoni  ! 
ind  of  long 
They  are 
iruss.    Tht'y 

being  very 
1 80  well  cal- 
The  propor- 
li-rcnt  coun- 
fiinionly  put 

for  castinR, 

lbs.  ot  tin. 

100  lbs.  of 

3Gor  1338; 
|nost  certain 
f  Qucstioiufi 
the  siege  of 
T  Genoese  in 
In  1394  and 
vieldly,  and 
[ly  bursting, 
Juable  artiole 
IbUshed  pro- 


agm, 


Ger. 

%uclti ;    Sp. 

■"ranee,  &c. 

Astracan, 

jail  size,  and 

Ills  is  distin- 


ipiiMhuble  by  itn  form,  which  Ik  wpmrcr  than  tlir  riintlmri*,  and  by  itri  black  fcrl.  If  thry 
Iw  properly  dried  iiiul  protected  from  Ihu  uir,  they  may  Imj  kr|it  for  a  very  Ion;;  period. 
— ( 'I'/iiiiiixiiit'H  Dli/inindlori/,) 

(!A.\"r()\,  line  iif  the  urciitcst  emporiums  in  the  Kimt,  ranking,  ax  a  port  of  tradi',  cither 
before,  or  innnedialcly  nttcr  ( 'alciitla,  kjIiui:/  'I  in  thi*  province  of  ijnantong,  in  ( 'hin:i ;  being  tho 
only  place  in  lli:it  emjiire  rreipiented  by  Huropt m  fr:nlerM  :  bit.  VJiJ"  7'  Id"  IN.,  Inn.  1  l:W  11'  K. 
Canton  HtamU  on  the  eastern  bank  of  ttie  Pekiurii(  Hiver,  which  Hows  from  the  interior 
in  a  navig^ilile  stream  of  :i(U)  niilcH  In  tliincitVi  where  it  I*  rithrr  broader  than  the  'I'lianieH 
at  London  Uridgo  ;  fulling,  after  an  additional  <  •"ir«e  of  M(»  uiili"*:  'nto  the  ttoulhern  Hi'a  id" 
(Jbina.  .Near  iln  jnnction  with  tint  hc  1  it  is  ealleii  by  fdrr'gners  Uorra 'i'igri*.  The  town 
ill  Hnrroundt'd  by  a  thick  wall,  bnill  paril\  ,,l  stone  and  p(»nly  of  brick,  and  is  ilivided  into  'i 
parts  by  another  wall  rnniiing  east  and  wc^t.  The  northern  division  is  ealleil  the  Old, 
and  the  Hontherii  part  the  \(iw  (Jity.  In  tho  (tid  city  \»  the  Mantcliou  nr  Tartar  general, 
with  a  garrison  of  Mantchoii  troopH  under  Iuh  eoiuioniid.  The  lieutenant-);  vernor  or 
rooymn'rt  odlee  in  also  in  the  old  city,  but  the  governor  and  Moppo  (principal  customs  olll- 
cer)  reside  iu  the  new  eily,  not  far  from  the  river. 

All  foreign  eommerce  is  conducted  in  tho  Honth-wt-Kt  ftuburb,  where  tho  fitreign  factorioB 
are  fitualed ;  and  which,  with  the  other  Hubnrbs,  is  probably  not  less  jiopulous  ih.in  thn 
city  itself.  The  residence  of  Kuropeans  is  conlincd  to  a  very  small  space,  on  the  banks  of 
the  river;  which  might,  however,  be  as  pleasant  nn  a  crowded  mercantile  pbico  can  well  be, 
were  it  not  for  the  great  number  of  small  (liciHliii^  hoats,  which  cover  the  face  of  the  river. 
The  jieoplo  who  occupy  the  larger  portion  of  these  boats  are  said  to  have  come  originally  from 
the  south  ;  and  being  a  foreign  and  despised  race,  were  not,  at  llrst,  allowed  to  dwell  on  shore  ; 
but  most  of  the  distinctions  Itetween  them  and  the  rest  of  the  people  have  been  abolislu'd. 

Although  Canton  is  situated  nearly  in  the  same  parallel  of  latitude  as  ('alculta,  there  in  a 
considerable  diircrenee  in  their  tem|teratnre  ;  the  former  being  much  the  coolest,  and  reipur- 
ing  fires  during  tho  winter  months.  The  streets  of  Canton  are  very  narrow,  paved  with 
little  round  stones,  and  tiagged  close  to  the  sides  of  the  houses.  The  front  of  every  house  isti 
(iliop,  and  those  of  particular  streets  are  laid  out  for  the  supply  of  strangers ;  ('hina-slieet  is 
appropriated  to  Europeans;  and  here  the  prixluctiuns  of  almost  every  part  of  the  globe  are 
to  be  found.  One  of  the  shopkeepers  is  always  to  be  founil  sitting  on  the  counter,  writing 
with  a  camel's  hair  brush,  or  calculating  with  his  swanpan,  on  which  instrument  u  Cbineso 
will  perform  operations  in  numbers  with  as  much  celerity  as  the  most  expert  Knropcait 
arithmetician.  This  jiart  of  Canton  being  much  frequented  by  the  seamen,  every  urtilice  is 
used  by  the  ('hinesc  retailers  to  attract  their  attention ;  each  of  them  having  an  l']nglish 
name  for  himself  pauited  on  the  outside  of  his  shop,  besides  a  number  of  udvertisementa 
coaiiiused  for  them  by  the  sailors  in  their  own  peculiar  idiom.  Tho  latter,  it  may  be  sup- 
posed, are  often  duped  by  their  Chinese  friends,  who  have,  in  general,  jticked  up  a  few  sea 
phrases,  by  which  the  seamen  are  induced  to  enter  their  shops ;  but  they  suit  each  othci 
extremely  well ;  as  the  Chinese  dealers  possess  an  imperturbable  command  of  temper,  laugh 
heartily  at  their  jokes  without  understanding  them,  and  humour  the  seamen  in  all  their  sallies 
Siiips  only  ascend  the  river  as  far  as  Whumpoa,  about  15  miles  below  Canton  ;  loading 
and  unloading  by  means  of  native  boats. 

Tho  Chinese,  considered  as  traders,  are  eminently  active,  persevering,  and  intelligent 
They  are,  in  fact,  a  highly  commercial  people ;  and  the  notion  that  was  once  very  generally 
entertained,  of  their  being  peculiarly  characterised  by  a  contempt  of  connnercc  and  of  strangers, 
is  as  utterly  unfounded  as  any  notion  can  possibly  be.  Business  is  transacted  at  Canton 
with  great  despatch ;  and  it  is  aHirmed,  by  Mr.  Milburn,  and  by  most  of  the  witnesses 
examined  before  the  late  parliamentary  committees,  that  there  is  no  port  in  the  world, 
where  cargoes  may  be  sold  and  bought,  unloaded  and  loaded,  with  more  business-like  speed 
and  activity. 

The  fears,  whether  real  or  pretended,  of  disturbances  arising  from  a  want  of  discipline  in 
the  crews  of  private  ships,  have  been  proved  to  be  in  a  great  degree  futile ;  the  Americans 
and  other  private  traders  having-rarcly  experienced  the  slightest  inconvenience  from  any 
tumults  between  their  sailors  and  the  natives. 

Provisions  and  refreshments  of  all  sorts  are  abundant  at  Canton,  and,  in  general,  of  an 
excellent  (juality ;  nor  is  the  price  exorbitant.  Every  description  of  them,  dead  or  alive, 
is  sold  by  weight.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  Chinese  make  no  use  of  milk,  either  in  its 
liquid  state,  or  in  the  shape  of  curds,  butter,  or  cheese.  Among  the  delicacies  of  a  Chinese 
market  are  to  be  seen  horse  flesh,  dogs,  cats,  hawks,  and  owls.  The  country  is  well  sup- 
plied with  lish  from  the  numerous  canals  and  rivers  by  whi';h  it  is  intersected. 

Foreiirn  Factories. — These  extend  for  a  considerable  way  along  the  banks  of  the  river,  at 
the  distance  of  about  100  yards.  They  are  named,  by  the  Chinese,  hongs,  and  resemble 
long  courts,  or  closes,  without  a  thoroughfare,  which  generally  contain  4  or  .5  separate 
houses.  They  arc  built  on  a  broad  (luay,  and  have  a  parade  in  front.  This  promenade  is 
railed  in,  and  is  generally  called  Respondentia  Walk  ;  and  hero  the  European  merchants, 
commanders,  and  officers  of  the  ships,  meet  after  dinner  and  enjoy  the  cool  of  the  evening. 
2b2 


•^rt 


C9 


1^     I 

"If'; 


294 


CANTON. 


'        I 


•    i 


I 


The  Encrlish  hong,  or  factory,  far  surpasses  the  others  in  elegance  and  extent.  Tliis,  with 
the  American  and  Dutch  hongs,  are  the  only  ones  that  keep  their  national  flags  flying.  The 
neighbourhood  of  the  factories  is  occupied  with  warehouses  for  the  reception  of  European 
goods,  or  of  Chinese  productions,  until  they  are  shipped.  In  1822,  during  a  dreadful  con- 
flagration that  took  place  at  Canton,  the  IJritish  factories,  and  above  10,000  other  houses 
were  destroyed ;  on  which  occasion  the  Eiist  India  Company's  loss  was  estimated  at 
500,000/.  sterling,  three  fifths  in  woollens. 

For  the  space  of  4  or  .5  miles  opposite  to  Canto,  the  river  resembles  an  extensive  floating 
city,  consisting  of  boats  and  vessels  ranged  parallel  to  each  other,  leaving  a  narrow  passage 
for  others  to  pass  and  repass.  In  these  the  owners  reside  with  their  families ;  the  latter 
rarely  visiting  the  shore. 

All  tlie  business  at  Canton  with  Europeans  is  transacted  in  a  jargon  of  the  English  lan- 
guage. The  sounds  of  such  letters  as  B,  D,  R,  and  X,  are  utterly  unknown  in  China.  In- 
stead of  these  they  substitute  some  other  letter,  such  as  L  for  R,  which  occasions  a  Chinese 
dealer  in  rice  to  offer  for  sale  in  English  a  rather  unmarketable  commodity.  The  name 
mandarin  is  unknown  among  the  Chinese ;  the  word  used  by  them  to  denote  a  jjcrson  in 
authority  being  quan.  Mandarin  is  a  Portuguese  word  derived  from  the  verb  mamhtr,  to 
command. — {Haini  lion's  East  India  (Gazetteer;  Milbtirn's  Orient.  Commerce,-  Companion 
to  A)i<r/ii-Cfiincse  Calendar,  Macao,  1832,  <.Sc-) 

Conduct  of  Chinese  Government. — The  only  real  difficulty  in  trading  with  China  origin- 
ates in  the  despotism,  pride,  and  jealousy  of  the  government,  and  in  the  general  corruption 
of  its  oliicers.  The  former  affects  to  treat  all  foreigners  with  contempt,  and  is  always  ex- 
posing them  to  insult ;  while  the  latter  endeavour  to  multiply  and  enforce  vexatious  regula- 
tions and  demands,  that  they  may  profit  by  the  douceurs  given  for  their  evasion.  Hitherto 
we  have  submitted  with  exemplary  forbearance  to  every  annoyance  the  Chinese  authorities 
have  chosen  to  inflict ;  but  it  is  questioned  by  some  whether  this  be  the  most  politic  course. 
The  imbecility  and  powerlessness  of  the  government  is  at  least  equal  to  its  pride  and  pre- 
sumption ;  and  in  the  event  of  its  attempting  to  stop  the  trade,  or  to  subject  those  engaged 
in  it  to  unmerited  ill  treatment,  it  is  contended  that  we  ought,  in  the  event  of  redress  being  re- 
fused on  the  presentation  of  a  remonsi  r.aioe,  to  vindicate  our  rights  by  force.  We  are  rather 
disposed  to  concur  in  this  opinion.  We  believe  that  little  more  than  a  demonstration  would 
be  necessary  ;  and  that  the  appearance  of  a  single  ship  of  the  line  in  the  Chinese  seas  would 
have  more  influence  over  the  court  of  Pekin  than  a  dozen  ambassadors.  But  it  is  essential, 
before  employing  this  sort  of  negociators,  that  we  be  well  assured  that  we  have  justice  on 
our  side,  and  that  our  own  misconduct  has  not  occasioned  the  interruptions  and  annoyances 
comjjlained  of.  The  superintendents  about  to  be  sent  to  Canton — {sec  post) — should  l)c 
vested  with  full  powers  to  prevent,  if  possible,,  and,  at  all  events,  suitably  to  punish,  any 
British  subject  who  may  act  so  as  to  give  just  cause  of  offence  to  the  Chinese.  We  have  a 
right  to  claifn  fair  treatment  from  them,  as  we  have  a  right  to  claim  it  from  the  Americans,  or 
any  other  people ;  but  we  have  no  right  to  expect  that  our  claim  should  be  regarded,  unless  we 
respect  the  prejudices  of  the  people,  and  the  equitable  rules  and  regulations  of  the  government. 

Trade  to  the  North  of  China. — At  present,  all  foreign  trade  with  China  is  confined  to  tlic 
port  of  Canton  ;  but  this  was  not  the  case  for  a  long  time  after  China  was  visited  by  British 
ships,  and  it  appears  highly  probable  that  it  will  be  again  extended  towards  the  north.  The 
interesting  details  given  in  the  account  of  the  voyage  of  the  ship  Amherst  along  the  Chinese 
coasts  show  that  the  people  are  every  where  most  anxious  for  an  intercourse  with  foreigners, 
and  that  the  law  is  the  only  obstacle  to  its  being  carried  on  to  a  very  great  extent.  But, 
where  the  peojjle  are  so  well  disposed  to  trade,  the  officers  so  corrupt,  and  the  government  so 
imbecile,  it  may,  we  think,  be  fairly  anticipated  that  the  unalterable  laws  of  the  "  Celestial 
Empire"  will  not  prove  a  very  serious  obstacle  to  such  private  individuals  as  may  choose  to 
engage  in  a  clandestine  trade  with  the  northern  provinces.  The  smuggler  is  even  more  om- 
nipotent in  China  than  in  Spain.  The  extent  and  perfect  regularity  with  which  the  trade 
in  opium  is  carried  on,  in  defiance  of  all  the  efforts  of  government  for  its  suppression, 
shows  how  unable  it  is  to  contend  against  the  inclinations  of  its  subjects,  which,  fortunately, 
are  all  in  favour  of  a  free  and  liberal  intercourse  with  foreigners. 

Millies. — Aceoiints  are  kopt  nt  (Jantnn  in  tads,  iiiaco.  caiidiirincs,  and  cash  ;  tlio  tnel  lieine  dividi'd 
intfi  10  mace,  100  caiidiirincs,  or  1,000  cash.  There  ishut  one  kind  of  money  niaile  in  China,  calleil  lash, 
which  is  not  coined  hut  cast,  and  which  is  only  used  for  small  paymonls  ;  it  is  composed  of  six  p;  na 
of  copper  anil  4  of  lead  ;  it  Is  round,  marked  on  one  side,  and  rather  raised  at  the;  ed-ies,  with  a  siiiiiirc 
hole  in  the  middle.  These  pieces  are  commonly  carried,  like  heads,  on  a  string  of  wire.  A  t:iel  (it 
line  silver  should  be  worth  1,000  cash;  but,  on  accoiiiit  of  their  coiivi'nietice  for  common  usis  their 
price  is  sonief  lines  so  much  raised  that  only  750  cash  are  jiiveii  for  the  tai'l. 

Foreign  coins,  however,  circulate  here,  partii'iilarly  Spanish  dollars  ;  and  for  small  changetliey  are 
cut  into  very  exact  proportions,  hut  afterwards  weighed  ;  for  wliic.h  purpose  merchants  generally 
carry  scales,  called  dotcliin,  made  somewhat  afirr  the  plan  of  the  Knjilish  steelyaids. 

Tiie  tael  is  reckoned  at  (i.t.  Hrf.  slerlingin  the  hooks  of  the  liast  India  t'ompany  :  but  its  value  varies, 
and  is  jjenerally  computed  according  to  the  price  paid  per  ounce  for  Spanish  dollars  in  London.  The 
tables  given  for  this  proportional  value  may  he  calculated  in  pence  slerlinp,  by  the  multiplier  1'20S. 
Thus,  if  the  price  of  the  Spanish  dollar  be  Oiw.  per  ounce,  the  value  of  the  tael  will  be  60  mulliplied 
by  1-208  =  72-»8((.;  if  at  66J.,  the  value  of  tlio  tael  will  be  TiTiUd.;  and  for  any  other  iiricc  in  the 
same  proportion. 


CANTON. 


295 


Finrne.i.inf  OoJd  and  Silver.— T\\e  finnncss  of  gold  and  silvnr  is  expressed  by  dividing  t'he  weight 
into  101)  jiiirts,  called  toques  or  toiirli;  Hjiiiilar  to  the  inodern  nrncllce  of  Fraiire.  ThiiiJ,  if  an  inRotbe 
'J3t()iirli,  it  is  iiiiilerslood  to  contain?  parts  of  alloy  and  93  ot^  pnre  metal,  making  in  the  whole  100. 

Thci  fineness  of  the  precions  metals,  expressed  in  these  decimal  proportions,  may  lie  converted  into 
English  proportions  by  the  foUowine  analonii^s  :— (Suppose  gold  is  illfifi  toncli,  say,  as  100:  91  00  :  :  12: 
11,  the  standard,  and  virr.  versii;  and  to  convert  standard  silver  into  touch,  say,  as  210:  222:  :  100:  92-5, 
the  touch  of  sterlinij  silver.  Pure  cold  or  silver  without  alloy  ia  called  by  "the  Chinese  sycec  ;  and 
sometimes,  when  of  less  purity,  tlie  metal  is  accepted  as  sycoe. 

Silrer  Ingols  ire  used  as  money,  and  weleh  from  i  a  tael  to  100  taels,  their  value  being  determined 
by  tlieir  weight.    These  ingots  are  of  the  best  sort  of  silver  :  that  is,  about  91  touch. 

(iuUl  Iiifrots.—Go\d  is  not  considered  as  money,  but  as  merchandise  :  it  is  sold  in  regular  ingots  of  a 
di'l(!rniined  weight,  which  the  English  call  shoes  of  gold  ;  the  largest  of  these  weigli  10  taela  each; 
and  llie  srold  is  reckoned  94  touch,  though  it  may  he  only  92  or  93. 

/^filr/(^^.— (iold  and  silver  are  weighed  by  the  catty  of  Ki  tnels ;  the  lael  is  divided  into  10  mace,  100 
candariiies,  or  1,000  cash.  100  taels  are  reckoned  to  weifli  120  oz.  1(5  dwts.  Troy,  which  makes  the 
lael  e(iual  to  5798  English  grains,  or  STStit)  grammes. 

The  principal  weights  for  merchandise  are  tlie  picul,  the  catty,  and  the  tael ;  the  picul  being  divided 
into  100  catties,  or  1,600  taels. 

Lbs.    oz.      dwts. 
1  Tael  weighs,  avoirdupois  -  -       0       1        r):t33=     U  oz. 

10  Tael3,orl  catty  -  -  -is        S.TOi  =      IJ-lb. 

100  Catties,  or  1  picul  -  .  -    133       5       5333  =  133J  lbs. 

Hence  the  picul  weighs  CO-472  kilogrammes,  or  162  Ihs.  0  oz.  8  dwts.  13  grs.  Troy. 

TiKUibove  weights  are  sometimes  otiierwise  diMiominated,  especially  by  the  natives:  thus,  the 
catty  is  called  gin  ;  the  tael,  lyang  ;  tlie  mace,  tchen  ;  the  candarine,  fivan  ;  and  the  cash,  lis. 

There  are  no  commercial  measures  in  China,  as  all  dry  goods  and  liipiids  are  sold  by  weight.  In 
delivering  a  cargo,  English  weights  are  used,  and  afterwards  turned  into  Chinese  piculs  and  catties. 

Loiiir  Mea.-iure.—TUnl  used  in  China  is  the  covid  or  cobre ;  it  is  divided  into  10  punta,  and  ia  eiiual  to 
O-.STI.'i  metres,  or  1 1,02,')  English  inc  hes. 
Tlie  Chinese  have  4  ditl'erent  measures  answering  to  the  foot,  viz. 

Metres.    Eng.  inches. 
The  foot  of  the  mathematical  tribunal    =  0.333   =  13125 
The  builder's  foot,  called  conepu         -  =  0-.3223  =  12-7 
The  tailors'  and  tradesmen's  foot        -  =  03383  =  1333 
The  fool  used  by  engineers  -        -  =  0-3211  =  1265 

Tholi  contains  ISO  fathoms,  each  10  feet  of  the  last  mentioned  length;  therefore  the  li  =  l,S97JKng- 
lisli  feet ;  and  192i  lis  measure  a  mean  degree  of  the  meridian  nearly  j  hut  European  missionaries  in 
China  have  dividiid  the  degree  into  200  lis,  each  li  making  1,826  English  feet ;  which  gives  the  degree 
B9  Ititl  English  miles,  or  11131  French  myriametres. 

Kurcipciin  Trade  at  Cantun. — .Xssoon  as  a  vessel  arrives  among  the  islands  which  front  the  entrance 
totho  Canton  river,  she  is  generally  boarded  by  a  pilot,  who  conducts  her  into  Macao  roads.  The 
entrance  is,  however,  so  safe,  that  ships  push  on  without  waiting  for  the  pilot,  who,  if  the  weather  he 
l);i(l,  is  sometimes  long  in  coming  on  board.  The  pilots'  names  are  registered  at  the  Keiin-min-foo's 
office,  near  Macao ;  and  for  a  licence  to  act,  the  sum  of  000  dollars  is  paid.  The  person  who  takes  out 
tlic  licence  sometimes  knows  nothing  about  ships  or  the  river  ;  hut  employs  fishermen  to  do  the  duty. 
On  tlie  vessel's  arrival  at  Macao  roads,  the  pilot  goes  on  shore,  to  report  her  at  the  office  of  the  keun- 
luin-l'iio,  who,  when  he  has  received  answers  to  his  inciuiries,  gives  a  permit  for  her  to  pass  through 
till'  liiigue,  and  orders  a  river  pilot  on  board.  This  pilot  seldom  repairs  on  board  the  vessel  before  24 
liniirs  have  elapsed.  VVIien  arrived,  the  vessel  proceeds  through  the  Bogue,  and  up  the  Canton  river 
to  Wliampoa. 

Every  ship  that  entcr.-J  the  port  is  required  to  have  a  hong  merchant  as  security  for  the  duties,  and  a 
llni-Miisf,  ami  comprador,  before  she  can  cnniincnce  unloading.  The  master  is  required  to  give  a  writ- 
ten declaration,  in  duplicate,  solemnly  aliirniini.'  that  tin'  ship  has  brought  no  opium.  The  East  India 
Conipaiiy's  ships aloni;  are  excused  giving  this  deiliiration. 

Till!  h(Migor  security  merchants  (at  pn.'sent  10  in  nnmlM^r)  are  the  only  individuals  legally  permitted 
tolrail(?  with  foreigners.  To  obtain  this  privileue.  they  havi.'  to  pay  largely  ;  and  when  once  become 
niorclianls,  they  are  rarely  allowed  to  ret  ire,  and  are  at  all  tinii's  subject  to  severe  exact  ions  from  the  local 
govniiinent.  The  linguists  are  government  interpreters,  who  procure  permits  for  delivering  and  tak- 
iiil  ill  carL'o,  transact  nil  the  Cuslom-Iiuuse  business,  and  keep  accounts  of  the  duties.  All  the  minor 
tlmrgis  of  till,'  government,  also,  are  paid  by  them  ;  in  consideration  of  which  they  receive  a  fee  of 
abdiit  173  dollars,  previously  to  the  vessel's  departure. 

Wli'n  a  v(!ssel  wislies  to  discharge  or  receive  cargo,  the  linguist  is  informed,  a  day  or  two  previously, 
wliut  kind  of  goods  ere  to  be  received  or  discharged,  and  in  what  quantities,  lie  then  applies  for  a 
piTMiil,  which  being  issued,  the  lighti'rs  or  chop-boats  proceed  to  Whampoa,  where  lliey  usually  ar- 
rive nil  the  evening  of  \\w  second  or  morning  of  the  third  day.  For  a  single  boat  the  linguist  receives 
a  iVe  (if  23  dollars  ;  but  if  a  permit  be  obtained  for  from  2  to  6  boats  at  a  time,  tile  fee  for  each  boat 
i.i  only  11  taels  2  mace  0  cand.,  or  about  15^  dollars. 

When  the  goods  are  ready  to  be  landed  from  or  sent  to  the  ship,  the  hoppo (principal  Custom-house 
nffirer)  sends  a  domestic,  a  writer,  and  a  police  runner;  I  lie  hong  merchant  who  has  secured  the  ship 
siMiils  a  domestic,  called  a  court  going  man  (one  who  attends  at  the  public  offices,  on  ordinary  occa- 
sions, in  behalf  of  his  master);  and  the  linguist  sends  an  iiccountant  and  interpriiler,  to  attend  at  the 
e.xaininatioii  of  the  goods.  The  hong  merchants  are  :ihvays  held  responsible  by  the  govi^rnment  for 
paying  all  duties,  wliethi^r  on  imports  or  exports  in  ('(ireii;n  vessels  ;  and,  therefore,  wlii'ii  goods  are 
purchased,  it  istiistomary  for  the  parties,  before  Hxing  the  price,  to  arrange  betwi'en  themselves  who 
is  actually  to  pay  the  duties.  Tlie  hong  merchants  are  reciiiired  to  consider  the  diitii's  payable  to 
Boveriinienf  as  the  most  important  part  of  their  allairs.  If  a  iiierchant  fail  to  payal  the  projier  period, 
his  linii!;,  house,  and  all  his  property  are  seized,  and  sold  to  pay  the  amount ;  and  if  all  that  he  pos- 
sesses he  inadequate,  he  is  sent  into  banishment  at  Ele,  in  Western  Tarlary,  which  the  (,'hinese  call 
the  "cold  country;"  and  the  body  of  hong  merchants  are  commanded  to  pay  in  his  stead. 

or  an  import  cargo,  each  chop-boat,  according  to  rule,  whicli.  however,  is  nut  rigidly  enforced, 
slioiild  contain, — of  woolliMis,  camlets,  and  long-ells,  110  bales  ;  tin.  500  bars  ;  lead,  600  l)igs;  Uoinbay 
cotldii,  fi")  bales  ;  Bengal  cotton,  80  bales  ;  lietel-nut,  pepper,  &c.  300  piculs. 

or  export  goods,  a  chop-boat  should  take.— of  tea.  600  chests  ;  of  other  sorts  of  goods,  .500  piculs. 
If  more  than  this,  the  hong  merchant  gives  to  the  chop-boat,  for  each  additional  picul.  6J  dollars. 

In  calculating  the  dutien  on  export  goods,  00  catties  are  considered  100.  The  woollens,  long-ella, 
and  camlets,  are  measured  by  the  chang  of  10  covids,  without  any  deduction ;  and  single  articles  are 
niiinberi'il. 

Each  ship  may  export,  of  silk.  88  piculs  ;  the  duty  on  each  picul  is  10.V  dollars.  Those  ships  that  want 
inore,  avail  thiuiiselves  of  the  names  of  ships  which  have  e.xported  none ;  and  the  Custom-house  con- 
nives at  this,  on  receu  ing  a  fee  of  14i  dollars  per  picul. 


91 


53 


CO 


■•■■■« 

o 


•«.■■"■  1 


s 


296 


CANTON. 


i 


i 


If,  after  entering  the  port,  any  persons  transliip  fronds,  it  is  considered  that  the  one  sliip  sold  thi^m 
to  the  other ;  iind,  in  that  case,  the  same  duty  has  to  be  paid  as  if  llie  goods  were  brought  up  to  Can- 
ton.    I'roviHions  are  not  iiicliided  in  tliis  reifiilation. 

Ships'  boats  are  not  allow-ud  to  carry  up  or  down  any  thing  chargeable  with  dnty. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron  are  proliibited  to  he  exported  ;  a  tew  culinary  utensils  are  the  only  ex- 
ception. When  it  is  desired  to  export  tr<!asure,  tlie  lions;  merchant  must  make  an  estimate  of  the 
value  of  the  import  and  export  cargoes ;  and  whatever  balance  there  may  hu  in  favour  of  the  ship, 
may  then  be  shipped  otf  as  treasure. 

The  whole  aminint  of  tutenague  that  is  allowed  to  be  exported  by  foreign  ships,  including  the  Portu- 
guese at  Macao,  is  11)0,00(1  catties  ;  but  regulations  of  this  sort  may  he  easily  evaded. 

If  more  cargo  be  sent  to  a  ship  than  she  can  take  on  board,  and  she  wishes  it  to  be  shipped  on  hoard 
another,  it  nuist  be  done  within  three  days  at>er  announcing  the  goods  at  the  C'ustnin-liouse,  and  a 
hong  merchant  must  state  it  to  government;  if  granted,  a  hong  merchant  and  linguist  are  ordered  to 
go  to  Wliamiioa  and  tako  an  account  of  such  goods  ;  all  which,  with  the  expense  of  boats,  runners, 
&c.  at  Whampoa,  costs  40  or  50  dollars. —(C'«m/)aiiiun<Hj?Mir/«-CAi;ic<(e  Calendar  fur  18,T2,  pp.  09 — 101.) 

Hong,  or  Securtfy  Merchants. — It  may  be  suppo.sed,  perhaps,  from  the  previous  state- 
ments, that  difficulties  are  occasionally  experienced  before  a  hong  merchant  itan  be  prevailed 
upon  to  become  security  for  a  ship ;  but  such  is  not  the  case.  None  of  them  has  ever 
evinced  any  hesitation  in  this  respect.  The  Americans,  who  have  had  as  many  as  furly 
ships  in  one  year  at  Canton,  have  never  met  with  a  refusal.  The  captain  of  a  merchant 
ship  may  resort  to  any  hong  merchant  he  pleases,  and,  by  way  of  making  him  some  return 
for  his  becoming  security,  he  generally  buys  from  him  100/.  or  200/.  worth  of  goods.  Indi- 
viduals  are,  however,  at  perfect  liberty  to  deal  with  any  hong  merchant,  whether  he  has 
secured  their  ship  or  not,  or  with  any  outside  merchant  ;  that  is,  with  any  Chinese  mer- 
chant not  belonging  to  the  hong.  So  that,  though  there  are  only  10  hong  merchants  at 
Canton,  there  is,  notwithstanding,  quite  as  extensive  a  choice  of  merchants  with  whom  to 
deal  in  that  city,  as  in  either  Liverpool  or  New  York. 

Duties. — It  is  very  difficult,  or  rather,  perhaps,  impossible,  to  get  any  accurate  account  of 
the  duties  on  goods  exported  and  imported.  They  are  almost  always  paid  by  the  Chinese, 
though  they  must,  of  course,  frequently  be  borne  by  the  foreigner.  Imported  goods  are 
weighed  ou  board,  and  the  duty  paid  by  the  purchaser;  the  duty  on  those  exported  is 
paid  by  the  seller.  The  officers  are  notoriously  corrupt ;  and  it  is  a  connnon  practice  to 
give  them  a  douceur  to  under-rate  the  weight  of  the  goods. 

Foreign  Merchants, — These  consist  of  British,  American,  French,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swed- 
ish, Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  with  Persee  and  Indian  Mohammedan  British  subjects,  and  in 
1832  amounted  in  number  to  above  110.  The  principal  mercantile  firms  consisted  of  8 
British  establishments,  7  American  establishments,  and  1  joint  French  and  Dutch  establish- 
ment. The  Americans,  French,  and  Dutch  have  each  a  consular  agent ;  and  though  these 
functionaries  be  not  publicly  recognised  by  the  Imperial  government,  all  public  business  is  con- 
ducted with  them  by  the  provincial  government,  through  the  agency  of  the  hong  merchants. 

JVnrapapersand  Public  .Accommodations. — At  Canton,  there  are  2  English  newspapers  ;  viz.  tlie  "  Can- 
ton Register,"  once  a  fortnight,  with  a  Price  Cui  rent;  and  the  "Chinese  Courier,"  once  a  week.  Tliere 
are  S  hotels,  a  billiard  room,  and  3  European  slio  13  or  warehouses  upon  a  large  scale,  with  surgeons, 
apothecaries,  watch-makers,  and  boat-builders. 

General  Rates  of  .Agency  Commission  in  China,  agreed  upon  the  1st  of  November,  1831;  in  confirma- 
tion of  those  li.ved  by  a  meeting  of  merchants  on  the  1st  of  March,  1825. 

1.  On  all  sales  or  purchases  of  goods  except  the 
fullnwini;         .... 

2.  On  all  sale*  or  purckises  of  opium,  cotton,  co- 

chineal, (juicksilver,  cainplior-ljarroes,  birtls' 
nests,  d  iainonds  and  other  precious  sloues,  or 
pearls,  ships,  and  hiuses 

3.  On  returns,  if  in  i^ds      ... 

4.  On  ditto,  if  in  treasure,  bullion,  or  bills 
6.  On  sale,  purchase,  or  shipment  of  bullion 

6.  Ou  all  i;oods,  treasnre,  &c.  consigned,  and  af. 

tervvanis  withdrawn  or  sent  to  auctinn,  and 
on  ^oods  consigned  for  conditional  delivery 
to  ')thers  .... 

7.  Onlerini;  goods,  or  superintending  the  fulRI* 
nieiit  of  contracts,  where  no  other  commis- 
sion is  d-'-ived 

8.  On  all  adv.  iices  of  money  for  the  purposes  of 
trade,  whether  the  gotils  are  consigned  to 
the  agent  or  not,  and  where  a  commission  of 
5  per  cent  is  not  charged 

9.  Del  credere,  or  Ruaranteeing  sales,  when  spe* 
cially  re(juire(I 

10.  Guaranteeing  bills,  bonds,  or  other  engage- 
ments .... 

11.  Procuring  freight,  or  advertising  as  agent  of 

owners  or  commanders,  on  the  amount  of 
freight,  whether  the  same  passes  through  the 
hands  of  agents  or  not    ... 

12.  Receiving  inward  freight 

13.  Ship^' diibursemrnts 

14.  Chartering  ships  for  other  parties    • 

15.  Effecting  insurance  or  writing  orders  for  in- 
surance .... 

16.  Settling  insurance  tosses,  total  or  partial,  and 
on  procuring  return  of  premium 


5  per  cent. 


3  ditto. 
2  1-2  ditto. 
1  ditto. 
1       ditto. 


1-2  conunlstlon. 
2  1-2  per  cent. 

2  1-2  ditto. 
2  1-2  ditto. 
2  1-2  ditto. 


5      oitto. 

1  ditto. 

2  1-2  ditto. 
2  l-J  ditto. 

1-2  ditto. 

1       ditto. 


17.  Etfectini^  remittances  by  bills  of  the  agfnt  or 
othersvisc,  on  purcliasiiig  or  negociating  bills 
of  exchange    -  •  •  • 

IS.  Bills  of  excliange  returned,  noted,  or  pro- 
tested .  .  .  - 

19.  Negociating  loans  on  respondentia 

20.  Debts,  where  a  proces.*  at  law  or  arbitration 
is  necessary,  2  1-2  per  cent. ;  and  if  reco- 
vered .  -  .  . 

21.  Collecting  house-rent 

22.  t.etiersof  cr&lit  granted  for  mercantile  pur- 

jioses  .... 

23.  Acting  for  the  estate  of  persons  dece.ased,  as 

executors,  or  administrators 

24.  The  nianigemeiit  of  the  estates  of  others,  on 

the  amnuiit  received 

25.  All  cash  receipts,  not  serving  ftrthe  purchase 

of  g'HKts,  and  not  otherwise  specified  above 

26  Shroffing  .... 

27.  Transhipping  goods  .  .  . 

2S.  I'pon  all  advances  not  punctually  liquidated, 
the  airent  to  have  the  nptiiiii  of' charging  a 
second  commission  as  upmi  a  fresh  advince, 
provided  the  charge  do  not  occur  twice  in 
the  same  year. 

29,  At  the  option  of  the  agent,  on  the  amount  de- 
bited or  credited  within  the  year,  including 
interest,  aii<l  excepting  only  items  on  which 
a  coiiimissiDii  of  5  per  cent,  has  been 
charged  .... 

N.  Ji. — This  charge  not  to  apply  to  paying  over 
a  balance  due  on  an  account  made  up  to 
a  particular  period,  unless  wliere  such 
b.ilance  is  withdrawn  without  reasonable 
notice. 


I  per  cent. 

1  ditto. 

2  ditto 


5       ditto. 
2  1-2  ditto. 

2  1-2  ditto. 

5       ditto. 

2  1.2  ditto. 

I       ditto. 

1-2  per  mil. 
1  per  cent. 


ditto. 


Port  Char/res. — All  foreign  vessels  trading  to  Canton  have  to  pay  a  measurement  charge,  varying 
according  to  the  size  of  the  vessel.     For  this  purpose  they  are  diviiled  into  3  classes  ;  viz. 

Taels. 

Ut.  Vessels  of  160  covids  and  upwards,  pay        .....    7874,755  pcrcovid. 
SM.       —       above  120  and  under  160  covids        -           -           -           .           .    7221,091       — 
3d.       —      of  120  covids  and  under        -   ' 5  062,341       — 


CANTON. 


29'y 


Tho  dimcnaiona  are  taken  from  the  mizfin  to  the  foremast  for  the  Inneth.  and  between  the  BatiRwaya 
for  llie  breadth  ;  these  two  numbers  iiiulti|)lied  togutlier,  and  divided  by  10,  pive  tin;  measurement  "in 
covids  J  and  tlie  uuoticnt  nnilli|)lied  by  tlie  sum  to  he  paid  per  covid,  according  to  Itie  vessel's  size, 
gives  the  wlinio  amount  of  measuri'ment  rharge.  Of  this  amount,  oidy  10-llltis  are,  prii|ierly  speak- 
ing, tlie  measurement  charge,  the  other  Uth  part  being  a  fee  of  10  per  cent,  on  the  Inipirrial  dues. 

Once  a  year  the  hoppo  goes  in  person  to  superintend  the  measurement  of  vessels,  on  which  occaRion 
he  goes  on  hoard  a  Company's  ship.     At  other  times  an  otficer  is  sent  to  represent  him. 

The  item  ne.tt  in  importance  to  the  measurement  charge;,  is  what  is  called  the  runisliaw  or  present, 
niiiounting,  according  to  the  reduced  rate,  to  the  sumOf  1,600  6S.t  tai'ls,  or  2,233  dollars,  e.\cept  on 
FriMicli,  Austrian,  and  Prussian  vessels,  which  are  required  to  pay  HO  taels  more.  This  charge  doea 
not  vary  with  the!  size  of  the  ship;  but  is  the  same  whether  she  carry  100  or  1,000  tons.  The  cumshaw 
is  made  up  of  the  following  sums  :  viz. 

Taels. 

The  entrepot  fees           .-...---  810-691 

I'nrt  clearance  fee         --..----  4J<0-420 

Dilfereiice  of  scales,  carriage  to  Pekln,  &c.,  675  per  cent,  on  the  above           -              -  H7150 

Fee  to  the  leang-taou,  or  superintendent  of  grain                    ...               -  ll()-42t 

For  ililfiTence  in  the  leang-taou's  scales,  M  per  cent,  on  the  last  named  fee    -              -  1  J"*! 

Fur  making  it  into  sycee,  7  per  cent,  on  the  whole                  .              -              -              -  101-717 


Taels        1,600083 


Vessels  loaded  with  rice  are  exempted  from  the  entrcpAt  and  leang-faou's  fei's,  as  also  from  the 
measurement  charge  ;  the  latter  by  conunand  of  the  reigning  sovereiiin,  in  1V25 ;  and  tlic  two  former 
by  previous  orders  of  the  loi-al  govermnent.  They  are  likewise  exi'inpted  from  certain  small  monthly 
aiKl  daily  lees,  so  long  as  they  are  engaged  in  discharging  the  imported  rice  ;  but  these  charges  com- 
iiitMiie  as  snnn  as  th(!  vessel  beL'iiis  to  take  in  an  export  carsro  ;  and  the  port  chsirance  fei,',  with  the 
(li)iilile  percentage  of  0}  and  7  per  cent.,  is  levied  alikt;  on  all  vessels.,  A  vessel  importing  rice,  in 
common  with  other  vessels,  is  required  either  to  receive  an  e.xport  cargo,  or  to  pay  about  300  dollars 
iiidcraull  tliereof. 

rnlil  the  ineasurenicnt  cliarce,  present,  &c.  have  all  been  duly  paid,  no  vess(d  can  obtain  her  grand 
cliiip.  or  port  cl(^■lrallce  from  tlii'  hoppo's  otHce. 

Till'  othi-r  lixed  charges  ln-sides  the  above  are,  120  dollars  PT  pilotaiie,  in  and  out  ;  fees  paid  to 
boats  at  second  liar,  ami  linguist's  ami  comprador's  I'cmis.  These  last  are  intended  to  remuiuirale  the 
expenses  incurred  on  account  of  various  daily  and  monthly  charges,  and  other  petty  lees,  b-sides  se- 
veral onanthorised  sums  exacted  by  the  inferior  local  ollicers.  Lists  of  these  cliarges  have  been 
printed ;  l>iit  they  vary  so  much  in  particular  instances,  that  it  is  iie.xt  to  impossible  to  attain 
any  certainty  with  respect  to  them. 

Tliefillowinc  is  an  example  of  a  vessel  of  tho  1st  class  subject  to  the  highest  rate  of  measurement 
cli.irire,  ffoui  which  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  port  charges  on  other  vessels  may  be  obtained : — 
The  (ilcnelg,  867  tons. 

I.enirih  from  mizen  to  foremast,  covids  ....  -        83-1 

Wtiicli  multiplied  by  tlie  breadth,  from  gangway  to  gangway         ...       260 


And  divided  by  10,  gives  the  dimensions 
Multiply  that  sum  by  -  . 


Taels 


The  measurement  charge  will  be  1,701'418  taels,  which,  at  72  taels  per  100  dollars,  = 
Spanish  dollars  ......_ 

Cnnisliaw,  or  present,  taels  1,600-683,  at  72  per  100=       .  .  .  . 

Pilotage  in  ami  out  ....... 

liar  boats  and  other  small  charges,  about  .  .  -  _  . 

Linguist's  fees,  about  ....... 

Comprador's  fees,  about  -  -  -  ''  - 


21606 
J-874755 


2,36.'l 

2,223 

120 

30 

173 

50 


Spanish  dollars        4,039 

Vessels  of  the  2d  class  are  charged  in  measurement  from  1,200  to  1,600  dollars,  and  those  of  the  3d 
size  I'rojn  (iUfl  to  W)0  dollars.     Tin;  covid  employed  is  equal  to  about  1 IJ  inches. 

The  consequence  of  this  mode  of  imposing  the  port  duties  is,  that  while  they  are  very  moderate  on 
ships  of  10(1  or  500  tons  burden  and  upwards,  they  are  very  heavy  on  small  ships:  and  hence  small 
country  ships  fre(inently  lie  olf  l.iiiting  Flora,  orl.arge  Hay,  till  some  of  the  large  European  ships 
come  in  siirht,  when  they  shift  their  carsoes  on  hoard  tin;  latter.  They  are  commonly  carried  up  to 
(.':inton  for  1  per  cent.,  by  which  means  the  duties  and  cumshaw  are  both  saved.  Chinese  junks  are 
exempted  from  the  port  lines. 

('ii|it:iin  Collin,  the  commander  of  an  American  ship  of  about  400  tons  register  trading  to  China,  in- 
fnnni'il  tin;  late  committei!  of  the  House  of  Commons,  that  the  whole  charges  of  every  description 
fulling  upon  his  ship,  in  entering  and  clearing  out  from  Canton,  incluiling  measurement  duty, 
cuinslnu',  pilotage,  rktunllinir  of  ))ie.<hip,iinil  ioii.iiil'n  fee,  amounted  to  betwei'U  7,000  and  S,000 dollars. 
—{Ciniipitiiiiiii  to  Jin^rlo-Cliiitesc  Culeiuiar,  pp.  101 — 103. ;  First  Report,  Koidencc,  p.  121.) 

British  Trade  with  Canton. — The  trade  betweeta  Great  Britain  and  Canton  has  hitherto 
been  oiitir(!ly  inoiiopolisjed  by  tho  East  India  Company  atid  its  oincer.s.  Tea  has  always 
been  by  fir  the  i)rineipal  article  of  import ;  and  it  isi  mainly  owint;  to  tho  diffusion  of  tho 
tasle  for  this  artielc,  tmd  its  consumption  by  all  ranks  and  orders  of  the  community,  that  the 
trade  has  increased,  notwithstandini^  the  perni(^ious  inlluonce  of  the  monopoly,  to  tho  extent 
that  it  has  done.  Boside.s  tea,  tho  Company  formerly  imported  from  China  raw  silk,  silk 
piece  soods,  nankeens,  mother-of-pearl  sheila,  sandal  wood,  and  a  few  other  articles  ;  but  of 
late  years  the  value  of  tlii^e  articles  has  been  quite  inconsideralile. 

The  articles  exported  in  the  East  India  Company'.s  ships  from  Encjland  to  China  con- 
.sisted  principally  of  woollens,  copper,  iron  ami  lead,  glass,  earthenware,  and  jewellery. 
Bullion  used,  formerly,  to  be  largely  exported  ;  but  recently  tlic  current  has  begun  to  set  in 
the  opposite  direction,  and  bullion  has  been  imported  from  China  into  England. 

38 


S!S 


t«MH 


CANTON. 


The  invoice  value  of  the  Compnny's  trade  lictwccn  China  and  England  in  the  nnder-mcntionei? 
years  has  been — 


exports  from  China 

Yean. 

Imports  into  Chin.i  from  Knprland. 

to  KoglanJ. 

Total  Inipnrti  and 
Exports. 

Merchandise. 

Treasure. 

Tot.il. 

Merchandise. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1814-15 

800,003 

127,605 

087,788 

1,907,078 

2,0,55,706 

1815-10 

020,020 

1,127,518 

2,054,433 

2,231.301) 

4,285,703 

1830-31 

503,755 

— 

503,755 

l.hOl.O'^O 

2,455,735 

1831-32 

308,475* 

— 

308,475 

1,814,013 

2,212,518 

*  Jl/cm.— There  is  an  apparent  redtictinn  in  Mm  value  of  exports  of  nierrlianilise  from  Knplaiid, 
arisins  from  carsoes  to  tlit^  aiiioiiiil  of  102,310/.  of  Wtia  season  havitic  lieeii  dcspalclieil  after  the  1st  of' 
May,  1832  ;  allowitia  for  llie  (■oiisif.'nnients  so  ileferriMl,  the  imports  into  China  from  Kngland  would  be 
augnienled  to  5iK),785/.,  and  the  total  of  imports  and  exports  to  2,404,828/. 

East  India  House,  25lh  of  April,  1833. 

It  appears  from  this  account,  that  the  merchandise  exported  from  Encland  to  China  diirlns  tlio 
years  1814-15  and  1815-10  amounted,  at  an  averafie,  to  803,.500/.  a  year,  f.xcltisivi!  of  above  000,000/.  li 
year  in  treastire;  whereas,  the  exports  of  merchanilise  dtirins  thi^  yttar.-i  1830-31  nnd  IS31-;jo  only 
amounted  to  502,270/.  a  year,  without  any  Iretisitre  !  This  exlraordiii'ary  ilecliiie  strikingly  comrasl.< 
with  the  results  of  tliu  free  trade  between  Great  Uritaiii  and  India  in  the  same  years. 


I. 


Tlie  following  is  a  detailed  Account  of  the  Value  of  the  Exports  by  the  East  India  Company  from 
(JreiU  Uritain  to  China  during  the  Fivi'  Yetirs  ending  tlie  5tli  of  .laiiitaiy,  182ti. 


Species  of  Goods. 

1824. 

1825. 

1820.         j         lf>27. 

1828.        ; 

Cotton  manufactures 

Iron  in  bars  (liritidh) 

I.ead  and  shot     -             -            - 

Skins  and  furs     -           -           - 

Woollens              .           -           - 

All  other  articles 

Total  valtte  of  exports  Iiy  the") 
East  India  Company  to  China  j 

£ 

0.002 
I3,4N2 

8,703 

674,.585 
5,005 

£ 

15,502 

22,130 

33,516 

532,221 

8,407 

£ 

107 

17.214 

30,221 

31,151 

652,017 

5,058 

£ 

11.005 
,30,007 
41,018 

750,068 
5,082 

£ 
20.7.52     : 

32,154 

413,422 
3,137 

708,047 

612,139 

744,850 

652,030 

493,815    1 

f 


!     , 


Account  of  the  registered  Tonnase  employed  by  the  East  India  Company,  clearing  out  annually  fioni 
the  Port  of  Canton  for  England,  and  of  the  C'liarges  imposed  by  the  Chinese  on  the  Company's 
Bliips  ill  Canton  during  the  tiiulerinuntioned  Years. 


Years. 

Cleared  out  for 
Kii^land. 

Charges  in  TaeK 

nale  per  Tael. 

Amount.                1 

1829 
]8;!0 
1831 
1^!.32 

Tonuai(6, 
27,904 
20,037 
27,431 
27,852 

91.518 
02,976 
85,691 
95,184 

J.     rf. 
6     8 

30.500  ! 
.3S,0>9             1 

28.501  1 
31.728              1 

The  following  is  a  detailed  Account  of  the  Quantities  and  Prices  of  the  different  Sorts  of  Tens  ex- 
ported from  China  in  1821-25  and  182)5-29  by  the  East  India  Company,  to  Creat  Uril.iin  and  li^ili^ll 
America. 


Exported  to  Enjland. 

Exportei  to  the  North  American  Coloaics. 

1824-25. 

1828-29. 

1824-25. 

1828- 

29, 

1 

Teas. 

Avert!  ee 

Average 

Av(ri:re 

A 

! 

vi-r.i?e  1 

Quantity. 

IVinic  (_"(,st 

Quantilj-. 

Prime  Cost 

Quantity.       Pr ■  Ciai 

QlMlltilV. 

Prime  tost' 

per  11). 

per  11). 

per  111. 

per  lit.    j 

I.hs. 

a.   a. 

Aft.s. 

.S-.      ,/. 

Lhs.        \s.     d. 

J.h..: 

,s'. 

,/.      1 

Iloliea 

.1,589,804 

0     9-301 

4,19S,0f.4 

0    9-512 

87.340  ;  0     O-.'iOl 

1011.315 

0 

0-ini, 

Congou 

18,773,980 

1     3-307 

16,951.171 

1     2-,'-|S7 

81,733     1     3-600 

914,616 

1 

o-;iiii 

(Jaiiipoi 

214,153 

1    6-427 

507,881 

1    7-461 

^ 

] 

Souchong 

269,4,')6 

I  10-501 

183,198 

1  10-870 

51,312    1     3-007 

19,708 

1 

0-59'.) 

Pekoe 

33,973 

1  11-569 

— 

— 

3.539    2     0-504 

Twankay      - 

3,791.405 

1     4-460 

5,471.633 

1     3-810 

.570,120 

1     3-831 

140.7  .-.3 

1 

fi-7-'li 

IIvsiiii  skin   - 

178,596 

I    5-520 

154,707 

1     4-238 

103,020 

1     3-309 

10,195 

1 

48|iii' 

You  11!:  hvson 

— 



— 

— 

173,317 

2     2-0.(8 

Ilvson 

6f)6,562 

2    7-094 

1,149,371 

2    2-263 

£8,830 

2    4-730 

33,2-^  1 

'I 

0-(l3T. 

Gunpowder  - 

— 

— 

— 

4,0.'j3 

2 

0-Jli 

! 

27,517.938 

28,017,2'-0 

1,1 70,1. SO 

1.229,'i5» 

*'7  517  *t38 

28,017,210 

Whole  exports  tc 

I  in  the  year 

1824-25. 

In 
182.1-20 

' 

Uritain  anc 

Americi 

28,007,088 

20,847,231 

In  1831-32  the  total  exports  of  tea  hy  the  East  India  Company  were,  to  FjiL'land,  30.203,008  lbs. ;  to 
North  Aineri(-iin  cidonies  l,27i).>'50  lbs.  ;  being  loijeilier  31,l79,9.-i4  lbs.  'I'lii'  tiL'gresali!  prime  cost  ([Kir- 
tiuulurs  not  stated)  was  1,907,646/.— (JV.  iJ.— For  full  details  as  to  the  lea  trade,  see  art.  Tka.) 


Seasons. 

N 

CI 

1S16-1817 

2, 

1817-1818 

2, 

1818-1819 

3, 

1819-1S20 

2, 

1820-1821 

3, 

1S21-1822 

2, 

1822-1823 

1, 

1823-1821 

2, 

1824-1825 

2, 

1825-1820 

3, 

182l)-1827 

3, 

18-27-1828 

s, 

1828-1820 

s, 

1829-1830 

7, 

1830-1831 

6, 

Tijtal  - 

'56 

CANTON. 


209 


r-mcntion«iJ 


The  Company's  business  in  Ciiina  lins  been  ciirriod  on  by  an  establishment  of  piililic  officers,  con- 
sisting  of  12  supercargoes  iind  as  many  writers,  proniotctl  accoriliiiK  to  seniority;  tlie  former  were 
paid  by  a  commission  cliierty  derived  from  the  monopoly  sales  of  tua  in  England,  and  the  latter  by 
fixed  salaries  ;  both  beingsiipplied  with  lodging  and  u  public  table  at  the  Company's  expense.  The  3 
senior  supercargoes,  called  the  selerl  committee,  constituted  the  governing  body,  and  liad  the  whole 
control,  not  only  of  the  Company's  trade,  but  politically  of  all  British  interests  in  China.  Tho  entire 
charges  of  the  Company's  China  cstablislimenl  in  lsao-2i)  were  138,520/. ;  being 


Twelve  supercargoes  .  .  -  . 

Twelve  writers  .  _  -  -  - 

Persons  fdling  professional  and  other  distinct  offlcoa 
Rents  and  repairs  of  private  apanmenta 
Rent  of  factory,  port  charges,  and  other  expenses 


53,121 
10,228 

H,nr)7 

16,782 
49,440 


The  Company's  business  was  wlioUy  conducted  with  the  hnng  merchants,  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
unlicensed  or  outside  mi.'rchants,  as  they  are  called.  The  select  committee  divided  amongst  such  of 
tlic  solvent  hong  merchants  as  it  pleased,  the  whole  amount  of  the  Company's  export  and  import 
cargoes,  and  the  business  was  done  by  a  Itind  of  barter ;  a  system  long  banished  among  the  free 
traders.  The  ships  employed  by  the  East  India  Company  in  the  China  trade  were  commonly  from 
1,0U0  to  between  1,400  and  1,500  tons  burden,  the  greater  proportion  being  from  1,300  to  1,100  tons. 

Trade  between  Brithh  India  and  China. — The  trade  is  of  decidedly  more  value  and  im- 
portance than  that  carried  on  between  Great  Britain  and  China;  a  result  which  seems 
mainly  ascribablc  to  the  circumstance  of  its  beinff  principally  in  the  hands  of  private  in- 
dividuals. The  greatest  article  of  export  from  India  to  Canton  used  to  be  cotton  wool,  prin- 
cipally from  Bombay  ;  but  it  is  now  far  surpassed  by  opium,  the  imports  of  which  into  China 
have  sexlupled  since  1816-17,  and  are  worth,  at  present,  about  13,500,000  dollars  !  This 
increase  is  the  more  extraordinary,  seeing  that  opium  is  contraband  in  China ;  but  the  edicts 
of  the  emperors  are  as  unable  to  prevent  its  introduction,  as  the  proclamations  of  James  and 
Charles  were  to  hinder  the  use  of  tobacco  in  England.  It  is  every  where  smuggled  with 
case  and  safety.  The  trade  was  at  first  principally  conducted  at  Whampoa ;  but  the  exac- 
tions of  the  Chinese  authorities  drove  it  to  Macao,  where  it  increased,  but  whence  it  was 
subsciiuently  driven  by  the  exactions  of  the  Portuguese.  It  is  now  principally  carried  on 
in  the  Bay  of  Lintin.  Here  the  opium  is  kept  on  board  receiving  ships,  of  which  there  are 
frequently  not  less  than  12  quietly  lying  at  anchor,  without  danger  or  molestation  of  any 
sort. 

The  exports  from  China  to  India  consist  of  sugar  for  Western  India,  tea,  porcelain,  nan- 
keens, cassia,  camphor,  &c. ;  but  the  amount  of  these  is  not  very  considerable,  and  the  re- 
turns are  principally  made  in  bills  and  bullion. 

Opium  is  sold  by  the  resident  European  or  American  agents ;  and,  on  an  order  from 
these  for  its  delivery,  it  is  handed  over  to  the  smugglers,  who  come  alongside  the  ships  at 
night  to  receive  it ;  putting  the  naval  force,  Custom-house  establishment,  and  police  of  the 
empire  at  dcdance.     We  subjoin  an 

Account  of  the  Imports  of  the  different  Sorts  of  Opium  into  China  from  1816-17  to  1830-31,  both 

Inclusive. 


Seasons. 

Patoa  and  Benares. 

Mahva. 

Total. 

Turkey. 

Nn.  of 

Aver. 

Total 

Nn.  of 

Aver. 

Total 

'No.  of 

Value. 

So.  of 

Aver. 

Total 

ChMl*. 

Price. 

Value. 

Chests. 

Price. 

Value. 

thesis. 

Jhests. 

Prii-e. 

Value. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dnllari. 

Dollart. 

DoUnrs. 

Dollars. 

1S16-1817 

2,fil0 

1,200 

3,132,000 

fiOO 

875 

525,000 

3,210 

3,657,000 

750 

300 

375,000 

1817-1818 

2,.'>30 

1,205 

3,200,450 

1,150 

612 

703.800 

3,680 

3,904,250 

1,000 

010 

010,000 

181H.1810 

3,050 

1,000 

3,050.000 

1,530 

725 

1,109,250 

4,580 

4,159,2.')0 

700 

625 

437,500 

1S19-1S00 

2,'J70 

1,235 

3,007,950 

1,020 

1,175 

l,915,2i0 

4,000 

5,583,200 

200 

975 

195,000 

1820-1821 

3,0.iO 

1,900 

5,795,000 

1,720 

1,515 

2,005,800 

4,770 

8,400,800 

30 

1,.V25 

45,750 

18-21-1822 

2,910 

2,075 

0,038,250 

1,718 

1,325 

2.276,350 

4,628 

8,314,000 

500 

1.025 

512,500 

1822-182;) 

1,822 

1,.552 

2,828.930 

4,000 

1,290 

5,100,000 

5,822 

7,988,930 

220 

1,270 

287,080 

1823-1821 

2,910 

1,000 

4,050,000 

4,172 

925 

3,859,100 

7,082 

8,51.5,100 

1     , 

1824-182.-) 

2,055 

1,175 

3,119,025 

0,000 

7.'i0 

4,500,000 

8,055 

7,619.(i25 

1825.1820 

3,142 

913 

.3,141,755 

0,179 

723 

4,460,450 

9,021 

7,008,205 

No    account    has 

1820-1827 

3,«fil 

1,002 

3,008,505 

0,308 

912 

5,911,520 

9,969 

9.010,085 

been  kept  of  Tur- 

1827-1828 

5,114 

998 

5,105,073 

4,.301 

1,201 

5.251,700 

il,475 

10,350,833 

key  opium  during 

1828-182!) 

5,901 

910 

5,004,235 

7,171 

900 

0,928,880 

13,132 

12,53.3.115 

these  years. 

1829-1830 

7,143 

858 

5,149,577 

6,8,37 

861 

5,907,580 

14,000 

12,0.'>7.1.'>7 

1 

1830-1831 
Total  - 

0,000 
'50,488 

809 

5,789,794 

12,100 

587 

7,110,227 
58,200,977 

18,700 

12,900,031 
12.3,208,181 

-    -     04,997,204 

65,496 

-    - 

121,981 

3,406 

-     - 

2,402,770 

In  18.31-32,  the  total  import  of  opium  into  China  was  21,062  chests,  of  the  value  of  13,917,420  dollars. 
The  stock  on  hand,  1st  of  January,  1833,  was  5,110  chests.  Nine  tenths  of  the  opium  trade  is  in  tlie 
liands  of  the  British  Indians. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  the  general  results  of  our  trade  with  China  from  \814-15 
downwards : — 


o 

i       _ 


300 


CANTON. 


Account  of  the  Annual  Volun  of  tho  Trndo  between  the  Siibjecta  of  Grcnt  Urilnin  nnil  China,  from 
181 1-1.5  to  1830-31,  botli  incliioivo,  (lisliiiguinliiiig  the  Trade  uf  the  East  India  Company  from  that  of 
individiialii. 


Corrected  Slate 


Vahie  of  Im- 

V.ilue of  Eiportu  and  Im- 

ports belWBtn  India  and  China. 

ports  between 
KnifUnd  and 
China  on  Ac- 

V.llnenf Trade 

Value  of  Trade 

Teari. 

Total. 

Tndf  with 
nua, 

uf  Individuals 
with  Chiua. 

ot"  tlie  Company 
with  China. 

On  Account  of 

On  Account  of 

count  of  the 
Company. 

Iniiiviiluali. 

the  Cuiiipany. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

I  SI  1-1,5 

2,573.010 

221,589 

2,705,.)29 

2,055,776 

5,751,205 

2,573,940 

3,177.3.55 

1815-10 

2,370.020 

350,470 

2,735,496 

4,285,709 

7,021.295 

2,379,020 

4,til2.2(i0 

I81fi-17 

3,031.031 

2.30.083 

3,264,114 

2,962,ll(i2 

0,220,170 

3,034,031 

3,li'8,145 

ISIT-IS 

3,.327.77() 

710,100 

4,0.37,870 

2,1S3,022 

0,220,K92 

3,327,770 

2.h93,122 

1S18-1!) 

3,510..3,32 

304,543 

3,880,875 

8,065,389 

5,910,204 

3,516,3.32 

2,420,932 

1819-20 

2.lll0.i;i7 

33l,h07 

2,521,0-14 

3,002,456 

5,017,400 

2,100,137 

3.427,203 

lS'20-21 

3.328,030 

002.004 

3,931,033 

2,935,<K)l 

(),800,037 

3.32b,0,39 

3,5,38,M»S 

1821-22 

3,011,010 

400,057 

3,480,007 

8,700,485 

0,  IN  1,00-2 

3,011,010 

3,170,082 

1822-23 

3.017,702 

I80,.304 

3,2.37,090 

3,012,815 

5,870,041 

3,017,792 

2,K.32,140 

1823-84 

2,7.34,501) 

721,425 

3,455,034 

2,815,048 

6,270,088 

2,734,509 

3,5,36,473 

1821-2.5 

2,S32,101 

.320,501 

3,158,7^2 

8,()00,0(i0 

5,75N,HI2 

2,8.32,191 

2,920,651 

1825-20 

3,013,720 

201,003 

4,235,332 

2,087.013 

0.022,345 

.3,943,729 

2,978,010 

1820-27 

3,701,401 

302,405 

4,120,809 

3,170,901 

7,303,710 

3,701,404 

3,539.300 

1827-28 

4,051,678 

370,247 

5,327,925 

a,830,:«)7 

8,104,322 

4,051,678 

3,212,044 

1M28-2!! 

3,703,000 

433,.388 

4,229,334 

8,517,720 

6,747,0S0 

3,793,906 

2,951,114 

182y-30 

— 

308,767 

— 

2,490.047 

— 

— 

8,709.714 

1830-31 

— 

303,741 

— 

2,983,487 

— 

— 

3.347,228 

The  statements  from  India  for  1829-1830  and  1830-31  are  not  yet  received. 


Account  of  the  Quantity  of  each  Articl"?  of  Cliinese  Prndiioe  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom,  in 

each  Year,  from  1793  to  1831 

both  incliitiive. 

Miscelhneoui 

Misrrllaiicou 

Years. 

Tea. 

Silk. 

Nankeen 
Clollis. 

Articles 

of  Chinese 

I>roduce. 

Years. 

Tea. 

Silk. 

Nankeen 
Cloths. 

Articles 

'>f  Cliiiifso 

Produce. 

I.b<. 

1.1,1. 

Piecet. 

faluc  I.. 

Lbs. 

Lbl. 

PilKt. 

»'iilwei. 

1793  '  10.007,331 

171,998 

77,808 

26.092 

1S13 

The  records  of  this  vear  were  destroye 

1  by  file. 

1704     83,710,774 

99.071 

374,398 

19,809 

1814 

26,110,550 

1.50,629 

783,253 

20,054 

1   1793 

27,208,003 

158,225 

146,365 

19,186 

1815 

25,002,214 

816,129 

896,797 

19,474 

1790 

0,181,028 

l'-!,968 

48,648 

23,002 

1816 

36,23l,3r<0 

88,987 

3'.M!,4,53 

29  05(1 

1797 

16,235,125 

78,.520 

77,338 

83,258 

1S17 

31,407,073 

103,367 

564,'J26 

35,703 

1798 

44.873.112 

136,196 

257,473 

25,054 

1818 

80,063,728 

146,878 

409,349 

19,510 

1799 

15,090,080 

63,004 

184,490 

17,131 

1819 

23.750,413 

141,325 

523,852 

55,595 

1800 

15,105,.308 

92,385 

170,917 

25,960 

1820 

.30,147.99-1 

271,115 

900,746 

70,827 

1801 

29,801,739 

131, .335 

306,851 

89,293 

1821 

30,731,105 

27,5.110 

500.002 

39,054 

1802 

27,.356,50a 

75.588 

274,021 

19,054 

1822 

27,3(52,700 

222.073 

287,431 

23,419 

1803 

.30,843,134 

74,538 

832,894 

23,134 

1823 

29,016,885 

392,717 

412,070 

73.(),'i5 

1804 

26,080,781 

90,302 

2()4,-!07 

26,184 

1884 

31,081,977 

293,014 

1,010.494 

09,618 

1805 

28,538.825 

76,359 

252,207 

15,198 

1885 

29.345,099 

1 18.070 

398,998 

75,9I>3 

1806 

22,155,557 

18,607 

370,234 

10„504 

1826 

29,810,401 

40,5,185 

431,520 

124.51)9 

1807 

12,599,230 

55,277 

72,1.35 

11,474 

1827 

39.740.147 

208,2.'57 

99  098 

97,7.J2 

1608 

35,747,824 

1 17,855 

484,647 

17,617 

1828 

.32.078.540 

288,016 

529,002 

95,412 

1809 

21,717,310 

90,003 

287,780 

14,268 

1829 

30,544,382 

000,444 

919,255 

103,077 

1810 

19,791,356 

.54..376 

305,009 

14,8<tO 

1830 

31,807,510 

450,991 

593,339 

91,1,'il 

1811 

21,231,819 

81,307 

316,616 

9,630 

1831 

31,048,922 

470,09« 

857,171 

b'J,7Ut) 

1812 

28,318,153 

80,197 

503,876 

18,929 

Account  of  the  Number  of  Ships,  and  of  tl'eir  Tonnage,  lliat  cntcri'd  Iiiwards  in  ilic  United  Kingdom 
from  China  in  each  Year,  from  1793-94  to  1831-32,  boili  inclusive. 


Yean. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Yeare. 

Ships. 

Tuns. 

Ve.ars. 

Shipj. 

Tons.        1 

1793-4 

18 

17,436 

1806-7 

9 

11,083 

1819-20 

24 

2^.151      1 

1791-5  1 

21 

80,834 

1807-8 

24 

31,7i>7 

1820-21 

23 

2-'.0!t2 

1795-6 

5 

4,856 

1808-9 

15 

19,290 

1821-22 

10 

21.1175 

1796-7 

17 

14,3.54 

1801^10 

13 

17,272 

1S22-23 

19 

20.1113 

1797-8 

32 

37,682 

1810-11 

15 

18.9><4 

1823-24 

21 

I^.Tu 

1798-9 

13 

18,731 

1811-12 

19 

25..32t 

1821-25 

19 

'i5,<.i70 

1799-lSOO 

10 

18,840 

1818-13 

21 

27,287 

1825-26 

83 

27.^y4 

1800-1 

82 

87,407 

1813-14 

19 

24,406 

1820-87 

29 

35,iilii) 

1601-2 

21 

84,531 

1814-15 

21 

21.890 

lS27-?>» 

25 

V.\K'.i 

1802-3 

81 

25,994 

1815-16 

26 

33.075 

182>^-20 

80 

27.11(14 

1803-4 

17 

28,879 

1816-17 

27 

28.032 

1S29-30 

23 

29,111 

1804-5 

19 

84,191 

1817-18 

15 

20,000 

lKlO-31 

21 

27.N79 

1805-6 

15 

19,100 

1818-19 

16 

21.210 

1831-38 

r    ; 

27.010 

The  following  tables  give  very  full  details  as  to  the  trade  between  Great  Bi.-  ir;  ,iiid  Can- 
ton, and  the  trade  between  the  latter  and  British  India,  carried  on  under  the  British  flag, 
during  the  years  ended  the  31st  of  March,  1831  and  1832. 

Most  part  of  tlie  trade  between  India  and  Oiiton  is  condiicti-il  by  theoiitsidt*  merchant!'.  Thohunj 
mercliants  rarely  adventure  upon  Iransartions  in  opium,  of  wliidi  this  trade  principally  onnsistu. 

We  have  obtained  from  Canton  the  following  corrected  acionnt  of  the  Hrilisli  trade  at  tlial  cilv,  in 
1831-32.  It  corresponds  pretty  cloaely  with  the  succeeding  account,  derived  from  the  Pari.  Pnperl'Sn. 
229.  Segs.  1833;  but  it  is  drawn  up  in  a  dilferent  form,  and  more  in  detail.  Being  an.xious  to  nfforii 
all  the  information  in  our  power  with  respect  to  thia  great  emporium,  we  did  not  think  we  slioulil  be 
warranted  in  withholding  it. 


C  SC»=^.M 

? 

§-?3  1      °  = 

1 
r 

pit    ^1 

3,.=  "  •  .  e-§ 

Ic-i" 

2.;  > 

v.^%-.^ 

' 

•* 

.     , 

/  —  A.  ca  J-  -; 



•-  -  f  s 

i,^ie 

th  DnllOT 

Sicee  equal  to  dollan 


CANTON. 


801 


I  Cliina,  from 
f  fruni  that  of 


Value  fif  Tridp 

of  tie  Cniiipany 

with  China. 


£ 

4,t)  12.1211!) 
3,li'2,115 

2,42(1.932 
.'i.42T,2fi3 
3,538,Hil8 
3,IT0,0b2 
2,832,14!) 
3,5.'!6,473 
2,(i2ri,(ir>l 
2/r8,fil0 
3,53!),3nfi 
3,212,1)44 
2,(1,51,114 
2,7!in.714 
3.347,228 


I. 

>d  Kingilom,  io 


MisrcUaneous 

Articles 

of  Cliiiiesc 

1 

.     !     rmueL 

royeil  by  fur, 

VA 

20,054 

07 

10,474 

^A 

20  050 

2fi 

35,703 

49 

10,510 

52 

55,505 

46 

70,827 

ti2          .1!l,()54 

31          23,41!) 

7fi          73.(i35 

III          (i!),618 

98          7.'),(«!3 

20        124.,'it)<) 

i()8 

07,7.Vi 

02 

05,412 

:55 

103,077 

30 

U4.131 

71 

bO,7yt) 

llnilud  Kingdom 


.1.              Tens.        \ 

1 

2.S.151      1 

t 

2-i  002 

) 

21.1175 

) 

2li,013 

2\2,'!7 

) 

'i5.O70 

) 

27.804 

) 

35,!Nii) 

) 

yi,^>:i3 

) 

27.!i04 

1 

2!l.lll 

1 

27.^:l' 

i           27.010 

.'  iti  ,tiid  Can 

le 

British  flag 

iaiit<>.    TliPhong 

lly  consists. 
iit  thill  lity,  in 

Pari.  Paper,  Sn. 
in.xioiiB  to  ftffnrtl 
ik  we  should  b« 


corrected  Stntcmcntof  the  British  Trade  at  the  Port  of  Canton  for  the  Year  ending  the  Slat  of  March,  183?. 


??>.'£■ 


iIS-|'SS5iiE5i|.||||| 


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24.7-.4.2(»  its. 
S,4t-.S00 


To  Erglind  per  23  ships 

in-.lhn 
Sycee  equal  to  dollars 


rl  B'lck  tea       .  . 

(jreen  lea       - 

To  England  per  2.1  ships. 
1  (ti)  Per  country  ships. 

Vol.  I.— 2  C 


i,no(i.-)!» 

l:.3,4li7 


I,173,9''7  dnlUrs. 


1,70"  4  06  ll)«. 
32.),2IX)   — 


'2.n3-2.W'.fi   — 


(0  Ti)  Eoslind,  ilnlhii 

Sycee,  t'qiial  to  tlollars 

Cilculla,  d'dbre 

8ycee,  equal  to  dnilars 


1,134,623    Dollar). 
S-42.3U7 


171, -142 
I6S.798 


Bombay,  dnlbrs  •  .  1,0');1,326 

S.  Anicrifan  silver  and  sycee  >    ,,,,  n,« 

eiiujl  to  doUara       -  \    o-4,-:i( 


Sundry  places,  dollar; 
Total  export  of  bullion,  sycee  included. 


1,976,930 
340,340 


1,57T..'Wl» 

77,l)OJ 


Dollars    3,971,i-13 


A'.  J5.— The  sycee  is  calculated  at  "IS,  with  5  per  cent,  premium  added. 


53 


•*in 


MIMMI 


"nr"-'! 


302 


CANTON. 


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T3-  ■ 

TOTAL  DR1TI8II  TRADE  WITH  CniNA. 


ll 

.•St 

S^i 

w 

3 

^*^ 

SH 

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?    ■» 

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■3 

> 

=  Ji  u  =  I  J 


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•  3  I  =-•;; 


■I  I 


^  16, 


Trado  by  tin  Company  and  Ihcir  OBlcen. 

Trade  by  Indiviilvi»li. 

Total  valup  of  the 

llriti<li   I'nde 

Willi  ChiiH) 

Sc-aion. 

1830-31 
1831 -.32 

IniporU, 

Eipir's. 

Tolnl. 

linpnr!«. 

Eiporls. 

Tou:. 

0,072,961 
6,132,010 

Dollari. 
11,2,')0,.137 
11,081,252 

nultari. 
17,32!).3!)S 
10,213,208 

IMIilrl. 

15,877,50!) 
15,408,225 

nollar$. 
8,010,280 
0,I23,1W) 

Dillari. 
2I,52»,H55 
21,531,3111 

Dollnri. 
41,850,2.53 
37,711,051) 

East  India  House,  25tli  of  April,  1833. 

New  liefrulutlnns  as  to  the  British  Trade  with  Canton. — Notwithstanding  tlio  opposition 
mailc  by  the  East  India  Company,  tlic  trade  to  China  has  at  U'nRth  been  thrown  open  to  nil 
cias.s«'.^  of  iiis  Majesty's  subjects  ;  and  Britisli  inerelv.ints  may  now  Ireely  trade  to  ail  piaroi?, 
accessible  to  Europeans,  to  the  east  of  the  Straits  of  Malacca.  We  coii(j;ratulate  our  readers 
on  the  o[)Oning  of  this  new  and  almost  boundle.ss  field  for  the  display  of  connnereial  enter- 
prise. It  is  not,  indeed,  a  channel  in  which  it  would  be  prudent  for  any  one  not  possessed 
of  adctiuatc  capital  and  the  necessary  skill  to  embark.  But  the  example  of  the  Americans, 
and  of  the  free  traders  from  India  to  China,  shows  conclusively  that  there  is  nothing  in  tho 
nature  of  the  trade  to  prevent  its  being  as  successfully  prosecuted  by  individuals  as  that  to 
any  other  country.  We  arc  satisfied  that  tlic  intcrcimrso  between  the  Eastern  and  Western 
worlds  is  as  yet  quite  inconsiderable,  compared  with  what  it  is  destined  to  become,  now  that 
the  incubus  of  monopoly  is  removed.  The  opening  of  the  ports  of  Hindostan,  in  ISlt,  has 
more  than  trebled  our  trade  with  India  ;  and  a  similar  result  may  bo  fairly  anticipated  in  tho 
case  of  China.  In  making  these  remarks,  we  are  very  far  from  meaning  to  throw  any  reflec- 
tions on  the  conduct  of  the  East  India  Company.  It  is  due  to  its  directors  to  slate  that  tlicy 
have  always  evinced  the  greatest  anxiety  to  extend  tho  trade  with  India  and  Cliiiia,  iirid  to 
carrj'  it  on  in  the  most  economical  manner.  But  it  was  not  in  the  nature  of  things  that  they 
could  succeed.  The  affairs  of  all  great  associations  must  necessarily  be  managed  according 
to  a  system  of  routine,  by  the  intervention  of  salaried  officers.  And  it  were  an  insult  to  com- 
mon sense  to  suppose  that  such  persons  should  display  the  same  enterprise,  or  that  they 
should  manage  the  affairs  intrusted  to  their  care  with  the  same  watchful  attention  to  details, 
and  the  same  regard  to  economy,  as  private  individuals  trading  on  their  own  account,  and 
reaping  all  the  advantage  of  successful,  as  they  must  abide  all  the  loss  resulting  from  unsuc- 
cessfal,  adventures.  Speculations  may  be  eminently  profitable  to  the  latter,  that  would  have 
been  highly  injurious  had  they  been  attempted  by  the  former.  It  is  true  that  the  too  great 
ardour  of  competitors  may  occasionally  render  even  the  best  business  unprofitable  to  those 
engaged  in  it ;  but  if  this  be  an  evil,  it  is  one  that  is  inseparable  from  all  commercial  under- 
takings ;  and  there  is  no  reason  whatever  for  supposing  that  it  will  be  oftcner  or  nioro 
severely  felt  in  the  trade  to  Canton,  than  in  that  to  Petersburg  or  any  other  port. 

In  conducting  an  intercourse  with  the  Chinese, — a  people  whose  institutions  and  habits 
(lifTer  so  very  widely  from  those  of  Europeans, — it  is  essential  that  due  circumspection  should 
be  used,  and  that  nothing  should  be  done  by  any  one  to  give  them  reasonable  grounds  of 
ofTencc.  The  experience  of  the  Americans,  and  of  the  other  foreigners,  besides  the  English, 
resorting  to  Canton,  shows,  we  think,  pretty  clearly,  that  the  amount  of  danger  from  the 
circumstances  just  adverted  to  is  not  very  considerable.  It  is  right,  however,  as  already 
stated,  that  effectual  measures  should  be  taken  for  preventing  any  interruption  to  the  trade 
from  the  ignorance  or  misconduct  of  any  individual.  To  accomplish  this  object  there  aro 
provisions  in  the  act  opening  tho  trade,  enabling  his  Majesty  to  appoint  superintendents  of 
tlic  trade  to  China,  who  are  to  be  authorised  to  issue  regulations  in  regard  to  it,  to  which  all 
individuals  engaged  therein  are  to  be  obliged  to  submit.  These  regulations  will,  no  doubt, 
be  framed  so  as  to  prevent  any  just  ofTcnce  being  given  to  the  natives,  without  unnecessarily 
interfering  with  the  free  action  of  the  traders.  There  is  one  very  questionable  clause  in  the 
act — that  which  authorises  the  imposition  of  a  tonnage  duty  on  the  shipping  employed  iii 
the  trade,  for  defraying  the  cost  of  the  establislunents  in  China.  We  subjohi  a  full  abstract 
of  this  important  statute. 

Act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  03.  for  heoulatino  the  Trade  to  China  and  India. 

Repeal  (ifthcJIct  4  Oco.  4.  c.  SO.  &c.— Haviiiff  statiid  lliat  it  is  c.vpedicnt  that  tho  trade  to  China  should 
bo  opened  to  all  rlasscs  ol"  his  Majesty's  siilijecls,  it  is  eniicled,  lliat  the  act  4  (Jeo.  4.  c.  80.  should  he 
repealed,  except  such  parts  thereol'as  relate  Id  Asiatic  sailors,  Lascars,  heinij  natives  of  the  territo- 
ries under  tlie  ^'nveriiinent  of  the  Kast  India  Conipaiiy ;  and  except  tilso  iis  to  such  voyages  and  ad- 
ventures as  shall  have  lieen  actually  coininenced  under  thi^  aiithiirity  of  the  stiid  act  ;  and  as  to  jiny 
suits  and  proceeilin;.'.s  which  may  have  lieen  coininenced,  and  shall  he  dependin}:  on  tli.' 02d  day  of 
April.  1831 ;  and  from  and  after  tho  said  23d  day  of  April,  1834,  the  enactments  herein-after  contained 
shall  come  into  operation. — i)  1. 

Rrpeiit  iif  Prulnhilions  upon  the  Iwpnrtiition  of  Tea  and  Goods  fiom  Chinii,  imposed  htj  0  Geo.  4.  c.  107. 
and  li  Geo.  4.  c.  11 1. — So  much  of  the  act  O(ieo.  4.  c.  107.,  intituled  "  An  Act  for  the  general  Uegulatiou 
of  ilie  Cuslnnis,"  as  prohiliits  the  importatiim  of  tea,  unless  from  the  place  of  its  yrowth,  and  hy  the 
East  India  (Joinpaiiy,  and  into  the  port  of  London  ;  and  also  so  much  of  the  said  act  as  prohihits  the 
iiaportation  into  the  United  Kingdimi  of  goods  from  ("liina,  unless  liy  the  Kast  India  ("oinpany,  and 
into  the  port  of  London  ;  and  also  so  much  of  the  said  act  as  reijuires  that  the  manifests  of  ships  de- 
parting from  places  in  China  sliall  be  autlienlicuteU  by  the  chief  supercargo  uf  lUu  Last  India  Com- 


53 


C3 


fn  ■ 

MIMMI 

o 

V 


■-It"; 


104 


CANTON. 


-'..     I 


nnnvj  and  also  that  io  much  of  the  nrt  fiOco.  4.  c.  114.,  intituled  "An  Act  to  rPRulatPtlicTrndenf  iho 
ItrillHli  riiHHi'nHidiiH  alirunil,"  aH  |iri>liil>iti<  the:  jiii|ii>rtii(ion  of 'IVa  into  any  of  tlii;  llritixh  I'liiiio'HHiona 
ill  Aiiicricii,  anil  inlo  tlin  inlitiiil  of  MaiiritiiiH,  rxrcpt  I'roni  tlii!  Ihiiti'il  Kiii;(iliiiii,  or  Iroin  hoiiii' olhrr 
lirltlsh  iiohsi'mhIoiih  in  Ainorlca,  iiiiil  iinli'HN  liy  llin  r.iiHt  liiilla  ('oiii|miiy,  orwilli  tlii-lr  llci-iii'i' ;  hIiiiIIIh-, 
from  anil  iil^i'r  thi!22il  day  of  April,  IN.'M,  ri"|ii!ali'il ;  nnil  llicni'rfiirih  (iionvllhsianillim  any  proviiiiiin, 
eimrtnipnt,  ki\  lo  tliiM-nnlrary)  It  Bhall  hi-  luwliil  for  iiiiy  of  liU  MiijcHtyV  siilijiirtH  tocarry  on  traiiu 
Willi  any  roinitrii'rt  hi'yoiiil  the  (,'iipt!  of  (iiinil  Hopn  lo  ilns  HtrailM  of  MiiKfllaii.— }  2. 

Li.^t  fif  Per.^llll.^  nil  biianl  iihij  S/iip  uirii  i«y  i«  Imlia  to  lie  ilelivcrtd  /«  (ijjirirs  i/  Cuftomii. — Tiin  pKfion 
in  roniiiianil  of  iiny  Hliipor  vI'hhi'I  arriving  ut  any  plaru  in  \\w.  possrHstoii  of  or  iinilor  \\w  uovrrniiii'iit 
of  till!  Naiil  ('oinpiiiiy  nliall  inaki'  out,  ii\gn,  and  diHIvvr  to  tlir  prini'ipal  oHiirr  of  \\w  ciihIoiiih,  or  olliRr 
prrniin  lawfully  aiitlioriHnd,  a  triiii  and  pi'rfi'it  list,  npi'dfyinK  tlii>  iiaiiirH,  capacllii'H,  and  ilrxiriptioim 
fif  all  pi'rhonii  who  hIihII  Ii  ivi;  Iummi  on  lioard  hiii'Ii  hIiIji  or  voMxrl  at  IIip  tiiiii!  of  ilH  arrival;  and  if  any 
tiLTHon  InviiiL'  tliu  coiiiniaiid  of  hiicIi  Hliip  or  vrsHid  Hlinll  not  inalit)  out,  »'\an,  and  drlivcr  hiicIi  list,  hi; 
dliull  forfeit  100/.,  half  toMiirli  piTson  or  pi'rHoiiH  aHHiiall  inform  or  siii>  for  tliii  Haiiiisaiid  I  hi'  oiIht  half 
to  ihr  (;oiiipiiny  ;  and  if  tin:  Conipuny  hIiuII  inform  or  hiiu  fur  tliu  Hume,  tliun  tho  wliulu  puiially  hIiuII 
beloiiR  to  the  (Jompaiiy.— ?3. 

I'tiiallien  liiiw  rrruvertiblc.—'Y]w  pnnaltica  and  forfidtiires  nforosaid  to  lio  rprnvprahin  bynrtionnf 
debt,  hill,  &;r.  in  any  roiirt  of  record  In  the  United  Kingdom,  or  in  India,  or  LdHGwiiurf,  to  which  Jiirin- 
diclioii  slmll  hn  aftiirwanlH  (jivi'n.— i  4. 

Tlirtf  SiiperiiiHnilenta  to  the  China  Trail*  to  be.  appointed. — Wlieroas  it  Is  pxpodiont  for  tho  olijiTts  of 
tradi'  and  iiinirabli!  intercoiirsn  with  thu  donilni'ina  of  the  niiipfror  of  China,  that  provlnion  hi!  mailu 
for  till!  oslalilisliiiit'iit  of  a  liriliHh  authority  in  them  ;  hu  it  oiiacted,  that  it  xliall  lio  lawful  for  IiIh  Mii- 
juKty  liy  any  (MininiiMHion  or  warrant  under  his  royal  nIkii  manual,  to  appoint  3  iiiiperintendi!ntH  of  the 
traili!  of  his  Maji'Hiy's  Kiilijuclii  to  and  from  the  said  iloniiiiioiiH,  for  tile  purpiiHe  of  protectinK  and  pro- 
tnotiiiK  Riii^h  trade,  and  to  appoint  buiIi  otHcem  to  ansiHt  them  In  the  e.veciilion  of  their  diitien,  and  to 
grunt  Kiich  Kalarius  to  such  Hupurintunduntd  and  ollicerx  as  hid  Majesty  hIiuII  from  time  to  time  deem 
e.\pi'ilient.— J5. 

/lis  Mijcflij  mail  ifsiie  Orders  and  ComniifKion.i  to  have  force  in  China. — It  shall  he  lawful  for  his  Ma- 
jesty, hy  any  such  order  or  rommissioii  as  to  his  Majesty  in  council  sli:ill  appear  e.\pedient  and  salu- 
tary, to  give  to  the  said  siiperintcnilents,  or  any  of  them,  powers  and  uiithorities  over  and  in  respect 
of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  his  Majesty's  sulijects  within  any  part  of  the  said  dominioiia  ;  aiiw  to 
issue  directions  and  regulations  touchiiiK  the  said  trade  and  commerce,  and  for  the  government  of  liis 
Majesty's  suhjecls  williiii  the  said  dominions;  and  to  impose  penalties,  forfeitures,  or  imprisonmeiiiH, 
for  the  hrcachof  any  such  directions  or  repnlutioiis,  to  lie  enforced  in  such  manner  as  in  the  said  order 
shall  III!  specilied  ;  and  to  create  a  court  of  justice  with  criminal  and  admiralty  jurisdiction  for  the  trial 
of  otlences  committed  by  his  Majesty's  subjects  within  the  said  dominions,  and  the  ports  and  liaveiis 
thereof,  and  on  the  hieli  seas  within  100  miles  of  the  coast  of  China  ;  and  to  appoint  one  of  :he  f.upcr- 
intendeiits  licrein-lieforu  mentioned  to  be  the  otiiccrto  hold  such  court,  and  other  odicers  for  ex  m  uting 
the  process  thereof;  and  to  grant  such  salaries  to  such  ollicers  as  may  appear  reasonable.—?  h. 

Snprrintendrnt.i,  ^-e.  not  to  accept  Gifts. — No  superiiilendeiit  or  coinmissioncr  appointed  i.ndji  thi.s 
act  shall  accept  in  rejrard  to  the  discharge  of  his  duties  any  gift,  gratuity,  or  reward,  othe-  tli,  n  i!i« 
salary  granted  to  him  as  aforesaid,  or  be  engaged  in  any  trade  or  trallic  for  his  own  benefit,  or  fur  the 
benetit  of  any  other  person  or  persons. — J  7. 

^  Tonnase  Duty  to  be  imposed,  to  defraij  the  Expense  of  Establishments  in  China.— \l  shall  bo  lawful 
for  his  Majesty  in  council,  hy  any  order  or  orders  to  be  issued  from  time  to  time,  to  impose  and  to  em- 
power such  persons  as  his  Majesty  in  council  shall  think  tit  to  collect  and  levy  from  or  on  account  of 
any  ship  or  vessels  belonging  to  any  of  the  sulijects  of  his  Majesty  entering  any  port  or  place  where 
the  said  superintendents  or  any  of  them  shall  bo  stationed,  such  duty  on  tonnage  and  goods  as  shall 
from  time  to  time  he  specified  in  such  order  or  orders,  not  e.\ceeding  in  respect  of  tonnage  the  sum  of 
&s.  for  every  ton,  and  not  exceeding  in  respect  of  goods  the  sum  of  lO.v.  for  every  100/.  of  the  value  of 
tho  same,  the  fund  arising  from  the  collection  of  which  duties  shall  he  appropriated,  in  such  manner 
as  his  Majesty  shall  direct,  towards  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  establit  iments  hy  this  act  author- 
ised within  the  said  dominions  :  provided  always,  that  every  order  in  cou;  c  '  issued  by  authority  of 
this  act  shall  be  published  in  the  London  Gazette;  ami  that  every  such  order  in  council,  and  tlie 
amount  of  expense  incurred,  and  of  duties  raised  under  this  act,  shall  be  annually  laid  before  both 
bouses  of  parliament.—}  8. 

Limitation  of  Actions. — Tlie  next  and  last  clause  contains  the  usual  provisions  as  to  the  limitation  of 
actions,  &c.— {  9. 


h   ■'  ■ 


I 


American  Trade  with  China, — The  American  intercourse  with  China  commenced  shortly 
ailer  the  termination  of  tho  revolutionary  war,  and  speedily  becaiuc  one  of  the  most  valuable 
branches  of  the  trade  of  the  United  States. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  amount  of  the  American  trade  from  1829-30  to  1831 
-32,  according  to  the  returns  furnished  to  parliament  by  the  East  India  Company. 

An  Account  of  the  Value  of  Imports  into,  and  Exports  from,  the  Port  of  Ciintou  by  tho  Subjects  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  in  the  Years  lb29-30  to  1831-32. 


Yean. 

iDiportiinto  China. 

ExiKjrtb  from  China. 

Total  Value  Imiiorli 
auil  Kxi'urts. 

Sale  Value 
Merchant  iie. 

Dollan. 

Total  Value. 

ToU-U  Value. 

1829-30 
1830-31 
1831-32 

Dnllart. 
2,793,988 
2,871,320 
2,383,685 

DfUau. 
1,123,644 
183,055 
667,252 

Dullari. 
3,917,032 
3,0.')4,»75 
3,050,937 

Dnllnn. 
n  4,108,011 
-^  4,203,,'»51 
6,857,732 

DfJlar.1 
8,020,213 
7,3  ^..^iO 
8.908.669 

r  Bills  of  exchange  negotiated  by  the  Americans  in  1S2Q-30,  393,050  dollars ;  ditto  in  1830-31, 1,108,000 
dollars;  ditto  in  1831-32,2,480,871  dollars.— (Par/.  Paper,  No.  229.  Sess.  1833,  p.  13.) 


1^  ' 


We  have  obtained  from  the  United  States  the  subjoined  account  of  the  American  trade  ot  Canton 
In  1831-32.  This  interesting  document  exhibits  in  detail  the  quantity  and  value  of  each  article  im- 
ported by  the  Americans  into  Canton,  and  of  those  exported ;  tlie  latter  ure  divided  according  to  their 
lestination. 


CANTON.  05 

fitRtemenl  of  tlie  American  Import  and  E.vpi.rt  Tr:iilc  iit  tlic!  I'nrl  nf  Canton,  diirlnir  the  »«>ii    n  of 

IKIl-.TJ. 


Inipnrts. 


I  [lilli  of  exrh.inifo 


l,'M'.) 

7'l!l 

:I7H 

I,|IX) 
IU,Tlil 

no 


Irni) 

i'rule  Kinienc 
Cl.irilk'il  ilo. 

('()|iiifr     - 

Kh'f)  .itiil  [i^JtJy 

OllillUl 

Colton      • 


Npelirr 
IV.iri  alietti 


2510 
.V'«6 

uil 

770 
1,072 

yoo  iMiXfn  Till  phfi's 
3, 1 1 H  pii'ia  MrikVl  cliilln 


J>>0 
V..I7'' 
Ifl.MU 

6.I'I2 
H].3J.t 


<.'.uiile(H 
lilHIK  t^lli  • 
lj)i;<  cloths 
Cl>ili(/  • 
Cainhrics 

JjDIIII'UliC^ 

1,')6U  ilriff^n  II.iri<lkPrchicri 
11,722  Liiiil  niter  kk  ins 
l,t!l|  Sea  oiler  skins    • 
!l,:l<jn  KoXkkins 
l,t*iS  llenver  skills 
71  N'mI  kkilis  > 

isn.coDCiKJii    - 

Wine,  value 
Wiilclicj 
(ibM      • 
.MiiDCCo  tkiiis    • 


Suiulrv  inercliandiie 


IM. 

-  70 

•  'I  I  J 

•  12  34 

-  ,'.« 

•  7;  1-2 

•  200 

•  JOU 

•  A 

•  2 

■  5V) 
Tailt. 

•  8 
Iki.'lari. 

-  1 34 

-  37 

•  10 

•  r> 

•  K 

•  7 

•  30 

•  2;J 

•  s 

.  4|.,1 

■  4 

■  2 

•  3 

•  1  1-2 

•  6  12 

•  42 

-  1  1-2 

•  I  1-2 

■  <l 

•  12 


Balance 


Dollars 


IMlari. 


TJO.dVlOO 
1I2,0II'<KI 

I2,.l;i2 

10:'i,2lb-(lll 
'iJ.:)02V) 
7,'i,2IK)'0n 

ovatioim 
-,xmm 

2l,;)12(lO 
221,11X1-00 

ll,!«2-,n 

W,5'-2-iK) 

ti,OIOllll 

3,W000 

17,|-,2-0(l 

0,  IMIIlO 

102,r'>.|n  0(1 

|J>,'U0(HI 

21,l'10-()0 

2:K7iti  Tfl 

7O,20^-IIO 

12,nS4-0O 

:ii.oo2(io 

.'Mi,-)!!!*) 

7(i,lii:iiiO 

C0,^J2IX) 

11,2^0'(KI 

12,3J<I  IHI 

IIJ'OO 

2,i«l-IX) 

2.;)IH)I10 

lO.IXKWlO 

2,000  (X) 

50000 


A2/nri. 
MMI,>-7I-™ 
Uti7,2.^  00 


A2si,CMr,n 

100,000-00 


K<|mrta. 


7'h  the  United  Slatr.H. 


ri\rill. 
l2,l'-2nohri   • 

37, I'll  SotichniiK 
.'1,212  'l',Minkay 
17,(i71  lly*in  skin 
■10,0h*»  >i,iiii,(  hyson 
li.:l-lUllts»ii  ■ 
4. -Ml  linpetial 
4.ilii.'i  liuii|io»iler 
2,21',  r<>iiihiinK 
.'il7  I',  kne   • 
2(X)  Cuiii;oti 

I ;)  1,7(10 


r II  Kit    Tarli. 
7,3ll<.l'20  at  1 1 


•  24,1 17- 

>  1,1101  10 

'     I.M'.-'iO 

■  2(>,(i|2  2-> 

>  4,4.>'lrlM 
'    a,lVI-HI 

■  3,(,-2  10 
.    1,12.'  .0 

•  2W-.V) 
12(1(K) 

Sl,l,-.-,-j2 


/)(i»iir., 
Fnihi-oi'lereil  rrape  sliawls.at  3  I 


l),iiiiii,k  ilo.  (to. 
pieces  O.ipe 

ll.sii.lkrrrliiefs 

.^tlisli.iws    • 

1(1  ick  Mrsnets 

•  Willie  iln. 

Levaiitiiu-s 

•  Do,  Mliu   . 

.S,1ttils 

.*s;itiii  (Liiiiask 

•  CiliileU      • 
While  poinleDS 
Slltclltleli  do. 

Mijtf^l  IntMtrini^s  • 
pienis  Seisiiijs     • 
R.IVV  silk    " 


3  4 

7 

G 

ft  1-2 

H 

N 

9 

12  1-2 
13 
IS 

9 
11 

4  12 

7 
4110 
370 


1.700  pieces  nine  Nank<>or«     •    70 
Coiiipany  Nankeens  .',0 


■1,.>11  piculs  I'n-isia 


3S 


1,101 


(  a»sia  oil 
C'llnphor 
Hhnharh 
Siveetnieits 


2,318     -     Su^ar    ■  \-'f^ 


,000 


I  '),9r',  boxes  rmckcrs    ■ 
313     .      Vermilion  - 
2.H44  rolls  Mal'in*      - 
(j'i.2<X)  uross  Fearl  hiittons 
China  ware  and  i^rasa  cloth,  in  value 
Sundry  merchandise,  in  value  • 


10  12 

30 

14 

30 

l.i 

4 

8 

I  1-2 
4.' 

6 
17 


To  Europe. 

Chettt,  Piaih. 

axinohea    ■  .  .     210-00 

720  .Souchong         -  .     4B'<flO 

l,5r,0Coinou  -  •  1,007-iO 

413('Mnpny  -  -     26S-4) 

I25Twankay         -  •       77-50 

321  Hyson  skin       -  •     160-50 

3'i4  Vouni;  hvscn    •  -     170-11 

210  Hyson  •'         .  -     103  OS 

74  lin|)erial  -  •        .tI-SO 

72  Gimpflvvder     •  -       57  00 

294  rukoc  ■  -  -     145-00 

4,48i  2,72013 

30  piculs  Sweetmeats. 
IjO     •     t'assia. 
5      •      Vermilion. 
The  almve  inveslnieuta  Id  Europe, 
per  invoices 


To  Smith  America  and  the 
Sundirich  htaiids, 

Rri^Chiliairs  cargo,  value    • 

Bonela's  .  .  . 

-     Diana's  .  -  .  . 


Disbursements  ot  2^  vessels,  at  6,noo 
8  Rice  vessels  1,000! 
5  Lintiu      -      400i 


'  7^t/s. 

Ki.ini  2  0 

■I3l.«,l  -,  0 

17,7114  5  ,-. 

2 1  J.I  1 ,2  II  0 

1,1  I'l.-sV)  0  0 

2I»«.  IVI  li  H 

17(1.IL"I  2  I 

2l:l.',7'l  2  0 

22,  Till  0  II 

12,!l.''>  0  0 

1,(120  U  0 


Dollars 


iJvltart. 


2,-ilH,(yi  1  4,3,5,19,723,47 


I)  Hurt. 

121.h7"(l0l 
1  I'M  III  (X) 
Cli.AKHlOi 
13s.01.l-mi 
211.771(0' 
2:)l,0tiM-lHli 
«7,li72fl« 
Tl,!'«2('0 
70,',62l;0 
90, '^'i  1X1 
4.niix-00 
31, ',(0-1X1 
1I7,417(I0 
l.'^2,VVI-5fl 
3(l,»in-C0 
140.000  00 
40,3301X1 


n<',2'0(io 

33,T'-2-  0 

3".ll-0(lO 

4  0I(HX1 

6(Kl-rfl 

n.iao-oo 

10,515  00 

10,541-00 

23,s72--.0 
13,116-00 
14.2'OIX) 
ll.OM-OOl 
7,50<10 
100,000-00 


1  TOJ.TIS'PO 


40,00fl-00 
70,(KX)  00 
40,000--0 


329,254- ao 


132.000-00 
S.(XXl-00 
2,(X10  00 


130  00(KIO 


150,000- 00 


142,000-00 
">,959,731-97 


•^ 


O 

o 


It  results  from  this  stateniont,  tlKil  th(!  Aiiieririin  triiilo  ol  ("iiiiloii,  in  ISS1-S2,  amoniiinl  tn  abiiiit 
12,000.000  (liillars,  hcinE  equal  to  tllre^  fmirlhi  of  that  canicil  on  at  Coiitdii  iliiriiiir  tin-  saiiw!  year  on 
account  of  till!  East  India  Cdinpaiiy.  It  is  of  iinpnrtanci'to  (ilisorvc  that  tin"  doalinirs  (if  tin-  Americans 
an;  principally  carried  on  with  the  oiitsidc  merchants.  Paptaiii  Cdlfin,  and  oilier  .American  jreiitlemon 
examined  liy  the  late  committee  of  the  lldiise  of  Cnmmons  nn  the  China  trade,  speak  in  stroiij;  turms 
of  the  facility  and  expedition  with  which  business  may  be  conducted  at  Canton. 

Traileof  Portvgiiese,  Spaniards,  S^c.  at  Canton. — Respectinp  the  extent  of  the  PortUBUesp,  Sipanish, 
French,  rSwertish,  Danish,  and  Dutch  trades,  we  li:v(!  no  data  to  lay  liefdre  the  reader  on  which  reli- 
ance could  be  placed;  hut  they  are  inconsiderahle  ami  tliictiialinp,  cdiiipared  with  the  branches  already 
described.  The  Dutch  trade  is  probably  the  larpesl ;  but  i-veii  with  the  assistance  of  protectinsf  duties 
in  Holland,  the  Uutch  are  unable  to  withstand  the  enterprise  and  activity  of  the  Aiiiericuns.  Tha 
2c2  3U 


300 


CANTON. 


>   'i 


f 


Por»iiBiiMf>  trndr,  pnrtlftilnrly  thnt  wltti  tlin  pnndcmilonii  nf  PortiiRixl  on  thecnntlnrnt  of  Imlln,  wnii 
cniiNicli'riilili'  iliirlnir  lliii  wiir,  hut  liii-i  Hiiici-  uri'iilly  (li'illriKd.  A  niilinn  nl'  innri'  i)|iiril  tliiiii  the  I'ltrtii- 
gilfMi!  Wdiilit,  with  thi!  ndvuiitiiK)'  Ihry  i-iijiiy  In  Ihii  iiiimhi'shIciii  of  tin-  rciiivriilt'iit  hIiiIIkii  nf  Miiriln,  \m 
alili>  to  i-iirry  on  thii  Chlni'Mi'  triuli'  Willi  Hii|irrlor  mirri'HM.  'I'Ihto  Ihii  roiiNJili'mlili'  inliTioiirxi',  rnrrliMt 
on  In  H|mnrHh  hIiIiih,  lirtwccn  ( 'union  and  Manlllii.  'I'tu'  I'lilllpplne  iHlitndH  ntrord  niiiny  ronitiioditl(>M 
In  dcniand  In  thu  Clilni'iu  tnnrkrtH ;  and  tlu'  H|miilnrdM  nru  llir  only  Knropi'an  pt^iidi-  allowtMl  openly 
til  tradti  with  the  hiiHy  ami  roniniirilnl  port  of  Aiiioy,  In  llii>  jirovlnrti  nf  Koklcn  ;  iiiit'iirtiinatt'ly,  how- 
eviT,  Ihry  iiru  dellripnt  in  ilie  Hklil  anil  I'litiirprlm'  ri'ipilrrd  foully  to  avail  tlii'iiiHi'lvns  of  thi-i4i'  ailvari- 
Inffi'rt.  It  appi'arH  I'roni  tin-  olllrial  arcoiinlH,  pnldiKlivd  liy  tli>'  i''ri'nrh  irovrrnnii'iit,  that  in  |N,1I,  only 
3  Hliip^,  ofthi!  Iiiiriti>n  olTM  Ioiim,  rlrari'd  out  I'roni  I''runi'li  portn  for  Cliliia.  'I'liln,  wi?  hi'licvi',  Ih  prin- 
cipally to  liii  aHrriliuil  to  thu  tritlinx  rxtiint  tu  whii'li  the  xri'at  urtlclu  of  ChlneHU  prodiicu,  tua,  iii  con- 
■uiiit'd  In  rrancr. 

Tratlc  with  the  Indian  hlamh,  Jrc. — In  his  rviilpnre  before  thn  Rcloct  cmnniitti^c  of  tin- 
Housu  of  CommoiiH,  Mr.  Crawfurd  gave  the  followiiig  iiiHtructivo  tlftailn  with  ri-HjiL't't  to  iho 
native  foreinn  trailo  of  Cliiiiu : — 

JVati)fe  Forriirn  Triiilf  of  China.—"  Tlii'  prinrlpnl  part  oftho  junk  trnilo  Ih  carrioil  on  by  the  four  con- 
tlKUoUM  provirii'i'H  of  Canton,  Fokicii,  (^bcklani!,  and  Klaniiari. 

"  No  lori'imi  Iradi'  Ih  pcriiiiltrd  with  the  ixlaiiil  of  Formosa  ;  anil  I  have  no  inraim  of  di'icrildnn  tlw- 
PXtiMit  of  the  trallie  wliiih  may  he  rondnrled  hetween  Cliiiia,  Corea,  and  thi'  l.eerhew  IslamU.  Th« 
fcdlowiriK  are  the  iiiunlrirH  with  wliiih  China  carrii'H  on  a  trade  in  jniikH  :  vi/..  .Iiipiiii,  the  l>liill|i|iiiie->, 
the  Hoo-loii  iHlamlH,  Celeliex,  the  Molui'iax,  lliirnro,  Java,  Sumatra,  Mini/apori',  Khio,  tin.'  east  i  oast 
of  the  Malayan  penlnHula,  Hiaiii,  Cor  hi  n  China,  (lanihoilia,  and 'roniiuln.  The  pnrlH  ol' China  at  wMicli 
thiH  trade  is  conducted  are  ('anion,  Ti'haon-tiiieoii,  iNoinhonL',  lloellrlieiin,  Sulienir,  Kori:.'nio(in, 
f;iiaii;;-liiii,  and  Hainan  In  thi!  provini'o  of  Canton  ;  Anioy  and  Cliint'hew,  in  the  province  of  rokiia  ; 
NiiiiriMi  and  HiaiiK-hai,  in  the  province  of  Chekianix  ;  and  Houlrhedii,  in  the  province  of  Kjunniiii. 
Till'  t'ollowInK  may  lie  looked  upon  uh  nn  apiiro.ximatioii  to  tin:  iiiimher  of Juiiku  carrying  on  trado  witit 
till'  ilillerent  places  already  uniimuratiMl,  vi/.. 


.lapan  lOJunkK,  two  vnyagus  ' 
riiilippine  Islanda 
Soo-loo  Islandi 
l!orni!0  1.1,  Celeben  3    - 
,lava      .  .  -  . 

Kmimtra 


Junks.  Jnnka. 

2(1         HinRnpori'  f>,  niilo  1  .  .        11 

1.1         Fant  coant  of  Malay  pcniiiHiiIik    -        0 
4  Hiani  -  -  -  -      811 

15         Cochin  China         -  -  -20 

7  Cambodia  -  -  -        !) 

10         Tonquiii      -  -  -  -      20 

—  Total  252. 

"  This  stnti'inont  dnps  not  incliiilp  a  (treat  number  of  BTiiall  JnnkH  helonRlnit  to  tlm  Island  of  Hainan, 
which  carry  on  trade  witli  Tonqiiin,  Cochin  China,  Cambodia,  Slam,  and  Sinitaporu.  TIiohi!  for  Siani 
nniount  yeiirly  to  almiit  "ill,  and  for  tlu;  t'ocliiii  (.'liinese  iloiiiinionM  to  about  Kl ;  thene  alone  wmild 
briiif!  tlie  total  mimber  of  veHsels  carryinir  on  a  direct  trade  between  ('liina  and  forciun  countries  to 
3117.  Tim  trade  with  Japan  Ih  conlliieil  to  tlie  |iort  of  Ninnpo,  In  CliekiaiiK,  and  expressly  liniiled  ii>  |(> 
vessels  ;  but  as  thu  distance  from  Nungasuki  is  a  voyagu  of  no  mure  than  1  days,  it  is  perforiiicd  twice 
a  yi^nr. 

"  With  the  exception  of  this  brnncli  of  trade,  the  forelKii  Intercourse  of  the  two  provinces  Chekianif 
nnd  Kiannan,  which  are  famous  for  the  jiriHliiclion  of  raw  silk,  teas,  nnil  nankeens,  is  contined  to  the 
I'liilipiiine  islands,  Tonipiin,  Cocliin  ('hina,  Cambodia,  and  Siam;  and  none  of  this  clas.^  of  vessels, 
that  I  am  aware  of,  liave  ever  found  their  way  to  the  ■vestern  |iarts  of  the  Indian  Archiix'tacn.  The 
number  of  these  trading  with  Siam  is  21,  all  of  considerable  size  ;  those  trading  with  the  <"ochin  Chi- 
nese dominions  10,  also  of  considerable  size  ;  nnd  those  trading  with  the  Philippines  .5  ;  niakini!  in  all 
45,  of  which  the  average  burden  does  not  fall  short  of  17,001)  tons.  I  am  the  more  particul.vr  in  lic- 
gcribingthis  brancli  of  the  Chinese  commerce,  ns  we  do  not  ourselves  at  present  partake  of  it,  and  as 
\vu  possess  no  direct  means  of  obtaining  information  in  regard  to  it.  AH  the  Junks  carry  ins  on  this 
trade  with  Siam  are  owned  in  the  latter  country  and  not  in  (!hina  ;  and  I  am  not  snrc  how  far  it  may 
not  also  be  so  in  thu  other  cases.  I  do  not  doubt  but  that  n  similar  coinmerce  will,  in  the  «-vent  nf  ii 
free  trade,  extend  to  Singapore  ;  and  that  through  this  channel  may  cventiial'ly  bu  obtained  thu  green 
tens  of  Kiannan,  nnd  the  raw  silks  of  Chekiang. 

"  Uesides  the  junks  now  described,  there  is  another  niiinernus  class,  which  may  be  denominated  the 
colonial  shipping  of  the  Chinese.  Wherever  the  Chinese  are  settled  in  any  numbers,  junks  of  this 
description  are  to  be  found;  such  ns  in  Java,  Sumatra,  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  ice. j  but  the  lareest 
commerce  of  this  description  is  conducted  from  the  Cochin  Chinese  dominions,  especially  from  Siaiii, 
where  the  number  was  estimated  to  me  at  200.  Several  junks  of  this  description  from  the  laliur 
country  come  annually  to  .Singapore,  of  whicli  the  burden  is  not  less  than  from  300  to  '100  tons. 

"The  jiinks  which  trade  hetween  China  nnd  tlie  adjacent  countries  are  some  of  them  owned  nnd 
built  in  China  ;  but  a  considerable  number  also  in  the  latter  countries,  particiibirly  in  Slam  and  Cochin 
China.  Of  those  carrying  on  the  Sianiesu  trade,  indeed,  no  less  than  81  out  of  the  h9,  of^consiilirahli' 
size,  were  represented  to  me  as  being  built  and  owned  in  Siam.  The  small  junks,  however,  carrying 
on  the  trade  of  Hainan,  are  all  built  and  owned  in  China. 

"The  junks,  whether  colonial  or  trading  direct  with  China,  vary  In  burden  from  9,000  piciils  to 
15,000,  or  carry  dead  weight  from  120  to  900  tons.  Of  those  of  the  last  size  I  have  only  seen  .1  or  1.  and 
these  were  at  .Siam,  and  tlio  same  which  were  commonly  employed  in  carrying  a  mission  nnd  iriliiite 
yearly  from  Siam  to  Canton.  Of  the  wholu  of  the  large  class  of  junks,  I  should  think  tlie  nveruije 
burden  will  not  he  overrated  at  300  tons  each,  which  would  make  the  total  tonnage  employed  in  the 
native  foreign  trade  of  China  Lictween  00,000  and  70,000  tons,  exclusive  of  the  small  junks  of  Hainan, 
Which,  estimated  at  ISO  tons  each,  would  make  in  all  about  HO,OI)0  tons. 

"The  junks  built  in  China  are  usually  constructed  of  fir  and  other  inferior  woods.  When  they  ar- 
rive in  Catnbodia,  Siam,  and  the  Malayan  islands,  they  commonly  fnrnisli  themselves  with  niasts, 
rudders,  nnd  wooden  anchors,  of  the  superior  timber  of  these  countries.  The  junks  built  in  Siam  are 
a  superior  class  of  vessels,  the  planks  and  upper  works  being  invariably  teak.  The  cost  of  ship  biiilil- 
ing  is  highest  at  the  portof  Amoy  in  Fokien,  and  lowest  in  Siam.  At  these  places,  and  at  Chang-lini  in 
Canton,  thu  cost  of  a  junk  of  8,000  piculs,  or  470  tons  burden,  was  stated  to  me.  by  several  tounnand- 
crs  of  junks,  to  be  as  follows  :— 

At  Siam        -...--         7,100  dollars. 
Chang-lim  -  .  .  .  .       Ki.ooo    — 

Amoy  .-.-..  21,000  — 
A  junk  of  the  size  just  named  has  commonly  a  crew  of  90  hands,  consisting  of  the  following  officers, 
besides  the  crew  ;  a  commander,  a  pilot,  an  accountant,  a  captain  of  the  helm,  a  captain  of  the  nri- 
chor,  nnd  a  captain  of  the  hold.  The  commander  receives  no  pay,  hut  has  the  advantage  of  the  cabin 
accommodation  for  passengers,  reckoned  on  the  voyage  between  t^anton  and  Singapore  worth  150 
SpauisU  doUaiB.    lie  is  also  the  agent  of  the  owners,  and  leceivea  a  coiiiiuisiiion,  coiuiuonly  of  10  ptr 


CANTON. 


807 


liii;.).  'I'ln! 
Dchin  Clii- 
ikine  in  nil 
l:»r  ill  (ii'- 

it,  and  n<< 
on  this 

far  it  may 

•VIMll  of  !i 

tliu  green 

linatr'il  lliB 
iiikM  of  tlii^ 

the  larKcst 

t'riiin  Siani, 

I  lie  latter 

HIS. 

(iwihmI  ami 
mil  Cocliii) 

insldi'ralilir 
r,  carrying 


:n  tlii'V  ar- 
litli  masts, 
II  8laiii  arr 

ship  Imilil- 
lanK-lini  in 

coimiiaud- 


ngnfficer!', 

of  tho  iin- 

if  the  cabin 

worth  150 

I  of  10  pw 


ci'nt.  on  the  pmftiiint  iiieh  »fmin  nt  Ihn  mlvvntiirp,  (ji'niTally  n  cnnBlilcrnblfl  oup,  In  which  thoy  ara 

niiiciirni'il.  Tho  (illut  r»-i'(!lviv>.  for  tlii'  vnyiive  WD  iliilliir*  of  waifrH,  niiil  Ml  pii  iiIm  of  fri'luht  out  nnil 
hiiiMi'.  I'lio  lirliiiNiiiaii  liiiH  li  (ijriiirt  ot'  fri'iKlit  ami  no  wagcH.  The  cnplMliiN  of  llie  am  lior  nml  tlia 
liiilil  have  \l  piciilH  of  fri'liiht  iMi'h  ;  anil  the  Hi'iiiiieii  7  piciiU  ench.  None  of  the^i'  have  any  waKeN- 
Till'  olllcerx  ami  iteaiiien  of  the  colonial  JiitikK  are  (inrerently  rewarilcd.  In  a  HiamcHe  Jiiiik,  for  I'X- 
iiiiiple,  iradliiK  helwuen  the  r'laini'Hi'  capital  anil  Hliiiiapori!,  of  (I.IIPII  pIciiU  hiirihii,  the  coiniiinnder 
and  pilot  had  eiich  IIHI  dollars  for  the  voyaKe,  With  l'.2  piciilit  of  frelulit  apleri-.  The  accoiiniant  und 
hcliiiKiiian  had  half  of  IhU  nil  iwaiice,  und  each  itvnniiili  had  l:i  dolliirM,  with  A  pIciiU  of  Ireluht. 

•■  In  lonHii  '  tloiiiind  oiiti\t.  ChincHe  JiitikH  are  cliiiiiNy  anil  awkward  In  the  extreme.  The  ('hlneno 
are  i|iille  iiiiat  i|iiiilnti'il  with  na"isaiioii,  navliiK  the  kiiowleiiKe  of  the  conipaHN  :  nolwlth:<tamliiiK  Ihiii, 
an  their  pllotx  arc  lixpeil,  their  vi  yayeH  xhort,  and  uh  they  hardly  ever  Mall  except  at  tlii^  lieiuht  of  tho 
niiinHooim,  when  n  fair  and  Kt>;ai|y  7  or  H  kiioiH'  hree/.e  carrleN  them  dlreclly  from  port  to  pott,  iId-  kcii 
ri^k  U  very  nniall.  Diirint;  l-i  >eiiri«'  aci|iiaintaiice  with  iIiIh  hrinich  of  trade,  I  can  recollei  I  liearliiK 
of  lint  I  shipwreckii  ;  and  iii     i|  ihcHe  iiiKtanceit  the  crewM  were  saved. 

"The  coiiHlriictioii  and  ncL'  ii|  of  a  t'liiiicHe  Junk  may  he  hioked  upon  ax  her  proper  reftJHtrjr,  nml 
tlii'v  are  a  very  eU'ecliial  ont  liir  the  leant  deviatlnn  from  llieni  wnulil  miliject  her  at  oiicu  to  lorelxn 
cliarKi'x  and  forelKii  diitlc>,  nml  to  all  kliidn  of  Hiispiclon.  The  colonial  JiinkR,  which  are  nf  a  ninru 
conimoilioiiH  fiiriii  ntiil  outfit,  if  vlmtliiK  China,  are  Hiilijectuil  to  the  Hiinie  iliilleH  iih  foreiifn  vexiieli). 
Jiiiikr),  liiiilt  in  Hiaiii,  or  any  other  adjacent  country,  if  cnuHlriicled  and  tilled  out  after  the  ciiHtoniarv 
iniiilel,  are  ndiiiltted  to  triiide  In  Clilim  iipiui  the  hiinie  teriiiH  nn  thoHti  liiilll  and  owneil  In  the  country. 
If  any  part  of  the  crew  couHlHt  of  HiaineHe,  Cochin  ChineHe,  or  other  loreiBtierH.  the  latter  are  adinlt- 
ti'iloiily  at  the  port  of  Canton  ;  and  If  foiinil  In  any  other  part  of  China,  would  he  Hei/.ed  and  laken  up 
iiy  the  police  exactly  in  the  Name  manner  ax  if  tlii'y  were  Kiiropeaiix.  The  native  trade  of  Chimi 
conducted  with  foreign  countrieH  In  not  ii  clamlemine  romnierce,  unacknowledued  hy  the  (Miinexo 
Uiw*.  lint  liBH  In  every  cane  at  least  the  exprenx  Miinclion  of  the  viceroy  or  uovernor  of  the  province, 
who,  on  petition,  deciiliM*  the  n'litnlier  of  Jiinka  that  xhall  he  allowed  to  en|,'at;r  in  It ;  und  even  miii- 
nieratex  the  artlcleH  which  it  NJiall  he  leKiil  to  export  and  Import.  At  every  port,  uIho,  where  Hiich  a 
fiiri'liin  trade  is  xanctiiineil,  Iheri^  ixa  Iioiik  or  hoiiy  of  necnrity  nierchantx  ax  at  Canton  ;  a  fact  which 
rlinwx  clearly  enoii|{h  that  tliix  Inxtlliiiion  is  parcel  of  the  lawx  or  ciiiitomx  of  Cliinn,  and  not  a  pecu- 
liar restraint  inipoxid  upon  thu  intercoiirxe  with  Kiiropeanx. 

••The  Cliim^se  Jiinkx  properly  coiiHirucied  pay  no  ineaNurement  duty,  and  no  cuinximw  or  present ; 
iliitiex,  however,  are  paid  upon  Koodx  exported  and  imported,  which  xeeni  to  ditfer  at  the  ditl'erent 
priiviiicex.  They  nre  hi  '  >xt  at  Ainoy,  and  lowent  in  the  island  of  Hainan.  The  Chinexe  traderx  of 
8laiii  Intormed  me  that  tliej  '-arried  on  the  fairest  and  easiest  trade,  xuhjecl  to  the  fewe.-it  rexirictlons, 
ill  tne  portHof  NiiiKpo  and  !Sluni{-liai  In  (.'hekiaiiK,  and  Hoiilclieon  in  Klannan.  (ireat  dexterity  xeeniil 
every  where  to  he  exercised  hy  the  tMiiiiexe  In  evudliiK  the  diitlex.  One  practlci-,  which  is  very  often 
fiilliiwed,  will  atlord  a  good  example  of  thix.  The  coaxtiiiK  trade  of  China  is  nearly  free  from  all  du- 
tii'X  and  other  Impoxtx.  The  nierchanl  takex  advantage  of  this  ;  and  IntendiiiR  in  reality  to  proceed 
III  iSiain  or  Cochin  China,  for  example,  clearx  a  Junk  out  for  the  ixland  of  Hainan,  and  thus  avoidx  thu 
payment  of  diitiex.  When  she  returnx  she  will  lie  4  or  5  dayx  otfthe  mouth  of  the  port,  until  a  regu- 
lar barijaln  he  made  with  the  (,'iixloni-houxe  otllcer»  for  the  reduction  of  duties.  The  threat  held  out 
In  such  casex  Ix  to  proceed  to  another  port,  und  thux  deprive  the  public  oHicerx  of  their  ciixtoniary 
piripiisiles.  I  wax  assured  of  the  frei|Ueiicy  nf  tliix  practice  hy  Chinese  nierchantx  of  (Jochln  China, 
as  well  ax  hy  several  coniniandcrx  of  Junks  at  Singa|iiire.  From  the  lust-nanwMl  perxonx  1  had  another 
f:ict  of  some  conHei|uence,  ux  connected  with  the  Chinese  trade  ;  viy:.  that  a  good  many  of  the  Junks, 
carrjingon  trade  with  foreign  portx  to  the  westward  tif  Cliiiiu,  often  proceeded  on  voyaeex  to  tho 
niirtliward  in  the  same  season.  In  tliix  inanner  they  xtated  that  nhoiit  SO  conxiderable  Junks,  hevideS 
a  great  many  small  ones,  proceeded  annually  from  Canton  to  Souchong,  one  of  the  capitals  of  Klan- 
nan, and  III  wealth  and  ciuunierce  the  rival  of  (,'anton,  where  they  sold  ahoiit  20(1  chesix  of  opiiiin  at 
nil  ailvance  of  it)  per  cent,  heyoml  the  Canton  prices.  Another  place  where  the  Canton  Junks,  tutho 
niiniber  of  5  or  0,  repair  anmially,  is  Chinchew,  in  the  province  of  (.'antnn,  within  the  (inlf  of  I'eche- 
lev,  or  Vellnw  Seu,  und  ua  fur  north  us  the  37tli  degree  of  latitude."— (j*;>^en</i/,  hepurt  uf  1B30, 
II.'VSW.) 

A  Chinese  ship  or  junk  is  seldom  the  property  of  one  inJividual.  Soniof  lines  40,  50,  or 
even  100  different  merchants  purchase  a  vessel,  and  divide  her  into  as  many  different  compart- 
ments as  there  are  partners;  so  that  each  knows  his  own  particular  part  in  the  ship,  which  he 
is  at  liberty  to  fit  up  and  secure  as  he  pleases.  The  bulk-heads,  by  which  these  divisions  are 
formed,  consist  of  stout  jilanks,  so  well  caulked  as  to  be  completely  water-tight.  A  ship  thus 
formed  may  strike  on  a  rock,  and  yet  sustain  d"  sp'ious  injury  ;  a  leak  springing  in  one 
divi.sion  of  the  hold  will  not  be  attended  with  any  damage  to  articles  placed  in  another ; 
and,  from  her  firmness,  she  is  qualified  to  resist  a  more  than  ordinary  shock.  A  considera- 
ble loss  of  stowage  is,  of  course,  sustained ;  but  the  Chinese  exports  generally  contain  a 
considerable  value  in  small  bulk.  It  is  only  the  very  largest  class  of  junks  that  have  so  many 
owners ;  but  even  in  the  smallest  class  the  number  is  very  considerable. 

I'upulatiun  of  China. — The  most  conflicting  accounts  have  been  given  of  the  population 
of  the  Chinese  empire.  According  to  the-statement  of  the  Chinese  authorities,  it  was  found, 
by  a  census  taken  in  1813,  to  amount,  for  China  Proper,  to  367,821,000!  Vast  as  this 
number  must  certainly  appear,  it  does  not,  taking  the  prodigious  extent  of  territory  over 
which  it  is  spread  into  account,  give  more  than  208  individuals  to  a  square  mile, — a  density 
inferior  to  that  of  several  European  countries.  It  is  said  that  the  inhabitants  are  in  the 
practice  of  under-rating  their  numbers  in  their  returns  to  government. — {Coiiipaniun  to 
Ant^lu-Chinese  Calendar,  p.  156.)  We  are,  however,  wholly  without  the  means  of  coming 
to  any  positive  conclusion  as  to  the  degree  of  credit  to  be  attached  to  the  census. 

Price  Current. — A  perusal  of  the  subjoined  Price  Current,  published  at  Canton,  the  1st  of  December, 
1S3'2,  will  give  the  reader  a  lolHrahIc  notion  of  the  various  articles  and  their  prices  in  the  Cantou  mar- 
ket, at  the  very  height  o(  the  shipping  season. 

Canton,  Ist  of  December,  1833. 

lielcl  nut     -  -  •  •  .     3,^4  -4  — 

percatly.   Rirdi'neati  -  -  •  -26-40  per  catty, 

per  picul.  Camphor,  Karat  -  -  -  -10-30  — 

—  Cloves,  Molucca  -  -  -  -    30     ■     32  per  picaL 

—  Mauriliuj  -  -  -  .    18     •     20  — 

—  Cochineal,  Kurope,  gattled  -  .260-290  — 


|M« 


o 


■  .r 


Aniber       •          .           . 
Awfrelida  . 
fiiclie  de  mer 

Imporli. 

•  Sp.dn.  8    to    14 

-           -      41-2       - 

•     8    to     15 

very  Buperior 
Btei'  wax  - 

-  36     -     60 

-  24     -     25 

308 


CANTON. 


v'      'r 


■t, 


V 


I 


;  1  ■' ! 


i 


Imperii 
Cochineal,  Europe,  utiifarHed      • 

Woollens,  I/ing  f  lis 

. 

. 

7 

per  piccr 

.ISO     -200 

per  picul. 

Scarlet  cuttings 

" 

• 

SO     to  00 

per  picui. 

Copper,  South  America 

.    15     -     16 

— 

£jporrj. 

al  I.iutiu  for  exportation 

.    23  30 

— 

Alum,  at  Macao,  1  3-4  to  2  here 

■  Sp.  drs. 

223       - 

per  picut. 

Japan 

.     18      •     20 

"." 

Aniseed,  star 

•           . 

10    to    11 

— 

Coral  frastuenfs 

.    30      ■     .30 

— 

oil  of 

. 

l'50       - 

per  catti. 

Colton,  Boiiiliay      -           -           •      taels      8     -     [U* 

— 

Bimboo  canes 

14    to     16 

per  l.OOii. 

J^eii<al 

.      8-3  to   IU-3 

— 

Brass  leaf    - 

. 

43     •     46 

per  box. 

Macira«(oW)  10  3 1  (new)  ■ 

.     11 

— 

Camphor,  at  Macan,  none 

:  at  Canton      • 

28     -     .TO 

per  picul. 

Cotton  ifvvU,  tlrilish,  viz. 

Ca>8;a  (shipped  outside), ! 

;  at 

do. 

12     -      13 

._ 

Chinlzts           2-')ils.             ■    Sp 

.  drs.  2  1-2  to  4  1-2 

per  piece. 

t'uds  (new)   • 

13 

__ 

Linecloths        40  Jo.  - 

.      3  1-2  •  4  1-2 

— 

China  root    - 

3  1-2       ■ 



ftl'isliiia             20  Ao.  ■ 

2         .  2  1'2 

— 

Cul)cbs 

none. 

Canibrirs          12  do.  • 

.      I  1-2  •  1  3-4 

— 

Dragon's  blood 

80    to  100 

_ 

Moutuith's  bandannocs,  scarlet 

.      2  1-4  -2  1-4 

— 

Oalangal 

4  1-4 

._ 

blue,  &c. 

.      1  1-2  -  1  3-4 

— 

(iaiiiboge    . 

73    to    83 

^ 

Cottonyarn,  No.  16.  to20. 

.    33 

per  picul 

Olass  bi'ads 

16     ■     '22 

— 

No.  if),  to  30. 

.    42 

•"* 

Ilartall 

12     •     13 

— 

No.  30.  to  -lO. 

-    38 

— 

Lead,  white 

10 

_ 

No.  4".  lo  70. 

.    not  wanted. 

red 

11 

«., 

Cow  bezoar 

.    30 

per  caily. 

Mnlher-of  pearl  shells 

20    lo    22 

._ 

Cudbear       .           .           .           - 

.    23    to    26 

per  picul. 

Musk 

70     -    110 

per  catty. 

Culch,  Pfi?u 

.      4     -      4  1-2 

— 

Nankeens,  Company's  Is 

72     .     74 

per  m. 

Ebony,  Mauritius   • 

.      3     -      4 

— 

2J 

1st  sort 

52 

— . 

Cfvlon 

.      2     .      2  1-2 

-* 

2d 

do. 

47    to    48 

— 

Elephant's' teeth,  l>t,  a  to  8  to  a  picuI 

■    -O 

— 

3J 

33     -      40 

.. 

2J,  12  to  1,7    do. 

■     80 

— 

small     - 

. 

. 

none. 

3J,  IS  to  23    do. 

.    70 

— 

blue  Nankin,  small  |9  3-4  yds. 

2  ins.)    do. 

cuttings 

-    70 

— 

large, 

(10  1-2  du.  13  do. 

S3    lo    90 

— . 

Fi-ihmaws   .           •          •           - 

•     50    lo    70 

^ 

Canton 

. 

62    -     63 

— 

Flints         .          ■          -          • 

els.  50 

— 

Oil  of  Cassia 

. 

1  1-2     - 

per  catty 

Gambier     •           •          •          •  Sp. 

drs.     1     to      1  1-2 

~* 

Rtiubarb 

. 

,32    lo   55 

per  picul. 

Ginseng,  crude 

.    70     .     80 

— 

Silk,  raw,  Nankin,  Taysaam 

333 

... 

ciirifipil    • 

.    80           83 

— 

Tsatlee 

3-.2 

^ 

Iron  bar,  1  tu  3  inch 

.      2  1.4  ■   2  1-2 

— 

Canton,  No.  1 . 

. 

-     tael'sa-O    lo263 

_ 

roil,  1-4  inch  and  under 

.      3 

— 

No.  2. 

. 

230 

_ 

scrnp  .           .          •          - 

-     2    to      2  1-4 

— 

No.  3. 

223    lo  230 

_ 

Lc.ad,  pig    - 

.     4  1-2      - 

— 

No.  4. 

. 

140 

— 

Wace          -           -           .           - 

none. 

fl 

•  Sp.  drs 

.90 

_ 

Mvrrh         .... 

.     4    to     18 

— 

No.  5. 

^2 

70 

_ 

Nutmegs     .... 

none. 

h 

03 

.. 

Olibauum,  garbled,  10:  ungarbled 

-     .3    to     e 

— 

Sugar,  raw 

-      laels 

3-2  to  ''■6 

— 

Opium,  Paiua  (nominal)    - 

.  950 

per  chest. 

^     Pinrfa 
Sugar  candy,  Chinchew 

. 

6-2  -  6-4 

— 

B^-nares    do. 

.  930 

— 

. 

.Sp.  drs.  11 

„ 

H  mibiy    do. 

-  823 

— 

Canton,  tst  sort 

-      taels 

6-6 

_ 

llimaum  do. 

-  823 

— 

2d  do 

none. 

Turkey    do. 

.800 

per  picul. 

Tea,  Bohea 

12    to    13 

-^ 

Pepper,  Malay 

.      7  3-4  to  8 

— 

Congou 

20    -     28 

— 

J'utclluck     .... 

.    14      ■      15 

-— 

Canipny 

28     -     30 

_ 

Quicksilver            .           -           - 

.58-60 

— 

Souchong 

19     •      33 



Ratlajis        .... 

-      2  3-4-3  1-2 

— 

l'l:k0 

38     -     60 

.^ 

nice             .... 

.      2     -       2-50 

— 

Ankoi  souchong 

IS     .     20 

— 

Rnse,  Malocs           ... 

-    38 

— 

Hysun 

33     -     70 

— 

Saltpetre  at  Whampoa 

none. 

skin     ' 

26     .     33 

— 

Lintin 

.      8  1-2  lo  9 

— 

young 

43     -     50 

— 

Sandal  wood,  Indian 

-    10     -      16 

— 

Gunpowder 

64      -     66 

_ 

Sandwich  Island      • 

.      112-7 

■~- 

Twaiikay 

30     -     32 

_ 

Sapan  wood           ... 

.      1'80  to   2 

^— 

Orange  peko 

20     -     .'1 

._ 

Sharks'  fins 

.    23    to    24 

— 

Caper 

20     -     22 

— 

very  fine 

-    28      -      40 

— 

Tortoiseshell 

20     -     22 



Skins,  rabbit 

-43-50 

per  100. 

Turmeric 

'■  Sp,  drs.   5     -      5  1-2      - 

teal  .... 

.      1-80  to   2 

e.ich. 

Tutenague 

13 

— 

sea  otter       ... 

-    43    to    30 

— 

V'erniilion    . 

34    to    33 

per  box. 

land  do. 
beaver 

.      3      -      61-2 
-      4  1-2  .   6  1-2 

_ 

Wbangees  - 

22     ■     25 

I>er  1,IaO. 

foi    • 

cts.  70     -     90 

— 

UuUiuju 

Sinalts,  (for  a  small  supply)           ■  Sp. 
Steel.  Eneiish 

SweJish,  in  kits 
Stockfish     .           .           .          - 
Spelter        .... 
Thread,  gold  and  silver     - 

drs.  20     -     60 

-  4  1.2        - 

-  5 

.     5    to     6 
.      3  1  2  to  4 

per  picul. 

per  cwl. 
per  picul. 

Cold         -        PS  touch 
Sycee  silver  at  Lin'iii,  I 
sjianish  dollars,  entire 
Republican  do. 

drs.     23  3-4  perUel, 
to  2  per  cent,  premium. 

none, 
do. 

■    32    to    35 

per  catty. 

rxctitwses. 

Tin  plates 

Tin,  Banca              -           .           •  Sp 

.Straits',  Ist  quality     - 
Woollens,  bniatl-cloth 

Camlets,  Enjlish,  5.')  yds.  by  30 

-      6 
in.  15 

per  box. 
per  picul 

London,  per  Sp.  dr..  6  niontbs 

sight. 

.    14    lo     14  1-2 
.      1-40  to    1-50 
ins.    14    to     13 

per  yard, 
per  i»iece 

Bills  suitable  for  negotialion  in  India 

Other  tiills 
Bencal  (  o.s  207  Sicca  rupees,  per  100  Sp 
Prime  bills  210       do.            -             do. 
Itonibay        21S  Bonib-ty  rupees          do. 

drs.  4-3. 

drs.  4-4  to  4*! 
drs,,  30  days' 

sii-ht. 

,  Dutch,    40  do.   by  28  do.    26     •      2« 

. ,  do.broid,40  do.  by  33  do.    26     -     23 

- 

do. 
do. 

(Account  of  the  Import  Traile  by  British  and  Aniprirnn  Vessels  at  Canton,  from  1st  July,  1830,  to  30th 

June,  1837. 


Imports. 

Brnnd  Clotli 

_ 

. 

yards 

Camlets 

- 

- 

pieces 

Lnne  ells 

- 

- 

— 

Boiiilm/.ettes 

. 

. 

— 

Wodllcii  yarn 

. 

- 

pis. 

Flannel  - 

- 

- 

yards 

Blankets 

- 

- 

pairs 

Velveteens 

- 

- 

yards 

Cotinn  varn 

- 

- 

pis. 

Loiio  riotlis 

. 

. 

yards 

Ditto 

- 

. 

— 

Oiiiiiestics 

. 

. 

— 

ll:>n(lkerchiefs 

. 

. 

do/en 

Cliintzes 

- 

- 

yards 

Ciwiihrics 

- 

- 

— 

Mnen     - 

. 

. 

— 

(,'aiivas  - 

. 

- 

bid  Is 

(idid  thread 

. 

. 

catties 

Cochineal 

- 

. 

pis. 

Smalt*  - 

- 

- 

— 

British  Stiips. 


American  Ships. 


1,29.1.27!) 

Ifi.2.'i7 

6<1,124 

4,013 

lh.5 

2,100 

l,3'i2 

4,(l!)() 

IH.lSl 

5,0-2!),H4'.) 

3.\(i20 

U'.l.HH 

22  HIO 

10.<t2n 

198 

107 

349 

1(30 


21)3,314 

.'),042 

34.472 

0,344 

70 

1,2.')1 
4,400 
4.2:<2 

3.on.'').sao 

391.117 

4f-9..V20 

20.7H3 

191.001 

3,000 

5,726 

420 

132 


Total  Quantity. 


1,.'>.')H.023 

21,299 

123.r)<)fi 

10.9'i7 

211 

2.400 

2,-.73 

9.3'JO 

22.0(i3 

9.23.i.O:.') 

391.117 

490.hO(i 

5IK403 

314.772 

2,'),R.50 

10,040 

018 

107 

4S1 

160 


Price  per  varti, 
piece,  ^c. 


<lul. 


I  20 
%',■ 
9- 
II- 
lOO- 
■33 
4' 
•20 
40- 
•12^ 
■II 
•10 
l-.W 
■121 
■12.i 


!• 
I2^ 

40' 
1  RO- 
SS- 


Total  V.slije  in 
Spanish  Dollars. 


1,H70..T1S 

532.17,') 

.lia..V)t 

12n.,327 

21.100 

7!i2 

I0,2<)2 

1.S79 

0fl6..320 

I.IM.I.W 

5l.7.'if) 

49.(iSI 

84  .fills 

39.:UR 

S.'i,'!! 

lfi.fi  10 

7.4 1  fi 

O.fixO 

ee.sw 

6,305 


:l 


so 

per  piccr 
Iicriiicul. 

II 

Jier  pinil. 

18 

30 
13 

per  catiT, 
per  l.(XXi. 
per  licix. 
ptT  picul. 

. 

.^ 

one. 
100 

_ 

13  — 


22 

-, 

no 

per  caUf. 

74 

per  lOO. 

4S 

_ 

40 

— 

nne. 

dn. 

•HI 

_ 

va 

._ 

per  catty 

63 

per  picul. 

265 

— 

230 

— 

S-6 

~" 

6-4 

z 

nnne. 

■~ 

IS 

_ 

28 



30 

.. 

3,-> 



60 

^, 

20 

_ 

70 

— 

3i 

.» 

SO 

-^ 

fili 

-^ 

32 

— 

22 



22 

__ 

5  1-2       - 

3.i 

per  lull. 

2i 

per  1,W). 

23  3-4  per  tad, 

inne 

do. 

In4' 

1. 

lays 

sii'llt. 

lo. 

lean,  to  30th 

IV.'. 

Value  in 

plTl 

sli  Unllan. 

,S70.:!1S 

5:«.i:') 

.ll'J.Sfil 

120,MT 

21.100 

V.<i 

10.2!« 

l.'^T!) 

0nti.,')20 

I.I.M.I.'iS 

Sl.TSfi 

4!).('isl 

Kl.fiO:i 

3!l,:!4ti 

.i-ast 

lli.tVlf) 

T.'llfi 

fi.fifO 

se.stio 

e,30S 

CANTON. 

Account  of  Imports. — continued. 


309 


Imports. 

Brilisli  Shipj. 

American  Ships. 

Tol.il  Quaiilily. 

I'rire  pi-ryard, 
piece,  fic. 

Total  Value  in 
Spaiiiah  IJiillar;!. 

OinPt'tiK 

pis. 

52 

1,509 

1,.%1 

co- 

93.660 

Quicksilver 

— 

2,054 

501 

2,555 

lli- 

293,825 

Till  plates 

boxes 

1,2(10 

— 

1.20(1 

7-50 

9,000 

Till         -           .           - 

pis. 

15,732 

834 

16,5(i« 

19- 

314,7,-)t 

Spelter  -           -           - 

2,055 

3.049 

6,004 

5-50 

33.022 

I,ead       .           -            - 

— 

14,961 

9,916 

24,907 

6- 

149,412 

Ircn        .           -            - 

— 

16,238 

3,490 

19,728 

3- 

59.184 

Copper  -           -            - 

— 

54 

2,288 

2,312 

20- 

4(v>-l(» 

Aiiilier,  f;ilae      - 

chests 

42 

— 

42 

20- 

810 

Hdtel  nut 

pis. 

23,755 

2,005 

25,760 

3- 

77,2.N0 

Hicliii  (le  mar    - 

—  ■ 

134 

— 

134 

6- 

HU 

ItircU'  nests 

catties 

373 

— 

373 

20- 

7,-160 

(Jamplior  biiroos 

— 

121 

— 

121 

40- 

4,810 

Cotton,  Ueiifral  - 

pis. 

240.192 

— 

2)0,192 

T.     9- 

3,002,400 

lloniliay 

— 

347,580 

— 

347,580 

8-5 

4,10.3,.'i75 

Madras 

— 

89,.570 

— 

89,579 

9- 

1,119,738 

rornelians 

value 

135,700 

— 

135,700 

— 

135,700 

Cloves    -           -           - 

pis. 

1!I8 

122 

320 

28- 

.1,960 

Eliony    -           -           - 

— 

9,796 

— 

9,79(i 

3- 

29,388 

Elephants'  teeth 

— 

532 

— 

532 

85- 

45,2-20 

Fish  maws 

— 

1,501 

— 

1,501 

55- 

82,555 

ttlass  hearts 

chests 

10 

— 

10 

18- 

180 

Gum  olibanum  - 

pis. 

3,821) 

— 

3,820 

3- 

n,4tlO 

nniirii 

157 

— 

157 

4- 

628 

myrrh 

— 

205 

— 

205 

5- 

1,025 

copal 

— 

67 

— 

67 

20- 

1.340 

bdellium  - 

— 

1,234 

— 

1,234 

4- 

4,930 

Horns,  Rhinoceros 

— 

20 

— 

,      20 

20- 

400 

Unicorn 

— .. 

63 

— 

63 

40- 

2,.520 

Kayabnco  wood 
AInttier  Cloves  - 

— 

33 

— 

33 

5- 

165 

— 

46 

— 

46 

10- 

4(;o 

Mother  o'-Pcarl  shells 

— 

1,649 

449 

2,008 

4- 

8.272 

Nutmegs 

— 

— 

39 

39 

120- 

4,6S0 

Opium,  I'atna  - 

chests 

7,102 

— 

7,192 

778- 

5.595,376 

Ueiiares 

— 

2,575 

5 

2,.580 

683- 

l,7li2,i;fl 

Malwa 

— 

17,687 

— 

17,687 

675- 

ll,9:tH,T25 

Turkey 

pis. 

292 

446 

7.38 

611- 

450,918 

Pearls  -            -           - 

value 

120,000 

— 

120.000 

— 

120,0(10 

Pepper 

pis. 

12,311 

2,292 

14,003 

8- 

116.821 

Pimento 

30 

— 

30 

10- 

300 

Piitchiick 

— 

357 

— 

357 

18- 

6,426 

Hattans 

— 

8,155 

.3,781 

11,936 

3- 

35.S((8 

Rice       .           -           - 

— 

218,949 

577,578 

790,527 

1-.50 

1,194.791 

Saltpetre 

— 

10,031 

— 

10,031 

7-50 

75.233 

Sanilal  wood     - 

— 

10,325 

— 

10,325 

22- 

227,159 

Sapan  wood 

— 

142 

— 

142 

3- 

426 

Seii-liorse  teeth 

— 

44 

— 

44 

40- 

1,7(50 

Shark  fins 

— 

4,650 

— 

4,6.50 

26- 

120,900 

Skins,  beaver  - 

No. 

— 

1,465 

1,405 

4- 

5,860 

fox 

— 

— 

1,198 

1,198 

1-20 

1,438 

land  otter 

— 

7,376 

6,773 

14,149 

6- 

81,891 

rabbit 

— 

9,980 

560 

1,394 

40- 

55,7()0 

sea  otter 

— 

834 

310 

1,023 

4- 

4,092 

ditto  tails 

— 

713 

- 

9,980 

•50 

4,990 

musk-rat 

— 

4,735 

410 

5,145 

1- 

5,145 

Soap      .          ..          - 

pis. 

162 

— 

162 

3- 

488 

Stock  fish 

1,195 

— 

1,195 

5- 

5,975 

Sundries 

value 

77,224 

8,450 

85,()74 

— 

65,674 

Treasure,  pold  -       _.  - 

— 

5,912 

— 

5,912 

— 

.5,912 

phita  pina    - 

— 

87,393 

35,485 

122,878 

— 

122,878 

bar  silver 

— 

70,226 

— 

70,226 

— 

70,226 

dollars 

— 

307,409 

428,485 

7,35,894 

— 

735,89-4 

Balance 
Spanish  dollars  - 

; 

— 

— 

— 

— 

352,891 

— 

— 

— 

— 

.18,579,358 

Account  of  the  Export  Trade  by  British  and  American  Vessels  at  Canton,  from  1st  July,  1830,  to  30th 

June,  1837. 


Eiporls. 

British  Ships. 

Americ»n  Ships. 

Total  Quantity. 

Price  perynni, 
piece,  ^c. 

Total  Value  in 
f'panish  D'lllani. 

Alum 

pis. 

35,632 

10 

35,612 

dol.      2-50 

85,105 

Annisced 

-     value 

4,213 

200 

4,113 

— 

4,413 

Arsenic  - 

-    chests 

114 

— 

114 

lo- 

l.MO 

Bangles  - 

— 

66 

- 

66 

se- 

3,300 

Baskets  - 

-     value 

120 

120 

120 

— 

120 

Beads    - 

-    chests 

1,345 

- 

1,315 

18- 

24,910 

Brass  leaf 

— 

2;tl 

— 

231 

45- 

19,395 

Bricks    - 

No. 

100,000 

— 

100,000 

5- 

500 

Camphor 

-     value 

28,489 

69,300 

97,779 

— 

97,779 

Capoor  cutchery 

-    chests 

78 

— 

78 

6- 

468 

Cassia   - 

-     value 

58,375 

60,900 

119,275 

— 

119,275 

Cassia  buds 

-        pis. 

— 

30 

30 

14- 

420 

53 


•nn 


|irwMi 

o 

i 

%vmm 


^%^    '1 


<?^ 


310 


CANTON. 


Account  of  Exports. — continued. 


} : 


I 

;  • 

1  , 

' 

■ 

t 

i 

Eiports. 


'.    t 


China  wnre       -  -  vnluc 

ditto  ink          -  -  catties 

ditto  root         -  -  pis. 

Cochineal          -  -  — 

Copper   -           -  -  — 

ditto,  white    -  -  boxes 

ditto,  ware     -  -  value 

Corals,  false      -  -  che-sts 

Cotton  yarn      -  -  pis. 

Crackers            -  -  boxes 

DraRon's  blood  -  pis. 

Fa'is  and  fire  screens  -  No. 

Feather  fans      -  -  — 

Galan^al            -  -  pis. 
(Janibopo 

(Jau/.e    .           -  -  value 
Gold  ware 
Grass  cloth 

Gum  Itenjamin  -  chests 

Ilarlall   -            -  -  pis 

Hats       .           -  -  boxes 

Ivorv  ware        -  -  value 

Kett'isall's          -  -  chests 

ditto,     silk  -  -  — 

Lac({iiere(l  ware  -  — 

Marble  slabs      -  -  boxes 

Matting             -  -  value 

Mats,  bamboo   -  -  — 

Pearl  buttons    -  -  gross 

slabs        -  -  value 

Musk      -           -  -  — 

Nankeens          -  -  — 

Oils  spice           -  -  pis. 

Paper     -           -  -  value 

Pearls,  false      -  -  — 

seed               -  -  — 

Preserves          -  -  boxes 

Rattans,  split    -  -  pis. 

Rhubarb            -  -  — 

Raw  silk            -  -  — 

Silk  piece  t^oods  -  value 
Silver  ware 

Sugar     -           -  -  pis. 

Sugar  candy      -  -  — 

Sweetmeats      -  -  boxes 

Sewing  eilk       -  -  pis 
Tea 

Bohea 
Congo 

Caper          -  -  — 

Souchong    -  -  — 

Pouchong   -  -  — 

Canipoi       -  -  — 

Ankoi          -  -  — 

Ilongmuey  -  — 

Pekoe          -  -  — 

Orange  Pekoe  -  — 

Black 

Hyson         -  -  — 

Young  hyson  -  — 

Hyson  skin  -  — 

Twankay    -  -  — 

Gunpowder  -  — 

Imperial     -  -  — 

Green 

Not  specified 

Tiles       ...  No. 

Tobacco             -  -  pis. 

Trunks              -  -  sets 

Umbrellas          -  -  chests 

Velvet    -           .  -  boxes 

Vermilion          -  -  — 

Sundries            -  -  value 

Treasuie,  gold  -  -  taels 

sycee  -  — 

dollars,  Sp, 

ditto,  S.  A. 
Dishiirsements  on 
171  llritish  ships     \ 


Driliih  Shipa. 


pis 


ti6  American  do. 


Spanish  dollars  - 


16,346 

665 

1S3 

11 

49 

830 

124 

5,643 

3,762 


266 

300 
4,450 
4,120 

38 
612 

56 
2.200 
2,007 

61 
3,630 
.t,8,i6 
4,532 


17,600 

108,718 

78 

.S8,1I3 

13,9i)l 

105 

1,050 

122 

20,307 

338,212 

4,645 

03,803 

31,377 

1,161 


American  Ships, 


1,149 

183,509 

5,094 

19,100 

287 
1,274 

3,989 
2,952 

7,08S 


224,442 


19,923 

5,118 

12,613 

31,448 

4,587 
3,149 

76,838 


6,925 

21,000 

400 

329 

200 

119 

1,096 

62.015 

43.919 

2,058,754 

08,304 
501,000 


32,179 
231 


I  21,700 

6 

161,143 

2,200 

127 

13 

10,100 

[103,940 


5,528 


5,929 

105,368 
33 

184,300 
50 

32,686 
173 
200 


100 

95 

125 

2,006,313 

15,469 

40 

2  225 

410 


Tulal  Quant  ily. 


1,260 


17,483 
2,322 


802 


21,873 


9,993 
63,278 
12,,524 
3,181 
7,790 
5,722 


102,488 


157 


2,287 


177,000 


48,525 

231 

665 

153 

II 

49 

830 

124 

5,643 

25,462 

6 

161,143 

2,200 

393 

13 

10,400 

4,450 

108,000 

38 

612 

56 

7,?2« 

2,007 

01 

9,559 

3,8,56 

109,900 

33 

'184,.300 

50 

17.600 

141,404 

251 

38,313 

13,991 

105 

[1,050 

100 

217 

20,522 

2,344,525 

4,645 

79,272 

31,417 

3,380 

410 


2,415 

1S3,.509 

5,091 

36,583 

2,322 

287 

1,274 

3,754 

7,088 


29,916 
f8,396 
2,5,1.'<7 
.^4,629 
12,377 
8,871 


Price  per  yard, 
piece,  itc. 


6,925 

21,000 

400 

480 

200 

119 

1,096 

64,902 

43,919 

2,058,754 

68,304 


1- 

3'50 
180- 
20- 
50- 

40- 
40- 

60- 
I '50 
■    40 
3-50 

55- 


40- 
!14- 
50' 

11- 
13- 


10.  cts 


4- 
20' 


450- 
Taels. 

30,90:) 

5,872,288 

132,444 

1,304,()(!0 

58,050 

8,610 

26,754 

127,648 

233,652 

219.728 


8,014,740 


1.661,988 

1,966,268 

603,466 

1,001,060 

655,.546 

442,129 


6,333,457 


235,450 

10 

■■     25 
• 

20 
70 
63 

23-50 
5  per  cent. 

3  per  cent. 


TnUl  Value  in 
Spanish  Uollars, 


48,525 

231 

2,328 

27,540 

220 

2,450 

830 

4,960 

225,720 

36,748 

360 

2,417 

880 

1,376 

715 

10,4(11) 

4,450 

108.060 

1,.520 

8,568 

2,800 

7,728 

22,077 

793 

9,559 

19,280 

109,900 

33 

18,4,30 

50 

17,600 

141,404 

23,100 

38,313 

13,291 

105 

4.200 

2.000 

57,276 

8,1.54,7(16 

2,344,525 

4,645 

584,552 

305,334 

36,375 

184,500 


;  11,131,584 


8,706,468 

327.013 

210 

10.000 

10,819 

4.0(10 

8,330 

69.04H 

64,902 

1,032.098 

3,002,350 

728,395 

66,255 

7.36,000 


ja^579,358 
'SupT 


Tol.il  Value  in 
l|anl>li  Dollars. 

48,525 
231 
2,328 
27,540 
220 
2,450 
830 
4,900 
225,720 
30,74'^ 
360 
2,417 
8fO 
1,.S70 
715 
10,400 
4,450 
108.000 
1,.520 
8,508 
2,800 
7,728 
22,077 
7il3 
9,559 
10,280 
109,000 
33 
18,430 
50 
17,600 
141,104 
23.100 
38,313 
13,291 
105 
4.200 
2.000 
57,276 
8,154,706 
2,344,525 
4,645 
584,,552 
305,334 
36,375 
184,500 


;  11,131,584 


8,706,168 

327.013 

210 

10.000 

10,819 

4.0(10 

8,330 

69.048 

64,902 

1,032.096 

3,002,3.')0 

728.395 

66,255 

738,000 


385579,3^ 
'Sup.) 


CANTON. 


311 


[We  find  the  following  account  of  the  Teas  and  Silks  exported  from  Canton  to  the  United 
States  between  June  30th,  1837,  and  the  same  date  in  1838. 


Tets. 

Silks. 

CheBls. 

Crape  shawls 

_ 

_ 

_ 

-. 

19,841 

Vniini  hj-Bon 

- 

. 

. 

-    70,146 

Handkerchiefs 

- 

- 

- 

pieces 

38,212 

llvsnn 

- 

. 

. 

.    13,112 

Mnchews 

- 

- 

- 

— 

2,530 

Il'vsiin  skin 

. 

. 

. 

-    20,980 

Sarsneta 

- 

- 

- 

— 

2,092 

Tonkay     - 

- 

. 

_ 

561 

Levantines 

. 

- 

. 

— 

.375 

GmipDwdcr 

. 

. 

. 

-      8,.143 

Satin  do. 

- 

- 

- 

— 

(iflO 

Imperial 

. 

. 

. 

-      6,911 

Satins 

- 

~ 

- 

— 

1,2(H) 

Holiea 

- 

. 

. 

-   none. 

Satin  damask 

- 

- 

- 

— 

50 

Sniirliong 

- 

- 

. 

-    51,378 

Cainblets 

- 

- 

- 

— 

74 

Pduciiong 

- 

- 

- 

-      7.720 

Ponpees 

- 

• 

- 

— 

24,215 

I'crco 

- 

- 

- 

-      3,180 

Mixed  lustrings 

- 

- 

- 

— 

580 

Congo 

- 

- 

- 

757 

Crapes 

- 

- 

- 

— 

22 

Sewings 

- 

- 

- 

peculs 

31 

Total 

- 

- 

- 

-  183,100 

Tiie  above  amount  of  teas  is  stated  to  be  about  10,000  chests  less  than  the  average  of  the 
fix  years  preceding. — Am.  E(f,] 

CAN  V^  AS  (Fr.  Toiled  voile ;  Get.  Segeltuch  ,•  It.  Cancvazza,  Lona ;  Rus.  P«rMs.s«oe 
pnliitnn,  I'arussina,-  Sp.  Lona),  unbleached  cloth  of  hemp  or  flax,  chiefly  used  for  sails  for 
shippii'S-  Masters  of  sliips  are  rccjuired  to  make  entry  of  all  foreign-made  sails  and  cordage, 
not  being  standing  or  running  rigging,  in  use  on  board  their  respective  ships,  under  a  penalty 
of  100/.  Sails  in  actual  use,  and  fit  and  necessary  for  such  ship,  aro  imported  free;  but 
when  otherwise  disposed  of,  they  are  liable  to  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  20  per  cent. — 3  &  4 
Will.  4.  c,  50.)  It  had  been  the  practice  for  a  considcraiile  period  to  grant  bounties  on  the 
exportation  of  canvas  or  sail-cloth ;  these,  however,  finally  ceased  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1832.  By  an  act  passed  in  the  reign  of  Geo.  2.,  new  sails  were  ordered  to  be  stamped  with 
the  maker's  name  and  place  of  abode ;  but  this  regulation  was  repealed  by  the  10  Geo.  4.  c. 
43.  §  9. 

CAOUTCHOUC.  "  This  substance,  which  has  been  improperly  termed  elastic  gum, 
and  vulgarly,  from  its  common  application  to  rub  out  pencil  marks  on  paper,  India  rubber, 
U  obtained  from  the  milky  juice  of  difl'erent  plants  in  hot  countries.  The  chief  of  these  are 
tlic  Jutropha  elastica,  and  Urceola  elastica.  The  juice  is  applied  in  successive  coatings  on 
a  mould  of  clay,  and  dried  by  the  fire  or  in  the  sun  ;  and  when  of  a  sufficient  thickness,  the 
mould  is  crushed,  and  the  pieces  shaken  out.  Acids  separate  the  caoutchouc  from  the  thin- 
ner part  of  the  juice  at  once,  by  coagulating  it.  The  juice  of  old  plants  yields  nearly  two 
thirds  of  its  weight ;  that  of  younger  plants  less.  Its  colour,  when  fresh,  is  yellowish  white, 
but  it  grows  darker  by  exposure  to  the  air.  The  elasticity  of  this  substance  is  its  most 
remarkable  property  ;  when  warmed,  as  by  immersion  in  hot  water,  slips  of  it  may  be  drawn 
out  to  7  or  8  times  their  original  length,  and  will  return  to  their  former  dimensions  nearly. 
Cold  renders  it  stiff  and  rigid,  but  warmth  restores  its  original  elasticity.  Exposed  to  the 
fire,  it  softens,  swells  up,  and  burns  with  a  bright  flame.  In  Cayenne  it  is  used  to  give  light 
as  a  candle." — ( Ure^s  Dictionary.) 

Caoutchouc  promises  to  become  an  article  of  very  considerable  importance.  M.  do  la 
Condamine,  who  was  one  of  the  first  to  communicate  authentic  information  with  respect  to 
it,  mentions,  that,  owing  to  its  being  impervious  to  water,  it  was  made  into  boots  by  the 
Indians. — ( Voyage  dc  la  Riviere  des  Amazones,  p.  7f).)  It  is  now  employed  in  a  sitnilar 
way  here.  Means  have,  within  these  few  years,  been  discovered  of  reducing  it  to  a  state  of 
solution;  and  when  thin  filaments  of  it  are  spread  over  cloth,  or  any  other  substance,  it  is 
rendered  impervious  alike  to  air  and  water.  Air  cushions  and  pillows  are  manufixctured  in 
this  way  ;  as  are  water-proof  cloaks,  hats,  boots,  shoes,  &c.  It  is  also  extensively  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  braces  and  other  articles  which  it  is  desirable  should  possess  considerable 
elasticity  ;  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  will  be  employed  still  more  extensively,  and 
in  a  still  greater  variety  of  ways. 

I'revidiisly  to  1830,  the  importations  of  rnoutehoiic  were  comparatively  inconsidorablc.  In  that 
yeiir  they  amounted  to  about  52,000  Ihs.;  while,  during  the  year  ended  \\w  .'itli  i>f  .Vpril,  l>33,tlie  (iiiau- 
iity  entered  lor  consumption  amounted  td  178,(i7ii  lbs.  Its  price  varies  from  dd.  to  'Zs.  Orf.  per  11).  The 
duly  lias  been  judiciously  reduced  from  5;/.  per  lb.  to  Is.  per  cvvt. 

CAPERS  (Ft.  Capres ;  Get.  Kappern ,-  "Dw.  K-vpers ;  It.  Cappari;  ^\>.  Alcnpar- 
ras;  lias. Kaperszii ,•  Lat.  Capparis),  the  pickled  buds  of  the  Capparis  spinosa,  a  low 
shrub,  generally  growing  out  of  the  joints  of  old  walls,  and  the  fissun^s  of  rocks,  in  most  of 
the  warm  parts  of  Europe,  Capers  are  imported  into  Great  Britain  from  dilVorent  parts 
of  the  Mediterranean  ;  the  best  from  Toulon  in  France.  Some  small  salt  capers  come  from 
Majorca,  and  a  few  flat  ones  from  about  Lyons.  The  duty  of  Gd.  per  lb.  on  capers  pro- 
duced, in  1832,  1,553/.  5s.  id.  nett,  showing  that  02,130  lbs.  had  been  entered  for  home 
consumption. 

CAPE-TOWN,  the  capital  of  the  British  territory  in  South  Africa;  lat.  33°  .-SG'  56"  S., 
long.  18°  21'  E.  It  lies  at  the  bottom  of  Table  Bay,  about  32  miles  north  from  the  Capo 
of  Good  Hope ;  and  on  the  western  side  of  the  territory  to  which  it  gives  its  name.    The 


Sao 


C3 


o 

m 

'■  .r' 


m 


312 


CAPE-TOWN. 


;    f     i 


]    '■' 


,     i 


town  was  founded  hy  the  Dutch  in  Ifi'jO ;  and  remained,  with  the  territory  subject  to  it,  in 
their  possession  till  it  was  taken  by  tlie  British  in  ]  795,  It  was  restored  to  the  Dutch  by  the 
treaty  of  Amiens;  but  being  attain  captured  by  the  British  in  180C,  it  was  finally  ceded  to 
us  in  1815.  The  streets  are  laid  out  in  straight  lines,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles; 
many  of  them  being  watered  by  canals,  and  plnnted  on  each  side  with  oaks.  The  popula- 
tion in  1829-30  amounted,  according  to  the  statement  in  the  Cape  Ahianac,  to  1,3,103 
free  persons  and  5,S.'38  slaves,  making  together  18,491.  The  town  is  defended  by  a  castle 
of  considerable  strength.  Table  Bay  is  capable  of  containing  any  number  of  ships;  but  it  is 
exposed  to  the  westerly  winds,  which,  during  the  months  of  ,Iune,  .luly,  and  August,  throw- 
in  a  heavy  swell,  that  has  been  productive  of  many  distressing  accidents.  'J'his  in  fact,  is 
the  great  drawback  upon  Cape-Town,  which  in  all  other  respects  is  most  admiral)ly  fitted 
for  a  commercial  station.  At  the  proper  season,  however,  or  during  the  prevalence  of  the 
easterly  monsoon.  Table  Bay  is  perfectly  safe;  while  the  cheapness  and  abundance  of  pn>. 
visions,  the  healthiness  of  the  climate,  and  above  all  its  position,  render  it  a  peculiarly  desira- 
ble resting  place  for  ships  bound  to  or  from  India,  China,  Australia,  &c. 

The  subjoined  plan  of  Table  Bay  is  taken  from  the  survey  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
executed  by  Lieut.  Vidal  and  others,  under  the  direction  of  Captain  Owen. 


CAPE-TOWN. 


313 


tleferrvtes  to  the  Plan.— A,  light-liniisi',  fiirniHliiMl  with  (IniiMu  lipJils.  Tlioy  may  he  soon  clparly  off 
vleok  at  Id  inilrs' (lisliinco;  but  tlii^y  (In  nut  iippi'iir  dciiililft  (ill  within  0  nr  7  mill's  In  llip  wpstwurd  ; 
from  th"  iiorlliwnril  only  one  liulit  is  seen.  H.  Lion's  Hump.  C,  Table  Mniintiiin.  1),  Devil's  Peak, 
ill  lat.  33"  07'  2".     E,  Robbin  Island.     I',  Salt  River,     The  ligiires  ileno'.e  llie  soiimlings  in  falhoma. 

Port  Instructions. — Art.  1.  On  the  arrival  of  mcrclHint  vessels  in  Table  Hay.  a  proper  berth  will  bo 
pointed  out  to  lh«  masters  thereof  hy  the  port  raptain,  when  he  boards  them  ;  and  no  master  of  a  mer- 
chant vessel  shall  shift  his  berth  without  permission  from  tlie  port  captain,  unless  in  case  of  extreme 
einergenry,  when  he  must  rejiort  his  havinftdono  so  as  early  as  possible  at  the  I'ort-olfice. 

2.  Should  it  be  the  intention  nf  a  master  of  a  vessel  to  discharge  or  receive  on  biparil  any  considcr- 
,\hle  quantity  of  merchandise,  a  berth  will  be  pointed  out  to  him  as  close  to  tlii!  ji'lly,  or  other  htudiiiB 
iilrire,  as  the  safety  of  the  vessel  and  other  circiimstancos  will  admit.  And  the  master  will  then  in<ior 
with  two  bower  ahchora,  with  an  open  hawse  to  the  i\.  N.  li.,  taking  especial  care,  in  so  niooriuu,  not 
to  overlay  the  anchors  of  any  other  ship,  or  in  any  way  to  uive  the  vessel  injar  him  a  foul  liertli. 
Sliips  aidl  vessels  louchiii!;  in  Tiible  Uiiy  for  water  and  refreshments  alone,  may  ride  at  single  :in(  lior 
hi  the  outer  anchoragu  ;  hut  in  this  cane  it  is  imrticiilarly  recoimiiended  to  veer  ont  H)  or  IK)  fathoms, 
if  they  ride  by  a  chain  cable,  as  the  lialiility  of  starting  or  fouling  the  anchor,  or  breaking  the  chain, 
will  thereby  be  greatly  lessened  ;  and  il'  riding  by  a  rope  or  coir  cable,  to  run  out  a  striiam  or  good 
kedge,  to  steady  the  ship  ;  and  in  both  cases  the  other  bower  anchor  should  ho  kept  in  perfect  readi- 
ness to  let  go.  When  the  vessel  is  properly  moored  with  bower  anchors,  or  well  secured  with  ahower 
and  .stream  anchor,  and  wJtli  good  ciililes,  buoys,  and  buoy-  ropes,  the  master  will  then  take  the  exact 
place  of  the  ship  by  the  bearings  of  2  land-marks,  and  the  depth  of  llie  water  ;  and  should  accident 
occur,  by  which  the  vc^ssid  may  drift  from  this  sil nation,  or  lo8(^  her  anchors,  u  good  hearing  and  deptll 
of  water  must  be  taken  at  the  time,  and  tlie  same  must  be  notitirjd  in  writing  to  tlie  port  captain.  It 
IS  particularly  recommended  that  vessels  he  kept  as  snng  ns  possible,  to  counteract  thu  elTects  of  the 
periodical  winds,  which  at  times  blow  with  considerable  violence. 

The  district  subject  to  Cape-Town  is  of  very  groat  extent,  and  contains  every  variety  of 
soil,  from  the  richest  hsvel  land  to  the  wildest  mountain,  and  tracts  destitute  of  even  the  ap- 
pearance of  vegetation.  The  climate  fluctuates  between  the  two  extremes  of  rain  and 
drought.  On  the  whole,  its  advantiges  and  disadvantages  seem  to  be  pretty  equally 
Balanced ;  and  *hc  prospects  which  it  holds  out  to  the  industrious  emigrant,  if  not  very  allur- 
ing, are  certainly  not  discouraging. 

Population. — According  to  the  official  returns,  the  population  of  the  Cape  Colony,  in 
1834,  consisted  of — 


Whites  and  Free  Coloured. 

Males.  Fftiiaks. 

00,4-10  MM  IS 


Negro  Apprentices,  formerly  Slaves. 

Mrxtes.  FrilKili'S. 

l<d,b^O  10,0^9 


Total      15,^,027 


Produce, — Largo  quantities  of  corn  of  fi  very  good  description  are  produced  in  the  imme- 
diate neighbourhood  of  Cape- Town ;  but  its  free  exportation  is  restrained ;  none  being 
allowed  to  be  sent  abroad,  except  a  specified  quantity  decided  upon  by  government  after  an 
investigation  into  the  state  of  the  crops  !  This  restriction,  Mr.  Thompson  tells  us  (Travels 
in  Souf hern  Africa,  II.  3\)5,),haiS  neither  produced  regular  prices  nor  averted  scarcity.  It 
has,  however,  been  in  no  common  degre*  injurious  to  the  colony  ;  and  it  is  really  surprising 
that  systems  of  policy  universally  condemned  in  England  sliould  be  allowed  to  exert  a  per- 
nicious influence  over  any  of  our  colonies.  The  Mauritius  and  Rio  Janeiro  are  the  principal 
markets  for  the  corn  of  the  Cape. 

Large  quantities  of  wine,  and  of  what  is  called  brandy,  are  producetl  at  the  Cape  ;  but, 
■  ith  the  exception  of  Constaiitia,  they  are  very  inferior.  Objections  have  been  made  to  the 
duties  recently  imposed  on  Capo  wines  ;  but,  as  it  appears  to  us,  without  any  good  founda- 
tion. The  real  eilect  of  allowing  their  importation  at  a  comparatively  low  duly  is  not  to 
occasion  their  direct  consumption,  but  to  cause  them  to  Ik-  employed  as  n  convenient  means 
of  adulterating  others  ;  so  that,  besides  being  injurious  to  the  revenue,  such  reductioji  of  duty 
promotes  fraudulent  practices,  and  detracts  from  the  comforts  of  the  public 

CotLsiderabie  quantities  of  hides,  skins,  and  homs  ere  exported.  They  are  principally 
brought  from  Algo-.i  Bay,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  colony  ;  and  the  trade  has  increased  very 
fast  during  the  last  6  or  7  years.  Horses,  butter,  beef,  ivory,  whale  oil,  aloes,  argol,  and 
various  other  articles,  are  among  the  exports. 

The  imports  at  the  Cape  consist  of  woollens,  cottons,  hardware,  earthenware,  furniture, 
hiilicidashery,  soap,  paper,  books,  and  portions  of  most  articles  u.sed  in  this  country.  Piece 
floods  and  teak  timber  are  imported  from  India,  tea  from  Chiim,  sugar  from  India  and  the 
.Mauritius,  &c 

Revenue,  i.\c. — The  total  revenue  of  the  Cape  t!olony  for  the  year  1833  amounted  to 
130,808/.  7s.  3ir/.;  the  expenditure  for  the  same  year  was  13(i,8S'J/.  O.v.  ^jd.;  leaving  ii 
balance  of  3,919/,  6s.  10  jd.  in  favour  of  the  former. 

Trade. — The  trade  Iwtwecn  the  colonists  and  the  independent  natives  is  subjected  to 
various  restraints,  of  which  it  is  not  always  very  easy  to  discover  the  policy.  The  sale  of 
gunpowder  and  fire-arms  to  the  natives  has  l)een  prohibited  ;  a  regulation  which  might  have 
been  a  judicious  one,  had  they  not  been  able  to  obtain  them  from  any  one  else.  But  the 
Americans  have  begun  to  trade  at  Natal,  on  the  eastern  eoiist,  and  have  liberally  supplied 
tJie  natives  with  these  and  various  other  articles ;  so  that  by  keeping  up  the  regtdation  in 
question,  we  merely  exclude  ourselves  from  participating  in  what  might  be  an  advantageous 
trade. 

Vol.  I.— 2  D  40 


'^t\ 


I     i 


314 


CAPE-TOWN. 


According  tnthe  offlcinl  accounts,  the  vnluca  of  the  products  imported  into,  and  exported  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1S34,  were  as  under  : — 


<  i' 
.■  t 


<     1 
1. 


'    s 


f 


Estlnmleil  Value  of  Imports. 

Ertimated  Value  of  Exports,                    1 

0.  BriUin. 

British 
Colonies. 

I'nited 

iitalel. 

Other 

Forei)5n 
Stales. 

Total. 

0.  Britain. 

British      ITnited 
Colonifj.     Stiitej. 

Other 
Foreign 
States. 

1 
Total . 

Cape-town    . 
Stnion*i(  town 
Porl-Kli/abeth      - 

Total. 

£ 

27j,049 

511.1 
86,S6S 

£ 

27,2110 
3,MS 
3,430 

£ 

4,349 
6,391 

£ 

86,229 

392 

19 

£ 

392,S27 
9,624 
6,317 

£ 

171,310 

S,787 

61,142 

£ 

106,930 

370 

4,1% 

£ 

4,603 
61 

4,664 

£ 

14,822 
4 

49S 

£ 

297,574 
6,432 
05,796 

332,430 

33,968 

9,740 

86,640 

4e2,76H 

238,2.->S 

111,556 

15,324 

369,802 

During  the  eamo  year,  the  sliips  and  tonnage  entering  inwards  from,  and  clearing  outwards  to,  the 
undrriiientioncd  countries,  were  : — 


Ships  Inwards. 

Ships  Outwards. 

Ports. 

G.  Britain. 

B.  Colonies. 

United 
States. 

Other 
Foreign 
States. 

Total. 

G.  Britain. 

B.  Colonies. 

I'nited 
Slates. 

Olher 
Foreign 
Slates. 

Total. 

.1 
Is 
x. 

9 
15 

102 

(2 

.g. 

Ic 

(/J 

fS 

a. 
I: 
■rt 

31 
20 
2 

S 
^ 

S. 

ii 

a 

i2 

t 

fS 

t 

1- 
115 

s 

12 

135 

e2 

1 

^ 

i2 

S. 

i 

i 

la 

2S3 
43 
24 

1 

C.  Town. 
S.  Town. 
P.  Eliz. 

Total 

2->,047      9< 
3.141         » 
2,771        9 

35,110 

2,97.: 

2,227 

9,572 

r.,632 

359 

82 
4 

•2 

I8  41'> 

2,oai 

171 

289 
41 

2S 

88,178 
13,749 
5,72,S 

43,447 
3,063 
1,937 

102 
12 

6 

120 

30,900  25 
4,606: 19 
1,210.- 

36,71644 

7.670 
6,304 

41 
4 
6 

12,5,37 
1.262 
1,019 

96,554 
I4,43i 
4,166 

115,153 

30,959!   115 

40,340 

531  15,763 

20,5ii;! 

358 

107,635 

50,447 

13,174 

51 

11,818    350 

jirtidcK  erporteilfrom  the  Cape— The  following  account  of  the  cjports  from  the  Cape  in  1829  is  taken 
from  the  Cape.  JUimmac  for  1831.  It  is  the  most  complete  of  any  that  we  have  seen,  and  its  accuracy 
may  he  depended  upon. 

Articles,  the  Produce  p.nd  Manufacture  of  the  Cape  Colony,  exported  during  1829. 


Articles. 


Aloes,  375.736  lbs.  and  61  casks  and  cases,  esli 

mated  value    .  .  •  -  - 

Argol,  22,422  lbs.  .... 

Butter,  I0i,519  11m.  and  152  casks  and  jars 
Beef,  pork,  and  tongues,  salted,  l,7S0  casks  and 
kegs     ...... 

Bfer,  .1,306  gallons  •  .  -  - 

Biscuits  and  ruiks,  20,000  lbs.     ... 

Corn,  prain,  meal,  &c.,  vl7. 

Barley  and  oats,  13,553  rauids     • 

Beans  and  jieas,  60  muids 

Bran,  36.312  lbs.  ... 

Flour,  78,224  lbs. 

Wheal,  24,236  muidt 
Cheese     ...... 

Curiosities  ..... 

Confectionery     ..... 

Candles,  11,584  lbs.        .... 

Carriages  ..... 

Feathers,  ostrich,  539  lbs.  and  31  boxes 

Fish 

Fruits,  dried,  133,333  lbs. 

green      .  -  .  .  - 

Garden  seeds  and  bulbs  -  -  -  . 

Gum,  16,943  IIm.  and  2  cases     . 
Hides,  borce  arid  ox,  79,035  pieces 
Horns,  244,610  in  number 
Hay,  29,160  Iba.  .... 

Horses,  314  in  number  .... 
Ivory,  25,497  lbs.  and  227  tusks,  bundles  and 
casks  ..... 

Lime,  72  halfaams        .... 
I.ealher,  2  cases  .... 

Mules,  48  head  .... 

Oil,  whale,  »4,662  gallons  and  90casks 
Oxen,  cows,  and  calves,  444  head 
Polonies  ..... 

Potatoes  and  onions,  367  muids 
Poultry  ..... 


Amount. 


£     .-■.  d. 


2,791 

0 

0 

535 

(1 

0 

5,570  16 

4^ 

4,353 

7 

Ij 

240 

0 

0 

228 

0 

0 

4,163 

6 

0 

87 

0 

0 

121 

0 

0 

866 

0 

0 

23,449 

0 

0 

31 

1U 

II 

467  12 

6 

29 

() 

(1 

383 

0 

fl 

38 

0 

0 

1,917 

0 

0 

1,589  10 

5 

4,236 

u 

0 

49 

0 

0 

413 

•i 

0 

96 

(1 

u 

33,722  IS 

s| 

5,989 

6 

0 

79 

0 

I) 

8,753 

0 

0 

3,759 

0 

0 

10 

II 

(1 

10 

0 

0 

688 

0 

0 

4,023 

« 

0 

1,782 

0 

u 

63 

1) 

II 

169 

0 

0 

138    0    0 


Articles. 


Salt,  288  muids 

Sheep,  3,282  in  number ;  pigs,  33 ;  goats,  2 

Spirits,  viz. 

Brandy,  1,408  1-2  gallons 
Liqueurs,  24  gallops 
Soap,  1,218  lbs. 
Saddlery  and  harness     • 
Skins,  viz. 

Goat,  91,781  pieces  and  65  bundles 

Seal,  3,928  pieces 

Sheep,  77,343  pieces 

Calf,  1,414  pieces  and  2  bundles 

Rabbit  and  mole,  490  pieces 

KarosBCs,  1  case 
Tallow,  13.333  lbs. 
Vinegar,  428  gallons 
Wine,  onlinary,  1,549,977  1-2  gallons 

Constantia,  2,874  gallons 
Wool.  33,280  lbs.  and  1 1  bags 

Wood 

Whalebone,  13,038  lbs.  and  229  bundles 
Wax,  bees',  910  lbs.       - 
Zebras,  4  head 


Supplia  to  hit  yfajaty't  Nam/. 
Beef,  fresh,  137,662  lbs. 
Biscuit,  259.616  lbs.       - 
Bread,  soft,  1 18.480  lbs. 
Flour,  57.422  lbs. 
Hay,  5,630  IIjs. 
Riisins.  10,722  lbs.         • 
Sheep,  34  in  number,  and  oxen  23 
Vegetables,  30,013  lbs.    - 
Wine,  ordinary,  18.091  Imperial  quarts 
Total  estimated  value  of  colonial  pro. 

duce    and    inanufactures     exported^/., 

during  the  year  1829. 


pmO 
ried  S.  J 


Amount. 


£    s.  il. 

28  16    0 

1,506  10    0 

85   0   0 

20   0    0 

24    0  0 

'23    0   0 

614  15   0 

834    0   0 

3,795   0   0 

169   0   U 

14   0  0 

7  10  0 

408   0  0 

13   0  0 

146.936   0  0 

2,137   0  0 

1,220   0  0 

73  10   0 

1,392   0   0 

22   0   0 

148   0   0 

717    0   0 

2,839   0  0 

740   0  0 

612    0  0 

26    0  0 

191    0  0 

W    0   0 

306    n   0 

1,4,12   0   0 

285,247  15  lOi 

Custom-house  Regulations,  Fees,  &c. 


On  Mmifsion  of  a  Ship  to  F.ntry,  oAwrtie— 

1.  The  ship's  register  must  be  lodgeil  id  the  Custom* houiCf  until 
the  vessel  clear  a^in  for  sc.i. 

2.  The  manifest  of  the  cargo  on  board  for  this  place  must  be  de- 
posited there. 

3.  The  corkets  of  cirp>es  shipped  from  any  place  in  Great  Britain 
or  Ireland  for  this  place  must  also  be  deposited  there. 

Fmm  the  endorsement  of  such  cockets,  an  extract  is  to  be  ma  le, 
which  will  "how  the  contents  of  (he  different  packages  on  board, 
and  facilitate  the  making  nut  of  the  entries. 

4.  In  makini;  out  the  declarations,  the  value  by  invoice  of  the 
dificrent  cnnmioliiies  must  be  given  by  the  importer,  in  onler  to 
enable  the  Custnm-hnuse  to  estimate  the  duties  payable,  and  tn  send 
in  to  envemment,  annually,  the  required  statemeutof  the  total  duties 
recti .ed  upon  the  several  articles  imported. 

In  the  rUarine  of  a  Ship  outioardt,  obierve-~ 

1,  The  master  mustt  produce  a  certificate  from  the  hartwur  master, 
that  the  tonnage  duties  nf  the  port  have  been  paid. 

2.  The  export  manifest  must  be  examined  with  the  permits 
irranted,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  packages  have  beea  shipped 
without  a  permiU 


3.  Export  declarations  must  be  sent  in  by  the  several  shippers,  o( 
the  quantity  and  value  of  goods  or  produce  sliippe-I  by  them,  in  or- 
der to  ascertain  'he  anionnt  (»f  the  exports  of  the  colony. 

4.  When  Cape  wine  is  shipped  for  exportation  to  England,  affifia- 
vit  of  the  particular  description  of  such  wine  must  bt;  deliverel,  and 
a  certificate  granted,  by  the  collector  or  comptroller  of  cnatoms,  \o 
the  master,  of  his  havinif  received  such  affidavit. 

5.  Manifests,  in  triplicate,  of  such  roods  as  are  shippetl  from  the 
Cajw  for  Great  Britain,  must  be  delivere<l,  signed,  and  sworn  to  by 
the  master,  Ijef()re  the  collector  or  cottiptn)IIer. 

The  original  of  which  is  to  be  returned  to  the  master  to  accompa- 
ny the  cargo. 

The  dupIicAte  to  be  forwarded,  by  the  first  conveyance  sailing 
subsequently  to  the  vessel  containing  the  original,  to  tlie  rommJ!- 
sionera  of  customs  in  England  or  Scotland  respectively,  as  the  caw 
may  happen. 

Ami  the  triplicate,  written  on  or  covered  with  a  stamp,  to  rcnuio 
as  an  office  copy. 

N.  B. — Ships  taking  in  cargoes  for  other  parts  of  the  world,  are 
required  to  dtHiver  only  origiiuJ  aod  duplicate  maaifevts. 


CAPE-TOWN. 


315 


ofted  from  the 


)lher 
nrei^n 

Tol.ll 

£ 

4 

49S 

£ 

287,574 
6,432 
6(>,796 

369,802 

itwarda  to,  the 


er 
ign 

Total. 

% 

2C3 
43 
24 

330 

a 

i2 

2,-.,17 
I,2li2 

i.mu 

96,554 
14,43-, 
4,l6ti 

l,H18 

115,153 

in  1829  is  taken 
nd  its  accuracy 

1829. 


Amount. 

£,    a.  d. 

28  16    0 

1,506  10    0 

85    0   0 

20    0    0 

24    0   0 

i£l    0    0 

S14  15    0 

834    0   0 

3,795    0   0 
169    0   0 

14    0   0 

7  10   0 

408    0   0 

13    0   0 

-       146,936    0   0 

2,137    0   0 

1,220    0  0 

73  10   0 

1,392    0   0 

22    0   0 

143   0   0 

717    0    0 

2,859    0   0 

740    0   0 

6.12    0   0 

26    0   0 

191    0   0 

83    0   0 

306    0    0 

1,432    0   0 

L.  285,247  15  10^ 

several  shippers,  o( 
ppeii  by  them,  iaor- 
■  colony. 

n  to  England,  \ffHi' 
nst  hcdelWerp'l,  and 
•oiler  of  caslouw,  \o 

*  shipper!  from  llie 
J,  anJ  sworn  to  by 

;  master  to  accompa- 

C"nvevance  saihn? 
iiial,  to  tlieronimii- 
ectivety,  asthe  caie 

i  a  stamp,  to  remaia 

■ts  of  the  world,  are 
oanifetts. 


•    0    7 

6 

.    0  15 

0 

.     1   ID 

0 

■    2    S 

0 

DtKrIplim  of  Slampt  mjuirid.  L.  i.  d. 

Fiom   1  to  10  tons  of  goods  shipped  from  the  Cftpo 

10-20 

20  .  50 

fiO  and  upwards  •     .     • 

6.  When  whale  oil  or  whale  bone  is  shipped  from  the  Cape  for 
En(linii.  tlif  priijiriclornf  the  winle  fishery  is  to  make  oalli,  liefore 
lln;ciiM''<''"rorfniiiptmller,  that  the  same  were  (wiin/uft  the  pro. 
ilucf  of  llili.  orrrcatures  living  in  the  sea,  actually  t.iken  and  caught 
wliolly  bv  hii  Mijraly's  suliiects  usually  residini;  in  this  colony  ;  and 
lliecollrtldr  nr  ciuiiplroller  is  to  grant  a  certificate  under  his  lund 
iiml  smI  to  the  m.i»l«r,  Icslilyins  llial  such  oath  iialh  lieen  n.ade  be- 
fore hiiii- 

7.  Wlicn  silled  «eil  skins  are  shipped  from  the  Cape  for  Englaii  1, 
the  shipper  u  to  iiiike  o.ith  bifnre  the  collector  or  comptroller,  that 
ttifsiiuearc  rially  .ind  Aotm/irfe  the  skins  of  se.!!.  taken  and  cauithi 
on  Ihti  caast  appertaining  to  tlie  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  wholly  by  his 
Majesty's suliiL-cts  usually  residing  m  this  colony;  and  that  all  the 
^ilt  use  I  in  the  curing  or  preserving  of  the  same  was  not  made  in, 
or  expoitid  from.  tlre.at  Britain  or  Ireland  j  and  the  collector  or 
comptroller  is  to  grant  a  certificate  to  the  master  accordingly. 

t.  The  original  manifest,  and  a  copy  thereof,  of  ships  touching  at 
llie  Cape  of  tlonil  Hope,  with  cargoes  frnni  the  eastward  for 
England,  to  lie  ilelivered  and  sworn  to  by  the  master  before  the  col- 
K-clor  nrconiptroller.  The  originil  to  be  returned  to  (he  master, 
and  llie  copy  fonvarded  from  ths  Custom-house  to  the  commissioner 
of  customs. 

9.  If  any  put  of  such  cargo  shall  be  discharged  at  the  Cape  of 
Goo<l  Hope,  tlie  col  lector  or  comptrnller  is  to  endorse  ujion  the  mani- 
fest the  part  of  the  cargo  so  discharged,  and  verify  the  same. 

10.  Tlie  usual  fets  to  be  charged,  vlE.-^  /,.  i.  d 
Entrance  •  ■  ■  ■  •  •  -060 
Clearance  -  •  •  ■  ■  -  -060 
Landing  (or  shipping)  cargo  .  .  .  .  fl  15  n 
I.in(ling(ir«hip|iing)  part  cargo  •  -  .  -  0  7  6 
CoaMwise;  Landing  (.)r  shipping)  part  cargo  .  .    0    1    (i 

Manifest  of  goals  taken  in  here  -  -  -    0    1    6 


L.  i.d. 


d. 

6 

9 
0 
6 

ti 


Coastwise;  Entrance— gratis 
Clearance  -  -  •  .  -    0    1    6 

Landing  (or  shipping)  cargo        •  •  •  -030 

hi  obtaining  Permiti,  olaervt'- 

1.  No  creflit  wilt  be  given  ttt  any  person  whatever. 

2.  The  duties  are  to  be  collected  on  all  imports,  whether  intended 
for  private  use,  fiir  presents,  or  for  trade;  ejtcept  on  wearing  appa 
rel  accompanying  the  proprietor. 

Or  on  siiecie. 

On  garden  seeds. 

On  horses  (exclusive  of  geldings). 

On  goods  Imlged  in  the  Custom  house  stores  for  exportation. 

Un  go<K!s  transhipped  in  the  bay  for  other  ports  (provided  neither 
bargain  nor  saie  of  them  have  taken  place). 

On  naval  stores. 

On  government  stores  (provided  an  order  be  sent  from  govern- 
ment). 

3.  I*.  6rf.  is  charged  for  every  permit  for  gooils  exceeding  the 
vaUlu  of  7/.  10s.  shipped  or  landed,  and  9il.  on  goods  under  71.  lOff. 
value  j  as  also  3d.  for  every  b.iggagc  perniiL 

Wharfage  Dun,  L. 

V^vtTf  pipe,  puncheon,  or  cask  etpial  in  size  or  larger  than 

a  pipe        -  -  -  •  •  -  -0 

Every  hal^pi[)e,  or  any  description  of  cask  larger  tlian  a 

half-aam  •  •  -  -  •  -  -0 

For  every  hoist  at  the  crane  •  •  •  -0 

For  every  horse      -  -  •  "  •  -    0 

For  all  oxen  -  •  •  -  •  -    0 

For  a  sheep  •  •  -  -  -  -0 

For  a  pig  •  ......    0 

For  every  case  measuring  1''2  a  ton,  orlarger      •  -0 

Port  Duel. 

Upon  all  vessels  entering  this  port  for  the  purposes  of  trade,  per 
tini,  4  l-2if. 

Cpon  all  vessels  entering  this  port  to  procure  refreshments,  or 
for  any  purpose  short  of  trade,  per  ton,  2  l-4ti. 

Rertulatifln.t  us  to  Trade.— W\  goods,  the  produce  or  inamifacture  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  the 
terriiori(!9  or  (IcpeiidiMicles  thereof,  are  subject  (on  importation  into  F.ncland)  to  tlie  same  thilics  as 
are  imposed  on  the  like  artitiles,  the  produce  or  inantit'acinre  of  the  Hritish  possessions  within  tlie 
iiniits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter,  except  when  any  other  duty  is  e.xpressly  laid  on  them. — 
(3  tc  4  Ifill.  4.  c.  .Ifi.  }  9.) 

The  0  (Ji;o.  4.  c.  114.  enacts, that  it  shall  he  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  order  in  council  to  be  is- 
siieil  from  time  to  time,  to  i;ivc  such  ilirertioiis  and  make  such  regulations  touching  the  trade  and 
commerce  to  and  from  any  British  possessions  in  Africa,  as  to  his  Majesty  in  council  shall  appear  most 
expedient  and  salutary ;  and  if  any  goods  he  imported  or  exported  in  any  manner  contrary  to  such  or- 
der nf  his  Majesty  in  council,  the  same  shall  he  forfeited,  together  with  the  ship  importing  or  export- 
ins  the  same.— $  73. 

It  shall  not  he  lawful  for  any  person  to  re-export,  from  any  of  his  Majesty's  possessions  abroad,  to 
any  Inreiun  place,  any  coals,  the  produce  of  the  United  KiuKdom  ;  and  no  such  coals  shall  he  shipped 
at  any  of  such  (tosses'sions,  to  bo  exported  to  any  British  place,  until  the  exporter  or  the  master  of  the 
exporliit!,'  vessel  shall  have  given  bond,  with  one  sufficient  surety,  in  double  the  value  of  the  coals, 
that  such  coals  shall  not  be  landed  at  any  foreign  place. — i  85. 

It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  shipper  of  any  wine,  the  produce  of  the  Cape  of  Oood  Hope  or  of  its  de- 
pendencies, which  is  to  he  exported  thence,  to  go  before  the  chief  officer  of  customs,  and  make  and 
eisn  an  afflilavit  before  him,  that  such  wini!  was  really  and  bona  jitle  the  produce  of  the  Ctipe  of  Good 
Hope  or  of  its  dependencies  ;  and  such  officer  is  hereby  authorised  and  required  to  a(lmiiii.<ter  such 
alfiiiavit,  and  to  grant  a  certificate  thereof,  setting  forth  in  such  certificate  the  name  of  the  ship  in 
which  the  wine  is  to  be  exported,  and  the  destination  of  the  same. —  J  78. 

Biific.?.— A  duty  <){  3}  percent,  is  charged  on  the  importation  of  all  articles  of  the  growth,  produc- 
tion, or  manufacture  of  Great  Britain,  or  of  the  British  plantations  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  duly  of  10  per  cent,  is  charged  on  the  importation  (bv  British  vessels)  of  till  articles  of  the  growth, 
production,  or  manufacture  of  foreign  Europe,  America,  or  Ihe  eastward  of  the  Cape,  to  he  levied 
according  to  the  declaration  of  Ihe  value  by  the  importer.  No  abaienieni  or  riMliiction  whatever  ad- 
mitted, except  of  the  duties  and  landing  charges  payable  on  the  importation  lliereof. 

An  additioiial  duty  of  l.«.  Or/,  per  gallon  is  cliarged  on  the  importation  of  arrack,  rum,  gin,  liqueurs, 
whisky,  or  other i^pirituous  liquors,  brandy  etccpled. 

No  tea  may  be  landed,  unless  the  perniission  of  tlie  East  India  Company's  agent  be  first  obtained. 

Noammiiiiition  may  be  landed  or  shipped,  unless  the  permission  of  government  lie  first  obtained. 

Commission.— The  following  rates  of  commission  are  charged  and  allowed,  namely — 

Percent. 

1.  On  the  nett  amount  of  all  sales  of  goods  by  public  sale,  and  on  the  gross  amount  of  all  other 

sales      -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -5 

2.  Goods  consigned,  and  afterwards  withdrawn  -  -  -  -  -    ~k 

3.  On  purchases  etTccted  from  the  proceeds  of  goods  on  which  a  commission  has  already  been 

charsed                -              -              -              -  -  -  -  -  -2J 

4.  On  all  other  purchases,  or  shipments  of  goods  -  -  -  -  -    5 

5.  On  the  sale  or  purchases  of  ships,  houses,  or  lands  -  -  -  -  -    2}- 

6.  On  ships'  disbursen  rents        -               -               -  -  -  -  -  -5 

7.  On  procuring  freight                -               -               -  -  -  -  -  -5 

8.  On  collecting  freight  on  ships  bound  to  this  place  -  -  -  -  -    2^ 

9.  On  guaranteeing  bdls  or  bonds  by  endorsement  or  otherwise         -  -  -  -    2^ 

10.  On  collecting  debts  without  recourse  to  law       .  -  -  -  -    2i 

Ditto,  where  legal  proceedings  are  taken         -  -  -  -  -  -    5 

11.  On  effecting  remittances  by  h'lls  of  e.xchange    -  -  -  -  -  -    1 

12.  On  the  negotiation  of  bills     -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -1 

13.  On  effecting  insurances  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -OJ 

14.  On  the  administration  of  cstutcs  -  -  -  -  -  -  -5 

15.  On  cash  advances     -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -2^ 

16.  On  the  debtor  and  creditor  sides  of  cash  accounts,  on  which  no  other  commission  is  charged       1 
JV/onei/.— Accounts  are  either  kept  in  pounds,  shillings,  pence,  and  farthings,  or  in  rix-dollars,  schil- 

linge,  and  stivers. 

1  Stiver  =         i  of  a  Penny. 

6  Slivers        =        2|  Pence,  or  1  schilling. 
8  Schillings    -=        18  Pence,  or  1  rix-ilollar. 
The  commissariat  department  grant  bills  on  the  Treasury  at  a  premium  of  U  per  cent. 


CD 


V 


•n..-"| 


316 


CAl'ITAL— CARAVAN. 


!l 


i     1 


The  iniiiil  (if  wlieiit  wniffhs.  nl  an  fivernce. 
nhout  IK)  11)3.  UuK'li.beiiii;  Himiewlmtover  Ittillis 
llngliHii. 

Clolli  atid  iMng  .Mrnniire.i, 
12  Rliyiiliiiul  Indies  -^  1  Itlivniand  foot. 
'i7  ililto  =  1  Diitrh  ell. 

Ml  ditto  =  1  H(|Uiire  foot. 

HI  S(in!iru  foct  -.   1  Kond. 

600  Roods  =  1  Morgcn. 


1  FInsk 
1  Anker 
1  Aiim 
1  Lt'iiuucr 
1  Pipe 
Sahlanha  Bay,  in  hit.  :!:t=  «'  S.. 


IVfishtu  and  Menaurm.—I'hi'  wciu'hla  made  use  nf  in  tlie  ("api- are  derived  frnm  the  standard  pound 
of  AnisU'rd.iiii ;  iiiid  those  ussized  are  from  60  Ih.s.  down  to  1  loot,  or  tliu  'iii\  |).irt  of  a  pound,  which 
is  regarded  aH  unity. 

/.iijuid  Measure, 
10  Kliisks  =        1  Anker. 

4  Ankers         -        1  Aani. 
4  Aunis  =        1  Leaguer. 

Corn  Jrlcanvrr. 
4  Sclu'pels      =      1  Miiid. 
10  MuidH  ==      1  l.nad.     107  schcpcls 

S'2  Winch,  bushels,  or  4  sdiepels  =  3  Imp.  bush, 
very  nearly. 

Colonial  It'cighls  and  Measures  compared  leith  those  of  England. 

Weights. 
ini)  111?,  Dutrh        -=       nearly  lOlt  lbs.  English  avoirdupois. 
100  lbs.  Knglish     =        nearly  02  lbs.  Dutch. 

IVine  or  Liquid  Measure. 

01)  Old  italliiii,  or  iOlO  Imperial  gallons. 
01       ditto,  7-0  ditto. 

:trt       ditto,  31 1  ditto. 

1.V2        ditto,  l'2f)6  ditto. 

110        ditto,  010  ditto 

long.  17°  5S'  15"  K,,  heing  IflHeagnes  north  of  Cape-Town,  is  one  of 
llie  best  and  most  eomnindious  liarbmir.-t  in  the  world.     It  is  pi  rfeiily  safe  at  all  seasons. 

Besides  the  Cnpe  Almanuc,  one  of  llie  be.st  of  that  class  of  publications,  and  the  other  authorities 
rr-ferred  to,  we  luu  e  derived  iiart  (d'  the  above  details  from  papers  laid  before  the  l-'inance  Com- 
mittee. 

CAPITAL,  in  political  economy,  is  that  portion  of  the  protluce  existing  in  a  country, 
which  may  ho  niaile  directly  avaihiMc,  either  to  tlie  support  of  human  existence,  or  to  the 
facilitatin^jf  of  production. — {Vrinnplcs  nf  I'dlitical  Ecunomy,  2d  cd.  p.  97.)  But  in  com- 
merce, and  as  applied  to  individual.^,  it  is  uiuierstood  to  mean  the  sum  of  money  which  a 
merchant,  hanker,  or  trader  adventures  in  any  undertakinij,  or  which  he  contributes  to  tlie 
common  stock  of  a  partnership.  It  signifies  likewise  the  fund  of  a  trading  company,  or 
corporation  ;  in  which  sense  the  word  .sfock  is  generally  added  to  it.  Thus  wc  say  the 
capital  stock  of  the  Bank,  &c.  The  profit  derived  from  any  undertaking  is  estimated  by 
tlie  rate  which  it  bears  to  the  capital  that  was  employed. 

[The  definition  of  capital  given  by  the  author  seems  to  he  too  general.  It  makes  no  real 
dillerence  between  wealth  and  capital ;  for  surely  every  portion  of  wealth  "  may  be  made 
directly  available,  either  to  the  support  of  human  existence,  or  to  the  facilitating  of  produc- 
tion." The  editor  has  defined  capital  to  be  that  portion  of  wealth  which  is  not  simply  liable 
to  be  applied  to  the  purpose  of  again  producing  wealth,  but  which  is  actually  so  applied. 
See  his  Principles  of  Political  Economy,  book  i.  chapter  4. — Am,  Ed.] 

CAPSICUM.     See  Pf.ppkr. 

CARAVAN,  an  organized  company  of  merchants,  or  pilgrims,  or  both,  who  associate 
together  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa,  that  they  may  travel  with  greater  security  through 
deserts  and  other  places  infested  with  robbers ;  or  where  the  road  is  naturally  dangerous. 
The  word  is  derived  from  the  Persian  kervan,  or  cCirvan,  a  trader  or  dealer. — (Sltaw\i  Tra- 
vels in  the  Levant,  p.  9.  4to  ed.) 

Every  caravan  is  under  the  command  of  a  chief  or  aga  (caravan-bachi),  who  has  fre- 
quently under  him  such  a  number  of  troops  or  forces  as  is  deemed  sufficient  for  its  defence. 
When  it  is  practicable,  they  encamp  near  wells  or  rivulets  ;  and  observe  a  regular  discipline. 
Camels  are  used  as  a  means  of  conveyance,  almost  uniformly,  in  preference  to  the  horse  or 
any  other  animal,  on  account  of  their  wonderful  patience  of  fatigue,  eating  little,  and  sub- 
sisting three  or  four  days  or  more  without  water.  There  are  generally  more  camels  in  a 
caravan  than  men. — (See  Camkl.) 

The  commercial  intercourse  of  Eastern  and  African  nations  has  been  principally  carried 
on,  from  the  remotest  period,  by  means  of  caravans.  During  antiquity,  the  products  of 
India  and  China  were  conveyed  either  from  Suez  to  Rhinoculura,  or  from  Bussorah,  near 
the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  by  the  Euphrates,  to  Babylon,  and  thence  by  Palmyra,  in  the 
Syrian  desert,  to  the  ports  of  Phoenicia  on  the  Mediterranean,  where  they  were  exchanged 
for  the  European  productions  in  demand  in  the  East.  Sometimes,  however,  caravans  set 
out  directly  from  China,  and,  occupying  about  250  days  in  the  journey,  arrived  on  the  shores 
of  the  Levant,  after  traversing  the  whole  extent  of  Asia. — {Gibbon,  vol.  vii.  p.  93.)  The 
formation  of  caravans  is,  in  fact,  the  only  way  in  which  it  has  ever  been  possible  to  carry  on 
any  considerable  internal  commerce  in  Asia  or  Africa.  The  governments  that  have  grown 
up  in  those  continents  have  seldom  been  able,  and  seldomer  indeed  have  they  attempted,  to 
render  travelling  practicable  or  safe  for  individuals.  The  wandering  tribes  of  Arabs  liava 
always  infested  the  immense  deserts  by  which  they  are  intersected  ;  and  those  only,  who 
are  sufficiently  powerful  to  protect  themselves,  or  sufficiently  rich  to  purchase  an  exemption 
from  the  predatory  attacks  of  these  freebooters,  can  expect  to  pass  through  territories  subject 
to  their  incursions,  without  being  exposed  to  the  risk  of  robbery  and  murder. 


ri 


CARAVAN. 


317 


Since  the  establishment  of  the  Mohnmmndan  fuith,  relifjious  motives,  ronspirinpr  with 
those  of  a  less  exalted  character,  have  tended  to  augment  the  intercourse  between  difTcrent 
parts  of  the  Eastern  world,  and  to  increase  the  number  and  magnitude  of  the  cara^  ans. 
Mohammed  enjoined  all  his  followers  to  visit,  once  in  their  lifetime,  the  Canbii,  or  square 
building  in  the  temple  of  Mecca,  the  immemorial  object  of  veneration  amongst  his  country- 
men ;  and  in  order  to  preserve  continually  upon  their  minds  a  sense  of  oliligation  to  porl'orm 
lUiii  duty,  he  directed  that,  in  all  the  multiplied  acts  of  devotion  which  his  religion  jirescribes, 
mie  believers  should  always  turn  their  faces  towards  that  holy  place.  In  obedience  to  a 
precept  so  solemnly  enjoined  and  sedulously  inculcated,  large  caravans  of  pilgrims  used  to 
assemble  annually  in  every  country  where  the  Mohammedan  faith  is  cstal)lished  ;  and 
though,  owing  either  to  a  diminution  of  religious  zeal,  or  the  increasing  diiruulties  to  be 
encountered  in  the  journey,  the  number  of  pilgrims  has  of  late  years  declined  greatly,  it  is 
still  very  considerable.  Few,  however,  of  the  pilgrims  are  actuated  only  by  devotional  feel- 
ings. Commercial  ideas  and  objects  mingle  with  those  of  religion  ;  and  it  redounds  to  the 
credit  of  Mohammed,  that  he  granted  permission  to  trade  during  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  ; 
providing  at  tlie  same  time  for  the  temporal  as  well  as  the  lasting  interests  of  his  votaries. 
"  It  shall  be  no  crime  in  you,  if  ye  seek  an  increase  from  your  Lord  by  trading  during  the 
pilgrimage."— {Sale's  Koran,  c.  2.  p.  36.  ed.  1764.) 

Tiie  numerous  camels  of  each  caravan  are  loaded  with  those  commodities  of  every  coun- 
try which  are  of  easiest  carriage  and  readiest  sale.  The  holy  city  is  crowded  during  the 
month  of  Dhalhajja,  corresponding  to  the  latter  part  of  June  and  the  beginning  of  July,  not 
only  with  zealous  devotees,  but  with  opulent  merchants,  A  fair  or  market  is  held  in  Mecca 
and  its  vicinity,  on  the  twelve  days  that  the  pilgrims  are  allowed  to  remain  in  that  city, 
which  used  to  be  one  of  the  best  frequented  in  the  world,  and  continues  to  be  well  attended. 
"  Few  pilgrims,"  says  Burckhardt,  "  except  the  mendicants,  arrive  without  bringing  some 
productions  of  their  respective  countries  for  sale :  and  this  remark  is  applicable  as  well  to 
the  merchants,  with  whom  comn)ercial  pursuits  are  the  main  object,  as  to  those  who  are 
actuated  by  religious  zeal ;  for,  to  the  latter,  the  profits  derived  from  selling  a  few  articles  at 
Mecca  diminish,  in  some  degree,  the  heavy  expenses  of  the  journey.  The  Moggrebyns 
(pilgrims  from  Morocco  and  the  north  coast  of  Africa)  bring  their  red  bonnets  and  woollen 
clonks ;  the  European  Turks,  shoes  and  slippers,  hardware,  embroidered  stufis,  sweetmeats, 
ambfer,  trinkets  of  European  manufacture,  knit  silk  purses,  &c. ;  the  Turks  of  Anatolia 
bring  carpets,  silks,  and  Angora  shawls ;  the  Persians,  Cashmere  shawls  and  large  silk 
handkerchiefs ;  the  Afghans,  tooth-brushes,  called  Mesouak  Kattary,  made  of  the  spongy 
boughs  of  a  tree  growing  in  Bokhara,  beads  of  a  yellow  soapstone,  and  plain  coarse  shawls 
manufactured  in  their  own  country  ;  the  Indians,  the  numerous  productions  of  their  rich 
and  extensive  region ;  the  people  of  Yemen,  snakes  for  the  Persian  pipes,  sandals  and  va- 
rious other  works  in  leather ;  and  the  Africans  bring  various  articles  adapted  to  the  slave 
trade.  The  pilgrims  are,  however,  often  disappointed  in  their  expectations  of  gain ;  want 
of  money  makes  them  hastily  sell  their  little  adventures  at  the  public  auctions,  and  often 
obliges  them  to  accept  very  low  prices." — (Traveb  in  Arabia,  vol.  ii.  p.  21.) 

The  two  principal  caravans  which  yearly  rendezvous  at  Mecca  are  those  of  Damascus  and 
Cairo.  The  first  is  composed  of  pilgrims  from  Europe  and  Western  Asia ;  the  second  of 
Mohammedans  from  all  parts  of  Africa. 

The  Syrian  caravan  is  said  by  Burckhardt  to  he  very  well  regulated.  It  is  always  accom- 
panied by  the  pacha  of  Damascus,  or  one  of  his  principal  officers,  who  gives  the  signal  for 
encamping  and  starting  by  firing  a  musket.  On  the  route,  a  troop  of  horsemen  ride  in  the 
front,  and  another  in  the  rear  to  bring  up  the  stragglers.  The  different  parties  of  pilgrims, 
distinguished  by  their  provinces  or  towns,  keep  close  together.  At  night  torches  are  lighted, 
and  the  daily  distance  is  usually  performed  between  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  and  an  hour 
or  two  after  sunrise  on  the  following  day.  The  Bedouins  or  Arabs,  who  carry  provisions  for 
the  troops,  travel  by  day  only,  and  in  advance  of  the  caravans ;  the  encampment  of  which 
they  pass  in  the  morning,  and  are  overtaken  in  turn  and  passed  by  the  caravan  on  the  fol- 
lowing night,  at  their  own  resting  place.  The  journey  with  these  Bedouins  is  less  fatiguing 
than  with  the  great  body  of  the  caravan,  as  a  regular  night's  rest  is  obtained  ;  but  their  bad 
character  deters  most  pilgrims  from  joining  them. 

At  every  watering-place  on  the  route  is  a  small  castle  and  a  large  tank,  at  which  the 
camels  water.  The  castles  arc  garrisoned  by  a  few  pi-rsons,  who  remain  the  whole  year  to 
guard  the  provisions  deposited  there.  It  is  at  these  watering-places,  which  belong  to  the 
Bedouins,  that  the  sheikhs  of  the  tribe  meet  the  caravan,  and  receive  the  accustomed  tribute 
for  allowing  it  to  pass.  Water  is  plentiful  on  the  route ;  the  stations  are  no  where  more 
distant  than  1 1  or  12  hours'  march  ;  and  in  winter,  pools  of  rain-water  are  frequently  found. 
Those  pilgrims  who  can  travel  with  a  litter,  or  on  commodious  camel-saddles,  may  sleep  at 
night,  and  perform  the  journey  with  little  inconvenience :  but  of  those  whom  poverty,  or 
the  desire  of  speedily  acquiring  a  large  sum  of  money,  induces  to  follow  the  caravan  on  foot, 
or  to  hire  themselves  as  servants,  many  die  on  the  road  from  fatigue. — {Travek  in  Arabia, 
vol.  ii.  p.  3—9.) 
2d2 


r^'\ 


CD 


-HI 

o 


318 


CARAVAN. 


i 


f' 


■',     t 


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.   I 


h- 


The  caravan  which  seta  out  from  Cairo  for  Mecca  is  not  Rfnicrnliy  no  larijf*  as  tlint  of 
Damascus  ;  and  its  route  aloiiR  the  siiorcs  of  the  Kc<i  Sea  is  more  (Ihiiumtouh  ami  faliKuinir. 
But  many  of  the  African  ami  Eiiyptian  merchants  anil  pilgrims  sail  from  Suez,  ('osseir,  nnil 
other  ports  on  the  western  shore  of  the  lied  iSea,  for  Ujidda,  whence  the  journey  to  Mecca 
is  short  and  easy. 

The  Persian  caravan  for  Mecca  sets  out  from  I)ai;dad  ;  hut  many  of  tho  Persian  pilgrims 
are  now  in  tho  hahit  of  emharkinq;  at  Ihissorah,  and  coming  to  Ujiilda  hy  sea. 

Caravans  from  Bagdad  and  Bussorah  proceed  to  Aleppo,  Damascus,  and  Uiarl)ckcr,  laden 
with  all  sorts  of  Indian,  Arabian,  and  Persian  commodities  ;  and  largi  (juantities  of  Uuro])eaii 
goods,  principally  of  English  cottons,  imported  at  Bussorah,  are  now  distrii)Uted  throughout 
all  the  eastern  parts  of  the  Turkish  empire  by  the  same  means.  The  intercourse  carried  on 
in  this  way  is,  indeed,  every  day  becoming  of  more  importance. 

The  commerce  carried  on  by  caravans,  in  tho  interior  of  Africa,  is  widely  extended  and 
of  considerable  value.  Besides  the  great  caravan  which  proceeds  from  Nubia  to  ('airo,  ami 
is  joined  by  Mohammedan  pilgrims  from  every  part  of  Africa,  there  are  caravans  which  have 
no  object  but  commerce,  which  set  out  from  Fez,  Algiers,  Tunis,  'J'ripoli,  and  other  states 
on  the  sea-coast,  and  penetrate  far  into  the  interior.  tSomc  of  them  take  as  many  as  oO 
days  to  reach  the  place  of  their  destination  ;  and  as  their  rate  of  travelling  may  be  estimated 
ot  about  18  miles  a  day  at  an  average,  the  extent  of  their  journeys  may  easily  be  nimpuled. 
As  both  the  time  of  their  outset  and  their  route  is  known,  they  are  met  by  the  people  of  t!„. 
countries  through  which  they  travel,  who  trade  with  ihem.  Indian  goods  of  every  kind 
form  a  considerable  article  in  this  traffic ;  in  exchange  for  which,  the  chief  commodity  the 
inhabitants  have  to  give  is  slaves. 

Three  distinct  caravans  are  employed  in  bringing  slaves  and  other  commodities  from 
Central  Africa  to  Cairo.  One  of  them  comes  direct  from  Mourzouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzan. 
across  the  Libyan  desert ;  another  from  Senaar ;  and  the  tb.ird  from  Darfur.  They  do  not 
arrive  at  stated  periods,  but  after  a  greater  or  less  interval,  according  to  the  success  they 
have  had  in  procuring  slaves,  ivory,  gold  dust,  drugs,  and  such  other  articles  as  are  fitted  for  the 
Egyptian  markets.  The  Mourzouk  caravan  is  said  to  lie  under  the  best  regulations.  It  is 
generally  about  50  days  on  its  passage;  and  seldom  coiinists  of  less  than  100,  or  of  more 
than  300,  travellers.  The  caravans  from  iSenaar  and  Darfur  used  formerly  to  be  very 
irregular,  and  were  sometimes  not  seen  in  Egypt  for  2  or  3  years  togetlwr  v  but  since  the 
occupation  of  the  former  by  the  troops  of  Mohammed  Ah,  the  intercourse  !)etvveen  it  am! 
Egypt  has  become  comparatively  freijucnt  and  regular.  The  number  of  slaves  imported 
into  Egypt  by  these  caravans  is  said  to  amount,  at  present,  to  about  10,000  a  year.  The 
departure  of  a  caravan  from  Darfur  is  looked  upon  as  a  most  important  event ;  it  enga?es 
for  a  while  the  attention  of  the  whole  country,  and  even  forms  a  kind  of  era. — {BroK'ne's 
Travels  in  Africa,  2d  ed.  p.  278.)  A  caravan  from  Darfur  is  considered  large,  if  it  has 
2,000  camels  and  1,000  slaves.  Many  of  the  Moorish  pilgrims  to  Mecca  cross  the  sen 
from  8ouakin  and  Massouah  to  the  o|>posite  coast  of  Arabia,  and  then  travel  by  land  to 
Mecca ;  and  Burckhardt  states,  that  of  all  the  poor  pilgrims  who  arrive  in  the  Hedjaz,  none 
bear  a  more  respectable  character  for  industry  flian  those  from  Central  Africa. 

Caravans  are  distinguished  into  heavy  and  liiibt.  Camels  loaded  with  from  500  to  600 
lbs.*  form  a  heavy  caravan  ;  light  caravans  being  the  tern»  applied  to  designate  those  formed 
of  camels  under  a  moderate  load,  or  perhaps  only  half  loaded.  Tlie  mean  daily  rate  at 
which  heavy  caravans  travel  is  about  18A  miles,  and  that  of  light  caravans  22  miles. 

r.»e  safety  of  a  caravan  depends  materially  on  the  conduct  of  the  cnravan-bnchi,  or  V^An. 
Neibuhr  says,  that  when  the  latter  is  intelligent  and  honest,  and  the  traveller  understands 
the  language,  and  is  accustomed  to  the  Oriental  method  of  travelling,  an  excursion  through 
the  desert  is  rarely  either  disagreeable  or  dangerous.  But  it  is  not  unusual  for  the  Turkish 
pachas  to  realise  considerable  sums  by  selling  the  privilege  of  conducting  caravans  ;  and  it 
is  generally  believed  in  the  East,  that  leaders  so  appointed,  in  order  to  irwlemnify  themselves, 
not  unfrequently  arrange  with  the  Arabian  sheikhs  as  to  the  attack  of  the  caravans,  and 
share  with  them  in  the  booty!  At  all  events,  a  leader  who  has  paid  a  large  sum  for  tho  situa- 
tion, even  if  he  should  be  honest,  must  impose  proportionally  heavy  charges  on  the  associa- 
tion. Hence  the  best  way  in  travelling  with  caravans  is,  to  attach  oneself  to  one  conducted 
by  an  active  and  experienced  merchant,  who  has  a  considerable  property  embarketl  in  the 
expedition.  With  ordinary  precaution,  the  danger  is  then  very  trifling.  It  would  be  easy, 
indeed,  were  there  any  thing  like  proper  arrangements  made  by  government,  to  render  tra- 
velUng  by  caravans,  at  least  on  all  the  great  routes,  abundantly  secure. — (Niebuhr,  Voyai^e 
en  Arable,  tome  ii.  p.  194.  ed.  Amst.  1780.) 

No  particular  formalities  are  required  in  the  formation  of  a  caravan.  Those  that  start  at 
fixed  periods  are  mostly  under  the  control  of  government,  by  whom  the  leaders  are  appointed. 
But,  generally  speaking,  any  dealer  is  at  liberty  to  form  a  company  and  make  one.  The 
individual  in  whose  name  it  is  raised  is  considered  as  the  leader,  or  caravan-badti,  unless  he 


*  This  is  ttie  burden  of  the  small  camel  only.    The  large  ones  usually  carry  from  750  to  1,000  lbs. 


CARAVANSERA— CARDS. 


319 


,0  1,000  lbs. 


nppnlnt  «omc  onn  rise  in  his  j)l!irc.  Whrn  anumbrr  of  niprchnnts  assoriiito  tnirrthpr  in  the 
lU'KJijn,  tlii'y  oliTt  a  chief,  iiiul  appoint  otVicrrH  to  ilwidc  wiiatovrr  controvrrsics  nmy  arise 
(lurini;  tiic  jourtipy. — (For  further  dt'tailH  with  resppct  to  caravans,  win  tiic  Modirii  I'art  nf 
the  Vnivenal  Hintory,  vol.  xiv.  pp.  214 — 84:1.;  litiherf.snn'n  Dimjuinifiiiii  nn  Aiicinit  India, 
IVoto  M.\  Keen's  Cyelopaedia,  art.  Cnrnvan,  most  of  whicl;  is  coijipil  from  Kohcrtson, 
thoufih  without  a  single  word  of  arltnowh-dgment ;  Uurclihardt's  Truveln  in  Arabia,  vol.  ii. 
pansiin  ;   Urqnhnrt  on  Turkey  and  its  Henources,  p.  137.  p.  151.,  Ac.) 

C.'VHAV.ANSEHA,  a  hir^e  ])uhHc  buildinR  or  inn  appropriated  for  the  recpption  and 
loilRnipnt  of  the  caravans.  Tiiough  serving  in  lieu  of  inns,  there  is  this  radical  diflprenco 
liptwecn  them, — that,  gpnerally  speaking,  the  traveller  finds  nothing  in  a  caravansera  for  the 
use  either  of  himself  or  his  cattle.  He  must  carryall  his  provisions  and  necessaries  with 
him.  They  arc  chiefly  built  in  dry,  barren,  desert  places ;  and  are  mostly  furnished  with 
water  brought  front  a  great  distance  and  at  a  vast  expense.  A  well  of  water  is,  indeed, 
indisjiensable  to  a  caravansera.  Caravanseras  are  also  numerous  in  cities ;  where  they  seno 
not  only  as  inns,  but  as  shops,  warehouses,  and  even  exchanges. 

C.\KA WAY-SEED  (Vr.  Carvi,  Cumin  de.i  pres ,-  Got.  Keitmmel,  Rrodfeiimmel ,-  It. 
Carvi),  a  small  seed,  of  an  old  oblong  and  slender  figure,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  thickest 
in  tiie  middle.  It  is  the  produce  of  a  biennial  plant  (Carum  carui),  with  a  taper  root  like 
a  parsnep,  but  much  smaller.  It  should  be  chosen  large,  new,  of  a  good  colour,  not  dusty, 
aiul  of  a  strong  agreeable  smell.  It  is  principally  used  by  confectioners  ;  and  is  extensively 
cultivated  in  several  parta  of  Essex. 

CARBUNCLE  {iicr.  Karfunkel .-  Fr.  EscurhmiMc  ;  It.  Carhonc/iio  ,■  S]i.  Carhuncuh; 
Lat.  Ccrlninculus),  a  precious  stone  of  the  ruby  kind,  of  a  very  rich  glowing  blood-red 
colour,  highly  esteemed  by  the  ancients. — (See  Rudy.) 

CARD  (Fr.  Cnrdes  ,•  ijcr,  Kardiiti-chen,  Kurden,WoUk-raizen ;  It.  Cardi ,-  YLm.Bardil; 
Sp.  Cardas),  an  instrument,  or  comb,  for  arranging  or  sorting  the  hairs  of  wool,  cotton,  «!k;c. 
Cards  are  either  fastened  to  a  flat  piece  of  wood,  and  wrought  by  the  hand ;  or  to  a  cylinder, 
and  wrought  by  machinery. 

CARDAMOMS  (Vr.  Cardamomes ;  Gcr,  Kardamoni ;  It.  Cardamomi  .•  Sp.  Karda- 
numos;  Hind.  Onjarati  elachi),  seed  capsules  produced  by  a  plant,  of  which  there  are 
ditferent  species  growing  in  India,  Cochin  China,  Siam,  and  Ceylon.  The  capsules  are 
gathered  as  they  ripen ;  and  when  dried  in  the  sun,  are  fit  for  sale.  The  small  cajisules,  or 
lesser  cardamoms,  are  produced  by  a  particular  species  of  the  plant,  and  are  the  most  valua- 
ble. They  should  be  chosen  full,  plump,  and  diflicult  to  be  broken  ;  of  a  bright  yellow 
colour ;  n  piercing  smell ;  with  an  acrid,  bitterish,  though  not  very  unpleasant  taste ;  and 
particular  care  should  be  taken  that  they  are  properly  dried.  They  are  reckoned  to  keep 
best  in  a  body,  and  arc  therefore  packed  in  large  chests,  well  jointed,  pitched  at  the  seams, 
and  otherwise  jiropcrly  secured ;  as  the  least  damp  greatly  nuluces  their  value.  The  best 
cardamoms  are  brought  from  the  Malabar  coast.  'I'hey  are  produced  in  the  recesses  of  the 
mountains,  by  felling  trees,  and  afterwards  burning  them  ;  for  wherever  the  ashes  fall  in  the 
openings  or  fissures  of  the  rocks,  the  cardamom  plant  naturally  springs  up.  In  Soonda 
Balagiit,  and  other  places  where  cardamoms  are  planted,  the  fruit  or  berry  is  very  inferior  to 
that  produced  in  the  way  now  mentioned.  The  Malabar  cardamom  is  described  as  a  species 
of  bulbous  plant,  growing  3  or  4  feet  high.  The  growers  are  obliged  to  sell  all  their  pro- 
duce to  the  agents  of  government,  at  prices  fixed  by  the  latter,  varying  from  550  to  700 
rupees  the  candy  of  600  lbs.  avoirdupois ;  and  it  is  stated  that  the  contractor  often  puts  an 
enhanced  value  on  the  coins  with  which  he  pays  the  mountaineers ;  or  makes  them  take  in 
exchange  tobacco,  cloths,  salt,  oil,  betel  nut,  and  such  necessary  articles,  at  prices  which  are 
frequently,  no  doubt,  estimated  above  their  proper  level.  Such  a  system  ought  assuredly  to 
lie  put  an  immediate  end  to.  Not  more  than  one  hundredth  pint  of  the  cardamoms  raised 
iu  Malal)ar  arc  used  in  the  country.  They  arc  sent  in  large  quantities  to  the  ports  on  the 
Red  Sea  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  to  Sind,  up  the  Indus,  to  Bengal,  Bombay,  &c.  They  form 
a  universal  ingredient  in  curries,  pillaus,  &c.  The  market  price,  at  the  places  of  exportation 
on  the  Malabar  coast,  varies  from  800  to  1,200  rupees  the  candy. — (Milhiu-n\t  Orient.  Com- 
merce, and  the  valuable  evidence  of  T.  H.  Baber,  Esq.,  before  the  Lords'  Committee  of 
1830,  p.  216.) 

Malabar  cardamoms  are  worth  at  present  (September,  183.3),  from  3s.  8d.  to  3s.  lOd.  a 
pound  in  the  London  market,  duty  (Is.)  included.  Ceylon  cardamoms  are  worth  from  Is. 
8d.  to  2s.  2d. 

CARDS,  on  PLAYING  CARDS  (Du.  Kaarten,  Speelknrdcn  ,■   Fr.  Cartes  a  jotter; 

Gcr.  Kurten,  Spiel kartcn  ,■    It.  Carte  da  giuoco  ,-   Rus.  Kartil,-  Sp.  Carras,  Naipes ;  Sw. 

Kurt).    The  only  thing  necessary  to  be  noticed  in  this  place  with  respect  to  cards,  is  the 

regulations  as  to  their  manufacture,  sale,  and  the  payment  of  the  duty. 

It  is  regulated  hy  the  9  Geo.  4.  c.  18  ,  ihrit  nn  annual  license  duty  nf  .Is.  slinll  be  paid  hy  every  maker 
of  pliiyinj!  cards  and  dice.  Tlie  duly  on  every  pack  of  cards  is  l.s-.  and  is  to  lie  specified  on  the  ace  of 
spudes.  Cards  are  not  to  be  made  in  any  part  of  Great  Urituin,  e.vcnpt  tiie  metropolis;  nor  in  Ireland, 
except  in  Uabliu  and  Cork ;  under  a  penalty  of  1002.    Cards  are  to  be  enclosed  in  wrappers,  with  such 


51 


•^n 


rn 


o 


V 

'If! 


320 


CARMEN— CARRIERS. 


I 


.1   ! 


^      \ 


) : 


1 


I 


miirk«  n*  llii'cnmmlMxIimcr^  (if  Hlniiip<  nny  appnliil.  Ili'Tirc  llcen^i' cm  lie  hnrt.  huml  mit")  Iip  flvm 
til  till'  liiiiiiimt  111' ,'ilMI/.  Inr  lilt'  piiyiili'lll  111' till' ilillirM.Jki',  Srlllim  iir  cxiiii-lpm  III  null'  ill'  |>;iik  I'l 
cnrilH  mil  ihily  hIiiiii|ii'(I.  kiiIiji'I'Ih  li  liii'imi'il  iimkiT  tn  ii  pi'iiiilly  iil'  Ml.  ;  Mini  iim\  iiiic  i'Ihi-  in  pi'iiiiliy 
cif  10/.     Any  piTxiiii  ti:iviii|j  In  Iiih  |Mi»!4i'n^lon.  nr  iixlinJ,  nr  pi'rinllllnu'  I"  1»'  iihi'iI.  iiny  puck  ul  ninU  inir 

duly  Hliiin|ii'il.  Ill  I'lirl'i'll  !il.     Hi'iiiiiii-lmnil  riirils  may  liii  hhIiI  liy  iiny  jhth il"  milil  u  illimii  iln'  wrri|i- 

pcr  iif  a  lii'i'imnl  inukcr ;  and  in  paikH  ninlalninu  mil  innri*  tliiiii  .Vj  larilx.  Inilinllmt  an  acr  iil'  Hjiaiii'- 
duly  Hlainpi'il,  ami  riuliiHeil  in  a  wrapper  Willi  llii»  wnriN  "  Smmil-hnnd  Vtmln"  I'riiilril  "f  wrillcM  in 
(limiiii't  cliarailrrn  on  the  milHldi':  peiinlly  fur  dflliiiK  m'cond-hand  i-ardu  in  any  nllicr  innnm'r,  20/. 
An  Acciiiint  of  llie  Duly  rcrclved  on  I'layinii  Card*  in  (iri-at  llrilain  and  Inland  in  •'acli  Year  from 
1820,  Npucifying  the  Hates  of  Duty  chariied.  — (/'uri.  Pufcr,  No.  427.  »4fii«.  1»32.) 


Ymf. 

Groat  Hriinln. 

Ireland. 

Ritli. 

Amount  of  Uutjr. 

Ham. 

Atiioiinl  of  Duly, 

1H20 
1821 
1822 
18-J.'l 
18-21 
1825 
1820 
1827 

1828 

1820 
18,10 
18,11 

2*.  Oil.  per  pack 

U.  per  pack  from  May 

.e        «.    d. 
21.2117     5     0 
21.:tl7     S     0 
21.170  17     fi 
22,000  13    0 
2.'>,87l  12    0 
22.577  17    0 
IH.aOO  15     0 
20,8(14  12    6 

17,305    S    0 

15.512  '4    0 
^..-iOO    7    0 
14,400    2    0 

2«.  per  pack     - 

f  2«.perpnokt()5tlinf.Iii-"l 
-'    Iv,  li.  per  pack  for  Hie  > 
(.  reniainder  ofthe  year.  3 
Is.  per  pock     - 

£     ».    d, 
2.010  14    1 
1.821  111    81 
1.1113    0  II 
1.057    4    5  J 
1..MW  12    8; 
l,!i.'.(l    H    0 
1.0.17  12    « 
1,001  12    5 

040  10    0 

403  11    0 
244  12    0 
104  18    0 

CAR.MEN,  of  the  City  of  London,  are  constituted  n  fellowsliip  by  act  of  common  coun- 
cil. The  rates  wliich  they  arc  allowed  to  charRc,  and  the  rejTiiIations  by  which  they  are  to 
be  guided,  are  settled  at  the  (junrter  sessions.  In  other  respects  they  are  subjected  to  the 
rule  of  the  president  and  governors  of  Christ's  Hospital,  to  whom  the  owner  of  every  cart 
pays  an  annual  licence  duty  of  1  Is.  'Id, 

Carmen  are  to  help  to  load  and  nnlond  their  carts  ;  and  If  any  carman  exacts  more  than  the  roRu- 
lar  rales,  upon  due  proof,  before  the  Lord  Mayor,  or  any  two  inagintrates,  he  shall  sutfer  imprison- 
uicnt  for  the  space  of  21  days. 

If  any  person  shall  refuse  to  pay  any  carman  his  hire,  according  to  the  regular  rates,  upon  com- 
plaint made.  Hie  pre.-iident  of  Christ's  llospilal,  or  a  justice  of  the  [icace,  may  compel  payment. 

Merchants  or  other  persons  may  choose  what  cart  tliey  please,  except  such  as  stand  for  wharf- 
work,  tackle-work,  crane-work,  at  shops  and  inorchantH*  lionses,  whieli  are  lo  he  taken  in  turn  ;  and 
every  carman  stniidine  with  his  •■inpty  cart  ne.\t  to  any  goods  to  he  loaded,  shall,  upon  the  first  dp- 
iiiand,  load  the  same  for  the  accustomed  rates  ;  and  if  any  person  shall  cause  a  carman  to  atlenil  at 
his  house,  shop,  warehouse,  or  cellar,  with  his  loaded  cart,  the  carman  being  willini;  to  help  to  iinloml 
the  same,  he  shall  pay  the  carman  after  Ihe  rate  of  12(/.  for  every  hour  after  the  first  half-huur  for  Ills 
attendance. 

Every  licensed  carman  is  to  have  a  piece  of  brass  fi.xed  upon  his  cart,  upon  which  is  to  be  enpraven 
a  certain  number  ;  which  number,  toKether  with  the  carman's  name,  is  repistered  in  a  recisier  kept 
at  Christ's  Hospital ;  so  that,  in  case  of  any  misbeiiavioiir.  the  party  offended,  by  taking  notice  of  the 
number  of  the  cart,  may  search  for  it  in  the  reijister,  and  the  name  will  be  found. 

Carmen  not  conforming  to  these  rules,  or  working  without  a  numbered  piece  of  brass  fi.xed  on  the 
cart,  may  lie  suspended  from  their  employment. 

Carmen  riding  upon  the  shafts  of  their  carts,  or  sitting  within  them,  not  having  some  person  on  foot 
to  guide  the  horses,  shall  forfeit  lOs. 

CARMINE  (Ger.  Karmin  ;  Du.  Knrmyn  ,•  Fr.  Carmine ,-  It.  Carminio  ,-  Lat.  Cur- 
minium),  a  powder  of  a  very  beautiful  red  colour,  bordering  upon  purple,  and  used  by 
painters  in  miniature.  It  is  a  species  of  lake,  and  is  formed  of  finely  pulverised  cochineal. 
It  is  very  high  priced. 

CARNELIAN.    See  Aoate. 

CARPET,  CARPETS  (Ger.  Teppiche  .•  Du.  Tapyten,  Vlner-tapyten  ,•  Fr.  Tapis  ,•  It 
Tappeti ;  Sp.  Alfombras,  Alcatifas,  Tapetes ;  R\is.  Kowru,Kilimi).  Persian  and  Turkish 
carpets  are  the  most  esteemed.  In  England,  carpets  are  principally  manufactured  at  Kid- 
derminster, Wilton,  Cirencester,  Worcester,  Ax  minster,  &c. ;  and  in  Scotland,  at  Kilmar- 
nock. Those  made  at  Axminster  are  believed  to  be  very  little,  if  any  thing,  inferior  to  those 
of  Persia  and  Turkey. 

CARRIAGES.     See  Coaches. 

CARROT  (Daucus  carota  Lin.),  a  biennial  plant,  a  native  of  Britain.  Though  long 
known  as  a  garden  plant,  its  introduction  into  agriculture  has  been  comparatively  recent. 
The  uses  of  the  carrot  in  domestic  economy  are  well  known.  It  is  extensively  cultivated  in 
Suffolk,  whence  large  quantities  are  sent  to  the  London  market.  Horses  are  said  to  be 
remarkably  fond  of  carrots. 

CARRIERS,  are  persons  undertaking  for  hire  to  carry  goods  from  one  place  to  another. 

Proprietors  of  carts  and  wagons,  masters  and  owners  of  ships,  hoymen,  lightermen,  barge- 
men, ferrymen,  &c.  are  denominated  common  carriers.  The  master  of  a  stage  coach  who 
only  carries  passengers  for  hire,  is  not  liable  for  goods;  but  if  he  undertake  to  carry  goods 
and  passengers,  then  he  is  liable  for  both  as  a  common  carrier.  The  post-master  general  is 
not  a  carrier  in  the  common  acceptation  of  the  term,  nor  is  he  subjected  to  bis  liabilities. 


CARRIERS. 


321 


il  miiKt  lip  bIvit 

li'  111  '   p:irk  I'l 

IhC  III  lU'lmlty 
irk  III   ninU  lln'r 

lliilll  llli'  Wflp- 
II  lU'l'  i>(  )l|llllll'> 

'il  or  wrllti'ii  ill 
iiiniiiirr,  ai)/. 

null  Vfiir  IViiiii 


AliifMinl  of  Duty, 

X      d.  it. 

2,(1111  11  I 

l.HUl    It)  h' 

l.tU,')     (I  11 

i,ti57   4  :,; 

l.ftlH  Vi  h; 

l.ft.VI     N  0 

i,(i:(7  18  ti 


filO  1()    0 


40.1  11 
!2I4  13 

un  IS 


ommon  coun- 
?h  they  nre  to 
ijcpti'd  to  till) 
■  of  every  cart 

tlmn  the  rouu- 
ifTtT  iiiiprisDii- 

li's,  iipon  coni- 
luyiniMit. 
111(1  for  whnrf- 
II  in  turn;  and 
1  the  first  (k- 
in  to  iitli'iid  lit 
liiilp  til  unload 
If-liuur  for  Ilia 

lie  engravi  1 
ri'cistcr  ki'p; 
notice  of  the 

fixed  on  the 

person  on  foot 


Lat.  Car- 

ind  used  by 

cocliineal. 


Tapis.-  It. 
nd  Turkish 
jred  at  Kid- 

at  Kilmar- 
rior  to  those 


fiough  long 
vely  recent, 
ultivated  in 
s  said  to  be 

o  another, 
men,  barge- 
coach  who 
carry  goods 
general  is 
biUties. 


1.  Piitlfs  (mil  J.inhiUtifx  nf  Cnrrhrs, — ('urrierM  are  liotmd  to  rrrrivo  and  carry  the  Rnod^ 
of  nil  imtkoiim,  for  II  rt'iiHiumlili'  jiirc  nr  reward  ;  to  take  |irii|««'r  care  of  tliciii  in  itieir  pnHnane  ; 
til  deliver  tlieiii  Hafely,  and  in  the  Naiiii>  ronditioli  an  wlieii  llicy  wire  reeeived  (exce|ilinn 
Hilly  xt""'*  loHXCH  an  niiiy  arise  fmin  the  art  nf  <>ii(f  iir  l/ir  /,-in<i'ii  rnemiin)  ;  or,  in  defiult 
iliereof  to  make  eoinptiiMilion  to  the  owner  fur  whatever  Iohm  or  diuiimje  the  gooilM  may 
have  reeeived  while  in  their  eiistod\ ,  that  niinht  h.ive  heen  iireveiited. 

Uenee  a  carrier  in  iiahle,  llioiii>h  he  he  roiihed  of  the  ifiiods,  or  liny  lie  liikeii  fioni  hini  iiy 
irroislilile  force;  and  though  IIiIh  may  neeiii  a  Imrd  rule,  yel  it  in  the  only  one  that  could 
lie  Mitely  iidoiited  ;  for  if  a  carrier  were  not  lialile  li>r  Iossch  iinlrsH  it  could  he  nliown  that  lio 
|i;i(l  coiiilnctcd  hiliiHelf  diMhoneslly  or  iieijlinently,  a  door  would  he  opened  for  every  hpi  eien 
ot' I'raiid  !in<l  collusion,  inasiniich  as  il  would  he  iinpoHsihle,  in  most  ciimcs,  to  ascertain 
wiictlier  the  fietH  were  Huch  as  the  carrier  representeil.  On  the  Hiinie  principle  a  carrier  hai* 
lieeii  held  accountahle  for  (foods  accidentally  consumed  hy  lire  while  in  his  warehouse.  In 
delivering'  the  opinion  of  the  Court  of  Kinij's  IJench  on  ii  case  of  this  sort,  hold  Maiisi'iejd 
^i,i,| — "  A  carrier,  liy  tln^  nature  of  his  contract,  oliliu'cs  himself  to  use  nil  iliie  care  niid  dili- 
gence, and  is  aiiswerahle  for  any  neglect.  Hut  there  is  sometliinir  more  impnsed  on  him  hy 
custiini,  that  is,  hy  the  common  law.  A  cuniinini  carrier  Is  in  ll,r  nature  of  an  innurir. 
All  the  cases  show  l\im  to  he  so.  This  makes  him  Iiahle  fur  every  tiling  except  the  act  of 
liod  and  the  kind's  enemies;  that  is,  even  from  incvitalile  airidi  nip,  with  those  exceptioiiH. 
'i'lie  (lucstioii  then  is,  ^V/nit  In  tlir  mi  nf  (!iid?  I  consider  it  to  he  laid  down  in  ojipositioii 
to  ihe  act  of ;;/««  ,•  cuch  as  linhlnimi,  storms,  tem[iests  and  the  like,  which  could  not  hap- 
jicM  iiy  (iiiij  hinnan  Inltrvvnllun.  To  [irevent  litiijation  and  eolhision,  the  law  ))resuine3 
iii'slif-'eiice  except  in  those  circmiistances.  An  armed  f  irce,  tlioiii(li  ever  so  irreat  and  irresist- 
IMi',  diM's  not  excuse  ;  tlie  reiison  is,  for  fear  it  may  nive  room  I'.ir  enlhision,  which  can  never 
|iiip(ien  wilh  respect  to  the  act  nfd'od.  We  all,  therefore,  are  of  opinion  tliat  there  should 
k.jiiil','ineiit  for  the  iilaiiitilf."— (/''orMv/n/ v.  J'Ulunl,  1  7'.  A'.  Ti.) 

Acurier  is  not  ohlitjed  to  have  anew  earria'^o  for  every  journey  ;  it  is  siid'icient  if  lio 
provide  one  that,  without  any  extraordinary  accident,  may  ho  fairly  presumed  eapahle  of  per- 
IbriniiiK  the  journey. 

A  carrier  may  he  discl\arp;ed  front  his  liahility  hy  any  fraud  or  concealment  on  tlie  part 
of  the  individual  emjiloying  him,  or  of  the  hailor;  as  if  the  latter  represent  a  parcel  as  con- 
taiiiinc;  thinifs  of  little  or  no  value,  when,  in  fact,  it  contains  things  of  great  value,  l]vit 
when  the  carrier  has  not  given  a  notice  limiting  his  responsihility,  and  when  he  jiuts  no 
questions  with  respect  to  the  jiarcel  to  the  hailor,  the  latter  need  not  say  any  thing  with 
respect  to  it;  and  though  tlie  hailor  should  represent  the  thing  delivered  to  the  carrier  as  of 
no  value,  yet  If  the  tatter  hnnw  It  to  he  ntlierwlse,  ho  will  he  responsihle  in  the  event  of  its 
lieing  lost  or  damaged.  If  the  hailor  deliver  goods  imperfectly  packed,  and  the  carrier  (foes 
mil  pcnrlee  It,  he  is  not  Iiahle  in  the  event  of  a  loss  occurring;  hut  if  the  defect  in  tlie  pack- 
age were  such  that  the  carrier  could  not  hut  perceive  it,  he  would  he  Iiahle.  On  this  |)riii- 
cilile  a  carrier  was  made  to  answer  for  the  loss  of  a  greyhound  that  had  heen  iinjiroperly 
secured  when  given  to  him. 

A  carrier  may  refuse  to  admit  goods  into  his  warehouse  nt  an  unseasonahle  time,  or  heforo 
he  is  ready  to  take  his  journey  ;  hut  he  cannot  refuse  to  do  the  ordinary  duties  incumbent 
on  a  person  in  his  situation. 

It  is  felony,  if  a  carrier  open  a  parcel  and  take  goods  out  of  it  with  intent  to  steal  them  ; 
and  it  has  heen  decided,  that  if  goods  lie  delivered  to  a  carrier  to  he  carried  to  a  specified 
place,  and  he  carry  them  to  a  difli'rent  place,  and  dispose  of  them  for  his  own  profit,  he  is 
guilty  of  felony  :  but  the  embr/.zlemcnt  of  goods  by  a  carrier,  without  a  felonious  taking, 
merely  exposes  to  a  civil  action. 

IVo  carrier,  wagontnan,  carman,  or  wainman,  with  their  respective  carriages,  shall  travel 
on  tSundays,  under  a  penalty  of  20.v. — (3  C/ias,  1.  c.  I.) 

A  carrier  is  always,  unless  there  be  an  express  agreement  to  the  contrary,  entitled  to  a 
reward  for  his  care  and  trouble.  In  some  cases  his  reward  is  regulated  by  the  legislature, 
anil  ill  others  hy  a  special  stipulation  between  the  parties;  but  thou'^h  there  he  no  legislative 
provision  or  express  agreement,  he  cannot  claim  more  than  a  reasniia/j/e  compensation. 

2.  Lhnifatlon  of  Rcipnmlhllitfi. — Until  the  act  of  1530,  a  carrier  ini>/ht  by  express  stipu- 
lation, giving  public  notice  to  that  etfect,  discharge  his  liability  from  all  losses  by  robbery, 
accident  or  otherwise,  except  those  which  arose  from  inlyftazanee  antf grons  nei^lli^ence  (from 
which  no  sti[)ulation  or  notice  could  exempt  him),  and  provided  the  notice  did  not  contra- 
vene the  express  conditions  of  an  act  of  parliament. 

Notices  generally  bore,  that  the  carrier  would  not  be  responsihle  for  more  than  a  certain 
sum  (usually  .5/.)  on  any  one  parcel,  the  value  of  \ihich  had  not  been  declared  and  paid  for 
accordingly;  so  that  a  [lerson  aware  of  this  notice,  entering  a  box  worth  1000/.  without 
declaring  its  value,  or  entering  it  as  being  worth  200/.  would,  should  it  be  lost,  have  got  in 
the  first  case  only  5/.,  and  in  the  latter  only  2<>0/.,  unless  he  could  have  shown  that  the 
carrier  had  acted  fraudulently  or  with  gross  negligence.  But,  to  avail  himself  of  this  defence, 
the  carrier  was  bound  to  show  that  the  bailor  or  his  servant  was  ac(iuaintcd  wilh  the  notice 

41 


nn 


-^n 


o 


"IT''! 


832 


CARRIERS. 


ff' 


'1 


!■ 


m; 


at  the  time  of  delivering  the  goods.  No  particular  manner  of  giving  notice  was  required. 
It  might  be  done  by  express  communication,  by  fixing  it  up  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  the 
carrier's  office,  by  insertion  in  the  public  papers  or  Gazette,  by  the  circulation  of  handbills, 
&c. ;  it  being  in  all  cases  a  question  for  the  jury  to  decide  whether  the  bailor  was  really 
acquainted  with  the  notice  of  the  limitation  ;  since,  if  he  were  not,  he  was  entitled  to  recover, 
whatever  eForls  the  carrier  may  have  made  to  publish  it.  Thus,  a  notice  stuck  up  in  a 
carrier's  warehouse,  where  goods  were  delivered,  was  of  no  avail  against  parties  who  could 
not  read  :  neither  was  it  of  any  avail  against  those  who  could  read,  and  who  had  seen  it, 
unless  they  had  actually  read  it.  On  this  principle  it  was  held,  that  a  notice  in  a  newspa- 
per is  not  sufficient,  even  when  it  was  proved  that  the  bailor  read  the  newspaper,  unless  it 
could  also  be  proved  that  he  had  read  the  notice  itself. 

These  attempts  to  limit  responsibility  gave  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  litigation  and  uncer- 
tainty ;  and  to  obviate  the  inconveniences  thence  arising,  the  important  statute,  1  Will.  4. 
c.  68.,  was  passed.  This  act  declares,  that  carriers  by  land  shall  not  be  liable  for  the  loss 
of  certain  articles  specified  in  the  act,  when  their  value  exceeds  10/.,  unless  the  nalure  and 
value  of  such  articles  be  s'.atcd  at  the  time  of  their  delivery  to  the  carrier,  and  an  increased 
charge  paid  or  agieeil  tu  be  paid  upon  the  same.  It  is  further  declared,  that  no  publication 
of  any  notices  by  carriers  shall  have  power  to  limit  their  responsibility  at  common  law  for 
all  other  articles  except  those  spc',  d  in  the  act ;  but  as  the  act  is  of  great  importance,  we 
subjoin  it. 

From  and  alter  the  passing  of  tl,  -  ,  no  mail  cnntrnctnr,  stage  coach  proprietor,  or  other  common 
carrier  bii  land  for  hire,  shall  be  liabu,  ior  the  loss  of  or  injury  to  any  article  or  articles  of  properly  of 
the  description  following,  viz.  gold  or  silver  coin  of  this  realm  or  of  any  foreign  state,  or  any  gnUj  or 
silver  in  a  manufactured  or  unmanufactured  state,  or  any  precious  stones,  jewellery,  watches,  clucks, 
or  time-pieces  ol'  any  description,  trinkets,  hills,  notes  of  the  Cinvernor  and  ('(jinpany  of  the  Banks  ot 
i^:igland,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  respectively,  or  of  any  other  bank  in  (ireat  liritain  or  Ireland,  orders, 
notes,  or  securities  for  payment  of  money,  English  or  foreign  stamps,  maps,  writings,  title-deeds, 
(laintings,  engravings,  pictures,  gold  or  silver  plaK;  or  plated  articles,  glass,  china,  silks  In  a  manufac- 
tured or  unmanufactured  state,  and  whether  wrought  up  or  not  wrought  up  with  other  materiiils, 
furs,  or  lace,  or  any  of  them,  contained  in  any  parcel  or  package  which  shall  have  been  delivi'r(Ml, 
either  to  be  carried  for  hire  or  to  accompany  the  person  of  any  passenger  in  any  mail  or  stage  coarlv 
or  other  public  conveyance,  when  the  value  of  such  article  or  articles  or  property  aforesaid  cnntained 
in  such  parcel  or  package  sliall  exceed  the  sum  of  10/.,  unless  at  the  time  of  the  ilelivery  thereof  at  lln: 
office,  warehouse,  or  receiving  house  of  such  mail  contractor,  &c.  the  value  and  nature  of  such  arii- 
cle  or  articles  of  property  shall  have  been  declared  by  the  person  or  persons  sending  or  delivering  tlif: 
same,  and  such  increased  charge  as  hereinafter  mentioned,  or  an  engagement  to  pay  the  same  be  ac- 
cepted by  the  person  receiving  such  parcel  or  package. — }  1. 

When  any  parcel  or  package  containing  any  of  the  articles  above  specified  shall  be  so  dcliverpil, 
and  its  value  and  contents  declared  as  aforesaid,  and  such  value  shall  exceed  the  sum  of  10/.,  it  flinll 
be  lawful  for  such  mail  contractors,  stage  coach  proprietors,  and  other  common  carriers,  to  demand 
and  receive  an  increased  rate  of  charge,  to  be  notified  by  some  notice,  affixed  in  legible  character  in 
some  public  and  conspicuous  part  of  the  office,  warehouse,  or  other  receiving  house,  where  smh 
l)arcel.s  or  packages  are  received  by  them  for  the  purpose  of  conveyance,  stating  the  incre.ised  r,".ii's 
of  charge  required  to  be  paid  over  and  above  the  ordinary  rate  of  carriage,  as  a  compensation  fur  the 
greater  risk  and  care  to  be  taken  for  the  safe  conveyance  of  such  valuable  articles  ;  and  all  persons 
sending  or  delivering  parcels  or  packages  containing  such  valuable  articles  as  aforesaid  at  such  nfticp 
shall  be  bound  by  such  notice,  without  further  proofof  the  same  having  come  to  their  knowledge.— ^2 

Provided  always,  that  when  the  value  shall  have  been  so  declared,  and  the  increased  rale  ofchar^p 
paid,  or  an  engagement  to  pay  the  same  shall  have  been  accepted  as  herein-before  mentioned,  llio 
person  receiving  such  increased  rate  of  charge  or  accepting  such  agreement  shall,  if  required,  sien  a 
receipt  for  the  package  or  parcel,  acknowledging  the  same  to  have  been  insured,  which  receipt  siiall 
not  be  liable  to  any  stamp  duty  ;  and  if  such  receipt  shall  not  be  given  when  required,  or  such  iiolico 
as  aforesaid  shall  not  have  been  affi.\ed,the  mail  contractor,  stage  coach  proprietor,  or  other  coininoii 
carrier  as  aforesaid,  shall  not  have  or  be  entitled  to  any  benefit  or  advantase  under  this  aci,  but  shall 
III!  liable  and  responsible  as  at  the  common  law,  and  be  liable  to  refund  the  inci-eased  rate  ol 
charge. — }  3. 

And  be  it  enacted,  that  from  and  after  the  1st  day  of  September,  1830,  no  i)ublic  notice  or  declara- 
tion heretofore  made  or  hereafter  to  be  made  shall  be  deemed  or  construed  to  limit  or  in  anywise 
otfect  the  lianility  at  common  law  of  any  such  niail  contractnrs,  stage  coach  proprietors,  or  other  pub- 
lic common  carriers  as  aforesaid,  for  or  in  respect  of  any  articles  or  goods  to  Im  carried  and  conveyett 
by  them  ;  but  that  all  and  every  such  mail  contractors,  stage  coach  proprietors,  aiul  oilier  cnnniion 
carriers  as  aforesaid,  shall,  from  and  after  the  said  1st  day  of  September,  be  liable,  as  at  the  common 
law,  to  answer  for  the  loss  of  any  injury  [so  in  the  ncl'\  to  any  articles  and  goods  in  respect  whereof 
they  may  not  be  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  this  act,  any  piii)lic  notice  or  declaration  by  them  made  ajid 
given  contrary  thereto,  or  in  anywise  limiting  such  liability,  notwithstanding. — J  4. 

And  be  it  further  enacted,  that  fc  the  purposes  of  this  act  every  oflice,  warehouse,  or  receiving 
house,  which  shall  be  used  or  appointed  by  any  mail  contractor,  or  stage  coach  propriiitor,  or  other 
such  common  carrier,  for  the  receiving  of  panels  to  ln'  conveyed  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  deemed  and 
taken  to  be  the  receiving  house,  warehouse,  or  office  of  such  mail  contractor,  stage  coach  proprietor, 
or  other  common  carrier  ;  and  that  any  one  or  more  of  such  niail  contractors,  stage  coach  proprietor:', 
or  common  carriers,  shall  be  liable  to  be  sued  by  his,  her,  or  their  name  or  names  only  ;  and  that  no 
action  or  .suit  commenced  to  recover  damages  for  loss  or  injury  to  any  parcel,  package,  or  person, 
shall  abate  for  the  want  of  joining  any  co-proprietor  or  co-partner  in  such  mail,  stage  coaeli,  or  oilier 
public  conveyance  by  land  for  hire  as  aforesaid. — J  5. 

Provided  always,  and  be  it  further  enacted,  that  nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  extend  or  lie 
construed  to  annul  or  in  anywise  affect  any  special  contract  between  such  mail  contractor,  staee 
coach  proprietor,  or  commoncarrier,  and  any  other  parties,  for  the  conveyance  of  goods  and  mer- 
chandises.— ij  6. 

Provided  also,  and  be  it  ftirtherenacted.  that  where  any  parcel  or  package  shall  have  been  delivered 
at  any  such  office,  and  the  value  and  contents  declared  as  aforesaid,  ami  the  increased  rate  of  charsjes 
been  paid,  and  such  parcels  or  packages  shall  have  been  lost  or  damaged,  the  i  ."rty  entitled  lo  recover 
damages  in  respect  of  such  loss  or  damage  shall  also  be  entitled  to  recover  back  such  increased 
charges  so  paid  as  aforesaid,  in  addition  to  the  value  of  such  package  or  parcel.— $  7. 


CARTS—CASHEW  NUTS. 


323 


as  requireJ. 
place  in  the 
•f  handbills, 
r  was  really 
(1  to  recover, 
;uck  up  in  a 
s  who  could 
had  seen  it, 
n  a  ncwspa- 
ler,  unless  it 

1  and  unccr- 
?,  1  Will.  4, 
3  for  the  loss 
nalurc  and 
an  increased 
)  publication 
mon  law  for 
portance,  we 

ither  commnn 
)f  property  of 
or  nny  pnid  or 
riti'hi's,  flocks. 
'  tlic  Blinks  lit 
eland,  orders, 
!s,  title-deeds, 
In  a  nianufai;- 
lier  inateriiils, 
een  deliveriMl. 
ir  ptuge  C(i:\cli 
said  contained 
thereof  at  the 
e  of  snch  iirli- 
deUverina  thf: 
le  same  be  ai- 

e  so  delivered, 

|of  m.,  it  Pliall 

rs,  to  deiiKiiid 

character  in 

,  where  stirh 

icrei\sed  rr.les 

iisaiiim  for  the 

nd  all  persons 

■  at  such  otiico 

owlcdpe.— {'2 

•ate  of  charge 

lenlioned,  the 

nired,  siffii  a 

receipt  shall 

iieh  notice 

\wr  comninii 

icl,  but  shall 

ased  rate  ul 

CO  or  dedara- 
iii  any  wise 
or  other  pnh- 
and  eiinveyed 
Iher  coinjnun 
the  coninioa 
peet  whereof 
iGin  made  ami 

,  or  receiving 
etor,  or  other 

deemed  and 
eh  proprietor, 
h  prnprietorLi, 

and  that  no 
or  person, 
)ath,  or  other 

I  extend  or  he 
Iractor,  staje 
ids  and  nier- 

een  delivered 
te  of chur^es 
ed  to  recover 
ich  increased 


Provided  also,  and  be  U  further  enacted,  that  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  doomed  to  protect  any 
mail  contractor,  stage  coach  proprietor,  or  other  common  carrier  for  hire,  from  liability  to  answer  for 
loss  or  injury  to  any  goods  or  articles  whatsoever,  arising  from  tlie  felonious  acts  of  "any  coaclunan, 
guard,  book-keeper,  porter,  or  other  servant  in  hia  or  their  employ,  nor  to  protect  any  such  coachman, 
guard,  hook-keeper,  or  other  servant,  from  liability  for  any  loss  or  injury  occasioned  by  his  or  their  own 
personal  neglect  or  misconduct. — J  8. 

Provided  also,  and  be  it  further  enacted,  that  such  mail  contractors,  stage  roach  proprietors,  or 
other  common  carriers  for  hire,  shall  not  he  concluded  as  to  the  value  of  any  such  parcel  or  package 
by  the  value  so  declared  as  aforesaid,  but  that  he  or  they  shall  in  all  cases  be  entitled  to  re(|uire,  froiri 
the  party  suing  in  respect  of  any  loss  or  injury,  proof  of  the  actual  value  of  the  contents  !)y  the  ordi- 
nary legal  evidence  ;  and  that  the  mail  contractors,  stage  coach  proprietors,  or  other  common  carriers 
as  aforesaid,  shall  he  liable  to  such  damages  only  as  shall  be  so  proved  as  aforesaid,  not  exceeding 
the  declared  value,  together  with  the  increased  charges  as  before  mentioned.—}  9. 

And  be  it  further  enacted,  that  in  all  actions  to  be  brought  against  any  such  mail  contractors,  &c., 
the  defendant  or  defendants  may  pay  the  money  into  court. — }  10. 

It  will  be  observed,  that  carriers  continue,  notwithstanding  this  act,  liable,  as  before,  for 
the  felonious  acts  of  their  servants,  and  their  own  misfeazance  or  gross  negligence.  It  is  not 
possible,  however,  to  lay  down  any  general  rule  as  to  the  circumstances  which  constitute 
this  ofience.  Differing  as  they  do  in  almost  every  case,  the  question,  when  raised,  must  be 
left  to  a  jury.  But  it  has  been  decided,  that  the  misdelivery  of  a  parcel,  or  its  nondelivery 
within  a  reasonable  time,  is  a  misfeazance  that  cannot  be  defeated  by  any  notice  on  the 
part  of  the  carrier  limiting  his  responsibility.  In  like  manner,  the  sending  of  a  parcel  by  a 
different  coach  from  that  directed  by  the  bailor,  the  removing  it  from  one  carriage  to  another, 
arc  misfeazances.  Where  a  parcel  is  directed  to  a  person  at  a  particular  place,  and  the  car- 
rier, knowing  such  person,  delivers  the  parcel  to  another,  who  represents  himself  as  the  con- 
signee, such  delivery  is  gross  negligence.  Leaving  parcels  in  a  coach  or  cart  unprotected  in 
the  streets  is  also  gross  negligence. 

At  common  law,  there  is  no  distinction  between  carriage  performed  by  sea  or  land  ;  but 
by  the  7  Geo.  2.  c.  15.  and  26  Geo.  3,  c.  86.,  corrected  and  amended  by  the  53  Geo.  3.  c. 
159.,  it  is  enacted  that  ship-owners  are  not  to  be  liable  for  any  loss  or  damage  happening  to 
goods  on  board  through  the  fraud  or  neglect  of  the  master,  without  their  knowledge  or 
privity,  further  than  the  value  of  the  vessel  and  the  freight  accruing  during  the  voyage. 
—(See  OwNEUs.) 

3.  Commencement  and  Termination  of  Liability. — A  carrier's  liability  commences  from 
the  time  the  goods  are  actually  delivered  to  him  in  the  character  of  carrier.  A  delivery  to  a 
carrier's  servant  is  a  delivery  to  himself,  and  he  will  be  responsible.  The  delivery  of  goods 
in  an  inn-yard  or  warehouse,  at  which  other  carriers  put  up,  is  not  a  delivery  so  as  to  charge 
a  carrier,  unless  a  special  notice  be  given  him  of  their  having  been  so  delivered,  or.#ome 
previous  intimation  to  that  effect. 

A  carrier's  liability  ceases,  when  he  vests  the  property  committed  to  his  charge  in  the  hands 
of  the  consignee  or  his  agents,  by  actual  delivery ;  or  when  the  property  is  resumed  by  the  con- 
signor, in  pursuance  of  his  right  of  stopping  it  in  transitu.  It  is  in  all  cases  the  duty  of 
the  carrier  to  deliver  the  goods.  The  leaving  goods  at  an  inn  is  not  a  sufficient  delivery. 
The  rule  in  such  cases,  in  deciding  upon  the  carrier's  liability,  is  to  consider  whether  any 
thing  remains  to  be  done  by  the  carrier,  as  such ;  and  if  nothing  remains  to  be  done,  his  lia- 
bility ceases,  and  conversely. 

A  carrier  has  a  lien  upon  goods  for  his  hire.  Even  if  the  goods  be  stolen,  the  rightful 
owner  is  not  to  have  them  without  paying  the  carriage. 

For  further  details  as  to  this  subject  see  Jeremy  on  the  Law  of  Carriers,  passim ;  Ckitty'8 
Commercial  Law,  vol.  iii.  pp.  369 — 387  ;  and  Burti's  Justice  of  the  Peace,  tit.  Carriers. 
There  are  some  excellent  observations  with  respect  to  it  in  Sir  William  Jones'  Essay  on  the 
Law  of  Bailments. — (For  an  account  of  the  regulations  as  to  the  conveyance  of  passengers 
in  stage  coaches,  see  Coaches,  Stage.) 

CARTS.  Every  cart,  &c.  for  the  carriage  of  any  thing  to  and  from  any  place,  where  the 
streets  arc  paved,  within  the  bills  of  mortality,  shall  contain  6  inches  in  the  felly.  No  per- 
son shall  drive  any  cart,  waggon,  ifcc.  within  5  miles  of  the  General  Post  Office,  unless  the 
name,  surname,  and  pi^ce  of  abode  of  the  owner,  be  painted  in  conspicuous  letters,  at 
least  1  inch  in  height,  t  n  the  right  or  off  side  thereof,  under  a  penalty  of  5/.  Any  per- 
son may  seize  and  detain  any  cart,  waggon,  &c.  without  such  mark. — (I  &  2  Will.  4.c.  22.) 
CASH,  in  commerce  means  the  ready  money,  bills,  drafts,  bonds,  and  all  immediately 
negotiable  paper  in  an  '.idividual's  possession. 

CASH  Account,  in  book-keeping,  an  account  to  which  nothing  but  cash  is  carried 
on  the  one  hand,  and  from  which  all  the  disbursements  of  the  concern  arc  drawn  on  the 
other.  The  balance  is  the  cash  in  hand.  When  the  credit  side  more  than  balances  the  debit, 
or  disbursement  side,  the  account  is  said  to  be  in  cash  ,•  when  the  contrary,  to  be  out  of  cash 
Cash  Account,  in  banking,  is  the  name  given  to  the  account  of  the  advances  made  by 
a  banker  in  Scotland,  to  an  individual  who  has  given  security  for  their  repayment. — (See 
Banks  (Scotch).) 

CASHEW  NUTS,  (Get.  Akajunusse,  Westindische  Anakarden  ;  Da.  Catsjoenooten ; 
Fr.  Noix  d'acnjou ;  It.  Acaju  ;  Sp.  iVueces  d'acaju ,-  Port.  Notes  d'acaju)  the  produce  of  the 


m 


i 


**ifi 


SI'S* 

o 


'km 

»W  '1 


324 


CASPIAN  SEA— CASTOR  OIL. 


•  f 


'    I 


■   '[. 


,    .■   In 


Anacardium  occidentale.  They  are  externally  of  a  greyish  or  brownish  colour,  of  the  shapo 
.  of  a  kidney,  somewhat  convex  on  the  one  side,  and  depressed  on  the  other.  The  shell  ia 
very  hard  ;  and  the  kernel,  which  is  sweet  and  of  a  very  fine  flavour,  is  covered  with  a  thin 
film.  Between  this  and  the  shell  is  lodged  a  thick,  blackish,  inflammable  oil,  of  such  a 
caustic  nature  in  the  fresh  nuts,  that  if  the  lips  chance  to  touch  it,  blisters  immediately  fol- 
low.   The  kernels  are  used  in  cooking,  and  in  the  preparation  of  chocolate. 

CASPIAN  SEA.    See  Taoanhog. 

CASSIA.  There  are  fviur  species  of  cassia  in  the  market  viz.  Cassia  Fistula ;  Ca%sia 
Ligneu,  or  Cassia  Bark  ,•   Cassia  Buds,  and  Cassia  Senna. 

1.  Cassia  Fistula  (Fr.Casse,-  Ger.  Rhonkasie ;  It.  Polpa di  cassia ,•  Lat.  Cassias pul- 
pn  ;  Aral).  K/n/ar  sheber)  is  a  tree  which  grows  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  and  Egypt 
{(^assi  a  fistula  Lin.).  The  fruit  is  a  wooily,  dark  brown  pod,  about  the  thickness  of  the 
thumb,  and  nearly  2  feet  in  length.  Those  brought  to  this  country  come  principally  from 
the  West  Indies,  packed  in  casks  and  cases  ;  but  a  superior  kind  is  brought  from  the  East 
Indies,  and  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  smaller  smooth  pod,  and  by  the  greater  blackness  of 
the  pulp. 

2.  Cassia  Lignea,  or  Cassia  Bark  (Fr.  Casse  ,•   Ger.  Cassia  ;  Port.  Cassia  lenhosa  ; 

Arab,  Sekckeh  ,-  Hind.  Tiij ;  M&lay,  Kay u-legi),  the  bark  of  a  tree  (Lauriis  Cassia  Lin.) 

growing  in  Sumatra,  Borneo,  the  Malabar  coast,  Philippine  Islands,  &;c. ;  but  chiefly  in  the 

provinces  ofQuantong  and  Kingsi,  in  China,  which  furnish  the  greatest  part  of  the  cassia  met 

with  in  the  European  markets.     The  tree  grows  to  the  height  of  50  or  60  feet,  with  large, 

spreading,  horizontal    branches,  the   bark    resembles    that  of  cinnamon   in    appearance, 

smell,  and  taste,  and  is  very  often  substituted  for  it :  but  it  may  be  readily  distinguished  ;  it 

is  thicker  in  substance,  less  quilled,  breaks  shorter,  and  is  more  pungent.      It  should  be 

chosen  in  thin  pieces ;  the  best  being  that  which  approaches  nearest  to  cinnamon  in  flavour : 

that  which  is  small  and  broken  should  be  rejected.    A  good  deal  of  the  cassia  in  the  Indian 

markets  is  brought  from  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  Ceylon.     Malabar  cassia  is  thicker  and  darker 

coloured  than  that  of  China,  and  more  subject  to  foul  packing;  each  bundle  should  bo 

separately  inspected. — {Ainslie's  Materia  Indica,-  Milburn's  Orient.  Com.^-c.) 

The  duty  on  cassia  was  rfducetl  in  1825  from  is.  6d.  per  lb.  to  Is.,  and  in  1629  to  (irf.  Owing  partly 
totliesi!  reductions,  and  partly  to  the  heavy  dnty  on  and  hiph  price  of  cinniinion,  the  consumption  of 
cassia  has  more  ttian  doutilcd  since  1620.  Still,  however,  it  is  very  incon9ideral)le  wlu^n  conipurcd 
witli  the  importation.  In  1632,  tlie  duty  of  fid.  per  lb.  produced  1,607/.  2.<.  10(/.,sliowiii!:  that  72.265 Ihg, 
had  hci'n  cleared  for  consumption.  The  imports  in  f)rdinary  years,  vary  from  about  400,0(10  lbs.  to 
about  600,000  lbs. ;  the  excess  over  what  is  made  \ise  of  at  home  being  princijially  sent  to  Rerinaiiv, 
Italy,  and  Russia.  Of  837,5^9  lbs.  imported  in  1830,  700.715  Urn,  were  brought  from  llie  East  Inilia 
Company's  titrritories  and  Ceylon.,  25,566  lbs.  from  the  Philippine  Islands,  6,290  lbs.  from  Hrazil,  and 
5,995  lbs.  from  the  Mauritius.  Cassia  was  quoted  in  the  London  markets,  in  August,  1633,  at  from 66$. 
to  90s.  a  cwt.  in  bond.— (/'aW.  Paper,  No.  367,  Sess.  1632,  &.c.) 

[See  Impohts  anu  Exports. — Am.  Ed.] 

Cassia  Bens,  the  dried  fruit  or  berry  of  the  tree  (Laurtis  cassia)  which  yields  the  bark 
described  in  the  previous  article.  They  bear  some  resemblance  to  a  clove,  but  arc  smaller, 
and,  when  fresh,  have  a  rich  cinnamon  flavour.  They  should  be  chosen  round,  fresh,  atid 
free  from  stalks  and  dirt.  Cassia  buds  are  the  produce  of  China.  The  exports  from  Canton 
in  1831  amounted  to  1,334  piculs,  or  177,860  lbs.  The  imports  into  Great  Britain  in  1832 
were  75,173  lbs.,  but  the  entries  for  home  consumption  are  not  specified.  They  were  quoted 
in  the  London  markets  in  October,  1833,  at  80s.  a  cwt.  in  bond. —  (^Milbuni's  Orient.  Cum.; 
Anglo-Chinese  Kakndar  fitr  1832  ;  and  Pari.  Paper,  No.  425.  Sess.  1833.) 

Cassia  Senna.    Set  Sksxa. 

CASTOR  (Fr.  Cwitoreumi  Ger.  Kastoreunt ;  It.  Castoro ;  Sp.  Cat/oreo),  the  produce 
of  the  beaver.  In  th-^  inguinal  region  of  this  animal  arc  found  four  bags,  a  large  and  a 
small  one  on  each  side  :  in  the  two  large  ones  there  is  contained  a  softish,  greyish  yellow  or 
light  brown  substance,  which,  on  exposure  to  the  air,  becomes  dry  and  brittle  and  of  a  brown 
colour.  This  is  castor.  It  has  a  heavy  but  somewhat  aromatic  smell,  not  unlike  musk; 
and  a  bitter,  nauseous,  and  subacrid  taste.  The  best  comes  from  Russia ;  but  of  late  years 
it  has  been  very  scarce ;  and  all  that  is  now  found  in  the  shops  is  the  produce  of  Canada. 
The  goodness  of  castor  is  determined  by  its  sensible  qualities;  that  which  is  black  is  insipid, 
inodorous,  oily,  and  unfit  for  use.  Castor  is  said  to  be  somelimos  counterfeited  by  a  mix- 
ture of  some  gummy  and  resinous  substances;  but  the  fraud  is  easily  detected,  by  comparing 
the  smell  and  taste  with  those  of  real  castor. — (  Thomson's  Difiocnsutory.) 

CASTOR  OIL  (Fr.  Huile  du  Ricin  ,-  Ger.  Rizinusohl  ,■  It.  Olio  d'i  Ricino ,-  Sp.  Ricin- 
soel)  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  the  Ricinus  coi>  munis,  or  Palma  Christ i,  an  annual  plant, 
found  in  most  tropical  countries,  and  in  Greece,  the  south  of  Spain,  &c.  The  oil  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  seeds  either  by  boiling  them  in  water,  or  by  subjecting  them  to  the  action  of 
the  press.  It  is  said,  that  though  the  largest  (juantity  of  oil  may  be  procured  by  the  first 
method,  it  is  less  sweet,  and  niore  apt  to  become  rancid,  than  that  procured  by  expression, 
which,  in  consequence,  is  the  process  now  most  commonly  followed.  Good  expressed  castor 
oil  ia  nearly  inodorous  and  insipid  ;  but  the  best  leaves  a  slight  sensation  of  acrimony  in  the 
throat  after  it  is  swallowed.    It  is  thicker  and  heavier  than  the  fat  oils,  being  viscid,  trans- 


1    I 


CATECHU— CAT  SKINS. 


325 


iclils  the  bark 


parent,  and  colourless,  or  of  a  very  pale  straw  colour.  That  w  Inch  is  obtained  by  boiling 
the  seeds  lias  a  lirownish  hue ;  and  both  kinds,  when  they  become  rancid,  thicken,  deepen 
in  colour  to  a  reddish  brown,  and  acquire  a  hot  nauseous  taste.  It  is  very  extensively  em- 
ployed in  tiie  materia  medica  as  a  cathartic. — (  Thoirisnii's  Dispensatory.) 

Tlii'niiaiitity  rlcareil  fur  homo  coTisiiniptinn  in  lfi31  ainn\inlPil  to  327,OtO  llis.,  hoing  about  douhln  tlm 
qu;iiitity  ili'iiriul  for  cniiHiiminioii  in  1820;  an  incrniise  principally  iiacriWiihlo  to  tlii'  n-iinrlion  of  tlii! 
(lulv  I'roni  \s.  'M.  to  3i/.  Of  tlie  total  q\iantity  imported  in  1^:W,  iinionntinB  to  'ti)(),55M  His.,  no  fewpr 
•Jiaii  l-H.-ili*  lbs.  were  from  tlio  Kast  Imlies,  Sit.UW  ll)S.  from  Ilrilisli  North  Aiiicrica,  5,13!)  lbs.  from  the 
liiited  Stales,  and  1,718  lbs.  from  tliB  IJritisli  West  Indies.  Castor  oil  from  foreign  eoiintries,  beinfr 
iiiaded  with  a  duty  of  l.v.,  is  almost  wholly  re-e.\ported.  The  priee  of  East  Inilia  castor  oil  in  lioiid 
varies  from  KW.  to  Is.  'd.  por  lb. ;  lliat  of  the  West  Indies  is  much  higher. — (Jlccuunls  published  by  the 
Board  of  Trade,  p.  118. ;  Pari.  Paper,  No.  367.  Sess.  18:i2,  Sec.) 

C.\TECHU  (Fr.  Cacltou  ,-  Gcr.  Kaschu ,-  Hind.  Cut ;  Mai.  Gamhir),  a  brown  astrin- 
gent substance,  formerly  known  by  the  name  of  Terra  Japonica,  because  supposed  t:>  be  a 
kind  of  earth.  It  is,  however,  a  vegetable  substance  obtained  from  two  plants ;  viz.  the 
Miini),m,  or  more  correctly  the  Acacia  catechu,  and  the  Uncaria  gamhir.  The  first  of 
these  is  a  tree  from  20  to  30  feet  high,  found  in  abundance  in  many  of  the  forests  of  India, 
from  16°  of  lat.  up  to  30°.  The  places  most  remarkable  for  its  production  are,  the  Bur- 
mese territories ;  a  large  province  of  the  Malabar  coast,  called  the  Concan ;  and  the  forests 
skirting  the  northern  part  of  Bengal,  under  the  hills  which  divide  it  from  Nepaul.  The 
catechu  is  obtained  from  this  tree  by  the  simple  process  of  boiling  the  heart  of  the  wood  for 
a  few  hours,  when  it  assumes  the  look  and  consistency  of  tar.  The  substance  hardens  by 
cooling ;  is  formed  into  small  balls  or  squares ;  and  being  dried  in  the  sun,  is  fit  for  the 
market.  The  price  to  the  first  purcha.ser  in  the  Concan  is  about  1.5*.  a  cvvt.  According  t» 
Dr.  Davy,  who  analysed  it,  the  specific  gravity  of  Concan  catechu  is  1-39 ;  and  that  of 
Pegu,  1"28.  The  taste  of  tliis  substance  is  astringent,  leaving  behind  a  sensation  of  sweet- 
ness :  it  is  almost  wholly  soluble  in  water.  Of  all  the  astringent  substances  we  know,  cavt'chu 
appears  to  contain  the  largest  portion  of  tannin.  According  to  Mr.  Purkis,  I  lb.  is  equivalent 
to  7  or  8  lbs.  of  oak  bark  for  tanning  leather.  From  200  gr.*.  of  Concan  catechu,  Dr.  Davy 
procured  109  of  tannin,  68  of  extractive  matter,  13  of  mucilage,  and  10  of  earths  and  other 
impurities:  the  sr  .\o  quantity  of  Pegu  catechu  afforded  97  grs.  of  tannin,  73  of  extract,  10 
of  mucilage,  an<.  (■.  ♦'impurities.  The  uncaria  gumbir  is  a  scandent  shrub,  exten.sively 
cultivated  in  all  '  '  "•  -ies  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Straits  of  Malacca;  but  chiefly  in 
the  small  island  ;  .  ir  astern  extremity.  The  catechu  is  in  this  case  obtained  by  boiling 
the  leaves,  and  iri  ,  j^iniig  the  juice  ;  a  small  quantity  of  crude  sago  being  added,  to  give 
the  mass  consistency :  it  is  then  dried  in  the  sun,  and  being  cut  like  the  Concan  catechu 
into  small  squares,  is  ready  for  use.  There  is  a  great  consumption  of  this  article  throughout 
all  parts  of  India  as  a  ma.sticatory ;  it  forms  an  ingredient  in  the  compound  of  betel  pepper, 
areca  nut,  and  lime,  which  is  in  almost  universal  use.  Catechu  may  be  purchased  at  the 
Dutch  settlement  of  Rhio,  or  at  Malacca,  in  the  Straits  of  Singapore,  at  the  rate  of  about  10s. 
a  cwt.  The  quantity  of  it,  under  the  corrupted  name  of  cutch,  imported  jeariy  into  Cal- 
cutta from  Pegu,  at  an  average  of  the  .5  years  ending  with  1828-39,  was  about  .'iOO  tons,  at 
a  coft  not  exceeding  9.S'.  per  cwt.  From  Bombay  a  considerable  quantity  is  annually  im- 
ported into  China.  The  quantity  of  catechu,  under  the  name  of  gambir,  produced  in  Rhio 
by  the  Chinese  settlers,  is  eipial  to  about  4,600  tons  a  year,  about  2,000  of  which  are  ex- 
ported for  the  consumption  of  Java ;  the  rest  being  sent  to  China,  Cochin  China,  and  other 
neighliouring  countries. 

Caleciiu,  particularly  from  Singapore,  has  lately  been  imported  in  considerable  quantities 
for  trial  in  our  tanneries ;  but  with  a  duty  of  1/.  per  cwt.,  equal  to  twice  the  prime  cost,  we 
fear  the  speculation  is  not  likely  to  succeed. — (See  Ainslie's  Materia  Indica ,-  Urc^s  Dic- 
tiniiari/ ,-  Singapore  Chronicle ,-  Buchanan's  Journei/  through  Mysore  Canara,  and  Mala- 
bar;  Bell's  Rtview  of  the  external  Commerce  of  Bengal.) 

CAT'S  EYE,  a  mineral  of  a  beautiful  appearance,  brought  from  Ceylon.  Its  colours  are 
grey,  green,  brown,  red,  of  various  shades.  Its  internal  lustre  is  shining,  its  fracture  imper- 
fectly conchoidal,  and  it  is  translucent.  From  a  peculiar  play  of  light,  arising  from  white 
librcs  interspersed,  it  has  derived  its  name.  The  French  call  tiie  appearance  chatoyant. 
It  scratches  (juartz,  is  easily  broken,  and  resists  the  blosvpipe.  It  is  set  by  the  jewellers  as  a 
precious  Btone. 

CAT  SKINS.  The  skin  or  fur  of  the  cat,  is  used  for  a  variety  of  purpo.scs,  but  is  prin- 
cipally dyed  and  sold  as  false  sable.  It  appears  from  evidence  taken  before  a  late  Committee 
ol'the  House  of  Commons,  that  it  is  a  common  practice  in  London  to  decoy  the  animal  and 
kill  it  for  the  sake  of  its  skin.  The  fur  of  the  wild  cat  is,  however,  far  more  valuable  than 
tliat  of  the  domestic  cat.  The  wild  cat  skins  imported  into  this  country  are  brought  almost 
wholly  from  the  territories  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  The  animal  from  which  they 
are  taken  is  a  good  deal  larger  than  the  English  wild  cat,  and  is  sometimes  called  the /««/) 
cervier,  or  Canadian  lynx.  It  is  very  courageous.  At  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with 
1831,  the  number  of  cat  skins  imported  amounted  to  40,000  a  year,  of  which  about  21,000 
a  year  were  retained  for  home  consumption. 

Vot.  L— 2  E 


'A 

4'.: 


.1 


•^Ifl 


■J" 

MMUM 

o 


326 


CATTLE. 


h 


I  :;■  i: 


I-    ' 


v* 


CATTLE,  a  collective  term  applied  to  designate  all  those  quadrnpcds  that  are  used  eithc-7 
as  food  for  man,  or  in  tilling  the  ground.  By  neat  or  horned  cattle  is  meant  the  two  species 
included  under  the  names  of  the  ox  (Bos)  and  the  buffalo  (Bubulus) ;  but  as  the  latter  ia 
hardly  known  in  this  country,  it  is  the  former  only  that  we  have  here  in  view. 

The  raising  and  feedmg  of  cattle,  and  the  preparation  of  the  various  products  which  thej 
yield,  have  formed,  in  all  countries  emerged  from  the  javage  state,  an  important  branch  of 
industry. 

It  would  be  quite  inconsistent  with  the  oojccts  and  limits  of  this  work,  to  enter  into  any 
details  with  respect  to  the  dillerent  breeds  of  cattle  raised  in  this  or  other  countries.  They 
are  exceedingly  various.  In  Great  Britain  they  have  been  vastly  improved,  both  in  the 
weight  of  carcase,  the  quality  of  the  beef,  and  the  abundance  of  the  milk,  by  the  extraordi- 
nary attention  tiiat  has  been  given  to  the  selection  and  crotseing  of  the  licst  breeds,  according 
to  the  objects  in  view.  This  sort  of  improvement  began  about  the  middle  of  last  century, 
or  rather  later,  and  was  excited  and  very  much  forwarded  by  the  skill  and  enterprise  of  two 
individuals — Mr.  Bakewell  of  Dishley,  and  Mr.  Culley  of  Northumberland.  The  success 
by  which  their  efforts  were  attended  roused  a  spirit  of  emulation  in  others ;  and  the  rapid 
growth  of  commerce  and  manufactures  since  1760  having  occasioned  a  corresponding  in- 
crease in  the  demand  for  butcher's  meat,  improved  systems  of  breeding,  and  improved  breeds, 
have  been  very  generally  introduced. 

But  the  improvement  in  the  size  and  the  condition  of  cattle  has  not  been  alone  owing  to 
the  circumstances  now  mentioned.  Much  of  it  is  certainly  to  be  ascribed  to  the  great  im- 
provement that  has  been  made  in  their  feeding.  The  introduction  and  universal  extension 
of  the  turnip  and  clover  cultivation  has  had,  in  this  respect,  a  most  astonishing  influence,  and 
has  wonderfully  increased  the  food  of  cattle,  and  consequently  the  supply  of  butcher's  meat. 
It  was  stated  in  the  First  Report  of  the  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on 
Waste  Lands  (printed  in  179.5),  that  cattlo  and  sheep  had,  at  an  average,  increased  in  size 
and  weight  about  a  fourth  since  1733  ;  but  there  are  strong  grounds  for  supposing  that  the 
increase  had  been  much  more  consideralile  than  is  represented  by  the  committee. 

According  to  an  estimate  of  Dr.  Davenant  in  1710,  the  average  weight  of  the  nett  carcase 
of  black  cattle  was  only  370  lbs.,  of  calves  .50  lbs.  and  of  sheep  only  28  lbs. ;  but  according 
to  Sir  F.  M,  Eden  (Hist,  of  the  Poor,  vol.  iii.  Appen.  p.  88.)  and  Mr.  Middleton  (Agric.  of 
Middlesex,  2d  ed.  p.  541.)  the  weight  of  the  carcase  of  bullocks  killed  in  London,  is  now,  at 
an  average,  800  lbs.,  calves  140  lbs,,  sheep  80  lbs,,  and  Iambs  50  lbs,  including  offal ;  and  de- 
ducting the  latter,  the  nett  weight  of  the  carcases  is  nearer  a  half  than  a  fourth  greater  than 
the  weight  assigned  by  Davenant, 

Consumption  of  Butcher's  Meat  in  London. — The  number  of  head  of  cattle,  sheep  and 
lambs,  sold  in  Smithfield  market,  each  year  since  1 732,  has  been  as  follows  : — 


Ycara. 

Cattle. 

Sheep. 

Years. 

Cattle. 

Sheep. 

Veani. 

Cattle. 

Sheep. 

Years. 

Cattle.    1     Sheei,. 

1732 

76,210 

514,700 

1758 

84,252 

550,9,')0 

1783 

101,810 

701.610 

1808 

144,042  1,015,280 

173.1 

80,169 

555,050 

1759 

86,439 

582,"()0 

1784 

98,143 

616,110 

1809 

137,600      989,250 

1734 

78,810 

566,910 

1760 

88,591 

622,210 

1785 

09,017 

641,470 

1810 

1.32,155  ,  9fi2,75U 

1735 

83,894 

590,970 

1761 

82,514 

666,010 

1781) 

92,270 

665,910 

1811 

125,012      9titi,40ll 

17;i6 

87,606 

587,420 

1762 

102,831 

772,160 

1787 

94,946 

668..570 

1812 

133,851'     95.3.f),W  1 

1737 

89,862 

607,330 

1763 

80,851 

653,110 

1788 

92,829 

679,100 

1813 

137.770     891.210 

1738 

87.010 

589,470 

1704 

75,168 

556,360 

1789 

93,2()9 

093,700 

1M4 

135,0:ii     8T0..''f0 

1739 

80,787 

568.980 

1765 

81,630 

537,000 

1790 

103,708 

749,600 

1815 

,  124,918:     ilCi2.S40 

1740 

84,810 

501,020 

1766 

75,534 

574,790 

1791 

101,164 

740,360 

1816 

120,439'     <M,mi} 

1741 

77,714 

5.36,180 

1767 

77,324 

574,050 

1792 

107,348 

760,859 

1817 

129,888   1.014,710 

1742 

79,001 

503,260 

1708 

79,660 

620,170 

1793 

116,818 

728,480 

1818 

138,017,     y03.2.i0 

1743 

76,475 

468,120 

1769 

82,131 

642,910 

1794 

109,448 

719,420 

1819 

135.226:     9 19. 'ion 

1744 

76,648 

4<>0,020 

1770 

86,890 

649,090 

1795 

131,092 

745,010 

1820 

132,933'     947.«ii0 

1745 

74,188 

563,990 

1771 

93,573 

631,860 

1796 

117,152 

758.840 

1821 

129,125.  1,107.230 

1740 

71,582 

620,790 

1772 

89,503 

609,540 

1797 

108,,377 

69.1,510 

1S22 

142,013   l,,T10,ll)0 

1747 

71,150 

621,780 

1773 

90,1.33 

609,740 

1798 

107,470 

753,010 

1823 

149,552  1,26-1,1120 

1748 

67,681 

610,060 

1774 

90,419 

585,290 

1799 

122.986 

834,400 

1824 

163,615   1.2.'!tt,720 

174!) 

72,706 

624,220 

1775 

93,581 

623,950 

1800 

125,073 

842,210 

1825 

156,9S5   l,i;i0,310 

1750 

70,765 

656,340 

1776 

98,.372 

671,700 

1801 

l.S4,.')46 

760.560 

1826 

143,I6|I   1,270.530 

1751 

69,.5S9 

631,890 

1777 

93,714 

714,870 

1802 

120,389 

743,170 

1827 

13«,3(i3  i.3;i5,ion 

1752 

73,708 

642,100 

1778 

97,360 

658,540 

1803 

117,551 

787,430 

1828 

1 47.698   l,288.4f0 

1753 

75,252 

648,440 

1779 

97,352 

676,540 

1804 

113,019 

903,940 

1829 

1.5>.313   l,240,au0 

1754 

70,437 

031,350 

1780 

102,383 

706.850 

1805 

125.043 

912,410 

1830 

159,907   1,287,070  | 

1755 

74,290 

647,100 

1781 

102,543 

743,330 

1806 

120,250 

858,570 

1831 

148,168   1,18!>,0I0I 

1756 

77,257 

624,710 

1782 

101,176 

728,970 

1807 

134,320 

921,030 

1832 

166,224,  1,364,11,0, 

1757 

82,612 

574,960 

1                1 

Down  to  1820,  this  table  i,s  extracted  from  papers  laid  before  parliament ;  since  1820,  it  is  made  up 
from  retiirnB  procured,  for  this  work,  from  tlieClininbcrlain's  otfice. 

The  number  o(  fatted  calves,  excUiAvu  of  sticklers,  of  which  no  account  is  taken,  sold  aiimmllyin 
Siuithfield  from  1821  inclusive,  has  been  aa  follows  : 


1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 


-  20,729 

-  20,832 

-  20,879 

-  20,300 

-  19,522 
(Obtained  from  the  clerk  of  the  market,  5th  of  Nov.  1833.) 


21,768 

1827 

24,255 

1828 

22,739 

1829 

21,949 

1830 

20,958 

1831 

22,118 

1832 

f :;    • 


itlle. 

Sheep. 

4,042 

I.OIS.S^O 

I7.fi00 

989,250 

12.1,55 

,  902,750 

!5,012 

9titi,40(l 

;:i.N5V 

!153.fi,W  i 

7.771) 

891.210, 

5,0;i 

S70.ti!0 

4,918 

<i(;2.K4n 

0,439' 

9t)8.5fi0 

i>.8f8 

1.014.710  1 

■^.017 

(lo.'i.-rio  i 

5.220 

onuinn 

'2,!i3;) 

947.!)(i0 

9,125. 

1,107.230 

2,0 13 

l,3IO,lliO 

9.552 

l,2fi4.U20 

:i.l')l5 

1.239.720 

(;,y-5 

l,i:i0,310 

:!.ieii 

1,270,530 

•^..'fii.'i 

1.335,100 

7.(10S 

1,288.4HI 

-.3i:i 

1,240.300 

9,W)7 

1,287,070 

8,108 

1,189,010 

0,224 

1, 364.100 

£ 

8. 

d. 

1 

5 

8 

0  16  11 

8 

0 

2 

2 

6 

a 

7 

Si 

11 

6 

7 

3 

8 

6 

13 

5 

12 

6 

CATTLE. 

at  per  cwt. 

at  Greenwlcl 

£  s.  d. 

1785    - 

-    1  17    6} 

1790    - 

-    1  10  10 

1795    - 

-    2    2  10 

1800    - 

-    3    4    4 

1805    - 

-    3    0    4 

1810    - 

-    3  12    0 

1815    - 

-    3    8    0 

1820    - 

-    3  10    4i 

1821    - 

-    2  18  10 

1822    - 

-    1  10    5i 

£   g. 

(/.■ 

1823 

. 

-    2    2 

7f 

1824 

. 

-    2    2 

«{■ 

1825 

- 

-    2  19 

OV 

1820 

_ 

-    2  17 

8 

1827 

. 

-    2  15 

4* 

1828 

. 

-    2  10 

7| 

1829 

. 

-    2    0 

3* 

18,30 

_ 

-    2    3 

0 

1831 

_ 

-    2    4 

31 

1832 

- 

-    2    6 

2i 

327 

The  contract  prices  of  butcher's  meat  per  cwt.  at  Greenwich  Hospital,  since  1730,  have  been  as 
below  :— 

17.30 

1735 

1740 

1715 

1750 

1755 

1700    ■ 

]7()5 

1770 

1775 

1780 

Wc  .suspect,  from  what  we  have  heard  from  practical  men  of  great  experience,  that  the 
weight  assigned  l)y  Sir  F.  M.  Eden  and  Mr.  Middleton  to  the  cattle  sold  in  Smithfield  is  a 
little  beyond  the  average.  It  must  also  be  observed,  as  already  stated,  that  it  is  the  gross 
wciglit  of  the  carcase,  or  the  weight  of  the  animal  under  deduction  of  blood  and  refuse  ;  and 
therefore  to  get  the  7iett  weight,  we  have  further  to  deduct  the  offal,  or  the  hide,  tallow, 
entrails,  foot,  «&c.  We  have  been  informed  that  the  following  quantities  may  be  deducted 
from  the  carcase  weights,  in  order  to  obtain  the  nett  weights  of  the  different  animals ;  viz. 
from  neat  cattle,  250  lbs.  each;  calves,  35  lbs.;  sheep,  24  lbs.;  lambs,  12  lbs.  If  these 
estimates  be  nearly  right,  we  should  be  able,  provided  we  knew  the  respective  numbers  of 
sheep  and  lambs,  to  estimate  the  total  quantity  of  butcher's  meat  furnished  for  London  by 
Smithlietd  market,  exclusive  of  hogs  and  pigs.  Sheep  and  lambs  are  not,  however,  distin- 
guished in  the  returns ;  "but  it  is  known  that  the  former  are  to  the  latter  nearly  as  3  to  1 ;  so 
ihatwc  may  estimate  the  average  gross  weight  of  the  sheep  and  lambs  at  about  70  lbs.,  and 
their  average  nett  weight  at  about  50  lbs.     The  account  for  1830  will  then  stand  as  under : — 


J.umber  and  Sjieciea  of  Animals. 

Gross  Weiifht. 

offal. 

Ntlt  Weight. 

Butcher^  Meat. 

159,907  Cattle 
1,287,070  Sheep  and  lambs 
20,300  Calves      - 

800 

70 

140 

Llis. 

250 
20 
35 

550 
50 
105 

Total 

Llis. 

87,918,850 

64,353,500 

2,131,500 

154,434,850 

This  quantity,  estimated  at  the  average  price  of  6d.  would  cost  3,860,871/.;  at  8c?.,  it 
wonlJ  cost  5,147,828/. 

A  part  of  the  cattle  sold  at  Smithfield  go  to  supply  the  town  in  the  vicinity  ;  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  many  cattle  are  sold  in  the  adjoining  towns,  and  slaughtered  for  the  use  of 
London,  of  which  no  account  is  taken.  We  have  reason  to  think  that  the  latter  quantity 
rather  exceeds  the  former  ;  but  supposing  that  they  mutually  balance  each  other,  the  above 
quantity  of  154,434,850  lbs.  may  be  regarded  as  forming  the  annual  supply  of  butcher's 
meat  at  present  required  for  London ;  exclusive,  however,  of  hogs,  pigs,  suckling  calves, 
&c.,  and  exclusive  also  of  bacon,  hanw,  and  salted  provisions  brought  from  a  distance.  The 
quantities  thus  omitted  from  the  account  are  very  considerable  ;  nor  can  there,  we  appre- 
hent',  be  any  doubt  that,  with  the  addition  of  such  parts  of  the  offil  as  are  used  for  food, 
fhey  may  lie  considered  as  more  than  balancing  the  butcher's  meat  required  for  the  victual- 
ling of  ships.  On  this  hypothesis,  therefore,  it  will  follow,  assuming  the  population  of  the 
metropolis  to  amount  to  1,450,000,  that  the  annual  consumption  of  butcher's  meat  by  each 
individual,  young  and  old,  belonging  to  .t,  is,  at  an  average,  very  near  107  lbs. 

Thi.s,  though  not  nearly  so  great  as  has  been  sometimes  represented*,  is,  we  believe,  a 

larger  consumption  of  animal  food  than  takes  place  any  where  else  by  the  same  number  of 

individuals.    According  to  M.  Chabrol,  the  consumption  of  butcher's  meat  in  Paris  amounts 

to  between  85  lbs.  and  86  lbs.  for  each  individual.     At  Brus.scls  the  consumption  i.s  a  Utile 

greater,  being  supposed  to  average  89  lbs.  each  individual ;  being  rather  more  than  3  ILs. 

above  the  mean  of  Paris,  and  18  lbs.  under  the  mean  of  London. 

According  to  the  reports  of  the  inspectors  of  hides  and  skins,  the  followins  are  the  numbers  of 
cattle,  calves, and  sheep,  slaughtered  i.i  Liverpool,  Manchester,  Leeds,  and  Sliefiield,from  1815  to  1820 
inclusive  :— 


Liverpool       -           .           .           - 
Manchester               ... 
Leeds             _           _           .           - 
Sheffield         .... 

Totuls 

Cattle.               1               Calves 

Shetp. 

74,071 
95,054 
22,970 
30,097 

100.329 
90,574 
31. .598 
28,455 

457,208 
489,5,'>7 
317.042 
184,859 

222,798          1             259,9."6 

1,443,320 

(Appen.  to  Jlgric.  Report  of  1^21,  p.  207.) 


*  Mr.  Middleton  {Jigrkulttire  of  Middlesex,  p.  043.)  osliinatos  the  rnnsnniption  of  animal  fond  in 
London,  exclusive  of  fish  and  poultry,  at  234  Ihs.  a  year  for  every  individual !  And  he  furlhor  esti- 
mates the  total  average  annual  expense  incurred  by  each  inliabitant  of  the  inctiopnlis,  for  nil  sorts  of 
animal  food,  at  %l.  8«.!  To  make  any  coimnents  on  snrli  conrluhions  would  be  worse  than  tiscli'ss; 
Ijtttlhe  fact  of  their  being  met  with  in  a  work,  otherwise  of  considerable  niiM-it,  is  ono  of  the  many 
I'toofs,  every  where  to  be  met  with,  of  the  low  state  of  statistical  knowledge  in  this  ceuntry. 


■nifl 


mas, 

rn 


h  ' I  ■  'I 


"If"'* 


328 


CATTLE. 


;•'  . 


J 
I. 

■"-      I: 
t 


\ 


In  estimating  the  wcightH  of  the  animals  killed  at  these  towns,  a  lowci-  standard  must  be 
adopted  than  that  which  we  have  taken  for  Lundjn  ;  first,  because  the  largest  and  fmcst 
cattle  are  brought  to  the  metropolis ;  and  secondly,  because  a  very  large  proportion  of  the 
calves  arc  sucklers,  which  are  excluded  from  the  Loudon  accounts.  These  considerations 
have  not  been  sufficiently  attended  to  by  the  framcrs  of  the  estimate  in  the  report  now 
quoted.     8hecp,  in  the  above  table,  means  no  doubt  sheep  and  lambs. 

We  extract  from  Dr.  Cleland's  valuable  work  on  the  statistics  of  Glasgow  the  subjoined 
account  of  the  number,  weight,  &c.  of  the  animals  slaughtered  and  sold  in  that  city  duriii" 
the  year  1822. 

Butchers'  Meat  sold  in  the  Glasgow  Market,  in  1822. 


Koyjlly. 

Suburbs. 

Tolal. 

£      s.   d. 
142,746  16    0 

£      s.  d. 

Bullocks 

13,011'.» 

],5.'i7 

14,566 

avcrogc  28  stone,  407,818,  at   7.<i. 

f'nlvfs 

7,927 

6.10 

8,5.57 

—                 —          30*. 

15,102  12    0 

Sheep 

4H,Hi)0 

8.()2I 

57,520 

—                 —          20s. 

57,520    (►    0 

J.niubs 

511,121 

9,213 

(18,637 

—                 —            6s. 

20,.501    2    0 

Swiiio 

5,809 

040 

0,539 

-                 -    •       20«. 

6,539    0    0 

242,709  10   0 

Total 

135,155 

20,001 

155,819 

Tallow,  i^c.  belonginff  to  these  Carcasses. 

Bullocks 

-    1  l,.')6fi,  averaging  3i  stone,  50,981,    at    7*. 

17,843    7    0 

Wiles 

-    11,506,              —                 —                 28«. 

20,392    8    0 

llf.iuis  nnil  offals 

-    14,566,               —                  —                    K». 

5,826    8    0 

C';iir  skins    - 

-      8,557,               —                  —                    2*. 

KW  14    0 

SIkm'p  fallow 

-    57.1120,  averaging  3;  lbs.,  201,320,      -           5(/. 

4,194    3    4 

1   Ki'ails  mill  otiuls 

-      8,557,              -                 -                   U.(>d. 

041  15    6 

Slici'))  skins 

-    57,.520,               —                  —                     Is.  0,;. 

4,3  U    0    0 

Ili'.ids  and  offals 

-    .'i7.,52(),               —                  —                          7(/. 

1,077  13    4 

I.ninl)  skins 

-    68,337,               —                  —                    }s.  3(/. 

4,289  16    3 

Huuda  and  otTats 

-    68,637,               —                   -                          id. 

1,113  10    0 

61,179    4   5 

Total  value  of  Carcasgps,  Tallow,  Hides,  &c. 

303,978  14    5' 

^'  1 ,  f 


N.  IJ.— The  weight  is  estimated  in  this  statement  by  the  stone  of  16  lbs.,  each  of  22i-oz.  Thnoffici- 
of  hide-inspector  having  been  abolished,  thero  are  no  means  of  continuing  this  tabic  to  a  later  perioil; 
but  the  returns  of  the  cattle  sold  in  the  market  at  Glasgow  since  1822,  show  that  the  increase  in  the 
sujiply  of  animal  food  has  at  least  kept  pace  with  the  increase  of  population. 

The  population  of  Glasgow,  when  this  account  was  taken,  amounted  to  147,043,  which 
shows,  that  the  consumption  of  butcher's  meat  in  that  city,  is,  as  compared  with  its  popula- 
tion, but  little  inferior  to  that  of  London.  This  statement,  taken  in  connection  with  the  fact 
that,  so  late  as  1760,  the  slaughter  of  bullocks  for  the  supply  of  the  public  market  was  un- 
known in  Glasgow,  sets  the  wonderful  improvement  that  has  since  taken  place  in  the  fooii 
of  the  Scotch  people  in  the  most  striking  point  of  view.  Previously  to  1780  it  was  custim- 
ary  in  Glasgaw,  Edinburgh,  and  the  principal  Scotch  towns,  for  families  to  purchase  in  No- 
vember what  would  now  be  reckoned  a  small  half-fed  cow  or  ox,  the  salted  carcase  of  which. 
was  the  only  butcher's  meat  they  tasted  throughout  the  year.  In  the  smaller  towns  am! 
country  districts  this  practice  prevailed  till  the  present  century  ;  but  it  is  now  every  where 
abandoned.  Wc  believe,  indeed,  that  there  has  never  been  in  any  country  a  more  rapid 
increase  in  the  quantity,  or  a  greater  improvement  in  the  quality  of  the  food  brought  r~ 
market,  than  has  taken  place  in  Scotland  since  1770.  In  so  far  as  respects  butcher's  mex 
this  has  been  occasioned  partly  by  the  growing  numbers  and  opulence  of  all  classes,  and 
partly  by  the  vast  increase  in  the  food  of  cattle  consequent  to  the  introduction  of  green  crops, 
and  of  an  improved  system  of  cultivation. — (See  Bhkah.) 

The  introduction  of  steam  navigation,  and  the  improved  means  of  communication  by  rail- 
roads and  otherwise,  has  already  had,  and  will,  no  doubt,  continue  to  have,  a  material  influ- 
ence over  the  supply  of  butcher's  meat.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  their  con- 
veyance, cattle  could  not  formerly  be  conveniently  fattened  at  any  very  considerable  distance 
from  the  great  markets ;  but  steam  na\'igation  has  gone  far  to  remove  this  difficulty.  Instead 
of  selling  their  cattle,  lean  or  half-fed,  to  the  Norfolk  graziers,  and  by  whom  they  were 
fattened  for  the  London  market,  the  producers,  in  various  districts  of  Scotland,  are  now  be- 
ginning to  fatten  them  at  home,  either  sending  the  live  animals  or  the  carcases  by  steam  lo 
London,  Liverpool,  &c.  This  practice  is  indirectly  as  well  as  directly  advantageous  to  the 
farmer,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  him  to  turn  his  green  crops  to  better  account,  and  to  raise 
larger  supplies  of  manure.  The  same  practice  is  also  extending  in  Ireland  ;  and  will,  no 
doubt,  spread  itself  over  every  part  of  the  country  where  feeding  can  be  carried  on,  that  has 
the  required  facility  of  transport. 

Number  of  Head  of  Cattle  in  Great  Britain, — It  would,  on  many  accounts,  be  very 
desirable  to  be  able  to  form  an  accurate  estimate  of  the  number  and  value  of  the  stock  of 
cattle  in  Great  Britain,  and  of  the  proportion  annually  killed  and  made  use  of;  but  owing  to 
the  little  attention  that  has  been  paid  to  such  subjects  in  this  country,  where  every  sort  ot 
statistical  knowledge  is  at  the  very  lowest  ebb,  there  arc  no  means  of  arriving  at  any  con- 


CATTLE. 


329 


r^usions  that  can  be  depended  upon.    The  following  details  may  not,  however,  be  unaccept- 
oble. 

Arthur  Young  has  given,  both  in  his  Eastern  and  Northern  Tours,  estimates  of  the  num- 
ber and  value  of  the  different  descriptions  of  stock  in  England.     The  greatest  diRcre])ancy. 
unaccompanied  by  a  single  explanatory  sentence,  exists  between  them  ;  but  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  following  estimate  (Eastern  Tour,  vol.  iv.  p.  456.),  though,  perhaps,  rather 
under  the  mark,  is  infinitely  nearer  the  truth  than  the  other,  which  is  about  twice  as  great : — 
Number  of  Drnuglit  cattle     --.-.-      684,491 
Cows        -.--...      74l,ft32 
Fulling  entile      .-.-..      si-l.-ieo 
Young  cattle       ......      gi'i,(ib6 


Total 


2,852,048 


Now  taking  this  number  at  the  round  sum  of  3,000,000,  and  adding  a  third  to  it  for  the 
increase  since  1770,  and  1,100,000  for  the  number  of  cattle  in  Scotland  (General  Report  of 
Scotland,  iii.  Addenda,  p.  6.),  we  shall  have  5,100,000  as  the  total  head  of  cattle  of  all  sorts 
in  Great  Britain.  The  common  estimate  is,  that  about  a  fourth  part  of  the  entire  stock  is 
annually  slaiightered ;  which,  adopting  the  forego'  statement,  gives  1,275,000  head  for 
the  supply  of  the  kingdom  ;  a  result  which  all  thai  wc  have  heard  inclines  us  to  think  ia 
very  near  the  mark. 

Dr.  Colquhoun  estimated  the  total  head  of  cattle  in  England  and  Wales  only,  in  1812, 
at  5,500,000 ;  but  he  assigns  no  data  for  his  estimate,  which  is  entitled  to  very  little 
attention. 

Exclusive  of  the  cattle  raised  in  Great  Britain,  we  import  considerable  supplies  of  beef  and  of  live 
cattle  from  Ireland. 

Account  of  llie  number  of  Cows  and  Oxen,  and  of  the  qiiantitics  of  Beef,  imported  into  Great  Britain 

from  Ireland,  from  1801 : — 


mi 

1802 
1W3 
1804 
lh05 
1806 
1807 
180S 
1809 


Cows 
and  Oien. 


A'f). 
31,543 
42,501 
28.016 
l.'),61fi 
21,802 
27,T04 
20,253 
1. "1,958 
17,917 


Beef. 


Bnrreli. 
58,911 
59,448 
62,220 
59,342 
88,519 
91,261 
85,255 
88,306 
89,771 


Years. 


1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 


Cows 
and  Uien. 


ATo. 
44,553 
67,680 
79,122 
48,973 
16,435 
33,809 
31,752 
45,301 


Beef. 

Years. 

Barrett, 

71,605 

1S18 

108,282 

1819 

114.504 

1820 

101,516 

1821 

83,102 

1822 

60,307 

1823 

39.195 

1824 

105,555 

1825 

Cows 
and  Oxen. 


neef. 


No. 
58,165 
52,176 
39,014 
26,725 
34,659 
46,351 
62,314 
03,519 


Barreh, 
80,587 
70,504 
52,591 
65,905 
43,139 
69,079 
54,810 
63,557 


In  1825  thf!  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  placed  on  the  footins  of  a  coastine  trade, 
foliiat  tlwre  are  no  means  of  continuing  this  account  to  a  later  date;  but  for  some  further  particulars, 
the  rcailer  is  referred  to  Liverpool,  art.  Docks  ;  for  an  account  of  the  sales  of  cattle  at  the  great  fair 
of  Ballinasloe,  see  Faius  and  Maukf.ts. 

Cattle  of  ihe.  Covtinent. — Baron  Malchus  has  given,  in  his  work  on  European  Rtatislics,  published 
at  Sluttgard  in  1826,  an  account  of  the  nund)er  of  horned  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  &r.,  in  most  iouropcan 
cniuii'ries.  In  so  far  as  respects  the  llritish  empire,  the  statements  arc  mostly  copied  from  Colquhoun, 
and  are  ludicrously  inexart.  Perhaps,  however,  they  may,  in  so  far  us  regards  the  Continental 
states,  be  better  entitled  to  credit.    The  fcllowing  are  some  of  the  items  in  his  Table  : — 


Countries. 

Cattle. 

Countries. 

1 

Cattle. 

Sweden  and  Norway    - 

2,647,000 

Baden   -           .           -           . 

421,900 

Russia    -           -           -           - 

19,000,000 

Bavaria            ... 

1,895,700 

Denmark           -           .           . 

1,607,000 

Austria             ... 

9,912,500 

Netherlands       -           -           . 

2,.5oo,ono 

France              ... 

6.681,900 

Prussia  -          -           -           . 

4,275,700 

Hpain    -            -           -           . 

2,500,000 

Paxony  -          -           -           - 

345.01)0 

Portugal           ... 

650,000 

Hanover 

794,000 

Switzerland     -           -           - 

800.000 

Wirtcniherg 

713,000 

Italy      -           -           -           . 

3,500,000 

On  the  whole  the  Baron  estimates  the  neat  or  horned  cattle  of  Europe,  including  the  British  isles, 
tint  excluding  Turkey,  at  70,270,974.  At  best,  however,  this  estimate  can  only  be  considered  as  a  very 
rough  approximation. 

Laws  as  to  Cattle. — No  salesman,  broker,  or  factor,  employed  in  buying  cattle  for  others,  shall  buy 
for  liiiiisidf  in  London,  or  within  the  bills  of  mortality,  on  penalty  of  double  the  value  of  the  cattle 
boiiKht  and  sold.— (31  Geo.  2.  c.  40.) 

Cattle  not  to  he  driven  on  Kiinday,  on  penalty  of  20.«. — (3  Clia.  1.  c.  1.) 

Any  person  unlawfully  and  maliciously  killing,  woiMiding,  or  maimiiig  any  cattle,  shall  be  guilty  of 
felony,  and,  upon  conviction,  may  be  transported,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  hi'yond  seas  for  life, 
or  for  any  term  not  less  than  7  years,  or  be  imprisoned  fur  any  term  not  exceeding  4  years,  and  kept  to 
hard  labour ;  and,  if  a  male,  niav  be  once,  twice,  or  thrice  publicly  or  privately  whipped,  if  the  court 
shall  think  fit  so  to  order.— (7  &  8  Geo.  4.  c.  'M.) 

Persons  wantonly  and  cruelly  abusing,  beating,  or  ill-treating  cattle,  may.  upon  being  convicted 
before  a  justice  of  such  olTcnce,  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  exceeding  51.  and  not  below  lOs. ;  and  upon 
nonpayment  of  fine,  may  be  committed  to  the  house  of  correction  for  any  lime  not  exceeding  3 
months. 

Complaint  must  be  made  within  10  days  af^er  the  tiffence.    Justices  arc  instructed  to  order  compen. 
tatioa  to  be  made,  not  exceeding  20^.,  to  persons  ve.xatiously  complained  against. — (3  Oeo.  4.  c.  71.) 
2£2  42 


rn 

o 


t 


330 


CAVIAR— CERTIFICATES. 


y 


•  t( 


t  '  t 


1. 


■  -,  J 


,1 


•^  < 


CAVIAR  (Fr.  Caviar,  Cavinl;  (Jer.  Kav'iar  ,•  It.  Cnvmrio,  Carnage ;  Sp.  Cavlnriii  ,- 
RuH.  /Am  ,•  Lat.  Caviariu/n),  i»  substance  proparetl  in  Russia,  consistintj  of  the  salted  torn 
of  larj^e  fish.  The  Uralian  CosHacks  arc  cciel)rated  for  making  excrllcnt  caviar.  The  lipst 
is  made  of  tiic  roe  of  the  sturgeon,  appears  to  consist  entirely  of  the  eggs,  and  does  not  easily 
become  fetid.  This  is  packed  in  small  casks  or  koif»;  the  inferior  sort  bemg  in  the  form  nf 
dry  cakes.  Caviar  is  highly  esteemed  in  Russia,  and  considerable  (|uanlities  are  exported  to 
Italy.  It  is  principally  made  of  the  sturgeon  caught  in  the  Wolga,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Astrachan. — (See  Timke'it  Russia,  2d  ed.  vol,  iii.  p.  345.) 

CAYENNE  PEPPER,  «ii  GUINEA  PEPPER.    See  Ciiilliks. 

CEDAR  (Ger.  Zeder ,-  Du.  Ceder,-  Fr.  Ccdre ;  It.  and  Sp.  Cedro  ;  Rus.  Kedr ;  Lnt. 
Cedrtis).  The  cedar  of  Lebanon,  or  great  cedar  (I'intts  rrdriis),  w  flinious  in  Scriptim!; 
it  is  a  tall,  majestic-looking  tree.  "  Behold,"  says  the  inspired  writer,  "  the  Assyrian  was  a 
cedar  in  Lebanon  with  fair  branches,  and  with  a  shadowing  shroud,  and  of  an  high  ataturf ; 
and  his  top  was  among  the  thick  boughs.  His  height  was  exalted  above  all  the  trees  of 
the  field,  and  his  boughs  were  multiplied,  and  his  branches  became  lung.  The  fir  trees  wore 
not  like  his  boughs,  and  the  cliesnut  trees  were  not  like  his  branches  ;  nor  any  tree  in  the 
garden  of  God  was  like  unto  him  in  beauty." — {Ezekiel,  xxxi.  3.  .5.  8.)  The  cedar  grows  to 
a  very  great  size.  The  timber  is  resinous,  has  a  peculiar  and  powerful  odour,  a  slightly 
bitter  taste,  a  rich  yellowish  brown  colour,  and  is  not  subject  to  the  worm.  Its  durabiliiyiii 
very  great ;  and  it  was  on  this  account  {propter  idernitnlcm  Vitruvius,  lib.  ii.  §  9.)  cni- 
jiloyed  in  the  construction  of  the  temples,  and  other  public  buildings,  in  the  formation  oftlip 
statues  of  the  gods,  and  as  tablets  for  writing  upon.  In  the  time  of  Vitruvius,  cedars  were 
principally  produced  in  Crete,  Africa,  and  some  parts  of  Syria. — {Luc.  cit.)  \ercy  few  are 
now  found  on  Lebanon  ;  but  some  of  those  that  still  remain  are  of  immense  bulk,  and  in  thn 
highest  preservation. 

('edar  exceeds  the  oak  in  toughness,  but  is  very  inferior  to  it  in  strength  and  stilTncss, 
Some  very  fine  cedars  have  been  produced  in  England. 

There  are  several  other  kinds  of  timlier  that  are  usually  called  cedar ;  thus,  a  species  of 
cypress  is  called  white  calar  in  America ;  and  the  cedar  used  by  the  .Ta()ancse  for  building 
bridges,  ships,  houses,  &c.,  is  a  kind  of  cypress,  which  Thunberg  describes  as  a  beautiful 
wood,  that  lasts  long  without  decay.  'niey«/?i/>eri<s  oj^j/crr/r/M  is  a  native  of  Spain,  the 
south  of  France,  and  tlie  Levant ;  it  is  usually  called  the  brown  berried  cedar.  Tlu 
Bermudian  cedar  (Juniperus  liermudiann),  a  native  of  the  Bermuda  and  Bahama  islands 
is  another  species  that  produces  valuable  timber  for  many  purposes ;  such  as  internal  joiners' 
work,  furniture,  and  the  like.  The  red  cedar,  so  well  known  from  its  being  used  in  making 
black-lead  pencils,  is  produced  by  the  Virginian  cedar  (Juniperus  nnriiiinnd),  a  native  of 
North  America,  the  West  India  islands,  and  Japan.  The  tree  seldom  exceeds  4.'i  foet  in 
height.  The  wood  is  very  durable,  and,  like  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  is  not  attacked  by  worms. 
It  is  employed  in  various  ways,  but  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  drawers,  warJrolji!!, 
&c.,  and  as  a  cover  to  pencils.  The  internal  wood  is  of  a  dark  red  colour,  and  has  a  very 
strong  odour.  It  is  of  a  nearly  uniform  texture,  brittle,  and  light. — See  Trtdi^cM's  Princi- 
ples nf  Carpentri/ ;  Lib.  of  Entertaining  Knowledge,  Vegef.  Substances,-  Eees's  Cjclup. 
<Vc.) 

The  duty  on  cedar  (2/.  lOy.  a  ton  from  a  foreign  country,  atid  lOx.  from  a  British  possession)  pro- 
duced 3,54'W.  I9s.  lid.  in  183'j.    Its  price  in  bond  varies  from  (W.  to  'Jil.  a  font. 

CERTIFICATES,  in  the  customs.  No  goixls  can  be  exported  by  certificate,  except 
foreign  goods  formerly  imported,  on  which  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  customs  paid  on  im- 
portation is  to  be  drawn  back.  The  manner  of  proceeding  is  regulated  by  the  3  &  4  Will. 
4.  c.  52.  §  68,  &c.  The  person  intending  to  enter  outwards  such  goods,  is  to  deliver  to  the 
collector  or  comptroller  of  the  port  where  the  goods  were  imported  or  warehoused,  two  or 
more  bills,  specifying  the  particulars  of  the  importation  of  such  goods,  and  of  the  entry  out- 
wards intended  to  be  made;  and  the  officers,  if  they  find  such  bills  to  agree  with  the  entry 
inwards,  are  to  issue  a  certificate  of  such  entry,  with  the  particulars  necessary  for  the  com- 
putation of  the  drawback  upon  the  goods,  the  names  of  the  person  and  ship  by  whom  anil  in 
which  the  goods  aro  to  be  exported,  &c.  The  merchant  then  enters  the  goods  outward?,  as 
in  the  common  way  of  exportation.  The  cocket  granted  upon  this  occasion  is  called  a  certi- 
ficate cncket,  and  differs  a  little  in  form  from  common  over-sea  cockcts.  Notice  of  tiie  time 
of  shipping  is  to  be  given  to  the  searcher.  Some  time  after  the  departure  of  the  vessel,  the 
exporter  may  apply  for  the  drawback.  The  collector  and  comptroller  than  make;  out  on  a 
proper  stamp  a  debenture,  containing  a  distinct  narration  of  the  transaction,  with  the  ex])ort- 
er's  or  merchant's  oath  that  the  goods  are  really  and  truly  exported  beyond  seas,  and  not 
relanded,  nor  intended  to  be  relanded ;  and  also  with  the  searcher's  certificate  of  the  quaii- 
tity  and  quality  of  the  goods  at  the  time  of  shipping.  The  debenture  being  thus  duly  made 
out  and  sworn  to,  the  duties  to  be  repaid  are  indorsed,  the  merchant's  receipt  taken  below, 
and  the  money  paid. 

Certificates  of  origin,  subscribed  by  the  proper  officers  of  the  places  where  the  goods  were 
shipped,  are  retjuired,  to  entitle  the  importers  of  sugar,  coifee,  cocoa,  and  sj)irils  from  any 


CHAIN— CHARLESTON. 


331 


\i  anil  stifTness. 


jssessioii)  prn- 


nritisli  plantation,  to  get  them  entered  ns  such.  A  oimilar  cprtifioato  is  required  in  the  easo 
of  blubber — (sec  BLuniiKn) ;  and  in  tlie  easo  of  wine  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  and 
siigiir  from  the  limits  of  tlie  Eawt  India  Company's  charter,  &c. — (See  Impoiitation  anu 

EXPOHTATION.) 

CHAIN,  in  suneying,  a  measure  of  lcnfl;th,  composed  of  a  certain  number  of  links 
made  of  iron  wire,  serving  to  taico  the  distance  lietwcen  two  or  more  places.  Ounter's 
cimin  contains  100  such  links,  each  measuring  7 //^  inches,  consequently  equal  to  66  feet, 
or  4  poles. 

CHALDRON,  a  dry  English  measure.  36  coal  bushels  make  a  chaldron,  and  21  chal- 
drons a  score.  The  coal  bushel  is  19^  inches  wide  from  the  outside,  and  8  inches  deep.  It 
contains  2,317'6  cubic  inches;  but  when  hea[)ed,  2,815'5,  making  the  chaldron  f)8'65  cubic 
feet.  There  are  12  sacks  of  coal  in  a  chaldron ;  and  if  5  chaldrons  be  purchased  at  the  same 
time,  the  seller  must  deliver  6.3  sacks ;  the  3  sacks  additional  are  called  the  ingrain.  But 
coals  are  now  sold  in  London,  and  almost  every  where  else,  by  the  ton  of  20  cwt.  avoirdu- 
]ioiH.  The  Newcastle  chaldron  of  coals  is  53  cwt.,  and  is  just  double  the  London  chaldron. 
—(See  Coal.) 

CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE,  is  an  assembly  of  merchants  and  traders,  where  aflitirs 
relating  to  trade  are  treated  of.  There  are  several  establishments  of  this  sort  in  most  of  the 
chief  cities  of  France ;  and  in  this  country,  chambers  of  this  kind  have  been  created  for 
various  purposes. 

CiiAMiiKH  OF  Assurance,  in  France,  denotes  a  society  of  merchants  and  others  for  car- 
rjing  on  the  business  of  insurance ;  but  in  Holland  it  signifies  a  court  of  justice,  where 
causes  relating  to  insurances  are  tried. 

CHAMPAGNE,  one  of  the  most  esteemed  and  celebrated  of  the  French  wines.  Sec 
Wine. 

CIIANKS,  OR  CHANK  SHELLS,  common  conch  shells,  are  fished  up  by  divers  in  the 
Gulf  of  Manar,  on  the  coast  opposite  Jaffnapatam,  in  Ceylon,  in  about  2  fathoms  of  water; 
and  at  Travancore,  Tuticoreen,  and  other  places.  Large  fossil  beds  of  chanks  have  also 
been  found.  They  are  of  a  spiral  form,  and  form  a  considerable  article  of  trade  in  India, 
wiiore  they  are  in  extensive  demand  all  over  the  country.  They  arc  sawn  into  narrow  rings 
or  bracelets,  and  are  worn  as  ornaments  for  the  arms,  legs,  fingers,  &c.  by  the  Hindoo  wo- 
men ;  many  of  them  are  also  buried  with  the  bodies  of  opulent  and  distinguished  persons. 
Those  which,  from  being  taken  with  the  fish,  are  called  green  chanks,  are  most  in  demand. 
The  white  chank,  which  is  the  shell  thrown  upon  the  beach  by  strong  tides,  having  lost  its 
gloss  and  consistency,  is  not  worth  the  freight  up  to  Calcutta.  The  value  of  the  green 
chank  depends  upon  its  size.  A  chank  opening  to  the  right,  called  in  Calcutta  the  right- 
handed  rhank,  is  so  highly  prized  as  sometimes  to  sell  for  400,  or  500,  or  even  1,000  rupees. 
—(HdPs  Commerce  of  Bengal,  and  private  comnntnlcation/i.) 

The  fishery  of  chunks  is  monopolised  by  government,  who  most  commonly  let  the  banks  for 
about  4,000/.  a  year.  Sometimes,  however,  they  arc  fished  by  the  servants  of  government 
on  its  account.  But  as  the  fishermen  of  the  coast,  and  those  belonging  to  the  little  islands 
where  they  are  found,  cannot  be  prevented  from  taking  chanks,  the  better  plan,  as  it  appears 
to  us,  would  be  to  give  every  one  leave  to  fish  them  ;  but  to  lay  a  somewhat  heavier  duty  on 
their  exportation.  We  have  been  assured  by  those  well  acquainted  with  the  circumstances, 
that  this  would  be  advantageous  to  all  parties,  but  especially  to  government.  We  have 
heard  that  an  arrangement  of  this  sort  has  recently  been  made,  but  we  have  not  learned  any 
thing  positive  respecting  it. 

CHARCOAL  (Fr.  Ckarbon  de  bois ;  Get.  Reine  Kohle  ,•  It.  Carbone  di  legna  ,•  Sp. 
Curkm  de  Una.-  Lat.  Carlo  ligni),  a  sort  of  artificial  coal,  consisting  of  wood  burned  with 
as  little  exposure  to  the  action  of  the  air  as  possible.  "  It  was  customary  among  the  ancients 
to  char  the  outside  of  those  stakes  which  were  to  be  driven  into  the  ground  or  placed  in  wa- 
ter, in  order  to  preserve  the  wood  from  spoiling.  New-made  charcoal,  by  being  rolled  up  in 
clothes  which  have  contracted  a  disagreeable  odour,  effectually  destroys  it.  When  boiled 
with  meat  beginning  to  putrefy,  it  takes  away  the  bad  taint ;  it  is,  perhaps,  the  best  tooth- 
powder  known.  When  putrid  water  at  sea  is  mixed  with  about  \  of  its  weight  of  charcoal 
powder,  it  is  rendered  quite  fresh ;  and  a  much  smaller  quantity  of  charcoal  will  serve,  if  the 
precaution  be  taken  to  add  a  little  sulphuric  acid  previously  to  the  water.  If  the  water  casks 
be  charred  before  they  are  filled  with  water,  the  liquid  remains  good  in  them  for  years ;  this 
precaution  ought  always  to  be  taken  for  long  sea  voyages.  The  same  precaution,  when 
attended  to  for  wine  casks,  will  be  found  very  much  to  improve  the  quality  of  the  wine." 
— (^Thomson's  Chemistry.) 

CHARLESTON,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  the  United  States,  of  South  Carolina,  in  laU  32" 
47'  N.,  long.  79°  48'  W.  Population  in  1830,  including  the  suburbs,  40,300.  The  situa- 
tion of  Charleston  has  a  good  deal  of  resemblance  to  that  of  New  York,  being  built  on  a 
point  of  land  between  the  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  at  their  point  of  confluence.  The  ex- 
ports principally  consist  of  cotton  and  rice  (particularly  the  former),  which  are  the  staple 
products  of  the  state.    There  are  a  few  other  articles  exported,  such  as  naval  stores,  hams, 


SIS 


"1^1 


rn 

'C3 


r 


332 


CHARLESTON. 


;''  '' 


;    f." 


I  ' 


k- 


'  <i 


...1;! 


baron,  &c.,  but  thoir  vnluc  is  quite  iiicouHJilcraMc.  All  tlio  cotton  sent  from  S'outh  C'lfa-. 
lina  to  foroign  countries  issliipix'd  nt  CImrlcston.  In  1h:31-33,  the  ex|)orts  arc  said  to  have 
oinountrd  to  18S,<)'28  liales,  of  which  i;}8,683  wrre  for  (irrat  Britain.'  Tlic  vahio  of  the  cot- 
ton exported  in  I  SHI  amounted,  accordinpf  to  the  customhouse  vahiation,  to  4,S8.'j,4:3 1  dollars, 
and  that  of  the  rice  to  1,818,859  do.  But  exclusive  of  the  exports  to  foreign  couiitrieH, 
South  (Carolina  sends  n  Rreat  deal  of  cotton  and  rice  to  other  ports  of  the  Union.  'J'lie  shi|)- 
nients  of  cotton  constwiHC  in  1831-.32  were  cstiniated  at  about  4.1,000  bales.  The  imports 
from  foreii;n  countries  principally  consist  of  cottons,  woollens,  and  linens,  hardware,  iron,  and 
steel,  colTee,  sugar,  tea,  wine,  spices,  &c.  The  greater  part  of  the  imports  do  not,  however, 
come  from  abroad,  but  from  the  northern  and  middle  states.  The  former  supply  her  with 
fish,  shoes,  and  all  sorts  of  coarse  manufactured  goods  for  the  use  of  the  slave  population ; 
while  the  latter  supply  her  with  wheat,  flour,  &c.  Most  part  of  the  imjiorts  of  foreign  pro. 
ducc  are  also  brought  at  second-hand  from  New  York,  which  occupies  the  snmo  rank  in  tliu 
Union  that  Liverpool  and  London  do  in  Great  Britain.  There  were,  in  18:30,  !^  banks  in 
this  city,  including  the  branch  of  the  United  States  Bank,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
4,975,000  dollars  :  the  total  dividends  for  the  same  year  amounted  to  317,000  dollars  ;  being 
at  the  rate  of  C'371  jier  cent.  There  were  also  3  marine  insurance  coin|)aiues,  liavini}  a 
capital  of  750,000  dollars. — {Statement  hi/  J.  H,  (•'offdard,  Em/.,  New  Yiirh  Ikiili/  Adverther, 
S9th  of  January,  1831.)  The  registered,  cnrolle<l,  and  licensed  tonnage  belonging  to 
Charleston,  in  1831,  amounted  to  13,008  tons,  of  which  7,147  tons  were  em[iloycd  in  the 
coasting  trade.  The  total  value  of  the  articles  imported  into  South  Carolina,  in  the  year 
ending  30th  of  September,  1832,  was  1,213,7'2.'7  dollars;  the  total  value  of  the  exports  dur- 
ing  the  same  year  being  7,758,781  dollars. — (Papers  laid  before  Coiii^re.s.i,  15th  of  Febru- 
ary, 1833.)  In  South  Carolina,  the  dollar  is  worth  4,v.  8rf.  currency  ;  h<i  that  1/.  sterling 
«=1/.  0.9.  8^rf.  currency.  Weights  and  Measures  same  as  in  England. — (For  further  details, 
sec  Nkw  Yohk.) 

Porr— rtiarlpslon  linrhour  is  spnciniis  and  convenient  j  but  tlie  enlranre  to  it  is  inronmindud  hya 
rnnse  of  sanil-hanks,  slrittcliin!!  from  Hnllivim's  Ixland  on  tlit:  iiorlli  to  l''iilly  IsniiKl  on  the  fcuiilr, 
ahoiu  Uj- Iciicnes.  Tlieru  aro  several  ciiiinnels  throngli  llicse  banks,  hut  only  thnn-,  the  iniililli!  ot 
diruct  channel,  the  shi|)  channel,  and  Lawford  channel,  between  the  latter  and  the  nialnlanil,  ilmi 
ought  to  he  attempted  by  ships  of  considerable  bnrden.  The  entrance  to  the  ship  channel  i^  in  lat,  'M' 
40'.  The  dR|)th  of  water  on  the  shallowest  part  of  the  bar  at  ebb  tide  is  12  feel,  ami  at  Hood  (rum  IT 
to  18  feet ;  whilst  the  depth  In  the  middle  channel  at  low  water  docs  not  exceed  9  feet,  and  in  l.awHird 
channel  it  does  not  exceed  10  or  II  feet.  A  liifhthnnse  has  been  erected  on  the  south  point  of  l.ialit- 
liouse  Island,  bearinc  from  the  middle  of  the  bar  of  the  ship  channel  VV.  N  W.  i  N.  It  is  H)  feet  liJL'h, 
tiavine  a  rovolviiiB  light, alternately  brilliant  and  obscure,  the  period  of  obscuration  beiug  doulilc  that 
of  brilliancy  ;  but  on  approaching  the  light,  the  latter  gains  upon  the  formi^r,  and  within  l.i  leauiie  it 
is  never  wholly  dark.  The  light  may  be  seen  in  tine  weather  at  from  3  to ■!  leagues  oif.  After  getting 
into  the  chnnrnd,  which  is  marked  by  the  breakers  ami  buoys  on  each  side,  tlie  proper  course  fer  a 
ship  to  steer  is  to  bring  the  lighthouse  to  bear  N.  W.  by  W.,  and  stand  direct  for  it  till  you  get  within 
the  banks,  winin  the  course  is  N.  by  W.  But  it  Is  unnecessary  to  enter  into  (iirther  details  (ju  these 
points,  as  all  ships  entering  (!harl(?ston  harbour  are  bound,  provided  they  are  haileil  by  a  licensed 
pilot  ofT  the  bar,  to  pay  him  full  pilotage  fees  whether  they  accept  his  services  or  not.  In  point  of 
fact,  however,  they  are  always  accepted  ;  for  the  shifting  of  the  sands,  the  Intlucnce  of  tin;  tides, &c. 
renrler  the  eiUrauce  so  diflicult  to  those  not  perfectly  familiar  with  It,  that  even  the  packet  ships  llial 
sail  rcL'ularly  to  and  from  New  York  unit'orndy  heave-to  without  the  bar  for  a  pilot. — (.See  I'lau  of 
Charleston  Harbour,  reduced  from  the  origiiuil  survey  of  Major  H.  Itache.) 

Ships  usually  moor  alongside  quays  or  wharfs,  where  they  arc  in  perfect  safety. 

Departura  from  CHarlaiim.— The  SoWov/'mg  11  Dollars,  cmli.     I.,  i,    d 

An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Ship^wilhlh..  Specification  of  their       '"'iP'J'Jf,  ,'rr,^^''i!.l,r'irf?'^.,',T  (     ^0    00     ■   10  !3   6  1-2 
Tonnwe,  an.1  the  Countrie.  10  which  Ihey  lielonned,  Hut  cleared       .Xl'V'V,     '1       ,?,'''     '        ,    m  n    iiii 

from  cTiarlejInn  for  Foreign  Porli  (luring  each  of  the  Three  Veani  t? ''f  S  '  .h„  r  '.      ,.'     i      '  .     .  ^  r    ,      i        I 

endine  with  1S31  * Ine  dtntTcnce  in  the  feis  on  tlie  CH'annce  at  the  (.ustom-noiist'of 

naing     in  .  a  native  and  a  foreign  ship,  is  owine  to  the  fnrnicr  hi-iiig  obhged  to 

give  certain  bonds  vvliich  are  not  rt-ijuired  of  the  latter. 

The  greater  or  smaller  toiinaxn  of  the  ship  makes  no  dillerence  on 
any  of  the  alHive  charges,  ejicept  that  of  pilotage,  v.  Iiich  i*  in  pro* 
portion  to  her  draft  of  ivater,  and  is  the  same  nhether  for  a  foreip 
or  a  native  sliip. 

Rates  of  Commitsinn — The  rates  of  commission  or  f.ictonre 
usually  charged  and  allowed  at  Charleston  ou  trausactini;  diffident 
sorts  of  business,  are  as  follows,  viz. — 

For  selling  domestic  produce  2  1*2  per  cent. 

For  selling  foreign  merchandise  n  per  cent. 

For  guaranteeing  either  of  these  salts,  2  1-2  per  cent,  additional  i» 
commonly  allowed. 

For  purchasing  with  funds  in  hand,  or  drawing  domestic  bills  for 
remiluiniement,  2  1-2  per  cent. 

For  purchasing  g(M)ds  and  drawing  foreign  bills  for  reimbursement, 
5  per  cent,  is  charged. 

For  the  aale  of  real  or  personal  estate,  the  re?ular  charge  is  5  per 
cent.  ;  but  where  the  pniperty  to  he  sold  is  of  any  coiisiltrable 
value,  the  parties  in  general  enter  into  an  agreement  beforehand, 
and  a  much  lower  rate  of  commiision  is  allowed. 

C/iar^ts  on  liice  and  Cotton  shipped  at  Chartaton.* 
Ce»ts. 
Dravage,  wharfage,  So.     -  •  12 1-2  per  barrel. 

Cooirerage  •  ■  •  -    18  3-4     ditto. 

Total    31  14  cenU  per  barrel. 


Nation. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831.         1 

Vsls. 

Tons. 

Vsls. 

Tons. 

Vsls. 

91 

1S6 

6 

27 
3 

I 

Tons. 

British 

United  Stata 

French 

Sjanish 

Bremen 

Dutch 

Danish 

.55 

258 
22 
6 
3 

I 

19,053 
61,783 
5,481 
420 
811 
193 
45 

51 

269 

11 

12 

5 

1 

I6,2V 
64,742 

2,7T7 

1,106 

872 

"123 

26,631 

43,369 

1.848 

2,671 

371 

~2; 

To'al      • 

.345  1    97,7S5 

349 

85,672      314 

7,5,015 

Shippinf^  Chargei.—The  charges  of  a  public  nature  paid  by  ships 
enteriiiK  this  port  dift'er  but  little  in  amount  nn  a  native  and  a  inrt'iKn 
bhip.  On  a  vessel  supposed  to  be  of  300  tonx  burden,  enterini;,  un- 
loidin^,  taking  on  board  a  mixed  cargo,  and  clearins  oul^  they 
M  ouM  be  as  under  :— 

Dollar],  centt.     L.  t.    d. 
Fee  on  entry  at  the  custninhousa  - 
Surveyor's  (ee,  on  a  forei^L  ship  • 
tiitto.        on  a  native  ship    • 
Harbour-master's  fee         •  -  • 

Port  warden's  survey,  when  required 
Fees  on  clearance  at  ihe  customhouse,  of  > 
a  native  ship    -  •  ■  ) 

Ditto  or  a  foreign  ship   ■ 


2 

60 

0  11 

1  1-4 

ft 

00 

1    1 

4  1-4 

,3 

00 

0  12 

9  3-4 

2 

no 

■    0    8 

6  1-2 

10 

00 

2    2 

8  1-2 

3 

so 

•     0  14  11  t.4 

2 

70 

on 

6  1-4 

*  This  statement  is  taken  from  an  American  paper,  and  is  believed  to  be  nearly  accurate,  but  it  k 
not  otBcial. 


i^i 


CHART,  CIIARTERPARTY. 


333 


On  cotton  Ihr  chirwt  tr»— 
On  •«iii,iri'  I'»Im, 
nmyJl",  «h..rfa«[-, He.      . 
Ubour,  nieudiiig  b,ig|lng,  kc. 


r  Charlaton., 


1-4  centi  per  barrel. 


:urate,  but  it  in 


Cmli. 

•  10    per  bale. 

•  10       Jitln. 

Totil    M  cenU  per  biile. 


On  rniin'l  Kit™  nr  Injf, 
Labour,  iiielitiiug  bjj((liiK,  lie. 


For  pnmniitiinn,  tre  abovn. 


Cmtt. 

•  10    per  lj;\Ie. 

•  15      ditto. 

Tnl,il    ii  ceiili  p«r  bait. 


Thne  pirtlcuUra  btve  been  principally  ileriviul  from  the  innwert  n»<le  by  Ihn  Cuiiiiii  at  Chnrletton,  lo  tli«  circular  qiwrira  |  luwnt 
»  hich  Jn  (!"'»'  iTC'lil  111  hii  inli'lll<rnco  an  I  iuilmlry. 

[The  caiiilnl  of  the  Chnrlestoii  Imiiks  hail  been  auptmontptl,  in  1836,  to  ?r),480,000;  the 
bnnkliii;  cnpital  of  the  entire  state  of  South  Curulina  then  amounting  to  the  Hum  of 

Fur  iiirormation  concornini?  the  commerce  nnJ  shippinct  of  the  port  of  Oharloston,  the 
reader  is  referrcil  to  the  articles  Impoiits  anh  Expouts,  and  Shiph. — Am.  Ed,] 

CII.\KT  ((»nr.  SrcJiurtm ;  Du.  Zie/ntrtcn ;  Ft.  Carles  inarine.i  ,•  It.  Carle  marine,' 
Sp.  and  I'ort.  Ccirlns  dc  inarear)  in  properly  applied  to  a  projection  of  some  part  of  the  sea, 
as  the  trrin  H[aj)  is  to  a  portion  of  tlie  land  ;  wherefore  charts  are  sometimes  denominated 
"  Hvilrosraphicttl  Maps."  They  are  distinguished  into  several  kinds,  as  plain,  globular,  and 
Mercator  charts. 

CHARTEHPARTY,  the  name  given  to  a  contract  in  writing,  between  the  owner  or 
master  of  a  ship  and  the  freighter,  by  which  the  former  hires  or  lets  the  ship,  or  a  part  of  the 
ship,  under  certain  specified  conditions,  for  the  conveyance  of  the  goods  of  the  freighter  to 
isome  particular  place  or  places.  Generally,  however,  a  charterparty  is  a  contract  for  the  use 
of  the  whole  ship :  it  is  in  commercial  law,  what  an  indenture  is  at  common  law. 

IS'o  precise  form  of  words,  ur  set  of  stipulations,  is  requisite  in  a  charterparty.  The  forma 
subjoined  to  this  article  are  those  most  commonly  in  use ;  but  these  may,  and,  indeed,  in 
many  cases  must,  be  varied,  to  suit  the  views  and  intentions  of  the  parties. 

A  charterparty  is  generally  under  seal :  but  sometimes  a  printed  or  written  instrument  is 
signed  by  the  parties,  called  a  tiieinorandttm  of  a  churlerpartij  ;  and  this,  if  a  formal  char- 
terparty be  not  afterwards  executed,  is  binding.     The  stamp  in  either  case  is  the  same. 

Cliarterparties,  when  ships  arc  let  or  hired  at  the  place  of  the  owners'  residence,  are  gene- 
rally executed  by  them,  or  some  of  them ;  but  when  the  ship  is  in  a  foreign  port,  it  must 
necessarily  be  executed  by  the  master,  and  the  merchant  or  his  agent,  uidess  the  owners 
have  un  agent  in  such  port,  having  proper  authority  to  act  for  them  in  such  matters. 

A  charterparty  made  by  the  master  in  his  name,  when  he  is  in  a  foreign  jiort  in  the  usual 
course  of  the  ship's  employment,  and,  therefore,  under  circumstances  which  do  not  afford 
evidence  of  fraud ;  or  when  it  is  made  by  him  at  home,  under  circumstances  which  ailbrd 
evidence  of  the  expressed  or  implied  assent  of  the  owners;  is  binding  upon  the  latter.  But, 
according  to  the  law  of  England,  no  direct  action  caii  be  maintained  upon  the  instrument 
itself  against  the  owners,  unless  it  be  signed  and  sealed  by  them,  or  unless  they  authorise 
tlie  master  (or  agent,  as  the  case  may  be)  to  enter  into  the  contract,  and  unless  it  be  dis- 
tinctly expressed  in  the  charterparty  that  he  acts  only  as  agent. 

When  a  ship  is  chartered  by  several  owners  to  several  persons,  the  charterparty  should  be 
executed  by  each,  or  they  will  not  bo  liable  to  an  action  for  nonperformance.  But  if  the 
cliarterparty  be  not  expressed  to  be  made  between  the  parties,  but  runs  thus — "  This  char- 
terpcirty  indented  witnesseth,  that  C,  master  of  the  ship  W.,  with  consent  of  A.  and  B.,  the 
owners  thereof,  lets  the  ship  to  freight  to  E.  and  F.,"  and  the  instrument  contains  covenants 
liy  E.  and  F.  to  and  with  A.  and  B. ;  in  this  case  A.  and  B.  may  bring  an  action  upon  the 
covenants  expressed  to  be  made  with  them  ;  but  unless  tliey  seal  the  deed,  they  cannot  bo 
sued  upon  it.    This,  therefore,  is  a  very  proper  form. 

The  general  rule  of  law  adopted  in  the  construction  of  this,  as  of  other  mercantile  instru- 
ments, is,  that  the  interpretation  should  be  liberal,  agreeable  to  the  real  intention  of  the 
parties,  and  conformable  to  the  usage  of  trade  in  general,  and  of  the  particular  trade  to  which 
the  contract  relates. 

The  charterparty  usually  expresses  the  burden  of  the  ship ;  and  by  the  famous  French 
Ordinance  of  1681,  it  is  required  to  do  so.  According  to  Molloy  (book  ii.  c.  4.  §  8.),  if  a 
.ship  be  freii;hted  by  the  ton,  and  found  of  less  burden  than  expressed,  the  payment  shall  be 
only  for  tlie  real  burden ;  and  if  a  shij)  be  freighted  for  200  tons,  or  thereabouts,  the  addition 
of  thereabouts  (says  the  same  author)  is  commonly  reduced  to  Jive  tons  more  or  less ;  but 
it  is  now  usual  to  say  so  many  tons  "  register  measurement." 

The  usual  covenant,  that  the  ship  shall  be  seaworthy,  and  in  a  condition  to  carry  the 
goods,  binds  the  owners  to  prepare  and  complete  every  thing  to  commence  and  fulfd  the 
voyage.  But  though  the  charterparty  contained  no  such  covenant,  the  owner  of  the  vessel 
would  be,  at  common  law,  bound,  as  a  carrier,  to  take  care  that  the  ship  should  be  fit  to  per- 
form the  voyage ;  and  even  though  he  should  give  notice,  limiting  his  responsibility  from 
losses  occasioned  to  any  cargo  put  on  board  his  vessel,  unless  such  loss  should  arise  from 
want  of  ordinary  care,  &c.,  he  would  be  liable  if  his  ship  were  not  scawortl\y. —  (See  Sea- 
wonniv.) 

In  all  maritime  transactions,  expedition  is  of  the  utmost  consequence  ;  for  even  by  a  short 
delay,  the  object  or  season  of  a  voyage  may  be  lost ;  and  therefore,  if  either  party  be  not 


t 


C!3 


•nn 


CD 


■.-If  v.f 


334 


CHARTKUPARTY. 


1 


!  I 


ri'iidy  liy  tlie  limo  nppointcd  for  tlii'  loddini;  of  ilic  Mliip,  )hn  otlirr  niny  urek  oiiolhrr  Miip  or 
curRo,  and  l)riiii{  iiii  iiction  to  recover  tlie  diiiiiii(;es  lie  has  KUHliiiiied, 

Thp  innnner  in  which  the  owner  in  to  hide  the  earuto  in,  for  the  niont  part,  rrnul.ited  liy 
the  cuHtoin  and  nwine  of  the  place  where  he  in  to  hide  it,  uidcMH  then;  lie  an  exprexs  Hti|iii|ii. 
tion  ill  the  ehartcrparty  with  respect  to  it.  (ienerally,  however,  the  owner  iH  hound  to 
arriini;e  the  dilli'mit  articles  of  the  eari;o  in  the  inoxt  proper  manner,  and  to  take  llie  (j;re;iti'»t 
cure  of  tliein.  If  ii  cuHk  lie  iiccidcntully  Htiivud,  in  letting  it  down  into  the  hold  uf  the  hIiIji. 
the  niaHter  muni  answer  for  the  Iohh. 

If  tile  owner  covenants  to  load  a  full  mul  romplrtc  cnrp^o,  the  mnntcr  nuiHt  take  as  nuich 
on  hoard  uh  he  can  do  with  siit'ety,  and  without  injury  to  the  vessel. 

The  master  must  not  take  on  board  any  contrahand  (foods,  whereliy  the  shi[)  or  cartfo  niny 
1)0  lialile  to  forfeiture  and  detention  ;  nor  nuist  he  take  on  hoard  any  false  or  coloiiriilijr 
papers;  hut  he  must  take  and  keq)  on  hoard  all  the  pa|iersand  documents  reipiired  tor  tlu> 
protection  and  manifestation  of  the  ship  and  car^o  hy  the  law  of  tiie  countries  from  and  to 
which  the  ship  ia  hound,  by  the  law  of  nations  in  general,  or  hy  uny  treulieH  between  par- 
ticular states. 

If  the  master  receive  goods  ot  the  (juay  or  heach,  or  send  his  boat  lor  tlicin,  his  responsj. 
hilily  commences  with  the  recfi/if  in  the  port  4)f  Iiondon.  With  respect  to  goods  inteiiilcd 
to  be  sent  coastwise,  it  has  been  held,  that  the  respoiiHibilily  of  the  wharfinijer  ceases  hy  the 
delivery  of  them  to  the  mate  of  the  vessel  upon  the  irluirf.  As  soon  as  ho  receives  the 
goods,  the  master  must  provide  adequate  means  for  their  protection  and  security  ;  for  even  if 
the  crew  he  over|)owcre(i  hy  a  sui)erior  force,  and  the  goods  taken  while  the  shij)  is  in  a  (lort 
or  river  within  the  country,  the  master  and  owners  are  liable  for  the  loss,  though  they  iniiv 
have  committed  neither  fraud  or  fault.  This  may  seem  a  harsh  rule ;  but  it  in  ncccBsary,  to 
])ut  down  attempts  at  collusive  or  fraudulent  eombiimtiuna. 

The  master  must,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  cliarter|)arty,  commcnco  the  voyage  with- 
out  delay,  as  soon  lis  the  weather  is  favourable,  hut  not  otherwise. 

Sometimes  it  is  covenanted  and  agreed  upon  between  the  parties,  that  the  specified  num- 
ber of  days  shall  be  allowed  for  loading  and  unloading,  and  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
freighter  to  obtain  the  vessel  a  further  specified  time,  on  payment  of  a  daily  sum  as  demur- 
ra'j;e, — (See  DKMi'uiiAnE.)  If  the  vessel  he  detained  beyond  Iwth  periods,  the  freighter  is 
liable  to  an  action  on  the  contract.  TIic  rate  of  demurrage  mentioned  in  the  ehartcrparty 
will,  in  general,  be  the  measure  of  the  damages  to  bo  paid ;  but  it  is  not  the  absolute  or 
necessary  measure ;  more  or  less  may  he  payable,  as  justice  may  require,  regard  being  haJ 
to  the  expense  and  loss  incurred  by  tlie  owner.  When  the  time  is  thus  expressly  ascer- 
tained and  limited  by  the  terms  of  the  contract,  the  freighter  is  liable  to  an  action  for  damai;c!? 
if  the  thing  be  not  done  within  the  time,  althoiii^h  this  mat/  not  be  utlrilniluhh  to  any  fault 
or  omh^von  nn  hlapart ;  for  he  has  engaged  that  it  shall  be  done. — (Abbott  on  the  Law  of 
Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  1.) 

If  there  has  been  any  undertaking  or  warranty  to  sail  with  convoy,  the  vessel  must  repair 
to  the  place  of  rendezvous  for  that  ]iurpoBe  ;  and  if  the  master  neglect  to  proceed  v/ith  con- 
voy, he  will  be  answerable  for  all  losses  that  may  arise  from  want  of  it. 

The  owners  or  master  should  sail  with  the  ship  for  the  place  of  her  destination  with  all 
due  diliscncc,  and  by  the  usual  or  shortest  course,  unless  in  cases  of  convoy,  which  the  master 
must  follow  as  far  as  possible.  Sometimes  the  course  is  pointed  out  in  the  ehartcrparty.  A 
deviation  from  the  usual  course  may  he  justified  for  the  i)urposc  of  repairs,  or  for  avoidins;  an 
enemy  or  the  perils  of  the  seas,  as  well  as  by  the  sickness  of  the  master  or  mariners,  and  the 
mutiny  of  the  crew. 

By  an  oxcejjtion  in  the  ehartcrparty,  not  to  be  liable  for  injuries  arising  from  the  act  of 
God  and  the  king's  enemies,  the  owner  or  master  is  not  responsible  for  any  injury  arifin? 
fi-oin  the  sea  or  the  winds,  unless  it  was  in  his  power  to  prevent  it,  or  it  was  occasioned  by  his 
imprudenco  or  gross  neglect.  "  The  question,"  said  Lord  Mansfield,  in  an  action  brought 
by  the  East  India  Comj)any,  "  is,  whether  the  owners  are  to  pay  for  the  damage  occasioned 
by  the  storm,  the  act  of  God  ;  and  this  must  be  determined  by  the  intention  of  the  ])iirtics, 
and  the  nature  of  the  contract.  It  is  a  charter  of  freight.  The  owners  let  their  ships  to 
hire,  and  there  never  was  an  idea  that  they  insure  the  cargo  against  the  perils  of  the  sea. 
What  are  the  obligations  of  the  owners  which  arise  out  of  the  fair  construction  of  the  ehar- 
tcrparty ]  Why,  that  they  shall  be  liable  for  damages  incurred  by  their  own  fault,  or  that 
of  their  servants,  as  from  defects  in  the  ship,  or  improper  stowage,  &c.  If  they  were  liable 
for  damages  occasioned  by  Storms,  they  would  become  insurers."  The  House  of  Lords 
confirmed  this  doctrine  by  deciding  (20th  of  May,  1788)  that  the  owner  is  not  liable  to  make 
satisfaction  for  damage  done  to  goods  by  storm. 

The  charterer  of  a  ship  may  lade  it  either  with  his  own  goods,  or,  if  he  have  not  sufficient, 
may  take  in  the  goods  of  other  persons,  or  (if  not  prevented  by  a  tdausc  to  that  cflTcct  in  the 
ehartcrparty)  he  may  wholly  underlet  the  ship  to  another. — (For  further  details,  sec  Abbott 
on  the  Law  of  S/iipping,  part  iii.  c.  I. ;  Chitttjs  Commercial  Law,  vol.  iii.  c.  9,  &c. ;  and 
the  articles  Bill  of  Lauixd,  Fbeigut,  Master,  &c.  in  this  Dictionary.) 


CIIARTERPARTY. 

Forma  nf  Chart erparlien. 
The  followirm  \n  ono  of  iho  most  uiinil  furmH  of  a  chnrtrrjiiirty  : — 


335 


iiiiiriiHT,  nmitor,  niiil  nwniir,  f^f  tli« 


KPpi  SUM,  ^Miiiin  II,  ?"i  I  "MK,  1*  III    ii|i|i<iit:iii-u,  iiiiiiir«iirii,  Miiii    |irii\  lUiM,  IIM  wt'll    ^'I.ll    ni1!i 

siillirii'iit  iiMil  iiIpIc  111  sail,  t'liidiMiml  u'KVcrn  llii!  Hiiid  Mlii|i,  iin  willi  nil  iiiiiiip>m of  rijik'H 
1111(1  ii|>|i:ir(d,  t'liriilliiri',  iinivisioii,  anil  a|)|iiirli'iiiiiir)'!<,  litllii);  iiiiil  :ii!i'  .  ..itiy  lor  tl><- 
iiitiriiii'ra,  anil  fur  tliu  fiuA  Hlilp  diirin!;  tliu  vnyaKi!  iit'oruNaiil.     In  \vltnca«,  ftc 


The  pfrcrtt  variety  of  cirpumstaiiccs  uiuU-r  which  diin^rcnt  voyages  a-c  made  ;)r.  i*iU(.''n 
corrcspondiiiR  diversity  in  charterpiirties.  Tiie  churterparty  of  which  the  fol'.'r.vimj  <  i  a  '.■ui-/ 
affords  a  good  example  of  tlio  more  complex  species  of  these  instruments. 

It  is  this  il:iy  niutnally  airrijcd  lit'twuen  Mr.  T.  B.  Uann,  nwiii'r  nf  tlic  (food  nl'.;;i  r.r '"ss'.i  i;.ll(il  I'lO 
MiTinaiil,  William  lli'iinikcr,  niastiT,  of  tliii  nicasureini'nt  iit"  ITi  ti  is,  or  tlicrci'iont-',  nov  m  ilie 
rivi'r  Tlmaii.'H,  and  iMr.  David  Tlionisoii,  of  Ihr  firm  of  iMrstirs.  Tlioni.Jon,  I'asslnorl^  ari'l  Tlii.n.i.  ni.  of 
Mauritius,  nii^ri'liant!!,  tliattlK!  said  sliij),  lifiiiu  ti):lit,  Hiaani'li,  a  lul  strong',  and  ivi  iv  way  lutud  i'uf 
till!  voyaiie.  shall  with  all  conveiiiiint  »|)(a'd,  sail  and  proci'i^d  to  J'alcntta,  with  i.im!»  • «  ilvi;  co'  'tela 
out  to  S'i'W  Smith  Wales,  and  from  tluMio;  troops,  mcrcliandlsc,  or  passiMiKcrs,  to  tl'o  afor!>ti;>  rd.jtind 
pnrt  of  Calcutta,  with  Icavo  to  touch  at  Madras  on  lit^r  way  thither,  if  reiiiiircil  on  "\vi.«'rs  a.TDi.nl, 
or  fi)  iirar  Ilii'rt'Uiito  as  she  may  safely  cet,  and  there  load  from  the  factors  of  tli-o  si  ■!  hi-'n-'ianti'  ,"1 
f'lilfutta.  a  fall  and  complete  car(?o  of  rice,  or  any  oilier  lawful  K'I'mIs  which  thu  charlctc  ')/i)fti'iH  to 
sliip  and  proceed  wllli  the  same  to  Port  Louis,  in  the  Isle  of  France,  and  deliver  the  fuinn  fr.  i^  of 
frciLMit ;  afterwards  load  there  a  full  ami  complete  cariioof  snijar  in  liajis,  or  other  lawful  iiierchaiidlf.c. 
of  as  favouralile  loniiaue,  which  the  charterer  eiiKas.  s  to  ship,  not  exceeding  what  she  can  reasonably 
stow  ami  carry  over  and  above  her  tackle,  apparel,  provisiiiiis,  and  furniture;  and,  beiti);  so  londhil, 
shall  tlieruwith  proceed  to  liOiiilon,  or  so  neai  tbereiiiito  as  she  may  safely  (;et,  unil  d  '"ivir  llio  saiiio 
OB  lieinu  paiil  frciijht,  viz.  for  such  (|uantity  of  sugar  equal  to  the  actual  (j'saiitit;-  of  rb  e,  or  oflior 
pnnd.s.tliat  may  be  sbliiped  at  ralcutta,  at  the  rate  of  5/.  I'2.<.  fn/.  per  ton  of  -JO  cnt.  iiett,  slilpjicd  'b  t  • ; 
and  sliimid  the  vessel  deliver  more  iiett  sugar  in  the  port  of  London  than  liic  inianli;y  of  r'oe,  nr  ofhcc 
cnoils,  adually  shipped  in  Calcutta,  the  owners  to  be  paid  on  the  cvcessm  the  r,';.'iiliir  oiirrent  rate,  of 
frciglil  l"or  suijar  which  other  vessels,  loading  at  the  same  time  at  Port  Lou  s.  -ecf  -i  ,  tb':  lom'a^e  ia' 
till!  rice,  wheat,  or  grain,  to  be  reckoned  at  20cwt.  uett  per  ton;  that  oi  othf,  goods  it  th-  u  I'.il 
iiieasiirement  (the  act  of  God,  the  king's  enemies,  tire,  and  all  and  every  otlii'i  «'  laitiri'.  a.u  ucvidcits 
of  the  seas,  rivers,  and  navigation,  of  whatever  nature  and  kind  soever,  dtii.ig  tiiu  said  V(i\u<^o, 
always  e.\cepted).  The  freight  to  lie  paid  on  unloailiiig  ana  right  dely.'t  ,  <  '^  tie  ciiTO,  -is  -si  custom- 
ary in  the  port  of  London.  IS'iiiety  running  days  are  to  be  allowed  I'lc  saM  lou'rcjiiint  (il  thi:  ship  is 
not  sooner  despatched)  for  loading  the  shipat  Calcutta,  discharp.m' '.'( ;  car:.'o  n;  I'ort  Loula,  uiid  load- 
ing the  cargo  there;  the  said  laydays  to  commence  on  the  vef-  '.i  lieing  reai.y  to  receive  cargo,  the 
master  giving  notice  ill  writing  of  the  same  at  Calcuttr,  ai.f!  to  c•^>ntilluo  during  the  loading  there; 
and  from  the  time  of  her  arrival  at  I'ort  Louis,  and  (  ".r:;  ready  to  discharge,  till  the  final  loading  at 
that  port,  and  to  be  discharged  in  the  pi, ft  nf  London  v  i;h  all  possible  despatch ;  and  20  days  on  do- 
nuirrage  over  and  above  the  said  laying  ;!:iys,  ai  1^/.  per  day.  Penalty  for  non-performance  of  this 
agreement,  4,000<.  The  cargo  t  :  be  I.roii/.it  to  and  taken  from  alongside  at  the  expense  and  risk  of 
tlie  merchants.  The  ne  i  ssary  cash  for  the  disbursements  of  the  vessel  at  (-alc.iilta,  not  exceeding 
3.5(1/.,  to  hi!  advanced  by  ilie  charterer's  agents ;  they  taking  the  master's  drafts  on  the  owner  for  tho 
same,  at  the  regular  current  rate  of  exchange,  and  at  three  months'  sight ;  and  if  the  said  bills  be  not 
regularly  accepted  and  paid  when  due,  the  same  to  be  deducted  iVoin  the  freight  payable  by  this  char- 
lerparty.  The  vessel  to  be  disbursed  at  Port  Louis  by  the  chartering  agents  ;  sum  not  to  exceed  .SOO/., 
free  of  commission  ;  and  the  amount  to  be  d(!ducted  from  the  freight  at  the  liiial  s(!ttlement  at  the 
port  of  London.  Captain  not  to  ship  gooils  without  consent.  In  the  event  of  the  ship  being  prevented, 
by  damage  or  any  other  cause,  reaching  the  Mauritius  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  January,  18.11,  the 
charterer  or  his  agents  shall  be  at  liberty  to  employ  the  vessel  for  one  or  two  voyages  to  Calcutta,  at 
the  rate  of  11.  per  ton  of  rice,  or  other  goods,  delivered  nt  Mauritius.  Fifty  running  days,  to  loud  and 
discharge,  to  be  allowed  on  each  voyage  ;  it  being  understood  that  the  charterer  or  his  agents  shall 
load  the  ship,  as  before  agreed,  either  at  tliu  end  of  the  lirst  or  second  voyage,  as  thu  case  may  be. 


c;3 


f  rZ2 


r 

»♦^■•■•l 

J 
r- 


336 


CIIAY  ROOT— CHEESE. 


I   t 


.  il. 


The  freight  on  the  intcrmnrtiate  voyages  (if  any)  to  l)e  paid  on  delivery  of  the  rargn,  in  cash,  nr  by 
bills  on  London  at  nsanco,  at  the  (iplioii  of  the  master.  The  vessel  to  he  addri  ssed,  hoth  at  Calcutta 
iitul  Isle  of  Trance,  to  the  agents  of  the  charterer.  In  witness  whereof,  the  said  parties  have  heru- 
unlo  set  Ihe'r  liands  and  seals,  at  London,  the  2d  day  of  Deceniher,  182!». 

Signed,  scaled,  and  delivered,  )  (Signed)  TllOi^.  B.  RANN,  (L.s.) 

In  tlie  presence  of  f  B-  THOMSON,       (L.S.) 

(Signed)         E.  FORSYTIL 

Slamp  Duty  un  Churttrpurties. — The  statute  55  Geo.  3.  e.  184.  enacts,  that  any  char- 
tcrparty  or  any  agreement  or  contract  for  the  charter  of  any  sliip  or  vessel,  or  any  memo- 
randum, letter,  or  other  writing,  between  the  captain,  master,  or  owner  of  any  ship  or  ves.sol, 
and  any  other  person,  for  or  relating  to  the  freight  or  conveyance  of  any  money,  goods,  or 
•  iTect.-!,  on  lioard  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  shall  be  charged  with  a  duty  of  1/.  15,s. 

Ami  when  the  same,  together  with  any  schedule,  receipt,  or  other  matter,  put  or  indorspj 
thereon,  or  annexed  thereto,  shall  contain  2,1  GO  words  or  upwards,  then  for  every  entire 
(juantity  of  1,080  words  contained  therein  over  and  above  the  lirst  1,080  words,  there  shall 
be  charged  a  further /JTOifW.M/i'e  duty  of  1/.  5.9. 

CHAY  OR  CHOY  KOOT,  the  roots  of  a  small  biennial,  rarely  triennial,  plant,  growing 
spontaneously  in  light,  dry,  sandy  ground  near  the  sea ;  and  extensively  cultivated,  especially 
on  the  coast  of  Coromandel.  The  cultivated  roots  are  very  slender,  and  from  1  to  2  feet  in 
length  with  a  few  lateral  fibres ;  but  the  wild  arc  shorter,  and  supposed  to  yield  one  fourth 
part  more  of  colouring  matter,  and  of  a  better  quality.  The  roots  arc  employed  to  dye  the 
durable  reds  for  which  the  Indian  cotton  yarn  and  chintzes  have  been  long  famous,  and 
which  can  only  be  equalled  by  the  Turkey  red. 

Chay  root  forms  a  considerable  article  of  export  from  Ceylon.  Only  a  particular  set  of 
people  are  allowed  to  dig  it.  It  is  all  bought  up  by  government,  who  pay  the  diggers  a 
fixed  price  of  75  or  80  rix-dollars  a  candy,  and  sell  it  for  exportation  at  about  175  rix-dol- 
l&Ts.—iBertolacd's  Cei/loti,  p.  270.) 

This  root  has  been  imported  into  Europe,  but  with  no  success.  Dr.  Bancroft  suspects  ii 
may  be  injured  by  the  long  voyage  ;  but  he  adds,  that  it  can  produce  no  eflcet  which  nwv 
not  be  more  cheaply  produced  from  madder.  It  is  a  very  bulky  article,  and  is  consequently 
burdened  with  a  very  heavy  freight. — (Permanent  Colours,  vol.  ii.  p.  282 — 303.) 

CHECKS,  CHEQUES,  on  DRAFTS,  are  orders  addressed  to  some  person,  generally  a 
banker,  directing  him  to  pay  the  sum  specified  in  the  check  to  the  person  named  in  it,  or 
bearer  on  demand.    The  following  is  the  usual  form : — 

^  London,  30lh  October,  1833. 


Pau  Mr.  A.  B.  or  bearer,  One  Hundred  Pounds,  on 


account 


'ay 
of 


C.  D. 


Messrs.  Jones,  Loyd,  and  Co. 

In  point  of  form,  checks  nearly  resemble  bills  of  exchange,  except  that  they  arc  uviformli/ 
payuble  to  bearer,  and  should  be  drawn  upon  a  regular  banker,  though  this  latter  point  is 
not  essential.  They  are  assignable  by  delivery  only  ;  and  are  payable  instantly  on  i)rc.scnt- 
ment,  without  any  days  of  grace  being  allowed.  But  by  the  custom  of  London,  a  banker  ha.s 
until  5  of  the  afternoon  of  the  day  on  which  a  check  is  presented  for  payment  to  return  it; 
so  that  where  a  check  was  returned  before  5,  with  a  memorandum  of  "cancelled  by  mis- 
take" written  under  it,  it  was  held  a  refusal  to  pay.  If  a  check  upon  a  banker  be  lodgej 
with  another  banker,  a  presentment  by  the  latter  at  the  clearing-house  is  sutrnient.  Checks 
are  usually  taken  conditionally  as  cash ;  for  unless  an  express  stipulation  bo  made  to  the 
contrary,  if  they  be  presented  in  due  tisne  and  not  paid,  they  are  not  a  paym(>nt.  It  is  difli- 
cult  to  define  what  is  the  due  or  reasonable  time  within  which  checks,  notes,  or  bills,  should 
be  presented.  A  man,  as  Lord  Ellenborough  has  observed,  is  not  obliged  to  neglect  all  other 
business  that  he  may  immediately  present  them  :  nevertheless  it  is  the  safest  plan  to  present 
them  without  any  avoidable  delay ;  and  if  received  in  the  place  where  payable,  they  hud 
better  be  presented  that  day,  or  next  at  furthest.  If  a  check  be  not  presented  within  a  rea- 
sonable time,  the  party  on  whom  it  is  drawn  will  be  justified  in  refusing  to  pay  it ;  and  the 
holder  will  lose  his  recourse  upon  the  drawer.  Checks  drawn  on  bankers  residing  10  miles 
or  more  from  the  place  where  they  are  drawn,  must  be  on  a  stamp  of  the  same  value  as  a 
bill  of  exchange  of  an  equal  amount;  but  checks  drawn  on  a  banker,  acting  as  such  within 
10  miles  of  the  place  where  they  are  issued,  may  be  on  plain  paper. — {Chilly  un  Commer- 
cial Law,  vol.  iii.  p.  591. ;   Wmlrych  on  Commercial  Law,  c.  3.  §  2„  &c.) 

CHEESE,  (Ger. /laAe.-  Bu.Knas,-  Ft.  Fromage  ,•  U.  Fronuigirio,  Cacio ;  i^p.Qiiesn; 
Rus.  St<r;  Lat.  Caseus),  the  curd  of  the  milk  separated  from  the  whey,  and  pressed  or 
hardened.  It  has  been  used  as  an  article  of  food  from  the  earliest  ages :  vast  (juantitics  of  it 
are  consumed  in  Great  Britain,  and  in  most  countries  in  Europe. 

There  is  an  immense  variety  of  cheeses,  the  qualities  of  which  depend  principally  on  the 
richness  and  flavour  of  the  milk  of  which  they  are  made,  and  partly  on  the  way  in  which 
they  are  prc^iared.    England  is  particularly  celebrated  for  the  abundance  and  excellence  of 


CHEESE. 


337 


its  cheesp.  Cheshire  and  Gloucestershire  are,  in  this  respect,  two  of  its  most  famous  coun- 
ties; tlie  cheese  produced  in  the  former  has  hcen  estimated  at  11,500  tons  a  year.  There 
are  two  kinds  of  Gloucester  cheese,  double  and  single ;  the  first  is  made  of  the  milk  and 
cream,  the  latter  of  the  milk  deprived  of  about  half  the  cream.  They  are  of  various  sizes, 
from  20  to  70  and  even  80  lbs. ;  but  they  generally  run  from  50  to  60  lbs.  A  great  deal  of 
cheese  is  also  made  in  that  part  of  Shropshire  which  borders  upon  Cheshire,  and  in  North 
Wiltshire.  The  tbrmer  goes  under  the  name  of  Cheshire  cheese :  the  latter  was,  till  lately, 
called  Gloucestershire  cheese  ;  now  it  receives  its  appellation  from  the  county  where  it  is 
made.  A  strong  cheese,  somewhat  resembling  Parmesan,  is  made  at  Chedder  in  Somerset- 
shire. The  celebrated  rich  cheese,  called  Stilton,  is  made  in  Leicestershire,  principally  in 
the  villages  round  Melton  Mowbray.  It  is  net  reckoned  sufficiently  mellow  for  cutting  un- 
less it  be  two  years  old;  amd  is  not  saleable  unless  it  be  decayed,  blue,  and  moist.  A  rich 
cheese  is  also  m&de  at  Leigh,  in  Lancashire.  The  otlier  cheeses  made  in  England,  which 
have  acquired  a  peculiar  name,  either  from  the  quantity  made,  or  from  the  quality,  are  the 
Derbyshire,  Cottcnham,  and  Southam  cheeses.  The  two  last  are  new  milk  cheeses,  of  a 
iicculiarly  fine  flavour:  the  places  where  they  are  made  are  in  Cambridgeshire.  Bath  and 
York  are  remarkable  for  their  cream  cheeses.  The  county  of  Warwick,  and  Banbury 
in  Oxfordshire,  are  also  remarkable  for  cheeses ;  the  former  for  the  quantity  made  in  it, 
about  20,000  tons  being  annually  sent  to  London,  besides  a  very  large  supply  to  Birming- 
ham.   Banbury  cheese  is  distmguished  for  its  richness. 

Scotland  is  not  celebrated  for  its  cheese  ^  the  best  is  called  Dunlop  cheese,  from  a  parish 
an  Ayrshire,  where  it  was  originally  manufactured.  Dunlop  cheeses  generally  weigh  from 
20  to  60  lbs.  each ;  and  are,  in  all  respects,  similar  to  those  of  Derbyshire,  except  that  the 
latter  are  smaller. 

Turmeric,  marigolds,  hawthorn  buds,  &c.  were  formerly  usetl  to  heighten  and  improve 
the  colour  of  cheese  ;  but  annotto  (which  see)  is  decidedly  the  best  ingredient  that  can  be 
employed  for  that  purpose,  and  is  at  present  used  in  Clieshire  and  Gloucestershire  to  the 
^elusion  of  every  thing  else.  An  ounce  of  genuine  annotto  will  colour  a  hundred  weight 
of  cheese. 

Large  quantities  of  very  good  cheese  are  produced  in  Holland.  In  the  manufacture  of 
<Jouda  cheese,  which  is  reckoned  the  best  made  in  Holland,  muriatic  acid  is  used  in  curd- 
{ing  the  milk  instead  of  rennet.     This  renders  it  pungent,  and  preserves  it  from  mites. 

Parmesan  cheese,  so  called  firom  Parma  in  Italy,  where  it  is  manufactun  1,  is  merely  a 
skim-milk  cheese,  which  owes  its  rich  flavour  to  the  fine  herbage  of  the  meadows  along  the 
Po,  where  the  cows  feed.  The  best  Parmesan  cheese  is  kept  for  3  or  4  years,  and  none  ia 
«ver  carried  to  market  till  it  be  at  least  6  months  old. 

Swiss  cheese,  particularly  that  denominated  Gruyere,  from  the  bailiwick  o(  that  name  in 
the  canton  of  Fribourg,  is  very  celebrated.  Gruyere  cheeses  arc  made  of  skimmed  or  par- 
tially skimmed  milk,  and  are  flavoured  with  herbs.  They  generally  weigh  from  40  to  60 
lbs.  each,  and  are  packed  for  exportation  in  casks  containing  10  cheeses  each. 

According  to  Mr.  Marshall  the  average  yearly  produce  of  cheese  from  the  milk  of  a  cow 
in  England  is  from  3  to  4  cwt.,  or  more  than  double  the  weight  of  the  butter. 

For  further  details,  see  Ijoitdonh  Ency,  of  Agriculture  ,•  art.  Dairy  in  Supp.  to  Ency. 
Brit ;  Stevenson's  art.  on  England,  in  the  Edinburgh  Ency.,  ^c 

The  imports  of  cheese,  in  1831,  amounted  to  134,459  cwt.,  almost  the  whole  of  which 
came  from  the  Netherlands.  The  quantity  re-exported  was  but  inconsidcralJc.  The  duty 
of  10s.  6<f.  a  cwt.  on  imported  cheese  protVuced,  in  1823,  69,049/.  2s.  8rf. ;  showing  that  the 
quantity  entered  for  home  consumption  amounted  to  about  132,000  cwt. 

The  contract  price  of  the  cheese  furnished  to  Greenwich  Hospital,  in  the  undermentioned 
years,  has  been  as  follows : — 


Years. 

Prices  per  lb. 

Yean. 

Prices  per  lb. 

Years. 

Prices  per  lb. 

Years. 

Prices  per  lb. 

d. 

d. 

d. 

rf. 

1730 

3} 

1800 

OJ 

1814 

«» 

1824 

4i 

1740 

3i 

im).') 

'h 

1H15 

8 

1825 

5J 

1750 

3^ 

1808 

^ 

1816 

6.^ 

182«> 

6i 

1700 

Sh 

1807 

1817 

5i 

1827 

H 

1770 

3» 

1808 

1i 

1818 

6 

182S 

■>i 

1775 

3i 

1809 

8 

1819 

8 

1829 

5 

1780 

38 

1810 

H 

1820 

7 

18S0 

4 

1785 

Si 

1811 

4 

1821 

C 

1831 

4J 

1790 

4 

1812 

8i 

1822 

5 

1832 

3J 

1795 

5i 

1813 

8J 

1843 

4 

Si'P  art. 

I'RICEN. 

It  is  not  possible  to  form  any  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  cheese  annually  consumed  in 
Croat  Britain.  Dr.  Colquhoun  states  that  the  butter  and  cheese  consumed  in  the  United 
Kingdom  must  be  worth  at  least  5,000,000/.  a  year,  exclusive  of  the  milk  of  which  they  are 
made ;  but  he  assigns  no  grounds  for  this  statement ;  which  we  are  inclined  to  think  is  very 
greatly  exaggerated. — (See  Bdtteu.) 

[The  quality  of  the  cheet^c  made  in  the  United  States  has  been  gradually  improving,  and 

Vol.  L— 3  F  43 


:2S 


im 


i'fi  I, 


0'> 


■'••■  ■••I 

M4 


1  : 

.t; 


"W 


};. 


f 


338 


CHERRIES— CHOCOLATE. 


'|1;     ' 


I  I 


is  in  such  estimation  that  while,  on  an  average  of  four  years,  the  value  of  the  foreign  arlicte 
consumed  in  the  United  States  has  been  only  $12,800,  the  annual  amount  of  Americaii 
cheese  exported  to  foreign  countries,  chiefly  to  the  West  Indies  and  the  British  Norili 
American  colonies,  has  been  as  much  as  $650,000. — Am.  Ed.] 

CHERRIES,  the  fruit  of  a  tree  (Primus  Cerasus  Lin.)  too  well  known  to  require  any 
description.  They  derive  their  name  from  Cerasus,  a  city  of  Pontus,  wliencc  the  tree  was 
brougiit  by  Lucuilas,  about  half  a  century  before  the  Christian  era.  It  soon  after  spread 
into  most  parts  of  Europe,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  carried  to  Britain  about  a  century 
after  it  came  to  Rome.  The  principal  supplies  of  cherries  for  the  London  market  are  brought 
from  the  cherry  orchards  in  Kent  and  Herts.  The  wood  of  the  cherry  is  close,  takes  a  fine 
polish,  and  is  not  liable  to  split. — ( A'ees's  Cyclopaedia  ,•  Loudon's  Ency.  of  Agric,  <^c.) 

CHESNUT,  a  forest  tree  (Fagus  castanea)  growing  abundantly  in  most  parts  of  the 
southern  countries  of  Europe.  It  was  at  one  time  very  common  in  England  ;  and  is  still 
frequently  met  with.  It  is  long  lived ;  grows  to  an  immense  size  ;  and  is  very  ornamental. 
The  wood  is  hard  and  compact ;  when  young,  it  is  tough  and  flexible  ;  but  when  old,  it  is 
brittle,  and  often  shaky.  The  chesnut  contains  only  a  very  small  proportion  of  sap-wood  • 
and  hence  the  wood  of  young  trees  is  found  to  be  superior  to  even  the  oak  in  durability.  It 
is  doubtful  whether  the  roof  of  Westminster  Hall  be  of  oak  or  chesnut ;  the  two  woods 
being,  when  old,  very  like  each  other,  and  having  been  formerly  used  almost  indifferently  in 
the  construction  of  buildings.  A  good  deal  of  chesnut  has  been  planted  within  the  last 
thirty  years. — (Tredgold's  Principles  of  Carpentry.) 

CHESNUTS  (Fr.  Chalaignes ;  Gcr.  Kastanien ,-  It.  Castagne ;  Sp.  Cas/awas),  the 
fruit  of  the  chesnut  tree.  Chesnuts  grows  in  this  country,  but  are  very  inferior  both  in  size 
and  perfection  to  those  imported  from  the  south  of  Europe.  In  some  parts  of  the  Conti- 
nent they  are  frequently  used  as  a  substitute  for  bread,  and  form  a  large  proportion  of  the 
food  of  the  inhabitants.  This  is  particularly  the  case  in  the  Limousin,  in  Corsica,  and  in 
several  districts  of  Spain  and  Italy.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Limousin  are  said  to  prepare 
them  in  a  peculiar  manner,  which  deprives  them  of  their  astringent  and  bitter  properties. 
Chesnuts  imported  from  Spain  and  Italy  are  frequently  kiln-dried,  to  prevent  their  germina- 
tion on  the  passage.     In  this  country  they  are  principally  served  up  roasted  at  desserts. 

During  the  .1  years  ending  witli  1831,  the  entries  of  foreign  cliesnuls  for  home  consumption  averaeed 
20.<M8  bushels  a  year.  Tlie  duty  of  Ss.  n  hnsliel  produced,  in  1832, 2,32n.  12s.  lOrf.  nett,  allowing  that 
the  consumption  must  have  amounted  to  23,21ti  bushels. 

CHETWERT,  a  measure  of  corn  in  Russia,  equal  to  b\^  Winchester  bushels,  so  that 
100  chetwerts  =  74^  Winchester  quarters. 

CHILLIES  (Hind.  Gas  Murridge ,-  Javan.  Lombok  ,•  Malay,  Cliahai)  the  pods  or  fruit 
of  the  Capsicum  annmim,  or  Guinea  pepper.  This  is  one  of  the  hardiest  and  most  pro- 
ductive plants  found  in  tropical  climates ;  growing  luxuriantly  in  almost  all  dry  soils,  how- 
ever indifferent.  In  the  wild  state,  the  pods  are  small,  and  so  pungent  and  acrid  as  to 
blister  the  tongue  ;  but  when  raised  on  rich  soils,  they  are  large,  and  comparatively  mild. 
The  plant  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  both  Indies.  It  is  very  extensively  cultivated ;  and,  with 
the  exception  of  salt,  is  far  more  extensively  used  than  any  other  condiment.  In  tropical 
countries,  the  pods  are  frequently  made  use  of  when  unripe  and  green  :  when  ripe,  they  be- 
come of  a  deep  red  colour ;  and  in  this  state  they  are  exported  dry  and  entire,  or  reduced  to 
powder — that  is,  to  Cayenne  pepper  ,•  which,  when  genuine,  consists  wholly  of  the  ground 
pods  of  the  capsicum. — (See  Peppeh.) 

CHINA  ROOT  (Ger.  Chinawurzel ,■  Du.  Chinaworfel ,•  Ft.  Sguine,  Esquine,-  Sp. 
Raiz  China,  Cocolmeca,-  Arab.  Rhubsinie),  the  root  of  a  species  of  climber  {Smilux  China 
Lin.).  It  comes  from  the  West  Indies  as  well  as  from  China;  but  that  from  the  latteris 
best.  It  is  oblong  and  thick-joined,  full  of  irregular  knobs,  of  a  reddish  brown  colour  on  the 
outside,  and  a  pale  red  within ;  while  new,  it  will  snap  short,  and  look  glittering  within;  if 
old,  the  dust  flies  from  it  when  broken,  and  it  is  light  and  kecky.  It  should  be  chosen  large, 
sound,  heavy,  and  of  a  pale  red  colour  internally.  It  is  of  no  value  if  the  worm  be  in  it 
— {Milbum's  Orient,  Commerce.) 

CHINA  WARE.     See  Porcelaix. 

CHINTS  oil  CHINTZ  (Fr.  Indiennes ;  Ger. Zitze,-  Jt.Indiane.-  Rus.  Siz .■  Sp.  Chites, 
Zuraza),  fine  printed  calico,  first  manufactured  in  the  East  Indies,  but  now  largely  manu- 
factured in  Europe,  particularly  in  Great  Britain. — (See  Calico.) 

CHIP  HATS.     See  Hats. 

CHOCOLATE  (Ttu.  Ckocokde .-  Fr.  Chocolat ;  Gcr.  Schokolute  ,■  It.  Cioccnlata ,-  For. 
Chocolate  ,■  Rus.  Shokolad  ;  Sp.  Chocolate),  a  kind  of  cake  or  confection,  prepared  ])rinci- 
pally  from  the  cacao  nut.  The  nuts  are  first  roasted  like  coffee  ;  and  being  next  reduced  to 
powder  and  mixed  with  water,  the  paste  is  put  into  tin  moulds  of  the  desired  shape,  in 
which  it  speedily  hardens,  being,  when  taken  out  and  wrapped  in  paper,  fit  for  the  market. 
Besides  cacao  nut,  the  Spaniards  use  vanilla,  sugar,  maize,  &;c.  in  the  preparation  of  choco- 
late. This  article  which  is  celebrated  for  its  nutritious  (jualities,  is  but  hitle  used  in  Great 
Britain ;  a  circumstance  that  seems  to  be  principally  owing  to  the  very  heavy  duties  with 


i   '  I 


CHRISTIANIA. 


339 


he  foreign  article 
unt  of  American 
e  British  Norlli 

n  to  require  any 
>ncc  the  tree  was 
soon  after  spread 
I  about  a  century 
larket  arc  brought 
close,  takes  a  fine 
""  Agric,  4e.) 
most  parts  of  the 
;land  ;  and  is  still 
very  ornamental, 
lut  when  okl,  it  is 
lion  of  sap-wood ; 
in  durability.  It 
t ;  the  two  woods 
st  indiiferently  in 
ed  within  the  last 

).  Cast  anas),  the 
iferior  both  in  size 
arts  of  the  Conti- 
proportion  of  the 
in  Corsica,  and  in 
ire  said  to  prepare 
bitter  properties. 
ent  their  germina- 
:d  at  desserts. 

nsuuiptionavcraeed 
nett,  allowing  thai 

er  bushels,  so  that 

) ,  the  pods  or  fruit 
est  and  most  pro- 
dry  soils,  how- 
...  and  acrid  as  to 
jmparatively  mild. 
■  lAlei;  and,  with 
jnt.  In  tropical 
;hcn  ripe,  they  be- 
tire,  or  reduced  to 
illy  of  the  ground 


air 

■nt 


le,  Esquine ;  Sp. 
er  {Hinilux  China 

from  the  latter  is 
own  colour  on  the 
ttering  within ;  if 

J  be  chosen  large, 
the  worm  be  in  it 


Slz ;  Sp.  Chile!, 
low  largely  manu- 


Cioccnlata;  For. 
,  prepared  ])rinci- 
ig  next  reduced  to 
!  desired  shape,  in 
fit  for  the  market. 
paration  of  choco- 
iltle  used  in  Great 
heavy  duties  with 


xvhich  it  has  been  loaded.  The  importation  of  chocolate  used  formerly  to  be  prohibited  -, 
and  though  this  prohibition  no  longer  exists,  yet,  as  the  duties  on  it  are  proportionally  much 
Heavier  than  upon  cacao,  we  manufacture  at  home  almo»t  all  that  is  required  for  our  con- 
sumption. British  chocolate  is  said  to  be  very  largely  adulterated  with  flour  and  Castile 
soap. — (Sec  Edward's  West  Indies,  vol.  ii.  p.  364.  ed.  1819. ;  and  the  art.  Cacao.)  The 
quantity  of  chocolate  brought  from  abroad,  entered  for  home  consumption  in  the  United 
Kinsdom,  in  1830,  only  amounted  to  1,324^  lbs.,  producing  160/.  of  revenue. 

".\like  easy  to  convey  and  employ  as  an  aliment,  it  contains  a  large  quantity  of  nutritive 
and  stimulating  particles  in  a  small  compass.  It  has  been  said  with  truth,  that  in  Africa, 
rice,  gum,  and  shea  butter,  assist  man  in  crossing  the  deserts.  In  tb.!  New  World,  chocolate 
the  flour  of  maize  have  rendered  accessible  to  him  the  table  lunds  of  the  Andes,  and  vast 


and 


uninhabited  forests." — {Humboldt's  Pers.  Nar.  vol.  iv.  p.  234.  E. "  trans.) 

CHKISTI ANI.^,  the  capital  of  Norway,  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  fiord  or  gulf,  in  the 
province  of  Aggerhuua ;  in  lat.  59°  55^'  N.,  Ion.  10°  48|'  E.  Population,  according  to  the 
Weimar  Almanack  for  1833,  about  20,000.  Christiania  is  about  60  miles  from  the  open 
sea :  the  gulf  is  in  some  places  very  narrow,  and  its  navigation  somewhat  dilFicult ;  but  it  is 
suHiciently  deep  for  the  largest  vessels,  having  6  or  7  fiithoms  water  close  to  the  quay.  It  is 
compulsory  on  all  ships  to  take  a  pilot  on  board  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay.  The  trade  of 
the  town  is  considerable.  The  principal  exports  are  timber  and  deals ;  glass,  particularly 
bottles ;  linseed  and  oil-cake,  iron  and  nails,  smalts,  bones,  oak  bark,  &c.  Salted  and  pickled 
fish,  one  of  the  staple  products  of  Norway,  is  priiiripally  exported  from  Bergen.  The  deals 
of  Christiania  have  always  been  in  the  highest  estimation  ;  a  consequence  of  the  excellence 
of  the  timber,  and  of  the  care  with  which  the  sap-wood  and  other  defective  parts  is  cut 
away ;  and  not,  as  Mr.  Coxe  seems  to  have  supposed,  of  the  skilful  sawing  of  the  plank. 
The  saw  mills  were  formerly  licensed  to  cut  a  certain  quantity  only,  and  the  proprietors  were 
bound  to  make  oath  that  it  was  not  exceeded. — {Coxe^-f  Travels  in  the  North  of  Europe,  5th 
edit.  vol.  iv.  p.  28.)  This  absurd  regulation  no  longer  exists.  There  are  far  fewer  restric- 
tions on  industry  and  commerce  in  Norway  than  in  Sweden.  In  the  former,  British  manu- 
factured goods  are  admitted  on  moderate  duties,  and  are  very  generally  made  use  of.  The 
principal  articles  of  import  are  corn,  colonial  produce ;  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  goods ; 
butter,  wine,  brandy,  &c. 
Trade  of  Norway. — The  following  tables  give  a  comprehensive  vkw  of  the  foreign  trade 

of  Norway. 

Imports  — Au  Account  of  tlie  Quantities  of  the  principal  Articles  imported  into  Norway,  during  each 

of  the  Three  Yeiirs  ending  with  1H31. 


Articles. 

1829.                     1 

18.10. 

1831. 

VorweiiianWeight 

English  Weight 

Norw'Piti;\nWei,;hl 

Eneli^h  Weijht 

Norvveician  Weight 

EuKlisli  Weigh! 

ami  Meisure. 

and  Mtasiirc. 

and  Measure. 

ah'i  ."Vltasnre. 

aa.l  .Measure. 

and  -Me.asure. 

Ciittoii  Koods 

132,629  lbs. 

6,499  tons. 

180,5li3  lbs. 

88-17  tons 

174,385  lbs. 

85-45  tons 

French  brandy 

551,397  pot. 

140,589  pals. 

809,030  pot. 

206,131  pale. 

314,184  pot. 

80,107  pals. 

Coffee 

1,547,575  Ills. 

758-31  tons  1,570.130  Ihs. 

772-.in'tons  l,8'4,1851b3. 

888-95  tuns 

Vinegar      - 

101,430  pot. 

26,626     pals.     119,826  pot. 

30.5.52  gals.  1      73.9.W  pot. 

18.8.56  pals. 

Hemp 

2,209.65,3  lbs. 

1,082-73  tons 

1,369.549  lbs. 

671-08  tons  1,416.218  lbs 

693  96  tons 

Hops 

96,981 

47-52 

75,104 

36-83                66,807 

32-73 

Flax 

763,973 

374-35 

651. ."02 

319-38             4(i2.5.j2 

226-65  tons 

Grain,  wheat 

13,766  tond. 

6,700       qrs. 

15,675  tond. 

7,625  qrs.        ll,9fi2tond. 

5.822  irs. 

Rve 

232,602 

113,219 

2.52,405 

122,858 

.10.'i.3l)lp 

148.607 

Barley 

300,644 

146,338 

304,019 

147,981 

33l),7:iO 

ino,9W2 

Oats 

1,5,179 

7,384 

10,3.10 

5.02S 

32.0 15 

1.5,.597 

Mult 

42,530 

20,701 

56,240 

27,.174 

36.277 

17.657 

Wheaten  Hour 

573,087  lbs. 

280-81  tons 

682.071  lbs. 

311-21  tons 

(i,s8,6IOIh.v. 

.1.17-43  tons 

Kye  flour    - 

27,395 

13-42 

90..525 

■14- 35 

116,161 

71  76 

Barley  flour 

146,815 

71-94 

165.616 

76-25 

65.696 

12-18  Ions 

I'eaa 

H.SOStond. 

5,452      qrs. 

8,264  tond. 

4.022  qrs. 

9.3:!IMond. 

4..5n-.16<|rs. 

Oil 

203,423  lbs. 

9SV68tonB 

223,144  lbs. 

109-31  tons 

2.54,«-i31bs. 

121  7(1  tons 

Cheese 

238,438 

116-83 

222,363 

lOS-iMi 

21.5,885 

10-.-78 

Rice 

273.093 

133-81 

341,110 

167-11 

2.55,917 

125-40 

Raisins 

102,271 

.50-11 

103,8.16 

.50-HS 

117,955 

57-80 

Rum 

12,142  pot. 

3,095     pnts. 

17.380  pot. 

4,1.12gnls. 

13.815  pot. 

3,522  uals. 

Salt 

284,375tond. 

138,419      (ira. 

283,600  tond. 

- 

2H  1,799  totid. 

Hail  cloth    - 

3,580  pes. 

- 

f  2,013  pieces 
t&l9,40fllbs. 

1  21-02  tons 

\  2;l5  pees.  & 
)  11)0,316  lbs. 

78-55  tons 

Silits 

4,270  Iba. 

209  tons 

4.SM3  lbs. 

2-39 

4,1102  lbs. 

240 

Syrup 

720,738 

35316 

807,035 

395-74 

719,631 

3J2-(i2 

Grindstones 

f  133chnld. 

X  &  5,587  pes. 

- 

1 22  chald.  & 
(  1.3.17  pieces 

\-      ■ 

No  return. 

Butter 

417,821  lbs. 

204-73  tons 

365,808  lbs. 

179-2ttons 

3:il.818  lbs. 

191-99  Ions 

Coals 

39,506tond. 

4.807-48  chald. 

27.001  tond. 

3,2-i5-75rli;\l.i      2l,2:t;l  lonil. 

2..-.,^3-N3rlml. 

S«(.'ar 

2,195,752  lbs. 

1,075-91  toiiB 

2,312.225 

1,117()9  Ions  2.121.810  11)8. 

1,186-69  to   s 

Soap,  preen 

126,219 

61-85 

145,774 

71-13              137,708 

67-48 

Soap,  white 

100,450 

49-22! 

123,0 i3 

60-28               132,1159 

6.5- 15 

Tea 

41,435 

20-30 

4.5,500 

22  .T>                  H.217 

21-68 

Tnliacro      - 

1,405.952 

688-91 

2,209,469 

1.0^2-63            1,0'*3.193 

530-76 

1  Woollens    - 

180,928 

88-6S 

186,0.58 

91-17           !     HM.900 

05-01 

Wine 

474,218  pot. 

120,911  palls. 

638,791  pot. 

162,H73Bals.'     IMl.lMll  pot. 

48,313  2 'Is. 

■J. 

j  Linen  cloth 

lo26. 

I8-,J 

7.                       1                       18'. 

205,29nbi.   j    100-59  toni! 

159,226  lbs. 

780-JlonJ    2113.32')  Ills. 

1-^9  02  tons 

m 

0'> 


"1/1 


...  '1^^ 

rn 

i 

T 

lib 


1^ 


340 


CHRISTIANIA. 


Kiports.— An  Aceonnt  of  tlic  Qtiaiitliins  of  the  principal  Article*  exported  from  Norway  during  each 

of  (111!  Three  Years  Hiding  with  1831. 


■i, 


i         ( 


Article*. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

Norweeiai.Weijthl 
and  MeMurc. 

EmliMi  Wriiflit 

Norivtgiim  Weight    English  Weiglit 

Norwegian  Weight 
anc!  Nleaaure. 

English  Weight 

and  Mt^Mure. 

and  Measure,      j    and  Measure. 

and  Measure. 

AncliovieH,  "l 

(picliled     > 
Rprats)       } 
Oaltbark    - 

7,390  kegs 

~" 

6,172  kega 

— 

9,413  kega 

^                      _ 

— 

6,8768k.  lbs. 

1,078- IStons 

12,320  sk.  lbs. 

1,931-77  tons 

Bones 

820,916  lbs. 

402-25  tons 

1,097,755 

537-89 

955,742 

468-31 

Bottles 

161,520  bot. 

— 

144,028  bot. 

— 

344,987  bot. 

Hiiiiilta 

208,416  lbs. 

10212 

257,340  lbs. 

126-09 

183,700  lbs. 

90-01 

CliroinateofI 
lead      -     S 
Lobsters 

578,658 

283-53 

538,608 

363-91 

594,50« 

291-30 

1,034,905  lobs. 

— 

1,196,904  lob. 

— 

872,944  lob. 

Dried  twh   - 

44,417,712  lbs. 

21,764  67 

43,447,887  lbs. 

21,289-46 

25,448,895  lbs. 

12,469-95 

Salted  tish 

397,8.16  tnd. 

38,030      bar. 

313,993  tnd. 

300,218   bat. 

469,659  tnd. 

449,051 -Bhar 

Horns 

26,19811)8. 

12'83tons 

52,391  lbs. 

25-67  tns. 

39,858  lbs. 

19-41  tons 

Iron 

6,458,192 

3,164-51 

6,123,037 

3,000-28 

5,135,677 

2,516.48 

Kiigs 

6,686 

3-27 

14,238 

6-97 

8,640 

423 

Copper 

610,225 

299 

751,825 

368-39 

524,894 

257  20 

('araway  seed 

l,f)05 

078645 

1,518 

0-74382 

1,535 

0.75215 

Fish  roes    - 

17,029  tnd. 

18,282      bar. 

32,677  tnd. 

21,682   bar. 

17,011  tnd. 

l<),264biir. 

Buck  &  goat) 
sivina          J 
Rock  moss 

84,10'  lbs. 

4 1-20  tons 

m.Wlbs. 

55-78  tnp 

114,951  lbs. 

56-32  tons 

357,515    ■ 

175-17 

109,b-.)3 

53-80  tns. 

91,812 

44-98 

Tar 

1,257  tnd. 

r,20l      bar- 

1,017  tnd. 

972    bar. 

604  tnd. 

577-50  bar. 

Train  oil     - 

21,80« 

20,849 

20,176 

19,577 

18,708 

17,897 

Wood,  liin-  ) 
her  &  deals  J 

lb3,802 

— 

194,615 

— 

172,979 

woodln'Rter 

360,251 -!)2  tons 

woodla-ster 

381,445-4tns. 

woodlTster 

339,038-84tns 

Zalfre          -     | 

33,860  lbs. 

16-59  tons 

no  return 

— 

Oie  lbs. 

0-29,890      J 

!• 


■1    ' 


Trade  with  £n^/fl7»d.— According  to  the  official  accounts  rendered  by  the  British  istom-house, 
thore  were  imported  from  Norway,  in  1631,48,151  twt.  oak  bark,  377  tons  iron,  18,219  goat  skins, 
200,810  lbs.  smalts,  118  cwt.  tallow,  8,430  great  hundreds  baitflns  and  hatton  ends,  10,457  great  do.  dea». 
and  deal  ends,  4,&2(5  masts,  &c.  undeT  12  inches  diameter,  and  23,527  loads  of  timbeif,  extluarre  o!i 
about  1.000,000  lobsters,  of  which  no  account  is  kept.  During  the  same  year  we  exported  to  Norwav 
535,491  ibs.  coffee,  7,705  lbs.  indigo,  8,1S9  lbs.  pepper,  4,981  lbs.  pimento,  4,585  gallons  rum,  3,169 cwt. 
muscovado  sugar,  366,024  lbs.  tobacco,  83,566  Ibs.  cotton  wool,  3,774  tons  coal,  434,744  yards  cotton 
cloth,  earthenware  of  the  value  of  3,402/.,  cutlery  of  the  value  of  2,648/.,  92,150  bushels  of  salt,  soap 
and  candles  of  the  value  of  2,938/.,  woollen  manufactures  of  the  value  of  about  13,000/.,  and  some 
minor  articles  —(Par/.  Paper,  No.  550.  Sess.  1833.) 

Nothing  woum  do  so  much  to  extend  our  trade  with  Norway,  and  not  with  it  only,  but  with  tht> 
whole  north  of  Europe,  as  tlie  repeal  of  the  discriminating  duty  on  Norwegian  and  Baltic  timber. 
And,  a»  this  measure  would  be,  in  other  respects,  highly  advantageous,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  ita  adop- 
tion may  not  be  long  deferred. 

Cu&'tums  Duties.— As  previously  remarked,  these,  when  compared  with  the  Swedish  duties— (sfjc 
GoTTENDURoii),  are  moderate.  They  amounted,  in  1831,  inwards,  to  161,840/.  5*.  3d. ;  outwarls,  t.> 
47,381/.  Ss.  3d. ;  making  together,  209,221/.  13;s.  6d.  To  these  have  to  be  added  27,43©*.  Ito.  5d.  received 
on  account  of  tonnage  duties,  lights,  &c. 


Customs  Resv2ations.-~\V\i\nr\  24  hours  after  a  vessel  has  (^t  to 
her  moorings,  Ihti  master  should  deliver  to  the  collector  his  general 
report  ^■j  to  ship  and  cargo,  or  present  the  requisite  documents  for 
having  ^  ich  reimrt  made  out  with  the  assistance  of  a  ship  broker, 
w  hosu  sfrvice»  niantera  of  foreign  vessels  cannot  entirely  dispense 
vith.  i)n  making  (his  general  rejwrt,  the  nieasaring  bill  is  to  be  ex- 
hibiicd,  and  payment  of  the  tonnage  and  other  dues  inward  is  to  be 
ui;ile.  If  tlie  aliip  have  not  l)een  previously  measured  in  Norway, 
and  is, consequently,  not  provided  witha  Norw^ian  measuring  bill, 
slit:  is  to  be  measure),  to  ascertain  her  burden  in  Norwegian  com* 
inercial  last?,  for  the  calculaiinn  of  the  tonnage  duty. 

Thegenerd  report  having  been  madp,  the  Custom-house  officnrs 
in  ch.irge  of  the  vessel  are  furnished  with  the  books  for  delivery,  and 
the  discharge  of  the  cargo  commences  under  their  ins|)ection ;  and 
the  coDsiniif  es  may  make  thfir  s|)ecial  reimrts  under  their  responsi- 
Lility  and  signature.  If  they  are  without  precise  information  as  to 
tiie  contents  of  any  or  all  of  the  packagi-s  or  bales  to  their  .address, 
these  bales  or  packages  may,  at  their  request,  be  opened  in  the  pre- 
sence of  tlie  officers  before  report  is  made.  If  a  consii^nee  omits 
availing  hinuelf  nf  this  permission,  his  preteiidin);  thereafter  that 
more  or  other  ^oods  than  he  had  ordered,  or  been  advised  of,  have 
been  sent  to  his  address,  will  not  be  attended  to.  In  the  reports  or 
entries  is  to  be  stated,  whether  it  is  intended  to  pay  the  duties  iorth- 
with,  whether  the  goods  are  intended  for  eiportation,  or  whether 
they  nre  to  he  landed. 

iTior  to  commencing  loading  outwards,  the  master  is  to  give  ver- 
hil  notice  of  his  intention  at  the  Custom-house.  If  behave  no  Nor- 
wegian OH-asuring  bill,  the  vessel  is  to  be  measured.  This  being 
done,  the  shipper  or  ■hip|>ersof  the  outward  bound  cargo  are  each 
of  them  In  make  their  special  entries  as  to  the  quality,  weight,  and 
]nea.iure  of  the  gootls  they  mean  to  load,  A  copy  of  !«ich  entries  is 
to  t>e  deposited  at  the  Cnstom-hoQse,  and  the  loadini^  commences 
under  (he  control  of  tbeotticers.  This  applies  to  all  miied  cargoes; 
but  if  the  outward  twuud  cargo  consist  exclusively  of  wood,  the  shifv- 
j>er  or  shippers  are  only  to  notify  that  they  intend  loading  wood, 
without  specifying  quantity,  measure,  Ac,  as  the  export  auty  on 
wood  ischargw  according  to  the  burden  of  the  vessel.  When  the 
master  clean  outwards,  he  produces  the  proper  documents  for  slww- 
ing  the  burden  of  his  vessel,  and  to  what  port  she  belongs,  and  he  is 
then,  on  proper  application  being  made,  provided  with  a  pilot,  who 
takes  his  vessel  to  sea. 

trarfAouiing.— In  Norway,  i^nods  brought  from  abroad  may  be 
loiided  or  warehoused,  with  a  view  to  their  being  again  exported  at 
K)iue  future  period.    Goods  entered  for  liome  cousuuiption  may  also 


be  bond  ed  for  a  certain  period,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  pavm^ut  of 
the  duties. 

The  former  is  called  **trantU  oplag,V  that  is,  depositing  or 
warehousing  goods-  for  exportation,  subject  to  transit  duties  ouly. 
The  latter  is  called  **  credit  optagy'^  that  is,  warehousing  or  boudiiii* 
on  credit. 

1.  Transit  Op/ag.— Under  this  s};stein,  goods  from  abroad  mav  lie 
lyarehoused  for  exportation  free  of  iaiport  duty,  paying  on  ex|'or!a- 
tion  a  transit  duty,  which,  in  luoat  cases,  is  l*10th  of  what  Duy 
would  pay  if  entered  for  home  consnmption.  If  the  goods  are 
deposited  in  the  Custom-house  warehouses,  they  lie  free  of  rent  or 
dues  daring  11  days,  and  if  in  private  warehouses,  under  the  tcev 
and  neA\  of  the  customs,  during  6  monlbs.  If  they  remain  long,  viz. 
beyond  14  days  in  the  one,  and  beyond  6  months  in  the  other 
case,  they  pay  rent  or  dues  cquit  to  l-8th  of  the  transit  duly  |)er 
month  J  which,  after  the  lajise  of  3  months,  as  reK>rds  goods  I'n  the 
Custom-house  warehouses,  is  increased  to  l-4th  ef  the  trautit  duty 
per  month. 

2.  Credit  Oplag. — This  system  allows  most  goods  imported  from 
abroad  to  l>e  pLiced  in  the  owner*8  or  importer's  own  warehouses, 
under  his  own  lock,  free  of  duly,  for  a  given  time,  on  his  reporting 
to  the  customs,  every  3  motittis,  how  much  he  h.'is  sold,  otherwise 
consnmed,  or  exported,  and  then  paying  the  duty  on  such  amount; 
the  Custom*hou!<e  officers,  who  are  bound  quarterly  to  examJDe 
the  gOTKts,  convincing  themselves,  by  ocular  dennnstration,  that 
no  more  is  missing  than  the  quantity  reported  to  have  been  taken 
away. 

This  credit  on  (he  duties  in  no  case  to  exceed  2  years  from  theti.ne 
the  goods  were  mi|>orted. 

By  way  of  security  for  payment  of  the  duties  on  which  the  crelit 
is  granted,  goTernment  reserve  to  themselves— 

1.  Prinrily  of  mortgage  on  all  the  goods  in  question. 

2.  Priority,  or  first  ri|^ht,in  the  property,  goods,  ar/  effects  of 
every  description  belonging  to  the  trader  availing  himself  of  Cm 
crettit,  in  as  far  as  such  property  is  not  previously  legally  mort- 
gaged. 

3.  Mberty  for  the  Cnstosn-house  officers,  when  and  as  often  as 
they  shall  deem  it  expedient,  between  the  slated  quarterly  ins(>ec- 
tion,  to  look  over  the  stock  on  hand,  with  a  view  of  ascertaining 
whether  there  remains  sufficient  value  for  the  duties ;  and  if  they  see 
reason  todouht  this,  full  right,  in  default  of  other  saiistactory  secu- 
rity being  offered,  to  seize  the  stock,  and  to  sell  the  whole,  or  as 
much  as  shall  cover  the  duties. 

4.  1q  casQ  of  dealti  or  failure  of  the  party,  an  equal  right  to  sell 


CHRISTIANIA. 


341 


rway  during  each 


1831. 

j|!ht 

En!;liih  Weight 

. 

aod  Meuuni, 

8 

bg. 

1,931-77  tons 

46831 

ot. 

ba. 

9001 

291-30 

oh. 

bs. 

13,469-95 

lid. 

449,051 -ISliar. 

b!<. 

19-41  tons 

2,516.48 

4  23 

257-20 

0.75215 

nd. 

16,264bar. 

bs. 

56-32  tons 

44-98 

nd. 

577-50  bar. 

17,8S7 

er 

339,e38-84tns 

IbH. 

0-29,890 

f.   (f. 

On  a  quarter  of  wheat,  for  the  lint  3  >  „    n:ria  „.,  „»„.i. 
month"     •  •  .  •     J  "    P"  month. 

AflerwarJi  •  -  .         0    1-1076         — 

"n"o!,°h,°'""""?'' '"."""'"."  I  0  11-:,3S4  pennonU.. 
Atterwardt  .  .  .         i  110760        — 


ih  nstom-house, 
18,219  goiii  skins, 
,457  great  do.  dea? 
iber,  exelnsne  oti 
ported  to  Norway 
ns  rum,  3,169  cwt. 
1,744  yards  cotton 
ihels  of  salt,  8oa|) 
.3,0001.,  and  some 

only,  but  Tf  ith  the 
nd  Baltic  timber. 
ped  that  Us  adup- 

dish  duties— (s(ie 

id.  i  outwards,  |.> 

19s.  5d.  received 


icilitale  the  parmiut  of 

that  is,  depositing  nr 
to  transit  duties  only. 
varetiousing  or  boudiiit; 

ods  from  abroad  mnr  tie 

ty,  paying  on  exporra- 
is  l-19th  of  what  lliiy 
ion.     If  the  goods  are 

they  lie  free  of  rent  or 
ehonses,  under  the  key 

they  remain  long,  viz. 
6  montha  in  the  other 
of  the  transit  duly  [ler 
.IS  reiEards  goods  fn  the 

4th  of  the  transit  duty 

st  goods  inported  from 
rter's  own  warehouses, 

time,  on  his  reporting 
he  h:is  sold,  otherwi^ 

duty  on  such  amount ; 

qu.irlerly  to  eiamine 

r  dt-monstration,  that 
ed  to  have  been  taken 

•d  2  years  from  the ti.re 

ieson  whi«h  the  credit 

(pi  est  ion. 

,  ("nods,  ary'  effects  of 
'.liliiig  himself  of  tills 
revioisly  legally  mort- 

when  and  as  often  as 
itated  quarterly  impec- 

view  of  ascertaining 
!  duties  J  and  if  they  see 
other  saiislactory  seen- 

sell  the  whole,  or  is 

an  equal  right  to  k!1 


jtnfliwithOieirhnlBOf  Mi«tnek»t  puNIc  auction,  and  to  retiln  as 
much  of  the  proceeds  as  shall  cover  the  dulies  j  .ind  in  case  of  de- 
rtf  lency,  an  estabiisheil  claim  for  the  ri'mainder  on  the  estate  of  the 
drceiscJ  or  lisnkrupt,  M  the  case  may  lie. 

Ill  charging  he  duties,  no  allowance  is  nude  for  waste  or  damage 
fl,  the  wareliouses. 

The  ware Iroiise  rent  charged  on  goods  bonded  under  the  tnmiit 
system,  in  llie  Customhouse  warehouses,  is  as  follows  ;— 

Mnnaj,  Weights,  and  Measures.— \n  Norway  there  are  no  gold  coins.  The  principal  silver  coin, 
rall'id  a'fpecies  dollar,  in  divided  into  120skillings.  There  are,  also,  half  species,  or  60  skilliiiR  pieces; 
l-jtli  species,  or  24  skilling  pieces;  l-15th  species,  or  8  skilling  pieces;  and  wliat  is  denoniiiiiiled 
Rkillemynt,  or  small  change— that  is,  4  and  2  skilling  pieces.  The  sporics  dollar  contains  3(IO-58  ling, 
jrrs.  pare  silver,  and  is,  consequently,  worth  4s.  6Jd.  sterling,  the  par  of  exchange  being  4  specii's  dol- 
lars 12  6-17  skill.  =  II.  All  Norway  coins,  except  the  small  change,  are  alloyed  with  l-7tli  copper,  so 
that  ihc  species  dollar  weighs  44838  Eng.  grs.,  and  its  divisions  in  proportion.  Bmall  change  coins 
are  alloyed  with  three  times  their  weight  of  copper.     There  are  1  and  3  skilling  pieces  of  copper. 

H'dghls  and  Measures,  same  as  at  Copgnhaqen  ;  which  see. 

Tabic  showing  the  Number  of  Ships,  their  Destination,  and  Tonnage  in  Norwegian  Lasts  and 
English  Tons,  that  cleared  out  from  Christiania  ;  and  also  the  Nuinhcr  of  Ships,  their  Destination, 
and  Tonnage,  that  cleared  out  from  Norwegian  Ports  generally,  Christiania  included ;  during  each 
of  the  Three  Years  ending  with  1831. 


Sailed  from  Christiania 

Sailed  from  Norway.                I 

Destination. 

Year. 

Ships. 

Lasts. 

Tons. 

Ships. 

Lasts. 

Tons. 

1829 

15 

376 

940 

6t)8 

13,172 

32,930 

Sweden    -          -          -     < 

18.10 

10 

217 

542 

423 

10.323 

25,807 

1831 

11 

302 

755 

546 

13,226 

33,065 

1829 

117 

1,899 

4,747 

2,062 

24,442 

61,105 

Denmark,  Altona  excepted    < 

1830 

126 

2,216 

5,.540 

1,968 

24,396 

60,990 

1831 
1829 
1830 

155 

2,078 

6,605 

2,096 

26,817 

67,042 

Russia      -          -          -     -J 





«_ 

117 

4,537 

11,342 

1831 

I 

17 

42 

133 

6,638 

16,595 

1829 

2 

44 

110 

354 

11,827 

29,567 

Other  Baltic  ports           -     < 

18.S0 

2 

60 

150 

222 

6,002 

15,230 

1831 

8 

302 

755 

240 

7,210 

18,025 

1  Hamburgh,    Altona,    and    3 

1829 
1830 

6 

7 

207 
239 

617 

507 

89 
97 

2,067 
2,268 

5,167 
5,670 

Bremen-           -           -      1^ 

1831 

9 

326 

815 

114 

2,865 

7,162 

1829 

96 

8,144 

20,360 

228 

44,027 

110,067 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland      -i 

1830 

86 

7,189 

17,972 

840 

44,819 

112,047 

1831 

128 

9,981 

24,952 

970 

53.735 

1.34,337 

Holland,  Hanover,  and  01-  > 

1829 
1830 

1 

5 

60 
381 

150 
9.52 

982 
1,030 

43,595 
50,170 

108,977 
125,425 

denburgb           -           -      ^ 

1831 

5 

349 

872 

823 

33,024 

82,560 

1829 

127 

8,825 

22,062 

579 

35,706 

89,265 

France      -          -          -      -j 

1830 

145 

9,683 

24,207 

569 

.3.5.120 

87,600 

1831 

101 

6,685 

16,712 

42) 

25,855 

64.637 

1829 

— 

— 

— 

86 

3,674 

9,185 

Portugal  and  Spain         -      -j 

1830 

— 

— 

— 

81 

3,189 

7,972 

1831 

1 

91 

227 

63 

3,015 

7,5.37 

1829 

— 

— 

— 

65 

4,307 

10,767 

Other  Mediterranean  ports    < 

1830 

— 

— 

— 

90 

6,3,57 

15,892 

1831 

— 

— 

— 

67 

5,001 

12,510 

1829 

— 

— 

— 

2 

71 

177 

Ports  beyond  Europe      -      "j 

1830 
1831 

.S/ttppin?  C/rai-i^M.— The  variniia  charges  nf  a  public  nature  pay- 
able by  1  sliip  nf  :»b(iut  JOO  tnijs  bunleii,  culerini;  the  p'»rt  of  Christi- 
ania wiih  a  mixed  carpi  on  board,  unimdnig  there,  taking  on  board 
another  cargo,  and  clearing  out,  are  as  follow : — 

L.  t.  rf. 
l.CAar^-M/nioarrf*.— Pilotage  from  Farder,at  the  mouth 
of  Christiania  Bay,  where  all  ships  must  take  a  pilot 

onboard  - 2    2    2 

fiitl  of  health,  assumini;  that  the  crew,  iucluding  the 

master,  consists  of  14  persons  -  •  -    0  17    9 

Tonnage  dues  and  light  money  -  -  •    D  16    9 

Brokers'  fees      •  -  •  •  -    I    .I    4 


2.  Char^et  Ortfwanb.— Pilotage  - 

C:tstte  (lues 

Muster  roll  nf  crew 

Pale  nr  stake  money 

Measuring  bill    .  .  . 

Charity  chest 

Tonnage  dues  and  light  mooey 

Hiirholm  lisht    - 

Pilotaite  to  Farder  -  ' 

Brokers'  fees 


K.  J9.— There  la  no  dlfTerence  between  the  charges  on  native 
ships  in  Norwegian  pnrti,  and  privileged  fnreifrn  ships,  that  is,  the 
ships  of  countries  having  recipmcity  treaties  with  Norway;  nnr  in 
the  duties  on  goods  imported  by  native  ships  nn  1  such  privileged 
foreign  ships.    Great  Britain  is  a  privileged  country. 

The  shipping  of  Norway  has  declined  considerably  of  late  yeara ; 
a  proof,  if  any  such  were  wanting,  of  the  groundlewnpss  of  the 
clamours  kept  up  In  this  country  as  to  the  supixised  pernicious  influ- 
ence of  recipmcity  treaties  on  our  shipping. 

Bajikmg.—T    re  are  no  orivate  bukiiur  eitablishmcDts  in  Nor- 

2f2 


L. 

14 

2 

0 

0 

9 

2 

0 

7 

1 

0 

h 

0 

11 

2 

2 

4 

5 

0 

1 

7 

10  II 

1 

0 

0 

9 

1 

16 

8 

1 

18 

II 

^_ 



_ 

L. 

18 

6  11 

way;  hut  there  is  a  public  bank,  having  its  principal  office  at  Dron* 
theiin,  with  Imuiclies  at  Christiania,  Bergen,  and  Chrisliansand.  It 
was  establistied  bv  a  compulsory  assessment  in  ISI6.  Its  capital 
consists  of  2,000,0(^  species  dollars,  in  (raiisfcrable  sliart^,  divided 
amot:pit  (hose  who  were  forced  to  contribute  to  its  formation.  These 
shares  are  now  at  a  premium  nf  30  per  cent.  Its  managers  are  ap* 
pointed  by,  and  are  accountable  to,  the  .Storthing  or  Norwegian  paii^ 
ilament.  'it  issues  notes  for  100,  50,  10,  and  so  tow  as  1  species 
dollar.  These  notes  should  be  payable  in  specie  on  demand  ;  but 
they  An  at  a  discount  of  35  per  cent,,  and  are  paid  by  the  bank  at 
that  rate.  It  discounts  bills  at  2  and  3  months  date  at  6  percent,  per 
atuiiun  ;  adv:inces  money  on  mortgage  at  4  per  cent. ;  and  transacts 
till  'inary  banking  business  of  individuals.  It  does  not  allow  In- 
terest on  deposits.  The  dividend  is,  at  present,  from  6  2-3d3  to  7  per 
cent. 

Credit, — Goods  are  sold  jiartly  for  ready  money,  and  partly  oa 
credit,  but  principally  the  former. 

CommissHm,  ^-c, — The  number  of  broken  in  Christiania  is  limited 
to  4.  CommiHsidii  on  the  sile  of  gixids.  2  per  cent.,  or,  del  crttUre 
inclnded,  'J  per  cent.  Rrokeraee  is  fixed  by  law  at  5"6!hs  per  cent,, 
which,  in  practice,  is  paid  by  the  sellers. 

lns\m\nre.—W\  houses  Rituated  in  Norwegian  market  towns  must 
be  insured  in  the  General  Insurance  Coinpany  at  Christiania,  which 
is  puarantecd  by  the  state.  The  premium  is  moderate,  lieing,  oa 
buildings  situated  in  towns,  l-4lh,  and  on  those  situated  in  the  coun- 
try, l-^th  per  cent.  Sometimes,  Iiov/ever,  when  very  destructive 
fifes  occur,  it  is  raised, 

/*roi»fitfr;if,  ^-c— Christiania  is  not  a  favourable  place  for  careen- 
ing and  repairing  ships  ;  but  supplies  of  beef,  bread,  »ater,  and  other 
sea  stores,  may  be  had  as  cheap  or  cheaper  than  in  any  other  part  of 
Norway ;  but  its  tlistance  from  the  sea  is  l(»  ereat  to  allow  of  its 
being  visited  by  ships  desirous  merely  of  victualling. — (We  have  de* 
rived  these  details  from  var'ous  sourcps,  but  principally  from  the 
able  Jinnoen  of  ihe  Cnvnil  at  Christiania  to  the  VimUar  Queriu  ) 

rtm/«r.~A  standard  Christiania  deal  is  1 1  feet  long,  t  M  inch 
tliick,  ami  9  inches  broad  :  and  51 '2  such  deals  make  a  load. 

Freight  of  deiils  frnm  Norw.-iy  to  Eiubiid  is  calculated  at  the  rate 
pf  sinijle  deal%  Itie  standard  measure  of  which  for  Christiania  and  all 
the  southern  ports  of  Norway,  except  Dram  (a  aniall  town  ou  the 


■1 


342 


CHUNAM— CINNAMON. 


t       ' 


:l 


Dnmmeii,  about  10  milM  S.  W.  of  Chrlilianli),  is  1 1  feet  lonf ,  mil 
I  1-4  inch  in  ihiclcnni.  A  aingia  deal  Inun  :)ruii  ii  recllou«l  10 
fm  long  and  I  I-2  inch  thick. 

Balltiu.—Thnx  buiem  nuke  2  deals,  rriainin?  Iheir  own  length 
and  Ihickriew.  Holf  dealt  are  only  counted  ai  dial  ends,  if  thry  run 
under  6  feet ;  but  if  Ihry  run  6  or  7  feet  long,  then  2  half  deals  are 
counted  a  deal,  retaining  their  own  thickness. 

EnU  of  DKitt Four  i-nds  nf  deals,  although  5  feet  long,  make 

but  a  deal  II  feet  long,  retaining  tlu^ir  thickness,  'vhicli  the  owners 
and  captains  of  ships  think  uniwunnahle ;  but  a>  the  freighlen  of 
■hips  seldom  wish  to  lave  this  assortment,  which  couiinonly  run 
from  3  to  5  feet,  and  are  taken  on  board  as  stowage,  consequently  for 
the  advantage  of  the  ship  and  not  the  freighter,  the  ship  ought  to  boar 
the  burden. 

End  uf  Batlttu,  called  Lanoick  Paiinift.—So  leaa  than  6  ought 
lo  be  counted  a  single  ileal,  1 1  feet  long  and  I  1 4  inch  thick. 

Palehoardt,  when  they  have  their  proper  length,  are  7  feel  long  j 
3  pale-lHiards  are  counted  a  single  deal. 

Slaiu  for  bogshinds  lake  up  much  room :  in  consequence  of  which 
more  than  10  cannot  be  computed  a  single  deal. 

The  widih  of  deal  is  never  noticeil  in  the  calculation  of  freight ;  a 
fooil  deal  ought  1 1  run  9  inches  wiihin  the  sap,  which  not  a  twen- 
tieth pirt  of  a  cargo  docs  at  iiresent  j  but,  though  some  may  be  above 

9  inches  wide,  nuuy  are  only  8,  therefore  one  must  make  up  for  the 
other. 

Timber,  or  Hewn  Goorfs— cannot  be  exactly  computed  according 

10  the  contents  in  de.i|j,  because  it  cannot  be  stowed  in  a  ship  in  the 
same  manner  .is  deals ;  the  freight  is,  therefore,  agreed  for  by  the 


mtf 


lump,  or  iccnrding  to  the  number  nf  dealt  which  thsTenel 
have  taken  on  board  on  a  former  occasion. 

One  hun>lred  dmis  ==t  120. 

A  Ion  r^  40  solid  feet  of  timber,  cut  to  a  square. 

One  limd  of  balk,  or  timlier,  =  50 solid  feet. 

Two  loads  of  timber  are  reckiined  for  l.iO  dealt. 

The  suvemi  bills  of  lading  enntain  together  an  exact  account  of  the 
cargo  which  the  captain  lus  received  on  board  hit  ship,  conaequently 
binding  him  to  ileltver  arcording  to  their  contents :  when,  Itiert-fDn-, 
the  deals  are  mentioned  as  usual  !>anil  10  A^t,  and  II  and  Ufect,  he 
cannot  insist  on  more  freight  than  tialf  of  Uie  leugth,  accordiug  \o  its 
dascriptkin. 

One  thounnd  Norway  standard  deals  are  reckoned  equal  to  a  keel 
of  coals,  which  i«21  Ions. 

iiamiiritt  |tay  duty  as  masts ;  capravens  are  above  12  and  under 
18  inches  in  circumference  at  the  middle,  anil  williout  bark.  Clip. 
board  isea(>ortetl  in  whole  piecetaiid  nuqnartereil.  Deals  from  Ger- 
many P.-UH  as  Norway  deals ;  suruce  deals  are  upwards  of  20  feet  in 
length  }  dealb  from  Norway,  above  7  feet  long,  are  counted  as  whik 
deals  :  above  5  feet,  and  not  aljove  7  feet  in  length,  are  accouuled  as 
half  deals,  and  2  of  them  \i\9n  :is  one  whole  deal. 

The  ditference  between  the  Christiatiin  and  I>ram  standard  belnr 
nearly  1-1 1th  part,  the  freights  to  Dram  ought  to  be  varied  prnpnr. 
tionally.  It  hassimietimes  liappened  that  ships  both  for  Christiania 
and  Dram  have  been  in  coni(>ai)y,  and  those  for  Christiania  have  gnl 
up,  loaded,  and  sailed,  before  llie  others  for  Dram  have  gut  oier 
Dminslroonk,  which  runs  very  strong  down  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 
— (liordanK^  European  Cummern.) 


CHUNAM,  the  name  given  in  India  to  lime.  The  best,  obtained  by  the  calcination 
of  shells,  is  employed  in  the  composition  of  Betel — (which  sec),  to  jwrevent,  it  is  said,  ju 
injuring  the  stomach. 

CIDER,  on  CYDER  (Fr.  Cidre  ,■  Ger.  Z'lder,  Apfelwein  ;  It.  Cidro ;  Rus.  Sldor ;  Sp. 
Sidra),  the  juice  of  apples  expressed  and  fermentetl.  The  produce  of  the  duty  on  cider  and 
perry  (the  expressed  and  fermented  juice  of  pears)  amounted,  in  1 828,  to  37,820/. ;  which, 
as  the  duty  was  105.  a  barrel,  shows  that  the  quantity  produced  must  have  amounted  ti> 
74,440  barrels,  exclusive  of  what  might  Iw  clandestinely  manufactured.  The  perry  is  sup- 
posed to  have  amounted  to  about  a  fourth  part  of  this  quantity.  The  duty  was  repealed  in 
1830.— (See  Apples.) 

CIGARS.     See  Tobacco. 

CINIVABAR  (Ger.  ^i'ranofter  ,•  Da.  Cinaber,  VirmiUoen ,•  Yt.Cinnabre;  It.  Cinabro,- 
Sp.  Cinaf/rio  ,•  Rus,  Kinowar ;  Lat.  Cirmnbrium). 

1.  Native  Cinnabar — a  mineral  substance,  reil,  heavy,  and  brilliant.  It  is  found  in  va- 
rious places,  chiefly  in  quicksilver  mines,  being  one  of  the  ores  of  that  metal.  The  cinnabar 
of  the  Philippine  Islands  is  said  to  be  of  tlie  highest  colour ;  but  that  of  Almaden  in  Spain, 
is  the  richest.  The  best  native  cinnabar  is  of  a  high  colour,  brilliant,  and  free  from  earthy 
or  stony  matter. 

2.  Artificial  Cinnabar. — "  When  two  parts  of  mercury  and  one  trf  sulphur  are  triturated 
together  in  a  mortar,  the  mercury  gradually  disappears,  and  the  whole  assumes  the  form  of  a 
black  powder,  formerly  called  Ethiops  mineral.  When  this  mineral  is  heated  red  hot,  it 
sublimes ;  and  if  a  proper  vessel  be  placed  to  receive  it,  a  cake  is  obtained  of  a  finn  red 
colour.  This  cake  was  formerly  called  cinnabar ;  and  when  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  is 
well  known  in  commerce  under  the  name  of  vermilion^ — (  Tfiomsim's  Chemistry.) 

CINNAMON  (Da.Kaneel;  Fr.  Cannelle ,■  Ger.  Zimntet,  Knnehl ,•  It.  Canella,-  Lat. 
Cinnamomum,  Canella.-  Por.  Canella,-  Sp.  Canela ,-  Pers.  and  Hind. DarcA/me ,•  Arab. 
Darsini ,-  Malay,  Kaimanis,-  Greek,  Kiv^t/mcv),  the  bark  of  the  cinnamon  tree  (Lntirus  rinna- 
momum),  a  native  of  Ceylon,  where  it  grows  in  great  abundance;  it  is  also  found  in  Cochin 
China,  but  no  where  else.  The  cinnamon  said  to  be  found  in  China,  Borneo,  &c.  is  merely 
Cfvtsia  lignea.  It  is  brought  home  in  bags  or  baJes  weighing  92^  lbs.  each ;  and  in  stowing 
it,  black  pepper  is  mixed  with  the  bales  to  preserve  the  cinnamon.  The  best  cinnamon  is 
thin  and  rather  pliable :  it  ought  to  be  about  the  substance  of  royal  paper,  or  somewhat 
thicker ;  is  of  a  light  yellow  colour,  approaching  nearly  to  that  of  Venetian  gold ;  it  is  smooth 
and  shining ;  fractures  splintery ;  has  an  agreeable,  warm,  aromatic  flavour,  and  a  mild 
sweetish  taste  when  chewed,  the  pieces  become  soft  and  seem  to  melt  in  the  mouth ;  it  is  not 
so  pungent  but  that  it  may  be  borne  on  the  tongue  without  pain,  and  is  not  succeeded  by 
any  after  taste.  Whatever  is  hard,  thick  as  a  half-crown  piece,  dark-coloured  or  brown,  or 
so  hot  that  it  cannot  be  borne,  should  be  rejected.  Particular  care  should  be  taken  that  it 
be  not  false  packed,  or  mixed  with  cinnamon  of  an  inferior  sort. — (^Milbuni's  Orient.  Comm.  ,• 
Marshall's  Essay,  quoted  below.) 

The  cinnamon  of  Cochin  China  grows  in  the  dry  sandy  districts  lying  N.  W.  of  the  town 
of  Faifoe,  between  15°  and  16°  N.  lat.  It  is  preferred  in  China  to  the  cinnamon  of  Cey- 
lon :  the  annual  imports  into  Canton  and  other  ports  vary  from  250,000  to  300,000  i!)s. 
There  are  no  fewer  than  10  varieties  of  this  species  in  the  market.  It  is  not  cured,  like 
that  of  Ceylon,  by  freeing  it  from  the  epidermis. — (Crawford's  Embaasy  to  Siam,  JifC. 
p.  475.) 

Cinnamon  Monopoly. — Dovm  to  the  present  year,  the  cultivation  of  cinnamon  in  Ceylon 
was  restricted  to  a  few  gardens  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Colombo  ;  the  production  and  sale 
of  the  article  being  wholly  monopolised  by  government.  U[)on  the  transference  of  the 
island  from  the  East  India  Company  to  the  king's  government,  the  former  agreed  to  pay 


CINNAMON. 


343 


»)•  »)iich  llie  vn«l  mtf 


B  reckoneil  equal  |j  a  keel 


60,000/.  a  year  for  400,000  lbs.  or  4,342^  bales  of  cinnamon  ;  it  being  stipulated,  that  if 
the  quantity  collected  exceeded  this  amount,  the  surplus  was  to  be  burned  .'*  But  this 
agreement  was  afterwards  broken  off;  and,  for  these  some  years  past,  the  cinnamon  has 
been  sent  to  England  by  government,  and  sold  on  its  account  at  quarterly  sales.  The 
revenue  derived  by  the  Ceylon  treasury  from  the  cinnamon  monopoly,  in  1831,  it  said  to 
have  amounted  to  106,434/.  lis.  lid.;  but  it  is  not  said  whether  this  is  the  nett  or  gross 
revenue,  that  is,  whether  it  be  exclusive  or  inclusive  of  the  expenses  attending  its  manage- 
ment.—(C'e^Awi  Almanac  for  1833,  p.  82.)  As  the  monopoly  could  not  be  enforced  except 
by  confining  the  culture  of  cinnamon  to  certain  districts,  it  necessarily  led  to  the  most  op- 
pressive interference  with  the  rights  of  individuals,  to  the  creation  of  numberless  imaginary 
ofrcnccs,  and  the  multiplication  of  punishments,  forming  a  heavy  drawback  upon  the  pros- 
perity of  the  island.  We  are,  therefore,  glad  to  have  to  state  that  it  has  been  at  length 
abandoned ;  and  that  we  are  no  longer  liable  to  the  charge  of  upholding,  without  improving, 
the  worst  part  of  the  Dutch  policy  ;  but  have  restored  to  the  natives  their  right  to  cultivate 
cinnamon  any  where  and  in  any  way  they  think  fit.  We  subjoin  a  copy  of  the  advertise- 
ment issued  by  the  Ceylon  government  in  reference  to  this  important  subject. 

Notice  is  hereby  given,  that  in  direct  pursuance  of  instriictinns  received  from  the  secretary  of 
stale,  from  and  after  the  10th  of  July  next,  the  general  export  of  cinnanioii  from  the  ports  of  Colombo 
nnd  Point  de  Galle  exclusively,  in  the  island  of  Ceylon,  will  be  allowed,  on  payment  of  an  export 
duly  nf  3s.  per  pound,  without  distinction  of  quality. 

From  the  same  period,  all  restrictions  and  prohibitions  against  the  ciillivation,  possession,  or  sale 
of  cinnamon  by  private  individuals  will  cease  ;  and  such  quantities  of  cinnamon  as  government  now 
1ms  in  its  possession,  or  may  hereafter  be  obliged  to  receive  in  payment  of  rent,  or  from  the  govern- 
niciil  plantations  (until  they  can  otherwise  be  disposed  of),  will  be  sold  at  periodical  sales,  subject 
always  to  the  payment  of  the  said  export  duty,  and  under  conditions  as  to  the  completion  of  the  pur- 
chase, and  the  actual  payment  of  the  purchase  money  in  cash  or  covernment  bills,  on  delivery  of  the 
cinnamon,  similar  to  those  heretofore  stipulated  at  the  sales  held'in  London,  and  which  will  be  fully 
nolitied  and  explained  hereafter. 

No  collections  will,  for  the  future,  be  made  in  the  forests  on  account  of  government. 

The,  first  sale  will  be  held  on  the  10th  day  of  July  next,  at  the  office  of  the  commissioner  of  re- 
venue; when  1,000  bales  of  cinnamon  will  be  put  up  to  sale  in  lots  at  th;;  undermentioned  prices,  and 
will  be  sold  to  the  highest  bidder  above  the  reserved  price. 


d. 
6 
0 
9 


Ist  sort,  per  lb.       -----  • 

2d       - 

3d       — 

The  proportion  of  each  sort  to  be  put  up  will  be  notified  hereafter. 

The  stock  of  cinnamon  in  the  hands  of  the  agent  in  London,  in  September,  1832,  and  which  was  to 
he  sold  at  the  4  usual  quarterly  sales,  in  October,  1832,  and  January,  April,  and  July,  1833,  amounted 
to  4,6S8  bales ;  two  consignments,  amounting  to  826  bales,  have  since  been  sent  to  England,  viz.  500 
Imlcs  in  July,  1832;  326  bales  in  October,  1832;  since  which  no  shipments  have  been  made,  and  none 
will  be  made  hereafter. 

The  sales  for  the  2  years  ending  with  that  of  July,  1832,  somewhat  exceeded  5,500  bales  per  annum. 

Chief  Secretary's  office,  Colombo,  March  9,  1833. 

Duties  on  Cinnamon. — Nothing  can  be  more  satisfactory  than  this  document,  in  so  far  as 
the  free  culture  of  cinnamon  is  concerned ;  but  it  is  deeply  to  be  regretted,  that  the  abolition 
of  the  old  monopoly  system  should  be  accompanied  by  the  imposition  of  the  exorbitant  duty 
of  3s.  per  lb.  on  all  cinnamon,  exported,  without  distinction  of  quality.  Its  natural  cost 
does  not,  we  believe,  exceed  6d.  or  8d.  per  lb. ;  but  taking  it  at  Is.,  the  duty  is  no  less  than 
300  per  cent. !  So  enormous  a  tax,  by  confining  the  export  of  cinnamon  within  the  narrow- 
est limits,  will  go  far  to  deprive  the  island  of  the  advantages  it  would  otherwise  derive  from 
the  repeal  of  the  monopoly,  and  will  be,  in  all  respects,  most  injurious.  We  have  heard, 
that  it  is  contended,  in  vindication  of  this  oppressive  tax,  that  Ceylon  having  a  natural 
monopoly  of  cinnamon,  it  is  sound  policy  to  burden  it  with  the  highest  duty  it  will  bear ;  as 
the  largest  revenue  is  thus  obtained  at  the  least  expense  to  the  island.  But  in  addition  to 
the  cinnamon  produced  in  Cochin  China,  and  which  it  is  more  than  probable  will  speedily 
iind  its  way  to  the  European  markets,  the  extent  to  which  cassia  lignea  is  substituted  for 
cinnamon,  shows  that  the  monopoly  possessed  by  Ceylon  is  of  very  trifling  importance.  But 
though  it  were  otherwise,  though  cassia  lignea  did  not  exist,  and  cinnamon  were  to  be  found 
no  where  but  in  Ceylon,  we  should  not  the  less  object  to  so  exorbitant  an  export  duty.  So 
long  as  it  is  maintained,  it  will  confine  within  the  narrowest  limits,  what  might  otherwise 
become  a  most  important  branch  of  industry,  and  a  copious  source  of  wealth  to  the  island. 
According  to  the  crown  commissioners,  the  average  quantity  and  value  of  the  different  sorts 
of  cinnamon  annually  sold  of  late  years  has  been, — 


Sorts  of  Cinnamon. 

Quantity 

Rate. 

Amount. 

First  sort         .... 
Second  sort           .           -           -     - 
Third  sort       .... 

All  sorts 

Lbs. 

90,000 
230,000 
180,000 

S.         d. 
7         2.i 

5     m 

4         H 

£       s. 
32,842    15 
67,562    10 
38,437    10 

500,000          1 

139,343    15 

II* 

as 

0'> 


^1*1 


M 


"VZ 


»l 


♦  See  an  article  by  H.  Marshall,  Esq.,  staff  surgeon  to  the  forces  in  Ceylon,  in  Thomson's  Annals 
of  PMlosopliy,  vol.  X.  p.  356. 


341 


CINQUE  PORTS. 


•   <i 


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1, 


i 


It  is  not  at  oil  probahlc  that  the  exports  will  inatprially  incronac  under  the  new  sysfcn; 
hut  hail  the  duty  varied  from  nhoiit  fir/,  per  lb.  on  the  iiest,  to  iid.  or  4(/.  on  the  inferior  >»  r(«, 
wc  have  little  doubt,  now  that  the  cultnre  is  free,  that  the  exports  would,  at  no  \ery  distant 
period,  have  amounted  to  Homc  millions  of  pounds.  It  is  the  hipth  price  of  rinnamon, — a  price 
not  caused  by  its  scarcity  or  the  difliculty  of  its  production,  but  by  the  oppressive  nionopo- 
lies  and  duties  to  which  it  has  been  subjected, — that  has  made  it  be  refjardrd  as  a  luxury 
attainable  only  by  the  rich.  There  is  no  other  8j)ice  that  is  so  universally  acceptable  ;  ami 
there  is  none,  were  it  changed  with  a  reasmuilj/e  duty,  that  would  be  so  sure  to  command  lui; 
immense  sale.  We  know,  quite  as  well  as  the  writer  of  an  article  on  this  subject  in  ihr 
Colombo  .Journal,  "  that  the  cook  who  einploys  1  ounce  of  cinnamon  to  imjjrove  the  flavour 
of  his  dishes,  will  not  emjjloy  4  ounces  when  the  spice  is  a  fourth  of  the  i)rice  ;"  but  wc 
further  know,  what  the  journalist  would  seem  to  be  iRUorant  of,  that  were  its  price  reduced, 
as  it  might  be,  to  a  third  of  what  it  has  hitherto  cost,  it  wouM  be  used  by  ten  or  a  dozen 
cooks,  for  every  one  who  employs  it  at  present.  In  fact,  tho  entire  consumption  of  cinna- 
mon in  Great  Britain  is  under  20,000  lbs.  a  year ! 

Should  the  cxjmrts  of  cinnamon  from  Ceylon  under  the  new  plan  amount  to  500,000  llw, 
a  year,  government  will  receive  from  it  an  annua!  revenue  of  75,000/. ;  and  supposing  them 
to  amount  to  600,000  lbs.,  the  revenue  will  be  90,000/.  And  to  secure  the  immediate  pay- 
ment of  this  trifling  sum,  every  ulterior  consideration  of  profit  and  advantage  has  been  sarri- 
liced.  It  is,  however,  pretty  clear,  that  this  short-sighted  rapacity  will  be,  in  the  end,  no  less 
injurious  to  the  revenue,  than  to  the  industry  and  trade  of  the  island.  Were  cinnamon  allow- 
ed to  be  exported  for  a  few  years  under  a  low  duty,  or  till  such  time  as  the  taste  for  it  was  fully 
dilVused  throughout  this  and  other  countries,  it  would  then  be  easy,  by  gradually  raising  the 
duty,  to  obtain  from  it,  without  materially  checking  the  consumption,  a  very  large  revenue  • 
at  least  5  or  6  times  more  than  it  will  ever  produce  under  the  present  plan. 

Suppose  that  we  had  had  the  power  efTectually  to  monopolise  the  inventions  by  which  Sir 
Richard  Arkwright  and  others  have  so  prmiigiously  facilitated  the  spinning  of  cotton ;  what 
would  have  been  thought  of  the  policy  of  those  who  should  have  proposed  laying  a  duty  on 
exported  cottons  equivalent  to  the  peculiar  advantages  we  enjoyed  in  their  production? 
Had  this  been  done,  we  should  have  got  a  monopoly  value  for  our  exports  of  cotton;  but 
instead  of  amounting,  as  at  present,  to  17,000,000/.  a  year,  they  would  not,  under  such  a 
plan,  have  amounted,  to  170,000/.;  and  instead  of  aflbrding  subsistence  for  some  1,300,000 
or  1,400,000  individuals,  the  cotton  manufacture  would  not  have  supported  50,000  !  And  ypt 
this  is  the  mischievous  nostrum,  for  it  would  be  an  abuse  of  terms  to  call  it  a  principle, — on 
which  we  have  proceeded  to  regulate  tbe  export  of  the  staple  product  of  Ceylon. 

The  following  table  shows  the  quantities  of  cinnamon  retained  for  home  consumption,  the 
rates  of  duty.and  the  nett  amount  of  the  duties  in  each  year,  since  1810. 


Quantities 

Quantities 

Vein. 

retained   for 
Home    Con* 
NUinptioti   in 
the     UnileJ 

Nell  Amount  of 

Duty  received 

thereon. 

Rates  of  Duty  charged 
thereon. 

Years. 

retained  for 
Ilorne    Con- 
suniptinn   in 
Hie     United 

Nell  Amount  of 

Duly  received 

titereon. 

nates  of  Duty  charjeil 
thereon. 

Kinj^dnrn. 

Kingdom. 

Us. 

£     s.  (1. 

Of  the  Kdst  Indies. 

/./».«. 

£      s. 

d. 

Of  the  Eust  Indies. 

C%!.  per  It),  and  2/. 

1820 

10,()18J 

1,331    3 

6 

2s.  lid.  per  lb. 

1810 

12,793 

5,609   7   3 

<  Us.  id.  per  cent. 

1821 

12,002 

1,503  18 

2 

do. 

(.ad  vnlnreni. 

1822 

14.5071 

1.8I()  19 

0 

do. 

1811 

8,748 

3,715  16   7 

do. 

1823 

14,22.') 

1,767    8 

7 

do. 

1812 

13,416 

4,081  10   1 

do. 

1824 

13,7fi(!5 

1,723  16 

4 

do. 

' 

f(From  April  15.) 

1825 

14,0981 

1.766    0 

2 

do. 

1813 

Records  destroyed  - 

J  2,«.4J(/.  pi'rll).  and 
3/.  .3».4rf.  pi'rceiit. 

1826 
1827 

14,15r..;- 
14,45U 

1,782  14 
1,807  19 

9 

7 

do. 
do. 

ad  valort^in. 

1828 

15,6961 

1,773  16 

9 

do. 

1814 
1815 

9,565 

8,977   3  11 
1,175  17    7 

(  (From  April  10.) 
lis.M.  nerlli. 
do. 

1829 

29,720 

1,342  8 

4 

f  (From  June  21.) 
J  6(/.    per   lb.  I'rciiii 
1  Hritisli      pos-ses- 

1816 

9,863 

1,2.35  14    1 

do. 

tsions. 

1817 

10,6!^9 

1,324    0    9 

do. 

1830 

Nil.* 

709   .'5 

0 

do. 

1818 

11,381 

1,424  18  11 

do. 

1831 

2:),  172 

583  17 

6 

do. 

1819 

13,077i 

1,637    1    1 

f  (From  April  10.) 
>  2i.  Orf.  per  11). 

1832 

15,271 

435   0  10 

do.    ■ 

»         i . 


In  the  London  market,  cinnamon  is  divided  into  3  sorts.  The  first  is  worth,  nt  present  (Sept.  1833), 
duty  incUidiid,  from  8s.  Gd.  to  10».  per  lb.;  the  second,  6*.  to  ~s.  6d.;  and  the  third  from  5s.  to  6s. 

[See  Impohts  and  Expohts. — Am,  Ed,] 

CINQUE  PORTS,  These  are  ancient  trading  towns,  lying  on  the  coast  of  Kent  and 
Sussex,  which  were  selected  from  their  proximity  to  France,  and  early  superiority  in  navi- 
gation, to  assist  in  protecting  the  realm  against  invasion,  and  vested  with  certain  privileges 
by  royal  charter. 

"  The  ports  so  privileged,  as  we  at  present  account  them,  are  Dover,  Sandwich,  Romney, 
Hastings,  Hythe,  and  the  two  ancient  towns  of  Winchel.sea  and  Rye ;  although  the  two 
latter  places  appear  to  have  been  originally  only  members.     The  services  which  they  were 

♦  The  export  having  exceeded  the  quantity  charged  with  duty  within  the  year. 


CITRON— CIVITA  VECCHIA. 


345 


nppointcd  to  perform,  were  cither  honorary,  viz.  assisting  at  the  coronation  and  sendinj 
members  to  parliament ;  or  auxiliary  to  the  defence  of  the  realm,  as  furnishinj^  a  certain 
supply  of  vcsHcls  and  seamen,  on  bcintj  summoned  to  that  service  by  the  king's  writ. 

"In  process  of  time  the  Ciniiue  Porta  grew  so  powerful,  and,  by  the  possessiim  of  a  war- 
like fleet,  so  audacious,  that  they  made  piratical  excursions  in  defiance  of  all  public  faith  ; 
on  some  occasions  they  made  war,  and  formed  confederacies  as  separate  independent  states. 
It  seems,  however,  that  these  irregularities  were  soon  suppressed,  when  the  government  was 
strong,  and  sufficiently  confident  to  exert  its  powers.  80  long  as  the  mode  of  raising  a  navy 
by  contributions  from  different  towns  continued,  the  Cinquo  Ports  afforded  an  ample  sup- 
ply; but  since  that  time  their  privileges  have  teen  preserved,  but  their  separate  or  peculiar 
services  dispensed  with.  Their  charters  are  traced  to  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor  ; 
tlipy  were  confirmed  by  the  Conqueror,  and  by  subsequent  monarchs.  William  the  Con- 
iiueror,  considering  Dover  Castle  the  key  of  England,  gave  the  charge  of  the  adjacent  coast, 
with  the  shipping  belonging  to  it,  to  the  constable  of  Dover  Castle,  with  the  title  of  Warden 
of  the  Cincjue  Ports;  un  office  resembling  that  of  the  Count  of  the  Saxon  coast  (Contea 
llttiiris  Sdxonic!)  on  the  decline  of  the  Koman  power  in  this  island.  The  lord  warden  has 
the  authority  of  admiral  in  the  Cinque  Porta  and  its  dependencies,  with  power  to  hold  a 
court  of  admiralty ;  he  has  authority  to  hold  courts  both  of  law  and  ecjuity  ;  is  the  general 
returning  ofliccr  of  all  the  ports, — i)arliamentary  writs  being  directed  to  him,  on  which  he 
issues  his  precepts  ;  and,  in  many  respects,  he  was  vested  with  powers  similar  to  those  pos- 
sessed by  the  heads  of  counties  palutiiic.  At  present  the  efficient  authority,  charge,  or 
patronage,  of  the  lord  warden  is  not  very  great ;  the  situation  is,  however,  considered  very 
honourable,  and  the  salary  is  .3,000/.  He  has  under  him  a  lieutenant  and  some  subordinate 
otllcers ;  and  there  arc  captains  at  Deal,  Walmer,  and  Sandgatc  Castles,  Archclilf  Fort,  and 
Moats  Bulwark. 

"  There  is  an  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  the  Cinque  Ports  (before  the  mayor  and  jurats  of 
the  ports),  into  which  exclusive  jurisdiction  the  king's  ordinary  writ  does  not  run;  that  is, 
tlic  court  cannot  direct  their  process  immediately  to  the  sheriff,  as  in  other  caises.  In  the 
Cinque  Ports,  their  process  is  directed  to  the  constable  of  Dover  Castle,  his  deputy,  or  lieu- 
tenant. A  writ  of  error  lies  from  the  mayor  and  jurats  of  each  port  to  the  lord  warden 
of  the  Cinque  Ports,  in  his  court  of  Shepway,  and  from  the  court  of  Shepway  to  the  King's 
Bench ;  a  memorial  of  superiority  reserved  to  the  crown  at  the  original  creation  of  the 
franchise ;  and  prerogative  writs,  as  those  of  habeas  corpus,  prohibition,  certiorari,  and  man- 
damus, may  issue,  for  the  same  reason,  to  all  these  exempt  jurisdictions,  because  the  privi- 
lege that  the  king's  writ  runs  not  must  be  intended  between  party  and  party,  and  there  can 
be  no  such  privilege  against  the  king." — {ChUty's  Commercial  Law,  vol.  ii.  p.  12.) 

CITRON  (Ger.  Succade  ,•  Da.  Sukkat  ,•  It.  Confetti  di  cedro ,-  Sp.  Acitron  verde  ,•  Fr, 
CItrniwt  vcrd),  an  agreeable  fruit,  resembling  a  lemon  in  colour,  smell,  and  taste.  The 
principal  difference  lies  in  the  juice  of  the  citron  being  somewhat  less  acid,  and  the  yellow 
rind  being  somewhat  hotter,  and  accompanied  with  a  considerable  bitterness. — (Lewis's  Mat, 
Mid.)     It  is  imported,  preserved  and  candied,  from  Madeira,  of  the  finest  quality. 

CIVET  (Ger.  Zibefh ;  Bu.  Civet,-  Fi.Civette;  It. Zihetio,-  Sp.  yl/i^fl//a),  a  perfume 
taken  from  the  civet  cat.  It  is  brought  from  the  Brazils,  Guinea,  and  the  interior  of  Africa. 
When  genuine,  it  is  worth  30."?.  or  40s.  an  ounce. 

CIVITA  VECCHIA,  a  fortified  sea-port  town  of  the  papal  dominions,  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, in  lat.  42°  4'  38"  N.,  Ion.  11°  44'  52"  E.     Population  7,000. 

}farhoiir.—T\\e  port  of  Civita  Vficrhia  is  artificial,  and  is  formed  by  three  larce  moles.  Two  of 
ihiMii  pruji'clliiK  from  tile  niaiiilanii,  inclined  one  to  the  north  and  the  other  to  the  south,  form  the 
sides  of  the  liarliour;  while  a  third  iiicde,  or  lireakwater,  constructed  opposite  to  the  gap  between  tlie 
Mtlier  two,  serves  to  protect  the  harbour  from  the  heavy  sea  that  would  otherwise  be  thrown  in  by 
llie  westerly  call's.  A  li(?litliouse,  having  the  lantern  elevated  74  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is 
erected  on  tbe  southern  extremity  of  the  outward  mole  ;  the  distance  from  its  extremities  to  the  ex- 
treinilies  of  the  lateral  moles,  on  which  there  are  towers,  being  about  90  fathoms.  Vessels  may 
enter  either  by  the  south  or  north  end  of  the  outer  mole,  but  the  southern  channel  is  the  deepest, 
liavini;  from  8  to  (i  and  4  fathoms.  Ships  may  anchor  within  the  port,  in  from  16  to  IS  feet  water,  or 
between  it  and  the  outer  mole  where  the  water  is  deeper.  Within  the  port  there  is  a  dock  and  an 
arsenal.— (P/((n  of  Civita  Vecchia.) 

lli.ilurir.al  M'uticc.—This  harbour,  which  is  by  far  the  best  on  the  western  side  of  the  papal  domi- 
niniis,  owes  its  origin  to  the  Emperor  Trajan,  and  affords  the  most  iine(]uivocal  proof,  not  of  his 
power  merely,  but  of  his  sagacity  ami  desire  to  promote  the  interests  of  commerce  and  navigation. 
There  is  in  one  of  Pliny's  Letters  (lib.  vi.  episl.  31.)  a  clear  and  interesting  account  of  ibis  great  work, 
which  has  obviously  been  planned  and  constructed  with  eijual  skill  and  judgment.  The  imter  mole 
was  mostly  formed,  precisely  like  the  breakwater  at  Plymouth,  by  sinking  immense  blocks  of  stone 
into  the  sea,  which  became  fixed  and  consolidated  by  their  own  weight,  till  by  degrees  it  was  raised 
above  the  waters,  {.^ssiirgit  autem  arte  I'i.sendii :  iii/rcntia  saxa  lati.i.iiina  navis  prorehit.  Contra  hu^e 
lUia  super  alia  dejecta  ipso  ponderc  mnnent,  ac  nensim  qiiodam  veliit  a/rgere  constriiiivtiir.)  Originally  it 
was  called  'I'rnjaiius  Partus,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  it  did  not  always  bear  the  name  of  its  illus- 
trious f'uunder.  liut  in  the  latter  ages  of  the  Koman  empire  it  was  culled  Centum  Cellix,  and  in 
modern  times  Civita  Vecchia.— (CcUarii  M'utitia  Orbis  .Hntiqiue,  i.  p.  734.) 

Afenn/— Account!,  are  kept  liere,  and  throuilioul  the  pajjal  sl.ites,  I  a  species  of  bank  notes ;  Ijut  tliese,  not  being  payable  In  specie  on 

in  crowns  or  SfwU.  called  scudi  Homaiii  and  scudi  nir)iifta,     1  SLWlti  I  demand,  are  uniforndy  at  a  discfunit. 

=  10  paoh,  and  1  paoli  =  10  bajtHcln.    The  sciuio  contains  dOJ  ,      Utiichti. — 'I'lie /i//»(i,or  pound  of  12  mici  or  6,912  grnnt,  cnntalnii 

graitu  of  Knjlish  standard  silver. niid  is,  conseipit-ntly,  worth -It.  4'^  <  5,234  Ki);;lish  Kraina.     tlence,  lOU  Hninan  pounds  =  74,77 j   lbs. 

steniu;.    I'a'j  iiieulii  above  5  scudi  are  made  in  aduk,  or  sclii'Juh:J.  i  avoirdupois  =  'JO,St)'S  lbs.  trov  =  33,90ti  kilogrammes  =  70,008  lbs. 

44 


as 


"Ul 


■.,r 

r  ■  ; 

1 


346 


CLARET— CLOCKS. 


1, 


!■ 


I 


:' 


'  I 


■  I  1         » 


!'  ■  I 


i    1 


iif  H»niliiir».    TTiiTi-  are  Ihreinlitr.'reiil  drilirtwor  quiiiUlii  lii. 
of  100,  IS),  amliiO   U.     The  mini iyi)  .-.  1,000  ll)«. 

Weamrff.— Thi'Hoin.infi»it--ll-72  Kiu.inrlii'dlhrrntmii-iTC-ni 
Ki.<.  iiicliwi  Ihu  r»riii.i  iisnl  liy  biiiljrn       M'lH)  tliiKlish  inrliti; 


t'lp  finrrrt  nt  wine  .  -  12,^(1  imp.  (fi'Inns,  an'!  the  barrel  nf  n'u  „ 
IJ'O't  iiii|i.  ifA'Is. ;  iUe  aainimf  mi  :)0*U)  imp.  ilo,;  tliH  riiti^nni' 
(■  )i-n  -■  M-;|;l  imp.  huiihels.— lAV//</*f  CnininsI ;  \tlkrithtchtr 
Vittiud  Ifnwtrul )  ' 


fiiiportt  and  A.'j-/)«r».i.- Tlioiigli  lliu  wi'iiltli  iinil  |)ii|)iiliiti(in  orilii!  iMiiiilry  roiinil  Civitii  Vccrlila  be 
miicli  r«U('ii  (ilT  ill  riiDilorii  liiiit's  iniiipiinMl  wild  iiiitli|iiily,  it  hIiII  niiitiniicH  In  hv  \ht:  cnlri'iHlt  of 
Rniiic,  anil  (•nifriiHscs  iiliiiiist  llii'  ciiliri'  Iruilc  nf  ihi.'  piipiil  (Iciiiilnidiw  mi  ilu'  Hiili>  nf  the  IMcilili'rrii- 
lieitn.  'I'lii!  iiH|ii>rtN  riiiiHiHt  |irliii'i|iiilly  oT  ('ott'iii,  wdollcii,  HJIk,  iiiiil  lliifii  hIiiU'ii  ;  riitli'i!,  HiiKiir,  ii'ciin, 
anil  other  I'dloiiiiil  prmliictH  ;  h.iU  iiiiiI  Miiltttil  lixli,  wines,  jrwellery,  gUinri  iiiiil  iMrllirinvaiH,  Ati .  '||,,! 
fxportH  niiiMnt  (if  .stiivcrt  .'inil  tiiiilii'r,  I'lirii,  iiiaj,  wmil,  (■jiccsi',  pciliisli.  piiniirohtcinc,  alum.  iVdni 
TiillH,  in  till-  vicinity,  anil  oIIiit  artirlcn.  'I'hc  tolnl  valiio  of  the  iinporli  iimy  hi'  rci  koniMl  at  rrmii 
OSd.OIKI/,  to  TIHI.OIHI/..  anil  it  may  In-  fairly  piiHiimiil  that  thu  rral  valiii!  of  the  r.vpurts  i*  nut  nun  fi 
inferior.  Marscillts  and  (juiiou  havu  the  largiHt  share  of  tin.'  foreign  trade  of  tiviia  VitLhia,  mkI 
lic.vt  to  llieni  r.iiKlaml. 

Duties.— I'WUii  Vci'chiii  la  n  free  port,  !lmt  is,  a  port  Into  which  produro  may  be  liiiportud,  niid 
oitlier  idiiHiiiiieil  or  re-exported,  free  of  duly 

Quarantine  reifiilatioiiH  ure  Htrictly  enforced  ;  no  vrs«el  with  a  foul  liill  of  heallli  heltit'  Pt'riniltoil  to 
filter  any  of  llii'  papal  ports.— (.^Hiiimire  i/e.  Cummercc  Mariliiiie,  toiii.  ii.  p.  .WH,  Jtc.) 

Return  of  thu  Number  and  Tonnaue  of  VcnhcIs,  diHtinKnishint!  the  ('unnlries  to  wlilch  Ihcy  hclongi'il, 
which  entered  inwards  in  the  I'npal  States  in  1(<.'IJ. 


or  tho  vessels 

eiilerin;  llio  ports  on  the  M 

•ilitcrrintMn,  fully 

lirte  fin 

rlhs pnlertvl  llvili  Vecchia. 

rufk 

In  Porl<  nf  the 

MoJilerr 

'lintf  or 

aiiean. 

In  Ports  ill  thi'  Ailrialic.                      j 

Tmic 

Touching  or 

Fnr  Tmrtinn 
Turposes. 

calling,  nnt  for 
Tr.i'liii*  Tiir. 

Fishing  Vrucla. 

Kit  Trading 
I'urpoht'S. 

calliuif,  ii'it  for 
'I'niliii'f  Fur- 

Fishing  Vessels.  | 

P'ttfi. 

JHMCS. 

! 

.S/iif'i. 

To'M. 

.S7li>». 

Tunt. 

Shi f  11. 

Toni. 

S/iint. 

r.uK. 

,S7ii;'i. 

T,iii'. 

Ships. 

JViiu.     1 

Austrian 

3i 

3„i92 

2 

133 

— 

— 

1,100 

40.-;ii'. 

i;i 

1,67(1 

1,190 

7,W3 ; 

Grrek 

2 

0!I9 

— 

^ 

._ 

— 

6 

4W 

MfKlciiese 

• 

_       1       — 

• 

— 

— . 

167 

4,2U1 

French 

61 

r,,-:26,       42 

4,0311 

Briiisli 

2G 

4,10) 

— 

2 

2 

34 

5,037 

' 

I(ini.iii 

_ 

— 

-_ 

— . 

— 

_ 

16 

1,101 

Loiiil)inIo-\'enetian    * 

— 



_ 

_ 

^ 

— 

442 

I4,S81 

4S 

2,WI 

3,393 

23.001 

Lucclu-sR 

I4'> 

3,4s:> 

4'. 

S<17 

1 

4 

Neapolitan 

7i:> 

4r>,532 

423 

19,W7 

211 

2,602 

r^ 

3,700 

a'l 

1,2^7 

49 

9j;; 

I'.irma 

~. 

~- 

— 

— 



-      1 

4 

62 

1 

41 

1 

I'apil 

fi.12 

31,433         217 

11,701 

(•2 

799 

3,b2 

127,413 

434 

1J,S2'< 

ll,S» 

151,583  j 

Sardinian 

m 

I3.ia7       ion 

10,321 

— . 

44 

5,634 

1 

631 

Spanish 

■ii 

I,I32| 

' 

S.vedish 

1      _ 

— 



_ 

6 

ii|2 

1 

183 

Tuscan 

Tot.ils 

412 

17,722'        183 

X,fil3 

3 

9 

-'.2-.I 

126.823'      1,021 

5:'i,S,51 

332 

3,170 

5,096 

1W4.M2 

573 

22,069 

16,4:M 

JKl.^i 

Si'p.) 
CLARET,  one  of  the  best  French  wines.  See  tlie  articles  BonnEAiix  anJ  Wine. 
CTiEARINO,  '^  among  London  Bnn/cers,  is  a  method  ndopteil  by  them  for  exchanging 
the  drafts  on  each  other's  houses,  and  settling  the  diU'erenees.  Thus,  at  half-past  .3  o'clock,  a 
clerk  from  each  banker  attends  at  the  clearing-house,  where  he  bring-s  all  the  drafts  on  ihc 
other  bankers,  which  have  been  paid  into  his  house  that  day,  and  deposits  tliein  in  their 
proper  drawers  (a  drawer  being  allotted  to  each  banker)  ;  he  then  crinlils  their  nrcouiils 
separately  with  the  articles  which  they  have  against  him,  as  found  in  the  drawer.  Balances 
are  then  struck  from  all  the  accounts,  and  the  claims  transferred  from  one  to  another,  until 
they  arc  so  wound  up  and  cancelled  that  each  clerk  has  only  to  settle  with  two  or  three 
others,  and  their  balances  are  immediately  paid. 

"  Such  drafts  as  are  paid  into  a  banker's  too  late  for  clearing,  are  sent  to  the  houncs  on 
which  they  arc  drawn,  to  be  marked,  which  is  understood  as  an  engagement  that  they  will 
be  paid  the  next  day." — (Kelli/'s  Cninbiaf.)  —  (For  an  account  of  tlie  saving  of  money 
effected  by  this  device,  see  ante,  p.  71.  The  technical  operations  carried  on  ut  the  clear- 
ing-house have  been  described  by  Mr.  Gilbart,  in  liis  Practical  Treatise  on  Hanking,  pp. 
16—20.) 
CLEARING-HOUSE,  the  place  where  the  operation  termed  clearing  is  carried  on. 
CLOCK,  CLOCKS,  (Ger.  Uhren,  Grosse  Uhren,  Winni/u/ircn  ,•  Du.  Uiiren,  Uiirwcrkcn, 
H()roIus;ien ;  Ft.  Horlnges ;  \i.  Orolojrqi,  OriiioJi ;  Sp.  AV/f;;>.s ,-  Rus.  7!sc//f/.s(/),  a  kind 
of  machine,  put  in  motion  by  a  gravitating  body,  and  so  constructetl  as  to  divide,  measure, 
and  indicate  the  successive  portions  of  time  with  very  great  accuracy.  Most  clocks  mark 
the  hour  by  striking  or  chiming.  It  is  a  highly  useful  instrument,  and  is  extensively  em- 
ployed for  domestic  and  philosophical  purposes.  Clocks  are  made  of  an  cinlless  variety  of 
materials  and  models,  so  as  to  suit  the  different  uses  to  which  they  are  to  be  a[)plied,  and  ihe 
different  tastes  of  their  purchasers.  Their  price  consequently  varies  from  a  few  shillings  ti> 
more  than  100/.  The  Germans  and  Dutch  are  particularly  celebrated  fir  their  skill  in  the 
manufacture  of  wooden  clocks ;  while  the  English,  French,  and  Geiieve^e,  especially  the 
former,  have  carried  the  art  of  making  metallic  clocks,  so  as  to  keep  time  with  the  greatest 
precision,  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection. 

The  history  of  the  invention,  introduction,  and  successive  improvements  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  clocks  has  been  carefully  investigated  by  some  very  learned  and  industrious  antiqua- 
ries— (see  Becknianns  Hist,  of  Inventions,  vol.  i.  pp.  419 — 402.  Eng.  ed. ;  and  Recs's  Cij- 
chpxdiit);  but,  notwithstanding  these  researches,  the  subject  is  still  involved  in  considera- 
ble obscurity.    It  seems,  however,  that  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century  may  be  regard- 


CLOTH— CLOVES. 


347 


ff 


n,  an'l  tfifl  barrel  i,t  nji"  ,, 
Cmiiliut;  Nitkriihnlirr, 
I  Civilll  Vl'cclllll   t,|. 

lie  I  he  ('nlri'|i(1i  of 
'  nl"  the  IMi'ilili'rrii- 
•iiU'i'i!,  Kugar,  iiMd.i, 
lii'Mwaif!.  Ati  .  'I'lii.' 
-stdnc,  alum,  (tuui 
'  rt'ckiiiiiMl  at  irdiii 
(|)(irlH  i»  iiol  iniji'!, 
L'ivilii  Vi'utliia.aiiil 

ly  111-  hiiporled,  nnd 

I  lilting  periniilud  to 
) 

liicli  llicy  hclongnl, 

cell  in. 


Itnr 
I   l(ir 
'ur- 


I,li7l< 


2,i2l 

41 

5,S.'S 

631 

163 


Fishing  Veucli, 

i,\'jO 

Willi. 
7,W3 

3,393 

23.001 

49 

9.:; 

11,802 

131,583  { 

1 

^i,n69|  I6,4;M|  IM.5fti 
Slip.) 
»nd  Wink. 
for  oxchijnginj 
f-[)ast  3  o'clock,  ,1 
the  drafts  on  the 
sit.s  tliem  in  their 
H  their  accounts 
•awer.  Biilnnces 
to  another,  until 
nih  two  or  three 

to  the  hou!<i'H  or> 
nt  that  tht-y  will 
iviiit;  of  money 
on  at  the  clear- 
n  lian/dng,  pp. 

carried  on. 
'•en,  Uitrwcrkcn, 
"tic/idMi'),  a  liind 
divide,  mea.surc, 
lost  clocks  mark 
extensively  ein- 
idlcss  variety  of 
applied,  andihe 
few  shillings  to 
heir  skill  in  the 
t,  cs[)ecially  the 
ath  the  greatest 

in  the  maniifac- 
strious  antiqua- 
and  liees's  Cij- 
3d  in  oonsidcra- 
may  he  regard- 


ed ai  the  epoch  when  clockfl,  having  weip;ht»  Huspendeil  as  a  movinti;  power,  and  a  regulator, 
beijan  to  he  introduced.  The  period  when,  and  the  individual  hy  whom,  the  pendulum  \\m 
lirHt  applied  to  clockwork,  have  hcon  Huhjccts  of  much  contention,  (ialileo  and  Huyi?eni4 
have  dis|iuted  the  honour  of  the  discovery.  "  But  wliw'ver  may  have  heen  the  inventor,  il 
is  certain  that  the  invention  never  tlouritihed  till  it  eainu  into  the  handH  of  Huyi^enM,  who 
insists,  that  if  ever  (Julileo  thought  of  .such  a  thing,  he  never  lirought  it  to  luiy  degree  of 
perfection.  The  first  pendulum  clock  made  in  England  was  iu  the  year  XtiiVi,  hy  one  Fro- 
ranritol,  a  Dutchman." — {Hutton's  Mal/i.  JJIc/mnari/.) 

The  clock  manufacture  is  of  considerahle  iin[)ortanco  and  value.  It  is  carried  on  to  a 
great  extent  in  London. 

The  ud  valorem  duty  of  25  per  cent,  on  foreign  clocks  produced,  in  1832,  0,083/.  8,», 
uett.    It  is  principally  derived  from  the  wooden  cloekH  brought  from  Holland  and  (Jerinany. 

Under  the  article  Watches,  the  reader  will  find  some  utateinents  as  to  the  iinporlatioa 
and  exi)ortation  of  clocks  as  well  as  watches. 

riiirkiiiaker.s  are  oliliged  to  engrave  iipcm  llin  diiil-plate  of  .ill  riorks  niaile  liy  tliciii  tlii'lr  name,  anil 
till'  pliicc  of  their  resilience.  No  oiitwaril  nr  inwaril  hi>\,  case,  nr  (lial-pliile  of  any  rlnrk  or  walnli, 
Willi  tilt!  maker's  name  ensriiviul  lliereon,  shall  lie  expnrleil  williout  the  mnvemi'iit  ur  iimchiiiery 
hciiig  in  or  with  smli  ho.x  or  case,  iiniler  forfeiliire  nf  ilmilile  its  value.— <;t  &  I  ll'ill.  I  cap.  .'i2.  (}  101.) 
II  is  illi'tal  to  import,  nr  to  enti^r  to  he  wari'hiinsed,  any  (luck  or  wale  h  impressed  Willi  any  mark 
piinmrtinir  to  represent  any  legal  llrillsh  mark,  or  not  liavini;  the  name  nf  somh;  foreign  maker  visihle 
on  the  t'rame,  and  also  on  the  face,  or  not  heini!  in  a  cinnpli.'le  slate.— (^  57.) 

It  is  said,  however,  not  to  he  an  niu'ominon  practice,  ;imiiiig  tlie  less  repntalde  portion  of  the  trade, 
tnenurave  their  names  and  "London"  on  foreign  clocks  and  watches,  and  to  sell  them  to  the  public 
US  I'.nflish  work.     'I'lie  fraud  may  Ik;  detected  hy  refrrriiig  to  any  respectahle  wiitclimaker. 

Ily  a  Treasury  order  of  Ihe  llli  of  Septeinher.lHAS,  clocks  and  watches  for  private  use,  Ihollgh  not 
marked  ill  the  niaiiner  now  specified,  may  he  admitted  on  payiuenl  of  the  duty,  on  the  parties  making 
iilViilavit  of  their  entire  ignorance  of  the  law  in  qnestiim. 

Persons  hired  hy  or  in  the  eniploynient  of,  clock  and  watch  makers,  who  shall  frandiileiitly  etn- 
liczzle,  secrete,  sell,  &c.  any  metal,  material,  or  precious  stone,  with  whicli  he  may  happen  to  he  in- 
iriisti'il,  shall,  upon  trial  anil  conviction  before  a  justice  of  the  piace,  forfeit  2(l(.  for  the  lirst  nlfence ; 
anil  I'lirtlie  second,  and  every  siibseiinent  oll'ence,  lie  shall  forfeit  1(1/.;  and,  in  defaull  of  payment,  is 
to  be  coiniiiilted  to  the  honsu  of  correction. — (27  Geu.  'i.  c.  7.  {  1.)  —  (Sue  Watch.) 

CLOTH.     See  Wooi,  Lixkv,  &c. 

CLOVER  (Oer.  Kke ,-  Du.  Kkver .■  Fr.  Trejle,  Luzerne.-    It.  Tn'fa^lio ,•  Sp.  Trehnl ,- 

'Rvis,  Trillstnik  ;  Lat.  Tn'foUum),  a  very  important  species  of  grass.     Some  of  the  species 

in  cultivation  are  annual ;  others  biennial  or  triennial ;  and  others  perennial.     The  seed 

used  formerly  to  be  princijially  imported  from  Holland  ;  but  that  which  is  raised  in  this 

country  is  now  said  to  he  of  a  superior  quality. — ( London^ s  Eiici/clnpiedia  nf  Agriculture,') 

Culture  for  seed  is,  however,  very  precarious,  and  of  uncertain  profit. 

The  entries  of  foreign  clover  seed  for  tionie  consnmption,  at  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with 
1931,  were  99,010  cwt.  a  year.  Hiit  for  the  high  duty  of  ao.s.  a  cwl.,  there  can  he  Utile  doubt  that  the 
impiirtution  would  be  much  more  considerable.  The  price  of  foreign  clover  seed  in  the  London  mar- 
ket, at  present  (September,  18J3),  varies,  duty  included,  from  Ms.  to  OOk.  a  cwt. 

CLOVES  (Gcr.  Ndglein,  Gewiirznelken ;  Da.Kruidnagelcn  ,■  Fr.  Clous  degtrnjle,  Gi- 
rnflcsi  ll.  Cldovi  dl  garnfano,  Garofnni ;  Garoffoli;  Sp.  Clitvus  dc  especlu,  Clmnllos  ,• 
Rus.  Gwosdika !  Arab.  Kerenful;  Malay,  Chankee),  the  fruit,  or  rather  cups  of  the  un- 
opened flowers,  of  the  clove  tree,  or  Caryophyllus  aromaticua.  The  clove  tree  is  a  native 
of  the  Moluccas,  where  it  was  originally  found ;  but  plants  have  since  been  carried  to  Cay- 
enne and  other  places,  where  they  succeed  tolerably  well.  Cloves  are  shaped  like  a  nail ; 
whence  the  name,  from  the  French  clou,  nail.  They  are  imported  from  the  Dutch  settle- 
ments; the  best  in  chests,  and  an  inferior  kind  in  bags.  The  best  variety  of  the  Amboyna 
cloves  is  smaller  and  blacker  than  the  other  varieties,  very  scarce,  and  as  a  mark  of  pre-emi- 
nence, is  termed  the  Royal  clove.  Good  cloves  have  a  strong,  fragrant,  aromatic  odour; 
and  a  hot,  acrid,  aromatic  taste,  which  is  very  permanent.  They  should  be  chosen  large 
sized,  perfect  in  all  parts  ;  the  colour  should  be  a  dark  brown,  almost  approaching  to  black; 
and,  when  handled,  should  leave  an  oily  moisture  upon  the  fingers.  Good  cloves  are  some- 
times adulterated  by  mixing  them  with  those  from  which  oil  has  been  drawn ;  but  these  are 
weaker  than  the  rest,  and  of  a  paler  colour ;  and  whenever  they  look  shrivelled,  having  lost 
the  knob  at  the  top,  and  are  light  and  broken,  with  but  little  smell  or  taste,  they  should  be 
rejected.  As  cloves  readily  absorb  moisture,  it  is  not  uncommon,  when  a  quantity  is  ordered, 
to  keep  them  beside  a  vessel  of  water,  hy  which  means  a  considerable  addition  is  made  to 
their  weight. — {ThoinsorCs  Dispensatorif ;  Milhurn's  Oriental  Commerce.) 

Polici/  of  the  Dutch  a.i  to  the  Trade  in  Cloves. — From  the  expulsion  of  the  English  from 
Amboyna,  in  1623,  the  Dutch  have,  a  few  short  intervals  only  excepted,  enjoyed  the  exclu- 
sive possession  of  the  Moluccas,  or  Clove  Islands.  In  their  conduct  as  to  the  clove  trade, 
they  have  exhibited  a  degree  of  short-sighted  rapacity,  which  has  been,  we  believe,  seldom 
equalled  even  in  the  annals  of  monopoly.  Their  object  has  not  been  to  encourage  the 
growth  and  trade  of  cloves,  hut  to  confine  both  within  the  narrowest  limits.  They  have 
preferred  deriving  a  large  jiroflt  from  a  stunted  and  petty  trade,  to  a  moderate  profit  from  a 
trade  that  might  have  allbided  employment  for  a  very  large  amount  of  capital ;  and  to  pre- 
vent their  narrow  and  selfish  projects  from  being  counteracted  by  the  operations  of  the  na- 


ini 


CO 


—HI 

■MtVJM 

r— 


<3 

S  , 


348 


CLOVES. 


I'         I 


•t 


,    < 


r 


f 


livt'D,  tliry  hnvc  subjrrtcd  thrm  to  the  mont  rcvollinn  tyrnntiy.  "That  thry  miuht,"  unyn  Mr, 
CruwrunI,  "  r(<){tilatc  iiiul  control  production  and  prici-  jimt  an  ihiy  thouKlit  propiT,  llir  clove 
trccH  wtTo  cxiir|)at('(l  every  whore  l)Ut  in  Ainboyim,  the  wot  of  their  power ;  luid  tlie  Htu- 
ruundin*;;  princcH  were  hrilicd,  hy  annual  MtipcndH,  to  league  with  them  for  the  drNtrurtiiin 
of  tlieir  aulijectti'  |iroperty  and  birthright.  Thin  plan  wuh  U^gun  about  tliu  year  ir)r>l,  'l\. 
rontriu-tH  are  hIHI  in  force,  iind  an  annual  (lert  viHitH  the  surrounding  iMlaniU  to  ituppreHM  tlir 
growth  of  clovcM,  which,  in  their  native  country,  H|)ring  up  with  a  luxuriance  wluch  thcsr 
nieuHuren  of  SSalanic  rigour  ond  of  Mcrilrgo  towardH  bountiful  nature,  can  Hcarcc  reprcm, 
Uy  the  plan  on  whicii  the  clove  trade  i»  now  conducted, — u  plan  carried  into  etl'ect  throimli 
HO  mucii  iMii{uity  and  bioodghcd, — the  country  of  Hpieeii  m  rendered  a  petty  farm,  of  which 
the  natural  owiierx  arc  reduced  to  the  worst  condition  of  predial  Mlavery ;  and  the  grciu 
monn|)oliH(!r  and  oppressor  is  that  government,  whose  duty  it  should  have  been  to  inNuro 
frecilowi  and  atlbrd  protection.  Human  ingenuity  could  hardly  devise  a  plan  more  dt'Ntrur< 
tive  of  induNlry,  more  hostile  to  the  growth  of  public  wealth,  or  injurious  to  morals,  thiia 
this  system  framed  in  a  barbarous  ago ;  and  it  reflects  disgrace  upon  the  character  uf  a  civil- 
ised people  to  persevere  in  it. 

"  It  is  curious  to  remark  how  the  monopolisers,  in  carrying  the  details  of  this  system  into 
effect,  at  once  impos(>  upon  the  natives  and  deceive  themselves.  'I'he  nominal  price  paid  to 
the  natives  is  actually  above  the  natural  price  of  the  commodity,  !mt  they  are  cheated  in  th« 
details,  'i'hc  cultivator  brings  his  produce  to  the  public  stores,  where  it  is  subjected  at  oiicu 
to  a  deduction  of  one  fifth  for  payment  of  the  solarics  of  the  civil  and  military  oHiccrs.  The 
price  of  the  remainder  is  fixed  at  the  rate  of  D'G  Spanish  dollars  the  picul :  but  before  payment 
is  made,  another  deduction  of  one  fiflh  is  made  ;  one  half  of  which  is  for  the  chiefs  or  rajm, 
ond  the  other  for  the  native  ehkra,  who  are  overseers  of  the  forced  culture.  The  real  price, 
therefore,  paid  to  the  grower  is  8  Spanish  dollars  per  picul,  or  ^\d.  per  lb.  avoirdupois,  in- 
Btead  of  1 1  pli^o  Sponish  dollars  per  picul,  or  \^d,  per  lb.  which  is  pretended  to  bo  given. 

"When  cloves  have  been  sold  on  the  spot,  the  price  usually  exacted  has  been  al)out64 
Spanish  dollars  the  picul,  or  8  times  the  price  paid  to  the  cultivator.  The  average  price  in 
Holland,  previously  to  the  war  of  the  French  revolution,  may  bo  taken  at  6«.  per  lb.,  or 
177 ,"(,",)  Spanish  dollars  per  picul,  being  !i,122  per  cent,  advance  on  the  real  cost  of  the 
commodity  in  the  place  of  its  growth.  When  brought  direct  to  England,  they  have  cost  at 
an  average  3s.  8rf.  the  lb,,  making  108  ,-"(5''^^  Spanish  dollars  per  picul,  an  advance  on  the 
natural  export  price  of  1,258  per  cent" — {Eastern  Archipelago,  vol.  iii.  pp.  388 — 390,) 

An  Account  of  tliR  Quantity  of  Clovcg  entered  for  Home  Consiim|)tion  nncli  Year  since  1810;  of  tlie 
Nutt  Anioant  of  Uaty  received  tliercfroni,  and  the  Kates  of  Duty. 


(Juinlillea 
rei.ijjictl  for 

Rilen  of  Duly  charged  thereon. 

Y«iri. 

Home  Con* 

Nett  AmouHT  oi  uuiy 

iiiiiiption  in  the 
Uoileil  King* 

dnill. 

receivej  thereon. 

Of  the  Eut  InJiea. 

Of  the  nritish  Vm- 
scMiiutia  in  Anierici. 

Of  the  Foreign  Po«eiiiuiM' 
ill  America. 

Lbs. 

£ 

e. 

d. 

r4».  8rf.  per  lb.  and") 
<  2/.  13,s.4(/.  percent.  > 
(.ad  valorem.            } 

ISIO 

35,581 

10,197 

19 

10 

is.  per  lb. 

48.  6d.  per  lb. 

1811 

28,977 

8,370 

1 

1 

do. 

-       do.       . 

do. 

1812 

35,552 

8,547 

19 

10 

do. 
rFrom  15tli  of  April"! 

-       do.       - 

do. 

1813 

Records  d( 

jBtroycd 

- 

J  5,«.  6irf.  per  lb.  and  1 
1  31.  as.  4d.  per  cent.  [ 
Lad  valorem.            J 

is.  4Jrf.  per  lb. 

5s.  0i(2.  per  lb. 

1814 

31,975 

0,540 

9 

3 

/From  lOthof  Aprin 
I  5a.  7i(i.  per  lb.         f 

-      do.      - 

do. 
(3W.13o.4rf.  per  cent. 

1815 

50,462 

5,708 

3 

9 

do. 

-      do.       - 

<  ad  valorem, equal  to 
(.about  Is, tj(/.  peril). 

1816 

16,470 

1,867 

6 

10 

do. 

-      do.       - 

do. 

1817 

73,973 

6,390 

13 

6 

do. 

-      do. 

do. 

1818 

18,281 

1,777 

5 

3 

do. 

-       do.       - 

do. 

1819 

34,254J 

3,354 

4 

7 

From  5thof  July2a.^lb. 

is.  per  lb. 

3s.  pur  lb. 

1820 

36,554i 

3,657 

0 

5 

do. 

do. 

do. 

1821 

32,933 

3,285 

9 

2 

do. 

-       do.       - 

do. 

1822 

49,765} 

5,026 

16 

8 

do. 

-       do.       - 

do. 

1823 

57,7801 

5,747 

14 

4 

do. 

-       do.       - 

do. 

1824 

60,323} 

6,035 

10 

0 

do. 

do. 

do. 

1825 
1826 

45,261 
52,70H 

4,543 
5,279 

9 
4 

10 
9 

do. 

-       do.       - 

ilo. 

Of  British  Poaienioni. 

Of  Foreign  Posse&^ioni. 

-    is.  per  lb.    • 

. 

-    3».  per  lb.     - 

1827 

85,990} 

8,602 

1 

9 

.       -          do. 

- 

-        -          do.          -       - 

1828 

61,216} 

6,148 

19 

2 

do. 

. 

-        -          do.          -       - 

1829 

48,637} 

4,875 

13 

2 

do. 

do.          -       - 

1830 

60,111 

6,061 

9 

7 

-       -          do. 

- 

do.          -       - 

1831 

83,885 

8,379 

8 

2 

-       -          do. 

- 

do.          -       - 

1832 

82,672 

8,169 

6 

9    1 

-       -          do. 

- 

do.          -       - 

rOAClIKS. 


310 


nee  1810;  of  the 


Fossewioni. 


I  ut;i  nn  r/wv*.— This  vitm  oon»i(lornl>ly  rpiltirnl  In  ISIO ;  nnd  tliiTc  linn,  in  rori»r()iiflntr, 
tx't'ii  II  iltM'iilol  incrni^t'  in  llu'  ciirisiiiiiiitinti  of  the  iirtlrlc,  thmi;;!)  not  iir^irly  xo  uri'ut  iin  it 
woiilil  liiivr  Ix'fii,  Imil  it  lii'iMi  HU|i|ilit'(l  iiiiiItT  it  iiiori'  lilicral  HyMtt'rn.  'l'hi<  clovt'H  nt  prcHont 
{•nti'ri'il  tor  lioiiic  cuiiMiiniption  in  (irrut  Dritiiin  ikinount  tu  itliout  HI),<)iH)  Mm.  a  year,  of  wliirli 
It  part  I'oint'H  iVoni  ('uyi-nnf.  Hut  ilio  cultivation  of  the  clovo  in  (,'iiyriitie  lii'inMnU  ctitirriy 
oil  the  I'xiHicnrc  of  tiio  pn-Hcnt  nyHtom  in  llie  Mohicrnn.  Thu  HU|i<Tiority  wiiii'h  llic  liittcr 
oniiiv  oviT  c-vcry  otliiT  |ila('i'  in  tlii'  |iro<hi('tion  of  cIovcm  i«  mo  very  Kri'ut  that  were  any  thiin; 
jikn  (ri'oihun  uivcn  to  tiiostc  i-nnnncd  in  their  cuituri',  they  wouhl  very  Niiee(hly  exehide  every 
other  fruin  the  market.  It  Ih  not  to  he  iin-iKineil,  that  ho  lilierni  luiil  intelligent  a  (roverii'- 
iiH'iit  UH  tiiiit  of  Holland  (^an  inneh  loiii;er  eontinue  iiiHeiiNilile  to  the  (liHu;rare  of  MU|i|iort> 
itii{  a  gystein  like  Iho  prenunt,  and  to  the  many  udvantuguti  that  would  rcnult  from  itM  uho 
lilion. 

Till-  price  of  cloven,  oxuluilvo  of  the  duty,  in  the  London  market,  U,  at  prencnt  (Oclotier,  lt)33),  u 
fiilldws:— 

Ainlioviin,  IIpiii'OiiIimi,  jcc.        -        -        l.«,  9i/.  In  Ix  (If/.  |ier  III. 
liiiiirlioii,  Cayuiiiiu,  Aic.  -        •        la.  %l.  to  1«.  3ii,  jiur  lb. 

[See  Impokts  and  Expouth. — Am,  Ed.] 

Clovkr,  Oil  ok,  iniirocured  from  riovrs  hy  diHtillation.  Wiion  new,  it  is  of  a  pale  rod- 
(lish  brown  eolour,  whieh  lieeoniCH  darker  iiy  ai?e.  It  is  extremely  hot  and  (iery,  and  sinks 
in  water.  The  kind  )>'enerally  imported  from  India  conlaiim  nearly  half  its  vveii;ht  uf  hii 
iiinipid  expressed  oil,  whieh  is  discovered  hy  dro|i|)in)r  u  little  into  spirit*!  of  wine,  and  on 
ghakin;^  it,  the  Konuino  oil  mixes  with  thu  spirit,  and  thii  insipid  sejiarating,  the  fraud  is  dis- 
covered.—(M/iur/J.) 

COACHES,  vehicles  for  commodious  travellin)?.  They  have  sometimes  two  nnd  some- 
times four  wheels.  The  hody  of  tho  coach  is  generally  suspended,  hy  means  of  springs, 
upon  the  framework  to  whieh  tho  wheels  arc  attached.  They  are  usually  drawn  hy  liorses, 
liut  recently  have  been  impelled  by  steam.  Tho  forniH  and  varieties  of  coaches  arc  almost 
innunierahle. 

1.  Historical  Notice. — Beekmann  has  investigated  tho  early  history  of  coaches  with  his 
usual  care  and  learning.  It  is  certain  that  a  species  of  coaches  were  used  at  Roino ;  hut 
whether  they  were  hung  on  springs,  like  those  now  made  use  of,  is  not  certain.  After  the 
subversion  of  the  Roman  power,  horseback  was  almost  the  only  mode  of  travelling.  About 
the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  however,  covered  carriages  liegaii  to  he  emiiloyed  by  per- 
sons of  distinctiim  on  great  occasions.  In  l.')50,  there  were  at  Paris  only  three  coaches : 
one  of  which  belonged  to  tho  queen  ;  another  to  the  celebrated  Diana  of  Poitiers  ;  and  tho 
third  to  a  corpulent,  unwieldy  nobleman,  Rene  de  Laval,  lord  of  Bois  Dauphin.  Coaches 
were  seen,  for  the  first  time,  in  Spain,  in  1,540.  They  began  to  be  used  in  England  about 
1580;  and  were  in  common  use  among  the  nobility  in  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century. — (Hist,  oflntcut.  vol.  i.  i)p.  HI.  127.  Eng.  trans.) 

2.  Munufitcturc  (if  Carnages. — This  is  a  department  of  considerable  vuluo  and  import- 
ance. The  best  built  and  handsomest  carriages  arc  made  in  London,  where  otdy  the  trade  of 
a  coach  currier  is  carried  on ;  but  the  carriages  made  at  Edinburgh,  and  some  other  places, 
arc  also  very  superior.  Down  to  1825,  a  duty  was  laid  on  all  carriages  made  for  sale ;  and 
it  appears  from  the  following  account,  that  in  1812,  1,531  four-wheeled  carriages,  1,700 
two-wheeled  ditto,  and  105  taxed  carts  (small  carriages  without  springs),  were  made  for 
sale. 

3.  Duties  on  Carrtnjres, — These  duties  have  been  long  imposed,  and  have  fluctuated  con- 
siderably at  ditFerent  periods.  The  table  on  p.  350  shows  the  number  of  four-wheeled  and 
other  carriages  (exclusive  of  hackney  coaches)  charged  with  duties  in  the  years  1812,  1825, 
and  1830,  the  rates  of  duty  on  each  species  of  carriages,  and  tho  produce  of  the  duties. 
(Compiled  from  I'arl.  Paper,  No.  686.  Sess.  1830.  and  Papers  published  by  the  Board  of 
'i'rade.) 

Rates  of  Duty  on  Carnages. — On  those  having — 


Rite, 

Hale. 

Rale. 

our  wheels.                  L.    t,   d. 

I.  a.  d. 

i.  1.  d. 

Ytnam  keeping  1-600 

Penoni  keeping  6 

■840 

Carriages  drawn  by  one  hane     - 

■     4  10    0 

—            2    ■    6  10    0 

-             7 

-    8  to    0 

Cairiait™  used  liy  common  carrien 

■    2  10    0 

-            3-700 

-             8 

-    S  16    0 

Two  wheels. 

—            4    .    7  10    0 

9  and  upwardi 

-916 

Drawn  by  1  hopse 

■    3    S    0 

5    .    7  17    6 

I)ra«  11  by  2  or  more        .           .          .           - 

■    4  10    0 

Additional  txylit«           .... 

■   330 

Atldilinnal  balies              .... 

•     1  11    l> 

C  irriag«  let  to  hire       -           .           .           . 

■    600 

Describe,!  in  act  2  St  3  Will.  4.  cap.  32,  No.  1. 

Pffitcluiin        ..... 

■    5    S    0 

chanted               .           .           .           .           - 
nitto,  ditto,  No.  n.,  coromon  ita^e  carta 

-    1  10    0 

Carriages  with  ivhwls  of  lew  diimeter  than  30 

•     1  10    0 

inches,  drawn  by  poniej  or  miile«  not  exceeding 

I.et  out  to  hire      .          -           .          -           - 

.360 

niuuidj " 

.  a  s  0 

Carriages  used  bjr  commoD  carrien 

■    15    0 

Vol.  1.-2  G 

53 

0'> 


"liT 


<3 


'"J 


T  -' 


i       • 


350 


COACHES. 


If 


■^    o    oootcco   to 

aj    O     COOl-OO       F-i 


<rt 


.OOCOOOOO 


I-,    ri  o  O  —  O  »ft    »  •»« 


oo 

o 

o 

oo 

wo 

m 

o 

1-H 

oo 

*2 

§ 

o  o    o    o 


■«  o 


00  0(0  0 
O  O  C  fft  o 

«  ij  5i  io  « 


I  O 


If 

5= 

•a 

o 

O 

to 

OOOtOOOOO 

Ot^l-t-CCQD«0) 

if 

2 

CT  c.  fft  >r)  o  I  1  o 
n                   1    1 

■si    o  ooococ; 

^   o  cooO'TO': 

*rj  (C  X  o  ITS  i-i  c:  - 

&  r;  Oi  =!  -•  a;  —  -. 

1^   «  e<  — _^c:_^0'.  IN  i-ic 

4n  m      w 


?8 
1.^ 


Z^ 


-a    o    oooooo 
tl    o    ooooxo 


oo 


Sej  i~  o  o  Qc  t-  <o   I 
Oi  in  go  CO  ^^       t-H 


Ift    cfi    — 


c  o  o  o 

T)"0  o  o 

•*^  <o  -- 

,—  -^  I-  C2 

C)  O  CO  ^ 


oo  o   o 

M  O     "O     lO 
«:0    «    o 


oo 
cc  o 

o  » 

C3  Ci 


oo 
CO  o 


o 
o 

,V; 


CO  W     O    O 


« oi    »rj    >rt 

rf  -^      Ci      ITS 


o  o 


oo 
mo 


rr:  O) 

'O    r- 

.-1  Cl 

(N  M 

^»o 

»n   CI 

CO 

oo 
oo 


fi% 


CO 

oo 


l-O 


CO         -H 

Si'' 


St 


I 


o 

oooo 

O 

!S 

o 

lOOO  o 

o 

ei 

s 

§ 

1,244 
447 

7,299 
301 

S 

1 

' 

„-  1    ■  j5  ■ 

^ 

CX)        CO        J3  .^ 


■O 

-a 


o 


-;     a 

r/l     '  O 
O       " 

•^        g 


.a 
s 

!S 


k-  .^  O  •-    ^i 

a;  CO  — t  —  o 

S  -  -•  2  ~; 
2      o  S  a  «  g 


.a 


s 


T3     . 

a: 

■  ^ 

3 


J-\o  s  i:  rt 
J       o  a,  o 

r        m  O  m 

P      3  i  s 


^ 


Kepoalcd  in  1825. 


o  o 
OS  in 

<x>o 

St2 


00 

01  in 


000  o  00 

»n (M  I— t  lo  oqd 

n  n  1^  -^  ifj  CO 

:rO'o  CO  ^*^ 

Ci   O  l-H  (— I 


O  '.O  o    o    <o  o 
»n  c-i  .-^    o   «  CQ 

.—  00    ^-t   00 


—*  —  r-    \n   I' t, 
«  00    o    a;  - 

10  i^  -^f    t-i    « 


«) 
o 


I     I    I   I   I    I   I    I   I 


I      I    I    I    I    I    I    t    I 


w^   04  CO  Tt<  10  «  r^  oD  o 
bo 


J3 
O 


O 


o 


I   I 


.i:  c     J= 
S  £  5     o 

^  ^  C3  ■«  u 


Z-  «3 


ca  tr.2  c  ca 


;«  p 


'g  fc,  r/v  >  .a 

■o  tS  o  '  s 


■<         0) 


s 


-  e, 
5  " 


en 

M 

.<2 
11 

<J  to 


C.-.2 


'^  -  ^  '- 

^   '^   C   S 


^^ 


3 

6     « 

"3         >» 

t  _     I  — ^ 


o;  a.  ,    ^.i  i 
c  a;  *-i  a^  s  "5;  r" 

!:  =  S  !;  =  =  X 
c  S  IS  5  "^  J*  <s 
fc,Hf-fc.     HH 


4  Hackney  Couches  arc  coaches  stationed  in  the  streets  or  other  public  places,  ami  hoimil 
to  carry  such  persons  as  require  their  services,  for  certain  rates  of  hire  according  to  the  dis- 
tal, ^es  travelled.  They  have  generally  been  licenced  by  authority,  and  subjectcil  to  ci'rtain 
regulations,  intended  to  prevent  strangers  and  others  using  them  from  fraud  and  imposition. 
It  may  be  doubted,  however,  whether  these  regulations  have  had  any  good  ctlcct,  and 
wheiher  the  public  would  not  be  as  well  acconin-odated,  at  least  in  all  large  towns,  by  throw- 
ing- the  business  open,  and  trusting  to  competition  to  rectify  abuses.  As  respects  London, 
nothing  can  be  said  in  favour  of  its  hackney  coach  establishment.  Speaking  generally,  the 
coaches  are  the  dirtiest,  most  disagreeable  vehicles  that  can  well  be  imiigincd,  and  the 
horsos  and  drivers  are  but  little  superior ;  forming  a  striking  contrast  to  the  elegance  and 


o 

c 

o 

(?l 

§ 

i 

iS 

1 

.3 

to 


s 

o 


O 
o 

>. 

3 

o 


1  1825. 



_'' 

>o 

o 

oo 

c 

-^ 

m 

OQD 

- 

>-H 

.^ 

IT)  CO 

^ 

en 

SO 

o 

coo 

1 

1  y) 

■n 

TJm 

lO 

PH 

CO 

' 

'  1^ 

o 

•f 

o 

K 

1 

n 

« "  -  tj  1 

*^  1  —  "x  T* 

»-  c;  ""   r!  *" 

.-  -  =  5  rt 


:  =  =  S 
S  5  =  ::« 


•cs,  anil  bouml 
iriK  to  tlie  dis- 
ctc'J  to  ciTtaln 
nil  imposition. 
)il  ctlt'ct,  and 
ns,  by  tlirow- 
pt'ctjs  London, 
generally,  the 
incil,  and  the 
elegance  and 


COACHES. 


851 


rommodiousness  of  the  private  carriages,  the  excellence  of  the  horses,  and  the  neatness  of 
the  .servants. 

Hackney  coaches  were  first  established  in  London  in  1625 ;  but  they  were  not  then  sta- 
tioned in  the  streets,  but  at  the  principal  inns.  In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  their  nunil)cr  was 
considerable.  Commissioners  for  Ucensing  and  superintending  hackney  coaches  were  esta- 
blishiil  by  the  act  9  Ann.  c.  23. ;  and  successive  acts  have  been  passed,  specifying  the  num- 
ber of  coaches  that  might  be  licensed,  the  duties  payable  to  government,  and  the  conditions 
under  which  licenses  were  to  be  granted.  The  total  number  of  hackney  coaches,  chariots, 
and  cabriolets,  actually  licensed  in  the  metropolis,  on  thi'  1st  of  January,  1830,  appears,  from 
the  following  table,  to  have  been  1,265. 

All  ncrount  of  the  Niiiiilier  of  Ilacknny  Coaches,  Chariots,  nntl  Cahriolefs,  licensed  in  the  Metropolis, 
ill  each  of  tile  Five  Years  to  the  1st  of  Janiiarv,  1830;  sljowiiig  the  Kates  of  Duty,  anil  the  Pro- 
duce of  the  Duties.— {Pari.  Paper,  No.  687.  Sess.  1830.) 


Years  ending  1st  of  January  1826 

—  1st  of  January  1827 

—  l.st  of  January  1828 

—  l:!t  of  January  182!) 

—  1st  of  January  18.30 

Number 
liceo&ed. 

%it»  of  Duty. 

Prmlufc  (if  till-  Dulles, 
including  Fiiim.            j 

1,1.50 

1,200 
1,200 
1,205 
1,205 

f  il.  per  lunar  month  ? 
\      each  carriage.      5 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

£         *.     il. 
29,392    12      (> 

30,000    12      6 
31,333      7      6 
32,170    17      6 
32,908    18      6 

5.  flirkiirii  Coarh  Re/r-iiliilion.i,  Fares,  i{-c. — Tile  laws  as  to  hackney  coarliea  in  the  oitv  of  London 
Tvcro  conscilirialert  by  tlie  act  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  22.,  wliicli  iilaced  the  collection  of  the  duties,  &.c.  in  tlie 
jmiul."  of  tlu!  cohiinistnoners  of  i<tanips.     We  notice  a  few  of  Uw.  more  iinportaiit  clauses. 

Pefiiiition.—\  hackney  coach  is  any  carriage  with  2  or  more  wheels,  standing  or  plying  for  hire  in 
any  iiiiWic  ptrci-t  or  road.— J  4. 

Ur'n.<iiit;,  Pliitcs,  Jj-r. — A  license  to  keep  a  hackney  coach  costs  5?.,  and  a  weekly  sum  of  lO.s-.  has  to 
lie  pnirt  per  advance  on  every  licence.  A  plate  specifying  tlie  iiuiiiber  of  the  licence  Ik  to  he  placed 
inside  the  coach ;  and  2  other  plates,  on  which  are  painted  the  names  of  the  proprietor,  or  of  one  of 
till'  proprietors  of  the  coach,  are  to  he  placed  externally  one  on  each  side.  I'enalty  on  pr(iprictor  for 
'.r^ttiiiit  or  eiiijiliiyinL'  a  hackney  coach  without  having  properly  niiinhered  plates  properly  li.veil  upmi 
such  coach,  10/.  :  ditto  on  driver,  if  proprietor,  10/. ;  if  not,  ttl.—D  J  22, 23. 

Oblk'ntidii  to  pill. — Carriages  standing  on  the  streets  with  plates,  to  be  deemed  hackney  coaches ; 
anil,  unless  actually  hired,  shall  be  coiii|)ellable,  under  a  penalty  of  40s.,  to  go  with  any  person  olfer- 
ins  to  hire  the  same.— J  35. 

y;is^(i7icf.— Drivers  of  hackney  coaches  compellable,  under  a  penalty  of  40.1.,  to  go  any  distance  not 
exceeding  5  miles  from  the  General  Post  Otlice,  or  from  the  place  where  they  shall  have  beiin  hired. 
-{81. 

Xiimhcr  of  Pa. ''.fenger.^.— To  prevent  disputes,  the  number  of  persons  to  he  carried  by  hackney 
coaches  is  to  be  painted  in  some  conspicuous  place  outside  ;  and  they  are  compellable,  iiiider  a.  pe- 
naltv  of  40.4.,  to  carry  this  number  if  required. — }  40. 


Fares  when  taken  by  time  .ire— For  any  (inie  wiltiin  aiut  nnl  ex- 
ceeliug  30  minutes,  ij.  ;  ahnve30  lliinu*es  .iinl  not  exceetlin^ 
4m1().,  li'.  (j/.  ;  al)t>ve  45  niinulea  .ind  not  exceedinz  I  hnm, 
if. ;  .and  for  any  fuillier  time  exceedins  on^  hmtr,  (lien  after 
Itie  rite  and  inniKirtifin  df  &I.  tor  every  15  iniuiites  eum- 
pleted,  aiiJ  6rt.  fur  any  fractional  part  of  the  iieiioi  of  15 
liiitiutes. 
C.ahriolels,  or  carriaRea  with  one  tion«?,  are  entitled  to  two  thirt^x, 

and  no  more,  of  the  ralei  and  charges  above  mentioned.— s.  3.-^.  and 

schedule!. 


liata  atift  Fdi-M— These  may  be  charged,  at  the  option  of  the  pro- 
prietor or  driver,  eilher  Uy  time  or  distance ;  that  is,  by  the  hour  or 
mile,  but  not  by  the  day.    The  terms  are,  when  charged  by  dw- 

lana. 

For  every  hicliney  coach  drawn  Iiy  2  horses,  for  any  distance 
within  and  nnl  exceeding  1  mile.  1*. ;  and  fiT  eveiy  distance 
exceeding  one  mile  after  tlie  rate  of  6d.  fur  every  ^  mile,  and 
for  any  f  raeiioiial  part  of  j  a  mile  over  and  above  any  uum* 
iter  of  I  miles  completed. 

Back  Farf.— The  driver  of  a  hackney  coach  diocharged  beyond  the  limits  of  the  metropolis,  that  is, 
iicynnd  3  miles  from  the  General  Pust  Office,  after  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  or  before  5  o'cloi  k  in  the 
mnrning.  shall  be  entitled  to  full  fare  from  the  place  of  such  discharge  to  the  ni'arest  part  of  said 
limits,  nr  to  the  stand  where  the  coach  shall  have  been  hired  beyond  the  limits,  at  the  (iptiiin  of  the 
hirer.  Couches  discharged  d'Ting  the  day  beyond  the  limits,  are  entitled  to  ii  back  fare  at  the  rale  of 
lirf  a  mile  ;  but  such  back  fare  is  not  payulde  for  any  distance  loss  than  4  miles.— $  39. 

Cnaches  miitinrr  are  entitled  to  a  reasonable  deposit,  to  be  accounted  for  in  the  fare.  Penally  on 
drivers  refnsing'to  wait,  or  to  account  fur  deposit,  40.''. — J  47. 

RtfiisnJ  to  pay  Fare,  nr  defacing  or  injuring  any  hackney  coach,  may  be  punished,  unless  reasonable 
satisfaction  be  inaile  for  the  same,  by  iniprisnniiient  for  1  calendar  month. — }  41. 

Drirtrn  ctactinfr  more  than  hiral  Fare,  liabh^  to  ii  penally  of  4').s-.— J  42. 

.l/rrceiiirnt  to  ■pay  more  than  lesral  Fare,  not  binding  ;  sum  l«id  beyond  such  legal  fare  may  be  reco- 
vered back,  and  driver  be  liable  in  a  penalty  of  4().s-.— i?  43. 

Drirfr.i  ilrmnmlin!;  more  than  Sam  a/rrieit  upon,  though  distance  be  exceeded,  or  it  be  less  than  the 
li"j:il  fare.  forfiMt  40y,  for  each  oifence.- {  i  44,  45. 

Drivem  to  hold  Chrrk  Strings,  under  a  penalty  of  20.e. — >  48. 

Property  left  in  Uarkneij  Coaches  to  be  carried  to  Staiim  (IfTice,  under  a  penalty  of  20?.  If  not  claimed 
wiiliin  a  year,  to  be  given  up  to  driver  ;  or  if  nut  applie.l  fur,  to  be  sold.— (}  19. 

Ooart  of  ySW/THicit  authorised  to  make  orders  for  ri'milating  hackney  coaches  in  city  — Ji  51. 

(Iffenrci  mail  lir  tried  either  by  n  justice  ap|K)inted  fur  tliat  purpose  by  the  secretary  of  slate,  or  by 
any  other  of  iiis  Majesty's  justices.-}  62. 

Hackney  coaches  were  first  estalilished  at  Edinburgh  in  1G73  ;  but  the  number  licensed 
was  inconsiderable  till  after  the  A.nericaii  war. 

5.  Stas;e  Cuaches,  Travelling  by. — Owing  to  the  improvement  in  tl'.i  breed  of  hor.ses  ami 
the  building  of  carriages,  !<ut,  above  all,  to  the  extraordinary  improvoiiients  lliat  luivc  iit'en 
eirertptl,  within  these  few  years,  in  the  laying  out,  cDiistriictioii,  ainl  kei'iiiiijr  of  loiuls,  the 
onlinary  rate  of  travelling  'jy  stage  coaches  is  seldom  under  9  or  10  miles  an  hour,  stoji- 
[laires  included,  aiid,  on  some  roads,  is  as  much  as  11  or  12!  The  stages  luiviiig  iieeii 
(shortened,  this  wonderful  speed  is  not  found  to  be  materially  morn  injurious  to  the  horses 


rn'mMnam 


im 

Mk 

t 


■    r- 


c;^ 


852 


COACHES. 


I 


than  tho  slower  rate  at  which  they  travelled  some  years  acfo.  The  surface  of  the  roads  hr- 
in:T  perfectly  smooth,  and  most  sharp  turns  or  rapid  descents  having  l)een  got  rid  of,  travel- 
ling even  at  this  speed  has  heen  rendered  comparatively  safe  ;  and  it  is  astonishing,  considor- 
ijig  the  numher  of  coaches,  how  few  accidents  occur.  They  are  occasioned,  for  the  most 
I>art,  by  the  miscondu<*t  of  the  drivers ;  and  principally  by  their  endeavouring  to  make  up 
by  increased  speed  for  time  lost  at  stoppages,  or  by  their  attempting  to  pass  each  other. 

6.  Law  as  to  Siarre  Coaches.— T\\\^  is  now  eirilxidied  in  the  acts  2  &  3  Will.  4.  c.  120.  and  3  &  4  Wjii 
4.  c.  4S. 

J)rfnition.~\  stage  coach  is  any  carriage  travellin?  alonp  tlie  road  at  the  rate  of  3  miles  or  more  an 
Imur,  without  recanl  lo  I'orni,  provided  the  passeimrrn  pay  separate  fares  f(»r  iheir  places  tlierein  ;  htj; 
all  carriaL'efl  used  wh'div  on  a  railway,  or  impelled  hy  steam,  are  excepted  from  this  defmition  - 
(•2  At  'A  ffm.A.c.  120.  $4.) 

IArtns€>\  Duties,  A'c. — A  larse  iwirtion  of  tlio  act  ia  occupied  with  repulations  as  to  licences,  duties, 
plates,  &.C.    lint  it  is  sulUcient  for  our  purpriae  to  give  the  following  schedule  of  liie  duties  : — 


Fnr  an't  in  respect  of  every  original  licence  to  be  take* 
f.ut  yearly  iiy  tlir  pcrann  who  sliall  kfcp,  un',  nr  em- 
ploy any  staife  carriaRe  in  Grt-at  Britain,  (that  is  to 
sayi)  f)r  every  such  staift;  carriai;e 

Aii'l  lor  atiit  in'respert  of  every  supplementary  licence 
ffir  the  same  carriage,  for  which  any  such  origiiKil 
lict'nce  shall  Iiave  bt-fii  tfraiil&l,  which  shall  l>e  taken 
out  in  any  nf  the  i^everal  cases  provided  for  by  this 
act,  diirinir  'he  period  for  which  such  original  liceuco 
wr^s  ^rallied.       .-.-.. 

AtuI  lor  and  in  respect  of  everv  mile  whicli  any  such 
si:ij:e  carriaje  shall  he  licenseil  to  travel,  the  several 
>iinis  follovviii?  respectively,  (that  is  to  say,)  if  sncli 
Diage  carria;:e  shall  he  licensed  Xu  carry- 
Not  more  than  4  pa^'^ensers 
\]nr'-  'dan  4  and  rml  more  than  6  passengrrs  . 
Mf'iv  than  H  ,iril  not  iimre  than  !>  pasM;'nirers  - 
>f'irf  ihiM  '1  aii'l  n'lt  more  lli-tti  \2  pissen^'ers 
M'ue  than  12  .wid  not  more  than  It  passenirtrs 
^in^''  thnii  1  "•  ant  not  more  than  I?  Jasst  n^ers 
More  than  IS  and  not  more  than  21  jiasseni^ers 


Duty. 
/„  J."  rf. 


6    0    0 


0    I    0 


Duty 

pt'r  mile. 


DlltT. 

L.  x.'d- 


0    0   Oi 


And  if  Biirh  singe  carTia^  sinll  lip  Ircnised  tn  carry 
more  than  21  passeniiera,  lluii  Inr  t-very  3  ad<li- 
tiniial  paaseiipprs  e.xcwdiiij^  21  which  such  stairf  car- 
riage shall  be  licensed  to  carry,  the  adiiilinual  duty  of 

And  where  snch  excess  above  21  nhall  not  he  exactly  3,  or  a  mul. 
liple  of  3,  then  such  a.MJtionai  duty  of  ^rf.  sliatj  be  payable  for  am 
nntnher  of  such  excess  l;ein^  less  than  3,  or  pniiirtssivelv  less  ttiaii 
any  Jnuhiple  of  3,  which  snch  slate  carrL^fic  shall  be  iiccnsed  ti. 
carry. 

I*ix)vidcd  always,  that  tlie  nnnibcr  of  passengers  for  carninsf  f,f 
which  any  s'aje  carriai:e  shall  be  licensed,  sliall  be  rcrknncd  ciriu 
sive  of  the  ciKichman  or  driver,  and  also  ex-Iusive  of  the  conductor 
or  enard.  if  tliere  shall  be  aconducinr  or  guard. 

ATid  also  the  dntit-s  on  passengers  conveyed  for  hire  by  carria^^ri 
travelliui^  npoji  railways;  (that  is  to  say.)  ^ 

The  proprietor  fir  colnpaiiT  of  Jimttrretors  o?  every  raihvar  in 
(Jreat  ijritain,  along  wi'.ieh  ajiy  passengers  shall  he  conveviM'  f-f 
hire,  in  or  upon    carriiges  drawn  or  in'pelled   liy  the  p(i\v,-r  it 
steam,  or  otherwise,  shall  pay  for  and  in  respect  of  all  such  lawcj- 
gcrs  at  and  alter  the  rate  ot  i^/.  ..----   --  .  - 

conveyed. 


per  mile  for  every  4  passf  ii.,'ers  > 


If'axt  of  J.irciire,  ^-c. — KiH'piiie,  u.'inp,  &r.  any  Ptaffe  rarriaao  witlioiit  a  liconcp,  or  without  iiltitcf, 
or  with  rerallcil  plates,  or  ciiiitrarv  to  their  licences,  or  with  improper  plates,  are  olfences  punislialilt 
etcll  hy  a  pi'iially  of  20/.— J  J  -27,  28. 

Pciuilli/  (III  Drirerg  of  Cunclicf  wilhnnt  Plates,  if  not  the  owner,  10/. ;  if  tlic  ownrr  20/. — }  30. 

Forjrin^r  J'liitei!.  a  inisilcincaiior. — J  32. 

JVaiiif..--  of  Proprietors,  X^r.  tn  he  painled  oufsiile,  in  lecible  and  fon.spicnoii.s  rliaraclers,  tho  namps  nf 
the  e.Mri'iiie  places  between  which  fiich  carriiiKe  shall  lie  licensed  to  fro,  and  also  the  (.'rcitlesl  iinm. 
hnr  of  passi.'iigers  licensed  to  he  carried  iiL-iide  and  outside.  Penalty  (or  neglect  in  this  particuhr,  jj 
—i  .SO. 

Certain  Cnrriasrea  not  to  carry  oiitsiile  Pn.5.sf;in-cr«  nr  I.vngage,  viz.  those,  the  top  or  roof  of  whicli 
sliall  he  more  than  8  feet  f  inches  from  the  L'roiiiid,  or  the  bearinsi  of  which  on  the  frrmind,  thiil  is,  tin; 
distance  hetweeii  the  centres  of  the  tracks  of  the  wheels,  shall  he  less  than  4  feet  0  inches.  I'uually 
5/. -J  :!T. 

I.iiiriTi'L'i'  on  the  Roof  not  to  eieeeil  a  eertain  Ueiirht,  viz.  10  feet  0  inches  from  the  jrroiind  on  a  carriiije 
drawn  hy  4  or  more  horses;  and  10  t'eet  .S  iiiclnis  front  dillo.  if  on  a  carriau'e  drtiwn  by  2  or  3  itorsts. 
Drivi.'r  of  any  carriage  where  snch  oftence  is  committi'd  liiibli!  in  a  penally  of  5/.— J  13. 

The  clauses  ill  the  act  2  &  3  Will.  1.  e.  120.  relalinjr  to  the  distrilmtion  of  oiilsiib'  passengers,  &c 
liuvc  been  repttaled  hy  the  act  3  &,  4  Will.  4.  c.  4n.,  which  siilistiliites  the  followim;  in  rlieir  stead. 

JViniihrr  of  oiit.'iide  i'dfuetioer.i,  ^-c. — Any  licenseil  stafre  carriage  with  4  wheels  or  more,  the  top c: 
roof  of  which  shall  not  he  more  (ban  8  feet  0  inches  from  the  t'rotinci,  ami  the  bearitiff  (d' wbich  on  ih., 
cronnd  shall  not  be  less  than  4  feet  0  inches  from  the  centre  of  the  tracks  of  tne  wheels,  if  such  ear- 
riaee  shtill  be  licensetl  to  carry  any  number  not  more  than  9  passenifers,  shall  be  alloweil  to  carry  iim 
more  tiitiii  5  of  such  passeimers  outside ;  and  if  licenseil  to  carry  more  than  i)  and  not  more  llniti  li 
piissenirers.  shall  be  allowed  to  carry  not  more  than  8  of  such  passeimers  ontsiile  ;  and  if  licenseil  lo 
carry  more  t'lan  12  and  not  more  than  l.*)  passengers,  shall  be  allowed  to  carry  not  more  than  11  oi' 
snch  passeiijiers  outside  ;  and  if  licensed  to  carry  more  than  15  and  not  more  than  18  pasaenL'ir.s,  shall 
be  allowrd  to  carry  not  more  than  12  of  such  passensrers  outside  ;  and  if  licensed  to  ctirry  any  sntiti'V 
iii;mlier  than  18  passencers,  shall  be  allowed  to  carry  not  more  than  2  additional  [Kissitnijers  oiiisiih; 
fur  every  3  additional  passenpers  wbich  snch  carriaf;e  shall  be  so  licenseil  to  carry  in  the  whole  ;  pro- 
vided  that  in  no  case  a  urealir  niimlMr  of  i>assen(.'ers  shall  be  carried  on  the  outside  than  isautliuriseil 
hy  the  licetiic.     If  more  be  carried,  driver  to  forfeit  Cil.  —  i'i. 

Drirer.  (iiiiinl,  and  Childnn  in  lap,  not  to  he  counted  as  passengers;  3  children  under  7  years 
reckoned  tis  I  passenger.— J  3. 

•Vo  ['en-un  to  .•■ii  on  J.noiraire  on  the  Hoof,  nor  more  than  1  person  besides  driver  on  the  box.  Pciiiiltv 
V.-?  14. 

./».sV;>f«,  Rood-siirrrynrn,  Toll-keepers,  i^T.  authorised  to  cniisR  stnee  ccrriajes  and  Iticcaie  to  hp 
liii'asiired  ;  any  passeiiL'er  authorised  to  rei|uire  the  driver  to  stop  at  a  t<dl-L'ale,  and  to  reijiiirc  tlu' 
(liile-keeper  to  measure  the  ciirriaire  and  lni.'(,'ai;r,  ami  to  count  the  niindirr  of  inside  and  oitl.iidi'  \a<- 
sri'L'ers.  I'cn.illy  on  driver  refiisiiii;  to  stop,  ,0/.  ;  on  cate-ki'eper  neglecting  to  [iroviiie  a  niea.<urc,  in 
refusing  to  measure  ami  count,  .')/.— (2  &  3  Hilt.  4.  c.  120  J  4''  ) 

Condnci  of  Drivers,  i\t. — Drivers  (inilling  the  box  before  a  proper  person  shall  stand  at  the  heart  of 
the  horses;  such  pi'rson  leaving  the  horses  before  siniie  ollitr  person  shall  he  placed  in  like  nmiiner, 
or  have  the  command  of  tln'  horses,  -  before  the  driver  has  resumed  Ins  seal  on  tin'  box  tiiiil  takei, 
the  reins  ;  driver  allowing  any  passeii:ier  or  other  person  to  drive  Cor  him.  or  Iciving  tlie  Imx  wlthnii; 
any  reasonable  occasion,  or  for  a  I  inger  lime  than  is  absolutely  necessary  ;  concealing  or  niisplacint 
plates;  guard  dischiirging  lire-arms  iiniK.'iessarily ;  driver,  condiiclor,  or  guard,  nigleiiing  in  lake 
care  of  luggage  ;  asking  more  than  the  proprrfare;  iiegbi  ling  to  aicoiint  lo  his  I'liiplnyer ;  or  as- 
saulling  or  using  abusive  language  to  any  person  having  lra\  t  lied,  or  about  to  travel,  as  a  passent'ir, 
or  to  any  persiui  ac.ttompanying  the  same  :  shall  In  each  anil  every  sni  h  casi'  forfeit  ."i/  — J  47. 

Dronkriincss,  Jj-c. — Drivers,  conductors,  or  guards  having  the  care  of  any  stage  cirriage,  eiiilanscr- 
inp,  tbroiigli  iriloxicalion,  negllgt'iu'e,  or  wanton  and  furious  driving,  the  safely  of  any  passenger  or 
other  piTMin.  or  the  propi^rly  of  the  owner  of  such  carriage  or  other  person,  shall  each  persuii  si 
oU'eliding  forfeit  il.—i  VJ. 


COA.L. 


353 


f  the  roads  lie- 
it  rid  of,  travel- 
ihing,  consider- 
I,  for  the  most 
ing  to  make  uji 
ach  other. 

niKl3&  4  Win 

miles  or  iiinre  an 
.enH  tlirrcin ;  \n\ 
tliis  definition.- 

lipcncos,  duties, 
rliitios  : — 


'(i  to  carry 
ry  3  ad.l'- 
ti  staef  car- 
ual  iluty  of 


DnlT. 


0    0   (i; 


he  fxaclly  3,  oramul. 
sliall  bu  payable  for  an\ 
pn)s,'rtssivflv  Itss  tliaii 
gc  shall  be  licensed  tr. 

M-nsers  for  carrjins;  of 

hall  be  rprkniied  exciu 

lusive  of  the  coiiciuclor 

ird. 

•eJ  for  hire  by  rarria^pj 

irs  nt  ever>-  railwar  in 
t  >hall  be  cnnvevi"t'  f-  r 
L'lle.l  ly  Ihe  j.fiWrr  u' 
spect  of  alt  such  [.3w; 
r  every  4  passiij^L-pt  , 


ir  without  |)t;itc?. 
fences  punislialil- 

20/.— 5  30. 

ors,  the  names  of 
lli(!  (rrciitcst  1111111- 
tliis  iiiirticular,  ji. 

[  or  rnof  of  which 
iiniil,  thill  is,  till: 
iiichi'd.    Puualty 

Tinil  on  a  narriiise 
V  2  or  3  i.\ursn* 


passoneers,  &c. 

tlii'ir  sUiail. 

iiitiri'.  tliii  tii|ini 

(if  which  nil  ihv 

Is.  it"  siirh  cnr- 

wrd  to  carry  nut 

I  imin;  tliaii  I'i 

1  if  licensed  irt 

iiiir(;  than  II  ni' 

■as3i!ni;i'rs,  shall 

iry  any  ar'-''ili'V 

si^ntfcrs  (lulsiili; 

lit!  whole  ;  pro- 

ui  isantliurlscil 


h 

n  under  7  years 

lio  hiix.  Penally 

1(1  ln!.'2ai!0  to  he 
(I  to  rt'iinirc  Ihn 
anil  oiit.-iilc  pas- 
11  incasurc,  iir 

1(1  at  the  head  "!' 
in  like  niaiiiicr, 

!i(ix  and  lakeh 
the  liiix  wilhniu 
iL'  or  niisiilaciiie 
L'li'iiini;  lo  talic 
ni|iloyiT;  or  us- 

aw  a  pussenccr, 

f)/,--H"- 

mr.  cndanccr- 
Inv  passu' ii!.'i'r  m 
i.'acli  piTi'uii  >•' 


Owners  liahU  for  penalties,  when  driver  or  guard  is  not  known,  or  cannot  he  fntinrt.— ?  -10. 

Kailiray  Proprietors  are  to  render  accounts  ot'the  passeiijiers  conveyed  alona  the  same  to  the  Stamp 
OtTice,  and  to  give  security  to  keep  and  render  such  accounts,  and  to  jiay  the  diitii'S.— ?  J  M),  SI. 

Treusiirtt  vmij  cmiipound  with  proprietors  of  railways  for  the  duties  chargeable  on  passen'jers  con- 
veved  by  theni".— J  SS. 

M*!!' t'"**^*"'*""''^ '""''''  the  reeulations  of  the  post-master  general;  and  the  enactments  in  this 
art  as  to  plates,  inscriptions,  outside  passengers,  and  luggage,  do  not  e.xtenrl  to  them  ;  hut  the  other 
reaidations  as  to  the  conduct  of  drivers,  guards,  &c.  do  apply  to  them.  Mail  coaches  have  only  four 
oiUside  passengers  ;  one  on  the  box,  and  three  immediately  behind  the  box.  No  passenger  alimvrMl 
10  sit  beside  the  guard.  The  rate  of  travelling,  the  lime  ailowed  fur  stoppages,  the  quantity  of  lug- 
"age  to  be  carried,  &c.  are  all  regulated  by  the  post-master  general. 

COAL  (Ida.  Sleen/fiill /  Da.  Sfeenkookn ;  Ft.  Charhon  de  tcrre ;  G^t.  Stetnkohhn  ; 
H.  Carbuni  fossili  ,•  IjaU  Lit  hunt  hrax ;  Vort.  Carvnes  de  terra,  ou  de  pedru  ;  Riis.  Ui^olj, 
Kammnoe ;  Sp.  Carbones  de  tierra,  Carbonea  de  piedra  ,•  Sw.  Stenkol).  This  highly 
important  combustible  mineral  is  divided  by  mineralogists  into  the  three  groat  families  of 
black  coal,  uninflammable  coal,  and  brown  coal ;  ea'h  of  these  being  again  divided  into 
many  subordinate  species. 

All  the  common  coals,  as  slate  coal,  foliated  coal,  cannrl  coal,  &c.,  belong  to  the  black  coal 
family.  Slate  and  foliated  coal  is  found  in  vast  quantiti/'«  in  Durham  and  Northumber- 
land, at  Whitehaven  in  Cumberland,  in  the  river  district  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde,  &c.  The 
best  Newcastle  coal  kindles  easily :  in  burning  it  cakes  or  runs  to<;ether  into  a  solid  mass, 
emitting  a  great  deal  of  heat,  a.s  well  as  of  smoke  and  flame ;  it  leaves  a  *!niall  (juantity  of 
heavy,  dark-coloured  residuum  or  ashes.  Most  of  the  Scotch  coals  are  what  are  familiarly 
culli'il  i>pe.n  burninu;  coals.  They  do  not  last  .so  long  as  the  Newcastle  coal,  yield  less  heat, 
Jo  not  cake  or  run  together  in  burning,  and  usually  leave  a  considerable  (luantity  of  light, 
white  ashes.  They  r'.ake,  however,  a  very  pleasant,  cheerful  fire  ;  and,  for  most  house- 
hold {lurposcs,  the  best  fire  is  said  to  be  made  of  a  mixture  of  Scotch  and  Newcastle  coal. 

Cannel  coal  is  sometimes  met  with  in  the  Newcastle  pits,  in  Ayrshire.  Sec. ;  but  the 
largest  beds  of  it,  and  of  the  purest  kind,  are  near  Wigan  in  I^ancashire.  It  burns  with  a 
beautiful  clear  flame,  emitting  a  great  deal  of  light,  but  not  a  great  deal  of  heat.  It  takes  a 
jTOod  polish  ;  and  articles  made  of  it  are  often  pas.sed  olf  for  pure  jet. 

The  uninflammable  coals  are  those  known  by  the  names  of  Welsh  culm  or  stone  coal, 
Kilkenny  coal,  and  the  hliiid  or  deaf  coal  of  Scotland.  1'hese  coals  are  dilReult  to  kindle, 
which  has  given  rise  to  their  name  ;  but  when  once  thoroughly  ignited,  they  burn  f  u  a  long 
time :  they  make  a  hot,  glowing  fire,  like  charcoal,  without  either  flame  or  smoke ;  but  owing 
to  their  emitting  noxious  vapours,  they  cannot  be  used  in  dwelling  houses,  tliough  they  are 
in  considerable  demand  among  malstcrs,  dyers,  <Scc. 

Brown,  or  Bovey  coal,  so  called  from  its  being  principally  fottnd  at  Bovey  near  Exeter,  is 
light,  yields  but  little  heat  in  liuriiing,  and  is  sehlom  used  as  fuel. 

In  all,  about  seven fi/  species  of  coal  are  said  to  be  iinportcd  into  London,  of  v/hich  fori i/- 
five  are  sent  from  Newcastle!  Of  course,  many  of  them  diflfer  from  each  other  by  almost 
imperce()tib!e  degrees,  and  can  only  be  distinguished  by  those  thoroughly  conversant  with 
the  trade. 

Ori!!:ln  nf  Coal.  Phenomena  of  C(tnd)u.itinn,  <.\c. — Coal  beds,  or  strata,  lie  among  those 
of  i^ravel,  sand,  chalk,  clay,  &c.  which  form  great  part  of  the  present  surface  of  the  earih, 
and  have  been  evidently  accumulated  during  remote  ages  by  the  agency  of  "  moving  wat,  t," 
— similar  to  accumulations  now  in  process  of  formation  at  the  mouths  of  all  great  rivers, 
and  in  the  bottoms  of  lakes  and  seas.  When  these  strata  had,  by  long  contact  and  pres- 
sure, been  solidified  into  a  rocky  crust  to  the  earth,  this  crust,  by  subsequent  convulsions  of 
nature,  of  which  innumerable  other  proofs  remain,  has  been  in  various  parts  broken  and 
heaved  up  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  so  as  to  form  the  greater  part  of  our  dry  or  habitable 
land  ;  in  somg  places  appearing  as  lofty  mountains,  in  others  as  extended  plains.  In  many 
situations,  the  fracture  of  the  crust  exhibits  the  edges  of  the  various  distinct  strata  found  in 
a  given  thickness  of  it.  When  the  fracture  has  the  form  of  a  precipitous  clilf,  these  edges 
appear  one  above  another,  like  the  edges  of  piled  planks  or  books ;  but  often  also  they  are 
met  with  in  horizontal  succession  along  a  plain,  as  the  edges  of  a  pile  of  books  laid  down 
upon  a  talile ;  or  they  may  be  seen  surrounding  hills  of  granite  which  jirotrude  through 
them.  Coal,  and  other  precious  minerals,  were  first  discovered  by  man  at  the  fractures  of 
the  strata  above  described,  and  by  his  continued  digging  of  the  strata  or  veins  he  has  gra- 
dually formed  the  vast  excavations  called  mines.  When  it  was  at  last  discovered,  that  all 
the  world  over,  the  mineral  Ptrata  occur  among  themselves  in  nearly  the  same  order  or  suc- 
cession, so  that  the  exposure  any  where  of  a  [lortion  of  one  stratum  is  a  good  indication  of 
the  other  strata  lying  near,  the  operations  of  the  miner  became  f  much  surer  result,  and 
expensive  boring  tiirough  superior  strata  might  be  prudently  undertaken,  even  where  no 
specimen  of  the  desired  but  more  deeply  buried  substance  had  yet  been  seen. 

Before  the  discovery  of  coal  mines,  or  the  invention  of  cheap  means  of  -.vorking  them, 

wood  was  the  general  fuel  of  the  earth ;  and  in  many  countries  .where  the  arts  have  not 

much  flourished,  it  is  still  the  chief  fuel.     Coal,  however,  for  many  purjiosus   answers  much 

better  than  wood.    Now,  coal  and  wood,  although  in  appearance  so  dille'ent,  are  in  tlieir 

'iiii  46 


mi 


i 

** 


"]?% 


ST"— 

<»3 


r 

"       'I 

9 


'It  ■' 


354 


COAL. 


1, 


ultimate  composition  very  nearly  allied.  They  both  have  for  their  basis  or  chief  ingredirnt 
the  substance  called  by  the  chemists  carbon,  and  for  their  chief  other  ingredient,  the  sub- 
stance called  hydrogen,  which,  when  separated,  exists  in  the  form  of  air  or  gas.  'I'hc  by- 
drogen  is  easily  driven  away  or  volatilised  from  either  coal  or  wood,  by  heating  in  a  close 
place  ;  and  when  it  is  caught  and  preserved,  it  forms  the  gas  now  used  to  light  our  streets 
and  public  buildings.  What  remains  of  coal,  after  being  so  treated,  is  the  substance  called 
coke  ;  and  what  remains  of  wood,  similarly  treated,  is  the  substance  called  charcoal, — both 
being  nearly  pure  carboii,  but  differing  as  to  the  states  of  compactness.  This  kindred  nature 
of  coal  and  wood  does  not  surprise,  when  the  fact  is  known,  that  much  of  our  coal  is  really 
transformed  wood ;  many  conl  mines  being  evidently  the  remains  of  antediluvian  forests,  sw  ^pt 
together  in  the  course  of  the  terrestrial  changes  already  alluded  to,  and  afterwards  solidid  J 
to  the  state  now  seen.  In  these  mines,  the  species  of  the  plants  or  trees  which  formed  them 
are  still  quite  evident  in  abundant  specimens  mixed  often  with  the  remnants  of  the  animal* 
which  inhabitPd  the  earth  at  the  same  time.  The  extensive  peat-mosses  now  existing  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  consist  chiefly  of  vegetable  remains  in  an  early  stage  of  the  kind 
of  change  which  terminates  in  the  formation  of  coal. 

A  substance  which,  like  coal  or  wood,  cheaply  answers  the  purpose  of  producting  great 
heat  and  light,  is  called  fuel,  and  the  phenomenon  of  that  production  is  called  combustion. 
Now,  modern  discovery  has  ascertained  that,  in  every  instance,  combustion  is  merely  an 
appearance  which  accompanies  the  mutual  action,  when  very  intense,  of  two  sjibstanrcsin 
the  act  of  forming  an  intimate  or  chemical  union.  Where  that  act  is  less  energetic,  the 
heat  produced  is  less  intense,  and  there  is  no  light.  Thus  wato4-  and  sulphuric  acid  when 
mixing  produce  great  heat,  but  no  light.  Water  and  quicklime  produce  still  greater  heat ;  suf- 
ficient, it  is  known,  to  set  fire  to  a  ship  in  which  the  mixture  unfortunately  occurs.  It  is  an 
occurrence  of  the  same  kind  when  heat  is  evolved  from  an  acid  dissolving  a  metal ;  and  it 
is  still  of  the  same  kind  when  a  mass  of  coal  or  wood  in  a  fire-grati-  is,  with  the  appearance 
of  combustion,  undergoing  solution  in  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere.  In  this  last  case, 
however,  the  temperature  of  the  fuel  is,  by  the  very  intense  action,  raised  so  much  that  the 
fuel  becomes  incandescent  or  luminous ;  an  appearance  assumed  by  every  substance,  Wucther 
burning  or  not, — of  a  stone,  for  instance,  or  piece  of  metal, — when  heated  beyv,nd  \\w  tem- 
perature indicated  by  800''  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  The  inferior  degrees  of  such 
incandescence  are  called  ref/ /;ea/ ;  the  superior  degrees  h'A/Zc //eff^  The  reason  why  any 
striingly  heated  body  throws  out  light,  we  cannot  yet  explain.  When  a  quantity  ofwooii 
or  coal  has  been  burned  to  ash  in  a  confined  portion  of  air,  the  whole  of  the  fuel,  vanished 
from  view,  is  held  in  solution  by  the  air,  as  salt  is  held  in  water,  and  is  again  recoverable  by 
the  art  of  the  chemist.  The  phenomenon  of  common  fire,  or  combustion,  then,  is  merely 
the  fuel  being  chemically  dissolved  in  the  air  of  the  atmosphere.  If  the  fuel  has  nothinir 
volatile  in  it,  as  is  true  ot  pure  carbon,  and  therefore  nearly  true  of  coke  and  charcoal,  it 
burns  with  the  appearance  of  red-'iot  stones  ;  but  if  there  be  an  ingrctlient,  as  hydrogen, 
which,  on  being  heated,  readily  assumes  the  form  of  air,  that  ingredient  ddates  before  burn- 
ing, and  in  the  act  produces  the  more  bulky  incandescence  called  flame. 

The  two  great  purposes  which  combustion  serves  to  man,  are  to  give  light  and  heat.  By 
the  former  he  may  be  said  to  lengthen  considerably  the  duration  of  his  natural  existence; 
for  he  converts  the  dismal  and  almost  useless  night  into  what,  lor  many  ends,  serves  him  as 
well  as  day  ;  and  by  the  latter,  besides  converting  winter  into  any  climate  which  he  desires, 
he  is  enabled  to  etiect  most  important  mutations  on  many  of  the  substances  which  nature 
offers  for  his  use ;  and,  since  the  invention  of  the  steam  •TJgine,  he  makes  heat  perform  a 
great  proportion  of  the  work  of  society.  ?'roin  these  considerations  may  be  perceived  the 
importance  of  having  fire  at  comi7iand;  and,  as  the  cheapest  means  of  commanding  fire,  of 
having  abundance  of  co.tI. 

In  respect  to  the  natural  supply  of  conl,  Britain,  among  the  nations,  is  most  singularly 
fiivovn'cd  :  much  of  the  surface  of  the  country  conceals  under  it  continuous  and  thick  beds 
of  that  valuable  mineral, — vastly  more  precious  to  us  than  would  have  l)een  mines  of  the 
precious  metals,  like  those  of  Peru  and  Mexico;  for  coal,  since  a[)()lied  to  the  steam  engine, 
is  re;illy  hoarded  power,  applicable  to  almost  every  purpose  which  human  labour  directed  by 
ingenuity  can  accomplish.  It  is  the  possession  of  her  coal  mines  which  has  rendered 
Britain,  in  relation  to  the  whole  world,  what  a  city  is  to  the  rural  district  which  surrounds 
it, — the  producer  and  dispenser  of  the  rich  products  of  art  and  industry.  Calline  her  real 
mines  the  coal  cellars  of  the  great  city,  there  is  in  them  a  supply,  which,  at  the  present  rati; 
of  expenditure,  will  last  for  2,000  years  at  least;  and  therefore  a  provision  which,  as  coniins.' 
improvements  in  the  arts  of  life  will  naturally  effect  ecot)oiny  of  fuej,  or  substitution  of 
other  means  to  effect  similar  purfjoses,  may  be  regarded  as  inexhaustibic. 

The  comparative  values  of  the  difterent  kinds  of  fuel  have  been  ascertained  by  fmdinc; 
how  much  ice  a  certain  quantity  of  the  dilVerent  kinds,  while  burning,  ^rill  melt ;  aiid  thus. 


1  lb.  of  (rood  coiii 

—  coke 

—  charcoal  of  wood 


moltg  of  ice  9i'  .l)s. 

—         U  (In, 

'J5  do. 


1  lb.  of  good  wood 
—        pe;i' 

liyJrogcngas 


melts  ot'k 


;  .V2  1)h. 

1(1  (In 

3';U  dt;. 


COAL. 


355 


3hief  ingreJirnt 
edicnt,  the  sub- 

Ras.  The  hy- 
ating  in  a  close 
ght  our  streets 
lubstance  called 
charcoal, — both 

kindred  nature 
ur  coal  is  really 
in  fores'-s,  r\v  ^pt 
wards  solidid  d 
?h  formed  them 
i  of  the  animals 
ow  existing  on 
age  of  the  kind 

iroducting  great 
led  combustion. 
n  is  merely  an 

0  SHlistanr:ijin 
=ts  energetic,  the 
uric  acid  when 
•cater  heat ;  suf- 
jccurs.  It  is  an 
a  metal ;  and  it 
the  ap[)earance 

1  this  last  case, 
o  much  that  the 
)stance,  vvncther 
ley^  n J  tli(>  tem- 
legrecs  of  surh 
•cason  why  any 
uantity  of  wood 
le  fuel,  vanished 
ri  recoverable  tiy 
,  then,  is  merely 
lel  has  nothinff 
and  charcoal,  it 
it,  as  hydrogen, 
ites  before  bum- 

and  heat.  By 
ural  existence; 

,  serves  him  as 
hich  he  desires, 
?s  which  nature 

heat  perform  a 
ywrceived  the 
landing  fire,  of 

most  sinirularly 

and  thick  beds 

II  mines  of  the 

■^teain  engine, 

)ur  directed  by 

has  rendered 

hich  surrounds 

Aniline  her  cual 
he  present  rati; 

lirli.  as  rnniiuL' 
substitution  ot 

iiied  by  findinc; 
idt ;  aiid  thus. 

cits  vt'kc.  W  lln. 
I'.iiiii 
—         370  *:. 


The  kinds  or  differences  of  coal  depend  on  the  comparative  proportions  in  them  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  and  of  earthy  impurities  totally  incombustible.  While  some  species  of  coal 
contain  nearly  a  third  of  tlicir  v/eight  of  hydrogen,  others  have  not  a  fiftieth.  The  former 
kinds  are  flaming  coal,  pleasing  in  parlour  fires,  and  fit  for  the  manufacture  of  gas.  The 
other  kinds — some  of  the  Welsh  stone  coal,  for  instance — will  only  bum  when  in  large 
heaps,  or  when  mixed  witli  more  inflammable  coal ;  they  have  no  flame.  When  flaming 
coal  is  burned  where  a  suflSciency  of  oxygen  cannot  pass  through  or  enter  above  the  fire,  to 
combine  with  and  consume  the  hydrogen  as  fast  as  it  rises,  a  dense  smoke  is  given  out,  con- 
sisting of  hydrogen  and  carbon  combined  in  the  proportions  which  form  a  pitchy  substance. 
The  Welsh  coal  above  mentioned  can  as  little  give  out  smoke  as  flame,  and  hence  is  now 
much  used  in  great  breweries,  and  in  the  steam  .engine  furnaces  of  towns,  where  smoke  is  a 
serious  nuisance. 

According  to  Mr.  Kirwan, 


100  parts  Kilkenny  coal  yield 

Charcoal. 

Biluraeo. 

Earth. 

Sp.  gr.        1 

m-3 

0 

3-7 

1-526 

—       conip.  cannel      -           -           . 

752 

21-68  maltha 

31 

1-232 

—       Hwiinsea             ,           -           . 

73-53 

23-14  mi.\t. 

333 

1-357 

—       I.piirim    -          -           -          . 

71-43 

23-37    do. 

5-20 

1-351 

—       Wiptan     ..... 

01-73 

36-7      do. 

1-57 

1-268 

—       Newcastle           ... 

5H00 

40-0      do. 



1-271 

—       Whitehaven        ... 

57-0 

41-3 

1-7 

1-257 

—       sinly  ciinnel        ... 

47-62 

32  52  maltha 

20-0 

1-426 

—       asphaltiini           ... 

31  0 

68-0   bitumen. 

— 

1-117 

—       maltha     -           -           .           . 

8-0 

— 

— 

207 

100  parts  of  the  best  English  coal  give,  of  coke  630  bv  Mr.  .lars. 

100  do. 73-0  liielm. 

100  do.  Newcastle  do.  ...         58-0  Ur.  Watson. 

The  foliated  or  cubical  coal,  and  slate  coal,  are  chiefly  used  as  fuel  in  private  houses ;  the 
caking  coals,  for  smithy  forges  ;  the  slate  coal,  from  its  keeping  open,  answers  best  for  giving 
great  heats  in  a  wind  furnace,  as  in  distillation  on  a  large  scale  ;  and  glance  coal,  found  in 
Statibrdshire,  is  used  for  drying  grain  and  malt.  Tlie  coals  of  South  Wales  contain  less 
volatile  matter  than  either  the  English  or  the  Scotch;  and  hence,  in  equal  weight,  produce 
a  double  quantity  of  cast  iron  in  smelting  the  ores  of  this  metal.  It  is  supposed  that  S  parts 
of  good  Newcastle  coal  are  equivalent,  as  fuel,  to  4  parts  of  good  Scotch  coal. 

Consumption  of  Coal.  Number  of  Persons  engaged  in  tfi  Trade.  Supply  of  Coal. — 
The  great  repositories  of  coal  in  this  kingdom  are  in  Northumberland  and  Durhiim,  whence 
London  and  mo.st  parts  of  the  south  of  England  are  at  present  supplied  ;  in  Cumberland, 
whence  larc^e  quantities  of  coal  are  exported  to  Ireland ;  and  in  StafVordshire,  Derbyshire, 
Lancashire,  Yorkshire,  Leicestershire,  Warwickshire,  South  Wales,  &c.  In  Scotland,  coal 
isft'ind  in  the  Lothians,  Lanark.sliirc,  Kenfrewshirc,  Ayrshire,  and  other  counties.  In 
Ireland,  coal  is  both  deficient  in  (]uantity  and  inferior  in  quality  to  that  of  Great  Britain ; 
and  turf  forms  the  great  article  of  fuel. 

Mr  Taylor,  an  experieiicd  coal  owner  and  coal  agent,  estimates  the  annual  consumption  of  coal  in 
Great  Britain,  us  follows  : — 


The  aniiiml  vend  of  coals  carried  coastwise  from  Durham  and  Northumberland  is 

Ilnine  cniisnmption,  say  one  fifth  ........ 

Which  quantity  sup|)ties  about  '.000,000  persons;  and  supposing  the  whole  population 
of  Great  liritain  to  be  15,000,(  '',  tliis  must  be  trebled  ;  for  though  these  two  tliirds  of 
popnlatinn  are  pt^rhaps  less  ab.  i;i  aM'ord  fuel,  yet  taking  into  consideration  the  niaiiu- 
facturing  districts,  and  the  cheiv  les:;  of  coal  in  the  interior,  the  estimate  will  not  be 
too  bisrli  ............ 

CnnsuniRil  by  iron  works,  say  600,000  tons  uf  metal,  to  produce  which  requires  a'  le-.st  4 
times  the  quantity  of  coal  in  making  eveii  pig  metal,  and  the  extraordinary  coi'jump- 
tion  ill  the  Cornwall,  &c.  mines         ........ 

Consumed  in  great  Britain         ......... 

Esported  tu  Ireland,  say  ......... 


Tons. 
3,300,000 
660,000 


Total  fns,  exclusive  of  foreign  exportation 


n, 880,000 

3,000,000 

14,880,000 
700,000 

15,580,000 

This  estimate  diies  not  differ  materially  from  thai  of  Mr.  Stevenson  (F.dinburph  F.ncijc.  art.  England, 
p.  740),  and  Mr.  liakewell— (see  post) ;  and  may  be  regarded  as  sufliciently  act  urate. 

Mr.  Buddie  of  Wallscnd,  an  extremely  well  informed  coal  engineer,  gives  the  following 
estimate  of  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  the  dillerent  departments  of  the  coal  trade 
on  the  Tyne  and  Wear,  in  the  conveyance  of  coal  to  London,  and  in  the  London  coal 
'rade : — 

"  I  hold  a  {)aper  in  my  hand  stating  the  number  of  people  employed  in  the  coal  trade  in 
each  department,  I  w  .)uld  beg  to  observe,  the  reui  iis  from  the  Tyne  are  ofHcial  documents ; 
from  the  Wear  I  hove  no  returns,  but  it  is  by  an  aiiproximate  calculation.  The  number  of 
persons  employed  under-ground  on  tho  Tym;  arc, — men,  4,937;  boys,  3,.'i.54 ;  together, 
8,491 ;  above-ground,— men,  2,745  ;  boys  718  ;  making  3,463 :  making  tho  total  employed 


CD 


fftrn 


■)      wut\-.tm 


366 


COAL. 


in  the  mines  above  and  below  ground,  11,954,  which  in  round  numbers  I  call  12,000.  \x; 
cause  I  am  pretty  sure  there  were  some  omissions  in  the  returns.  On  the  river  Wear,  1 
conceive  there  are  9,000  employed;  maiiinef  21,000  employed  in  digging  the  coal,  and 
delivering  it  to  the  ships  on  the  two  rivers.  From  the  best  calculations  I  have  been  alik'  to 
make,  it  would  appear  that,  averaging  the  coasting  vessels  that  carry  coals  at  the  si/c  of 
280  London  chaldrons  each  vessel,  there  would  be  1,400  vessels  employed,  which  wouKj 
require  15,000  seamen  and  boys.  I  have  made  a  summary.  There  are,  seamen,  15,000; 
pitmen  and  above-ground  people  employed  at  the  colleries,  21,000  ;  keelmen,  coal-boatnicn, 
casters,  and  trimmers,  2,000 :  making  the  total  numlier  employed  in  what  1  call  the  Nortli. 
em  Coal  Trade,  38,000.  In  London,  whippers,  lightermen,  and  so  forth,  5,000  ;  factors, 
agents,  «Scc.  on  the  Coal  Exchange,  2,500; — 7,500  in  all,  in  London.  Making  llie  gruml 
total  in  the  North  country  and  London  departments  of  the  trade,  45,500.  This  does  not, 
of  course,  include  the  persons  employed  at  the  outports  in  discharging  the  ships  there." 

In  another  {)lace,  Mr.  Buddie  states,  that  "  colliers  are  always  paid  by  the  piece,"  and  con- 
sequently their  wages,  although  at  the  same  rate  per  chaldron,  vary  according  to  the  (juiin- 
tity  of  work  they  have  to  do  ;  and  it  is  difficult  to  form  an  average,  they  vary  so  very  con- 
siderably :  they  have  varied  from  14s.  a  week,  to,  in  some  instances,  40s.  "  The  colliers 
can  earn  Uj)  to  5s.  or  even  more  per  day  ;  but  there  is  not  full  employment  for  them ;  tlioy 
sometimes  do  not  earn  more  than  half  that  sum  ;  2s.  6(1.  is  the  certain  wages  that  they  are 
hired  to  receive  from  their  employers,  whether  they  are  employed  or  not ;  that  is,  conse- 
quently, a  tax  on  the  coal  owner,  during  the  suspension  of  his  colliery  from  any  accident. 
The  men  have  the  option  of  finding  work  elsewhere ;  but  if  they  cannot  do  this,  they  may 
call  upon  their  master  to  pay  them  14s.  per  week;  it  was  15s.  a  week  till  1828." 

We  regret  that  we  are  unable  to  lay  any  estimates  before  our  readers  of  the  number  of 
jiersons  employed  in  the  other  branches  of  the  coal  trade ;  but  taking  into  view  the  projior. 
tion  which  the  trade  on  the  Tyne  and  the  Wear  bears  to  the  trade  of  Great  Britain,  as 
shown  in  Mr.  Taylor's  statement,  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  the  total  number  of  persons 
directly  engaged  in  the  coal  trade  may  be  set  down  at  from  100,000  to  180,000. 

The  importance  of  coal  as  a  necessary  of  life,  and  the  degree  in  which  our  superiority  in 
arts  and  manufactures  depends  upon  our  obtaining  supplies  of  it  at  a  cheap  rate,  has  natu- 
rally attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention  to  the  question  as  to  the  period  when  the  exhaustion 
of  the  coal  mines  may  be  anticipated.  But  the  investigations  hitherto  made  as  to  the  magni- 
tude and  thickness  of  the  different  coal-bedsj  and  the  extent  to  which  they  n!ay  be  wrought, 
are  too  vague  and  unsatisfactory  to  afford  grounds  for  forming  any  thing  like  a  toleraWy 
near  approximation  to  a  solution  of  this  question.  But  such  as  they  are,  they  are  sufficient 
to  show  that  many  centuries  must  elapse  before  posterity  can  feel  any  serious  diliieulties 
from  a  diminished  supply  of  coal.  According  to  Mr.  Taylor,  whoKO  estimate  of  the  con- 
sumption of  coal  is  given  above,  the  coal-fields  of  Durham  and  Northumberland  are  ade- 
quate to  furnish  the  present  annual  supply  for  more  than  1,700  years.  We  subjoin  Mr. 
Taylor's  estiniatc. 

Estimate  of  the  Extent  and  Pbopiice  of  the  Durham  and  Northumeerland  Coal-fiei.ds, 

'^'"•'"""-  Sq.Mila. 

"  From  South  Sliields  southward  to  Castle  Eden,  21  miles  ;  thence  westward  to  West  Auck- 
land, 32  miles  ;  north-east  from  West  Auckland  tn  Eltringhani,  33  miles  ;  and  then  to 
Shields,  22  miles ;  being  an  extent  of  area  of  -  .....    594 

M'orthumberland. 
"  From  Shields  northward,  27  miles,  by  an  average  breadth  of  9  miles  ...    243 


Portion  excavated. 


•837 


"  In  Durham,  on  Tyne,  say 
—  on  Wear 


39 
40 


"  In  Northumberland,  say  13  miles  by  S 


79 
26 

-  105 


732 


"  Estimating  the  workable  conl  strata  at  an  average  thickness  of  12  feet,  the  contents 


Tons. 


of  1  square  mile  will  be  !2,3'Jfl,0(H)  tons,  and  of  732  s()uare  miles 


"  Deduct  one  third  part  for  loss  by  small  coal,  interceptions  by  dikes,  and  other  inter- 


-    9,009,'1SO,0( 


ruptions 


3,O23,lfifl,00l1 


nemainder       -    6,OI(i,32n,0(iO 


"  This  remainder  is  adequate  to  supply  the  present  vend  from  Newcastle,  Sunderland,  Hartley, 
BIyth,  and  Stockton,  of  3,500,000  tons,  for  a  period  of  1,727  years. 

"  It  will  be  understood  that  this  estimate  of  the  <iiiHntity  of  coal  in  Durham  and  Northumberland 
can  onl.v  be  an  approximation,  especially  as  the  south-eastern  coal  district  of  Durha  11  is  yel  almost 
wholly  une.vplored  ;  but  the  atteinpi  is  made,  in  the  hope  of  satisfying  your  Lordships  lliat  11" 
apprehension  need  be  entertained  of  this  valuabli  mineral  being  exhausted  for  many  futuie  geiie- 
rati'jns. 


COAL. 


857 


derliind,  Hartley, 


"  There  ia  nlso  a  cnnsldernhle  extent  ofconl-field  in  tlin  northern  and  gouth-weslorn  districts  of 
^nrthuinbcrlund  ;  hut  tlic  l'ori');i>ini;  cnniprisus  thnt  which  is  cuntinuoua,  and  most  suitable  and  avail- 
able for  expurtation." — {Lords'  Report,  1S29,  p.  12J.) 

Dr.  Buckland,  the  celebrated  geologist,  considers  this  estimate  as  very  greatly  cxnggerated ; 
but  in  his  exumination  before  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  ho  quotes  and  ap- 
proves a  passage  of  Bakeweii's  Geoloi^y,  in  which  it  is  stated  that  the  coal-beds  in  South 
Wales  are  ulone  sufficient  to  supply  the  whole  present  demand  of  England  for  coal  for 
3i0()0  years.     The  passage  is  as  follows : — 

"  Fortunately  we  have  in  South  Wales,  adjoining  the  Bristol  Channel,  an  almost  exhaust- 
less  supply  of  coal  and  ironstone,  which  are  yet  nearly  unwrought.  It  has  been  stated,  that 
this  conl-lield  extends  over  about  1,200  square  miles;  and  that  there  are  23  beds  of  worka- 
ble coal,  the  total  average  thickness  of  which  is  95  feet;  and  the  quantity  contained  in  each 
acre  is  100,000  tons,  or  65,000,000  tons  per  square  mile.  If  from  this  we  deduct  one  half 
for  waste,  and  for  the  minor  extent  of  the  upjjcr  beds,  we  shall  have  a  clear  supply  of  coal 
equal  to  32,000,000  tons  per  square  mile.  Now,  if  we  admit  that  5,000,000  tons  from  the 
Northumberland  and  Durham  mines  is  equal  to  nearly  one  third  of  the  total  consumption  of 
coal  in  England,  each  square  mile  of  the  Welsh  coal-field  would  yield  coal  for  100  years' 
consumption ;  and  aa  there  are  from  1,000  to  1,200  square  miles  in  this  coal-field,  it  would 
supply  England  with  fuel  for  2.000  years,  after  all  our  English  coal  mines  are  worked  out!" 

It  is  therefore  quite  idle  cither  to  prohibit,  or  impose  heavy  duties  on,  the  exj)ortation  of 
coal,  on  the  ground  of  its  accelerating  the  exhaustion  of  the  mines.  The  abolition  of  the 
expensive  and  destructive  jjrocess  of  scrcenina; — (sec  pout) — will  more  than  balance  any 
export  that  is  ever  likely  to  take  place  to  foreign  countries. 

I'nijils  iif  Coal  Mining.  Coal  Owners'  Mitnojw/i/,  <SfC. — Instead  of  the  business  of  coal 
mining  being,  generally  speaking,  an  advantageous  one,  it  is  distinctly  the  reverse.  Some- 
times, no  doubt,  large  fortunes  have  been  made  by  individuals  and  associations  engaged  in 
this  bui^iness ;  but  these  are  rare  instances.  The  opening  of  a  mine  is  a  very  expensive  and 
hazardous  operation,  and  of  very  uncertain  result.  C(jllieries  are  exposed  to  an  infinite 
number  of  accidents,  against  which  no  caution  can  guard.  The  chances  of  explosion  have, 
it  is  true,  been  a  good  deal  lessened  by  the  introduction  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy's  lamp ; 
and  some  mines  are  now  wrought,  that  but  for  the  invention  of  this  admirable  instrument, 
must  have  been  entirely  abandoned. <  But  besides  explosions,  which  are  still  every  now  and 
then  occurring,  from  the  carelessness  of  the  workmen  and  other  contingencies,  mines  are 
very  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  creeps,  or  by  the  sinking  of  the  roof,  and  by  drowning,  or  the 
irruption  of  water  from  old  workings,  through  fissures  which  cannot  be  seen,  and  conse- 
quently cannot  be  guarded  against.  So  great,  indeed,  is  the  hazard  attending  this  sort  of 
[iroperty,  that  it  has  never  been  possible  to  effect  an  insurance  on  a  coal-work,  against  fire, 
water,  or  any  other  accident. 

Mr.  Buddie,  who  is  intimately  acquainted  with  the  state  of  the  coal  trade,  informed  the 
committee  of  the  House  of  Lords,  that  "Although  many  collieries,  in  the  hands  of  fortunate 
individuals  and  companies,  have  been,  perhaps  making  more  than  might  be  deemed  a  rea- 
sonable and  fair  profit,  according  to  their  risk,  like  a  prize  in  a  lottery  ;  yet,  as  a  trade,  tak- 
ing the  whole  capital  employed  on  both  rivers,  he  should  say  that  certainly  it  has  not  lieen 
so." — (Firxt  Jieporf,  p.  56.)  Again,  being  asked,  "  What  have  the  coal  owners  on  the  Tyne 
and  Wear,  in  your  opinion,  generally  made  on  their  capital  employed  ]"  he  rejjlied,  "Ac- 
cording to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  I  should  think  that  by  no  means  ten  per  cent,  has  been 
made  at  simple  interest,  without  allowing  any  extra  interest  for  the  redemption  of  capital." 

In  addition  to  the  vast  expense  attending  the  sinking  of  sh.uts,  the  erection  of  steam  en- 
gines, &c.,  and  the  risk  of  accidents,  the  coal,  after  b.'uig  brought  to  the  surface,  has  fre- 
quently to  be  conveyed  7  or  8  miles  to  the  place  ol  shipping ;  and  those  whose  collieries  are 
in  that  situation,  have  to  pay  iva</-kavc  rents,  amounting,  in  some  cases,  to  500/.  a  year, 
for  liberty  to  open  a  communication,  or  a  railroad,  through  the  properties  lying  between 
them  and  the  shore. 

Muoii  has  frequently  been  said  of  the  monopoly  of  the  coal  owners  on  the  Tyne  and  the 
Wear ;  but  we  are  satisfied,  after  a  pretty  careful  invest!),  ation  of  the  circumstances,  that  no 
sueii  monopoly  has  ever  existed ;  and  that  the  high  price  of  coal  in  the  metropolis  is  to  be 
aserilied  wholly  to  the  various  duties  and  charges  that  'lave  been  laid  upon  it,  from  the  time 
tliat  it  has  {)assed  from  the  hands  of  the  owner,  to  the  time  that  it  is  lodged  in  the  cellar  of 
the  cuiisumer.  What  means  have  the  coal  owners  of  obtaining  a  monopoly  price  for  their 
coal !  They  enjoy  no  exclusive  privileges  of  any  sort;  they  are  a  numerous  body  ;  and  the 
trade  is  as  open  as  any  other  to  all  capitalists  to  engage  in.  The  number  of  places  on  the 
cast  and  west  coasts,  l)oth  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  the  southern  parts  of  Wales,  from 
which  coals  are  exported,  render  it  quite  visionary  to  suppose  that  any  general  agreement  to 
keep  up  prices  can  take  place  amongst  the  various  coal  proprietors.  And  though  such  an 
ngreeniunt  were  entered  into,  it  is  impossible  it  could  be  maintained.  The  power  of  produc- 
ing coal  greatly  exceeds  the  present  demand;  many  new  mines  have  beeti  recently  opened, 


■MHna|^ 


•  ll«MX  IM 


•MMIMVM 


•1i^ 


358 


COAL. 


I 

V 


1        ,' 

'r 

1 

I 


and  many  others  would  bo  brought  into  activity  were  the  price  nrtificinliy  pnhnncoJ.  ft  in 
true  that  the  coal  owners  referred  to,  havinc;  experienced  the  niinous  cd'ects  of  tlirowini^  a 
Huperuhuiulaiit  quantity  of  coal  upon  restricted  and  already  (glutted  ninrkets,  have  occasionullv 
met  totjether ;  and  each  haviuff  named  the  price  ho  thinks  his  eoal  will  command,  and  ,\{ 
which  he  intends  to  sell  it,  they  have  proceeded  jointly  to  rejjulate,  accordiiic;  to  the  [noba- 
blo  demand,  the  ({uantity  that  each  shall  raise  during  any  particular  period,  IJy  nicaris 
of  this  arranijoment,  the  supply  and  price  of  coal  have  been  ke|)t,  duriuR  the  time  it  has 
existed,  comparatively  steady.  Common  prudence  prompts  and  justifies  such  an  arranire. 
ment;  but  it  also  suijRests  the  necessity  of  reducing  the  price  of  coal  to  the  lowest  level  tliat 
will  aiford  the  customary  rate  of  prolit.  For  were  the  price  demanded  by  the  northern  cnal 
owners  raised  above  this  level,  new  mines  would  be  opened  in  Durham  and  Northumhcr- 
land ;  the  imjiorts  from  the  Tees,  whence  a  large  su[)ply  of  excellent  coal  In  nf  prmenl 
brought  to  the  London  market,  would  lie  augmented  ;  and  fresh  competitors,  from  Swansea 
and  other  places,  would  come  into  the  field  and  undersell  them,  (lovcrnment  should  en- 
courage and  promote  this  fair  competition  ;  but  it  ought,  at  the  sanu>  time,  to  do  equal  jus- 
tice  by  all  the  competitors.  It  is  not  to  lend  assistance  to,  or  remove  burdens  from,  one  set 
of  adventurers,  which  it  does  not  lend  to  or  remove  from  others.  It  is  no  part  of  its  duly  to 
say  how  coals,  or  any  species  of  produce,  shall  he  carried  to  market.  It  is  bound  to  i^ivn 
every  reasonable  facility  for  the  opening  of  new  channels  or  modes  of  conveyance  between 
all  parts  of  the  country  ;  but  it  would  be  glaringly  unjust  to  lay  a  tax  on  the  coals  conveyed 
by  a  particular  channel,  from  which  those  conveyed  by  other  channels  were  exempted, 

Mr.  Buddie  thinks  that  the  aggregate  capital  employed  by  the  eoal  owners  on  the  Tynr 
amounts  to  about  1,500,000/.  exclusive  of  the  craft  in  the  river;  and  supposing  this  esti- 
mate to  be  nearly  correct,  it  will  follow,  allowing  for  the  value  of  the  ships,  that  the  total 
eai)ital  cmjiloyed  in  the  coal  trade  may  be  moderately  estimated  at  from  eight  to  ten  mil- 
lions ;  an  immense  sum  to  be  almost  wholly  at  the  risk  of  the  owners,  without  any  insur- 
ance u])on  it. 

Progressive  Cnnsttmpfion  of  Coal.  Duties  and  Beguhitioiis  nffeeting  if,  parficuhirli/  in 
the  Port  (if  Lniuhm. — There  are  no  mines  of  coal  in  either  Greece  or  Italy  ;  and  no  ovi- 
dence  has  been  produced  to  show  that  the  ancients  had  learned  to  avail  themselves  of  this 
most  useful  mineral.  Even  in  England  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  used  previously  to 
the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century;  for  the  first  mention  of  it  occurs  in  a  charter  of 
Henry  III.,  granting  licence  to  the  burgesses  of  Newcastle  to  dig  for  coal.  In  1281,  New- 
castle is  said  to  have  had  a  considerable  trade  in  this  article.  About  the  end  of  this  century, 
or  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth,  coals  began  to  be  imported  into  London,  being  at  first 
used  only  by  smiths,  brewers,  dyers,  soap-boilers,  &c.  This  innovation  was,  however  loudly 
complained  of.  A  notion  got  abroad,  that  the  smoke  was  highly  injurious  to  the  public 
health  ;  and,  in  1.316,  parliament  petitioned  the  king,  Edward  I.,  to  prohibit  the  burniiifT  of 
coal,  on  the  ground  of  its  being  an  intolerable  nuisance.  His  Majesty  issued  a  proclamalion 
conformably  to  the  prayer  of  the  petition  ;  but  it  being  but  little  attended  to,  recourse  was  had 
to  more  vigorous  measures;  a  commission  of  oyer  and  terminer  being  issued  out,  with  in- 
structions to  inquire  as  to  all  who  burned  sea-coal  within  the  city,  or  parts  adjoining,  to  pu- 
nish them  for  the  first  offence,  by  "  pecuniary  mulcts;"  and  upon  a  second  offence  to  de- 
molish their  furnaces ;  and  to  provide  for  the  strict  observance  of  the  proclamation  in  al! 
time  to  come. 

But  notwithstanding  the  efTorfs  that  were  thus  made  to  prohibit  the  use  of  coal,  and  the 
prejudice  that  was  long  entertained  against  it ;  it  continued  progressively  to  gain  ground. 
This  was  i)artly,  no  doubt,  owing  to  experience  having  shown  that  coal  smoke  had  not  the 
noxious  influence  ascribed  to  it,  but  far  more  to  the  superior  excellence  of  coal  as  an  article 
of  fuel,  and  the  growing  scarcity  and  conseijuent  high  price  of  timber.  In  the  reign  of 
(>harlcs  I.  the  use  of  coal  became  universal  in  London,  where  it  has  ever  since  been  used 
to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  articles  of  fuel.  At  the  Restoration,  the  quantity  imported  was  sup- 
posed to  amount  to  about  200,000  chaldrons.  In  1670,  the  imports  had  increased  to  270,000 
chaldrons.  At  the  Revolution,  they  amo"r.t.a  lo  aoout  300,000  chaldrons,  and  have  since 
gone  on  increasing  with  the  growing  magnitude  and  population  of  the  city  ;  being,  in  IT.iO, 
about  ."jOO.OOO  chaldrons ;  in  1800,  alwut  900,000  chaldrons  ;  and  at  present  about  1,700,000 
chaldrons. — {CaniplieWs  Political ISurvey  tf  Great  Brltain,\6[.  ii.  p.  30.;  Ellington  ontht 
Coal  Trade,  \).  41.  &c.) 

It  might  have  been  supposed,  considering  that  coal  is,  in  this  country,  a  prime  necessary 
of  life,  and  by  far  the  most  important  of  all  the  instruments  of  manufacturing  industry, 
that  it  would  have  beei:  exempted  from  every  species  of  tax  ;  and  that  every  possible  facility 
would  have  been  given  for  its  conveyance  from  the  mines  to  the  districts  in  the  south  of 
England,  and  other  places  in  want  of  it.  But  such,  we  regret  to  say,  has  not  been  the 
case.  The  coal  trade  of  Great  Britain  has  been  for  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  siil'jccted 
to  the  most  oppressive  regulations.  From  a  very  early  period,  the  corporation  had  under- 
taken the  task  of  weighing  and  measuring  the  coal  brought  to  London ;  and  had  been 
accustomed  to  charge  8rf.  a  ton  for  their  trouble.    In  1613,  the  power  to  make  this  charge 


COAL. 


8S0 


inrnJ.    Tt  ix 
f  throwint;  a 
ocrasioniillv 
iiaiid,  and  iit 
to  the  pruba- 
.     liy  means 
10  timp  il  has 
1  an  arrnnne- 
rest  IfVfl  that 
northern  mal 
NorlhiirnlMT- 
is  at  /mseut. 
Von)  Swansea 
!nt  shnuld  en- 
do  eiiual  jus- 
1  from,  one  set 
;  of  h»  duty  ti> 
bound  to  q;ivn 
•ance  l)etween 
•oals  conveyeii 
xenipled. 
3  on  the  Tyne 
sina;  this  esti- 
thut  the.  tiitiil 
rht  to  ten  mil- 
lout  any  insur- 

wrt'tciihirhj  hi 
f  ;  and  no  evi- 
mselves  of  this 
\  previously  to 
in  a  charter  of 
In  1281,  New- 
pf  this  century, 
1,  being  at  first 
lowever  loudly 

to  the  public 
the  hurniiijT;  of 

proclamation 
course  was  had 

out,  with  in- 
lOining,  to  pu- 

otVence  to  de- 
lunuktion  in  all 

coal,  and  the 
pain  ground, 
had  not  the 
al  as  an  article 
u  the  reign  of 
ince  been  used 
)orted  was  sup- 
wed  to  270,000 
nd  have  since 
being,  in  1750, 
Lout  1,700,000 
'(dngtun  oil  the 

rinio  necessary 
iring  industry, 
jossiblc  facility 
the  south  of 
I  not  been  the 
I  lialf  subjected 
on  had  under- 
and  had  been 
lie  this  cliarge 


was  confirmed  to  the  city  by  royal  charter,  it  being  at  the  aamo  time  ordered  that  no  coal 
should  bo  unladen  from  any  vessel  till  the  Lord  Mayor  had  given  leave.  The  right  to 
charge  this  sum  according  to  the  chaldron  of  coal,  has  since  been  confirmed  to  the  city  by 
act  of  parliament;  and  iw  the  labouring  meters,  notwithstanding  tiiey  have  been  very  well 
puid,  have  received  only  5rf.  out  of  the  8rf.,  the  balance  of  M.  per  chaldron,  producing  at 
present  about  20,000/.  a  year,  goes  to  the  city  treasury. 

But  besides  the  above,  duties  for  civic  purposes  have  been  laid  on  the  coal  imported  into 
I,ondon  from  the  reiga  of  Charles  II.  downwards.  They  were  originally  imposed  in  10(i7, 
;it'ter  the  great  fire,  in  order  to  assist  in  the  rebuilding  of  churches  and  other  public  edifices  ; 
and  have  ever  since  been  continued,  to  enable  the  corporation  to  execute  im|)rovements  in 
the  city ;  though  it  is  probable  most  of  our  readers  will  be  inclined  to  think  that  few  iin- 
nrovemeiits  could  be  so  great,  as  a  reduction  in  the  price  of  ho  very  important  an  article  as 
coal.  At  present,  a  duty  of  lOrf.  per  chaldron,  denominated  the  ()r|)hans'  duty,  is  appropriated, 
until  IH.'iH,  to  defray  the  expense  of  the  apjiroaches  to  London  Bridge. 

Exclusive  of  the  corporation  duties,  a  duty  payable  to  government  was  laid  on  all  sea- 
lioriw  coal  in  the  reign  of  William  III.,  which  was  only  repealed  in  18H().  This  duty  was 
at  once  glaringly  unjust  and  oppressive :  unjust,  inasmuch  as  it  fell  only  on  those  parts  of 
the  ern[>ire  to  which  coals  had  to  be  carried  by  sea;  and  oppressive,  inasmuch  as  it  amounted 
{oiMJifl.i/  ppf  cent,  upon  the  price  paid  to  the  coal  owner  for  the  coal.  It  is  not  very  easy 
to  calculate  the  mischief  that  this  tax  has  done  to  the  southern  counties.  We,  however,  are 
satislied  that  the  depressed  condition  of  the  peasantry  of  the  south,  as  compared  with  those 
of  the  north,  is,  in  no  inconsiderable  degree,  to  be  ascribed  to  the  operation  of  the  coal  tax. 
This  tax,  after  being  long  stationary  at  Us,  a  chaldron,  was  raised  to  9s.  4d.  during  the  lato 
war;  but  was  reduced  to  O.v.  in  1824.  But  the  ineiiuality  of  the  tax  was  not  confined  to 
its  atfeeting  those  parts  only  of  the  empire  to  which  coal  had  to  be  carried  by  sea.  Even 
there  its  pressure  was  not  ecjual :  for,  while  it  amounted  to  6s.  a  chaldron,  or  4s.  a  ton,  in 
the  metropolis  and  all  the  south  of  England,  it  only  amounted  to  \s,  l^d,  a  ton  on  coal 
carried  iiy  sea  to  Ireland,  and  to  Is.  8rf.  on  that  carried  to  Wales ;  while  Scotland  was  for 
many  years  entirely  exempted  from  the  duty. 

Besides  this  striking  partiality  and  injustice,  various  troublesome  Custom-house  regula- 
tions were  recjuired,  in  consequence  of  distinctions  being  made  between  the  duties  on  large 
and  small  coal,  between  those  on  coal  and  culm  (a  species  of  coal),  and  coal  and  cinders, 
and  of  coal  being  allowed  to  be  imported  duty  free  into  Cornwall,  Devon,  &c.  for  the  use 
of  the  mines.  These  distinctions  are  now,  however,  whpUy  abolished ;  and  no  duties  exist 
on  coal  except  those  collected  in  London  and  a  few  other  ports,  and  appropriated  to  local 
purposes. 

A  small  supply  of  coal  was  of  late  years  brought  to  London  from  StalTordshire,  by 
canal  navigation.  This  coal  was  charged  with  a  duty  of  Is.  a  chaldron ;  but  this  is  now 
also  repealed. 

The  rcTulations  to  which  the  sale  and  delivery  of  coals  have  been  subjected  in  the  city 
of  Londoi ,  have  been,  if  possible,  still  more  objectionable  than  the  duties  imposed  on  them. 
Instead  of  being  sold  by  weight,  all  coals  imported  into  the  Thames  have  been  sold  by  measure. 
It  is  carious  to  observe  the  sort  of  abuses  to  which  this  practice  has  given  rise.  It  is  stated 
by  the  celebrated  mathematician.  Dr.  Hutton,  who,  being  a  native  of  Newcastle,  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  coal  trade,  that,  "If  one  coal,  measuring  exactly  a  cubic  yard  (nearly 
equal  to  5  bolls),  be  broken  into  pieces  of  a  moderate  size,  it  will  measure  7^  bolls;  if  broken 
very  small,  it  will  measure  9  bolls  ;  which  shows  that  the  proportion  of  the  weight  to  the 
measure  depends  upon  the  size  of  the  coals ;  therefore,  accounting  by  weight  is  the  most 
rational  method."  The  shippers  were  well  aware  of  this,  and  insisted  ujion  the  coal 
owners  supplying  them  with  large  coal  only  ;  and  to  such  an  extent  was  this  principle  car- 
ried, that  all  coal  for  the  London  market  was  screened,  as  it  is  technically  termed,  or  passed 
over  gratings,  to  separate  the  smaller  pieces.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  coals  were  sold  in 
all  their  subseiiuent  stages  by  measure,  no  sooner  had  they  been  delivered  by  the  owner, 
than  it  was  for  the  interest  of  every  one  else  into  whose  hands  they  came  before  reaching 
the  consumer,  to  break  them  into  smaller  portions.  In  fact,  the  profit  of  many  of  the  re- 
tailers in  London  has  arisen  chiefly  from  the  increase  of  measure  by  the  breakage  of  coal. 
And  Mr.  Brandling,  a  very  inteUigent  and  extensive  coal  owner,  stated  to  the  Commons' 
committee,  that,  in  consequence  of  the  breakage,  coals  are  reduced  in  London  to  a  size  in- 
ferior to  what  they  would  be,  were  they  put  on  board  unscreetied,  and  subjected  to  no  addi- 
tional breakage. 

The  statements  now  made  sufficiently  evince  the  nullity  of  all  the  regulations  enforcing 
the  sale  of  coal  by  correct  measures  :  for  even  though  these  regulations  had  been  enforced, 
instead  of  behig,  as  they  usually  were,  wholly  neglected,  they  would  have  been  of  almost 
no  use ;  inasmuch  as  any  dishonest  dealer  was  as  able  to  cheat,  by  breaking  his  coals  a  little 
smaller  than  usual,  as  if  he  had  sold  them  in  deficient  measures. 

The  loss  occasioned  by  the  useless  process  of  screening  has  been  very  great.  The  quantity 
of  coal  seperated  by  it  has  amounted  in  some  cases  to  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  of  the  whole ; 


■■'<MM,4H  2 


t 


'\f% 


'1   %-^ 


360 


COAL. 


i  k 


i 


and  the  greater  part  of  this  rceiJuc,  containing  a  portion  of  the  vflfv  best  con',  is  burned  mi 
the  upot.  "  I  have  known,"  says  Mr.  liuildic,  "  at  one  colliery,  ns  many  as  frotn  90  to  lOo 
chiililroris  a  day  destroyed.  If  they  were  not  consumed,  they  would  cover  the  whole  surlacc, 
and  in  the  burnings  of  Ihcm  they  are  extremely  destructive ;  they  dentroy  the  crnjiH  a 
great  way  round,  and  we  pay  large  sums  for  injury  done  to  the  crops,  and  for  damage  to  tlii> 
ground." — {First  Lurch'  Ji^p-  p.  72.)  The  waste  of  coal  has  Injcn  in  this  way  enoriiKiujc 
and  the  coal  owner  has  been  obliged  to  charge  a  higher  price  upon  the  eoid  sold,  in  order  lo 
indemnify  himself  for  the  loss  of  so  great  a  quantity,  and  for  the  mischief  he  does  to  othtirs 
in  burning. 

The  fact,  that  so  monstrous  a  systcim  should  have  been  perseveretl  in  for  more  than  a 
century,  sets  the  power  of  habit  in  reconciling  us  to  the  most  pernicious  absurdities  in  a  vpry 
striking  ])oint  of  view.  Happily,  however,  the  nuisance  has  been  at  last  abated :  the 
sale  of  coal  [)y  weight  taking  away  both  the  temptation  to  break  coul,  and  the  necessity  ut' 
screening. 

But  the  abuses  that  have  infected  the  coal  trade  were  not  confined  to  those  that  grew  out 
of  the  duties,  and  the  sale  by  measure.  They  have  insinuated  themselves  into  most  dr- 
partments  of  the  business;  and  i  '  such  an  extent  have  they  been  carried,  that  it  takes, ut 
this  moment,  a  larger  sum  to  coiuey  a  chaldron  of  coal  from  the /wo/,  a  little  below  Lomlon 
Bridge,  to  the  consumers  in  the  city,  than  is  sufficient  to  defrui/  the  entire  cost  of  the  cml 
in  the  north,  including  the  expense  of  digging  them  from  the  mine,  their  conveyance  to  tin; 
shore,  landlord's  rent,  &c.!  The  following  statement  shows  the  various  items  that  made 
up  the  price  of  coal  to  the  London  consumer,  in  October,  18.30,  distributed  under  their 
proper  heads.  They  have  been  carefully  abstracted  from  the  evidence  before  the  parliamentary 
committees. 


:      i 


^     I 


Chakoes  up  to  the  Time  of  Arrival  in  the  Port  of  Lonuon. 

£ 

s.   d. 

£   s.  rf, 

Coal  Oirver. 

1      Paid  coal  owner  for  coals        ..-.--- 

0  14    0 

Deduct  river  duly  paid  by  him  for  improvement  of  Sunderland  harbour 

0 

0    3 

0  13    9 

Coal  Filler. 

1 

Keel  dues,  and  fittage  (including  7  miles'  water-carriage) 

0 

2    3 

Ship  Owner. 

For  freight,  inclndine  insurance  of  ship  and  cargo,  pilotage,  seamen's  wages, 

wear  and  tear  of  the  ship  and  materials,  discharging  ballast,  & 

X. 

0 

8    6J 

Municipal  Dues. 

£   .9.  (/. 

Kiver  duty,  ns  above         ...--- 

0    0    3 

Pier  duty,  lights,  &.c.  paid  by  ship           .... 

0    0    .=>} 

0 

0    8^ 

0  11    '.,\ 

Charges  in  the  Port  of  London. 

Government.  Tat        ....... 

_ 

0 

G    0 

Municipal  line.'!. 

Trinity  and  Nore  lights,  tonnage  duty,  Trinity  lloase  for  bal- 

last, &c.               

0    0    5 

Entries,  &c.            ....... 

0  0  n 

Corporation  of  London  mctage    .           -           -           -           . 

0    0    4 

Ditto  orphans'  dues            ...... 

0    0  10 

Ditto  meter's  pay  and  allowance              _           .           -           . 

0    0    4 

Ditto  market  dues              ...... 

0    0    1 

Ditto  Lord  Mayor's  groundage,  Sec.         .... 

0    0    O.i 

Ditto  land  metagu               ...... 

0    0    6 

Ditto  undertaker    ..-.-.. 

0    0    1 

Coal-whippers       _...-.. 
Coal  Factor. 

0    1    7 

0 

4    4f 

Factorage  and  del  credere  commissioB    .          -          -           . 

. 

0 

0    i\ 

Coal  Merchant. 

Buyer's  commission           ...... 

0    1    0 

Lighterage  .-.-._.. 

0    2    0 

Cartage        ..-__-.. 

0    6    0 

Credit 

0    2    0 

Shootage     ........ 

0    1     3 

Add  for  even  money          ...... 

(See  Com.  Rep.  p.  8.) 

0    0    3 

0  12    0 

Add  for  discount,  scorage,  and  ingrain*  (see  same  Rep.  p.  9.) 

0    2    2i 

0 

14     81 

1  5    Sf 

2  10    71 

Making  the  price  paid  by  the  consumer    -           ..... 

Which  is  thus  apportioned  :— 

Coal  owner  for  coal          ........ 

0 

13    9 

Ship  owner,  &c.  for  voyage  to  London             ..... 

0 

11    S| 

Government  duty,  corporation  charges,  and  London  coal  merchant 

1 

5    51 

2  10  7i 

*  Scorage  and  ingrain  wore  allowances  that  ?rcw  out  of  the  system  of  selling  by  measure.   As 
this  system  is  now  repealed,  it  is  unnecessary  to  describe  them. 


COAL. 


361 


by  measure.   As 


ortliPffl  rhnTBCibtil  liltlnrcilucilnn  ticpiI  Ih-  lonkod  fur  in  llinno  inniTTort  in  the  rlvors  Tynp  and 

WtMir,  iiliil  '"  •'"■  ft*'"  "f  Irt'lulit  ;  iind  iih  iIk'  Kiivnriiiiiciit  ilnly  i)f (l.s.  per  ilmlilnni  Iiiih  Iiith  rilinliHliiHl, 
tliR  ciiiirnrH  thiit  niliiiit  i\f  riirtlicr  ri'iliiitiiiii  iiri-  llio  iiiiinirl|)iil  iIiH'n,  iiiiil  IIkihi-  iitliiiiliiiK  lliu  tloliveiy 
(if  (•(iii\  lollir  rniisiiiiicrs  ;  iind  in  tlii'HC,  crrliiitily,  llicn'  in  nni|t)r  rdcitii  fur  ri'ifciichiiu'nt. 

01"  till'  itiiim  whiili  iiiiikc  up  llie  hiiiii  (if  I*.  41(/.  of  clinrirf'H  in  IImi  p(irt  iif  l^iiiddii,  ii  smii  of  In.  id. 
(KU.  IIH  i)r|iliiin  duly,  iipproprialcd  to  llie  new  liriduo,  niid  4il.  an  ((irpdriitioii  iik'Iiiki')  >-<  n  hiircicM  of 
pulilic  lux  i**"  Hooh,  iKiwcvor,  iiH  liii!  ((■riii  for  wliiili  llir  oTplmn  liiily  in  appropriiilid  1ms  i\|iir('d,  it 
oiiUht  III  hi'  nlirdislKMl  ;  and  it  wciuld  he  liiRhly  drHJnihli'  were  moiiic  iiieaiiH  tlicn  hIkii  I  .iiiirt  iif  iiKlenini. 
fyiiilf  tlie  eorpnratioii  fiit  the.  iil.  of  inrtaBc  eliiiiiieil  liy  tlieiii  ;  iiiasiiiiicli  iim  Ilie  alii>liti<iii  iit'lhc»«i  dntica 
wdiild  iKit  only  oiciiHioii  I.  dirt'il  navinn  in  the  irrii-f^  of  toal,  hni  would  airord  ureal  lariiilien  for  it« 
delivery.— (Hee  pu.il,  for  an  nccoiinl  of  tlie  loeal  diltii-H  in  In.'12.) 

The  most  iinportaiil  ilein,  In  llioHe  foriniiiK  the  cliar';.  s  in  tlie  port  of  London,  i«  the  fee  of  the  nml- 
irhipper,  or  coaKlieaver— lliat  in,  the  drliverrr  of  tlie  eoaln  from  the  Bhip  to  the  Imrtfe  or  Hitlilcr.  Thi« 
f,ic  in  about  l.f.  7(/.,  and  is  at  least  fi  times  as  great  as  it  oiiylit  to  hiv  At  Neweastle  iiiid  Sunderland 
tlielilliiiK  of  a  ehaldron  of  coal  into  tlie  wa((oii  rusts  from  1^/.  to  18i/.  ;  mid  adjiiitting  that  to  raise  coal 
from  the  hold  is  a  littlo  inorr  dillinilt,  si  ill,  it'  4il.  were  allowed,  it  would  be  a  most  liberal  piiyment. 
Hut  the  truth  is,  that  this  item  should  he  Htriick  off  alloRellier.  It  is  octasionert  by  a  ri'KnIatiou  pe- 
fuliar  to  the  Thames,  wliieh  prevents  the  erews  of  colliers  from  perforiiiiiiK  this  indispensable  part 
(il^llieir  peculiar  duty.  In  tlic  oiitports,  to  which  luckily  this  preposterous  reuulation  does  not  extend, 
till' crews  net  as  coiil-lieavers,  and  ttioy  do  ho  without  either  asking  or  obtainiiiK  additional  wa(,'es. 
And  there  certainly  is  no  reason  wliatevi'r  for  supposing  that  the  ease  would  he  innlerially  ditl'erenl 
III  the  port  of  London,  were  it  not  for  the  reitul.itiim  referred  to.  In  1^2!),  the  total  ainoiiiit  of  money 
paidtollie  coal-heavers  was  Un,r>mi.  IX-.. ;  of  wliicli  at  lea^n  !M),0(l()/.  may  lie  tMived  to  the  citizens, 
hy  simply  alloiritiff  the  crew  to  perform  tlii!  fiiiiclimi  of  coal-lnavers. 

Tlieevidrnee  giveii  by  t lift  ship  ot,  iwrs  and  ciiplMiiis  before  the  parliaineiitary  ronimittens  estn- 
WiBlies,  in  the  fullest  manner,  all  that  has  been  staled.  To  discharce  a  ship  when  loaded  willi  timber 
isaihnilted  to  be  rather  mn  :  ditlietilt  than  when  slu^  is  loaded  with  coal.  Luckily,  however,  the 
musters  of  .ill  ships  other  tli..  ,  colliers  may  employ,  in  their  discbaruf:,  eitlier  the  crew,  or  such  oilii'r 
iiihearers  a^  lliey  think  fit,  witlmiit  any  sort  nf  iiit'erferi'iice.  .\nd  it  is  proved,  that  while  the  cost  of 
(liM  iKirfsine  a  ship  of  :iOO  tons,  laden  with  coal,  amoiinls  to  about  .'Ni/.,  u  ship  of  the.  same  burden, 
Mkn  with  timber,  may  he  discharued  for ',»/.  or  Id/.— (C»h/.  liip.  p.  32L)  This,  certainly,  is  a  subject 
;li'Sf,rvin«  of  Ihi!  iminediale  attention  of  parliament. 

Besides  the  charge  of  8(/.  on  account  of  ship  meinae,  there  liiis  lieen  a  fiirllier  eliarte  of  <W.  per 
fluildron  on  Hccoiiiit  of  land  iiieta(.'e.  But  tlie  new  reiriilations  enl'ori'iiiK  sale  by  weit'lit  will  lead  to 
dienlxdition  of  ihe  land  as  well  as  the  ship  meters.  Their  iiielliciency  for  all  useful  purposes  vv:is 
fonchisively  shown  by  the  w  itnesses  e.vamined  by  the  parliameiiliiry  coiiiiiiittees.  In  fad,  the  system 
of  inetaL'e  lias  rather  been  a  means  of  eoncealini;  than  of  discoveriiiL'  fraud. 

The  duties  appropriated  tn  public  purposes,  those  claimed  by  the  city  r.f  London  as  private  property, 
111(1  lli(i>e  re(|uir(!d  to  defray  tlu^  cost  of  the  coal  e.\eliam.'e,  anil  the  w  eiL'liiiiK  establishments,  &c.,  are, 
'.n  fiitnrc,  to  be  cliarjred  in  the  apcrecate  at  so  mucli  a  ton  on  the  coal  imported,  and  paid  into  the  City 
(li.iinberlaiirs  office  :  accounts  of  the  distribution  of  tile  [iroduce  of  the  duty  being  Hiinually  |M-epare'd 
anil  laid  before  parliament. 

Rut  the  cliarnea  on  account  of  the  delivery  of  coal  from  the  ship  to  the  eonsiiitier  are  the  most 
oppressive.  They  amount  in  all  to  no  less  tlian  lis-.  HJi/.  !  One  item  is  lijThleru^e,  beiiiR  a  sum  of  'in. 
:i  rlialdron  paid  for  eonveyin);  the  coals  from  the  sliip  to  the  wharf  This  charjie  seems  to  be  in  no 
inlinary  degree  exorbitant.  It  is  mentioned  by  Mr.  Biiibile,  in  his  evidence  (First  LortW  Hep.  p.  121.), 
ihat  the  Tyne  Kei.'lmen,  who  take  the  coals  from  the  spouts  or  staitlis,  as  they  are  termed,  to  deliver 
ilii'ni  til  the  ships,  are  paid  only  \s.  M,  a  ehaldron,  though  they  have  to  navigate  their  kiil.i  from  7  to 
'^mile.i,  and  though  it  is  far  more  difheult  to  shovel  the  coals  t'roiii  the  keels  into  the  port-holes  of  the 
slii|is,  than  from  a  lighter  to  a  wharf.  Were  the  charge  for  lighterage  reduced  to  the  same  level  in 
the  Tliaiiies  as  in  tin;  Tyne,  it  would  not  certainly  exceed  M.  or  0(/.  a  chaldron.  But  before  this 
desirable  result  can  he  accomplished,  this  department  of  tlie  trade  must,  like  all  the  rest,  be  throwo 
oprn.  Here  again  the  trammels  of  monopoly  interfere.  At  present  no  individual  can  art  as  a  lighter- 
iiiiiu,  who  is  not  free  of  the  Waterman's  Company,  and  who  has  not  servi  d  7  years  as  an  apprentice 
iipiMi  tlie  river.  Competition  is  thus  wh'dly  excluded,  and  the  charges  rendered  far  higher  than  they 
would  be  under  a  different  system. 

The  next  item  in  the  charge  for  delivery  is  fw.  a  chaldron  for  cartage  from  the  wharf  to  the  con- 
siinicr'a  residence.  The  bi^st  way,  perhaps,  to  judge  of  the  reasonableness  of  this  charge,  is  by  com- 
piiring  it  with  the  siiiiis  charged  for  similar  work  done  elsewhere.  Now,  assuming  the  avi'rage  weight 
nl'  the  chaldron  to  he  27  cwt.,  and  the  average  distance  to  which  coals  are  carted  li  niiie,  the  charge 
will  he  'in.  5J-ri.  per  ton  per  mile  ;  hut  in  the  north,  in  Diirhain,  Lancashire,  &.C.,  it  is  usual  to  let  the 
cartase  of  coals,  including  the  loading,  by  contract,  at  from  ~iL  to  Sd.  a.  ton  on  turnpike  roads,  and  iW. 
mil  lOi/.  on  heavy  country  roads.  So  that  thi^  expense  of  cartage  in  London  is  four  or  Jire  times  us 
iiiiirli  as  it  costs  in  the  north.  It  seems  difficult  to  account  lor  this  difference  by  the  greater  expense 
itlending  keep  of  men,  horses.  Sec.  in  the  metropolis,  though  that  certainly  is  very  heavy.  I'erhaps  a 
part  of  it  is  owing  to  the  syrfteni  of  licensing  carts,  and  regulating  the  fees  of  cartage.  At  all  events 
the  subject  is  one  that  ought  to  be  investigated. 

ExcliLsivK  of  llie  charge  of  6.v.  for  cartage,  there  is  a  further  charge  of  1p.  M.  for  .■'liuotinp,  that  is, 
for  iinlnading  the  wagon  into  the  cellar.  Next  to  the  item  for  whippets,  this  is  the  most  outrageous 
f>verchttvge  in  this  lengthened  calnloguf;  ofahiises.  There  are  thousands  of  bibourers  in  London  who 
would  be  glad  to  bo  allowed  to  perform  the  same  work  for  3d.  or  -id.,  for  wliicli  the  citizens  are  obliged 
topiiy  I.?.  OiZ.  Indeed,  we  believe  it  might  he  tkme  for  a  good  de.il  less.  Mr.  Huddle  says,  •' At  the 
rate  we  pay  oiiv  wagon-men  for  filling  the  wagons,  I  believe  they  would  be  very  glad,  for  2rf.,  to  heave 
thHse  same  coals  out  of  the  cellar  again  up  the  hole," — (First  Lord.':''  Kip.  p.  121.);  an  operation 
which,  every  (ini^  knows,  would  be  about  10  times  as  troublesome  as  pouring  them  down. 

Such  of  our  readers  aa  may  have  gone  through  thesi!  statements  will,  we  think,  feel  but  little  dis- 
posed to  differ  from  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords,  who  observe,  in  the  Hecuiul  Report,  "that 
in  every  stage,  from  the  port  of  shipment  to  tlie  coal  merchant's  wharf,  and  thence  to  the  consumer's 
cpllar,  the  regulations  under  which  the  trade  is  conducted  are  productive  of  delay,  of  an  aggravation 
of  expense,  and  an  encouragemi'nt  to  fraud  '."—(Rep.  p.  8.) 

The  sale  of  coal  by  weight,  and  tin-  alwlilion  of  the  nietage  sy.stem,  have  undoubt(?dly  eradicated 
some  nf  the  more  tlasraiit  abuses  that  infected  the  trade.  Hut  tlie  statements  now  liid  before  the 
reader  show  that  there  are  other  depnrtineiTts  that  require  to  be  thoroughly  examined.  The  exorbitancy 
of  the  existing  charges  tor  the  delivery  of  coal  from  the  8lii|is  to  the  wharf,  and  fur  carting,  shooting, 
&o.  demand  that  nothing  should  be  left  untried  that  may  have  any  chance  of  contributing  to  their 
effectual  reduction. 

Regulniion.i  as  to  f\ale  in  London. — A  seller's  ticket  is  to  accompany  all  coal  sold  within  the  city  of 
l.niidon  and  its  environs,  specifying  the  species  of  coal,  and  the  iiiimher  of  sacks  and  w  eight  of  coal 
sent.  The  coals  may  he  either  "in  bags  containing  1  or  2  cwt.,  or  in  bulk.  The  cariiiaii  is  in  all  cases 
bound  to  carry  a  weighing  machine  with  the  coal,  which  machine  is  to  be  made  conformably  to  regu- 

VoL.  I.— 2  H  46 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREiT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  172-4503 


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COAL. 


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I 


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latinn,  nnd,  upon  bcinR  desired,  he  is  to  weJRh  anyone  stick,  or  the  whole  aacks  in  (liji  tvagnn, 
I'f!nnlly  fin  refiiFlng  to  weigh,  or  olhrrwise  ol)»triictlng  the  wciphlnif.  20/.  I'ennfty  on  non-delivery 
of  ticket  to  piircliaser,  20/.  In  the  event  of  the  weight  being  deficient,  a  penally  ig  imposed  of  Id/, 
or  50/.,  according  to  deficiency.  Quantities  of  less  than  560  llis.  may  be  sold  without  being  Weighed  — 
(1  &  2  mil.  4.  c.  76.) 

In  order  to  save  trouble  in  collecting  the  duties  that  still  attach  to  coal  in  the  port  of  London,  tin- 
corporation  is  authorised  to  compound  witli  the  owner  or  master  of  any  ship  or  vessel  importing  cnnl. 
for  the  tonnage  upon  which  the  iluties  are  to  be  paid.  A  certiftcate  of  such  compo.xition,  expressing 
the  nundier  of  tons  of  coal,  cinders,  or  culm,  agreed  to  be  taken  as  the  cargo  of  the  ship  or  vessel  com- 
pounded for,  is  to  be  given  to  the  master  or  owner  of  the  same,  and  to  lie  taken  as  evidtnice  of  tlie 
quantity  on  board. 

When  no  composition  is  entered  into,  the  coal  is  to  be  weighed  in  the  presence  of  an  officer  of  the 
customs  at  the  port  nf  shipment ,"  and  the  duties  are  to  he  paid  upon  the  weight  so  shipped. 

The  shipment  of  coiil  in  the  TyrH^  is  at  |iresent  regulated  by  the  act  5  Geo.  4.  c.  72.,  commonly  calli'd 
the  Turn  JIrt,  The  object  of  tli'is  act  is  to  make  all  ships  engaged  in  th"  trade  of  the  Tyne  In!  loailcil 
in  the  ordiir  in  which  they  arrive.  It  prevents  any  preference  being  ?iveu  to  particular  siiips  ;  ami 
renders  it  nearly  Impossible  for  any  coal  owner  to  give  constant  eniploynuMit  to  any  vessel  in  tho 
trade  which  he  may  wish  to  employ.  In  some  respects  this  act  is  proliably  advantageous,  but,  on  llic 
wliole,  its  policy  seems  very  (jni'Stionable.  Why  should  a  coal  owner  be  prevented  from  einployin: 
certain  ships  inpreference  to  others  1  Under  this  act,  if  more  ships  engage  in  the  tnide  than  can  he 
profitably  employeil  in  it,  the  loss  produced  by  detention  in  port,  and  waiting  for  a  cargo,  iiislind 
of  falling,  as  it  naturally  would,  were  the  trade  free,  on  particular  ships,  and  driving  them  from  tlw 
business,  falls  ecpially  on  every  ship  employed,  and  depresses  the  whole  trade.  There  is  no  regula- 
tion of  tills  sort  ill  the  Wear. 

F.j  port  at  inn  of  Cmil.—Vot  a  consideralde  number  of  years  past  a  duty  of  17,1.  M.  a  chaldron  was  laiii 
on  all  large,  and  of  4.'».  fii/.  a  chaldron  on  all  small  coal  exported.  The  first  of  these  duties  is  (|iiili;  e.v- 
cessive  ;  and  is  not  to  he  vindicated,  unless  the  policy  of  preventing  the  exportation  of  coal  were  ail- 
milted.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  small  coal  is  the  only  specii.'S  used  in  Manufactories,  no  ground  roijld 
be  assigned  for  prohibiting  the  exportation  of  roiiiid  coal,  except  the  risk  of  exhausting  the  mines. 
I!iit  the  statements  previously  made  show  lhi>  futility  of  this  apprehension.  There  cannot,  therefore, 
be  any  reasonable  doubt  as  lo  the  policy  of  ihe  reduction  that  has  recently  been  made  in  the  duly  on 
large  coal  exported.  We  believe,  indeed,  that  it  iiiiglit  have  been  carried  a  good  deal  further,  willi 
advantage  to  the  revenue  and  lo  all  iiarlies. —  (For  Ihe  existing  duties  on  coal  exported,  see  Tahiff.) 

Pnrf  o/ Cw«/.— The  f(dlc)wing  is  an  accouiit  of  llie  contract  price  of  coal  sapplied  to  Greenwiili 
Hospital  in  tho  undermentioned  years  : — 


Years. 

V 

r  Ch,-il<lroii. 

Yca:-s. 

iVr  Ch.iliimn. 

Yean. 

rerCluldmn. 

£ 

«.        d. 

£ 

*.        ./. 

£       s.       d. 

1730 

4        6 

17S5 

1 

14          9.1 

1824 

2        3       8 

1735 

5        0 

1790 

1 

14        1} 

1825 

2        3       2 

1710 

9        0 

1795 

1 

19        9 

1826 

2        0       4 

1745 

10        0 

1890 

2 

11        7 

1827 

2        1        5J- 

1750 

7        7i 

1805 

2 

11        8J 

1828 

2        0        8i 

1755 

8        7i 

1810 

3 

0        8 

1829 

1      16       7 

1760 

12        8 

1815 

o 

15        6} 

18,TO 

1      12      11 

1765 

12        4i 

18-20 

2 

5        9 

1831 

1        7       0 

1770 

9        \h 

1821 

2 

0        6 

1832 

1        4       3 

1775 

10      lU 

1822 

2 

4        6i 

1780 

17        3i 

1823 

2 

6        7 

(See  art.  Prices.) 

This  table  sets  the  beneficial  influence  of  the  nholilion  of  the  duty  on  coals,  and  of  the  other  altera- 
tions that  have  been  made  in  the  management  of  the  trade,  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view. 

Imparts  of  Coal  into  London,  and  public  Duties  thereon  — The  following  table  shows  the  quantity  fi( 
coal  and  culm  (small  coal)  imported  into  London  during  each  of  the  7  years  ending  with  1832. 'the 
public  duties  charged  on  the  same,  and  the  produce  of  the  duties.— (Por/.  Paper,  No.  197.  iiees.  1S33 ) 


Coals,  Cindetj,  and  Culm,  imported  into  the  Port  of  ly)ndon. 

Years. 

Total  Quanlity  imported, 

Ratet  of  Public  Dulia  charged  on  Inportatioo 

PrTKiurpofthe 
Uuliw. 

Staled  in 
ChaldroM. 

Shiled  in  Toni,  allowing 
25  1-2  cwl.  te  the  Chaldron, 
1  &  2  Will.  4.  c,  7C.  s.  44. 

1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 

1,600,229 
1,476.331 
1., 537.1)94 
1.58,3.511 
1.630.804 
1,604.151 
1.677.708 

2,040.291 
1,882,321 
1,960,.559 
2,018,975 
2,079.275 
2,045,a!)2 
2,1.39,078 

'Coals  and  cinders : 

Charged  by  measure,  6s.  per  chaldron. 

Charged  by  weight,  4s.  per  ton. 
Culm,  6d.  per  chaldron. 
(  Duties  repealed  from  1st  of  March,  1831,  >^ 
t     per  act  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  16.                         3. 

£ 
4(>7,!-*5a 
41fi.N)4 
443.217 
4(i4.6,')!l 
4r)7.7l(i 
40,702 

Account  of  the  various  Local  or  Municipal  Duties  charged  oh  Coals  imported  into  the  Port  of  I.nnilnn 
since  1825;  specifying  such  Duties  in  detail,  the  Rate  of  each,  and  the  Amount  of  Duty  aniiiiully 
produced  by  each.— (PuW.  Paper,  No,  296,  Sess.  1833.) 


Tean. 


1826 


Docription  of  Duties, 


Duty  on  coals  delivered  in  the  year  ending  5th  of  January, 
1827,  pursuant  to  the  act  of  the  ,5th  t  6thofWill.&  Mary, 
c.  10.,  for  the  relief  of  the  orphans  and  other  creditors  of 
the  city  of  London,  and  continued  by  various  acts  of  par- 
liament for  eflbcting  public  works  .'  .  -  - 

Additional  metage  duty,  pursuant  to  the  said  act  of  5  &  6 
W.  ft,  M,  and  applicable  to  the  purposes  of  the  said  or- 
phans' fund  ....>. 


iUle  of  each  Duly. 


6(1,  perchald,' 
4<i.  per  chald. 


Aiinnil  Proilucf  pf 
Kich  Duly- 


65,518    3   5 


COAL. 


363 


rks  in  (lij  \Kagnp, 

Ily  on  min-drlivcry 

ig  ini|ii)si-il  iif  iiif. 

It  being  W(;l(,'lif.'(l.— 

inrt  of  London,  ilir 
«»('!  iinporline  cnnl. 
losilion,  oxprcssiiir 
shi|i  or  Vessel  cniri- 
as  evidmice  of  Hit- 

nC  nn  officer  of  tin; 
iliippeit. 

2.,  commonly  cnllcd 
tile  Tyne  hi'  loailcd 
rliciihir  ships ;  nnil 
1  any  vessel  in  ilm 
ngeoua,  hut,  on  lin- 
ed from  einployin; 
e  trade  than  ran  he 
r  a  cargo,  instcail 
in^  tliem  from  tlio 
"here  is  no  reRuJii- 

1  chaldron  was  laiii 
■  duties  is  (|iiite  ex- 
)n  of  coal  were  ad- 
es,  no  ground  rniild 
laiisrini;  the  mines. 
B  cannot,  therefore, 
iiade  in  the  duly  on 
I  deal  further,  willi 
irtod,  see  Tarifp  ) 
plied  to  Grecnttidi 


Per  Clijldmii. 


Table  of  Duties  on  Coiil.— eon^inueJ. 


£       g. 

(1. 

2        3 

8 

2        3 

2 

2        0 

4 

2        1 

5i- 

2        0 

»'x 

1      16 

7 

1      12 

11 

1        7 

0 

1       4 

3 

(See  art. 

Pricks.) 

of  the  otl 

er  altera- 

It  of  view 

ows  the  quantitv  n( 
dinjr  with  IHM.'ilu' 
Vo.  197.  SesB.  1S33  ) 


I'mtilirpofflie 

Uulira. 

£ 

1 

4(i7.H52 

n. 

41fi.N)4 

41,1.217 

4«l,6,')!l 

m,x 

•lfi7.7l(i 

n 

40,702 

the  Port  of  I,oi  tlmi 
I  of  Duty  annually 


Annii.-il  Pmlucr  nl 
Mcli  Duly. 


65,548    3   5 


Vt^ira. 


b27 


ls;«i 
IMl 
1^32 


1S26 

I  |H2H 
I  l.'-i'.t 
'  1M)I» 
I  lf31 


1832 


1S20 

1S27 
182S 
l>i29 
b3(l 
IMtl 

i>:i2 


1820 


1S27 

b2,S 
ls2i) 

l^:i() 

1>32 
152« 


Dncription  of  Diiiies. 


lUle  of  I'Uh  Duty. 


ISiS 

I  MO 

lf:ifl 

IKil 
1032 


Additional  metage  duty,  pursuant  to  the  said  act  of  5  &  fl 
W.  &  M.  and  applicable  to  tlie  purposes  of  the  said 
orphano'  fund        -....- 

Ditto     ---..-- 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Ditto    --...-- 
Coinniiitation  pursuant  to  the  act  of  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  76.  for 
the  said  duties  of  6d.  and  id.  per  clialdron,  continued  by 
the  art  of  10  (ieo.  4.  c.  136.  for  making  the  approaches  to 
London  Itridge        ...... 

Duty  charged  by  43  fieo.  3.  c.  134.  for  establishing  a  market 
ill  the  city  of  London  for  the  sale  of  coals 

Ditto 

Ditto     -  - 

Ditto     .-..-.. 

Ditto     -.-..-. 

Ditto  including  3f)7{.  Hs.  CJ-rl.  for  duty  on  coals  import- 
ed in  lail.  but  delivered  in  IKa2     .  .  - 
Continued  by  the  act  of  the  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  76.  for  the  sup 
port  of  the  said  market,  and  for  paying  the  compensations 
1)1°  the  hind  coal-meters  of  London,    Westminster,  and 
Middlesex,  for  the  abolition  of  their  olhces 
Duty  payable  to  the  corporation  of  the  city  of  London,  for 
iiietage         ....... 

Ditto -  - 

Ditto     ....... 

Ditto     --.-..- 

Ditto     ...-.-- 

DKto  --.--.- 
(.'(unmutntinii  for  the  said  duty  of  4(1.  per  chaldron,  water 
hailliage  and  groundage  nf  coals,  and  lees  to  Lord  Mayor 
on  permit,  &.c.  pursuant  to  the  act  of  llie  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c 
76.,  chargeable  with  the  coiiipeiisatiiuis  to  the  clerks, 
ollirers,  ami  deputy  sea-coal  meters,  for  the  abolition  of 
their  places  by  the  said  act  -  -  -  - 

Duty  of  water-hailliage  on  coals  and  groundage  of  colliers, 
payable  to  the  corporation  of  London  by  non-freunien 
only 

Ditto 

Ditto     ....... 

Ditto -  - 

Ditto     ....... 

Ditto     ....... 

Cninniiited  by  said  net  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  76.,  as  before  stated 

Kees  payable  to  the  l-ord  Mayor  of  London  for  permit  and 

registering  certificates  of  the  quantity  and  (lualily  of  coals, 

pursuant  to  the  act  9  Anne,  c.  28. 

Ditto     -  ..... 

Ditto     ...... 

Ditto     ...  .  .  - 

Ditto     ...... 

Ditto     ...... 

Commuted  under  the  said  act  1  &  3  Will.  4.  c.  76.,  ns  before 
mentioned.  .  -  .  .  - 


id.  per  cliald. 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


9d.  per  ton 

Id.  per  chaUI. 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


ditto 


Id.  per  ton 

4d.  per  chald. 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


AnnuAJ  I'rodiiceof 
CTih  Duly. 


4(f.  per  ton 

35,510    2 

8 

id.  per  New-" 

castle,or  dou- 

ble chald.  and  f 

mi  4 

7i 

fWi.    pi^r  ship 

groundage 

ditto 

on.'?  11 

n 

ditto 

<M2  II 

9 

ditto 

m)  2 

5 

ditto 

1,010    6 

3} 

ditto 

wn  15 

Nil. 

6} 

ls.6(/.  per  ship 

517  11 

6 

ditto 

467  16 

0 

ditto 

405  1!) 

0 

ditto 

.'il.')  13 

0 

ditto 

!i24  l<» 

0 

ditto 

m   11 

Nil. 

6 

50,202  «  9 

63,211  14  6 

6.MI29  14  10 

66,680  10  II 

65,:U'>4  15  6 


71,020  5  4 

6,61!)    8  101 

6,001   IH  2} 
6,472  15     I] 

6,639  18  51 

fi,785    9  11 

6,865    3  Oi 


8,877  10    8 

20,624  1    4 

24.3117  12  II 

roii.t  |,t  U 

26,5,VJ  13  10 

27,141  10    5 

26,390  14    0 


A'flff.— The  act  of  the  47  Oeo.  3.  c.  68.  (repealed  by  the  act  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  76.),  imposed  n  duty  of 
flii.  per  clialdron  on  all  coals  sold  by  wharf  itieasiire,  and  l.<.  per  5  chaldioiis,  sold  by  pool  measure; 
lull  the  corporation  of  London  have  no  nie;ins  of  ascertaining  the  nmoMiit  of  those  duties  paid  in 
the  (listricts  of  Westminster,  Middlesex,  and  Surrey.— (iiiildhall,  l.Mh  of  May,  183"1. 

It  appears  from  this  account,  that  the  various  local  and  iiiuiiici|ial  duties  charged  on  coal  in  the  port 
of  London  in  1832,  amounted  to  1I.'),407/.  l^.i.  81/  ,  being  at  the  rate  of  about  Ik.  IJrf,  per  chaldron  on  llie 
<ii;il  iniported  that  year.  Were  these  duties  wholly  abolished,  or  conimuleil  lor  scuiie  oilier  tax,  and 
all  regulations  as  to  the  unloading  of  ships  in  the  river,  with  the  exception  of  those  necessary  to  pre- 
siirve  order,  swept  otT,  we  have  no  doubt  that  the  price  of  coal  would  be  materially  reduced. 

(We  are  glad  to  have  to  state,  that  tlic  duly  on  coal  exported  iti  English  .sliips  is  rrpoidcd  ; 
atiil  that  the  duty  on  all  descriptions  of  coal  exported  in  foreif^n  ships  is  rodumi  to  4.v.  a  ton. 
The  increased  exportation  of  coal  this  measure  has  occasioned  cannot  full  of  being  highly 
advantageous.  Ships,  that  might  otherwise  have  had  to  go  out  in  balla.st,  have  now  an  op- 
portunity of  taking  with  them  what  may  prove  a  profitable  cargo,  at  the  same  time  that  the 
cost  of  conveying  the  mineral  abroad  operates  as  a  premium  in  favour  of  our  own  manufac- 
tures. The  fact,  too,  that  there  is,  in  South  Wales  alone,  a  supply  of  coal  siiflicient  to  meet 
the  present  demand  of  the  empire  for  more  than  2,000  years,  shows  the  futility  of  imn!.nning 
ilut  the  measure  can  bo  injurious,  by  its  hastening  the  exhaustion  of  the  mines. — Sup.) 


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COAL. 


365 


mo  o  n  *c  (^  i«  t« 


OCJOl-«CVS'v5|,-I' 


D  O)  «  to  l^  X  'Ji 

■c  c^  -r  iS -t*  — — 

J>  "^  CI  M  «  -f  -^ 

— nrnb 

3,622 

4..')23 

32.426 

81,073 

100.240 

78,041 

M  g?3i  -^»rt  ^-o 

[1  OJ  -^  1^  O  (O  »^ 
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t*  '^, »- '-I  'H.^'v^ 

•t  ^  -4  F4        ^  ^ 

5 1'- 1*  I'-  00  JO  * 

c  X,  X  r  XXX 

|ThP  ctTcat  coal  fielil  of  the  t'nitcd  Stntcs  is  situated  west  of  the  Alleghany  ridije  of  nioun- 
*niiis,  which  constitutes  its  eastern  iiDundary  from  the  county  of  Bradford,  in  Pennsylvania, 
hrmigh  that  State,  Maryland,  and  Virginia.  This  boundary  line  then  beiuls  towards  the 
west,  through  Tennessee,  and  into  the  State  of  Alaliama  ;  coal  being  found  as  far  .south 
l.^  the  neighbourhood  of  Tuscaloosa.  Its  western  boundary  passes  from  Pennsylvania 
iiitii  Ohio  near  the  town  of  Sharon,  and  enters  Kentucky  near  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Sandy 
river ;  whence  it  proceeds  into  Tennessee,  in  the  direction  of  the  town  of  Irvine,  and  of  the 
1  mill  wherti  the  Cumberland  river  intersects  the  boundary  line  between  the  two  last  men- 
tioned States.     The  coal  in  this  field  is  of  a  bituminous  character. 

Alnmdancc  of  bituminous  coal  has  been  recently  found  in  the  States  of  Indiana,  Illinois, 
111(1  Missouri,  which  no  doubt  belongs  to  one  extensive  coal  field.  It  has  been  noticed  par- 
ttiuiarly  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis,  a  very  important  jjosition. 

On  the  R  ay  stow  n  branch  of  the  .Tuniata  there  is  a  small  bituminous  coal  field,  which  is 
'ikcly  to  become  important  in  a  commercial  point  of  view ;  and  the  same  description  of 
voal  has  been  lately  found  in  Dauphin  county,  near  Harrisburg,  being  at  the  western  termi- 
nation of  the  Pottsville  or  Schuylkill  field  of  anthracite  coal. 

But  the  most  important  of  the  smallc-  bituminous  coal  fields  is  that  lying  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Henrico,  Goochland,  Chesterfield,  Prince  Edward,  and  Cumberland,  in  the  State  of 
\  irsiniu.  A  considerable  amount  of  capital  has  been  here  invested  within  a  few  years,  in 
miiiirii;  and  conveying  the  coal  to  market.  Previous  to  1820,  it  i.-i  said  that  the  whole  ex- 
port of  it  from  Virginia  to  the  northern  ports  of  the  Union  did  not  exceed  .'■)00,000  bushels. 
•In  the  year  1835,  the  amount  exported  from  Richmond  to  difVerent  ports  of  the  United 
Matis  had  attained  to  about  3,500,000  bushels,  with  a  supply  to  the  home  market  of  nearly 
a  million  of  bushels." 

"The  bituminous  coals  are  more  particularly  designed  for  manufacturing  purposes.  The 
veins  are  generally  found  in  positions  nearly  horizontal,  and  in  parallel  strata.  The  close- 
iiurning  species  is  the  kind  which  melts,  and  forms  a  crust,  or  what  smiths  call  a  hollow  fire, 
ami  emits  a  bituminous  smell.  The  oix^n-burning  kind  produces  an  extensive  flame,  which 
i.as.<es  freely  through  the  coals,  and  emits  little  or  no  bituminous  smell  when  burnt  in  a 
,'rate." 

Even  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  where  the  anthracite  coal  is  to  be  found  most  abun- 
■laiitly,  the  anthracite  coal  districts  are  of  very  limited  extent,  in  comparison  to  that  of  iho 
liiluminous  districts.  These  were  estimated  by  Mr.  Packer,  in  his  report  to  the  Senate  of 
tlielState,  in  1834,  on  the  subject  of  the  coal  trade,  to  consist  respectively  of  (531,000  and 
13.110,000  acres.  From  the  peculiar  shuation,  however,  of  the  anthracite  coal  districts  so 
near  the  .\tlantic  coast,  and  the  rapidly  increasing  rate  with  which  their  product  has  been 
iirmight  into  market,  as  well  as  the  extraordinary  enterprise  of  the  parlies  who  have  invested 
'heir  rapitiils  in  'hem,  they  have  become  an  object  of  especial  interest  to  the  community ; 
liir  which  reason  we  shall  now  throw  together  some  of  the  most  important  tiicts  wc  have 
lieeii  able  to  collect  concerning  them  and  the  trade  to  which  they  have  given  origin. 

The  anthracite  coal  fields  under  consideration  are  three  in  number,  averaging  about  65 
mile  ill  length  and  5  miles  in  width.  The  first,  or  .southern,  or  Schuylkill  fielil,  includes  the 
'.(liii,'h,  Little  Schuylkill,  Schuylkill.  Swatara,  and  Dauphin  districts.  The  second  comprises 
tlie  liiMvcr  Meadow,  Shamokin,  and  Mahanoy  districts.  The  third,  or  northern,  includes  the 
I/'.ekawanna,  and  VVilkcsbarre  or  Susi{uehanna  districts.  "  Each  of  these  fields  forms  a 
'  uiu  elliptical  basin,  with  a  well  defined  border  of  red  shale,  and  surrounded  by  a  barrier  of 
loiii;  and  sharp  mountain  ridges.  Two  of  these  fields,  the  first  and  the  second,  run  side 
i\v  side,  ranging  a  little  north  of  east ;  the  remaining  one  is  somewhat  apart  from  them,  and 
h  IS  a  more  northerly  direction." 

Of  the  above  mentioned  districts,  the  most  important,  at  the  present  time,  are  the  Schuyl- 
kill, Lehigh,  Beaver  Meadow,  and  Lackawanna.  The  Shamokin  district  is  just  opening,  and 
« ill  soon  take  a  station  among  the  first  in  the  quality  of  its  coal  and  extent  of  its  products. 
The  first  field  is  remarkable  from  its  containing  Red  Ash  coal,  which  is  supposed  to  exist  in 
none  of  the  others  to  any  extent.  This  coal  is  easily  ignited,  burns  freely,  and  its  residuum 
is  more  ponderous  than  that  of  the  White  Ash.  It  occupies  nearly  two-thirds  of  this  field. 
Till'  White  Ash  produces  a  more  intense  heat,  and  leaves  less  residuum  than  the  Red  Ash. 
li  is  free  from  what  are  called  clinkers,  which  a  white  heat  produces  in  all  the  Red  Ash 
coals.  On  these  accounts  it  is  better  suited  for  stoves,  and  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
I'nis  is  tlie  product  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  first  or  Schuylkill,  as  well  as  of  the  other 
two  fields. 

The  consumption  of  anthracite  coal  is  rapidly  increasing.  It  is  superseding  all  other 
kinds  of  fuel  in  a  considerable  part  of  this  country  for  almost  every  purpose.  It  is  now  very 
?eiiernlly  used  for  domestic  purposes  upon  the  seaboard.  In  stationary  steam  engines  it  is 
now  a  common  fuel ;  and  in  locomotives  it  is  every  day  becoming  more  general.  During 
the  last  year  it  has  been  effectually  introduced  into  steamboats.  It  is  the  common  fuel  in 
the  coal  regions  for  blacksmith's  forges,  in  preference  to  any  other.  And  it  has  lately  been 
2h'^ 


'—I 


'A  <:3 


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9  i 


» V 


.'    I 


366 


COAL. 


t 


introihircJ  with  success  in  the  manufacturo  of  iron;  in  Wales  on  a  large  scale ;  in  thiii 
country  on  a  scale  sufficient  to  prove  itH  economy. 

It  may  Im  fair  to  put  tiie  saving  in  the  use  of  antliracite  coal,  instead  of  wood,  as  high  as 
fifty  per  cent. 

The  proi^eaaive  ct matt mpt ion  of  anthracite  coal,  for  the  first  fifteen  years  after  its  intro- 
duction into  u^,  was  ({uito  extraordinary,  amounting  to  about  33  pvj  cent,  per  annum.  For 
the  last  3  years  the  increase  has  been  only  about  16  [kt  cent,  per  annum.  About  830,uOU 
tons  were  consumed  in  1838.  As  our  forests,  too,  disap^icar,  and  as  the  demand  for  timber 
for  building  purposes  increases,  the  consumption  of  coal  must  also  incrrnse  ;  and  the  pcrioj 
13  fust  approaching  when  its  importance  to  us  may  not  be  less  tlian  is  that  of  the  collieries 
of  England  to  her. 

Mefore  tiie  year  1820,  the  anthracite  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania  were  entirely  unworkcd. 
The  quantity  brought  to  market  from  that  time  to  the  present  is  exhibited  below  in  a  tabular 
form. 

Qimiitities  of  AntlirncilK  uliippcd  rrom  thn  niin(>8. 


1 

Uy  the  I'riioB 

■ 

Tem.    Lehigh. 

Schuylkill. 

Lacka- 
wanna. 

ToUli. 

Vean. 

Lehigh. 

.Schuylkill. 

Lackawanua. 

l.anal.  fiotn 

Ihf  riia- 

prove. 

Sliamokin. 

Totali. 

1  rout. 

TiTiu. . 

Tmu. 

Tmlt. 

r,.,u. 

Tuiu. 

Tilt. 

Tuiii. 

rmii. 

Tuns. 

1820 

36.5 

— 

— 

.Sfi.'i 

1830 

42,790      89,981 

43,000 

— 

17.5.774 

1821 

1.073 

— 

— 

1,073 

1831       41.085       81,8.54 

54.000 

— 

— 

I7«,«.1!t 

1822 

2,210 

— 

— 

2,240 

1832      80,1  M)0    209,271 

H.t.6IUI 

— 



37;t,s7i 

1823 

:.,>23 

— 

— 

5,82:i 

1833     123.000     250,.588 

112,000 

2,383 

— 

487.1171 

1824      '.l,,'511 

— 

— 

9.541 

1831     106,2 14     224,242 

47,700 

2,4,50 

— 

.180,1)36 

182.')     28.3!W 

I),.')()0 

— 

31,803 

18.35     131,250     334.872 

90,6C.O 

5,226 

— 

.5tt'2,(KH 

1820  |:tl.-2.8(l 

16,767 

— 

48,047 

1836     146,502     432,015 

106,270 

1 1 ,709 

— 

m,w 

1*27     32,070 

3I,.1«0 

— 

63,430 

18,37    223,!H)2     523,1.52 

115,387 

12,098 

— 

87l,j.'i(i 

1828     30,232 

47,284 

— 

77,516 

1838    212,831     433,875 

76,321 

13,809 

3,740 

'^,i1i 

1829    2.M10 

70,973 

7,000 

112,083 

'              ' 

The  country  iiloii!;  tliu  North  Hranch  of  tlie  Siisquuhaiiim  is  supplii'd  with  coal  from  the  WiUcs- 
barre  district,  of  which  no  account  is  taken  above. 

(jener.il  Stati^ncnt  of  the  whole  Anthracite  Coal  business. 


On  hintl  at  tide  water 

On  tiand,  and  brought 

Consumeit  of  all  kinds 

- 

Yeirs. 

tide  water. 

April  l»t.l)einS5urplus 
fiver  consuintition. 

down  during  the 
year. 

m  year  ending 
A|iril  tjtil. 

coitauuiptiuQ, 
Taiu. 

Tuni 

Tom. 

Toiu. 

Turn. 

1820 

365 

«' 

365 

365 

1821 

1,073 

— 

1.073 

1,073 

708 

1822 

2,240 

— 

2,210 

2,240 

1,167 

1823 

5,823 

— 

5,823 

5,823 

3,5S3 

1821 

9,541 

— 

9,5  U 

9,541,. 

3,718 

1825 

34,893 

— 

34,893 

34,893- 

25,352 

1826 

48,047 

— 

'48,047 

(43,017 

8,151 

1827 

63,430 

5,000 

68,430 

60,430 

17,383 

18iS 

77.516 

8,000 

8.5,516 

73,516 

13,086 

1829 

112,0.h3 

12.000 

121,083 

100,083 

32.,5«7 

18.30 

175,774 

18,000 

193,774 

133,774 

27,691 

1831 

176,939 

60,000 

2,36,9.'>a 

236.939 

10.3.165 

1832 

373,871 

— 

373,871 

313,871 

76,932 

1833 

187.971 

60,000 

517,971 

427.971 

114,1110 

18.34 

3*0,636 

120,01)0 

500,036 

420,820 

2.819* 

1835 

.5ti2,008 

79,816 

041,824 

641,824 

221.004 

1836 

6iH),525 

— 

696,.525 

6II),,525 

4,701 

1837 

874,539 

50,000 

924,539 

721„539 

78,014 

1.838 

727,582 

200.000 

n27,.582 

827,582 

103,043 

♦  Decrease. 


We  subjoin 

tlie  following  Statetnent  of  the  Retail  prices  diirini!  a  series  of  Years,  for  Unbroken  Coal 

delivered  in  Fhilailelphiu,  per  ton  of  2240  pounds. 

Veani. 

Lehiirh. 

Schuylkill. 

Year*. 

Lehigli. 

Schuylkill. 

(While  Ash.) 

(Red  A»h.) 

(White  Atli.) 

(Ilel  Ash.) 

1820 

«8  40 

1830 

#6  50 

»6  50 

1821 

8  40 

1831 

6  00 

5  00  a  10  no 

1822 

8  40 

1832 

0  (H)  a  6  50 

5.50a  7  50 

1823 

8  40 

18.33 

6  00 

5  50 

1824 

7.33 

1834 

4  75  a  5  25 

5  25 

1825 

7  33 

1835 

4  75  a  5  25 

5  25  a    6  00 

1826 

7.33 

1836 

0  25  a  0  50 

6  00  a    8  50 

1827 

7  00 

#6  50 

18,37 

5  75 

6.50a    9  50 

1828 

6  50 

700 

18.38 

0  25  a  0  75 

5  50  a   7  00 

1829 

050 

6  50  a  7  50 

Hitherto  the  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania  have  presented  almost  the  exclusive  source 
whence  anthracite  coal  is  procurable  in  the  United  States.  The  explorations  lately  made  in 
Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  have  met  with  little  or  no  success ;  the  coal  procured  ap- 
pearing to  be  of  an  inferior  quaUty. 


I      '    1 


coal; 


367 


irge  scale ;  in  thin 

'  wood,  an  high  on 

jars  after  its  intro- 
.  per  annum.  For 
,  Aliout  830,viOO 
cmund  fur  timber 
(e  ;  and  the  iicriod 
it  of  the  collierifs 

jntirely  unworifcd. 
below  in  a  tabular 


n» 

11 

Slianiokin. 

TnUl,. 

Totit. 

Tun,. 

— 

175,774 

— 

Kti.HaU 

— 

373.S71 

1 

— 

4N.7.'I71 

0 

— 

SbO.fiM 

(i 

— 

5«a.(K)S 

!) 

— 

0'Jf,5« 

K 

— 

H7l,j.W 

9 

3,746 

.  727,5'!? 

oal  from  tlio  WiUcs. 


inds 


Anniiil  increiKof 
cuiiauuifiliuD. 


TiTllt. 

:m 

1,167 

3,5S3 

3,718 

25,3.'.2 

8,151 

17,3S3 

13,0S6 

32,5()7 

27.691 

103.165 

76,!n2 

114,1()0 

2,819* 

221.004 

4,701 

78,014 

103.043 


8,  for  Unbroken  Coal 


Schuylkill. 

(Rel  Ash.) 

96  50 

SOOil 

lOflO 

S.'JOa 

7  50 

5.W 

5  2.1 

5  2.1a 

600 

()  no  a 

8  50 

fi  .lO  a 

9  50 

5  50  a 

700 

exclusive  souroe 

ons  lately  made  in 

coal  procured  ap- 


The  duty  on  coal  imported  into  this  country  from  abroad  was  five  cents  per  bushel  from 
1791  to  1SI2  ;  and  it  was  doubled  during  the  war.  In  1H16,  after  the  war,  it  was  reduced 
to  five  cents  on  the  heaped  buHhel,  It  continued  at  this  rate  until  1824,  when  it  was  raised 
to  six  cents  on  the  hcapctl  bushel.  And  in  the  year  1833,  the  law,  commonly  ref^arded 
as  a  compromise  of  tho  tariff  (juestion,  provided  for  the  limited  continuance,  and  for  the 
reduction  of  this,  in  common  with  other  duties. 

The  average  amount  of  the  coal  annually  imported  from  abroad,  that  is  to  say  almost 
altoRctlii-r  from  Nova  Scotia  and  from  (Jreat  Britain,  during  the  four  years  ending  Septenj- 
bcr  30lh,  1837,  was  2,750,000  bushels,  valued  at  about  240,000  dollars. 

For  an  account  of  the  quantity  of  coul  exported  from  PhiUtdclphia  and  Richmond  to 
other  places,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  comparative  statement  of  the  trade  of  our  principal 
ports,  under  the  head  of  I.m pouts  anu  Exi'uhts. 

Additional  information  concerning  American  coal  may  he  obtained  by  consulting  a  Re- 
port of  the  Committee  of  the  Senate  of  Pennsylvania  upon  the  subject  of  the  dial  Trade, 
S.  Y.  Packer,  Chairman,-  an  article  on  the  coal  trade  of  Pennsylvania  m  the  42d  volume 
of  the  Norlk  American  Review ;  the  reports  on  the  geological  survey  of  this  state,  by  Pro- 
fessor Henry  D.  Rogers;  a  letter  from  Isaac  Lea,  Esq.  to  Nicholas  Biddle,  Esq.  dated  April 
4th,  1838,  and  published  in  the  National  Gazette  of  Philadelphia ;  &c. — Am.  Ed.] 

COASTING  TRADE,  the  trade  or  intercourse  carried  on  by  sea  between  two  or  more 
ports  or  places  of  the  same  country. 

It  has  been  customary  in  most  countries  to  exclude  foreigners  from  all  participation  in  the 

coasting  trade.    This  policy  began  in  England  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  (5  Eliz.  c.  5,),  or, 

perhaps,  at  a  more  remote  era ;  and  was  perfected  by  the  acts  of  navigation  passed  in  IBIil 

and  lt)60.     A  vast  numl>er  of  regulations  have  been  since  enacted  at  different  periods.    The 

existing  rules  with  respect  to  it,  which  have  been  a  good  deal  simplified,  are  embodied  in  the 

act  3  and  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.,  and  are  as  follow  : — 

Definition  nf  Cnnnlin/r  TVdrff .— All  trade  by  spa  from  any  one  part  of  the  llnitud  Kingcloni  to  any 
oilier  |)iirt  lln'mof,  or  from  one  part  of  the  lalo  of  Man  to  another  then'of,  shall  ln>  ilt'enieil  to  lit^  a 
cim-stint!  trailc.andull  ships  while  etnployetl  therein  shall  l>e  deemed  to  he  cnastlii);  ships  ;  and  no  part 
ol'tlii-  United  Kingdom,  however  situated  with  regard  to  any  other  part  thereof,  shall  he  deemed  in 
bi\.  with  reference  to  each  other,  to  be  parts  beyond  the  seas  in  any  matter  relating  to  the  trade  or 
iiaviiiation  or  revenue  of  this  realm. — i  105. 

Liinh  (if  Treasury  tn  regulate  irlial  shall  be  deemed  trading  by  sea  uvder  this  Jlrt. — It  nhall  be  lawful 
I'.irtlii'  said  conunissioners  of  his  Majesty's  treasury  to  determine  and  direct  in  what  rases  the  iraile 
iiy  water  from  any  place  on  the  coast  of  the  United  Kingdom  to  another  of  the  same  shall  nr  simll  not 
Le  deemed  a  trade  by  sea  within  the  meaning  of  this  act  or  of  any  act  relating  to  the  customs— ^  KHi. 

Coasting  Ship  ronjined  tn  coasting  Vinjuge. — No  goods  shall  be  carried  in  any  coasting  sliip,  except 
such  as  shall  lie  laden  to  be  so  carried  at  some  port  or  place  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  al  some  port  or 
pliiii'  ill  the  Isle  of  Man  respectively ;  and  no  goods  shall  be  laden  on  houril  any  ship  to  be  carried 
coastwise  antil  all  goods  brought  in  such  ship  from  parts  beyond  the  seas  shall  have  hern  unladen  ; 
anil  it'  any  goods  shall  be  taken  into  or  put  out  of  any  coasting  sliip  at  sea  or  over  the  sen,  or  if  any 
ciiastiiig  ship  shall  touch  at  any  place  over  the  sea,  or  deviate  from  her  voyage,  unless  forced  hy  iin- 
aviiiiiable  circumstances,  or  if  the  master  of  any  coasting  ship  which  shall  have  touched  at  any 
plurc  liver  the  sea  shall  not  declare  the  same  in  writing  under  his  hand  to  the  collector  or  comptridler 
al  till'  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man  where  such  ship  shall  afterwards  first  arrive, 
till'  master  of  snch  ship  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  20(».— J  107. 

Brfiire  (hiods  be  laden  or  unladen,  JVolice  of  Intention,  i^'C.  to  be  given,  and  proper  Dorumrnts  to  issue. — 
Not'iioits  shall  he  laden  on  board  any  Hhip  in  any  port  or  place  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle 
111'  Man  to  lie  carried  coastwise,  nor  having  been  brought  coastwise  shall  he  unladen  in  any  such  port 
or  |ilare  iVorn  any  sliip,  until  due  notice  in  writing,  signed  hy  the  master,  shall  have  been  given  to  the 
colli'riiir  or  comptroller,  hy  the  master,  owner,  wlmrtinger,  or  agent  of  such  ship,  of  the  intention  to 
laili!  uniiils  on  hoard  the  same  to  be  so  carried,  or  of  the  arrival  of  such  ship  with  goods  so  brouiiht,  as 
till' rase  may  be,  nor  until  proper  documents  shall  havo  been  granted  as  hereinafter  directed  for  the 
l^iiling  nr  fur  the  unlading  of  such  goods ;  and  such  goods  shall  not  be  laden  or  iniladen  except  at 
such  times  and  places,  and  in  such  manni^r,  and  by  such  persons,  and  under  the  care  of  such  ottirers, 
as  are  hereinafter  diri'Ct)Ml ;  and  all  goods  ladcu  to  be  so  carried,  or  brought  to  be  so  unladen,  con- 
trary hereto,  shall  be  forfeited. — }  108. 

Particulars  in  JVotice. — In  such  notice  shall  he  stated  the  name  and  tonimge  of  the  ship,  and  the 
name  of  the  port  to  which  she  belongs, ami  the  name  of  the  nuister,  and  the  name  of  the  port  to  which 
she  is  liiiiinil  or  from  which  she  has  arrived,  and  the  name  or  description  of  the  wharf  or  place  at 
whieli  her  lading  is  to  be  taken  in  or  discharged,  as  the  case  maybe  ;  and  such  notice  shall  he  signed  liy 
the  ma.ster,  owner,  wlmrfuiger,  or  agent  tif  such  ship,  and  shall  he  entered  in  a  hook  to  be  kept  by  the 
collector,  for  the  information  of  all  parties  interested  ;  and  every  such  notice  for  the  unlading  ol  any 
ship  nr  vessel  shall  be  delivered  within  24  hours  afier  the  arrival  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  under  il 
[lenalty  of  20/.  to  be  paid  by  the  master  of  such  ship  or  vessel  ;  and  in  every  such  notice  for  the  lading 
of  any  ship  or  vessel  shall  he  stati'd  the  last  voyage  on  which  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  have  arrived 
at  such  port  ;  and  if  such  voyage  shall  have  been  from  parts  beyond  the  seas  there  shall  he  produced 
with  such  notice  a  certihcate  from  the  proper  otticer  of  the  discharge  of  all  goods,  if  any,  brought  in 
such  ship,  and  of  the  due  clearance  of  such  ship  or  vessel  inwards  of  such  voyage. — D  IO!l. 

From  and  to  Ireland.— V\mn  the  arrival  of  any  coasting  ship  at  any  port  in  Oreat  Ilritain  from  Ire- 
laml.  or  at  any  port  in  Ireland  from  (ireat  Itritain,  the  master  of  such  ship  shall,  within  24  lionrs  utter 
such  arrival,  attend  and  deliver  such  notice,  signed  by  him,  to  the  collector  or  comptroller ;  and  if  such 
shi|i  shall  have  on  hoard  any  goods  subject  on  arrival  to  any  duty  of  excise,  or  any  goods  which  had 
been  iniported  from  parts  beyond  the  seas,  the  particulars  of  such  goods,  with  the  marks  and  numbers 
of  the  packages  containing  the  same,  shall  be  set  forth  in  such  notice  ;  and  if  there  shall  he  no  such 
gnniU  on  hoard,  then  it  shall  he  <leclared  in  snch  notice  that  no  such  goods  are  on  hoard  ;  and  the 
master  sliall  also  answer  any  riuestions  relating  to  the  voyage  as  shall  be  demanded  of  him  by  the 
colleiiiir  or  comptroller ;  and  every  nuisliT  who  shall  fail  in  due  time  to  deliver  such  notice, and  truly 
to  answer  such  questions,  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  100/.— J  110. 

.Ifler  M'litice  given  of  lading.  Collector  may  grant  a  general  Sufferance. — When  due  notice  shall  have 
been  given  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  ut  the  port  of  lading  of  the  intention  to  lade  goods  on  board 


*'f11 


I  ■WI'l.MI 


n69 


COASTING  TRADE. 


nny  rrvnullni;  Hliip,  mlrh  rnllrrtnr  or  roniplrnllcr  sliiill  t'rniit  n  crncrnl  (HifTcrnnro  for  lliplnrtlntf  nfpv.^j 
(wlilimil  NpiM'ir)  iiiK  llio  Kami')  on  lioiiril  hiiiIi  Hlii|),  iil  tlin  wliart'  or  iiliirc  wliiili  xliiill  Im'  )'\|iri'HM'(i  ,n 
Hiii'li  HiiirrruMi'i' ;  atiil  hikIi  siiiririiiiri'  hIiiiII  Im'  a  Hiilliili'iil  iiiitliorily  lor  iln-  hiilliin  ot'aiiy  nort  ot'cm,i|^ 
i'.\('i'|il  Miii'li,  it' any,  an  Nliall  lie  i'\|iri'K:'ly  I'.vci'iili'il  lliiTrili:  proviili'il  iilways,  thai  ln'Torc  any  sin'.' 
fi'ranrn  he  ifranli'il  for  any  (.'ooiIh  protiihitcil  lo  lie  cxportnl,  or  unhjccl  to  any  <'X|rort  rtnty  otln  f  Ihait 
'iny  ml  riilnrriu  iliity,  lli<-  inantcr  or  ownrr  of  any  hui'Ii  Mliip,  or  tlic  Kliipprr  oi'  hihIi  koimIx,  Nliall  L'Uf 
lionil  with  oni-  HiilVnii'iit  Hiircty,  In  trnlilf  Ihi^  vajiir  of  tin*  (.'ooiIh,  that  the  xaiiir  xliall  l<i'  liimlnl  m  i||„ 
port  liir  vvliicli  hiiiIi  Hiitfi'raiici'  In  ri'i|iilri'il,  or  Hliall  lii>  otlicrwiHU  accoiinttMl  fur  to  tlio  HUtlNlai  lion  of 
tllr  iiiniiiilnxioiii'rx  of  liin  Maji'^ty's  niHtotnn.— J  III. 

Mi.tler  iif  ViiiiHiiiiif  ^i.txrl  In  krrji  a  Cargo  Bunk. — 'I'liti  inafilcr  of  (^vrry  conHtinK  uliip  nliall  ki'ip  n^ 
caiisf  lo  III'  ki'pl  a  raruo  hook  of  thi>  Hainr,  otaliiii!  tlin  name  of  llir  Hhip  ami  of  llii'  nri.-Uir,  anil  of  i||,, 
port  lo  whii'li  hIii!  lM'liin|.'!<.  anil  of  the  port  to  wliiili  hoiinil  on  oath  voya|?r  ;  anil  in  wliiili  hook  slmn 
i)p  cntiTfil,  at  tli<<  port  of  lailiiiK.  nil  arroiiiit  of  all  Kooiln  taken  on  lioaril  riirh  ship.  HtaliiiK  tin'  ile-Krip. 
tionR  of  the  paekaui'H,  anil  the  i|iiaiititieH  anil  ilepeiiptionH  of  the  sooiIh  therein,  ami  the  i|iianiiiieH  aiiij 
ilesrriptioiiH  of  any  l'ooiIs  sloweil  looHe,  anil  the  iiaineH  of  the  reKpeitive  HhipperH  anil  ronNi;!iii'i  s,  ii,, 
I'ur  ax  any  of  xnrli  partiiiilMrx  Hhall  tie  known  lo  him  ;  anil  in  whirli  hook,  at  the  port  of  ilixi'liarL'r> 
shall  he  noleil  the  rrsjieitive  itayx  upon  whiih  any  of  xiirli  poiiild  he  ilelivereil  out  of  xnrli  ii|ii{i,  inni' 
aUo  the  resperiive  liini'M  of  ileparturv  from  the  p.irt  of  lailiii)!.  anil  of  arrival  at  any  port  of  niilaihnu' 
anil  Niirli  master  nIiiiII  proiluie  muiIi  hook  for  the  iiisperliini  of  IheroaKt-wailer  or  other  proper  hiIh,  r[ 
«o  ot^en  ns  the  came  shall  he  ilemanileil,  ami  who  shall  he  at  llherty  to  make  any  note  or  reiniirk 
Ihrrein  ;  ami  if  xiirli  maxler  shall  fail  I'lirrertly  lo  keep  xiirh  hook,  or  to  proiiui'e  the  xann'.  or  if  at  are/ 
lime  lliere  he  foiinil  on  lioaril  xui'hxhipany  kooiIs  not  enlereil  in  thu  larjto  hook  an  laileii,  or  any  i.'iii>,|', 
noleil  IIS  ilelivereil,  or  if  at  any  time  it  lie  foil  ml  that  any  l'ooiIs  entereil  as  I'lilen,  or  any  (.'ooils  nol  imivil 
ns  ilelivereil.  lie  nut  on  hi 'aril,  the  master  of  xiiili  xhipxhall  forfeit  the  xuniof  .Ml/. ;  anil  if,  u|ion  e.xaniln.i. 
tion  at  the  pori  of  hiilini;,  any  parkage  entereil  in  the  caruo  hook  ax  ronlainini!  any  forei|!n  liomlx  kIiuII 
he  foiiiiil  nol  to  ronlain  xiieh  uooilx,  xuih  paikaiie,  with  its  contents,  shall  he  t'orfeiteil  ;  ami  ji  ;ii 
the  purl  of  illsi  harifi'  any  paekaiie  xliall  lie  foiinil  to  ronlain  any  furei^ti  (.'ooilx  which  are  iml  eiiti  ri'ii 
in  sinli  hook,  such  uooilx  shall  he  forfeileil— ?  112. 

JirrniintK  nf  h'orriirn  (iiiiiili',  iVr.  lo  he  ililxpireil  lo  Cnllrrtnr. — Ilefore  nny  coaxling  ship  shall  ilepart 
from  the  purl  of  lailiiiL'.  an  aciount,  toyether  willi  a  iluplicnte  of  the  same,  all  fairly  wrilien,  :ii,|| 
siu'lieil  liy  the  master,  shall  he  ilelivereil  to  the  collector  or  comptroller ;  anil  in  such  nccoinit  shall  |„. 
se'  forth  such  particiilarx  as  are  rei]ulrt'il  to  bt!  entereil  in  tliecarco  hook  of  all  foreign  uooils.anil  nfall 
(!ooilx  suhjecl  loevport  iluty  (other  than  any  hi/ cn/iiri'ni  iliity),  anil  of  all  corn,  grain,  meal,  tlmir,  ut 
mall,  laileii  on  hoaril.anil  generally,  whether  any  other  llritisli  kooiIs  or  noolher  Itrilisli  gomls  he  |:ii|,.„ 
(III  lioaril,  as  Mie  rase  may  he.  or  whether  such  ship  he  wholly  Inilen  with  llrilish  gnoilx  not  liejni.'  nf 
any  of  the  iti'scri|ilions  hel'ore  menlioneil,  ax  the  case  may  he  ;  ami  the  collerlor  or  eonijitrolhr  sti.ill 
xelei't  anil  retain  one  of  such  accounlx,  anil  sliall  return  the  ollier,(lateil  ami  xigueil  hy  him,  anil  iiiiiinir 
the  clearaiiie  of  the  ship  thereon  ;  anil  such  account  shall  he  the  clearance  of  the  ship  lor  the  viiyai;i., 
anil  tile  Iraiisire  fir  the  gomls  ivpresxeil  therein  ;  anil  if  any  such  acroiiut  hu  false,  or  shull  nut  cur- 
respoml  with  the  cargo  liook,  the  niasler  shall  forfeit  the  xuin  of  All/.— ^  ll.'t. 

'I'raiifire  lo  be  ilelirired  to  C(i//fff»r. --Ilefore  any  gooils  hu  unladen  from  any  roasting  ship  at  the  pun 
of  illscharge,  the  master,  owner,  wharfinger,  or  ageiil  of  xiicli  ship  shall  ileliver  the  traiisire  in  Hii: 
collector  or  coniplroller  of  sill  li  port,  who  shall  thereupon  grant  an  oriler  for  the  unlailiiig  of  sinli  slup 
at  the  wharf  or  place  specilieil  in  such  oriler  :  proviileil  always,  that  if  any  of  the  gooils  on  linard  siuji 
ship  he  suliject  lo  any  duty  of  nisloins  or  e.vcise  payahle  on  arrival  coastwise  at  such  port, the  nmsiir, 
owner,  wliarliiiger,  or  agent  of  such  ship,  or  the  consignee  of  such  gooilx,  shall  also  ileliver  l,>  the 
rollector  or  comptroller  u  hill  of  the  entry  of  the  particulars  of  such  ^oods,  expressed  in  vvorils  ai 
length,  together  with  a  copy  thereof,  in  which  all  sums  ami  iiumherx  may  he  exprexsed  in  ligiiris.iiiul 
shall  pay  down  all  iliilles  of  ciixtoinx,  or  producu  a  permit  in  respect  of  all  ilutieg  of  e.xi  ise,  nlmh 
Mhall  he  due  and  payahle  on  any  of  such  goods,  as  the  case  may  he  :  anil  thereupon  the  colleciiir  nmi 
comptroller  shall  grant  an  order  for  the  landing  uf  siicli  goods,  in  tlie  presence  ur  by  the  uuthorityoi 
the  coaxl-wailer.— J  114. 

Ciilleelor  iii  certain  Cases  viaii  /rrant  fieneral  Vrum.iire  for  Coaslina  yeniirls. — It  shall  he  lawful  fnrihi' 
rollector  and  romplroller.  in  the  cases  herein-afler  inenlioneil,  to  grant  for  any  coasting  ship  a  gem  ral 
Iraiisire,  to  continue  in  force  for  any  time  not  e.vceeiliiig  one  year  from  the  dale  thereot',  for  the  luil.iii; 
of  any  goods  (except  such  goods,  if  any,  as  shall  he  expressly  exce|)tcd  therein),  and  for  the  clearaiiie 
of  the  ship  in  w  liicli  the  goods  shall  hu  laden,  unil  fur  tin;  unlading  of  the  goods  at  the  place  of  din. 
charge  ;  (that  ix  to  say,) 

For  any  ship  regularly  trading  hetween  places  in  the  river  Severn  eastward  of  the  Holmes ; 
For  any  ship  regularly  trading  hetween  plares  in  the  river  Iliiniher  ; 
For  any  xliip  regularly  trading  hetween  places  in  the  Frith  of  Torth  ; 
For  any  ship  regularly  trailing  hetween  places  to  he  iianieil  in  the  Iransirii,  and  carrying  only  iimnure, 

lime,  chalk,  stone,  gravel,  sand,  or  any  earth,  not  heing  fullers'  earth  : 
Provided  always,  that  such  iransire  shall  he  written  in  the  cargo  hook  hereiii-hefore  reijuired  to  be 
kept  hy  the  masters  of  coasting  ships  :  provided  also,  that  if  the  colleclor  and  coinpl  roller  shall  at  any 
time  revoke  such  tranxirc,  and  notice  thereof  shall  he  given  to  thu  master  or  owner  of  the  ship,  nr 
shall  be  given  to  any  of  the  crew  when  on  board  the  ship,  or  shall  be  entered  in  the  cargo  limik  by  any 
otlicur  of  the  ciisloins,  such  transire  shall  hecoiiie  void,  and  shall  bu  delivered  up  by  tlic  muster  ur 
owner  lo  the  colleclor  or  comptroller.— {  ll.'i. 

Coast- iraiier,  ^-e.  man  fro  «n  board  and  eiaiiiine  any  Coasting  Shi}i—\l  shall  he  lawful  in  any  case, 
and  at  all  legal  times,  for  the  coast-wailer,  and  also  for  the  landing-waiter,  anil  for  the  searcliir,  iind 
for  any  other  proper  otticer  of  the  cuxlonis,  to  go  on  hoard  any  coasting  ship  in  any  port  or  place  in 
thu  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  or  at  any  period  of  In  r  voyage,  and  siricll)  lo  search  saili 
ship,  and  to  evaiuine  all  goods  on  hoard,  and  all  goods  being  laden  or  unladen,  and  to  deinaiiil  all 
dociimeiitx  which  ought  to  be  on  board  such  ship.— j  IK). 

Times  and  Places  for  landing  and  shippinp.—^o  goods  shall  be  unshipped  from  any  ship  arriving 
coastwise  in  thv  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  .Man,  and  no  goods  shall  he  shipped  or  waterlieriit.' 
to  be  shipped,  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  to  be  carried  coastwise,  but  only  on  ila>j 
not  being  Sundays  or  holidays,  and  in  the  daytime,  (that  is  to  say,)  from  the  1st  of  Sepieinlier  iiniil 
the  lust  day  of  March  betwixt  sun-rising  and  sun-setting,  and  t'roin  the  last  day  uf  March  mini  ilic  Isi 
of  September  hetween  the  hours  of  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  4  o'clock  in  the  afteriioen  ;  nor  shall 
any  such  good.s  he  so  unshipped,  shipped,  or  waterborne,  unless  in  the  presence  or  with  the  aiillinrily 
of  the  proper  othcer  of  the  customs,  nor  unless  at  places  which  shall  he  appointed  or  approved  by  llie 
proper  olticer  of  the  custotns. — }  117. 

Ooods  prohibited  or  restrained. — Whenever  nny  goods  which  may  lie  prohiliited  to  be  exported  hy 
proclamation  or  hy  order  in  council  under  the  authority  of  this  act  shall  be  so  prohibited,  it  shall  lie 
lawful  in  such  proclamation  or  order  in  council  In  prohibit  or  restrict  thu  carrying  of  such  goiiils  coast- 
wise; and  ifanysiich  goods  shall  be  carried  coastwise, or  shall  be  shipped  or  waterhorne  to  be  carried 
coastwise,  contrary  to  any  such  prohibition  or  restriction,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited.—^  Ilh. 
JJuet  uf  tht  City  of  London.— For  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  dues  payable  to  the  city  on  articles 


COBALT— COCHINEAL. 


369 


r  iliolndiuBnrf'Nf.t 
<liiill  III'  i'\|iri'NM  I  in 

iiriiii)  hiirt  iiI'k |», 

Iml  hi'fnrc  iiiiv  siif. 
|nirt  rliity  niliir  Ihim 

I'll    K<'<><ls,  Hliall    UIVc 

all  l<o  laiiili'il  ill  i|„, 

II  llifl  tmliHlaiiinii  ni" 

[  Rliip  •IihII  ki'iji  (,r 
I-  iii'i.-tt:r,  mill  I.I'  ||,|. 
in  wliirli  linnk  ^][n\{ 
.  Htiitinir  till'  ili'srri|i. 

III  till'  i|iiiiiitilii'»  aiKJ 
I  anil  niMNiiiiKi  ii.  uh 
lie  |ii)rl  (if  illcrliiiri'o, 
ml  dl'  tiiii'li  Khiji.  iii|,| 
ny  port  nt'  iinlailitiu; 

iilliiT  prii|iir  mill,  r, 
»ny  null'  nr  rninrk 
lit!  Kiiiiii',  nr  II  lit  ;in'/ 
n  liiili'ii,  nr  liny  i.m>im|'« 
any  (;iiiiils  nm  iiii|,.,| 

ml  il",  "I xaiiilii.i. 

y  I'liriM)!!!  liiiiiiU  kIiiiII 
riirlrltcil  ;  anil  il  :it 
liith  arc  nut  (;iiii.ri'i| 

iid  slilp  mIhiII  ili'part 
I  fairly  writii'ii.  ^hhi 
irli  ari'iiiint  sli;ill  l„. 
'Ilti  uonils.niiil  111" all 

U'raln,  i il.  llniir.  ni 

ritixli  ).'iMiils  111'  liiiliii 
CniiilK  nut  lii'lhi!  „( 
or  nimptrollir  shall 
'il  hy  liiiii,  ami  ni'lini,' 
I  nhip  fnr  lliii  viiyiiti', 
Int.',  <ir  iiliall  nut  n.r- 

sliMK  Hliip  at  tlii3  jinrt 
r  llin  lraii:<iri'  in  iht 
iinlailiim  nf  siM'li  slnp 
)!(ioils  on  liiiaril  .'•iiili 
iiicll  purl. till'  iiiaslir, 
I  also  ili'livir  111  ilie 
Kprt'Cfii'il  in  vviirils  ai 
|ri'H!ii'il  in  lii!iiri'n,!iiiii 
'U'.»  of  I'Misi',  nlmli 
mil  the  fnlli'i'Kir  ami 
r  liy  tliu  amiinrity  III 

mil  Itf  lawful  fnrihi' 
iKlinB  siliipa  gi'mral 
K'rciif,  fnr  lliif  lail.iii; 
nil  fnr  the  i  learanre 
at  tliv  place  of  diii. 

le  llulints; 


irrying  only  manure, 

fnri'  ri'i|nir(.'(l  tn  be 
iptriillir  shall  at  any 
i\\  HIT  nf  till'  sliiji,  iir 
IV.  larpn  linnk  by  any 
up  hy  the  inuster  or 

lawful  in  any  ( ase, 
nr  tin;  si'Urclitr,  and 
my  pnrt  nr  plare  in 
rictly  tn  search  micli 
anil  tn  ileinanil  all 

ni  any  ship  arriving 
jppi'il  nr  waterhnriie 
Ml',  hilt  only  nil  ila\s 

nf  Seplenilier  iiiiiil 
f  Marih  until  llu'  li-t 
ifternonn ;  niir  shall 
r  with  till'  aiilliiirity 

or  approved  by  the 

to  he  exported  hy 
ohiliited,  it  shall  he 
of  Hileli  ).'nnils  I'lmst- 
'rhnrnetn  he  carried 
it«d.-0  I  If. 

the  city  on  articles 


Tnn< 

Tonnatp  entered 
liiwinlf. 

(lulManls. 

Ih.'M) 
1831 

li)w.irtli. 
U,l7ti,70rt 

Toniune  rlfaml 
(luusnrilf. 

-. 

ISM 

H.IWi.onj 
H.MI.IO'J 

8,u:)3,(i:t;» 

8,fi|H,S(W 
W,!).')7.9S(1 
«,  15^525 

Imnnrtcd  con^itwliic  to  ho  axrertnineil  nnil  rnllceii'il,  it  In  enarteil,  that  If  nil  nr  any  or  llio  fnllnwInK 
fiiiulii,  VI7..  lirkliiM  of  butter,  tniiH  of  eheeKe,  tish,  I'lfUH,  Kiilt,  fniil,  rnnlH  i!alalili',  anil  niiioiiR,  hrniiuht 
',.,«l\vise  into  the  port  of  tlii!  saiil  city,  ami  wliiili  are  liahli!  to  the  tiaiil  iIiii-h,  he  lamleil  or  iimtliippeil 
al  nr  ill  the  «alil  port  heforo  u  proper  rertilieiile  nf  the  payment  nf  the  naiil  linen  shall  havt!  liceii  nh- 
t'liiieil,  Nm^li  RnniN  Hhail  lie  fiirfeiteil,  anil  may  he  Hei/.eii  hy  an  nlllrer  of  iiiNtoms  empowurL'tl  to  Hciza 
any  t'ooils  that  may  he  iamieil  witliniit  iliie  eiilry  thereof.— (7  &  .S  (ieo.  X.  i\  Stl.  }  15.) 

Affoiint  of  till!  Tonnano  of  Vcnsela  enipioyeil  In  the  t'oastinn  Trnilu,  which  have  entered  ftt  nnil 
cleared  out  from  tliu  I'urtK  of  Uruat  iirltuiii,  from  IbH  to  1M31,  hntli  iiicluHivu.— (I'ltW.  I'ujitr,  No,  4'iU. 

geio.  issa.) 

r 


[As  in  Engliintl,  so  in  th«  United  StiUes,  tltc  cDastins  Irmlc  in  forhidilcii  to  foreiRnors.  It 
is  enacted  that  no  ROodM  siiall  lio  iinporteil,  uiidcr  |u'iialty  of  forfeiliiri-  thi-ri-of,  from  one  to 
(iiiotiuT  port  of  the  United  Stati's,  in  a  vcmscI  bi'lontrini;  wholly  or  in  part  to  a  subjci't  of 
aiiv  fiircis'i  power.  This,  however,  is  not  to  lie  construed  to  prohiliit  tiie  sailinij  of  any 
tiiri'lun  vessel  from  one  to  another  of  sueh  ports,  carrying  goods  imported  in  it  from  some 
fureigii  P'"'^  which  goods  shall  not  have  lieeii  unladen. 

Vessels  of  twenty  tons  and  upwards,  enrolled,  and  havino;  a  license  in  force,  or  if  less 
than  twenty  tons,  not  enrolled,  but  having  a  license  in  force,  shall  lie  deemed  vessels  of  the 
liiiteii  ^States,  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  vessels  eiiiployed  in  the  coasting  trade  and  fisheries. 

Every  vessel  of  twenty  tons  or  upwards,  (other  than  siiieh  as  are  registered,)  found  trading 
lictween  district  and  district,  or  between  diirereiit  places  in  the  same  district,  or  carrying  on 
the  lishery,  without  b»!ing  enrolled  and  licensed,  or  if  less  than  twenty  tons,  mid  not  lesa 
than  live  tons,  without  a  license,  if  laden  with  goods  the  growth  or  niaiuifactnre  of  the 
Vnileil  States  only,  (distilled  spirits  only  excepted, )  or  in  ballast,  shall  pay  the  same  fees  and 
tnnniii;e  in  every  port  at  which  she  may  arrive,  as  ves.sels  not  belonging  to  cili'/.ens  of  the 
I'nitcil  States ;  and  if  she  have  on  board  any  articles  of  foreign  growth  or  manufacture,  or  dis- 
tilled spirits,  other  than  sea  stores,  the  vessel,  together  with  her  tackle,  apparel,  and  furniture, 
and  the  lading  found  on  board,  shall  be  forfeited.  But  if  such  vessel  In-  at  sea  at  the  ex- 
iiitatioii  of  the  time  for  which  the  license  was  given,  and  the  master  shall  swear  that  such 
wa.-!  the  case,  and  shall  also,  within  forty-eight  hours  after  his  arrival,  deliver  to  the  collector 
of  the  district,  in  which  he  shall  first  arrive,  the  license  which  shall  have  expired,  the  for- 
liimre  aforesaid  shall  not  be  incurred,  nor  shall  the  vessel  be  liable  to  pay  the  fees  and  ton- 
iia;;e  aforesaid. 

For  the  regulations  concerning  the  enrollment,  licensing,  and  registry  of  vessels,  as  well 
as  for  the  regulations  generally  of  the  coasting  trade,  see  Gordmi's  Dii^fHt  of  the.  Laws  of 
the  United  Sfutfs,  or  the  acts  of  Congress  of  February  1 8th,  17i).3;  of  .March  2d,  179o.;  of 
March  12th,  1812;  of  March  1st,  1817;  of  March  .3d  of  the  same  year;  of  March  2d,  1819; 
of.Mav7tli.  1832;  of  February  llth,  1830;  and  of  March  2d,  1831,— .4w.  Z;,V/.] 

CdnMT  {Get.  Kobalt  ,■  Da.  Kohat  ,■  Sw.  Cobull  .■  Fr.  Cobalt  .■  \l.  Cn/jalfo ;  Rus. 
Knbull  {  Lat.  Cobattum),  a  mineral  of  a  grey  colour,  with  a  shade  of  red,  and  by  no  means 
brilliant.  It  has  scarcely  any  taste  or  smell;  is  rather  soft;  sj;v.ific  gravity  about  8"6. 
Sometimes  it  is  composed  of  plates,  sometimes  of  grains,  and  so.  >  ii.ites  of  small  fibres  ad- 
lierini;  to  each  other.  Its  oxides  are  principally  employed. — (t^e:!  .■>malts,  or  Smalt/,.) 
They  form  the  most  permanent  blue  with  which  wc  are  acquainted.  The  colouring  power 
of  oxide  of  cobalt  on  vitriliable  mixtures  is  greater,  jierhaps,  than  that  of  any  other  metal. 
One  grain  gives  a  full  blue  to  240  grains  of  glass. — ( Thomson'' s  Chemistry,  and  Ures  Die- 
lioiwri/.) 

COCCULTIS  INDICUS,  .iti  INDIAN  13ERUY  (Sans.  Kakamari  .■  Mtday,  Tuha- 
bi(lgi),  the  fruit  of  the  Menixpcrmiim  Coccuhm,  a  large  tret;  of  the  Malabar  coast,  Ceylon, 
&c.  It  is  a  small  kidney-shaped  berry,  having  a  white  kernel  inside,  of  a  most  unpleasant 
ta.ste.  It  is  of  a  poisonous  and  intoxicating  quality,  and  has  been  employed  to  adulterate 
ale  and  beer.  But  its  employment  in  that  way  is  prohibited,  under  a  penalty  of  200/.  upon 
the  brewer,  and  of  ."iOO/.  u()on  the  seller  of  the  drug,  by  the  CiG  Geo.  3.  c.  i>S. 

COCHINEAL  (Ger.  Knsrhcrilje ,-  Du.  Concheniljt: ;  Fr.  Cochin i Ik .-  It.  Cocciniglia; 
S\t,  Cddiinil/n,  Granu,-  Port.  Cocheiii/ha  ,-  Ran.  KDiisaenrl),  an  insect  (Coccus  cacti) 
found  ill  Mexico,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  and  some  of  the  West  India  islands ;  but  it  is  in 
Mexico  only  that  it  is  reared  with  care,  and  forms  an  important  article  of  commerce.  It  is  a 
small  insect,  seldom  exceeding  the  size  of  a  grain  of  barley  ;  and  was  generally  believed, 
for  a  considerable  time  after  it  began  to  be  imported  into  Europe,  to  be  a  sort  of  vegetable 
gmn  or  seed.  There  are  two  sorts  or  varieties  of  cochineal :  thi!  best  or  domesticated,  which 
the  Spaniards  called  granafina,or  fine  grain ;  and  the  wild,  which  tlu^y  call  trrnna  sylvestra. 
The  former  is  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  latter ;  jirobably  because  its  size  has  been  improved 
by  the  favourable  elTects  of  human  care,  and  of  a  more  copious  and  suitable  nourishment, 

47 


S2^ 


3 


»ii«>i 


<;3 


1— 

titmmm 


*t*' 


«i 


370 


COCOA,  COCO. 


i  t 


ilcrivi'il  solely  from  tho  CiirtM  rt>rfi!nr//,'f,r,  diiriiiij  mnny  Ronprntion*.  Willi  rooliinrriF  |.i 
colli'ctpti  MX  liiiu'H  ill  till'  ynir;  l>ut  lh;il  wliicli  in  niltiviitnl  in  only  follirlcil  llirici-  ilurjti^ 
till'  Hume  period,  Tlu"  iiiHeclH  uro  ili'lnclinl  troiii  the  pliiiilM  on  whirli  tlifv  feed  liy  a  hlunt 
knife;  tlioy  iire  then  put  into  Imt^g,  and  dipjied  in  Imilina;  wiiter  to  kill  tliem,  after  whii'l^ 
they  are  dried  in  the  huh  ;  uikI  though  they  lose  nlioiit  two  thirds  of  thrir  weight  l>y  tin, 
priK-eHH,  iihoiit  rtOO.OOIl  or  7(>0,()(t()  IIh.  (eaeh  pound  lH>ini;  HUpposed  to  ronlaiii  70  (M)()  j^. 
Hect*)  are  lirouKlit  annually  to  KurojH'.  It  is  prini'i|i:dly  used  in  ihedyeint;  of  searlet,  eriin*in, 
iind  otiier  esteemed  colours,  'i'he  watery  infusion  is  of  a  violet  erinison  ;  the  oleoholir  (i| ;, 
deep  eriinson ;  and  the  alkaline  of  a  deep  purple,  or  rather  violet  hue.  It  is  imported  n, 
hags,  eaeh  eonluinint;  ahoiit  200  lbs. ;  and  has  the  uppearniiee  of  small,  dry,  shrivellid 
ru>j[osc  herries  or  seeds,  of  a  deep  hrowii,  purple,  or  inulherry  eolour,  with  a  white  inaltir 
between  the  wrinkles.  In  this  state  fhey  Huller  no  ehani^e  from  leiiKth  of  kerpimr,  i),. 
Bancroft  says  that  that  cochineal  is  the  best,  which  "  in  large,  plump,  dry,  and  of  a  nilnr 
while  colour  on  the  surface." 

The  species  of  cochineal  called  i^rnni/ld,  or  dust,  is  supi>osed  l)y  Dr.  Hancroft  to  lie  prjn. 
ripally  firmed  of  ^riiiid  .si//rrs/ni,  'i'he  insects  of  which  it  consists  are  smaller  than  thosr 
composinif  the  tine  cochineal ;  and  it  does  not  yield  more  than  a  third  of  the  colouriiii;  ni;i|. 
ter  that  is  yielded  by  the  latter.  The  cochineal  insect  was  introduceil  into  India  in  1711.'); 
but  a  very  inferior  wort  only  is  produced.  It  has  also  been  introduced  into  .lava  and 
Sjiain,  hut  with  what  succens  reinuins  to  be  seen. — (I'/iomsiin's  Dhpcmuturij ,•  lianemfthn 
Cdlours,  i\c.) 

'I'he  imports  of  cochineal  usually  vary  from  1,100  to  l,fi.'>0  baprs.  or  from  220,(100  to 
0^0,(100  lbs.  In  1h:J1,  the  (luantity  imported  amounted  to  221.:)71  lbs. ;  of  which  itA.Tjv 
lbs.  were  hrouRlit  from  Mexico,  (i!l,H21  lbs.  from  the  I'liited  States,  .51, Mil  lbs.  from  ih,. 
Uritish  West  Indies,  and  '1,1370  lbs.  from  (,'ubn  an<l  the  foreign  West  Iiulies.  'i'he  ox|iorts 
during  ihe  same  year  amounted  to  about  90,000  ll>s.  The  duty  on  foreign  oochinciil  \\\\< 
reduced,  in  lS2(i,  from  l.v.  per  lb.  to  ful.  At  an  average  of  the  three  years  ending  with  1S3I. 
thu  entries  tor  home  consumption  amounted  to  MS, KM  lbs.  a  year. 

The  price  of  cochineal  lluctuated  very  much  during  the  war,  partly  on  account  of  tlu' 
obstacles  which  it  occasionally  threw  in  the  way  of  importatiim,  and  partly  on  account  of 
its  being  an  article  of  direct  government  expenditure.  In  1814,  the  jiricc  of  the  he-t 
cochineal  was  as  high  as  'M'>k.  and  Il'Jv. ;  and  it  has  since  gone  on  regularly  dccliniiii;,  with 
hardly  a  single  rally,  till  it  has  sunk  to  H,v.  or  lO.v.  Previously  to  the  war  it  had  never  iiron 
Wilder  12.V.  or  Ki.^■.  Lac  dye  has  recently  been  employed  to  some  extent  in  dyeing  scarier : 
but  notwithstanding  this  circumstance,  the  consumption  of  cochineal,  occasioned,  no  iloul;!, 
partly  by  its  cheafniess,  and  partly,  perhaps,  by  some  change  of  fashion,  has  been 
materially  increased  since  1824.  This,  however,  has  not  had  any  material  iiilhicnee 
on  its  jirice  ;  and  it  would  appear,  from  the  long  continuance  of  low  prices,  without  any 
diminution  of  imports,  that  they  are  still  bufficient  to  remunerate  the  growers  of  the  ,irii- 
cle. — {Tuo/ce  on  Hif^h  and  Low  Prices;  Cuok'n  Cotiimcrce  of  (Ircut  Britain  fur  1S3U,- 
I'arl.  I'lipcrs,  tVc) 

COCOA.     See  Cacao. 

COCO,  COKER,  on,  more  properly,  COCOA  NUTS  (Ger.  Kokomiisae ;  Du.  Ki^lw. 
iVMitvn  ;  Kr.  and  Sp.  Cocos  ;  It.  Ciicchi ;  Rus.  A«Avw;  Sans.  Narikr/u),  Ihc  fruit  of  a 
species  of  palm  tree  (Cocos  micifera  Lin.).  This  tree  is  common  almost  every  where  wiih- 
in  the  tropics,  and  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  in  the  world.  It  grows  to  the  height  cf  from 
50  to  90  feet ;  it  h.is  no  branches,  but  the  leaves  are  from  12  to  14  feet  in  length,  with  a  very 
strong  middle  rib.  The  fruit  is  nearly  as  large  as  a  man's  head  ;  the  external  rind  is  thin, 
tough,  and  of  a  brownish  red  colour ;  beneath  this  there  is  a  quantity  of  very  tough  filirnus 
matter,  which  is  usied  in  many  countries  in  the  manufacture  of  cordage,  and  coarse  s;ii!- 
cloth — (see  Coin);  within  this  fibrous  coating  is  the  shell  of  the  nut,  which  is  nearly  glo- 
bular, very  hard,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish,  and  used  for  many  domestic  pur[)oses;  the 
kernel  is  wliite,  in  taste  and  firmness  resembling  that  of  a  hazel  nut ;  it  is  hollow  in  the  in- 
terior, the  hollow  being  filled  with  a  milky  fluid.  While  the  nut  is  green,  the  whole  hollow 
of  the  shell  is  (llled  with  fluid,  which  is  refreshing,  agreeable,  and  pleasant  to  the  taste.  The 
yolid  part  of  the  ripe  kernel  is  extremely  nutritious,  but  rather  indigestible,  'i'he  kernels 
yield  by  expression  a  great  deal  of  oil,  which,  when  recent,  is  e(iual  to  that  of  sweet  almon'ls, 
but  it  soon  becomes  rancid,  and  is  then  employed  by  painters.  A  tree  generally  yields  about 
100  nuts,  in  clusters  near  the  top  of  about  a  dozen  each.  The  wood  of  the  tree  is  niacle 
into  boats,  rafters,  the  frames  of  houses,  and  gutters  to  convey  water.  The  leaves  arc  used 
for  thatching  buildings ;  and  are  wrought  into  mats,  baskets,  and  many  other  things,  for 
which  osiers  are  employed  in  Europe ;  so  that  every  part  of  it  is  applied  to  some  useful 
purpose. 

If  the  body  of  the  tree  be  bored,  there  exudes  from  the  wound  a  white  liquor,  called 
palm  wine  or  tmldy.  It  is  very  sweet  when  fresh ;  kept  a  few  hours,  it  becomes  more  poig- 
nant and  agreeable ;  but  nejt  day  it  begins  to  grow  sour,  and  in  the  space  of  24  hours  is 
changed  into  vinegar.     When  distilled,  it  produces  the  best  species  of  Indian  sRack;  it 


COD. 


371 


^IdO  yirldn  n  (preat  tlcal  of  nucfar.      TtxUly  Im  ()btninr<1  from   wvcrnl   spociM   of  pultnr), 
liut  tii'il  "f  the  <'(ic()ii  «««/ '"t«  18  iho  bcBt, — (Hoc  AIiu-Uk'h  Makritt  Itiilira  ,-  Jiiea'n  I'l/clw 

All  improvement  hoa  rccrntly  lurn  rflTi'clPil  in  the  |)ropiiratioii  of  coroa  oil,  whirh  pro- 
niin-H  to  Iw  of  much  iin|H>rtaiieo  in  tin'  arU,  liy  makiiiit  it  availiililn  in  tin*  innnufacturo  of 
oaii<lli'!*  *"i(l  Moap,  and  for  varioux  piirpuMCrt  to  wiiiclt  it  was  not  proviouNly  nppliciililo. 

The  piilin  oil  met  with  in  tlio  market  in  not  olitainml  from  thu  <'i>ri>.s  uiirlfira,  but 
from  unotltcr  siiccicH  of  palm.  It  in  ohiL'tly  imported  from  thu  eoait  of  IJuiiica. — (&)eo  I'al.h 
Oil.) 

Cocoa  nuti«  arc  produced  in  iinmcnso  <iuaiitilieH  in  Ceylon,  forming,  with  their  priHliictH, — 
oil,  urrai'k,  and  coir, — the  principal  articlcH  of  cxjiort  from  that  iMiaiid.  They  arc  uIho 
verv  ai>im<lant  in  thi;  Maldive  IhIiiiuIh,  tSiam,  and  on  neveral  placeri  of  the  const  of  Mra/.il. 
Coi'oa  oil  u  in  very  cxtennivo  uw  all  over  India,  and  lar^e  <|iiantiliert  are  mamifactnred  in 
tliR  lower  provincua  of  Ucngal.  Tlus  latter  in  said  to  be  auperior  to  that  imported  from 
Ui-ylon. 

The  duty  on  cocoa  nuts,  which  in  imposed  by  tale,  was  judiciously  reduced  in  1832, from 
5.V,  [n't  1«0  on  those  from  a  Urilinh  poMHcasion  to  i,y.  per  1,«U() ;  thosi:  from  a  foreign  country 
pay  20  |>cr  cent,  ad  valorem. 

COIJ  (<«er.  Kaliljnn,  Hakaliiu ;  Du.  Knhr/Jtianiv,  liaukurlja ;  Da.  Kahliaii,  fikrcitumk, 
Huktlutt ;  !^w.  Kahiljd,  liaktluu  ;  Fr.  Mmie,  Cahitlinid ,-  It.  hdccitlu,  llurailurt  ,•  Sp. 
Ikcal(ii) ;  Port,  liaculhlm  ,•  Lat.  (Indus),  a  specicH  of  tinh,  too  well  known  to  recjuirc  any 
Jiscription.  "  It  is  amaziuRly  prolific.  Leeweiihoek  counted  9,:JHl,0(tO  eRgs  in  a  cod-fish 
of  n  middling  si/.c;  a  number  that  will  batllc  ail  the  cH'orts  of  man  to  exterminate.  In  our 
scoii  tiiey  lie-in  to  spawn  in  January,  and  de|iosit  their  eggs  in  roiigli  ground,  among  rockd. 
ttoine  continue  in  roe  till  the  beginning  of  April. 

"The  cod  is  only  found  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  world  ;  it  is  an  ocean  fish,  and  never 
nut  with  in  the  Mediterranean.  The  great  rendezvous  of  the  eod-fisii  is  on  the  banks  of 
.N'cwl'oundland,  and  the  other  sand  banks  that  lie  off  the  coasts  of  (Jape  Breton,  iS'ova  Hc-otia, 
,111(1  -New  England.  They  prefer  those  situations,  by  reason  of  the  quantity  of  worms  pro- 
duce] in  these  sandy  imltoms,  which  tempt  them  to  resort  there  for  food.  But  another  cause 
iif  till"  particular  attachment  the  tish  have  to  these  spots  is  their  vicinity  to  the  j)olar  seas, 
where  they  return  to  spawn :  there  they  deposit  their  roes  in  full  security  ;  but  want  of  food 
liircM  them,  as  soon  as  the  more  southern  seas  are  open,  to  rej)air  thither  for  subsistence, 
pew  are  taken  to  the  north  of  Iceland,  but  they  abound  on  its  south  and  west  coasts.  They 
are  also  found  to  swarm  on  the  coasts  of  Norway,  in  the  Baltic,  and  olf  the  Orkney  and 
Western  Isles ;  after  which  their  numbers  decrease  in  proportion  as  they  advance  towards  the 
south,  when  they  seem  quite  to  ceaso  before  they  reach  tlic  mouth  of  the  Straits  of  Gib- 
raltar. 

"Before  the  discovery  of  Newfoundland,  the  greater  fisheries  of  cod  were  on  the  seas  of 
Iceland,  and  of  our  Western  Isles,  which  were  the  grand  resort  of  ships  from  all  the  com- 
mercial nations ;  but  it  seems  that  the  greatest  plenty  was  met  with  near  Iceland.  The 
English  resorted  thither  l)cforc  the  year  1415;  for  we  find  that  Henry  V,  was  disposed  to 
civc  3iitisfaction  to  the  King  of  Denmark,  for  certain  irregularities  committed  by  his  subjects 
on  those  seas.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  the  English  were  excluded  from  the  fishery,  by 
treaty.  In  later  times,  we  find  Queen  Elizabeth  condescending  to  ask  permission  to  fish  in 
those  seas,  from  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark.  In  the  reign  of  her  successor,  however,  no 
fewer  than  l.'iO  English  ships  were  employed  in  the  Iceland  fishery ;  which  indulgence 
might  arise  from  the  marriage  of  James  with  a  princess  of  Denmark." — (Pennant's  British 

Zltulnjry.) 

Cod  is  prepared  in  two  different  ways ;  that  is,  it  is  cither  gutted,  salted,  and  then  bar- 
relled,— in  which  state  it  is  denominated  green  or  pickled  cod,— or  it  is  dried  and  cured — in 
which  state  it  is  called  dried  cod.  Ready  access  to  the  shore  is  indispensable  to  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  latter  species  of  fishery. 

Cod  Fisher//,  British. — Newfoundland  was  discovered  by  John  or  Sebastian  Cabot,  in 
1197 ;  and  the  extraordinary  abundance  of  cod-fish  on  its  banks  was  sjieedily  ascertained. 
The  French,  Portuguese,  and  Spaniards  engaged  in  the  fishery  soon  after  this  discovery. 
The  English  were  later  in  coming  into  the  fielil.  In  1578,  France  had  on  the  banks  of 
Newfoundland  150  vessels,  Spain  120  or  130,  Portugal  50,  and  England  from  30  to  50. 
During  the  first  half  of  last  century,  the  fishery  was  principally  carried  on  by  the  English, 
including  the  Anglo-Americana,  and  the  French;  but  the  capture  of  Cape  Breton,  and  of 
their  other  possessions  in  America,  gave  a  severe  blow  to  the  fishery  of  the  latter.  The 
American  war  divided  the  British  fishery ;  that  portion  of  it  which  had  previously  been 
carried  on  from  New  England,  being  thereafter  merged  in  that  of  the  United  States.  Still, 
however,  we  contrived  to  preserve  the  largest  share.  At  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending 
vith  1789,  we  arc  said  to  have  had  402  ships,  1,91 1  boats,  and  16,856  men,  engaged  in  the 
American  fisheries.  During  last  war,  the  French  being  excluded  from  the  fisheries,  those 
<C  England  attained  to  an  extraordinary  degree  of  prosperity ;  the  total  value  of  the  produce 


•**i*1 


i  ■>«•  ,IM| 


5~ 

Mi 


V       I 


t 


M 


372 


COD. 


*    ( 


of  the  Ni'vvfininitlaml  fiMhrry  in  ISIt  hnviiio;  i-xrcrtlnl  2,H0(),()0()/.  Hut  niiiri' thi'  ])p.nrr. 
the  llritikli  I'mhcry  1)11  ilif  NcwriiuiiillniKl  Imiiki*  liiin  rii|iiilly  dirliiicil ;  iinil  ran  liurillv.in. 
<l<<i-i),  III'  H;iiil,  lit  iIiIh  iiioiiii-n),  III  vxini.  It  iN  now  nirrii'il  <iii  iilinnHt  rnlirrly  liy  tlm  Fri'inh 
itiiil  tht<  AiiivricaiiM;  thr  liii'lJiticH  t'lijoyrd  liy  llic  liilli-r  I'cir  itn  |iriiHri-iititiii  ii<'iiit(  crcaliT  tlim 
tlioM-  ofany  olhrr  |i<'(ipli',  niiil  the  lornier  Inmiik  ti'ni|il(<(l  tii  <'iii{ai{i'  in  it  liy  tli«>  i-xlraiinliiiarv 
<-ricciiira(;i>inrntM  alliinl  il  liy  i;i)vi'rntni'ni.  Al  prt'itcnt,  thi>  lintixli  tlHlicry  carrinl  mi  hy  th,. 
iiilialiihinlH  of  Nt>\vliiuiiillaii(l,  ix  conliiicii  <<ntiri>ly  to  llii'  Mhiiri<  tir  Imal  liHlicry.  lint  iM, 
thouizli  jinilialily  not  mh  kdihI  n  nurwry  ol'  nailorM  uk  iIk*  Imnk  I'mhury.  in  utlinitlfil  tii  Iw  -ilii' 
inont  |iriiiliictivf  of  im-ri'lianluiili'  finli  and  oil," — [M'drtf^iir'n  Urifinh  Ann  rim,  "d  t'd.  vol.). 
p.  *JI)II,)  Tlif  avi'raur  annual  prnducc  of  the  liHlicrirH  of  all  Mortn,  iMcliidini;  nimI,  Hiilincin, 
«Vc.  rx|iiirlod  fniin  Newfoundland,  durin*^  tlw  U  year*  cndrd  willi  lH;tvJ,  jm  Htali-d  liy  M, 
M'(irri;or  at  .'iKl,'!  17/. — (vol.  i.  p.  l(U.)  A  conHiilt'rabU'  (i«lit'ry  in  also  nirricd  on  from  il,,, 
portH  anci  li.iiliourH  of  Nova  Wcotia  and  Cape  Itri'ton,  New  lirunxwick,  «Stc.  n\it  nt'xi  u, 
that  of  Nt'wfoundland,  the  principal  BritiHh  liHlicry  is  carried  on  alon^  tin*  coant  of  l.aliruilnr, 
We  liorrow  from  the  valunlilo  wurk  now  rcfiTred  to,  tho  folluwing  recent  and  uuthcnlic  itatc- 
inentjt  with  renpect  to  it  ;-— 

"  Diiriim  llif  tlnlilnu  i«cniion,  from  9H0  to  300 nrliooitor*  prnriiHil  from  Nowrniinillnnd  to  the  (lltrcniii 
fl«hliii{  KtatlKiiH  oil  the  I'liiiHl  III'  l.uliraitur,  wlii're  iiliniit  'iO.IMKI  llritlHli  iiiili|i'i'i>i  iirc  •■iii|iIiim'iI  fur  ||,|, 
towiKiiii.     Aliiiiil  iinr  llilril  ol' ilio  HrlmiiiU'rH  iiiiiki'  Iwn  vnviitdH,  lonili'il  wIlli  dry  IIhIi,  liiiik  In  N(|v. 
I'liiiiiitliiiiil  iliirliiu  I  Mr  HiiMiiiii'r ;  a  nil  Hrvcriil  iiii'riliaiil  vihhiIh  iirui'i'i'il  I'miii  l.alirinliir  wllli  llirlr  riirifmi 
(lirtM'i  III  Kiimiii',  li'iiviiin.  L'riirrally,  ('till  I'lirum'H  I'nr  llic  llxliini!  vimni'Ih  Io  rarry  in  Nr\vr<iiiiii{||i„{ 
A  <'<iiiiililiT!ilili' part  III' till- I'lMJi  iif  till' Mcniiiil  viiyiiui'  \*  in  a   irri'i'ii  nr  |iii'kli'il  nlatr,  anil  ilrii'il  iinrr! 
wnrilii  al  Ncwliiiinillaiiil.    Kiulil  nrdmhiiiinrrH  rrmii  (iui'liri'  I'mint'iil  llie  ciianl,  liavliiir  nn  linaril  almiit 
HI)  uranii  II  anil   IIIO  IlKlicriiii'li.     Soini' nl' tllc  I'txll  raiiirlit   liy  llii'lii  Is  hi'IiI  In  Kiiriip)',  anil  llii>  rivl  in 
(iiH'licc  i  lii'siilcii  wliliii,  lliry  rarry  annually  alimil  li.lllHl/  worlll  iil'  I'nrs,  oil,  niiil  Halninn.  In  ('iiii;ii|;i, 
"  h'rnni  Nova  Siiillii  anil  Ni'W  llriiiiMWiik,  lull  illirlly  rrnin  llic  I'nriin'r,  IIX)  In   I'JII  vi'Hsi'I-i  tvinn  u, 
[,alirailiir ;  Ilii"  liiinlrii  oi'iIii'hi-  vi'hsi'Ih  iiiny  aiiinimt  in  il.lHM)  nr  7,IHM1  inim,  tarryini!  alimii  l.iiKl  nciinnn 
UMil  lisliiTiiii'ii      'I'lii'y  tri'iirrally  larry  llii'  prliiiipal  |i:irl  nl'  llirir  rarunrM  liniiir  in  a  uri'i'ii  kmii'. 

"  Oil!' llilril  iif  till'  rt'niili'iil  Inliililtanls  an-  KntliHli,  Irish,  nr  .lersry  survanls,  liiH  in  rliiirtii'iif  Hk 
priipiTty  In  llir  IIhIiIiis  rnninn,  anil  wlin  alNii  rniplny  llirnisi'lvi**),  in  tliii  xpriiiu  anil  fall,  ralrlniiK  mnia 
Ml  lii'is.    'I'lir  nllirr  Iwii  iliirils  live  ninsliinlly  al  l.alirailnr,  as  I'lirrirrs  ami  xral-ralrlirrs  nn  ihrlrnHn 
uri'iiiiiil.  lull  i'liii'My  in  llir  Inriin'r  laiiarilv.  iliirini!  wIiiIit  ;  ami  all  ari'  t'liL'aui'd  in  tin'  Hslnrii'!!  iliirm;' 
iniiiiim'r.     Hall'  nl'  llirsi-  pi'opli-  arr  .IrrHi'yiiirn  ami  CanaillaiiH,  imuhI  ol'  wlimii  have  I'aiiiillrs, 

"  Kmin  li'i.lHKI  In  l<^,l)Oll  seals  ari'  lakeii  al  l.alirailnr  In  Ihi'  hruiiinliiK  nl'  winirr  anil  in  sprlni!.    Tlii>v 
an;  very  larirr  ;  ami  tin-  Canailians,  anil  ntlirr  winter  rrnnli'iilH,  are  salil  in  I'cast  ami  I'aiiiMi  nn  iii.ir 
fli-sh— Minni  l,lllHI  III' llirsi' Hrals  arc  kllli'il  liy  tlii!  Esqnlniaiix.    Thii  wliiilu  niinihi'r  r.aiit;lit  priuluo' 
atioiit  ,1.'iO  tiinii  III'  nil.  value  aliniit  H.llOO/. 

"  There  are  <>  nr  7  I'lmllsli  liimses,  an  I  4  nr  S  ,lersey  liniises,  eslalillslieil  at  I.ahrailnr,  iinrnnni<ili'i| 
with  Newfoiinillanil,  wlin  expnrl  ilieir  llsli  anil  ml  illri'it  to  Kiirnpu.    Tim  iiuaiitity  cxpnrleil  lii>t  y.^ 
(1^32)  to  the  Metlitcrraneaii  wud  almnt 

.Ol,mK)qiilnlalsi-ni!-nsh.  at  10».         ...     £27,000 

l,0.'il)  tieri'es  Haliiimi,  at  i'HI«.  ^  .  .  ;{,|50 

To  England,  about  SiM)  tmiN  md  nil  .....         .'i.-jiki 

aat  do.  gful  do.  .....  i.ssi) 

Furs     .......         ,1,150 


By  Newfoundland  housc!),  ?7,.'S0n  quintaN  cod-llsli,  at  lOs. 
S.'-O  tierces  Halinmi,  at  lO.v. 


Total  ilirert  export  from  Labrador 


Produce  sent  direct  to  Newfonndland  from  I.abrnilnr  :— 

.t'2, 1'Jil  ipilnluls  ciid-risli,  at  KId,  best  qaality 
3P2.IHIUipiinlalf4  i-iid-llsh,  ut  Sk.  .  .  . 

I,HI)0  Inns  i-nd  oil,  al  211/.         .  .  .  . 

Salnimi,  &.e.  .  .  -  .  . 

risli,  kc.  sent  10  Canada,  aliniit        .  .  . 

Do.  carried  In  Nova  Hciitiaand  New  llrunswlck,  1 
Khmilil  he  In  value  al  leasl  .  .  f 

EstlmatPil  valufi  of  the  produce  of  Labrador,  exclusive  of  what  the  Mo- ') 
raviuns  send  to  I.midnn  -  -  -  -  -  -     •    i 


i:i,T,'in 
i;57,yT0 


ifi.min 

I'JI.MKI 

;i(i,(Ki() 

,^2,(100 
£MYi.nM 


"The  Labrador  fishery  has,  since  l'')4,  increased  more  than  airfulil,  principally  in  cnnseiiimnfi'nf 
our  tisherinen  beiim  driven  I'riiin  Hie  irrmimls  (nn  Ihi3  Newronnillaml  cnasl)  now  mi  ii|iii(i  hy  I'lo 
French.  In  1H2(I,  ihe  Americans  had  about  .MKI  vesBcIs  and  l.'i.OUO  nieii  emplnyed  on  lln!  cii;i<l;  11,1! 
three  'catch'  ainounted  In  l,llin,nill)  i|ninlals  lish,  and  about  :<,OII<l  tuns  nil;  valm:  tutretliir  alu'iil 
r>\n. 0001."— (British  Amerirn.  vol.  i.  pp.  IH5— 1S7,) 

Tlie  total  produce  of  the  llrllish  lislierles  in  the  variniia  seas  and  rivers  of  America.  InrlaillnssiMl 
oil  and  skins,  is  estlinaled  by  Mr.  M'tlreiinr,  at  an  averace  of  the  .')  years  emlini!  with  I'miii.  al  >.')7.'l!lii/, 
a  year.— (Vol.  ii.  p.  ,5l)»i ;  see,  also,  for  further  particulars,  the  useful  paiiiphlet  of  .Mr.  lUiiis  mi  ilie 
Statistics,  Trade,  ^-c.  of  British  Jimcrim.) 

About  eiffht  tenths  of  the  dried  fisli  exported  from  Newfoundland  by  British  siilijerts,  arc 
sent  to  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy,  and  other  Continental  nations ;  the  rest  goes  to  the  ^Vcst  Indies 
and  to  Great  Britain. 

By  the  act  2G  Geo.  3.  c.  26.  bounties  were  Riven,  under  certain  conditions  spncinoil  in  the 
act,  to  a  certain  number  of  ves.sels  employed  in  tho  fishery  on  the  coa.sts  and  banks  of  New- 
foundland ;  but  these  bounties  have  entirely  ceased  several  years  since.  A  bounty  was,  how- 
ever, paid,  down  to  the  5th  of  April,  1830,  to  all  persons  residinc:  in  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, curing,  drying,  or  pickling  cod-fish,  ling,  or  hake ;  tho  bounty  being  48.  a  cwt.  on  tho 


con. 


nn 


iTictl  rml,  fie.,  nml  2*.  M,  n  Imrrrl  on  thut  wliifli  wnn  pirkloil.  A  lonimuc  l)oiiii»y  won  at 
till  mitiii'  linif  paiil  on  vcnmcIh  (iiinl  imh  (dr  tin-  mil.  Iiii'^,  iiiul  hiikc  tlnlury  on  (tin  coaNU  of 
(irrat  llrituin  unit  Irclmitl ;  (ml  tluK  Ims  itlNn  cciuicil, 

Thi"  n<t  S  ••■'•"  I  <•  '•!  riiiiUiiiiM  Nrvi'r:il  r''i/iiliilli)ii«  w  illi  n-Kpf  rt  In  llii'  Ncwfciinilliiinl  liiihorlt'ii 
4lii'ii)i  iiri' I""'"''"'''  '■'"10  lloliiiiK  KM  III)' I'liiiKl',  iir  III  llii' li'iyx  nr  rlviTA  III'  NiwCniiinll  iii<l  ;  i>\i'i'|il- 
,iili,hi>»i'Vi'r,  llh  riulilN  iiml  iirivilrui  x  L-riiniiil  li>  iri'iilv  in  tnrcimi  »iiiti'«  at  iiiiiiiy  u  itli  tiii  Miiii'Kiy. 

All  llriti'li  Hiiliji'i  N  iiiiiy  liiki',  i-iiri-,  iiriil  ilry  IImIi,  iK'nipy  viiraiil  |iliiri'ii,  nit  iluvvii  Irri'it  lor  liiiilillii|r, 
,i,,|  ilii  nlliiT  tliinU''  iixi'l'iil  lur  till-  triiili'  -- j  .'I 

(Vrillliiii'''  I'll  ill  '"'  LTiiiiii'il  i>i  yiii.«i.|i<  i'||i|irliiir  (lilt  for  tlii'  tlnlirry  ;  unit  nn  nrrlviil  'it  Ni'wrnitniljiinil 
I  rp|iiirl  uliiill  III'  inuili-  nl' hihIi  .rrllllriiti',   iiiiil  ri-|(l^(*'ri'il ;   iiiiil  nti  li'iiyiiiK  tht>  tlxlirry  llii<   iimiiii 

li'iiranri' 'll'iH  i Iiluiliiil.      VuhmcU   liiiy||i|{   iiii   lidlinl   itll)  kiiiiiIh  iillli-r  tllilll   Hull,  &r.  In  turl'i'it  lll« 

ii.liliitf  iiTllllinli'    -I?  I. 

IVr'nim  tlirii»'iiitf  nut  liiilliiiit,  tLC,  In  thii  prcjililiro  nf  tlii)  linrliiinrN  hi  Nuwfiiiiiiilhiiiil,  i<liiill  Im  nub- 
i.fltna  |H'li!illy.-  fi  ft. 

iViiintrMi'l  III  wriliiii.',  i<|iri'll^  iiii{  wiicch,  iiiiil  how  In  tin  paiil,  iiiiikI  Iii>  I'lilrrnl  liitn  \«  Itli  ni-iiini'ii  ami 
!i.|ll'rlllrll  -i'  7. 

\  IlKlirriiiHii  Ih  |iriilillill<'il  ri'i'i'lvliiu  iiiiiri' tliaii  tliri'ii  riiiirtlm  III' IiIi  watfi'H  iliirinit  Hfrvlri' ;  Imi  t|,i> 
Mnliini  I'  <l<l''  I"  '''"■  '"  I"  '"'  l">'<l  illlllli-illiili'ly  ii|iiiii  thi>  ivxiilraimil  nf  llli>  I'livniiiliilril  lllin'  nf  Hrrviri-. 
So  iHlu'riimn  in  In-  liiriinl  nil',  rvripl  I'nr  u  iMiil  iii'uliil  nf  iliil) ,  nr  iillifr  hiiM'k  u  lit  ciinHf,  iimiIit  ii 
iii-imllv.  f'lr  I'lUll  ntfi'iiir.  nf  iint  Icni'  lliiiil  .'1/    iinr  llinri'  lll.'lll  'Ml. 

IniiriiiT  t'l  I'nilll  till- I'liiiilliJniiH  In  iiny  irriity  ullli  ii  fnri'lirii  Htati>.  liU  Maji-nly  tuny  rtiipnni'r  thn 
jdvitiinr  nf  NrH  I'niiiiiUuiiil  In  ri'iiinvr  any  \viirkn  rnilnl  liy  llrllii'li  Hiili.|«rii(  fur  tin-  iiiirpiwi-  nf  lurry- 

iii;  IIII  till'  lUlirry  lii'lyyiM'ri  Capu  St.  Jnlm  ami  (apu  tdiy,  ami  tiirninpil  tlii'iii  to  ilcparl  In  aiinilii-r 
iihici'.-  J  i'i 

Kviiy  prfHciii  Ml)  rrfiiHlTiir  to  ili-parl  Hliall  fnrfi'll  .'lO/.— j  i:). 

Thv  Kiivrriiiir  Im  I'liipowuri'il  In  xi^ll  or  liaiir  plairn  wltlilii  tin;  icliind  rolliMl  Hliip-roonm.— j  II. 

TliiTf  arc  no  nicnnH  wlmtcviT  liy  wliirli  to  form  any  i-ntiniiitp  of  the  nmnlMT  of  Hlii|m  and 
•ml*  rmi'loyt'il.  rillirr  ri'i,'iiliirly  or  orcasiuiiiilly,  in  tin*  roil-liHJicry  on  tins  coiml^  of  (irciit 
llrititiii,  Hiiii  oil  tlioHc  of  Norwny,  the  Orkni'v  niiil  Slictlmul  Ishiniln,  th(!  Wi'll-luuik.  llio 
lliigHiT-bniik,  tlu'  UroiKl-fourti'i'tiH,  itr.  or  of  tin-  (innnlily  luul  valuo  of  the  t'lMh  unnually 
.'suulit.  They  iniisl,  howovcr,  lio  very  ronHiilcrnlili'.  Si-ti  Fish. 
piir  till'  rriiiiliitiiiiis.  »Vc.iis  to  the  iiii|iortiitiiin  of  l'i-<U  into  (Jrcat.  Hritnin,  spp  Ki><ii, 
It  iti  (liinlitfiil  wht'tlirr  tlii'  (list.iiit  cod  lisiu'ry  inny  not  Imvt-  iiaxxt'il  itH  /.cniiti.  Spain, 
Ihilv,  imd  othor  < 'atlioiii- comitrii'w,  liiivo  alwayn  lii-cn  tin?  urcat  innrkrtH  for  drinl  I'inIi  ;  Imt 
■hiMilwcrvnnrc  of  Lrnt  is  rvrry  day  lircomiinj  h'M  ntrict ;  and  l\\v  dcnianil  for  dried  lish  will, 
,t  in  iiiiwt  likely,  suwtain  a  corn'ripondinc;  lU'clinf.  Tlii'  relaxed  olwervaiiee  of  Lent  in  the 
\i'lliprlanil«  and  elsi-whcro  has  dono  more  than  any  ihinij  else  to  injure  the  herrinj;  lixherv 
of  Hoii.ind. 

('ml  Fi^firri/,  Anirrirnn. — The  Amerieans  have  at  all  times  proseeuted  the  end  fishery 
with  ijreiit  viffonr  and  .sueeesM.  Their  fishermen  am  reniarkalile  for  their  activity  and  enter- 
■iriw,  sciltriety  and  t'rnijality  ;  and  their  proximity  to  the  rishin<^  ur>»i"d.-',  and  the  other  faeili- 
•li's  they  ]iosHcss  for  earryini;  on  the  llrthery,  Rive  them  advantages  with  which  it  is  very 
liiruult  to  contend.  In  I?!).'!,  the  Americans  emjiLiyed  in  the  cod-fishery  ahont  Ml ,(1(10  tons 
if  shipping;  in  1S07,  they  are  said  to  iiave  employed  7(l,;i()(>  tons:  hut  it  suliseipiently  de- 
liiiied  fiir  several  years,  and  was  almost  entirely  8us|)eniled  during  the  late  war.  Accordinn 
HI  the  ollicial  returns,  the  Americans  had  8.'),()87  tons  of  shippini^  enqratied  in  the  cod  lishery 
:iil8'.JH;  liut  ovviiiR  to  the  slovenly  and  iiiaci  irate  way  in  which  the  iiaviijation  accounts 
laid  lu'l'ore  Oonijress  have  In-en  prepared. — (lor  phiiilM  of  this,  see  i\i;w  VoiiK.) — lliis  state- 
ineiit  is  entitled  to  no  credit.  The  corrected  accounts  for  1H3 1  (laid  In-foro  t3oiiu;ress  the 
IStliof  February,  \H',i',i)  reiiresent  the  shipping  enganed  that  year  in  the  cod  lisherv  as 
iniduntiiig  to  00,977  tons.  During  the  year  ended  the  :iOth  of  Spptemher,  \>*'.i'i,  the 
Americans  ex|)orled  V:.50,.''il4  iiuintals  of  dried,  and  103,770  barrels  of  pickled  cod  ;  their 
i£;i;rcgatc  value  being  about  l.O.'iO.OOO  dollars. 

'•Tlii'.\nii'ri(aii,'<  fnllnw  two  or  ninru  inndrM  nf  rutin);  nut  for  tlie  fislierii's.  Tlic  lir.at  is  acnmiplislieil 
'IV  fiiir  7  ranniTs.  nr  llirir  sniis.  Iiiiililiiii!  a  silinnrier  iliiriiiu  wiiiler,  wliirli  lliey  man  llii'iiisi'lvrs  (aM  all 
I'll' .\iiii'riraiis  nn  till' Hra  niast  are  iiinri!  nr  lei's  seaiiirii  as  well  as  farimirs)  ;  anil  afliT  lilliiii;  tliK 
VI  Sill  with  lin(.'.-.<ary  sinrrs,  tliey  prnrei'il  tn  tlie  liaiiks,  d'lilf  nf  ."<t.  I.awreme.  nr  l.alirailnr ;  ami, 
iiailiiitf  llii'ir  vessel  Willi  Hsli.  make  a  vnyaire  lirtweeii  npriiiL'aml  liarvesl.  'I'lir  prnrceiU  lln-y  iliviile, 
afliT  [liiyiiiL'  any  lialame  they  may  owe  fur  niiilit.  'I'lii'v  ri'iiiain  at  hiuue  In  assist  in  uallnrin!;  ilii'ir 
.r<i|w,niiil  prnrei'il  attain  fnr  aiiniliiT  cart'n.vvliii'h  is  salli'il  ilnwii.  ami  not  aflervvanls  drii'il :  this  is 
:i  riiii'il  iniiil-lish,  ami  kept  fur  hnme  eiiiisiiiiiptinn.  Tin'  oilier  plan  is,  when  u  mi'rt'liunt,  m  any  oiIiit, 
nwnini!  ii  vi'ssi'l.  Iris  her  In  III  nr  l.'i  nii'ii  nn  shares.  Ili'  linils  the  vessel  ami  nets.  'I'ln'  iiii  n  pay  fnr 
ill  till'  prnvisiniiH,  hniikH,  ami  lines,  ami  fnr  the  salt  iieri'ssary  tnriiri'  their  prnpnrtinn  nf  the  lisli.'one 
if  llie  iimnlier  is  arkiinwleilueil  master  ;  lull  lie  has  to  lalili  tisli  as  will  as  the  nthers.  ami  reieivi'S 
'inlyaliiml  iih.  per  niniitli  fnr  naviiialiiif;  llie  vessel :  the  iri'W  liaye  I'lvuiifilitlis  of  the  lisii  i  aiii.'lii,iiml 
The  owners  three  eisrliths  of  the  whnle. 

"Tile  first  spriiittvnyaire  is  iiiaili'  Ui  the  hanks  ;  theseroml  eilhertnthe  hanks,  (Jiilfnf  St.  I.awrenre. 
irllie  I'liast  nf  l.alirailiir ;  the  Ihiril.  or  fall  viiyattu,  isaiiain  to  llie  hanks  ;  and  a  fniirlh,  or  seiiind  fail 
viiyaee,  is  also  made,  smnetimes,  to  the  hanks."  —(.M'dre^fiir,  vnl.  i.  p.  'JVO  ) 

It  is  stipulated  in  the  first  article  of  a  run  vent  inn  lii'twei'rifJreat  Urilain  and  the  United  Sl:ites,sii;neil 
It  l.niiiliiii, 'illtli  of  Octoher,  IMH,  that  the  suhjei'ts  nfthe  llniled  Slates  shall  have  liherty  tn  take  all 
•■iirtaof  lish  "nn  that  part  of  the  enast  nf  .Newl'niindland  frniii  Cipe  Kay  In  Ilie  llinieaii  Islands,  mi 
Ihe  western  and  nnrlhern  masts  of  Newfiiundland  frniii  Cape  Kay  In  the  (^iiirpnn  Islamls,  nn  the 
Maitdiilen  Islands,  and  also  on  the  roasts,  hays,  harliniirs,  and  ereeks.  fmni  Moiml  .lidy.on  the  sninhern 

oast  of  l.alirador,  to  and  lhrnui;li  the  Straits  of  llelleisle,  and  tlii'iiie  mirthwardly  indeliniti'ly  almis; 
•lie  ciiast,  withniit  prejudice,  hnwever,  to  any  nf  the  exclusive  riiihls  nf  iln.'  Iliidsnn's  Hay  Cninpany  ; 
.indthat  the  .Xinerican  fishcruu;U  shall  also  iiave  liherty.  fnr  ever,  to  dry  and  cure  lish  in  any  nf  tile 
unseult'd  bays,  harbuurs,  and  cruuks,  of  the  suuthcrn  part  uf  tliu  couiil  of  NuwI'ouiidluiid  here  uhovu 
Vol.  L— 2  I 


•1*1 


•''^^i 


■«I\..IM 


I— 
"    1 


374 


COFFEE. 


1   ■'» 


r 


I      I 


i     f 


:  \ 


'  ((• 


'  %' 


<)escrihfi(I,  and  of  ihn  rnnst  of  I.nhrndor ;  hut  sn  soon  ns  the  sdme,  or  finy  portion  thernof,  nfmil  fj«? 
soltlc'il.  it  tilmll  not  \)P.  lawful  for  ttu"  snid  tisliornicn  to  dry  or  euro  flsli  witlioitt  provious  agreiMiictit  for 
liiicli  piirposR  with  thu  iiiluiliiiiintii,  proprietors,  or  posscdsors  of  the  ground.  And  the  United  State  <( 
hereby  renounce  forever  imy  liberty  heretofore  enjoyed  or  claimed  by  the  inhnbilnnta  thereof,  to  lake 
dry,  or  cure  fish  on  or  williin  3  murine  miles  of  stny  of  the  coasts,  bays,  creeks,  or  harbourt.  of  lij.M 
Uritannic  Majesty's  dominions  in  America  not  included  within  the  above  mentioned  limits."  Thi- 
American  fjsliernicn  are,  however,  admitted  into  all  hayB,  &c.  for  the  purpos(!  of  shi-lter,  of  repairirii; 
damages,  of  (lurchasing  wood,  and  ofobtaiiiins  water,  and  for  no  other  purpose  whatever;  and  wlit'ii 
there,  they  are  to  be  plated  under  such  restrictions  as  may  be  iiuccssary  to  prevent  their  abusing  tlit; 
privileges  hereby  reserved  to  them. 

C'vd  Fishery/,  French. — France  has  always  enjoyed  a  considerable  share  of  the  cod 
fishery.  The  following  Table  shows  the  extent  to  which  she  has  carried  it  since  the 
peace : — 

Account  of  the  number  of  Ships,  with  their  Tonnasc,  Crows,  and  Cargoes,  that  have  entered  the 
dillerent  Ports  of  Krance  from  the  Cod  Fishery  during  the  Nine  Veuri  ending  with  1831.— (From  the 
Tableau  Oiniral  da  Commerce  de  la  France  for  1S3I,  p.  34fi.) 


Ycire. 

i>lli|>9. 

Tonn.^ge. 

Crew. 

Coil,  Kreeii. 

Cod,  dry, 

Oil. 

A'lVojf. 

Ar.lrig. 

KilOK. 

1823 

184 

10,258 

3.6,55 

4,407,7.30 

4,42;i,739 

415,1>10 

lest 

318 

3l>,<Ji)!» 

6,672 

7,677,824 

14,691,189 

1,. 35.3,898 

1S25 

330 

35,172 

6,311 

7,288,949 

15,823,731 

1,294,336 

IH2t) 

.311 

38,9.18 

7,088 

8,627  ,.341 

1,5,,591,664 

1,063,670 

1827 

387 

44.868 

8,238 

0,046,145 

15,970,250 

1,201,623 

1W8 

381 

45,    14 

7,!)57 

12,..38,291 

17,2.56,1,55 

l,3!tJ,S97 

]S2'J 

414 

50,574 

9,42;) 

10,,548.878 

30,377,594 

1,909,147 

IS.'iO 

377 

45,030 

8,174 

10,410,302 

13.645,790 

1,156,059 

1831 

302 

35,180 

6,243 

9,it22.6f(} 

12,817.!M3 

1,163,229 

The  quantities  of  oil  are  exclusive  oC  draclies  (huiles  non  epures) ;  there  are  also  sounds,  &c 
Marseilles,  (Jranville,  Dunkirk,  I5ordeau.\,  La  Rochelle,  and  Nantes,  are  the  principal  ports  whence 
ships  are  filteu  out  for  tlie  lishery. 

But  notwithstanding  the  apparent  prosperity  of  this  branch  of  industry,  it  may  be  doubted 
whether  it  Ih)  really  so  beneiicial  to  France  as  would  at  first  sight  appear.  It  depends  more 
upon  artificial  regulations  than  upon  any  thing  else.  Foreign  cod  is  excluded  from  the 
French  markets  by  the  oppressive  duty  with  which  it  is  loaded ;  and  the  comparatively  great 
demand  for  dried  fish  in  Catholic  countries  renders  this  a  very  great  boon  to  the  French 
fishermen.  But  it  is  admitted,  that  this  would  not  be  enough  to  sustain  the  fishery ;  and 
bounties  amounting  to  about  1,500,000  fr.,  or  60,000/.  a  year  are  paid  to  those  engaged  in  it. 
These,  however,  have  been  recently  reduced. 

St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  small  islands  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundlaml,  belong  to  the  French. 
Their  right  of  fishing  upon  the  shores  of  that  island,  and  upon  the  great  bank,  was  replaced, 
in  1814,  upon  the  footing  on  which  it  stood  in  1793.  This  concession  lias  been  much 
objected  to  by  Mr.  M'Gregor  and  others;  we  believe,  however,  that  they  have  materially  over- 
rated its  influence. 

[See  article  Fisii  for  further  accounts  of  the  American  cod  fishery. — Am,  Ed.] 

COFFEE  (Ger.  Koffe,  Koffebohnen ,-  Du.  Kofft/,  Knffiboonen,-  Da.  Kaffe,  Kaffebonmr ; 
Sw.  Koffa  Fr.  It.  and  Port.  Cuffe,-  Sp.  Cafe,-  Kus.  Kofe;  Pol  Kaiva,-  Lat.  Cuffea, 
Caffea  ,•  Arab.  Bun ,-  Malay,  Kawa  ,•  Pers.  Tochem,  Keweh  ,•  Turk.  Chanhe),  the  berries 
of  the  coffee  plant  (C(;^ca.4raijca  Lin.).  They  are  generally  of  an  oval  form  smaller 
than  a  horse-bean,  and  of  a  tough,  close,  and  hard  texture ;  they  are  prominent  on  the 
one  side  and  flattened  on  the  other,  having  a  deeply  marked  furrow  running  lengthwise 
along  the  flattened  side ;  they  are  moderately  heavy,  of  a  greenish  colour,  and  a  somewhat 
bitterish  taste. 

Historical  Notice  of  Coffee. — The  coflec  plant  is  a  native  of  that  part  of  Arabia  called 
Yemen  ,•  but  it  is  now  very  extensively  cultivated  in  the  southern  extremity  of  India,  in 
Java,  the  West  Indies,  Brazil,  &c.  We  are  ignorant  of  the  precise  period  when  it  began 
to  be  rosisted,  and  the  decoction  used  as  a  drink,  though  the  discovery  is  not  supposed  to 
date  further  back  than  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth  century.  No  mention  of  it  is  made  by 
any  ancient  writer;  nor  by  any  of  the  modems  previously  to  the  sixteenth  century.  Leon- 
hart  Rauwolf,  a  German  physician,  is  believed  to  be  the  first  European  who  has  taken  any 
notice  of  coffee.  His  work  was  published  in  1573,  and  his  account  is,  in  some  respects, 
inaccurate.  Coffee  was,  however,  very  accurately  described  by  Prosper  Albinus,  who  had 
been  in  Egypt  as  physician  to  the  Venetian  consul,  in  his  works  de  Plantis  Egypti,  and 
de  Medicina  Egyptiorum,  published  in  1591  and  1593. 

A  public  coffee-house  was  opened  for  the  first  time,  in  London,  in  1652.  A  Turkey  mer- 
chant, of  the  name  of  Edwards,  having  brought  along  with  him  from  the  Levant  some  bags 
of  coffee,  and  a  Greek  servant  accustomed  to  make  it,  his  house  was  thronged  with  visiters 
to  see  and  taste  this  new  sort  of  liquor.  And  being  desirous  to  gratify  his  friends  without 
putting  himself  to  inconvenience,  he  allowed  his  servant  to  make  and  sell  coffee  publicly. 
In  consequence  of  this  permission,  the  latter  opened  a  coffee-house  in  St.  Michael's  Alley, 


COFFEE. 


375 


1  thurnnf,  niiali  N? 
ions  iiKreiMiiciit  for 
the  United  HVMn 
iti  thereof,  to  take, 
or  harbours  of  hi.4 
ned  limits."  Thi; 
lelter,  of  repairioR 
iitevcr;  ami  wh(;i! 
L  tliuir  uhusing  tliu 

lare  of  the  cod 
ricd  it  since  the 


h!iv«  entered  the 
h  1631.— (From  the 


Oil. 


Kilni;. 

415,210 
1,. 353,898 
1,2!M,336 
1,063,1)70 
1,201,623 
1,39J,.S97 
1,909.147 
1,156,059 
1,163,229 


?  also  sounds,  &c 
luipal  ports  wlieiici; 

it  may  be  doubted 
It  depends  more 
xcluded  from  the 
imparatively  great 
)on  to  the  French 
the  fishery ;  and 
lose  engaged  in  it. 

ing  to  the  French. 

ink,  was  replaced, 

lias  been  much 

re  materially  over- 

n.  Ed.] 

ffe,  Kaffebonmr ; 
m;  Lat.  Cuffea, 
lube),  the  berries 
val  lorn),  smaller 
prominent  on  the 
lining  lengthwise 
and  a  somewhat 

t  of  Arabia  called 
mity  of  India,  in 
io<l  when  it  began 
not  supposed  to 
1  of  it  is  made  by 
I  century.  Leoii- 
10  has  taken  any 
in  some  respects, 
\lbinus,  who  had 
ntis  Egypti,wA 

A  Turkey  mer- 
Levant  some  bags 
nged  with  visiters 
is  friends  without 
U  coHee  publicly. 
,.  Michael's  Alley, 


Conihill,  on  the  spot  where  the  Virginia  CofTco-house  now  stands.  Gnrraway's  was  the 
first  cottee-house  opened  after  the  great  fire  in  1666. — (Mo.ieki/  on  Coffee,  5th  ed.  p.  15.)* 

M.  de  la  Roque  mentions  that  the  use  of  coffee  was  first  introduced  into  France  in  the 
period  between  1640  and  1660;  and  he  further  states,  that  the  first  coffte-housc  for  the 
sale  of  colfcc  in  France  was  opened  at  Marseilles,  in  1 G71 ;  and  that  one  was  opened  at  Paris 
111  the  following  year. — (Voyage  de  la  Syrie,  torn.  ii.  pp.  310 — 319.) 

Some  time  between  1680  and  1690,  the  Dutch  planted  colfee  beans  they  had  procured 
from  Mocha,  in  the  vicinity  of  Batavia.  In  1690,  they  sent  a  plant  to  Europe  ;  and  it  was 
j'roin  berries  obtained  from  this  plant  that  the  first  cofTef  plantations  in  the  West  Indies  and 
Surinam  wore  derived. 

rroi^esm've  Con.vi  niption  of  Coffee  in  Great  Britain.  Influence  of  the  Duties. — In 
I6fi0,  a  duty  of  4rf.  a  gallon  was  laid  on  all  coffee  made  and  sold.  Previously  to  1732,  the 
duty  on  colfee  amounted  to  2.V.  a  pound ;  but  an  act  was  then  passed,  in  compliance  with 
ihc  solicitations  of  the  West  India  planters,  reducing  the  duty  to  \s.  6rf.  a  pound ;  at  which 
it  stood  for  many  years,  producing,  at  an  average,  about  10,000/,  a  year.  Inconsequence, 
however,  of  the  prevalence  of  smuggling,  caused  by  the  too  great  magnitude  of  the  duty, 
(he  revenue  declined,  in  1783,  to  2,869/.  10s.  U)hd.  And  it  having  been  found  impossible 
otherwise  to  check  the  practice  of  clandestine  importation,  the  duty  was  reduced,  in  1784, 
to  ad.  The  conse(]uences  of  this  wise  and  salutary  measure  were  most  beneficial.  Instead 
of  being  reduced,  the  revenue  was  immediately  raised  to  near  t/iree  times  its  previous 
imount,  or  to  7,200/.  15s.  9d.,  showing  that  the  consumption  of  legally  imported  coffee  must 
have  increased  in  about  a  niyiefold  propnrtim  ! — a  striking  and  conclusive  proof,  as  Mr. 
Bryan  Edwards  has  observed,  of  the  effect  of  heavy  taxation  in  defeating  its  own  object. — 
(i/fV.  of  the  West  Indies,  vol,  ii.  p.  340.  8vo  cd.) 

The  history  of  the  coffee  trade  abounds  with  similar  and  even  more  striking  examples  of 
the  superior  productiveness  of  low  dutie-s.  In  1807,  the  duty  was  Is.  8(/.  a  [)ound  ;  and  the 
(|uantity  entered  for  home  consumption  amounted  to  1,170,164  lbs.,  yielding  a  revenue  of 
101,24.')/.  11.S.  Ad.  In  1808,  the  duty  was  reduced  from  \s.  Sd.  to  7f/.;  and  in  1809,  there 
were  no  fewer  than  9,251,847  lbs.  entered  for  home  consumption,  yielding,  notwithstanding 
the  reduction  of  duty,  a  revenue  of  245,856/.  8s.  4rf.  The  duty  having  been  raised,  in 
1919,  from  7rf.  to  Is.  a  pound,  the  quantity  entered  for  home  consumption,  in  1824,  was 
7,993,041  lbs.,  yielding  a  revenue  of  407,544/.  4s.  3d.  In  1824,  however,  the  duty  being 
again  reduced  from  Is.  to  6rf.,  the  quantity  entered  for  home  consumption,  in  1S25,  was 
10,766,1 12  lbs.,  and  in  1831  it  had  increased  to  22,740,627  lbs.,  yielding  a  nett  revenue 
of  583,75 1/L 

The  consumption  of  the  United  Kingdom  may,  at  present,  be  estimated  at  about 
23,000,000  lbs.,  producing  about  600,000/.  of  revenue. 

We  subjoin 

I,  Quantitifls  of  the  different  Sorts  of  Coffee  entered  for  Home  Consumption  in  the  United  Kingdom, 

each  Year  since  1822. 


Te.'rt  ended 

nritish 
PUnlatioo. 

Foreign 
i'liint- 
alion. 

E.-i5t 
India. 

Total. 

Vean  ended 

nrilisli 
Pl.mtalinn. 

Fnreinn 
i'l.nnl- 
aljiiii. 

Em! 

India. 

Tolal. 

5th  Jan.  1822 

-  1823 

-  1824 

-  1825 

-  1S26 

-  1827 

7,386,060 
7,491,218 
8,ai8,.342 
7,947,890 
10,622,376 
12,409,000 

LUi. 

764 
3,416 

881 
1.540 
2,849 
2,753 

f.la. 
206,177 
171,717 
235,697 
31.3,513 
457,745 
791,570 

I.la. 
7,59.3.001 
7,669,351 
8,454,920 
8,262,943 
11,082,970 
13,203.323 

.Jth  Jan.  1828 

—  1829 

—  KWO 

—  1831 

—  1832 

—  1833 

Lin. 

14,676,968 
16,151,239 
18,495,407 
21,697,966 
21,501,966 
120.91)4,301 

U,s. 
1,210 
2.9^4 
6.197 
3,971 
3,910 
17,.591 

8>*8,I98 
973,110 
974,570 
9^9.5>*5 
1.231,721 
1,970,635 

I.lf. 
15..'^^6l),376 
17,127,633 
I9.176,|h() 
•i2  69I,.V22 
22,-40,627 
22,952,527 

II.  An  Account  of  tl.e  quantity  of  Coffee  retained  for  Home  Consumption  in  Oreat  Tlritain,  the  Rates 
of  Duty  thereon,  and  the  Produce  of  the  Duties,  each  Year  since  1789. 


Tean. 

Quantiliei  retained 

for  Home 

Consumption 

RitM  of  Duly  on 

Nett  Revenue  of  Customs  and 
Excise. 

British  PlantalioB. 

Knst  India. 

1789 
17(10 
1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 

Lbi. 

930,141 

97.^110 
1,047,276 

946,666 
1,070,4.38 

969,512 
1,054,588 

Per  11). 

t.  d. 

0    lOJ 

1~H 

Per  11).' 
s.      d. 
1      Of 

2~ej 

Percent. aJ  valorem. 

£    s.    d. 

Nil. 

£         s.    d. 

46,286    17    11 
51l.7'.i9      7      4 
57.6.W      5     1 1 
4N,S25       6      2 
67,3.^)7     1 1       i) 
74,4;!0      4      6 
05.788      3      7 

ChariRs  11.  attempted,  hy  proclamation  issued  in  1675,  to  siippn-ss  r()tren-lii)iisi>.s,  on  the  cronnd  of 
llieir  boini!  resorted  to  by  disaffected  persons  who  "  devised  anil  spread  abroad  divers  false,  malicious 

.110  srand.ilniis  reports,  to  the  defamation  of  his  Majesty's  pover it,  ami  to  the  distiirliaiice  of  the 

pcaieaiKliiiii.tofthe  nation."     The  opinionof  the  Jiidiies  haviiiit  lieeii  taken  as  lo  the  leualltv  of  the 

nnnlfi"*^;- '•'"*'  ''''^'''ve'l,  "That  retailing  coffee  miu'lit  be  tin  i x-ent  trade  ;  but  as  it  was  used  to 

iiourwi  sedition,  spread  lies,  and  scandalise  /;reat  vun,  it  might  also  he  a  common  tiuisancc !" 


r 


.  i 


t         tH«<.IW| 


t 


I— 

i 


T' 


S 


■    ^ 


376  COFFEE. 

II.  An  Account  of  Iho  Quantity  of  CofTcc  retained  for  Home  Consumption  in  Great  Btitain—eontinuci. 


Yon. 

Quantitiei  retained 

for  Home 

Coaiuiiiption. 

Rates  of  Duly  on 

Nett  Revenue  of  Cuilonu  and 
Kicite. 

Dritiih  Plantation. 

Kast  India. 

Lbi. 

rer  lb. 

Per  lb. 

Per  cent,  ad  valorem . 

£             S.     d. 

».      ll. 

8.      d. 

£ 

«.    d. 

1796 

396,953 

1       54 
1       6i 

a      6| 

Nil. 

30,048     6    11 

1707 

637,001 

3      7 

92,469      3    11 

1798 

697,487 

1      5} 

2     7f 



78,966      6      9 

1790 

682,432 

1      5J 

2     tI 

2 

0     0 

74,001      2     2 

ISOO 

82fi,590 

142,867    11      5 

ISOl 

750,861 

1      5} 

2~7 

2 

0      0 

106,ff76      2     7 

1802 

829,435 

1      6 

2     74 

2 

0     0 

72,183      2      3 

1803 

905,5,^2 

1      6* 

1    IH 

2 

16      3 

72,093    15      8 

1804 

1,061,.327 

1      7i 

2      Oi 

3 

2      6 

151,388      0    11 

1805 

1,201,736 

1      7V 

a    0} 

3 

3      9 

120,172    18      7 

1806 

1,157,014 

1      7J 

2      0} 

3 

7    11 

152,759      6      9 

1807 

1,170,164 

101,245    11      4 

1808 

1,069,691 

0     7 

0    10 

3 

7    11 

229,738    16      8 

18(1!) 

9,251,837 

0      7 

0    10 

3 

6      8 

245,886      8      4 

1810 

5,308,096 

175,567      1      4 

1811 

6,390.122 



.^ 



212,890    12    10 

1812 

8,118,734 

— 





255,184      7      1 

ISL-i 

8,788,601 

0     7J 

0    lOJ 

3 

19     2 

CuBtnni  records  destroved. 

1814 

6,321,267 

0     7» 

0  Hi 

Nil. 

213,513    18     4 

1815 

6,117,311 

258,762    18      3 

181R 

7,557,471 

— 





290,834      0    11 

1817 

8,688,726 

— 





298,540      5      1 

1818 

7,967,857 

— 





250,106      4    10 

1,11!) 

7,429,352 

I      0 

I      6 



292,154      8    10 

1820 

6,869,286 



340,223      6     7 

1H21 

7,327.283 

— 





371,352      5      6 

1822 

7,404,204 

— 





374,596    19     7 

1823 

8,209,245 

— 



— 

410,324      3     9 

1821 

7,993,010 

— 





407,544      4     3 

1825 

10,766,112 

0      6 

0      9 



307,204    14     2 

1826 

12,724,13!) 

— 



321,667    11      1 

1827 

14,974,378 

— 



— 

384,994    13      2 

1828 

16,522,423 

— 

— 

— 

425,389      3     7 

1829 

18,906,373 

— 



. — 

484,975    10     8 

1830 

21,840,520 

— 



— 

658,344      3    10 

1831 

21,747,813 

— 

— 

— 

559,431    19     6 

1832 

22,053,326 

— 

— 

— 

575,264    18     8 

1  ".     i 


.  f, , 


III.  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Coffen  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  several  Britisit 
Colonies  and  Plantations,  from  the  British  possessions  in  the  East  Indies,  and  from  Foreign  Cniin- 
tries,  in  tlie  Year  ending  the  5th  of  January,  1836 ;  distinguishing  the  several  Sorts  of  Coffee,  and 
the  Colonics  and  Countries  from  which  the  same  was  imported. — (Furnished  by  the  Custom  Home.) 


Colonies  and  Countries  from  which  imported. 


British  colonics  and  plantations  in  Ame. 
rica ;  viz. 

Antigua  -  -  .  - 

Barbadocs      -  -  -  - 

Dominica       -  -  -  . 

Grenada         .  -  -  . 

.Tamaica         -  -  .  - 

St.  Christopher         -  .  - 

St.  Lucia        -  -  .  . 

St.  Vincent's  -  .  . 

Trinidad        -  -  -  - 

Tortola  .  .  -  . 

Bahamas        .  -  .  - 

Demerara      -  -  .  - 

Berbice  -  .  -  . 

British  North  American  Colonies   - 

Egypt  .  -  .  . 

West  Coast  of  Africa      -  -  . 

Cape  of  Good  Hope         .  -  . 

Eastern  Coast  of  Africa 

Mauritius  .  -  -  - 

British  possessions  in  the  East  Indies;  viz 
East  India  Company's  territories, 

e.YcIusivo  of  Singapore    - 

Singapore      -  -  -  - 

Ceylon  .  -  -  - 

.lava  .  .  -  -  . 

Philippine  Islands 

Other  islands  of  the  Indian  Seas 

China        -  .  -  .  - 


Of  the  Brit  jih 

Possessions  in 

America,  and  of 

Sierra  Leone. 


Lbs. 


580 

57,825 

112,557 

8,236 

11,154,307 

40 

53,588 

118 

21,950 


1,139,054 

2,027,037 

5,416 

32,306 


Of  the  East  Indies 
and  Mauritius. 


Lbs. 


338 

214 

343,296 


2,462,813 

849,900 

1,870,143 

1,034,262 

34,019 

442 

27 


Of  the  Foreign 
Flantititxu. 


Total  Qujnlily 
Imported. 


Lbs. 

Lis. 

580 



57,825 



112,.')57 



8,236 

.— 

11,154,307 

^ 

40 

. 

53,582 



118 

11,110 

33,060 



28 

280,156 

280,156 



1,139,054 



2,027,037 

8,899 

14,31.1 

SO 

50 

31,032 

63,338 
338 



214 

— 

343,296 

2,462,813 

__ 

249,900 



1,870,143 



1,034,262 



34,019 

^_ 

442 

— 

27 

«>, 


COFFEE. 


377 


itain — continutd. 


luue  of  Cuilonu  ud 


a.    d. 


,048 

,46» 

l,96(i 

1,001 

!,H67 

1,076 

!,183 

!,093 

1,388 

),172 

1,759 

1,245 

),738 

5,886 

5,567 

2,890 

5,184 


11 
11 

9 
2 
5 
7 
3 
8 

n 

7 
9 
4 
6 
4 
4 
10 
1 


m  records  dntroied. 


3,513 

8,76?, 

0,834 

W,540 

0,106 

i'>,154 

,0,223 

'1,252 

'4,596 

10.324 

(7,544 

)7,204 

S4,t')67 

M,994 

J5,389 

H,>XI5 

58,u44 

59,431 

75,264 


18 

18 
0 
5 
4 
8 
6 
5 

19 
3 
4 

14 

11 

13 
3 

10 

3 

19 

18 


4 

3 

11 

1 

10 

10 
7 
6 
7 
9 
3 

a 
1 

2 

7 

8 

10 

6 

S 


he  several  Briiisd 
rom  Foreign  Coiin- 
nrts  of  Coffee,  and 
the  Cuitovi  Hovic.) 


10 
56 


99 
50 
32 


Total  Qoanlily 
Imported. 


Us. 


580 
57,825 

iis,,^: 

8,231) 

11,154,307 

40 

53,582 

118 

33,060 

28 

280,150 

1,139,054 

2,027,037 

14,315 

50 

63,338 

338 

214 

343,296 


2,462,813 

249,900 

1,870,143 

1,034,262 

34,019 

442 

27 


lit.  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Coffee  imported 

nto  the  tTnited  Kingdom— roiifinufd. 

Of  the  nritish 

Colonia  and  Countrin  from  which  imported. 

Pnnenions  in 

America,  .irjit  of 

Sierra  Lccnc 

or  the  East  Indies 
Mid  Mauritius. 

Of  the  F;irei?n 
riaiitatiniiN. 

Tmai  Qii.inllty 
imported. 

Npw  South  Wales           ... 

Lbs. 

Us. 
110 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

no 

Ilayli 

Foreign  coloniea  in  the  west  Indies ;  viz. 

— 

1,124,213 

1,124,213 

Culin               .... 
I'niteil  States  of  America 

— 

— 

009,418 
37,360 

600,418 
.37,31)0 

Oiiateitiala            .... 



_ 

57,530 

57,.'i30 

Cnlunibia              .           >           .          _ 





228 

22S 

Hra/.il        ..... 

— 



4,1I7,0!M 

4,117,n<.rt 

Europe      -           -           -           -          . 
Totals 

4,010 

672,350 

3.16,434 

1,012,794 

14,617,046 

7,167,914 

6,613,533 

28,398,493 

IV.  Account  of  the  Qiiantity  of  Coffee  exported  from  the  United  Kingdom,  in  the  Year  ended  the  .5th 
of  Jantiarv,  18.36  ;distingiiishinR  the  several  Sorts  of  Coffee,  and  the  Countries  to  which  the  same 
was  exported.— (Furnished  by  Custom  Ifouse.) 


Of  the  British 

Countries  to  which  exported. 

Pnsseuinns  in 

America,  and  of 

Sierra  l^mv. 

Of  the  East  Indies 
and  Mauritius. 

Of  the  Foreign 
Planlalioiis. 

Total  (Jnanlitjr 
exported. 

Lbs. 

Lb.'i. 

iJi.». 

Lbs. 

Russia                  .... 

18,852 

3,750 

1,310,6.52 

1,312.2,54 

Sweden               .... 

— 

102 

0,985 

1(1,087 

Norway              .           -           _          . 



722 

309,737 

310.459 

Denmark            .... 



13,839 

615.328 

620.167 

I'riisgia               .... 

, — 

21,150 

133.613 

1.57,769 

(Jertnanv             .... 

44,867 

104,081 

866,7.30 

1,10,1.678 

The  Netherlands            ... 

43,597 

2,008,468 

4,397,527 

6,449,502 

France                .... 

_ 

05,951 

— 

95,051 

I'nrtueal,  the  Azores,  and  Madeira 

30 

642 

7,534 

8,206 

Spain  and  the  Canaries 

— 

479 

149 

628 

riihraltar            .... 

— 

— 

6,279 

6,279 

Italy                   .... 

35,512 

209,686 

1,489,905 

1,7.35.103 

.Malta                 .... 

42,026 

4,967 

364,888 

411,881 

The  Ionian  Islands         -           -           . 

— 

2fi0 

.37,621 

37,881 

Turkey  and  Continental  Rreece 

— 

8,821 

739,114 

747.035 

Morea  and  Greek  Islands 

— 

— 

104,139 

104,139 

Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  and  Man  - 

8,892 

10,488 

3,837 

23,217 

193,776 

2,576,412 

10,406.038 

113,176,226 

Cape  of  Good  Hope        ... 

— 

— 

34,776 

34,776 

Other  parts  of  Africa     ... 

2,108 

5,370 

5,255 

12,733 

rast  Indies  and  China   .           -           - 

— 

966 

302 

1,268 

New  South  Wales,  Swan   River,  and 

Van  Dieman's  Land   -           -           . 

2,447 

9.749 

7,348 

19,544 

Rritish  North  American  Colonies 

1,648 

14,702 

52,819 

69,169 

British  West  Indies        -           -           . 

8,676 

10,988 

28,664 

Uiiileii  States  of  America 



• — 

640 

640 

Uracil                  .... 



761 

— 

761 

States  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata     - 



— 

7S1 

781 

Ohili                    ...           - 

112 

245 

1,3.^0 

1,687 

Peru                   .... 

Totals  from  Great  Britain 
British  North  American  Colonies 

Total  quantity  exported  from  the 

— 

— 

121 

121 

200,091 

2,616,881 

10,529,398 

13,346,370 

167 

— 

— 

167 

United  Kingdom 

200.2.58 

2,616,881 

10,529,398 

13,346,537 

V.  Account  of  the  Amount  of  Duties  received  on  Coffee  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  respectively  in 
tlie  Year  endina  5th  of,l«nuary,  1830;  distiniiuishiii!:  each  Sort  of  Coffee,  and  the  nett  Produce  of  the 
Duties  on  Coffee  in  the  United  Kingiloin  in  such  year.— (Furnished  by  the  Cnstom-hoxise.) 


Year  ending  5th  January,  1B36. 

In  Great  Britain. 

In  Ireland. 

In  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Of  the  British  possessions  in  America  and  Sierra  ) 

I.eone  --.-.. 
Otilip  East  Indies  and  Mauritius       .           .           . 
Other  sorts         ...... 

Total  gross  receipt     .... 

Nett  produce  .          -          .          .          - 

£ 

428,416 

203,340 
145 

£ 

14,.581 

6,120 
1 

£ 

442,097 

209,  IfO 
146 

631,901 

20.702 

652,603 

631,422 

20,702 

652,124 

The  introduction  of  tea  and  coffee,  it  has  been  well  remarked,  "  has  led  to  the  most  won- 
derful change  that  ever  took  place  in  the  diet  of  modern  civilized  nations, — a  change  highly 
important  both  in  a  moral  and  physical  point  of  view.     These  beverages  have  the  admirable 
advantage  of  affording  stimulus  without  producing  intoxication,  or  any  of  its  evil  conse- 
2iS  48 


|>li<»Mi 

'C3 


878 


COFFEE. 


r    r 


i 


i 


■  i' 
It 


■  ■■•   V 


I  ■■' 


qucnces.  Lovers  of  tea  or  coffee  are,  in  fact,  rarely  drinkers ;  and  hence  the  use  of  these 
beverages  has  benefited  both  manners  and  morals.  Raynal  observes  that  the  use  of  tea  ha» 
contributed  more  to  the  sobriety  of  the  Chinese  than  the  severest  laws,  the  most  elo<{uent 
discourses,  or  the  best  treatises  on  morality." — (Scotsman,  1 7th  of  October,  1827.) 

Supply  and  Consumption  of  Coffee. — Owing  to  the  rapidly  increasing  consumption  of 
coffee  in  this  country,  the  Continent,  and  America,  the  great  value  of  the  article,  the  large 
amount  of  capital  and  labour  employed  in  its  production,  and  the  shipping  required  for  its 
transport,  it  has  l)ecomc  a  commodity  of  primary  commercial  importance.  It  deserves  par- 
ticular attention,  too,  inasmuch  as  there  are  few,  if  any,  articles  that  exhibit  such  variations, 
not  only  as  to  consumption,  but  also  as  to  gprowth  and  price.  These  are  occasioned  partly 
by  changes  of  commercial  regulations  and  duties,  and  partly,  also,  by  the  plant  requiring  4 
or  5  years  before  it  comes  to  bear ;  so  that  the  supply  is  neither  suddenly  increased  when 
the  demand  increases,  nor  diminished  when  it  falls  off.  St.  Domingo  used  formerly  to  be 
one  of  the  greatest  sources  of  supply,  having  exported,  in  1786,  about  35,000  tons ;  ajul  it 
is  supposed  that,  but  for  the  negro  insurrection  which  broke  out  in  1793,  the  exports  of  that 
year  would  have  amounted  to  42,000  tons.  The  devastation  occasioned  by  this  event  caused, 
for  a  series  of  years,  an  almost  total  cessation  of  supplies.  Recently,  however,  they  have 
again  begun  to  increase  ;  and  are  understood  to  amount,  at  present,  to  above  20,000  tons  a 
year.  From  Cuba,  the  exports  of  coffee  have  within  these  few  years  rather  declined,  owing 
partly  to  an  increased  consumption  in  the  island,  and  partly  to  the  efforts  of  tlie  planters* 
having,  a  little  time  back,  been  more  directed  to  the  cultivation  of  sugar ;  they  may  at  present 
amount  to  from  18,000  to  20,000  tons ;  or,  including  Porto  Rico,  to  25,000  or  27,000  tons. 
In  Java,  also,  the  exports  of  coffee  have,  of  late,  been  on  the  decline,  but  not  to  any  consi- 
derable extent.  In  Jamaica  and  tlic  other  British  West  India  colonics,  the  cultivation  of 
coffee  was  greatly  extended  during  the  prevalence  of  the  high  prices,  b\it  the  imports  have 
fallen  off  from  12,000  tons  in  1829,  to  about  10,800  tons  in  1832.  In  Brazil,  the  growth 
of  coffee  has  increased  with  unprecedented  rapidity.  So  late  as  1821,  the  quantity  of  coffee 
exported  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  did  not  exceed  7,500  tons ;  whereas  it  now  amounts  to  almut 
30,000  tons  I*  This  extraordinary  increase  has  probably  been,  in  some  measure,  owing  to 
the  continuance  of  the  slave  trade  ;  and  it  remains  to  be  seen,  whether  the  growth  of  coffee 
may  not  now  be  checked  by  the  late  cessation  of  that  abominable  traffic.  The  culture  of 
coffee  in  India  and  Ceylon  is  daily  becoming  of  more  importance.  In  India,  it  is  raised 
chiefly  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  and  the  quantity  exported  is,  at  present,  believed  to  exceed 
4,000,000  lbs.  The  exports  from  Ceylon,  in  1830,  were  1,669,490  lbs.  The  total  imports 
of  coffee  into  Great  Britain  from  the  East  Indies,  in  1832,  were  10,407,897  lbs. 

The  following  may,  we  believe,  be  regarded  as  a  pretty  fair  estimate  of  the  annual  exports 
of  coffee  from  the  principal  places  where  it  is  produced,  and  of  the  annual  amsumptim  in 
those  countries  into  which  it  is  imported  from  abroad,  at  the  present  time : — 


Eiporta. 

Mocha,  Ilodeida,  and  oilier  Arabian  ports 

Java  ...--- 

Sumatra  and  other  parts  nf  India 

Brazil  and  the  Spanish  Main  .  .  - 

St.  Domingo  -  .  .  .  - 

Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  .  .  .  - 

British  West  India  colonies  .  .  - 

Dutch  West  India  colonics  ... 

French  West  India  colonies  and  the  Isle  de  Bourbon 


Coniumption. 
Great  Britain  ...... 

Netherlands  and  Holland     -  .  .  .  . 

Germany  and  countries  round  the  Baltic   .  .  . 

France,  Spain,  Italy,  Turkey  in  Europe,  the  Levant,  &c. 
America         ....... 


Tons. 
10,000 
18,000 

8,000 
42,000 
20,000 
25,000 
11,000 

5,000 

8,000 


-147,000 


Tons. 
lO.SOO 
40,500 
32,000 
35,000 
20,500 


-138,500 


Of  this  quantity,  the  consumption  of  Great  Britain  and  America  amounts  to  nearly  a  fourth 
part,  and  may  be  said  to  have  arisen  almost  entirely  since  1807. 

Of  the  entire  export  of  coffee  from  Arabia,  not  more,  perhaps,  than  5,000  or  6,000  tons 
finds  its  way  to  the  places  mentioned  above ;  so  that,  supposing  these  estimates  to  be  a^out 
correct,  it  follows  that  the  supply  of  coffee  is,  at  present,  about  equal  to  the  demand.  The 
latter  is,  however,  rapidly  increasing ;  and  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  it  be  destined  to 
outrun,  keep  pace  with,  or  fall  short  of  the  supply.  On  the  whole,  however,  we  should  he 
inclined  to  think,  that  though  they  may  occasionally  vary  to  the  extent  of  a  few  thonsand 
tons  on  the  one  side  or  the  other,  the  probability  is  that  they  will  be  pretty  nearly  balanced ; 


i      i 


*  M.  Montveran  is  pleased  to  inform  us,  in  his  Easai  de  Statistique  stir  Its  Colonies,  a  worl(  in  other 
respects  of  considerable  merit  (PUcea  Juitificatives,  p.  II.),  that  the  exports  of  coffee  from  Brazil  in 
1830-31  amounted  to  1,865,000  kilog.  =  1,836  tons  !  In  jwint  of  fact  they  were  more  than  20  times 
as  much. 


I       I 


COFFEE. 


379 


go  that,  supposing  peace  to  be  preserved,  we  do  not  anticipate  any  very  great  variation  of 
price.  The  prices  of  1827,  1828,  1829,  and  1830,  seem  to  have  been  a  good  deal  below  the 
average.  This  depression  naturally  checked  production  and  stimulated  consumption,  so  that 
prices  rose  considerably  in  1831,  1832,  and  1833 ;  but  the  advance,  in  the  last,  has  not  been 
maintained,  at  least  to  the  whole  extent.  Such  oscillations  will,  no  doubt,  continue  to  take 
place ;  but  unless  the  cost  of  producing  cofTee  should  be  permanently  increased  or  diminish- 
ed, they  can  only  be  temporary. 

The  consumption  of  cofTee  in  the  United  States  has  been  more  than  quadrupled  since 
1821,  in  which  year  it  amounted  to  6,680  tons.  Part  of  this  increase  is,  no  doubt,  to  be 
ascribed  to  the  reduction  of  the  duty,  first  from  5  to  2  cents  per  pound,  and  its  subsequent 
repeal ;  part  to  the  fall  in  the  price  of  coffee ;  and  a  part,  perhaps,  to  the  increase  of  temper- 
ance societies.  Probably,  also,  it  was  in  some  degree  ascribable  to  the  comparatively  high 
duties  formerly  laid  on  the  teas  imported  into  the  United  States ;  these,  however,  finally 
ceased  in  1833. 


if  .9,  a  work  in  other 
ffee  from  Brawl  m 
nore  than  20  lime* 


Account  of  the  Imports  of  Coffee  into  the  United  States,  the  Exports  from  the  snmp,  and  the  Quan- 
tities lef\  for  Home  Consumption,  during  each  of  the  Fifteen  Years  ending  tlic  3Uth  of  September, 
K35.— {Papers  published  by  Order  of  Congress.) 


Vean. 

Importi, 

Export!. 

Left  for  Home  Consiiniption. 

Lb,. 

Lht. 

Lit. 

Tant. 

1S21 

21,273,659 

9,387,596 

11,886,063 

5„306 

1822 

25,782,390 

7,267,119 

18,515,271 

8,266 

1823 

37,337,732 

20,900,687 

16,437,045 

7,338 

1824 

39,224,251 

19,427,227 

19,797,024 

8,838 

1825 

45,190,630 

24,512,568 

20,678,062 

9,231 

1826 

43,319,497 

11,584,713 

31,734,784 

14,167 

1827 

50,051,986 

21,697,789 

28,354,197 

12,658 

1828 

55,194,697 

1S,037,964 

39,156,733 

17,481 

1829 

51,133,539 

18,083,843 

33,049,695 

14,754 

1830 

51,488,243 

13,121,561 

38,363,687 

17,127 

1831 

81,759,386 

6,056,629 

75,702,757 

33,796 

1832 

91,722,329 

55,251,158 

40,471,171 

18,067 

1833 

99,955,020 

24,897,114 

75,057,906 

33,508 

1834 

80,153,366 

35,806,861 

44,346,505 

19,797 

1835 

103,199,577 

11,446,775 

91,752,802 

40,961 

Mr.  Cook  gives  the  following  statement  of  the  imports  of  coffee  into  the  Continent  and  Great 
Britain,  and  of  the  stocks  on  hand  on  the  31at  of  December  each  year : — 


PlMM. 

Imporla. 

Stocbi.                             { 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1830. 

1831. 

Tom. 
2,900 
1,2,50 
2,850 
4,500 
6,000 
7,500 
1,7.50 
490 
1,000 

1832. 

France     .          -           .           - 
Trieste,  Genoa,  and  Leghorn    - 
Antwerp  -           -           -           - 
Rotterdam          ... 
/.instcrclam         ... 
Hamburgh           ... 
Bremen    -          - 
Copenhagen        ... 
Petcrsburgh        ... 

Totals 
Great  Britain      -          .          - 

Continent  and  Great  Britain 

Tvm. 

13,000 

12,100 

21,200 

4,500 

9,000 

20,250 

4,960 

1,340 

500 

Torn. 

8,300 

6,430 

5,130 

11,740 

10,700 

17,380 

4,330 

1,570 

1,200 

Tans. 

13,130 

13,570 

8,400 

14,200 

10,550 

22,500 

6,130 

1,670 

1,700 

Tons. 

e,i.'jo 

4,300 

4,000 

3,000 

5,800 

10,700 

2,000 

350 

300 

Tmt. 

5,100 

6,200 

1,900 

7,500 

7,480 

11,000 

3,680 

600 

960 

86,850 
18,290 

66,780    :     91,850 
19,350    1     22,370 

37,200 
13,420 

28,340 
12,5.10 

43,420 
12,180 

105,140 

86,130    ;   114,220 

50,620 

40,770 

55,600 

{State  of  Commerce  of  Oreat  Britain  for  1832,  p.  19  II  21.) 


According  to  Mr.  Cook,  the  prices  of  Jamaica  and  St.  Domingo  (Hayti)  coffee,  exclusive  of  duty, 
in  tile  London  market,  at  the  close  of  each  year  since  1814,  have  been — 


Yan. 

Jamaica. 

St.  Domingo. 

Yean. 

Jamaica. 

Sr.  Domlii^i, 

1814 

81s.tol05i.percwt. 

90s.  to  104a.  per  cwt. 

1826 

42s.  to  95s.  per.  cwt. 

50s.  to  51«.  per  cwt. 

1S15 

61  -  110 

72—    80 

1827 

30—   80 

il  —  39 

1816 

68  —  102 

74—    75 

1828 

28-   80 

30  —  38 

1817 

86  -  105 

93—98 

1829 

30—   75 

32  —  34 

1818 

134  -  155 

144  —  146 

1830 

32-   78 

34  —  35 

1819 

147  -  165 

128  —  134 

1831 

50—  86 

45  —  46 

1820 

112  -  135 

118  —  120 

1832 

60—   90 

55  —  57 

1821 

85-  125 

98-  102 

1833 

77—110 

65—66 

1822 

85  -  135 

95  -  100 

1834 

68  —  134 

48-  52 

1823 

79  -  117 

75—    79 

1835 

80  —  113 

51  —  53 

1824 

50  -  102 

58—61 

1st  Nov. 

1825 

48-  100 

55-56 

1836 

71  —  120 

51  —  54 

•  nnfl 


i"| 


■■  r; 


I    , 


'     Jl 


380 


COFFEE. 


,'  11 


I  = 


f 


i 


't 

r 
I. 


The  following  extract  frnm  Prince's  Price  Current  sliowi  the  prices  of  the  diflorent  sorts  of  coffe* 
in  liundon  on  the  4tli  of  Novenibur,  1830. 

CoflTee,  per  cwt.  in  bond,— 


Justlca 


Demrnra 

and 
Berbice 

Doiuinica 

and 
St.  Lucia 


{fine  mid,  and  ftue 
iiitddliDj    • 
Inw  rlo. 
tine  nrd. 
|?ood  nrd.     • 
nrd.  and  triaj(e 
fanvyl  mid.  to  fine 
j  nii(ldlini{     • 
I  jcnnti  and  fiiM  ord. 
^ordinary 
nuii.  and  fine 
(ond  and  fine  ord. 
triage  and  ord. 


s, 
110 
94 
90 

tu 

7'. 
63 
107 
!» 
77 
70 
92 
80 
70 


0  to  119 
0—  lOtI 
0—  »3 
0—  89 
0-  80 
0—  72 
0—  IIM 
0—106 
0-91 
0—76 
0—116 
0—91 
0—76 


d. 

Duty. 

01 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0. 

ind. 

Rril. 

PI.  ft 
W.I. 
B.  P. 

id. 
F.  E. 
I.9d. 

F. 
U.M. 

per  lb. 

». 

St.  Dnmln(o        -  -  -  -SI 

Braail        •  -  •  -  •44 

llavannah  and  Cuba,  good  and   fin« 

onl. 48 

Porlo  Rico  •  •  ■  •  M 
Cut  India,  Java  ■  •  ■  -40 
Chrriljnn  an<l  Bat.  good  •  -SO 
Ceylnn  cerlilicale  •  •  -71 
for  export  •  •  "  "44 
.Sumalia  aod  Samanng  -  •  38 
Mocha 52 


Otn 

M 

0  — 

64 

0  — 

7» 

0  — 

72 

0- 

4H 

II  — 

70 

0- 

12 

0  — 

41 

0  — 

18 

i-ii.  Duty. 

S^  K.  It.. 
llrit. 
Il.k 
W.I, 
B.P. 
■  M. 
K.  K. 
I.W. 

F. 
1<.  M. 


o-ioi  oj,«v,i; 


count,  and  4  per  cent,  for  cash.  The  lam  arc  the  »me  ,ii  a\ovrt  I 
hy  (he  revenue.  'Die  draft  on  B.  P.,  namely,  casfcRof  n  rwi.  ^nil  ihi. 
wards  S  III),  J  under  5  cwt,  4  lbs. ;  barrcii  aud  ban  2  Iba. :  Fnrpiir. 
and  East  India  1  lb.  '*° 


Cnflee  ii  wld  in  bond  ;  the  buiinen  it  done  in  the  public  market, 
either  by  public  sile  nr  privale  contract.  The  leriiii  are — E.  I.  and 
W.  I.  Rrihsh  PlaniaiKin,  I  ninnlh,  1  per  cent,  discount,  allowini;  4 
per  cent  fur  cash  ;  E.-UI  India  at  a  prompt  of  three  moniha  from  the 
day  of  tale,  wilhoul  discount ;  Foreign  I  month,  2^  per  cent,  dis- 

Notwithstantling  the  great  reduction  of  the  duties  on  coffee  in  1824,  there  can  be  no  donht 
that  they  are  still  too  high.  At  this  moment  they  amount  to  50  per  cent,  on  the  price  nf 
very  fine  cotrce,  and  to  75  or  90  per  cent,  on  the  price  of  inferior  sorts.  Were  the  duties 
on  British  plantation  coffee  reduced  to  3d.  per  lb.  (28».  a  cwt.),  and  those  on  Mocha  and 
Foreign  India  coffee  to  id.  per  lb.  (37s.  id.  a  cwt.),  the  consumption  would  be  so  murli 
extended,  that,  instead  of  being  diminished,  the  revenue  would  be  decidedly  increased.  The 
increase  of  consumption  mentioned  above  must  not,  however,  be  wholly  attributed  to  th« 
reduction  of  the  duty  in  1824 :  the  low  prices  from  that  year  to  1830  had,  no  doubt,  a  ma- 
terial effect  in  facilitating  the  formation  of  a  taste  for  coffee.  The  great  reduction  in  the 
price  of  low  brown  sugar  (at  least  \^d.  per  lb.)  must  also  have  assioted  the  consumption  of 
coflee, — the  one  being  so  necessary  to  the  extensive  use  of  the  other.  The  small  increase 
of  consumption  since  1830  is  wholly  to  be  ascribed  to  the  rise  of  prices;  but  were  the  dulv 
reduced  to  2d.,  this  rise  would  be  counteracted,  and  the  consumption  would  again  rapidly 
increase ;  nor,  provided  East  India  were  admitted  at  a  duty  of  Ad.,  and  foreign  at  a  duty  of 
&d.,  is  there  any  reason  to  fear  that  the  increased  consumption  would  have  any  material  in- 
fluence on  the  price. 

Species  of  Coffee.  Roasting,  c^-c. — The  coffee  of  Mocha  is  generally  esteemed  the  best ; 
then  follow  the  coffees  of  Jamaica,  Dominica,  Berbicc,  Demerara,  Bourbon,  .lava,  Martinique, 
and  Hayti.  Arabian  or  Mocha  coffee  is  produced  in  a  very  dry  climate,  the  best  being 
raised  upon  mountainous  slopes  and  sandy  soils.  The  most  fertile  soils  are  not  suitable  for 
the  growth  of  very  fine  coffee.  Mr.  Bryan  Edwards  observes,  that  "  a  rich  deep  soil,  fre- 
quently meliorated  by  showers,  will  proiluce  a  luxuriant  tree  and  a  great  crop ;  but  the 
beans,  which  are  large,  and  of  a  dingy  green,  prove,  for  many  years,  rank  and  vapid," 
And  the  same  remark  is  made  by  Mr.  Crawfurd,  with  respect  to  the  coffee  of  Java. — [Emt 
Indian  Archipelago,  vol.  i.  p.  487.)  Coffee  is  improved  by  being  kept ;  it  then  becomes  of 
a  paler  colour. 

Mocha  or,  as  it  is  commonly  called,  Turkey  coffee,  should  be  chosen  of  a  greenish  light 
olive  hue,  fresh  and  new,  free  from  any  mustiness,  the  berries  of  n  middling  size,  clean, 
plump,  and  without  any  intermixture  of  sticks  or  other  imiiuritics.  Particular  care  should 
be  taken  that  it  be  not  false  packed.  Good  West  India  coffee  should  be  of  a  greenish 
colour,  fresh,  free  from  any  unpleasant  small,  the  berries  small  and  unbroken. 

Coffee  berries  readily  imbibe  exhalations  from  other  bodies,  and  thereby  acquire  an  adven- 
titious and  disagreeable  flavour.  Sugar  placed  near  coffee  will,  in  a  short  time,  so  impreg- 
nate the  berries,  as  to  injure  their  flavour.  Dr.  Moseley  mentions,  that  a  few  bags  of  peji- 
per,  on  board  a  ship  from  India,  spoiled  a  whole  cargo  of  coffee. 

"  The  roasting  of  the  berry  to  a  proper  degree  requires  great  nicety ;  the  virtue  and  agree- 
ableness  of  the  drink  depend  upon  it ;  and  both  are  often  injured  by  the  ordinary  method. 
Bernier  says,  when  he  was  at  Cairo,  where  coffee  is  so  much  used,  he  was  assured  by  the 
best  judges,  that  there  were  only  two  people  in  that  great  city  who  understood  how  to  pre- 
pare it  in  perfection.  If  it  be  under-done,  its  virtues  will  not  be  imparted,  and,  in  use,  it 
will  load  and  oppress  the  stomach  ;  if  it  be  over-done,  it  will  yield  a  flat,  burnt,  and  bitter 
taste,  its  virtues  will  be  destroyed,  and,  in  use,  it  will  heat  the  body,  and  act  as  an  astrin- 
gent."— (Moselej/,  p.  39.) 

Adulteration  of  Coffee. — A  mill  for  grinding  coffee  may  be  bought  for  a  small  sum ;  and 
no  one  who  has  the  means  of  grinding  it  at  home  ought  to  purchase  it  ground,  unless  from 
shops  of  the  first  respectability.  Ground  coffee  is  liable  to  be,  and  in  point  of  fact  i.«,  very 
extensively  adulterated  with  succory,  beans,  roasteil  corn,  &c.  The  facilities  for  this  fraud- 
ulent intermixture  are  so  very  great  as  to  render  it  impossible  materially  to  lessen  tliem  other- 
wise than  by  a  reduction  of  the  duty. 

Reffulations  irith  respect  to  Sale,  Importation,  S^c. — Honsted  hcans  and  rye,  reduced  to  powder,  hnve 
fretiiiently  heen  used  to  adiilternte  ground  cotfee  :  and  the  possession  of  such  substitutes  for  i-nffee 
was  formerly  an  offence  punishable  by  the  forfeiture  of  the  articles,  and  a  penalty  of  lOOi.  But  hy 
the  act  3  Geo.  4.  c.  53.,  persons  who  ure  not  dealers  in  coffee  may  take  a  license  fur  roasting  and  nelliiig 


COFFEE. 


381 


erent  sorti  of  roffi-e 


».d.      s.d. 


»1 

44 


0  to    M 
0—  54 


48 

0  — 

78 

5a 

0  — 

n 

4U 

0  — 

4H 

50 

0  — 

70 

71 

0  — 

li 

44 

0  — 

41 

M 

0  — 

48 

52 

0  — 

106 

Krit, 
ll.k 
W.I. 
B.F, 


0    I..M. 


m  .ire  the  same  .n  allowp  I 
nielv,  caittsof  .i  cwi.  and  ,j,, 
lilt  aud  iHlgl  2  lt«. ;  Foreign 


;re  can  be  no  donht 
;nt.  on  the  price  of 
Were  the  duties 
lose  on  Mofha  and 
would  be  so  much 
lly  increased.  The 
li/  attributed  to  the 
1(1,  no  doubt,  a  nia- 
!at  reduction  in  the 
he  consumption  of 
The  small  increase 
but  were  the  dutv 
vould  again  rapidly 
brcign  at  a  duty  of 
ve  any  material  iii- 

esteemcd  the  best; 
1,  Java,  Martinique, 
ate,  the  best  Iwing 
are  not  suitable  for 
I  rich  deep  soil,  fre- 
reat  crop;  but  the 
rank  and  vapid." 
ce  of  Java. — {Emt 
it  then  becomes  of 

of  a  greenish  light 
iddling  size,  clean, 
ictilar  care  should 
be  of  a  greenish 
ken. 

f  acquire  an  adven- 
)rt  time,  so  iinpreg- 
a  few  bags  of  peiv 

ic  virtue  and  agree- 
e  ordinary  method, 
was  assured  by  the 
erstood  how  to  pre- 
rted,  and,  in  use,  it 
»t,  burnt,  and  bitter 
act  as  an  astrin- 

a  small  sum ;  and 
round,  unless  from 
oint  of  fact  is,  very 
lities  for  this  fraud- 
I  lessen  them  other- 


iced  to  powder,  have 
4iili8titutes  I'or  mSee 
ally  of  lOOi.  But  by 
r  ruaating  and  Belling 


corn,  ppas.  hennSi  "f  pnrsncps,  labelling  the  parcels  with  the  names,  and  conforming  to  the  variou» 
regulations  prescribed  in  the  act. 

Dealers  in  cnUVe  iiiiist  take  nut  n  licence,  renewable  nnnuuUy,  which,  at  present,  costs  11«. 

fin  colfi'e  can  be  imported  in  packages  of  less  than  100  llis.  nelt  weiitlit. 

\o  abatement  of  duties  is  made  on  account  of  any  dainnire  coffee  may  have  received. 

C'otfce  cunniit  be  entered  as  beini,'  the  produce  of  any  llritisli  possi'KHioii  in  .\iiieri(-a  or  of  the  Mau- 
ritius, until  Ihi'  master  of  the  sliip  in  which  tliu  coffee  is  imiiortcd  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comp- 
troller a  certiticate  of  its  origin,  and  declaru  that  the  coffee  is  the  produce  of  such  idace.— (3  it  4  nui. 
i.  r.  5i.  «  30,  37.) 

We  siilijoi"  two  pro  fonnd  accounts,  ono  of  the  sale  of  100  baps  Brazil  coffee,  the  other  of  the  sale 
of  10  tierces  .lamaica  coffee.  They  may  be  depended  upon  as  accurate;  uiid  are  interesting  from 
tlieir  sliowinK  in  detail  the  various  charges,  exclusive  of  duty,  affecting  tliis  importuiit  article. 


Pro  fonna  Jlcemml  Salt  of  A.  D.  100  Hagi  Coflee  (icr  "  Liindon,"  from  Kio  Janeiro,  on  Accouiil  of  C.  D.  and  Co. 


ISJl. 

UculW. 


By  E.  F.  for  100  bags.    Frompl  1  month. 
Cwt.  qri.  lbs. 
Lots  I  to  5.  weighiDg     \M     0     Ogron 

3     2     H    Tare  2  lb.    Draft  2  lb.  per  bag. 

141     1    20uett atai.  3>. 

DiKOunt  2  I -2  per  cent. 

Charga  L.  i.  d. 

To  Sra  insurance  on  4001.  at  21,  per  cent  ■  •  .  ■  .800 

I'nlicy  .'ij.  Gd,  per  cent.           -            .  -  .  •  .  -12    0 

ConunissioD  1-2  per  cent.       -           •  -  .  .  .  .200 

Dnck  rales  on  143  cwt.  0  qr.  24  lbs.  at  It.  2d,»        .  .  .  .871 

Lotting  Id.  per  bag      .  .  .  .  .  .  .084 

Insumncc  ai^ainst  fire  >.-..... 

Fn-ishl  on  J-13c»i.  Oqr.  24  lbs.  atSj.         •  .  .  .  .  21    9    8 

Primage  5  per  cent.  II.  If.  Gd.    Pierage  2i.  Id.        •  •  •  -13    7 

Public  sale  chanres  I7j.  6d.    Petty  expenses  8j.  6d. 

ttnikcrnge  1  per  cent.  ■  >..-... 

Commission  2  1*2  per  cent.     -..-•••. 


L.  t.  d. 


i4r>  10  0 

11    2    9 


11    2    0 


8  It 
U  I.' 


Errors  excepted. 
London,  Id  of  Nmtmber,  1833. 


23  13  3 

1    B  0 

4    9  1 

II    2  9 


Nelt  proceeds 


L.   «.  i. 


434    7    3 


60    0  II 


/..374    6    4 


(Cash,  30th  of  November,  1833.) 


Pro  forma  Account  Sale  of  G.  H.  10  Tierces  ColTee  per  "  Kingston, 

"  from  Jamaica,  on  Account  of  L  K.  and  Co.                  1 

18W. 
Oct.  30 

By  L.  M.  for  10  tierces.    Prompt  1  month. 

CoJ»».              Cult.  qri.  lilt.                 Cwlt.  qn.  Ibi. 

;x)t.4.    5    weighing    45     0     0             Tare    3     2    18 

3     0   15             Drart  0     0   23 

Disco 

•  atSf.  IQi. 

•  at  V.Sa. 
ant  1  per  cent. 

L.  t.  d. 

.600 
.    0  16    6 
•    1  10    0 

£,.  :  d. 

171    2    9 
132    4  10 

L.   t.d. 
300   6  11 

44    7  11 

31     0    13nett       • 

2.    5         —         35     0     0             Tare    3     2    18 
3     3   15              Draft  0     0   25 

31     0    13nett       ■ 

Charga. 

To  Sea  insurance  on  3001.  at  21.  per  cent. 

I'nlicy  5j.  6d.  percent.           ..... 

Commission  1-2  per  cent.        ..... 

Dock  rales  nn  62  cwt.  2  ijrs.  20  lbs.  at  It.  6if.» 

Lolling  at  9ii.  per  tierce         •          .          •          •          • 

Insurance  against  fire             ..... 
Freidlil  on  62  cwt.  2  qrs.  20  l!is.  at  6i. 
Primage  5f.  and  pierage  3t.9d. 

Public  sale  charges  7».    Petty  expenses  7».  64 

Bmkfraee  I  per  cent.               ..... 

ConimiuioD  2 1-2  per  cent.     .          ■          •          •          • 

Errors  excepted. 

Ijmdm,  2d  of  ffooembtr,  1833 

303    7    7 
3    0    0 

8    0    6 

•i    1    6 
0   8    3 

19    4  10 
0  14    6 
3    0    8 
7  11    8 

-    4  14    0 
.076 

•  18  16    1 
-    0    8    9 

- 

Nett  proceeds 

£.25.5  19    0 

(Casli 

,  30th  of  Noven 

ber,  1833.) 

We  pointed  out  (art.  East  Inpiks)  the  injustice  and  impolicy  of  charging  3rf.  per  lb.  more 

on  the  coffee  of  our  Eastern  dominions,  when  imported  for  home  consumption,  than  on  that 

imported  from  the  West  Indies.     This  distinction  has,  however,  been  put  an  end  to;  the  5 

and  6  Will.  4.  c.  66.  having  enacted  that  coffee,  the  produce  of  British  possessions  within 

the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter  and  of  Sierra  Leone,  shall  pay,  when  entered 

for  home  consumption,  a  duty  of  6rf.  per  lb. 

Such  coffee  must,  however,  be  accompanied  witli  a  rertifirnte  of  oriirin.  that  is,  n  certificate  snb- 
scrihed  by  the  proper  officer  of  the  place  where  it  was  shipped,  hearing  tliat  he  had  received  from  the 
master,  and  examined,  a  declaration  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  sbipgier  of  the  coffee,  stating  that 
it  was  really  and  io»a  Ji(2e  the  produce  of  some  such  British  possession,  and  that  he  (the  officer)  be- 

*  Coffee  in  bags  pays  Is.  id.,  and  in  casks  Is.  6d.  of  dock  dues. 


/'■ 


I— 


»!*■■■  v. 


a; 


n 
I 


382 


COINS. 


••  J 


lievnd  siifli  dprlnrntion  to  lin  triin.  Tlio  mnntpr  niiiHt  nisn,  wlirn  he  arrivrs  in  thin  rntintry,  mnliranfT 
siibHcrlliiMi  (li'i'l.'iriitioii  lid'ciri'  tint  cnlli'i'tiir  or  rciiii|iircilli'r,  xtmiiiit  timt  tin;  ct'rlilii'uli'  ol' oriuin  ug,^ 
riiceivcd  liy  liiiii  at  tin-  [xirl  wlmrt'  llif  ('((irri!  wiih  liikfii  mi  Ixmnl,  uiiil  Unit  tlir  inirci'  iiii|i<irti'i|  in  n'l,, 
siiiiii' lliiit  in  iiii'iitidML'il  llurriii.  (\V<!  hclicvt!  tliiit  tliiH  in  the  Hcnsi' cil' tin-  cliiiisi'  (2)  r(•liltlll^  to  Hi,, 
cerlilicalu  ;  bin,  I'ruiu  liiiiiiu  iirror  of  tliu  prcH*  or  otliurwiHi?,  it  i»  ull  l>iit  iiiiintolli((ilil«. )—*«/».) 

[The  conBumption  of  coffee  in  the  United  States  is  very  larRC.  As  much  iis  91,321,000 
pounds  of  it  were  aiinunliy  imported,  on  nn  nvcriii?o  of  the  four  yenrM  ending  Scptptriljor 
30th,  1837,  chietly  from  Urazii,  Cuiia,  Hiiyti,  Colombia,  and  Java.  Of  thin  amount,  Iidw. 
over,  nearly  19  millions  of  pounds  were  re-exi)orted  to  France,  the  }Ian^H!  towns,  Holland 
Belgium,  Trieste,  Turkey,  the  Levant,  &c. — Am.  Ed,] 

COINS,  pieces  of  metal,  most  commonly  gold,  silver,  or  copper,  impressed  with  a  pnliljc 
stamp,  and  ireiiuently  made  legal  tender  in  payment  of  debts,  either  to  a  liiniti-d  or  an  un. 
limited  extent. 

1.  Ctrcnmsfnncen  luhi'ch  led  to  the  Inlroditct'ion  and  Use  of  Citinx. — When  tlie  |)rppious 
metals  first  began  to  be  used  as  money,  or  as  standards  by  which  to  measure  tiie  viiluo  of 
different  articles,  and  the  equivalents  for  whicli  they  were  most  commoidy  exchangeil,  tlicy 
were  in  an  unfashioned  state,  in  bars  or  ingots.  'J'lie  parties  having  agreed  upon  the  qiiiintitv 
of  metal  to  Ik-  given  for  a  commodity,  the  exact  amount  was  then  asccrtaineil  by  weight.  Ijiit 
it  is  obvious  that  a  practice  of  this  sort  must  have  been  attended  with  a  great  deal  of  tmulile 
and  inconvenience.  There  can,  however,  be  little  doubt  that  the  greatest  obstacle  to  tho 
use  of  unfashioned  metals  as  money  would  be  found  in  the  ditliculty  of  deterniiniiifl;  tjioi,- 
quality,  or  the  degree  of  their  purity,  with  sufficient  precision.  The  operation  of  ussuvinj 
is  one  of  great  nicety  and  difficulty  ;  and  could  not  be  performed  in  the  early  ages  othcrwisi 
than  in  a  clumsy,  tedious,  and  inaccurate  manner.  It  is,  indeed,  most  probable,  thut  whiin 
the  precious  metals  were  first  used  as  money,  their  quality  would  be  appreciated  only  In 
their  weight  and  colour.  A  very  short  experience  would,  liowever,  be  sufficient  to  show  the 
extreme  inexactness  of  conclusions  derived  from  such  loose  and  unsatisfactory  criteria;  and 
the  devising  of  some  method,  by  which  the  fineness  of  the  metal  might  be  easily  and  cor- 
rectly ascertained,  would  very  soon  be  felt  as  indispensable  to  the  general  use  of  gold  and 
silver  as  money.  Such  a  methoil  was  not  long  in  presenting  itself:  it  was  early  discovproil, 
that,  to  ascertain  the  purity  of  the  metal,  and  also  to  avoid  the  trouble  and  expense  of  vvpiijh- 
ing  it,  no  more  was  necessary  than  to  mark  each  piece  with  a  stamp  declaring  its  weight 
and  fineness.  This  invention  was  made  at  a  very  early  period.  According  to  Herodotus, 
the  Jjydians  were  the  first  who  coined  money. — Lib.  i.  c.  94.  Other  ancient  authors  say 
that  the  art  of  coining  was  invented  during  the  period  when  Saturn  and  Janus  reigned  in 
Italy  ;  that  is,  in  a  period  antecedent  to  authentic  history. — (Goguet,de  VOrigine  dcs  Luix, 
4-c.  tom.  i.  p.  267.) 

2.  Mtfal  used  in  the  Manufacture  of  Coins. — Before  the  art  of  metallurgy  was  well  nndpr- 
stood,  the  baser  metals  were  frequently  used  as  money.  Iron  was  the  primitive  monpy  of 
the  Lacedsemonians,  and  copper  of  the  Romans.  But  both  iron  and  copper  deteriorate  by 
being  kept ;  and  besides  this  defect,  the  rapid  improvement  of  the  arts,  by  lowering  their 
price,  rendered  their  bulk  too  great  in  proportion  to  their  value  to  permit  of  their  continiiiii|f 
to  be  used  as  money.  Copper,  indeed,  is  still  used  in  the  form  of  tokens,  convertible  into 
silver  in  very  small  paynients.  In  this  country,  copper  pence  and  halfpence  are  rated  at 
about  73  per  cent,  above  their  real  value ;  but  as  their  issue  is  exclusively  in  the  hands  i.l' 
government,  and  as  they  are  only  legal  tender  to  the  extent  of  o»?f  sliitUng  in  any  one  pay- 
ment, this  over-valuation  is  not  productive  of  any  bad  eflect.  The  use  of  copper  in  othfr 
countries  is  limited  in  much  the  same  way  ;  gold  and  silver  being  every  where  the  only 
metals  made  use  of  in  the  manufacture  of  the  coins  used  in  considerable  payments. 

3.  Standard  of  Coins. — By  the  standard  of  a  coin,  is  meant  the  degret>  of  its  purity  ami 
its  weight ;  that  is,  the  fineness  of  the  metal  of  which  it  is  made,  and  the  quantity  of  metal 
contained  in  it. 

(1.)  Silver  Coins. — A  pound  Troy,  or  12  ounces,  of  tho  metal  of  which  English  silver 
coins  are  made,  contains  11  oz.  2  dwts.  pure  silver,  and  18  dwts.  alloy.  This  pound  is 
coined  into  C6  shillings ;  so  that  each  shilling  contains  80*727  grains  fine  silver,  and  ST-SV 
grains  standard  silver;  and  the  money  pound,  consisting  of  20  shillings,  contains  lOMolS 
grains  pure  silver,  and  1 745-454  grains  standard  silver.  From  IfiOO  down  tolSIG,  the 
pound  weight  of  standard  silver  bullion  was  coined  into  ()2  shillings.  All  the  En[;li>li 
silver  coins  have  been  coined  out  of  silver  of  11  oz.  2  dwts.  fine,  from  the  (Jonquest  to  this 
moment,  except  for  the  short  period  of  16  years,  from  the  34th  Henry  VIII.  to  the  2(1 
Elizabeth. 

(2.)  Gold  Coins. — The  purity  of  gold  is  not  estimated  by  the  weights  commonly  in  use, 
but  by  an  Abyssinian  weight  called  a  cara/.  The  carats  are  subdivided  into  four  parts, 
called  grains,  and  these  again  into  (juarters ;  so  that  a  carat  grain,  with  respect  to  the  com- 
mon divisions  of  a  pound  Troy,  is  equivalent  to  2  J  dwts.  Gold  of  the  highest  degree  of 
fineness,  or  pure,  is  said  to  be  24  carats  fine.  When  gold  coins  were  first  made  at  the 
English  mint,  the  standard  of  the  gold  put  in  them  was  of  23  carats  3A  grains  fine  and  \ 


COINS. 


383 


liiifonnlry,  mnkmiifT 
liiiiiiic  oforiiiiii  w!,., 
(PllVr  iiii|iiirti'i|  in  III,, 
iHi>  (-2)  rcliilliimotii,. 
(jlilo. )—*'«/'•) 

luch  lis  91,321,flni) 
riKliiig  ScptomlH-r 
tliijt  amount,  Imw. 

ii«3  towns,  Hollaml 


pssril  with  a  ]]iiliHc 
a  liinitc'd  or  an  un- 


rgy  was  well  nnder- 

priinitivo  monoy  ol' 

)pper  deteriorate  by 

by  lowering  tiifir 

of  their  continuiiiif 

ns,  convertible  into 

lencc  are  rated  at 

ly  in  the  hands  uf 

iC  in  any  one  pay- 

ot'  eop])er  in  other 

ry  where  the  only 

payments, 

'o  ot'  its  purity  and 

quantity  ot"  metal 

lich  English  silwr 
This  pound  is 
10  silver,  and  Sl'il 
contains  l(;i4ol5 
down  to  ISIG,  iho 
All  the  En^litli 
('oniiuest  to  this 
ry  VIIL  to  the  2d 

commonly  in  use, 
cd  into  four  parts, 
res|;)ect  to  the  com- 
iiiuhest  degree  of 
tirst  made  at  the 
\  grains  fine  and  A 


tjrnin  alloy;  and  so  it  continued,  without  any  variation,  to  the  18th  of  Henry  VIIL,  who,  in 
that  year,  first  intrwluccil  a  new  standard  of  gohl  of  22  carats  fine,  and  2  carats  alloy.  Tho 
first  of  these  standards  was  called  tho  old  ;  and  the  second  the  new  standard,  or  crown  gold ; 
kcausc  crowns,  or  pieces  of  the  value  of  5s.,  were  first  coined  of  this  new  standard.  Henry 
Vin.  made  his  gold  coins  of  both  these  standards  under  different  denominations;  ond  this 
praeticc  was  continued  by  his  successors  until  1033.  From  that  period  to  the  present,  tlio 
ijold  of  which  the  coins  of  this  kingdom  have  been  mnile  has  been  invariably  of  the  new 
standard,  or  crown  gold ;  though  some  of  the  coins  made  of  the  old  standard,  previously  to 
1633,  continued  to  circulate  till  1732,  when  they  were  forbidden  to  be  any  longer  current. 
—{Liverjwol  on  Coins,  p,  27.) 

The  purity  of  our  present  gold  coins  is,  therefore,  1 1  parts  fine  gold  and  1  part  alloy.  Tho 
sovereign  or  20  shilling  piece,  contains  1 13-001  grains  fine  gold  and  123'274  grains  stand- 
ard gold.  The  pound  Troy  of  slamlard  gold  is  coined  into  46  ,"J'jj  sovereigns,  or  into  46/. 
14s.  G(l.  The  mint  or  standard  price  of  gold  is,  therefore,  said  to  be  46/.  14s.  Gd.  per  lb. 
Troy,  or  3/.  17s.  lO^rf.  an  ounce. 

The  alloy  in  coins  is  reckoned  of  no  value.  It  is  allowed,  in  order  to  save  the  trouble  and 
expense  that  would  be  incurred  in  refining  the  metals,  so  as  to  bring  them  to  the  highest 
(hgrce  of  l)urity ;  and  because,  when  its  quantity  is  small,  it  has  a  tendency  to  render  the 
coins  harder,  and  less  liable  to  be  worn  or  rubbed.  If  tho  f,uanlity  of  alloy  were  considera- 
lile,  it  would  lessen  the  splendour  and  ductility  of  the  metals,  and  would  add  too  much  to 
the  weight  of  the  coins. 

The  stamlard  of  the  coins  of  foreign  countries  may  be  learned  at  a  glance,  by  inspecting 
the  Table  iif  Coins  subjoined  to  this  article. 

4.  Variations  of  f fie  Standard. — The  value  of  all  sorts  of  property  being  estimated,  and 
the  stipulations  in  almost  all  contracts  for  its  purchase,  sale,  or  hire,  being  made  in  money 
or  coins,  it  is  plain  that  no  change  can  take  place  in  the  value  of  such  money  or  coins,  with- 
out virtually  subverting  these  estimates  and  contracts,  and  enriching  the  debtor  portion  of 
society  at  the  expense  of  the  creditor  portion,  or  vice  versa.  As  the  cost  of  producing  all 
commodities  is  liable  to  vary  from  improvements  in  tho  arts,  the  exhaustion  of  the  present 
or  the  discovery  of  new  sources  of  supply,  none  can  be  selected  to  serve  as  money  or  coin, 
that  may  not  vary  in  its  real  value.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  the  precious  metals  vary 
less  than  any  material  that  could  be  suggested.  And  with  the  exception  of  the  extraordinary 
tall  in  their  value  caused  by  the  discovery  of  the  American  mines,  it  seems  to  have  been 
remarkably  constant  at  other  periods. 

But  in  addition  to  the  fluctuations  naturally  inherent  in  the  value  of  coins,  arising  from 
variations  in  the  cost  of  the  metal  of  which  they  are  made,  their  standard  has  been  repeat- 
edly changed.  Notwithstanding  that  money  or  coin,  from  its  being  universally  used  as  a 
scale  by  which  to  compute  the  value  of  all  commodities,  and  as  the  equivalent  for  which 
they  are  commonly  exchanged,  is  by  far  the  most  important  of  all  the  measures  used  in 
society ;  and  should,  consequently,  be  preserved  as  invariable  as  possible  ;  there  is  none  that 
lias  been  so  frequently  altered.  The  necessities  or  extravagance  of  government  have  forced 
them  to  borrow  ;  and  to  relieve  themselves  of  the  incumbrances  thus  contracted,  they  have 
almost  universally  had  recourse  to  the  disgraceful  expedient  of  degrading  the  coin  ;  that  is, 
of  c/ifu/mg' those  who  lent  them  money,  to  the  extent  of  the  degradation,  and  of  enabling 
every  other  debtor  in  their  dominions  to  do  the  same. 

The  ignorance  of  the  public  in  remote  ages  facilitated  this  sjiecies  of  fraud.  Had  the 
names  of  the  coins  been  changed  when  the  quantity  of  metal  contained  in  them  was  di- 
minished, there  would  have  been  no  room  for  misapprehension.  But,  although  the  weight 
of  the  coins  was  undergoing  perpetual,  and  their  purity  occasional,  reductions,  their  ancient 
denominations  were  almost  uniformly  preserved  ;  and  the  people  who  saw  the  same  names 
still  remaining  after  the  substance  was  diminished ;  who  saw  coins  of  a  certain  weight  and 
fineness  circulate  under  the  names  of  florins,  livres,  dollars,  and  pounds ;  and  who  saw  them 
continue  to  circulate  as  such,  after  both  their  weight  and  the  degree  of  their  fineness  had 
been  lessened ;  began  to  think  that  they  derived  their  value  more  from  the  stamp  affixed  to 
them  by  authority  of  government,  than  from  the  quantity  of  the  precious  metals  they  con- 
tained. This  was  long  a  very  prevalent  opinion.  But  the  rise  of  prices  which  invariably 
followed  every  reduction  of  the  standard,  and  the  derangement  that  was  thereby  occasioned 
ui  every  pecuniary  transaction,  undeceived  the  public,  and  taught  them,  and  their  rulers,  the 
expediency  of  preserving  the  standard  of  money  inviolate. 

The  standard  may  be  reduced  by  simply  raising  the  denomination  of  the  coin ;  by  order- 
ing, for  example,  that  a  half-sovereign  should  pass  for  a  sovereign,  and  the  latter  for  a  double 
sovereign,  &c.  If  injustice  be  resolved  upon,  this  is  the  least  mischievous  way  in  which  it 
can  be  perpetrated,  inasmuch  as  it  saves  all  the  trouble  and  expense  of  a  rceoinagc.  But  as 
it  renders  the  fraud  obvious  and  glaring,  it  has  rarely  been  resorted  to ;  and  most  reductions 
have  been  eflected  either  by  diminishing  the  weight  of  the  coins,  or  by  increasing  the  pro- 
portion of  alloy  in  the  metal  of  which  they  arc  made,  or  botli. 

Originally  the  coins  of  all  countries  seem  to  have  had  the  same  denomination  as  the 


i' 


,  \ 


■'"HI, 

'■"'Hxati'b;  M«| 


'1 


K«<V..<W| 

*»'^  '■'vii 


■       9 


384 


COINS. 


i   ! 


;     i 


■    t 


V 


weights  commonly  used  in  thrm ;  nnil  contniiu'd  tho  exact  quantity  of  tlio  prccioiw  mctnln 
indiciittMl  liy  llu-ir  natno.  TIiuh,  tl»o  latent  wiw  n  wcii^lit  u.m>iI  iti  tho  oiirlicHt  |»crii)il  liy  t|,p 
<irc(kH,  tlio  ;tn  or  poiidti  liy  tlio  HoiniinK,  tho  tiire  by  tho  I-'ronch,  and  tho  /imini/  hy  tho 
Kiislish  luid  .Scotcii;  uiid  iho  coins  originally  in  uho  in  (irooco,  llnly,  Franco,  and  f!ngliitii|, 
bore  tlio  tiauiis  namos,  and  woii?liod  precisely  a  talont,  a  pondo,  a  livro,  and  a  pound.  'J'h|. 
wlandard  has  not,  iiowovi  r,  l>oen  presorvod  invioiato,  cither  in  modern  or  ancient  tinirM.  || 
hari  l)cou  h'so  di'uraded  in  I'nglond  than  any  whore  ciso  ;  but  even  here  tho  (juanlity  ufnl. 
vor  in  a  pound  atoriinR  in  iims  than  a  t/iird  part  of  a  pound  woif?ht, — tlio  ijuaiitity  it  oin- 
taiiiod  in  i;tOO.  In  France,  tho  livro  current  in  1789  contained  le««  Xhun  iiiir  .ilu:ft/:sixllt 
part  of  tho  silver  implied  in  ita  name,  and  whicli  it  had  actually  contained  previoiiNly  i„ 
1  lOII.  In  iSpain,  and  sonic  other  countricH,  the  degradation  haa  been  carried  Htill  furtlu'r.* 
From  l'2'Jti  to  13,")'),  the  coins  of  England  and  Scotland  were  of  tho  name  weight  ami 
purity  ;  but  at  the  last  niontioned  epoch  the  standard  of  .Scotch  money  was,  for  the  lirst 
time,  sunk  Indow  that  of  England  ;  and  by  successive  degradations,  tho  value  of  iScouh 
money,  at  tho  union  of  the  crowns  in  KiOO,  was  only  a  Iwi'tftii  part  of  tho  value  of  ihe 
English  money  of  the  same  denomination.  It  remained  at  this  point  till  the  union  of  the 
kingdoms  cancelled  tho  separate  coinage  of  Scotland. 

The  gold  and  silver  coins  of  Ireland  have  been  for  a  considerable  period  the  same  as 
those  of  Great  Britain;  but,  until  IH'i.'),  they  were  nominally  rated  8|  per  cent,  higher. 
This  difrerence  of  valuation,  which  was  attended  with  considerable  inconve.iiences,  was 
put  an  end  to  by  tho  act  G  Geo.  4.  c.  79.,  which  assimilated  the  currency  throughout  the 
empire. 

The  Tables  annexed  to  this  article  contain  all  the  information  that  can  bo  dosirrd  by 
mercantile  men  with  respect  to  the  w(<ight,  lineness,  &c.  of  English  and  Scotch  gold  anil 
silver  coins,  from  the  earliest  jH-riods  to  the  present  moment. 

5.  Mint,  or  Goveriiiucnt  valuation  of  Gold  and  Silver  Coins, — If  both  gold  and  silver 
coins  be  made  legal  tenders,  it  is  obviously  indispensable  that  their  value  with  respect  to 
each  other  sliould  be  fixed  by  authority ;  or  that  it  should  be  declared,  that  individuals  shall 
be  entitled  to  discharge  tlio  claims  upon  them  by  payments,  cither  of  gi)ld  or  silver  coins. 
according  to  some  regulated  proportion.  The  practice  of  making  both  metals  legal  tenders 
was  long  adopted  in  England.  From  1257  till  1004,  the  value  of  gold  coins  was.reiulated 
by  proclamation ;  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  it  was  ordered  that  the  gohl  coins,  iheii  cur- 
rent, should  be  taken  as  equivalent  to  certain  specified  sums  of  silver. — {^Livcrpmil  on  ('  lim, 
p.  128.)  From  1004,  down  to  1717,  the  relotion  of  gold  to  silver  was  not  fixed  by  authority; 
and  silver  being  then  the  only  legal  tender,  the  value  of  ^old  coins  fluctuated,  according  to 
the  fluctuations  in  the  relative  worth  of  the  metals  in  the  market.  But,  in  1717,  the  ancient 
practice  was  again  reverted  to ;  and  it  was  fixed  that  the  guinea  should  be  taken  as  the 
equivalent  of  21  shillings,  and  conversely. 

But  the  value  of  each  of  the  precious  metals  is  liable  to  perpetual  changes.  And  hcnco, 
how  accurately  soever  their  proportional  value,  as  fixed  by  the  mint  regulations,  may  corro- 
spond  with  the  proportion  which  they  actually  bear  to  each  other  in  the  market  when  the 
regulation  is  made,  the  chances  are  10  to  1  that  it  will  speedily  cease  to  express  their  re- 
lation to  each  other.  But  the  moment  that  such  a  change  takes  place,  it  becomes  the  obviuiw 
interest  of  every  one  who  has  a  payment  to  make,  to  mukc  it  hi  tbo  overvalued  metal:  whieh, 
consequently,  becomes  the  sole,  or  nearly  the  sole,  currency  of  the  country.  Hence  the. 
reason  why  the  coins  of  some  countries  are  almost  wholly  of  silver,  and  others  almost 
wholly  of  gold.  It  is  estimated,  for  example,  that  when  it  was  fixed,  in  171 7,  that  tiie  guinea 
should  exchange  for  21  shillings,  gold  was  overvalued  as  compared  with  silver  to  tho  extent 
of  Ij^  per  cent. — (Liverpool  on  Coins,  p.  85.)  ;  and  as  the  real  value  of  silver  witli  resjiect 
to  gold  continued  to  increase  during  the  greater  part  of  last  century,  the  advantage  of  pav- 
ing in  gold  in  preference  to  silver  became  more  decided,  and  ultimately  led  to  tl\e  univers;il 
use  of  gold  in  all  large  payments,  and  to  the  fusion  or  exportation  of  all  silver  coins  of  full 
weight. — (Liverpool,  loeo  cit.) 

In  France,  a  dilVerent  valuation  of  the  metals  has  had  a  dilTerent  elfect.  Previously  to 
the  rccoinage  in  1785,  the  Louis  d' or  was  rated  in  the  mint  proportion  at  only  24  livres, 
when  it  was  really  worth  25  livres  10  sols.  Those,  therefore,  who  should  have  dischiirgeil 
the  obligations  they  had  contracted  by  payments  of  gold  coin  instead  of  silver,  would  piaii.'ly 
have  lost  one  livro  10  sols  on  every  sum  of  24  livres.  In  consequence,  very  few  such  pay- 
ments were  made ;  gold  was  almost  entirely  banished  from  circulation,  and  silver  became 
almost  the  only  species  of  metallic  money  used  in  France. — (Say,  Truitc  d'Ecunumie  I'oli- 
fique,  toni.  i.  p.  39.3.) 

In  1816,  however,  a  new  system  was  adopted  in  this  country;  it  being  tiicn  enacted 
(56  Geo.  3.  c.  68.),  that  gold  coins  only  sliould  be  legal  tender  in  all  payments  of  inure 


*  For  an  account  of  the  degradation  of  tho  coins  of  ttie  ancient  and  modern  Contincnifil  natinns, 
see  llie  article  Money,  in  the  Supiiluincnt  to  the  old,  or  in  tlie  new  edition  of  the  Encijclopiciiii 
Brilaunka.  t 


COINS. 


385 


than  40  nhiUlnns.  The  ])OunJ  of  wilvrr  hullion,  thnt  hud  proviously  hvcn  roinod  into  63 
,|iilliiii?>»i  wiiH  llii'ri  nlxi)  coined  into  ()(]  KJiillinifA,  thi-  iidditioniil  fmir  sliillini;"  lu'in/  rrfainrd 
,y  gowrmneni  an  n  nn'^noro^r  DC  duty  (iiinounlitiK  to  <>.',,'  (iit  cent.)  u|ion  ihf  ('oinuK«*> 
To  prevent  tlic^  nilvcr  coiim  from  Ixu-oniinK  r«'diind(int,  B(>vcrntn('nt  liiis  n-tainrd  the  powor 
til  i!iMC  tlirin  in  itxowii  liaiulH.  IJndor  these  rt'i^nlationri,  Hilvcr  hiw  criiHi'd  to  In-  a  ittiindaril 
of  value,  mid  fornix  merely  a  Bubordinntc  or  Bulmidiiiry  Hpeeies  of  curreney,  or  rhanne,  oceu- 
nyini{  the  niinie  pittee  in  reliUiun  to  ^old  that  eoppcr  oceupicd  in  relation  to  ititelf.  This  xys- 
•L'lii  hill*  heen  found  to  nimwer  exreedinnly  well. 

A  pood  deal  of  ditferenee  of  opinion  has  exinted  as  to  whether  gold  or  silver  coins  are  lie.tt 
littod  for  being  made  it  legal  tender.  It  doe*  not  Meeni  that  the  one  poHsesHes  any  very 
:rtrikinfi  advantaife  over  the  other ;  none,  eertainly,  that  would  juHtify  a  change,  after  a 
selection  had  In^en  made,  and  acted  ujion  for  any  consideralile  pi-riod. 

Down  to  lfi'2(i,  a  Htignora(je  or  duty  upon  the  coinatje  was  usually  chargitl  upon  the 
gold  and  rilver  coins  issued  by  the  mint;  and  it  may  lie  easily  shown  that  the  imposition 
of  such  a  duty,  when  it  is  not  carried  to  an  undue  heii!;ht,  is  advantageous.  A  coin  is  more 
useful  than  a  piece  of  uncoined  buHion  of  the  same  weight  and  purity  ;  the  coinage  fitting 
it  for  being  used  as  money,  while  it  docs  not  unfit  it  for  being  uned  for  any  other  purpose. 
When,  therefore,  a  duty  of  seignorage  is  laid  upon  coin  equal  to  the  expense  of  coinage,  it 
circulates  at  its  real  value  ;  but  when  this  charge  is  defrayed  by  the  public,  it  circulates  at 
less  than  its  real  value,  and  is  consj^qucntly  either  nielfe<l  down  or  exported  whenever  there 
is  any  demand  for  bullion  in  the  arts,  or  any  fall  in  the  exchange.  It  is,  indeed,  true,  that 
were  a  seignorage  to  be  laid  on  gold  coins,  it  would  be  necessai7,to  prevent  an  enhancement 
of  the  value  of  the  currency,  tliat  their  weight  should  be  proportionally  reduced  ;  and  it  is  on 
[his  account  lictter,  perhaps,  to  let  them  remain  on  the  present  footing.  Uut  when  a  seignor- 
age was  laid  on  the  silver  coins,  in  1810,  it  was  not  necessary  to  take  the  circumstance 
now  alluded  to  into  consideration;  for  as  they  were  made  subordinate  to  gold,  and  were  in- 
tendi'd  to  serve  as  change  merely,  its  imposition  had  no  tendency  to  raise  the  value  of  the 
currency,  at  the  same  time  that  it  was  calculated  etfectually  to  prevent  the  fusion  of  the 
coins,  and  to  yield  a  sinall  revenue  to  government. 

t).  CuiiKifiC  diice  ITfll).  Ainnunf  nf  Coin  in  Circulnfin». — No.  V.  of  the  subjoined 
Tables  shows  the  amount  of  the  gold  and  silver  coinage  at  the  British  mint, each  year,  from 
1790  downwards. 

It  will  lie  seen  from  this  account,  that  gold  coin  to  the  amount  of  about  47,000,000/.  has 
been  coined  at  the  mint  between  1817  and  1831,  both  inclusive.  It  is  not  ear.y  to  form  any 
very  precise  estimate  of  the  portion  of  this  immense  sum  now  in  circulation.  In  conse- 
juence  of  the  exc^mption  of  our  gold  coin  from  any  seignorage,  large  quantities  of  the  coins 
earned  abroad  during  an  unfavourable  exchange  find  their  way  to  the  foreign  mints  where 
'.hey  are  melted  and  reeoined.  We  are  not,  however,  wholly  destitute  of  the  means  of  aj)- 
{ircximatiug  to  the  quantity  of  coin  in  circulation.  The  mint  works  wholly,  or  almost 
wholly,  lor  the  Bank  of  England,  so  that,  by  comparing  the  issues  of  coin  by  the  Hank 
with  the  coin  paid  to  her,  and  allowing  for  the  export,  we  are  able  to  get  at  a  tolerably 
accurate  result  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Horsley  Palmer  for  the  following  estimate,  made 
uji  on  this  principle,  of  the  gold  coin  in  circulation  in  February,  1833.  It  may  not  l)c  quite 
accurate,  but  we  are  sure  that  it  is  as  accurate  as  it  is  possible  to  make  any  estimate  of  the 
■>on.—{Sfce  nvri  paife.) 

7.  The  Exporlatiitn  and  Imporfation  nf  Gold  find  Silver  Coins  was  formerly  prohibited ; 
tmt  in  181!)  it  was  enacted  (59  Geo.  3.  c.  49.),  that  they  might  \>c  freely  exported  and  im- 
jinrted,  without  being  liable  to  any  charge  or  duty  whatever ;  and  they  may  be  imported 
without  being  either  reported  or  entered  at  the  Custom-house.  This  regulation  has  rendered 
it  next  to  impossible  to  ascertain  the  value  of  the  hullion  imported. 

8.  Fi.o-irf.ry  of  Coin.  Issue  of  fori:;cd  or  spurious  Cuina. — The  forgery  of  coin  is  an 
ofl'eiice  that  is  practised  more  or  less  at  all  perioils.  The  most  effectual  means  of  preventing 
■  t  is  to  improve  the  fabric  of  the  genuine  coins,  to  cut  the  dies  with  great  delicacy,  and  occa- 
sionally to  vary  the  form  of  the  coins.  During  the  lengthened  period  from  17  70  down  to 
1816,  the  genuine  silver  coins  in  circulation  were  so  much  worn  and  defaced,  that  it  was 
very  difficult  to  distinguish  between  them  and  counterfeits,  which,  in  despite  of  the  severest 
penalties,  were  thrown  into  circulation  in  immense  quantities.  But  since  the  issue  of  the 
'lew  coins,  in  1816,  forgery  has  been  comparatively  rare.  There  has,  however,  been  a  con- 
siderable increase  of  forgery  during  the  last  7  years,  as  compared  with  the  previous  7. 
Sufficient  time  has  not  yet  been  afforded  for  determining  the  inlluuncc  of  tlic  law  exempting 
^e  otruncti  of  counterfeiting  from  the  punishment  of  death. 


m 


'111, 


•nm 


■—-I 


ma  *  -'* 
"tmmt'fvM 

!•■'    -hJ 

<:;3 


Continental  nations, 
f   tlic   Enojclopddia 


Vol.  L— 2  K 


49 


COINS. 


llttaMM  of  Qold  Coin  in  circulation  In  Fehrimry,  IMJ. 


I 

i 

-  ■ 

)  !         1 


,r 


^,1 


i    I 


-i 


lauol  bj  thf  Rtnk. 


Friim  Jnniiiirv,  Inai, 
I"  July,  IN'iJ,  liif 
■Ivu 


•^Ul,") 
ilii-  > 


From    AiiBiiiit,   Hat.') 

Ill    |)lT)-lllll<T,   IN'iA,  > 
IllCllllliVU    -  •    J 


From  Jnniinrv,  1*2(1, 1 
i«  A|iril,  I8*t,  In-  > 
(.luilvu       -  -J 


From   Miiy,  l>*1'*, 
ISili   of   Febniary 
1H33 


f} 


Pi'iliict  lor  cviHirt. 
lH'.M-r>     i;ti,(i(M),o(m" 

IMSS-'iil  50(1.0(111  ' 

iBiio-aa       2,()0(),()oo ' 


From  ISlh  of  Fi'hrii-7 
nrv,  isaa,  in  IMli  ofj- 
FuUriiury,  1H33.        ) 

Deduct  the  stnrk  nt 
tilt!  Iiriiix'li  liiinks, 
which  him  hccri 
tnkt'ii  ii<)  pitrt  of  the 
iHitiie  frnin  the  iiuiik 
In  I.oiiilon 

I.cnvhiL'  inclrculntinn' 
ill  till!  haiulH  of  the 
puhlic  nn   the    ISth 
of  Fchriiary,  1S3.1 


17,370,(K)O 


8,000,000 


3,370,000 


11,(100,000 


OlwrtKlom. 


3«,000,000 


8,S0O,0flO 


211,500,000 

I.NOO.OOO 

31.3110,000 

J,3(K),000 


■     30,000,000 


fTlii!  exrhnnseii  i|iirliil(  thin  period  wci  •   In  favour  of  the 
1     roiiiitry,  and  Rold  wuii  Imported. 

'The  eti  hiuiRi'it  during  the  iniijor  part  nf  thin  period  tttTfi 
Hitalnm  the  iniintry,  and  trold  wiii*  itixirted.  Of  th,.  t,,,,| 
Inxiie  of  n.tm.mU.  uhoiit  a.StMl.tMHI/  were  laitued  froin  f)r. 
tohrr  to  the  <-nil  of  llcri'inlier,  IH'j.'i,  ro  niipply  ihi>  iiiarp  nrl 
llieroiinlry  noteH  then  dUereillted.  leavliiK  ll.(KIO,(NKl/  nn  i 
the  (•Nllniaied  i-xport  of  roln,  In  addltlnn  to  the  Imr  im^i 
other  iinrolnuil  (old  Mold  by  the  Hank  diirluK  thin  |ivrliii|. 

I  Tho  exrhniiKeit  dnrlnff  thin  period  wern  in  favour  of  the  I 
(.     eDiiiiiry,  unil  gold  wan  imported.  , 

'  iHt.  The  excliaiivei  were  nsainiit  the  country  from  Novem.  i 
her,  {H'iK,  to  I'Vliruarv.  IhaO,  iliirinR  which  period  the  lii«ii,.  l 
anioiinted  to  l,5llll,0(H)/.  of  which  l,0O(r,0(NI/.  ix  eHllmiii|.,| ' 
to  have  liiM'u  applied  In  the  willidrawal  of  the  conntrv  1/  ' 
not)'*,  leaving  .5IM),0<)()<.  hi  the  amount  uf  eHtlniated  vi'iiori 
dnrinK  that  period.  '. 

2d.  From   AiiuiihI,  IH.30,  to  Fotiriiary,  IKH,  the  exchniidmi  ■ 
were  altto  iiirain.*!  the  country,  during  which  jM'riiHl  t||,, . 
iHNiie  wax  4.(NIO,IMI0<. :  l,0(M),0(MW.  of  IIiIh  muiii  wdm  ii>iiii,.,|  j„ 
Noveiiilier,  IH;i|,iipoii  the  rejc'ction  of  the  Ki-forin  llill.unii ' 
l.dOd.OINI/.   more   mav  fairly  lie  eHtinialed  ax  (he  I'lirllicr 
iiiiioiiiit  iipplled  williin  the  whole  iicriod,  from  Aii|rii*t 
l^.'d),  In  Ihu  willidrawal  of  (he  roiiiitryKmall  iiotex;  li'uvjni 
2,(1(1(1.11(10/.  ax  the  ustimatcd  amount  of  coin  u.xpuried  from  t 
IMOto  1S.12.  [ 

VTIiix  Hiini  wax  taken  out  during  the  political  dixcredlt  of' 
It     May,  1H.12,  and  h.is  nut  y«t  returned  to  the  Bunk. 


9.  /.aw  as  to  the  counterfeiting,  ^e.  of  Coin. — The  acts  as  to  this  were  consolidated  and  amended  liy 
the  2  as.  3  Will.  4.  c.  31,  of  which  the  following  ix  a  brief  abstract  :— 

Counlerfelting  the  gold  or  silver  coin  of  the  realm,  transportatk^n  for  life,  or  for  not  legs  ilmn7 
years,  or  imprisonment  for  not  exceiMllne  4  years  ;  and  every  such  oflence  shall  be  deemed  to  be  com- 
plete, although  the  counterfeiting  lie  not  finished. — i  3. 

Colouring  counterfeit  coin,  or  any  pieces  of  metal,  with  intent  to  make  them  pass  for  gold  nr  silver 
coin  ;  colouring  or  altering  genuine  coin  with  intent  to  make  it  pass  for  higher  coin  ;  transportation  for 
life,  or  for  any  term  not  less  than  7  years,  or  imprisonment  for  any  term  not  exceeding  4  years.—}  i. 
Impairing  the  cold  or  silver  coin.  With  intent  to  make  the  coin  no  impaired  pass  for  gold  or  silver 
coin  of  full  weight,  transportation  for  not  exceeding  14,  nor  less  than  7  years,  or  imprisonment  lor  nut 
exceeding  3  years. — J  5. 

Buying  or  selling.  Sec.  counterfeit  gold  or  silver  coin  for  lower  value  than  its  denominatinn,  Jinpnrl- 
ing  counterfeit  coin  from  beyond  seas,  transportation  for  life,  or  for  not  less  than  7  yeari,or  iiii|iri«(in- 
ineiit  for  not  evieeding  4  years.— J  fl. 

tittering  coiiiiierfrit  gold  or  silver  coin,  imprisbnment  for  not  exceeding  I  year ;  and  uttering,  accom- 
panied by  possession  of  other  counterfeit  coin,  or  followed  by  a  second  uilering  within  10  days,  Im- 
prisonment for  not  exceeding  2  years  ;  every  second  offence  of  uttering  after  a  previous  conviction. 
shall  be  felony,  transportation  f^)r  life,  or  for  not  less  than  7  years,  or  imprisonment  for  not  e.xceciling 
4  years.— J  7. 

Having  3  or  more  pieces  of  counterfeit  gold  or  silver  coin  in  possession,  with  intent  to  niter  the 
same,  imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  3  years  ;  second  offence,  transportation  for  life,  or  for  not  lesi' 
than  7  years,  or  imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  4  years.—}  8. 

Making,  mending,  having  possession  of,  or  selling  any  mtnild,  tic.  or  coining  tools,  or  any  press  or 
engine,  conveying  tools  or  monies  out  of  the  mint  without  authority,  felony  ;  transportation  for  life, 
or  for  not  less  than  7  years,  or  imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  4  years.— M  10,  11. 

Counterfeiting  any  current  copper  coin,  or  making,  mending,  or  having  in  his  possession  any  coin- 
ing tool,  or  hiiyiiig,  selling.  Ice.  any  counterfeit  copper  coin  for  lower  value  than  its  denoniinnijon, 
transportation  for  not  exceeding  7  years,  or  imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  2  years:  and  uiteriiii; 
any  counterfeit  copper  coin,  or  having  in  his  possession  3  or  more  pieces  of  counterfeit  copper  coi.i, 
imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  1  year. — }  12. 

(;old  or  silver  coin  tendered  to  any  person  suspecting  any  piece  to  be  counterfeit,  may  be  broken  by 
such  person ;  and  if  it  shall  appear  to  be  counterfeit,  the  person  tendering  shall  bear  the  loss;  but 
if  it  shall  be  of  due  weight,  and  appear  to  be  of  lawful  coin,  the  person  breaking  it  is  to  receive  it  at 
the  rate  it  was  coined  for,  and  any  dispute  sliall  be  tinnlly  determined  by  any  justice;  and  tlie  tellers 
of  the  Exchequer  and  the  receivers-general  of  the  revenue  ure  to  break  or  deface  every  piece  of 
counterfeit  coin  tendered  for  payment.— J  13. 

Any  person  discovering  any  counterfeit  coin,  gold,  silver,  or  copper,  or  any  coining  toed,  is  to  carry 
the  Slime  forthwith,  before  some  justice,  and  on  reasonable  cause  to  suspect  any  person  of  counter- 
feiting, or  having  such  coin,  or  any  tool,  fee,  such  justice  may  cause  any  place  under  the  control  of 
such  suspected  person  to  be  searched,  either  in  the  day  or  night,  and  if  any  such  coin  or  tool  shull  be 


COINS. 


387 


I  >  In  ftivnur  of  thi; 

iif  ttllN  prrind  were  , 
iwiflfil.  or  Ihi' tniiiii 
^iTi'  IdmIIRiI  I'riiiii  Or.  I 
»  Kii|i|)ly  llii>  (ilai'H  iifi 
ciivhiu  (l,(KMI,(HHi/  ,1, 
tliin  l<i  lht>  hiir  iimi)' 

•liirinK  IIiIr  perloil.    ; 

IB  In  favour  of  tiii>  I 

I 

iiintry  Irnm  Noviini. 
Inch  iirrliiil  Ihi!  i»m,.  i 
IHMUNI/.  In  HHiiiimii'ii' 
III  of  thn  roiiiiiry  1/  > 
,  uf  t'Htliimtnl  ox'iiori, 

|H3a,  thii  cxrlmni,,,,. 
ig  which  INTiihl  til,.  I 
iH  Minn  wiiH  Ifniii'il  III 
ihrKt'riiriii  Hill.iiiiii  I 
iiili'd  an  Ihi!  I'lirtlii'r 
I'ridil,  rroiii  AiiLMiKt, 
Hiiiull  iioti'rt ;  li'avliii; 
■  coin  cxporttid  from  [ 

[inlitlcnl  (llacredit  of' 
o  the  Bunlt, 


tnil  and  amended  by 

for  not  less  than  7 
dcunied  tu  be  com- 
mas for  (jold  nrflllver 
trniispiirtiitiiiii  I'nr 
editiK  4  yrar».— }  I. 
for  colli  or  nilvi-r 
inprliionMii'ni  lnr  nu; 

|iiominiUiiin,  iinpnrl- 
yeara.or  iiiiiirisun- 

nnii  iittcrini.',  nccnni- 
witliin  III  dayH,  iiii- 
iri'vioiis  convlclioii, 
nt  for  not  c.iceediiig 

inli>nt  to  mtfir  the 
lift!,  or  for  nut  Ics^ 

oU,  or  any  press  or 
iiisportation  for  life, 

)o>i:<(!Ssion  any  cniii- 
itA  ilenoniiiiiition, 
fi;\ir» :  and  iilterini; 
iterfeit  copper  cni.i, 

I,  may  1>"  broken  liy 
I  bi'ar  the  loss ;  but 
it  is  to  ri'ceive  it  lit 
vk;  and  llic  tellers 
face  every  piece  of 

ini?  tool,  is  to  carry 
person  of  counier- 
nder  tliu  control  of 
:oin  or  tool  simll  be 


^,,„nd,  locniMO  thn  lantn  to  hn  unlxcd  forthwllh,  and  r.irripit  heforn  n  Jiintlri',  who  |i<  to  neniro  iho 

«,inie  Vor  llie  purpoie  nf  hulng  produiud  In  cvidrnri',  iliiil  nflcrwarda  of  brlnK  di'llverud  up  tii  thii 

iiiiil^  '  '  '■ 
The  ni-ri'ii*iiy  of  (he  «vldenc«  of  any  nfflritr  of  iha  mint  In  prove  cniintRrf«lt  coin  diii|M>niu!il 

»iih-*  IT- 

The  roiirt  may  order  hw^d  labour  nr  mdltary  contlnfMient.  -i  10, 

Till' woriN  "hiiiK'>i  iiiiii  '  iniiudt!  all  coin  lawfully  mrrent  In  ilie  riilti-d  KinirdKiii ;  and  wilfully 
li'iviiiK.  in  liny  dwi'Minn-hoiui'  >ir  other  biiildinK,  bulKiMK,  Hpartiniiit,  llrlil,  or  olhcr  plai  r,  oicii  nr 
inrlixeil,  v«  lii'lhir  bi'loiiBlrig  In  or  oi'iipivcl  liy  liiiniielf  or  mil,  and  wlu'lher  fi'r  hi*  own  imc  or  ><ont'lll, 
,ir  fur  that  of  aiHilher.  hIiiiII  be  deeim-d  /laviinc  in  hix  poHHcaHion  within  IIiIn  art  -  ll'U. 

Pcr^oiii*  nrtiiiB  in  the  eo^riition  of  thi«  if'  pr<'i  I'led  in  the  unual  manner,  by  rci|iilrln|  notice  of 
irlioii,  Jt''  ■  ""•'  allowliiu  li'lidir     f  amends,  iii       '    '•^^ 

111.  Clin''""""""  .''"'■  ^'""""if  "Nrf  ('"fim)f.—\ti  till'  '^  vears  endiiiK  with  IH|m,  |).1  piTsniiH  were  ron- 
vlcleil  In  llnuland  iiii>l  ^Vnl,^  of  tiic  ii)f(.Hi>  of  coiinlerfi^iliiiK  the  niiii  of  the  ri'iiliii,  of  whum  I  wan 
Pxeriili'il      ''*  •'"'   "''■^'  irx  the  cotlVM'lif'tls  for  coiniliK  were  redliicd  to  U,  liiil  of  llicHe  ^  were 

rti'Ci>l'''i'  '"  "'"  '"*'  "'^'1"'  '"'  ■■•'I'iod,  endinK  With  l!<3*i,  the  convietioiiit  went  .'<l,  and  the  execii- 
ll(iii4  7  The  eonvletioim  fur  idnuiiig  forged  coina  in  Ih*:  flrst  uf  tlio  above  lierludi)  were  *JI,  In  tho 
mCOIhI  ". '""'  '"  ""■  "''"'>  •"*• 

TABLiiH   RELATIVE  TO  THE  COINN  OF  CREAT  IlnlTAIN    AND   Oril>'R   Col'MTRIBe. 

>n,  1.  rNfll.lsii  ("oiMs.— Arcoiitit  of  the  F.nKli.ih  Silver  and  (Jold  f'olim ;  Hhowiiie  their  Value,  tho 
Hel|fii<>r:il(e  or  I'rotit  upon  the  roinane,  and  the  Price  uf  lh>'  I'oiind  Troy  of  HIandnrd  <;iilil  anil 
Sliver,  from  the  Coniiiient  to  the  present  lime— (Thin  and  llu-  next  T'lililc,  No,  II,,  are  taken  from 
I'art  li.  o(  t'.iis(Hji  lilt  J\li/my,  lUr\ani!e.i,  and  Political  Kconomij,  by  Henry  Jaines!,) 


liilvar. 

OnM. 

1. 

a. 

3. 

4. 

9. 

0. 

7. 

8. 

Kqili'l    lo  thp 

T.n\u\  In  the 
.Mint  Prim 

t'incn^w 

Prill  nd 

Pmflt 

or 

\liiil    I'rii'p 

Finfnnt 

riiuiiit 

PniBt  nr 

A.D' 

Aiino  Itegnl. 

if  llin  Si|. 

Wolxhl  nt 

Seiicmir.i<e 

f(ir  MiriJanl 

of  llin 

Wiiuhl  i.t 

Si'ijfT.iinir" 

r<  r  Stinilanl 

viT  ill  tlie 

ntirh  Silvfr 

Mil  tho 

SllviT    llf 

O'lld  ill 

mirtl   (lol'l 

(PU  lilt. 

(l..l'l   nf  U 

Coiiu. 

C(iin«l  iulo 

Coiomj. 

11  n».  i,l«U. 

the  Cuius. 

coined  luto 

Coill.l|(t!. 

Cants  tlnr 

1 

Ilin'  'I'nty 

Troy  weii;hl. 

1 

iveiKlil. 

1 

0:.  i/M.  1 

/..  t.    .1. 

/..  1. 

</. 

L.     .    d. 

Crii.  fnt. 

/..  f.  a. 

/..    1. 

if. 

L.    1.    d. 

infifi 

Cnnniie«t 

11    3 

1     0  U 

i  iw) 

hKilwardl.     - 



1     0  0 

0  1 

0 

1    0    3i 

!  ino'i 

2M              



I     fl  3 

0  1 

2i 

!  1,144 

IH  Edward  111.  - 



I    0  3 

0   1 

3 

1    0    3J 

23  31 

13    3  4 

n   8 

4 

12  10     8 

13l',> 

23  . 



1  2  n 

0  I 

3 

1    2    H 



14    0  0 

0  11 

8 

13     3     U 

Ufll 

I     9  0 
I     5  II 

0  0 

10 
10 

1    5    \)) 
1    9    <{,\ 

15    fl  0 
15    0  0 

0     « 
0     5 

H 

14  8  4 
14     9  II 

IsUichard  II.    - 



0  0 



0 

1101 

3  Henry  IV.     - 



1     5  0 

0  0 

10 

1    9    0} 



15    0  0 

0     5 

0 

14    9  11 

;  1121 

9  Henry  V. 



1  10  0 

0  1 

0 

I  10  lU 



Irt  13  4 

0     ft 

0 

Ifl    3    11 

1  MW 

1  Henry  VI,      - 



1  10  0 

0  I 

0 

1  10  lU 



Ifl  13  4 

0     5 

10 

Ifl    1   11 

1161 

4  Edward  IV.  - 



1   17  0 

0  4 

0 

1  15    21 



20  Ifl  8 

2  10 

0 

18    0    5 

\m 

5  -  -      



1   17  fl 

0  4 

0 

1  15    2i 



22  10  0 

1     0 

Ifl 

21     1   10 

1170 

49  Henry  VI.      - 

' 

I  17  fi 

0  2 

0 

1  17  lOJ 



22  10  0 

0  13 

0 

21     0    7 

1182 

22  Edward  IV.  - 



1  17  fl 

0  I 

0 

1  18    4) 



22  10  0 

0    7 

fi 

21   15    0 

14S3 

1  Itichardlll.  - 



1  17  fl 

0  1 

H 

1  18    4} 



22  10  0 

0    7 

fl 

21   15     0 

11H3 

1  Henry  VII.   - 



I  17  fl 

0  1 

fl 

1  18    4} 



22  10  0 

0    7 

)) 

21   1.-)     0 

vm 

1  Henry  VIII.  - 



I  17  t; 

0  1 

0 

1  IH  111 



22  10  0 

1)    2 

(1 

22    0     0 

>i5a7 

1R 

__  __ 

2    0  0 

0  1 

0 

1  18  111 

2  4    0 



24    0  0 

0    2 

H 

22     0     0 

in  



2    9  0 

0  1 

S 

22  0  1 

27    0  0 
25    2  11 

n   'i 

<) 

_ 

0    3 

(') 

24  19    fl 

1543 

IMS 

10    0 

2    8  0 

0  8 

0 

3    4    4} 

2 11  <i:- 

23  0 

28  Ifl  0 
30     (1  0 

1  4 

2  10 

0 

2rt  N  0 
27  10    (1 

.ia        

6    0 

2    H  (1 

2  0 

0 

22  0 

0 

1516 

37 

4    (1 

2    8  0 

4  4 

0 

2  l.'J    fl 

20  0 

31)    0  0 

ft    0 

0 

27  10    0 

1517 

1  Edward  VI.  - 

4    0 

2    8  0 

4  4 

(1 

2  15    « 

20  0 

311     11  0 

1  111 

0 

31     7    0 

1.M1) 

3 

«    0 

3  12  0 

4  0 

0 

2  19    2i 

5!2  0 

34    0  0 

1     1 

0 

33    0    0 

1551 

5 __ 

3    0 
11    0 

3  12  0 
3    0  0 

23  31C 

22  0   \ 

23  3.1 « 

3fl    0  0 

.33    0  0 

1552 

6 

ii  i 

3    00 

0  1 

0 

2  19    .3} 

30     0  0 

0    3 

0 

22  0   (. 

23  3.; 

33    0  fl 

1  0     < 

(1 

33  17  S 
33    0    8 

155.1 

1  Mary 

11    0 

3    0  0 

i)  1 

0 

2  19    fij 

3«    0  0 

"     .1 
(»    3 

0 

1560 

2  Elizabeth      - 

11    2 

3    0  0 

0  1 

0 

2  18    0 

2:t  3.1  \ 

3fl     0  0 

'  0     5 

II 

22  0  1 

23  3;  5 

33     0  0 

0    4 

0 

S\l  16    0 

1600 

43 

__ 

3    2  0 

0  2 

0 

3    0    o' 

30  10  0 

0  10 

0 

22  0    I 

33  10  0 

,  (1  10 

n 

33    0    0 

i  16M 

2  .l.'iines  1. 

__ 

3    2fl 

0  2 

6 

2  19    fi' 

2U  0 

37     4  (1 

1   10 

0 

35  14    0 

1626 

2  Charles  I.     - 



3    20 

0  2 

0 

3    0    0 



41     (Ml      11 

5 

39  IS    7 

,tlf>66 

ISCharleall.    - 



3    2fl 

0  0 

0 

3    2    0 



44  in  0     - 

. 

44  !0    0 

II7I7 

3  fienr)!e  I. 



3    2  0 

0  0 

0 

3    2    0 



40  14  fl      - 

- 

■16  H    6 

1816 

56  George  111. 



SAO 

0  4 

0 

- 



40  14  0      - 

- 

4fl  14    0 

*  1527— Henry  VIII.]  The  Saxon  nr  Tower  ponnd  was  used  at  the  mint  up  to  this  time,  when  the 
pound  Troy  was  substituted  in  ilfl  stead.  The  Tower  pound  was  but  II  oz.  .I  dwts.  Vroy  ;  so  that, 
from  tne  Conquest  to  the  38th  of  Edward  I.,  20  shillincs  in  tale  were  e.\nrtly  a  pound  in  weliht. 

+ 1660— 18  Charles  II.]  The  seignnra^e  on  the  cninnee  was  at  this  time  Kiven  up,  and  the  cold 
bullion  brniight  to  the  mint  has  ever  since  been  coined  free  of  expense.  Aseignurageof  fiid  percent 
vaa  imposed  on  tlie  coinage  of  silver  by  56  Geo.  3.  ^ ' 


£»3 


'\r% 


•rsm 

'Mrw 

"i 

irr% 


<:3 


1*"** 

»t 


388 


COINS. 


No.  !I.  Enomsii  Toins.— Arc nnnt  of  the  Qiiiintity  of  Fine  Silver  coined  into  217*.  or  tlie  Potind  Ster- 
liiip;  the  Uirintity  of  Stanthird  Silver,  of  tl  oz.  2  dwts.  Fine  and  IH  dwts.  Alloy,  contained  in  20/ 
or  the  I'oiind  l^terling,  in  the  ditferent  Keiuns,  from  the  Time  of  Edwiird  I.  to  the  Keicn  of  William 
IV.— A  siniilur  Account  with  respect  to  Gold.— And  an  Account  of  the  proportional  Value  of  Tine 
Ciold  to  Fine  Silver,  arcnrdin).'  to  the  Number  of  Grains  coutaiiicd  in  the  Cuine.— Calcuiafeii  in 
Grain*  and  1000(*  farU  Trny  Height. 


4 


1, 


s. 


A.  D. 


lOfiC) 
1280 
131  ( 
13 1!) 
I.'i.'iti 
1101 
1121 
1101 

im.'j 

1170 
11S2 
l.')0!) 
1.^27 
l.'ilS 
1515 
l.'J40 
1517 
1519 
*1551 

KW2 
1553 
1360 
1600 
IfiOl 
1620 
1666 
1717 
flSlO 


Anno  Regni. 


Conquest  -     - 

8  Edward  I. 
18  Edward  III. 

23 

30 

3  Henry  IV. 

9  Henry  V.  - 
1  Edward  IV. 
5 

to  Henry  VI. 
22  Edward  IV. 

1  Henry  VIII. 

18 

31 

30 

37 

1  Edward  VI. 

3 

5 


i  Mary     - 
2  Elizabeth 

43 

2  James  I. 


2  Charles  I.  - 
18  Charles  11. 

3  George  I. 
1)6  Georsjc  III. 


Silver. 


Number  of  Grains 
of  FineSilvpr  in 
20  .Stiilljngii,  or 
the  PounJ  .ster- 
ling;, as  coined  by 
the  Mint  Inden- 
turea. 


Grains. 
4,'.«t5000 

4,yy50(K) 

4,933  333 
4,440000 
3,()!)6000 
3,906000 
3,3.30(100 
2,664000 
2,601000 
2,604-000 
2,064  000 
2,()64000 
2,368000 
2,000  000 
1,200000 
SOOOOO 
800000 
800000 
400000 
1,760000 
1,768000 
1,760000 
1,776000 
1,718-709 
1,718-709 
1,718-709 
1,718-709 
1,718-709 
1,614545 


2. 
Number  nf  Grains 
of  Slanditrxl  Sil- 
ver, II  oz.  2d\vlj. 
Fine  in  20  Shil- 
lings, or  the 
Pound  Slerliiir, 
a.s  coined  by  tne 
Mint  Indentures, 


f;rai;i.T. 

5,400-000 
5,400-000 
5,.333-333 
4,800-000 
4,320000 
4,320-000 
3,600000 
2,880-000 
2,880-000 
2,880-000 
2,880-000 
2,880000 
2,560-000 
2,162-162 
l,297-2()7 
864-8(54 
864-864 
864-864 

1,902-702 
1,911-351 
1,902  702 
1,920000 
1,858-064 
1,868-064 
1,858-004 
1,858-064 
l,858-0fi4 
1,745-454 


Gold. 


Number  nf  Gr^iins 
of  Fine  Gokl  in 
20  Shillings,  or 
the  Pound  Ster- 
ling, .-IS  coined  by 
the  Mint  Indeu- 
lures. 


Graim. 


Number  of  Grains 
of  Standard  Gold, 
22  Cams  fine,  iu 
20  Shiltini^s,  or 
the  Pound  .Ster- 
ling, as  coinfcil  by 
the  Mint  Inden- 
tures. 


Orains. 


407-990 

445-080 

383-705 

418-588 

.358  125 

390-682 

358-125 

390t)82 

322-312 

351-013 

257-8.50 

J81-291 

238-750 

200-454 

238-750 

260-454 

238-750 

260-454 

238-7.50 

9'i0-4,54 

210-149 

229253 

191  666 

2()9-090 

176-000 

192-000 

160-f)00 

174-545 

160-000 

174-545 

155-294 

109412 

16O00O 

174-545 

160000 

174  545 

159166 

173636 

160000 

174-545 

157-612 

171-940 

141-935 

154-838 

128-780 

140-487 

118-051 

129-438 

113-001  , 

123  274 

113001 

123-274 

Proportionate 
Vi>hie  nf  fine 
Gold  to  Fine 
SHver,  according 
to  the  Huanliiy  of 
each  .Metii  con- 
tained iu  the 


GoU  to  SUta. 


10  12-091   I 

—  11-571   I 

—  11158  I 

—  11-1.58 

—  10-331   I 

—  10-3;J1 

—  11-15S  I 

—  HISS  j 
-11-158 

—  11-158 

—  11-2B!J 

—  l()-434  ' 

—  6-818  I 

—  5-0fl(r  ' 

—  5-000 

—  5-151  I 

—  11-000  i 

—  11-050  t 

—  11-057 

—  11-100  ' 

—  Ifl-iKM  ' 

—  12-i09  I 

—  13.346  I 
•14-485  I 
•  15-209  1 
■14-287  I 


II  I 


Mo.  HI.  Scotch  Coins.- Account  of  the  Number  of  Pounds,  Shillings,  and  Pennies  Scotch,  which 
have  been  coined  out  of  One  Pound  Weight  of  Silver,  at  different  Times ;  with  the  Degree  of  Ptirily 
of  such  Silver,  or  its  Fineness,  from  the  year  1107  to  the  year  1601.— (From  Cardonnel'a  JVimismata 
HcotiiP,  p.  24.) 

4- 


A.  I). 


Anno  Regni. 


From 

nor 

to 


I 

I  Alexander  I. 
Daviil  I. 
William 
Alexander  II. 
Alexander  III. 
John  Ballot 


Robert  1. 


Robert  II. 

Robert  III. 
James  I. 


38 
39 


Purity. 

Oz.  pio. 

11  2 

11  2 

11  2 
11  2 

11  2 

11  2 
11  2 

Alloy. 


Oz.pw. 


0  18 


0  18 

0  18 

0  18 

0  18 

0  18 

0  18 


Value  of  the 

Money  coin-  | 

ed  ou'  0 

a 

A.  D. 

Lb.  Weight 

of  Silver. 

£  ». 

d. 

1451 

1456 

1    0 

0 

1475 
1484 

1488 
1489 
1529 

I    I 

0 

1544 
1556 
1565 

1    5 

0 

1567 

I    9 

4 

1571 
1576 

1    9 

4 

1579 
1581 
1597 

1  12 

0 

1601 

1  17 

0 

Anno  Regni. 


James  II. 
James  III. 

Jjames  IV, 

James  V. 
Mary 


James  VI. 


15 
20 
16 
24 

sn 

i2« 

16 

3 

14 

23 

1 

5 

10 

13 

15 

31 

35 


Pnrily. 


Ox.pw. 
11  2 
11  2 
11  2 
11  2 

11  2 

11  0 
11  0 
11  0 
11  0 
11  0 
9  0 
80 
11  0 
11  0 
II  0 
11  0 


Val«c  of  the  i 

Money  coin-  1 

Alloy. 

ed  out  of  a   j 

Lb.  Wei?ht 

of  Silver. 

Oz.  pw. 

£  s.  d.i 

0  18 

3    4    0  i 

0  18 

4  16    0  1 

0  18 

7    4    0 

0  18 

7    0   0 

0  18 

7  0  0; 

1    0 

9  12   0  i 

1    0 

9  12    0 

I     0 

13    0    0 

1    0 

18    0    0 

1    0 

18    0    0 

3    0 

16  14    0 

4    0 

16  14    0 

1    0 

22    0    0 

1    0 

24    0    0 

I    0 

30    0   0 

1    0 

36    0   0 

J 


i  w 


*  1,551—5  Edward  VI.]  The  coinage  of  debased  silver  money  in  the  5th  vear  nf  Edward  VI.  of  3 
oz.  fine,  ought  more  properly  to  be  considered  as  Tokens.  Tlie  sum  of  120,006/.  only  was  so  coined,-- 
(See  Jamr.i'g  KssayK,  chap,  iv.) 

+  1816— .56  George  III. 1  The  government  having  taken  the  coinage  of  silver  into  its  own  hands, 
there  is  at  present  no  fixed  price  paid  to  the  public,  by  the  mint,  for  standard  silver.  And  stipiinsin!! 
the  government  to  mntintie  the  present  mint  rceulations,  and  to  keep  cold  at  77.';.  10,'f/,  an  onitoe,  as 
Ihe  price  of  silver  varies,  tlie  relativu  value  of  gold  to  silver  will  vary  in  like  proportion. 


COINS. 


389 


'.  or  tlie  Pound  Ster- 
oy,  conlaiiK.'d  in  Mi* 
lie  Rcipn  of  William 
ticiniil  Valiin  of  Fine 
^oins. —  Calculated  in 


"' 

5. 

Graini 

Prnporiinnite 

J  Gold, 

Value  f.f  fine 

fine,  ill 

Gold  to  Fine 

^n,  or 

SHver,  accnrdinc 

SttT- 

tn  the  t^uiiitity  of 

tifcii  by 

e»cli  Mem  con- 

Dden* 

llined  is  the 

IS. 

GoW(oSawr. 

80 

I  10  12091 

m 

1-11'571 

82 

1  —  11159 

82 

1  —  11158 

13 

1  — lOSSl   1 

«J1 

1  —  io-3;ii 

54 

1  — 1115S 

54 

1  — HISS  1 

54 

1-1M58 

54 

1  — 11-159 

53 

1  —  11-268 

no 

1  — 10-434 

no 

1—   6-818 

45 

1—   5-Oflft 

45 

1—   5-000 

12 

1  —   5-151 

45 

1  —  11000 

45 

1  —  11-050 

36 

1  —  11057 

>45 

1  — 11-ino 

HO 

1  —  10-004 

<38 

1  — 12-109 

87 

1  —  13-346 

38 

1  — 14-485 

E* 

1  — 15-209 

rr4 

1  — 14-287 

nnies  Scotch,  whii;h 
the  Degree  (if  Purity 
nlonnei'a  M'amismata 


Valie  of  Ihe  i 

Money  cnin* ' 

■f.     AWoj. 

ed  nut  of  a   | 

Lb.  Wei?ht 

of  Silver. 

V.    Oz.  pw. 

£  s.  d. 

t     0  18 

3    4    0 

I     0  18 

4  16  n 

!      0  18 

7    4    0 

8      0  18 

7    0    0 

!      0  18 

7    0   0 

)      1    0 

9  12   0 

)      1    0 

9  12    0 

1110 

13    0    0 

)  ,   1    0 

18    0    0 

)  !  1   0 

18    0    0 

)      3    0 

16  14    0 

)      4    0  1  16  14    0 

)      1    0  1  22    0    0 

)      1    0  1  24    0    0 

)     1    0 

30    0   0 

)     1    0 

1 

36    0   0 

of  Edward  Vl.  of  3 
Illy  was  so  coined. - 

nto  its  own  hands, 
(•r.    And  siipposins 
10J(/.  an  ounce,  as 
purtiun. 


)jo,lV.  Scotch  Coins,— Accotint  of  the  Number  of  Pounds,  HhillinRs,  and  Pennies  Scotch,  which 
have  been  coined  out  of  One  Pound  Weight  of  (idld;  wilh  the  degree  of  their  Purity,  and  the  Pro- 
portion that  the  Gold  bore  to  the  SiWet.—  iCardonnel,  p.  25.) 


A.D. 


13Tl,&c. 

1390,  &c. 

1434 

1451 

1456 

1475 

14S4 

1488 

1529 

1550 

151)7 

1579 

15(17 

IliOl 

1633 


Anno  RefnL 


FineDMS. 


Robert  11. 
Robert  II. 
James  I. 
James  II. 

Jntnes  III. 

James  IV. 
James  V. 
Mary 
James  VI. 


Charles  I. 


19 
IS 
20 
16 
24 

1 

16 
14 
10 
13 
31 
35 

0 


Oz.    pw,  gr, 

U  18  18 

18  18 

18  18 

18  18 

18  18 

18  18 

18  18 

18  18 

18  18 

0 

0 


11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
II 
11 
11 
11 
11 


10  10 

11  0 


11 
11 


Alloy. 


Vjlue  of  Ihe  Coin]    Pound  of  Pure  Gold 
coined  out  of  One        weixhefl  of  Pur« 
Pound  of  Gold.  ."^ilvi 


Oz.  pw.  gr, 
0  1  0 
0 


1  0 
1  6 
1  6 
1  6 
1  6 
1  6 
1  6 
1  6 
0  0 
0  0 
10  0 
0  0 
U  0 
0    0 


17    13    0 
19      4    0 


22    10    0 
33 

50 

78 


0    0 
0    0 


78    15 
78    15 


IS    0 
0 


108 
144 
240 
240 
360 
432 
492 


0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 


iff.  oz. 

11  1 
II  1 
11   1 

9    8 
9    8 


pw.    ifr. 
17     22 


17 

17 

4 

4 


10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
11 


12    0 

12  0 

13  2 


22 

•a 

14 
14 
0  20 
7  9 
7  9 
9 
C 
0 
20 
0 
0 
11 


Xn.  v.— Account  of  the  value  of  the  Gold  and  Silver  Coins,  specifyinij  each,  coined  at  the  Mint,  each 
Year  since  1790.— (Pori.  Paper,  No.  138.  Sess.  1833;  and  papers  published  by  the  Board  of  Trade.) 


Yean 

Gold  coined. 

Silver  coined. 

Van. 

Gold  coined. 

Silver  coined. 

£       s. 

d. 

£      8. 

d. 

£       e.  d. 

£           .V.  d. 

1790 

2,660,521  10 

0 

Nil. 

1812 

Nd. 

.52  14    0 

1791 

2,456,566  17 

« 

Nil. 

1813 

519,722    3    6 

89  18    0 

1792 

1,171,863    0 

U 

251    17 

0 

1314 

Nil. 

101    4    0 

1793 

2,747,430    0 

0 

Nil. 

1815 

Nil. 

Nil. 

1794 

9,558,894  13 

6 

Nil. 

1816 

Nil. 

1,805,251  16   0 

1795 

493,416    0 

U 

393    11 

U 

1817 

4,275,337  10   0 

2,436,207  12   0 

1796 

464,680    3 

0 

Nil. 

1818 

2,862,373  10    0 

576,279    0    0 

1797 

2,000,297    5 

0 

Nd. 

1819 

3,574  10    8 

l,2(i7,272  12   0 

1798 

2,967,504  15 

U 

Nil. 

1820 

949,516    0  10 

817.717    4   0 

1799 

449,961  15 

u 

Nd. 

1821 

9,520,758  13  10 

433,686    0   0 

1800 

189,937    3 

6 

Nd. 

1822 

5,356,787  12    6 

31,4,30    7    1 

1801 

450,243    3 

0 

53     7 

1 

1823 

V   759,748  10    0 

285,271  16   0 

1802 

437,018  18 

« 

62     0 

U 

1824 

L  4,065,075    0    0 

282,070  16    0 

1803 

596,444  12 

« 

72     6 

8 

1825 

4,580,919    0    0 

417,535  16   0 

1804 

718,396  17 

0 

77    10 

0 

1826 

5,896,461    7    fi 

608,605  16    0 

1805 

54,668    5 

0 

182    18 

U 

1827 

2,512,6,36  17    6 

33,019  10   0 

1806 

405,105  15 

0 

Nd. 

1828 

1,008,559    2   6 

16,288    3    0 

1807 

Nil. 

108    10 

0 

1829 

2,446,754  12   6 

108,259  16    0 

1808 

371.744    2 

0 

NH. 

1830 

2,387,881    2   6 

151  16    0 

1809 

298,916  11 

U 

114    14 

0 

1831 

587,949  14    5 

33,6'.;;'.    5   8 

I'lO 
1811 

316,935  13 
312,263    3 

6 

120    18 
NU. 

0 

Total 

£69,856,894    8    9 

9,183,259    6   9 

Nn  VI.    Gold  Coins  of  different  Countries.— A  Table  containing  the  Assays,  Weights,  and 
Vi.liies  of  the  principal  Gold  Coins  of  all  Countries,  computed  according  to  the  Mint  Price  of  Gold 
ill  England,  and  from  Assays  made  both  at  London  and  Paris,  which  have  been  found  to  verify  each 
other.* 
♦♦♦The  publishers  of  this  work  have  purchased  the  right  to  publish  this  Table  from  Dr.  Kelly,  in 

llie  second  edition  of  whose  Cambist  it  originally  appeariul. 


COINS. 

Asny. 

Weight. 

standard 
Weight. 

Conteri'3 
in  Pure 
Gold. 

Vilue  in 
Sterling. 

Car.  fr. 

Dwl.gr, 

l}wt.gr,7ni. 

Graint. 

J.   <y. 

Al-STHUN 

■)  Soiiverain       .            .          -            - 

W.O     Oi 

3  14 

3  13  15 

78-6 

13  10  92 

Dominions  S  Double  ducat              ... 

B.    1    2J 

4  12 

4  20    5 

106-4 

18    9  97  1 

Diiciit  Kreinnitz,  or  Hungarian 

H.    1    3 

2    5J 

2  10    3 

53-3 

9    5-9! 

Bavaria. 

-  Carolin             .            -           -            - 

VV.  3    2 

6    5i 

5    5  10 

115- 

20    4-23 

M.i.\  d'or,  or  Maximdian      - 

W.  3    2i 

4    4 

3  14    0 

77' 

13    7-44 

Ducat             .            .          .            - 

B.    I    2A 

2    5i 

2  19  11 

52-8 

9    4-12 

Bern     - 

-  Diirat  (double,  &c.  in  proportion)  - 

B.  1    n 

1  23 

2    2    1 

45-9 

8    1-48 

Pistole            -            .          -            - 

W.O    n 

4  21 

4  19    0 

105-5 

IS    7-86 

Brunswick 

-  Pistole  (double  in  proportion) 

W.O    li 

4  21^ 

4  19    5 

105.7 

18    8-48 

Ducat             .... 

B.    1    OJ 

2    6 

2    8    9 

518 

9    2- 

j  Cologne 

-  Ducat             .            .          .            - 

B.    1    2 

2    6} 

2    9    8 

52-6 

9    3-70 

Uex.'«ark 

-  Ducat  current 

W.O    3J 

2    0 

1  21  19 

42-2 

7    5-62 

DiiciU  specie               ... 

B.    1     2 

2    5} 

2    9    8 

52-6 

9    .'i-70 

i 

Christian  d'or            ... 

W.O    1 

4    7 

4    5  16 

933 

IB    6-14 

♦The  London  assays  in  this  Table  were  made  by  Rnhert  Bingley,  Esq.  F.  R.  S.  the  King's  Assay 
Master  of  the  .Mint,  and  those  at  Paris  by  Pierre  Fr.'di'ric  Bonneville,  Essayeur  du  Commerce,  as 
published  in  liis  elaborate  work  on  the  coins  of  all  nations. 

Specimens  of  all  the  foreign  coins  brnnclit  to  London  for  commercial  purposes  have  been  supplied 
f"r  this  T-iMe  from  the  Bullion-office,  Bank  of  Rngliind,  by  order  of  the  Bank  DiiecKirs,  tind  have 
lipen  selected  by  John  Humble,  Esq.,  the  chief  clerk  of  lliat  oflice,  who  also  exainiiied  the  Tables  in 
their  progress.  It  may  likewise  be  added,  that  the  Mint  Reports  of  these  commercial  coins  are  chiefly 
from  average  assays  J  and  that  all  the  computations  have  been  carerully  vcrilicd  by  different  calcu- 
laiors.-(Note  by  Dr.  Kelly,  to  second  edition  of  the  Cambist,  published  in  1821.) 
2e2 


300 


COINS. 


1. 


I  r 

I,.  '! 


It 


■      I 
I 


"      I 


'  i  ,t 


St.indard 

Contenti) 

V 

1         ■           - 

' 

COINS. 

A.»y. 

Weight. 

Weishl. 

in  pure 
Cold. 

Slerlirn. 

1 

Car.  gr. 

i>U)(.  (fr. 

DwtKr.mi, 

O'raifM. 

«.    i(. 

England 

-  Guinea           .           -          -           - 

Stand. 

5     !)i 

5    »  10 

118-7 

21    0- 

■ 

Hnlf-guinea  .           .           -           - 

Stand. 

2  16J 

2  16  15 

593 

10    6- 

■ 

»T 

Seven  sliilling  piece 

Stand. 

1   19 

1  19    0 

39-6 

7    0- 

■ 

SovereiKii      .           -           -           - 

Stand. 

5    3i 

5    3    5 

1131 

80    0 

■ 

France 

-  Double  Louis  (coined  before  1786)  - 

W.O    2 

10  11 

10    5    6 

224-9 

39    9-64 

■ 

»Vi 

Louis              .... 

W.  0    2 

5    5i 

5    2    2 

112  4 

10  10-71 

■ 

8w 

Double  Louis  (coined  since  1786)    - 

W.O    li 

9  20 

9  15  19 

2126 

37    7-53 

■ 

Louis              .           .           .           - 

W.O    li 

4  22 

4  19  19 

1063 

18    9-75 

■ 

Tr 

Double   Napoleon,   or   piece   of  40 

1        ■ 

Td 

francs         .... 

W.O    IJ 

8    7 

8    3    0 

179- 

31    8-36         ■ 

Napoleon,  or  piece  of  20  francs 

W.O    U 

4    3i 

4    1  10 

89-7 

15    10-5         ■ 

New  Louis  (double,  &c.)  the  same  as 

■ 

the  Napoleon. 

■ 

Franckfort  ON  THE  Maine  Ducat - 

B.    1    2i 

2    5J 

2    9  14 

520' 

0    4-34 

■ 

Geneva 

-  Pistole,  old     - 

W.O    2 

4    7i 

4    4  18 

92-5 

Ifi    4-45 

B 

Tu 

Pistole  new   -           -           .           - 

W.O    Oi 

3  LIJ 

3  15    4 

80- 

14    1-9 

'    ■ 

Genoa   - 

-  Sequin            .            -           .            - 

I).    1     3^ 

2    '.,i 

2  10    6 

63-4 

9    5-41 

■ 

Un 

Hamburgh 

-  Ducat  (double  in  proportion) 

B.    1    2i 

2    5? 

2    9  14 

.52-9 

9  \-y^       V 

Vei 

Hanuver 

-  George  d'or    .           -           .           - 

W.O    u 

4    6i 

4    5    3 

92-6 

16    iM\        B 

Ducat             .... 

B.    1     3i 

2    5i 

2  10    3 

533 

9    5-10'        H 

VVl 

Gold  florin  (double  in  proportion)  - 

W.  3    Oi 

2    2 

1  18    0 

.39- 

6  I0'^3          ^B' 

Holland 

-  Double  ryder             ... 

Stand. 

12  21 

12  21    0 

83-2 

■50    I'll).        ■ 

Ryder 

Stand. 

6    9 

6    9    0 

140-2 

Ducat             .... 

B.    1    2i 

2    5i 

2    9  12 

52-8 

H 

Malta  - 

-  Double  Louis             ... 

W.  1     3i 

10  16 

9  18  18 

215-3 

38  \-a'      H 

EA! 

Louis  ..... 

W.  1    3 

5    8 

4  21  16 

106- 

19    1-37'        ■ 

Demi  Louis    .... 

W.  1     21 

2  16 

2  11    3 

51-5 

9    7-73;        ■ 

Milan   • 

-  Sequin            .... 

B.    1     3 

2    5J 

2  10    0 

53-2 

9    4'!iv        H 

Doppia  or  pistole       ... 

W.O    1 

4    li 

4    0    8 

88-4 

15    7-74         B 

40  Lire  piece  of  1808 

W.O    IJ 

8    8 

8    4    0 

179-7 

31  »'(;4       H 

Naples 

-  Six  ducat  piece  of  1783 

W.O    2i 

5  16 

5  12  18 

121  9 

21  ri>ti      H 

Two  ducat  piece,  or  sequin,  of  1762 

W.  1    2^ 

1  20i 

1  16    6 

37-4 

6   7'4>2        ■ 

Three  ducat  piece,  oroncetta,  of  1818 

B.    1     3i 

2  lOi 

2  15    1 

58-1 

10  :!'4o       ■: 

Netherlands  Gold  lion,  or  14  flnrin  piuce 

Stand. 

5    7} 

5    7  16 

117  1 

so    H'llj'        H 

Ten  florin  piece  (1820) 

W.O    u 

4    7j 

4    5  15 

93-2 

16    5'i|3         ^^ 

Parma  - 

-  Quadruple  pistole  (double  in  propor- 

i 

^H'            No:  \ 

tion)            ... 

W.  1    0 

18    9 

17  12  18 

386- 

68    3-7s: 

H       v»> 

Pistole  or  doppia  of  1787 

W.O    3 

4  14 

4  10    4 

97-4 

17    2«5^ 

^m-          mai 

Ditto  of  1796  -            .           -            . 

W.  1    Oi 

4  14 

4    8  14 

95-9 

l«  li6;i 

^H 

Maria  Theresa  (1818) 

W.O    1* 

4    3i 

4    1  10 

89-7 

15  10-5  1 

^B 

Piedmont 

-  Pistole  coined  since  1785  (i,  &c.  in 

1 

^B 

proportion)             ... 

W.O    U 

5  20 

5  17    0 

125-6 

22   275: 

^B 

Sequin  (J  in  proportion) 

B.    1    2i 

2    51 

2    9  12 

52-9 

9   4  34, 

^H 

Carlino,  coined  since  1785  (J,  &c.  in 

1 

^^E 

proportion)             ... 

W.O    li 

29    6 

28  20    0 

634-4 

112   3-,1Si 

^B 

Aus 

Piece  of  20  francs,  called  Marengo 

W.  2    0 

4    3i 

3  18    4 

827 

14    7-63; 

^B 

Poland 

-  Ducat              .... 

B.    1    2i 

2    5i 

2    9  12 

52-9 

9    4  34 

^B 

Portuoa  I, 

-  Dobraon  of  24,000  rees 

Stand. 

34  12 

34  12    0 

759- 

\U   iW 

^B 

Dobra  of  12,800  rees 

Stand. 

18     6 

18    6    0 

401-5 

71    (l-70i 

^B 

Moidore  or  Lisbonnine  (\  &c.  in  pro- 

^H 

portion)      .           -           .           . 

Stand. 

6  22 

6  22    0 

152-2 

26  11-24 

^B 

Bad 

Piece  of  16  testoons,  or  1,600  rees  - 

W.O    0} 

2    6 

2    5  14 

49-3 

8    8-70 1 

^B. 

Bav 

Old  crusado  of  400  rees 

W.O    0.J 

0  15 

0  14  18 

13-6 

8    4><j 

^K 

New  crusado  of  480  rees 

W.O    ot 

0  16i 

0  16    2 

14-8 

2    7-4J 

^K- 

Bed 

Milree  (coined  for  the  African  colo- 

^B 

Dre: 
Bri- 

nies  175.*))    -           .           -            . 

Stand. 

0  19} 

0  19  15 

181 

3    2-44 

^B. 

Prussia 

-  Ducat  of  1748             ... 

B.    1    2i 

2    5i 

2    9  14 

52-9 

9    4041 

^B 

Ducat  of  1787             ... 

B.    1    2 

2    5J 

2    9    6 

52-6 

9   3  71; 

^H 

Frederick  (double)  of  1769  - 

W.O    1} 

8  14 

8    9  18 

185- 

32    R-oftj 

^B 

Frederick  (single)  of  1778    - 

W.O    li 

4    7 

4    5    4 

(»2-8 

16    S-*! 

^B' 

Frederick  (double)  of  1800  - 

W.O    2 

8  14 

8    9    6 

184-5 

ii   7M. 

^B 

Frederick  (single)  of  1800    - 

W.  0    2 

4    7 

4    4  13 

92-2 

If)    3'4'}! 

^B 

Den 

Rome    - 

-  Sequin  (coined  since  1760)  - 

B.    1     3i 

2    4i 

2    9    0 

52-2 

9   2-C61 

^E 

Scudo  of  the  Republic 

W  0    IJ 

17    Oi 

16  16    6 

367- 

B4  1143; 

^B 

Russia 

-  Ducat  of  1796             ... 

B.    1    2i 

2    6 

2  10    0 

53-2 

9    4'!I8.       H' 

Durat  of  1763             ... 

a.   1    2 

2    5i 

2    9    8 

52  6 

9    371  i 

Gold  ruble  of  1756     - 

Stand. 

1    fti 

1     0  10 

22-5 

3  117^ 

Ditto  of  1799 

W.O    Oi 

0  IHJ 

0  18  14 

17  1 

3    U-31 

Gold  poltin  of  1777    -           .           . 

Stand. 

0    9 

0    9    0 

8-2 

1    5-4i[ 

Imperial  of  1801          ... 

B.    1    2i 

7  17i 

8    6    8 

181  •« 

32    2-31' 

Enoi 

Half  lMip«-rial  of  1801 

B.    1    2i 

3  2(li 

4    3    4 

9(»-y 

16    l-0,i 

Ditto  of  1818 

B.    0    Oi 

4    3i 

4    3  12 

91  ;t 

It)    llts 

Sardinia 

-  C.irlino  (i  in  proportion)     - 

W.O    2} 

10    7i 

9  23  16 

219-8 

30    MO' 

Saxon V 

-  Ducat  of  1784             ... 

B.    1    2 

2    5* 

2    9    8 

526 

«    3-71 

Ducat  of  1797 

B.    1     2i 

2    5J 

2    9  14 

529 

9    4-34 

Augustus  of  1754       ... 

W.O    2| 

4    6,1 

4    3    8 

91-2 

IB    1* 

Augustus  of  1784        ... 

W.O    li 

4    6i 

4    4  12 

92-2 

16    3  CI 

Sicily* 

-  Ounce  of  1751 

W,  1     2i 

2  201 

2  15    8 

.58-2 

10    360' 

Frai 

Double  ounce  of  1758 

W.  1    2 

5  17 

5    7  14 

117- 

20    li-49i 

Spain    - 

-  Doubloon  of  1772  (double  and  single 

1 

in  proportion)         ... 

W.O    2i 

17    8i 

61  21  16 

372- 

65  10  05i 

Quadruple  pistole  of  1801    - 

W.  1    1 

17    9 

16    9    6 

300-5 

63    9'IJ!! 
1 

1 

»  Much  variation  ia  found  in  the  fineneb.  .-<'the  Sicilian  gold  coins ■ 

1 

♦1 

COINS. 


891 


Contents 

Value  ill 

Gold. 

Sltfiliii;. 

Oraiiu. 

1.    rf. 

118-7 

21    0- 

59-3 

10    6- 

39-6 

7    0- 

1131 

20    0- 

294-9 

39    O-tM 

1124 

10  1071 

2126 
106-3 

179- 
89-7 


14 

18 

4 

6 

14 

3 

3 

6 

0 

0 

12 

18 

16 

3 

0 

8 

0 

18 

6 

1 

16 
15 

18 
4 
14 
10 

0 
12 

0 
4 
12 
0 
0 

0 
14 

18 
2 


15 
14 

6 

18 

4 

6 

13 

0 

6 

0 

8 

10 

14 

U 

8 

4 

12 

16 

8 

14 

8 

12 

8 

14 

16 
I    6 


52-9 

92-5 

80- 

53-4 

52-9 

92-6 

533 

39- 

83-2 

140-2 

52-8 

215-3 

108- 

54-5 

53-2 

884 

179-7 

121  9 

37-4 

58-1 

117  1 

932 


37  7-S3' 

18  9-75; 

31  8-36 

15  10-5 1 


9  4-34' 

16  4-45; 

14  1-9 ; 

9  5-41 

9  4-,15 

16  4«i: 

9  5-Ki 

6  10•^3 

fltl  l-lti 


21 

» 

38 

19 

9 

9 

15 

31 

21 

6 

in 


9-75 
4-13 

la 

1-S7 
7-75  i 
4-Pf! 
7-74 
9-()) 
f)■^S 
74-2 
340 


97-4 
95-9 
89-7 

125-6 
52-9 

634-4 

82-7 

52-9 
759- 
491-5 

152-2 
49-3 
136 
M-8 

181 

52-9 
52-6 
185- 
i«-8 
184-5 
92-2 
52-2 
367- 
53-2 
52  6 
22-5 
17  1 
8-2 
181  9 
909 
91  3 
219-8 
526 
52-9 
91-2 
92-2 
58-2 
117- 

372- 
300-5 


20    eon 

16  5-ffl 

I 

68  3-:v 

17  2<5 
16  llti7' 
15  10-5  I 

22   275 : 
9   4  34, 

112  3-3s; 
14  7-63; 
9    4  34 

134  3-m- 

71    0-70 , 


26  11-24! 

8 

870  i 

2 

4>'*l 

2 

7-43  i 

3 

2-441 

9 

404  i 

9 

371 ; 

32 

S'iHli 

16 

5-Ot)  i 

32 

7-m: 

16 

3«l 

'J 

2-.-6I 

64  1143; 

9 

4(*<. 

9 

37l! 

3  117- 

3 

1 
32 
16 
16 
30 

9 

i) 
16 
16 
10 
20 


5-4!; 

•2-31 

1-U.V 

1-* 

hW 

371 

4-34 

rw 

3M 
3-W' 

8-46  i 


65  10  05. 
63    902 


COINS. 


Spain    - 


Treves 

TURKEV 


Tuscany 


Pistoln  of  1801 

Coroiiilla,  gold  dollar,  or  vintem  of 
ISOi  ,  .  .  . 

Sweden        -  Ducat  -  .  .  - 

SWITZERLAND  Pistole  of  the  Helvetic  Republic  of 
1800  .... 

-  Ducat  .... 

-  Sequin  fonducli  of  Constantinople 
of  1773       .... 

Sequin  fbnducli  of  1789 
Half  missier  (1818) 
Sequin  fonducli         ... 
Yermeebeshiek         ... 
•  Zecchino  or  sequin   ... 
Uuspone  of  the  Kingdom  of  Etruria 
United  States  ♦  Eagle  (iand  i  in  proportion)    - 
Venice         -  Zecchino  or  sequin  (^  and  i  in  pro- 
portion)     .... 
Wibtemdero   Carolin  .... 

Ducat  .... 

Ducat  (double  and  I  ducat  in  propor- 
tion) ... 

EAST  INDIES. 

Mohur  of  1770 

Mohiir,  Half  (1787),  i  in  proportion 
Mohur  Sicca  of  IScngitl 
Mohur  of  the  Dutch  East  India  7 
Company.  (1783)  / 

Mohur,  Hnlf  Ditto  (1801)     - 
Rupee,  Bombay  (1818) 
Rupee  of  Madras  (1818) 
Pagoda,  star  -  .  . 


Aiiajr. 


far.  gr. 
W.  1     1 

W.  1    2i 
B.    1    2 

w.  0  u 

B.    1    2 


W.  2 
W.  2 
W. 

w. 

B. 
B. 
B. 


W.  0 


B.    1  3f 

W.  3  2 

B.    1  2 

B.    1  2 


W.  3 


W.  3 
B.    0 

Stand. 
W.  3    0 


Wei|ht. 


Lwl.  fr. 
4    8i 

1  3 

a  5 

4  2U 

2  5} 

3  5} 

2  Sf 
0  18i 

3  5 

2  1} 

3  5J 
6  17i 

11    6 

2  6 
6    3i 

3  5 

3    5} 


Stand  iini 
Weight 


4  2  6 

1  0  18 

3  8  12 

4  19  g 
3  9  8 

1  23  6 
1  22  16 

0  13  5 

1  22  7 
3  4  13 

2  10  14 
7  7  13 

11  4  8 

2  10  10 

5  4  0 
2  8  12 

2  9  8 


22J 
23i 
23 


10  2 


3J 
11 
12 

4} 


8  11  15  186-8 
4  16  10   94- 


Contents  | 
ill  pure 
Gold. 


90-1 

22-8 
51-9 

105-9 
52-6 

43-3 
429 
12  16 
42-5 
70-3 
53-6 
161- 
2461 

53-6 

113-7 

51-9 

52-6 


Value  Id 
Sterling. 


I.    d. 

15  11-35 

4    0-42 
9    222 

18    8-91 
9    3-71 


7-94 
711 
1-82 
6-26 


8  15 

8    8 


4  18  18 
7  11  13 
7  12  0 
1  21  11 


189-8 
183-4 

96-2 
164-7 
165- 

41-8 


12  5-30 

9  5-83 

28  5-93 

43  6-66 

9  5-83 

20  1-47 

9  322 

0  3-71 


33  0'72 

16  7-64 

30  1-04 

32  5-50 


17 
29 


0-30 

1-78 


29    242 
7    4-77 


No:  vn.  Silver  Coin.?  of  iufferent  Countries.— A  Table  containing  the  Assays,  Weights,  and 
Values  of  the  principal  Silver  Coins  of  all  Countries,  computed  at  the  rate  of  5s.  2d.  per  Ounce 
(Standard,  from  Assays  made  both  at  the  London  and  Paris  Mints. 


COINS. 

Assay. 

Weight. 
Dwt.  gr- 

standard 
Weight. 

Contents 
in  Pure 

Silver. 

Value  in 
Sterling. 

Ot.  dtol. 

Dwt.FT.mi. 

6'mint. 

f.    d. 

Austria 

.  Rixdollar  of  Francis  11.,  1800 

W.  1    5 

18     1 

16    0    4 

.155-5 

4    1-64 

Rixdnllar  of  the  kingdom  of  Hungary 

W.  1    2 

18     1 

16    6    1 

.S60-9 

4    2-39 

Half  rixdnllar,  or  florin,  Convention 

W.  1     3 

9    0} 

8    3    1 

179-6 

2    1-07 

Copftsiick,  or  20creutzer  piece 

W.  4    3 

4    6i 

2  16    3 

59-4 

0    8-29 

17  Creutzer  piece      ... 

W.  4    8 

4    0 

2    9  18 

.53-5 

0    7-47 

Halhi!  copf,  or  10  creutzer  piece 

W.  5    5 

2  11 

1    7     1       2.-<-8 

0    401 

Raden  - 

-  Rixdollar       .... 

W.  1    4 

18    2 

16    3    1     3581 

4    2- 

Bavaria 

-  Rixdollar  of  1800  (i  in  proportion) 

W.  1    4}, 

17  12 

15  13  13     345  6 

4    025 

Copftsiick       -           -           -           - 

W.4    3 

4    6i 

2  16    3 1     59-4 

0    8  29 

Bern      - 

-  Patagon  or  crown  (i  in  proportion) 

W.  0    7 

18  22 

18    7  14     406-7 

4    8-79 

Piece  of  10  hatzen    ... 

W.  1    2 

5    3 

4  14  17 

102-5 

1    2-31 

Bremen 

-  Piece  of  48  protcs      .           .           - 

W.  2    2 

11     0 

8  22    1 

198- 

2    3-64 

Brunswick 

-  Rixdollar,  Convention 

W.  1     3 

18    1 

16    4    4 

359-2 

4    215 

Half  rixdollar            -           .           -     W.  1    3 

9    Oi 

8    2    3 

179-6 

2    107 

Gulden,  or  piece  of  |,  fine,  of  1764  .     B.   0  16 

8  10^ 

9    1     1 

200-8 

2    4-03 

Gulden,  common,  of  1764 

W.  1    2 

9    0 

8    2  10 

180- 

2    113 

Gulden,  ditto  of  1795 

W.  2    2 

11    u 

8  23    7 

199-1 

a    3-80 

Half  gulden,  or  piece  of},  of  1764  - 

W.  1     2 

4  12 

4     1     5 

90- 

1     0-56 

Denmark 

-  Ryksdaler,  specie,  of  1798   - 

W.  0  13 

18  14 

17  11  17 

38H-4 

4    6-23 

New  piece  of  4  marks 

W.  0  12 

13    9 

11  16  14 

259-8 

3    0-27 

Half  ryksdaler          ... 

W.  0  13 

9    7 

8  17    8 

194-2 

2    .I'll 

Mark,  specie,  or  t  ryksdaler 

W.3    1 

4    0 

2  21  12 

64-4 

0    7-59 

Rixdnllar,   specie,  of  Sleswig   and 

Holstein  (pieces  of  f  and  i  in  pro- 

portion.)     .... 

W.O  12 

18  13 

17  12    6 

389-4 

4    6-37 

Piece  of  24  skillings 

W.4    7 

5    2i 

3    2  10 

68-9 

0    962 

England 

-  Crown  (old)              ... 

Stand. 

19    Sh 

19    8  10 

429-7 

5    0- 

Hall-crown    .          .          -          - 

Stand. 

9  16i 

9  16    5 

214-8 

3    6- 

Shilling         .... 

Stand. 

3  21 

3  21     0 

85-9 

1    0- 

Sixpence                  ... 

Stand. 

1  22i 

1  22  10 

42-9 

0    6- 

Crown  (new)             ... 

Stand. 

18    4i 

18    4    7 

403-t} 

4    8-36 

Half-crown    .           -           .           - 

Stand. 

9    2 

9    2    4 

201  8 

2    418 

Shilling          .... 

Stand. 

3  15i 

3  15    6 

80-7 

0  11  27 

Sixpence        .           .           -           - 

Stand. 

1  19} 

1  19  14 

40-3 

0    5-63 

France 

-  Ecu  of  6  livres          ... 

W.O    7 

18  18 

18    7  16 

403-1 

4    8-28 

Demi  ecu        .... 

W.O    7 

9    9 

9     1   18 

201-5 

2    4-13 

Piece  of  24  sons  (divisions  in  prop.) 

W.O    7 

3  20 

3  16  19 

834 

0  11-64 

Piece  of  30  sous  (i  in  proportion) 

W.3    8 

6  12 

4  12    4 

100-2 

1     1<K» 

Piece  of  5  francs  of  the  Convention 

W.  0  lOi 

16    0 

15    5  14 

■'  38-3 

3  11S4 

Piece  of  5  francs  (Napoleon)  of  1808 

W.O    7 

16     1 

15  12    4 

314-9 

4    016 

♦ThiBva 

Piece  of  2  francs  of  1808      - 

W.O    7 

6  11    1    6    6    2 

13.V8 

1    7-38 

ue  of  the  American  eagle  is  taken  from 

average  asf 

laysoft 

he  coins  o 

f  twelv 

:  years. 

7»m 


MWV.>W| 


t 


*  ,n 


302 


COINS. 


i        I 


France 


Geneva 
Genoa  - 


Hambvroii 


Hanover 


Holland 


!>         •*   I 


t 


I 


I     * 


>         «■ 


\i         -      l 


'  Franc  of  1809 
Demi  franc     .  .  - 

Frunc  (Louis)  of  1818,  lame  as  franc 
of  1809. 

-  Patii({(in         .  .  - 
Pieci!  of  IS  sous  of  1794 

-  Sciido,  of  8  life,  of  1790  (i,  J,  &c.  in 
proportion)  ... 

Sriido  of  tlie  Llgtlrian  Republic 

-  Ki.xdollar,  specie       ... 
Uoiililc  ninrk,  or  32  schilling  piece 

(siniile  in  proportion) 
Piece  of  8  scliillings 
Piece  of  4  schillingfl 

-  Kixdollar,  Constitution 
Florin,  or  piece  of  },  fine 
Half  Horin,  or  piece  of  i,  ditto 
Quarter,  or  piece  of  6  good  groschen, 

ditto  .... 

Florin,  or  piece  of  ^,  base    - 
Hesse  Cassel  Kixdollar,  Coni'cH'inn 

Florin,  or  piece  of  ^  (i  in  proportion) 
Ttialer  of  1789  ... 

Ecu,  Convention  (li-15) 
Don  pros         .... 

-  DncHtoon  .... 
Piece  of  3  florins  ... 
Rixdollar  (tlic  assay  varies) 
Hirtfrixdollar  ... 
Florin  or  fiuilder  (i  in  proportion)  - 
12  Sliver  piece  ... 
Florin  of  Batavin  ... 
Rixdollar,  or  50  stiver  piece,  of  the 

l<ing.tom  of  Holland 

-  Rixdollar,  specie  ... 
Double  mark .  -  -  . 
Mark 

.  Scudo  .... 

Borbone         ... 

-  Ounce  of  30  tari  of  Emmanuel  Pinto 
2  Tari  piece    .... 

.  Scudo  of  0  lire  (i  in  proportion) 

Ijrn,  new       .... 

Lira,  old         .... 

^cudo  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic     . 

Piece  of  30  soldi  of  ditto 
.  gcudo  of  15  lire,  1739  (double,  &c.  in 
proportion)         ... 

Scudo  of  5  lire,  of  1782 

Scudo  of  1796 

-  Ducat,  new  (i  in  proportion) 
Piece  of  12  Carlini  of  1791 

Ditto  of  1796  ... 

Ditto  of  1805  (i  in  proportion) 
Ditto  of  10  Carlini  (1818)     . 
Netherlands  Ducatoon,  old  ... 

Duratoon  of  Maria  Theresa 
Crown,  (i,  &c,  in  proportion) 
5  Stiver  piece  ... 

Florin  of  1790  .  .  - 

Florin  of  1816 

Half  florin  (with  divisions  in  prop.) 
Ducat  of  17S4 

Ducttt  of  1796  (i  in  proportion) 
Piece  of  3  lire  ... 

Scudo,  1755  (i,  &c.  in  proportion)   . 
Scudo,  1770  (i  and  i  in  proportion)  . 
Piece  of  2  lire  (1714) 
5  Franc  piece  (1801) 
Rixdollar,  old  ... 

Rixdollar,  new  (1794) 
Florin,  or  gulden       ... 
New  crusado  (1690) 

Ditto  (1718) 

Ditto  (1795) 

Doze  vintems,  or  piece  of  240  rees 
(1799)  .  .  .  -I 

Testoon  (1799) 
New  crusado  (1809) 
Seia  vintems,  or  piece  of  120  rees 
(1802)  .... 

Testoon  (1802)  ... 

Tres  vintems,  or  piece  of  60 rees  (1802)  j 
Half  testoon  (1802)   .  .  .J 


LUBEC     " 

Lucca  - 
Malta'- 
Milan  - 


MODENA 


Naples 


Parma  - 


Piedmont 


Poland 


Portugal 


Assay. 

Weight. 
Dull.  ft. 

SUndard 
Weiljlit. 

Conlpiilj 
in  Pure 
Sii  vcr. 

'■'IK  in 
trllrif;. 

.    rf. 

Oz.  dxvt 

Diet.  gT.  mi 

(jiraii}%. 

W.O    7 

3    5i 

3     3     1 

69-4 

0 

9-fi9 

W.O    8[ 

I  IS 

4  13     6 

34-7 

0 

4-S4 

W.  1    0 

17    9 

15  19    8 

.151- 

4 

l-na 

W.  2    6 

2    H 

1  IS    1 

361 

0 

504 

W.  0   s 

21    9 

20  14  10 

457-4 

5 

3-87 

W.O    9i 

21    9 

20  11    2 

454-3 

5 

3-43 

W.  0  10 

18  18 

17  21  12 

3U7-5 

4 

7-49 

W.  2    3 

11  18 

9  11    8 

210-3 

2 

5S6 

W.  3  12 

3    8i 

2    6    4 

.50-1 

0 

fi-'M 

W.  4    6 

2    2 

1    6  12 

28-3 

0 

3-fl.') 

W.O    0 

18  19 

18    0  14 

400-3 

4 

7-80 

B.    0  10 

8  10 

9    0  10 

200-3 

2 

3% 

B.    0  16 

4    4 

4  11    4 

99-2 

I 

1-85 

n.  0  16 

2    1 

2    4  10 

486 

0 

6:r 

W.  2    1 

n   0} 

8  23  15 

199  6 

2 

a-s7  1 

W.  1    6 

18    1 

IS  22    6 

353- 

4 

i;i9 

W.  1    6 

9    Oi- 

7  23    3 

176-8 

2 

n-tis 

W.  0  lOi 

12    7i 

11  17    5 

259-7 

3 

02« 

W.  1     6 

17  23J 

IS  21     2 

349-3 

4 

077 

W.O  14 

1     4 

0  11     5 

10-3 

0 

1-4,T 

B.    0    3 

20  22 

21     4  IS 

471-6 

5 

5W 

W.O    2 

20    7 

20    2  12 

416-4 

5 

2-M 

W.O  16 

18    fi 

16  20    8 

37S-!) 

4 

4 -no 

W.O  16 

9    0 

8    8    8 

Ib54 

2 

i-s« 

W.O    41 

6  18 

6  14  14 

146-8 

1 

8  19 

W.  0  16i 

4  12 

4    3  18 

92-4 

1 

fl-W) 

W.O  51 

6  13 

6    9    2 

141-8 

1 

7-T7 

W.O    5i 

17    0 

16  13  18 

367-9 

4 

s-ar! 

W.  0  13 

18    8 

17  15  12 

.Wl-O 

4 

(i-:2 

W.2    3 

11  18 

9  II    6 

210-3 

2 

5-26 

W.  2    3 

5  21 

4  17  14 

1051 

1 

2fi7 

W.O    3 

17    0 

16  18  10 

372-3 

4 

.lilS 

W.  3    3 

1  20i- 

1    7  14 

293 

0 

•inn 

W.2    5 

19     l.i 

15    4  14 

3.37-4 

3  iiii  ! 

W.2  19 

1     2 

0  19    2 

17-7 

0 

2-41 

W.O    7 

14  20  J 

14    9  10 

319-6 

3 

tifi2 

W.  4  10 

4    0 

2    9    0 

52  8 

0 

7-,17 

W.O    3 

2  10 

2    9    4 

529 

0 

7-.'!S 

W.O    7 

14  2U 

14  10    4 

.120-2 

3 

871 

W.2  18 

4  17 

3  11    8 

77  2 

0  10-78  1 

W.  0  14 

18  12i 

17    8    9 

3S5-2 

4 

5-7S 

W.O    3 

5  19 

5  17    2 

1268 

1 

5-71) 

W.3    3 

18     1} 

12  22  12 

287-4 

3 

41S 

W.  1    0 

14  15 

13    7    8 

29.V4 

3 

524 

W.  1     0 

17  15 

16    0  18 

356- 

4 

1-71 

W.  1    2 

17  IfiJ 

IS  22  12 

,?-'19 

4 

1-41 

W.  1    2 

17  IHi 

15  23  IS 

.SSa-a 

4 

i-fin 

w.  1   a 

14  lb 

13    7    0 

295  1 

3 

.5-20 

B.  0  4 

21     0 

21    9    0 

474-6 

5 

6-27 

W.O  14 

21   10 

20    1  12 

445-5 

5 

2-20 

W.  0  u 

19    0 

17  10    4 

3<l5-2 

4 

7IS 

W.  6    3 

3    4 

1    9  18 

31-3 

0 

4-;i7 

W.  0  14 

5  23i 

5  14    9 

124-3 

1 

5,15 

W.O    7i 

G  22 

6  16    6 

1484 

1 

8-72 

W.  4    5i 

5  11 

3    9    2 

75- 

0 

n-4fi 

W.O    9 

16  II 

15  18  18 

.1500 

4 

0-il.^ 

W.O    5i 

10  12) 

16    2  18 

3579 

4 

1-97 

W.  1    4 

4  14 

4    2    2 

>M' 

1 

0-fifi 

W.  0    5i 

22  14 

22    0  10 

4('H-i) 

5 

8-2fi 

W.O    5 

22  14 

22    1   16 

4110- 

5 

8-42 

W.O    4i 

7  20J 

7  16  13  1 

I70-8 

1 

l-HS 

W.O    8 

16     U 

IS  11   12  j 

.1437 

3 

1-99 

W.  1    2 

18     1    j  16    6    0  ' 

.■ifiO-8 

4 

2-38 

W.2  17 

15  m    II   II    6  j 

254  3 

2  11 -.-il 

W.  4    2 

6    0   ! 

3  18  16  1 

84- 

'1    1-72 

W.O    4 

11    0   j 

10  19    0 

239-2 

>> 

U-40 

W.O    6i 

9    8 

9    1    0; 

200-2 

2 

3-95 

W.O    7 

9    9 

9    1  18  j 

2016 

2 

■•15 

W.O    7 

4  16 

4  12  10 

100-4 

1 

20i 

W.O    7 

2    n 

1  22  18       43-4 

0 

eofi 

W.O    4 

9    3   1 

8  23    0  :    198  2 

2 

4  67 

W.O    9 

2    4^ 

2    2    8       466 

0 

6-,W 

W.O    9 

2    0 

1  22    0: 

42-5 

0 

5-93 

W.O    9 

1    2|  ^    1    1    4  ' 

23-3 

0 

3-25 

W.O    9 

0  23    1 

022    0  ' 

20-4 

0 

284 

COINS. 


393 


Contents 
in  Pure 
Si.ver. 


(jrainx. 

09-4 
34-7 


351- 
361 

457-4 
454-3 
3U7-5 

210-3 

50-1 

28-3 

400-3 

200-3 

99-2 

48-6 
199  6 
353- 
176-8 
259-7 
349-3 

10-3 
471-6 
4l(i-4 
375-9 
1«54 
M6-8 

92-4 
141-6 

367-9 
391-9 
210-3 
I05-I 
372-3 

29-3 
337-4 

17-7 
319-6 

52  8 

529 
320-2 

772 


3S5-2 
I26-8 
287-4 
29,V4 
356- 
3" '19 
355-2 
295-1 
474-6 
445-5 
395-2 
31-3 
124  3 
148-4 
75- 
350-6 
3579 
!l()-7 
4SN-9 
490- 
1708 
343-7 
360-8 
254  3 
84- 
239-2 
200-2 
2016 

100-4 

43-4 

198-2 

46-6 
42-5 
23-3 
20-4 


Li 

0    9-(ii)  I 
0    4-84  I 


1-03 
5-04 


5  3-87 
5  3-43 
4    7--J9 


2 
0 
0 
4 
2 
I 

0 
2 
4 
2 
3 
4 
0 
5 
5 
4 
2 
1 
1 
1 

4 

4 
2 
1 

4 

0 

3  II-ll 

0    2-.I1 

8-li2 
7-37 
7-3S 


5  3fi 

fi-iw 

3-9.') 
7-K9 
3% 
1-85 

6:s 
a-,s7 
i-;w 
n-tis 

02t> 
077 

5« 
2-33 
4-»0 
l-ss 

8  in 

0-0(1 


3-37 
6-72 
5-30 
2-67 
3-!l8 
■1-09 


3 
0 
0 

3    8-71 
0  10-78 


5-78 
570 
4-13 
5-24 
1-71 
1-41 

I -fin 

5-20 
6-27 
2-20 

IS 


0  4-37 

1  5  35 
1  8-72 

0  10-40 
4  0(15 

4  1-97 

1  fl-fiti 

5  8-20 
5  8-42 

1  II -85 

3  1I-H9 

4  2-38 

2  11-51 
')  11-72 
■i  9-40 
2  3  95 
2  -15 

1  2-Oi 
0  6-Ofi 

2  4  67 

0  6-50 

0  5-93 

0  3-25 

0  2-84 


COINS. 

Away. 

Weight. 

Weiglit. 

Conlenli 
in  rum 
Silver. 

Graint. 

V.ilue  in 
Sterling. 



Ot.  dwi. 

Dwt.  gr. 

DwI.gr.mi. 

d. 

C01.0.Mt.« 

iricce  of  8  macule?,  of  Portuguese 
i'    Africii         -          -           -          . 

W.  0     0 

7  12 

7     4  14 

159  8 

1 

1031 

Ditto  of  6  ditto          -           .           . 

W.  0     9 

5  13 

5    7  12 

118- 

1 

447 

Ditto  of  4  ditto          .           -           - 

w.  0  y 

3  10 

3  12    8 

78-1 

0  10-90   1 

PrUSSIiI 

-  ♦Uixdollar,  i'ruasian  currency,  (i  in 

proportion)             -           .           . 

W.  2    5 

14  6i 

11     9    0 

2,12-6 

2  11-27    1 

Rixdollar,  Convention 

W.  1     3 

)8    1 

16    4    2 

359- 

4 

2-13 

Klorin,  or  piece  of  |  ... 

W.2    3 

11     2 

8  22    8 

198  4 

2 

3-70 

Florin  of  Silesia 

W.2    2 

9  11 

7  16    0 

170-3 

I 

11-78 

Drittel  or  piece  of  8  good  grosclien 

W.  3    3 

5    Si 

3  20    4 

85-3 

0 

11-91 

Piece  of  6  grosclien 

W.2    8 

3  14 

2  19    6 

623 

0 

8-69 

Rome    " 

-  Sciido,  or  crown  (coined  since  1753) 

W.  0    4 

17    1 

16  17  13 

371-5 

4 

3-87 

Me/.zo  scudo,  or  half-crown 

W.  0    4 

8  12i 

8    8  16 

185-7 

2 

1-93 

Testone  (1785) 

W.  0    5 

5    2 

4  23    4 

1103 

1 

3-40 

Paolo  (1785)  -           -           .           . 

W.  0    4 

1  17 

1   16    4 

.37-2 

0 

5-19 

Grosso,  or  half  Paolo  (1785) 

W.  0    5 

0  20J 

0  20    0 

18-5 

0 

2-.5S 

Scudo  of  the  Roman  Repuhlic  (1799) 

W.  0    6 

17     1 

16  13  18 

.•?6S-l 

4 

3-40 

RlSSIA  - 

-  Ruble  of  Peter  the  (ireat     - 

\V.  2    7 

18     1 

II     1     8 

312-1 

3 

7-58 

Ditto  of  Catherine  I.  (1725) 

W.2    4i 

17  11 

13  23    0 

,309-9 

3 

7-27 

Ditto  of  Peter  11.  (1727) 

W.  2  12 

18    5J 

13  23    4 

Slo- 

3 

7-28 

Ditto  of  Anne  (1734) 

W.  1  11 

16  Hi 

1 1    6  16 

ans 

3 

8-29 

Dittnof  Elizahcth  (1750) 

W.l    7 

16  12 

14  11  16 

321-8 

3 

8-93 

Ditto  of  Peter  III.  (1762)      - 

W.2    2 

15  10 

12  12    0 

277-5 

3 

2-75 

Ditto  of  Catherine  II.  (1780) 

W..2    4 

15  12 

12  10    6 

275-9 

3 

2-52 

Ditto  of  Paul  (1799) 

W.O  U 

13  12 

12  15  10 

'JHO-8 

3 

321 

Diltoof  Alexander  (1802)     - 

W.  0  13 

13      1.! 

17    7    2 

273- 

3 

2-12 

Ditto  of  ditto  (1805)  ... 

W.  0  16 

13  12 

12  12  12 

278-1 

3 

2-.'<3 

20  Copeck  piece  (1707) 

W.2    2 

3  10} 

2  19    0 

62-6 

0 

8-74 

Ditto  (1784)    .... 

W.2    2 

3    3 

2  12  18 

56-2 

0 

7-84 

15  Copeck  piece  (1778) 

W.2    2 

2    6 

1   19  18 

40-5 

0 

5-65 

■4 

^  10  Copeck  piece        ... 

W.2    6 

2    1 

1    14  16 

.35-9 

0 

511 

Ditto  (1798)    -           -           .           . 

W.  0  14.1 

1     9 

1     6  16 

2-^-5 

0 

3-97 

Ditto  (1802)    -           -           -           . 

W.O  13 

1    8i 

1     6  11 

2-t-3 

0 

3-95 

5  Copeck  piece  (1801) 

W.  0  1.3i 

0  Ifii 

0  15  10 

15-3 

0 

2  13 

.Sardinia 

-  Scudo,  or  crown  (i  and  i  in  prop.) 

W.O    7 

15    2i 

14  15    0 

324-7 

3 

9-34 

Saxony 

-  Rix-doUar,   Convention  (i  and  i  in 

proportion)             .           .           - 

W.l    3 

18    0 

16    3    4 

3.58-2 

4 

2-01 

Piece  of  16  groschen  of  Leipsic 

W.2    2 

9    9i 

7  14  16 

169-1 

1 

1161 

Rixdollar  current  of  Saxe  Gotha     - 

W.4    4i 

18    1 

11     4    2 

248-1 

2  10-64    1 

l-6th  Thaler  of  1804  - 

W.  4  11 

3  11 

2    0  19 

45-3 

0 

6.32 

Ditto  of  1808- 

W.4  Hi 

3    5i 

1  21     8 

42  1 

0 

5-87 

Ditto  of  Jerome  Bonaparte  of  1809  - 

W.  5    4 

3  17 

1  23    6 

43-7 

0 

610 

SICILV   - 

-  Scudo  (i  in  proportion) 

W.  1    4 

17  14 

15  16    6 

3482 

4 

0-62 

Piece  of  40  grains      ... 

W.  1    2 

5  21 

5    7    2 

117-5 

I 

4-40 

Spain    - 

-  -fDollar,  of  late  coinage 

W.O    8 

17    8 

16  17    0 

370-9 

4 

3-79 

ll,-\lf  dollar,  ditto       -           -           - 

W.O    8 

8  16 

8    8  10 

185-4 

2 

1-89 

Mexican  peceta  (1774) 

W.O    8 

4    Ti 

4    3  16 

92-3 

1 

0-88 

Real  of  Mexican  plate  (1775) 

W.O    8 

2    3J 

2    1  20 

461 

0 

6-43 

Peceta  provincia   of  2  reals  of  new 

plate  (1775) 

W.  1    9i 

3  18 

3    6    0 

722 

0  10-08   1 

Real  of  new  plate  (1795) 

W.l    9i 

1  21 

1  15    0 

.36-1 

0 

504 

Sweden 

-  Rixdollar  (1762) 

W.O  12 

18  20 

17  19  10 

395-5 

4 

7-22 

Rixdollar  of  late  coinage     - 

W.  0  14i 

18  17 

17  12    0 

388-5 

4 

6-28 

SwiTlERLAND  Ecu,  Of  rixdollar  of  Lucerne,  J,  &c. 

in  proportion  (1715) 

W.O  14i 

17    H 

16    5    8 

.360-1 

4 

2-28 

Old  gulden,  or  florin  of  I,uccrne(1714) 

W.  1  19 

8  14.; 

7     2    8 

157-5 

1 

9-99 

Ecu  of  40  batisen  of  Lucerne  (1796) 

W.O    5 

19    0 

18  13  14 

4123 

4 

9.57 

Halfditto        .           -           -           . 

W.l    2 

9  20 

6  20  12 

196-7 

2 

3-46 

Florin,  or  piece  of  40  schillings  of 

Lucerne  (1793) 

W.l    5 

4  22 

4    8  14 

96-8 

1 

151 

Ecu  of  40  l»af/.i>n  of  the  Helvetic  Re- 

public, 1798  (i  in  proportion) 

W.O    6 

18  23 

18  10  14 

409-5 

4 

9-18 

Ecuof4franken  (1801) 

W.O    7 

18  U3 

18    8  12 

407  6 

4 

9-18 

Tl-RKEV 

-  Piastre  of  Selim  of  1801 

W.  5    6 

8    6 

4    7    8 

95-7 

1 

1-36 

Piastre  of  Crini  Tartary  (1778) 

W.  6  13 

10    5 

4    2    4 

<.M)-9 

1 

0-69 

Piastre  of  Tunis  (1787) 

W.O    51 

10    0 

4    8    6 

96-5 

1 

1-47 

Piastre  (1818) 

W.  5  14 

6    6i 

3    1    4 

67-7 

0 

9-45 

Tl'SCANV 

-  Piece  of  10  Paoli  of  the  Kingdom  of 

Etruria  (1801) 

W.O    4 

17  135 

17    5  18 

382-9 

4 

5-16 

fcuilo  Pisa  of  ditto  (1803)     - 

W.O    2 

17  12 

17    8    4 

385-0 

4 

5-76 

Piece  of  10  lire  ditto  (1803)  - 

n.  0  7 

25    6 

26    1  12 

578-7 

6 

8-80 

Lira  (1803)      -           -           -           - 

B.    0    7 

2    8 

2    9  10 

.53-4 

0 

7-45 

United  States  tDolliir,  1795  (i,  &.c.  in  proportion) 

W.O    6J 

17    8 

16  19  16 

373-5 

4 

415 

D.illar  (179N) 

W.  0    7 

17  lOi   16  21     6 

374-9 

4 

4-35 

Dolliir  (1802)  .           -           -           - 

W.  0  lOJ 

17  10   ! 16  14    0 

.368-3 

4 

3-42 

Dollar,  aa  average  of  8  years 

W.O    8i 

17    8   i  16  16    0 

.370-1 

4 

3-68 

Dime,  or  one-tenth  dollar  (1796) 

W.O    4 

I   19,V!    1   18  14 

39-5 

0 

5-71 

Half  dime  (1796) 

W.O    7 

0  21J 

0  21    0 

195 

0 

2-72 

♦The  Prussian  coins,  having  been  debased  at  ditferent  periods,  vary  in  their  reports. 
tThis  isthe  coin  which  is  universally  circulated  under  the  name  of  the  Spanish  dollar. 
t  The  American  dollars,  and  inferior  silver  pieces  of  late  coinage,  vary  in  fuieness  from  W.  4  dwlB. 
to\V.9tdwts. 

50 


■am 


I 


,  tWW't'JHia 


I 


394 


COINS. 


1  ■  I 


COINS. 

Amjr. 

Wcighl. 

Sl.inilinl 
Weinlll. 

Cnii  ten's 
ill  pure 
Guld. 

f>:.  Jwl-  DwI.  rr. 

/>uj(.rr,  mi. 

Graini. 

Venicb 

V'u'cv.  of  2  lire,  or  24  cretitzera  (1800) 
Ditto  of  2  lire,  cnlleil  inoneta  pro- 

W.8    4i 

5  m 

1  13    2 

33-4 

vincinle  (180H) 

W.8    3 

5  13.1 

1  11     8 

.?28 

Ditto  of  2  lire,  1802  (J  nnd  }  in  prop.) 

W.8    4 

.1    (ii 

1     8  10 

,105 

WiRTEMBURO 

Ui\(liilliir.  specie        ... 

w.  1   a 

18    1 

10  14    2 

3MI1 

CopflBiicIt       -           -           .           . 

W.  4    2 

4  lOJ 

2  10  12 

50-8 

EAST  INDIES. 

Rupee  Sicca,  coined  by  the  East  In- 

dia Company  nl  Calcutta  - 

n.  0  13 

7  lU 

7  22    0 

17.5-S 

Calcutta  (1H18) 

Stand. 

8     0 

8    0    0 

l-.lil 

nonihay,  new,  or  Sural  (1818) 

W.  0    Oi 

7  11 

7  10    4 

104-7 

Fanain,  Cananore     -           -           . 

VV.  0    u 

1  llj 

1   11   10 

.32-9 

Horiibav,  old    -            .            - 

n.  0  13 

1  llj 

1  13  10 

35- 

Pondiclierrv    -           -           - 

n.  0  .-^i 

1    Oil 

1     1     2 

22'8 

Ditto,  double    -           -           - 

W.O    3 

1  18}  1 

1   18    2 

.30- 

Oulden  of  the  Dutch  R.  I.  Co.  (1820) 

W.O    7i 

6  22  1 

6  16    6 

148-4 

Sterlinu, 


'I  !■ 


8 

■ 


The  sterline  value  of  the  foreign  coins,  in  the  foret'oinp  tablcR,  lins  been  enmpnted  from  tlie  assav-- 
ns  follows;— Let  it  he  ri'ruiired  to  aasien  the  value  in  sterliu!.'  of  a  Freitch  double  Louis  d'or  cninJrl 
since  IT'^O,  the  assay  master's  report  heinc  as  follows  :— "  Weiclit,  9  dwts.  20  prs. ;  assay  W.  IJ  grs. '' 
that  is,  0  car.  H  grs.  worse  than  the  English  standard.    We  proceed  as  uiuler  :—  ' 

From  22  car.  0  er.  the  fineness  of  English  standard  gold, 
Take    0         IJgr. 

Remains  21  2^^ 


Theii,as22car. :  21  car.  2}  prs. : :  9dwts.20  prs. :  Odwt.  16  prs,,  the  standard  gold  contained  in  thcLnniv 
d'or  ;  nnd  hence,  as  1  <>■/.. :  3/.  17,<.  lOJi/.  :  ;  9  dwts.  16  prs.  :  II.  lis.  lid.,  the  value  of  the  Louis  in  sler- 
linp  money,  and  so  for  any  of  the  other  coins. 

Ancient  Coin.«. — We  subjoin,  for  the  convenience  of  such  of  our  readers  as  may  at  any  time  havo 
occasion  to  consult  works  in  which  reference  is  made  to  ancient  coins,  the  followinp  tables  of  tlin?o 
that  were  principally  current  nnionp  the  .lews,  Greeks,  and  Romans.  They  were  calculated  by  Dr. 
Arbuthnot  {Tiiblen  of  Jjnricnl  Coins,  lVei!rkfn,i^c.  4to  ed.  Lond.  1754.), and  do  not  difTer  materially  frou 
the  tables  of  Piiucton,  whose  JiWroloiric  (4to.  Paris,  1780),  is  the  most  complete  and  elaborate  work 
that  has  ever  been  published  with  respect  to  ancient  monies,  weiphta,  and  measures.  At  the  same 
time  we  confess  we  should  not  he  disposed  to  place  much  reliance  on  these  tables,  and  we  have  else- 
where  stated  our  reasons  for  holding  this  opinion. — (Art.  Money,  Supp.  to  Encyc.  Britannka.) 


■  i 


Names  and  Proportious. 

Gerah 


Jewish  Coins. 


10 

Deknh 

- 

20 

2 

Shekel 

1,200 

120 

50 
3,000 

60,000 

6,000 

Maneh  \ 

Mina  Ilebraica  j* 

60  I  Talent 


Solidus  aureus,  or  sextula,  worth 
Siclua  aureus,  worth 
A  talent  of  gold,  worth 


Lepfon 


Grecian  Coins. 


7 

Chal 

cus 
Dich 



14 

2 

alcus         .... 

23 

4 

2 

Ilemioboluin      -           -           - 

56 

8 

4 

2 

Obolus         -            .            - 

112 

16 

8 

4 

2 

Diobolum 

224  . 

32 

16 

8 

3 

2 

4 

6 

12 

15 

Tctrobolum 

336  ! 

48 

24 

12 
24 

0 
12 

U 

3 

6 

Drachma  - 

662  ! 

96 

48 

2 

4 

Didrac;  Ni'i 

1,321 

112 

<« 

48     24 

2 

Tetrad 

1,660 

384 

120 

60     30 

7i 

5 

U  1  P 

Value  it 

£    s 

-00 

SlCTlio;. 

d. 
ITS 

-     0 

1 

't\ 

-     0 

2 

3i 

-      5 

14 

oi 

-  342 

3 

9 

-  0 

-  1 
3,475 

12 

10 

0 

Oi 

6 

0 

5. 

0 

d. 
0 

qrf. 

0 

0 

'}\ 

0 

0 

ll^ 

0 

0 

2t^ 

0 

1 

U 

0 

2 

2i 

0 

5 

Of 

0 

7 

3 

1 

3 

2 

2 

7 

0 

3 

2 

3 

n 


Of  these  the  drachma  and  didrachma  were  of  silver ;  the  rest,  for  the  most 
The  drachma  is  here,  with  the  penoralily  of  authors,  supposed  equal  to  the 
is  reason  to  believe  that  the  drachma  was  somewhat  the  weightier. 


part,  of  brass, 
denarius ;  though  tlieit 


COINS. 


305 


II. 

C'niiteiils 
ill  piirt) 
GuW. 

V..Uifi„    i 
Slerlinn, 

mt. 

Orni'm. 

».     d.       1 

2 

334 

0    4fi6  1 

fl 

32-8 

0    4-,W 

in 

3(1  S 

0    -I^S  i 

2 

3fi!ll 

4    5-14  ' 

12 

5y8 

0    8-35 

0 

175-8 

2    OM  ' 

0 

l-Sil 

2    (l-5li  , 

1 

I(i47 

«  11(11  , 

10 

329 

0    45 

It) 

35' 

0    4'SS  ! 

2 

22'S 

n  3'!n 

2 

39' 

0    514  j 

6 

1484 

1    8-72 

V«laa  in  Sterling. 
£    ».    d. 

0    16     1} 


ipnfcrt  from  llip  assays- 
iilili!  I.oiiii)  (I'lir  cniiii'il 
rs. ;  ussay  W.  Ugrs.,' 


contnincd  in  the  I.oni.; 
le  of  the  Louis  in  sttr- 

inny  at  any  lime  havo 
lowing  talilHs  of  tlin.-c 
vere  calculated  liy  Dr. 
differ  materially  from 
te  and  elaborate  work 
ensures.  At  the  saimi 
Ics,  and  we  have  elsg. 
;.  Brilannica.) 


Value  in  SlerliD?. 
£    S.     d. 
-        0      0      1J9 

-     0 

'    't', 

-     0 

2    3} 

-     5 

14     0} 

-  342 

3     9 

-  0 

-  1 
3,475 

12    (H 

Ifi    6 

0    0 

s. 
0 

d.    qrf. 

-       0 

0    on 

0 

0    1^. 

-       0 

0    ^l\ 

0 

»     'i 

0 

2     SI 

-       0 

5     01 

-       0 

7     3 

-     1 

3     2 

-       2 

7     0 

-       3 

2     3 

of  brass. 

rius;  though  theie 

The  Orecian  gold  coin  was  the  stater  aureus,  weighing  2  Attic  drachma,  or  half  of  the  > 

slater  argenteus;  and  exchanginR  usually  for  25  Attic  drnclimas  of  silver     .  .   y 

But  according  to  our  proportion  of  gold  to  silver  it  was  worth    -  -  -  -        1     0     9 

Thfire  wore  likewise  the  stntur  Cyziceiius,  exchanging  for  28  Attic  drachmas,  or  -        0   18     1 
The  stater  I'liilippiciis,  and  stater  Alexandrinus,  were  of  the  same  value. 

giater  Daricus,  according  to  Josephus,  worth  50  Attic  drachmas,  or      -  -  -       1    U     3i 

(jtater  Croesius,  of  the  same  value. 


Value  and  Froportion  of  the  Roman  Coins. 


Terunclus 


2 
4 

Ser 
2 

nbella    .          •          . 
Libella  ) 

As     ;     -      - 

10 

5 

2i 

Sestertius 

i!0 

10 

S 

2 

Quinarius 
Victoriatus  j ' 

40 

20 

10 

4 

2  I  Denarius 

Sterling. 
s.  d.  t/rg. 

0    0    0  7 IS 
TSSO 

0    0    1_SS 
1  dO 

0    0    3  » 
Iff 


£    s. 

d. 

I     4 

3i 

1     0 
0    12 

9 
11 

0   16 

n 

0    1    3} 
0    3    3i 


0    7    3 


flic  Roman  gold  coin,  or  aureus,  weighed  generally  double  the  denarius  ;  its  value,  ■) 
niTording  to  the  proportion  nf  gold  to  silver,  mentioned  by  Pliny,  was  -  -  J 

Aororiling  to  the  proportion  that  now  obtains  amongst  us  -  .  .  . 

Accordiii!!  to  the  decuple  proportion  mentioned  by  Livy  and  Julius  Pollux 
Vfciirdiiig  to  the  proportion  mentioned  by  Tacitus,  by  which  tlio  aureus  exchanged  for  1 
■  25  denarii,  its  value  -----..-./ 

(1,  American  Eaole.  This,  which,  with  its  subdivisions,  is  the  only  American  gold 
coin,  has  lately  undergone  an  important  alteration.  By  the  mint  regulations  of  the  United 
States,  the  eagle,  which  is  declared  to  be  the  equivalent  of  10  dollars,  contained,  previously 
to  the  31st  of  July,  1834,  270  grains  of  standard  gold,  viz. :  246  grams  pure,  and  24  grains 
alloy.  But,  by  an  act  of  Congress,  which  came  into  operation  at  the  al)0ve  date,  the  weight 
of  the  eagle  is  reduced  to  258  grains,  of  which  232  are  pure  and  26  alloy.  In  consequence 
of  this  alteration,  the  sovereign,  that  was  formerly  worth  4  dollars  57  cents,  is  now  worth  4 
dollars  87  cents,  and  is  received  by  the  Americans  at  this  rate. 

We  do  not  know  whether  it  was  the  object  of  the  American  government,  in  enacting  this 
Liw,  to  substitute  a  gold  in  the  place  of  a  silver  currency;  but  it  will  most  probably  have  that 
effect.  Under  the  former  system,  silver  was  over-valued  in  the  American  mint  as  compared 
with  gold ;  and,  as  it  consequently  became  everybody's  interest  to  pay  his  debts  in  silver 
rather  than  in  gold,  the  latter  was  nearly  banished  from  circulation,  precisely  in  the  same 
way  that  the  over-valuation  of  gold  in  the  British  mint  banished  all  silver  coins  of  full  weight 
from  this  country,  and  that  the  over-valuation  of  silver  in  the  French  mint  banished  gold. — 
{Did.  p.  382.)  Under  the  present  American  system,  it  is  believed  that  gold  is  over-valued 
from  ^  to  U  per  cent.,  so  that  an  individual  who  has  to  pay  a  debt  of  100/.  and  who  employs 
metallic  money  for  that  purpose,  will  save  from  25s.  to  30s.  by  using  gold  rather  than  silver. 
This  has  certainly  been  the  principal  cause  of  that  exportation  of  gold  to  the  United  States 
from  Europe  that  has  been  carried  on  at  intervals  during  the  last  four  years,  though  it,  no 
doubt,  has  been  partly  owing  to  other  causes,  and  especially,  perhaps,  to  the  suppression  of 
notes  for  less  than  5  dollars  in  New  York  and  other  States. — (See  Banks,  American,  pp. 
130-168.) 

Amount  of  Gold  received  annually  from  the  Gold  Region  of  the  United  States  from  1824  to  1838,  both 

inclusive. 




Vean. 

Virginia. 

N.  Carolina. 

S.  Carolina. 

Georgia. 

Tennessee. 

Alabama. 

Nnt 
ascert.iiiied. 

Total. 

Mian. 

Dollart. 

Dollart. 

iMUart. 

Dollari. 

DoHari. 

Dollars. 

DoUart. 

1824 

_ 

5,000 

~~ 

— 

_ 

,— 

— 

5,000 

lS2i 

— 

17,000 

— 

_ 

— 

— 

17,000 

li<26 

20,000 

«- 

_ 

_ 

— 

20,000 

1*27 

_ 

21,000 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

21,000 

1528 

„ 

46,000 

— . 

— ■ 

— 

» 

46,000 

1829 

2,500 

134,000 

3,500 



_ 

_ 

_ 

140,000 

1630 

24,000 

204,1100 

26,000 

212,000 

_ 

_ 

— 

466,000 

Itfll 

26,000 

294,fi00 

22,000 

176,000 

1,000 

1,000 

— 

(520,000 

IS!2 

34,000 

458,000 

4i,000 

149,000 

1,000 

— 

678,000 

1833 

104.000 

475,000 

66,000 

216,000 

7,000 

— 

PRSOflO 

1834 

62,000 

380,000 

3^ooo 

416,000 

3,000 

— 

S9^,000 

1833 

60,400 

263,900 

42, -.00 

319,900 

'lOO 

_ 

t2,2C0 

698,000 

•1836 

ej.ooo 

148,100 

55,200 

201,400 

300 

— . 

467,000 

1337 

52,100 

116,900 

29,400 

83,600 

_ 



2S2,000 

I'iSS 

65,000 
482,000 

66,000 

13,000 

36,000 

1,500 

— 

200 

171,700 

2,648,500 

340,600 

1,799,900 

13.000 

1,000 

12,100 

5,298,200 

Ann  m» 

ft-:-:  am 


Cim  www 


HI 

3 


■14)  1- 


*  The  amounts  for  the  last  three  years  have  been  added  by  the  American  Editor. 


306 


COINS. 


Fiiliir  tif  Fitrrign  Gold  Coins  in  ihc  Cnrrevry  of  ihe  Unilril  Slaten.—U  wnn  ot(]orci\  hy  nn  net  nf  rnr. 
Rrt'foi,  iihshimI  ill  the  Haiiip  liiiip  uiili  llic  New  Mint  Act,  Itint  tlirrc  "  uliiill  |iiikk  ciirrcm  ;in  iiinticy,  nn,! 
I)i:  ri'ei'ivahUi  in  ail  (laytiitMits.  Iiy  wclKlit,  fur  tlie  payniunt  of  all  tU>h\H  mid  iluniniids,  I'riini  and  iifi,., 
the  .'tist  day  of  July,  \kv\,"  viz.  I.  Tlif  (jnld  coins  oi'  firciit  Uritnin,  I'orlnKal,  niiil  lliazil,  of  nm  l,.,. 
tinin  12  raralH  line,  at  liw  rat«  of  0."}  8-10  rents  per  pennywriKtil  ;  9.  Th(!  pold  coins  of  (•'nincc,  !l-|fi|||, 
fine,  at  llie  rale  of  (Ci  l-l(l cents  per  pennyweiKlil ;  and,  3.  The  pold  coins  of  Hpain,  of  tjie  liiieiic.^,  „.• 

ailcarnis  3  7 ■" '  "        

talilc  has  he 


7-l(i  praind,  at  the  rate  of  SU  U-10  ceiila  per  peniiyweiKlit.    On  this  principle  the  foliowin, 
:cn  calciilaled.  ' 


i 
i 


Gold  Coin«  of  Ortat  Briliin,  Portiiml  A  Dnijil,  22  canils  fine. 


0.  nRITAIN. 

GuimOf  (Iwlf  -i""' 
7*.  piere  in  pm- 
portion) 

SovcrrifTn  (h.\lf  in 
nmportinn) 

H>nii'(iAi- 

Dohrann  of  24.000 
r<;i^  (lialf  in  pro* 
portion) 

Dobnori-',aX)re« 

Moi.iore 

Milrrc.  n.i'i 
IIIIAZIL. 

DotiMon     ■ 

Dohni 

MfMilore 


Weight. 


dvot. 


B39.S9 
317l.fi23 


M  12 
18    6 
6i! 
19  3.4 

34  12 

IH    6 
6  22 


% 

1 

u 

a 

a. 

is, 

.3 

■^:i 

B 

^O 

s 

.5  J 

14 

t» 

grains 

d.    c.     m. 

1186 

5    II    0 

113 

4    86    9 

7-.9 

32    70    6 

401-!; 

17    30    1 

Ij2'2 

8   -,;>  7 

ll<  1 

0    7S    C 

7.19 

32    70    6 

401 'fS 

17    30    1 

iri2-2 

G    Si    7 

V.ilne  i[i 
I).  S.  cur- 
rency, es* 
tiin.itfxl 
liy  Ihe 
(|unnlily  nf 
[Mirc  i;olil 
conijurcd 
wilh  thai 
in  Ihe  nt'W 

ra^If  of 
232  Kraiiif. 

d,    c.  m. 


5    II    2 
4    87» 


Gold  Coins  of  Fmnce,  n-IOlhi  line. 


Double  lotiia,  coined 
since  I7S6,  (single  in 
proporlion) 

Uouhlc  naprtleon,  (aio- 
^le  in  |jro|)orliun) 

Nt:w  hiuia 


Weight. 


dwt. 


9    0 


7 
3  1.2 


2I2'G 


179 
W-5 


iVolf. — Tht'dnuhlc  louii,  Ioui.ij  »n<l  dcnii-Ionis,  coint-d  Ijrfnre  i% 
«.  q  not  hellll?9-I0lh«  fine,  are  not  niclnded  in  Ihe  l.ible,  hecsnse  ti.^1 
Zi  fl  are  not  Iej5.1l  tenrlers.  Neilher  arelhe  douMe  nnd  sinirle  ininii«',''' 
'!:,  2  inr  Ihe  new  lonis,  ex.iclly  9-lOlh!  line,  hnl  \h-  deliciiiiry  n  r.  „n' 
'_„    i  small  Ih.it  il  is  believed  il  is  covered  by  whal  iscalled  llierniit,if,( 


:the  mint. 


Gold  Coins  of  S|)ain,  20  carats  3  7.10  Brains  fun 


N.  n.— There  nre  several  Rold  coins  of  Portn^l  and  Brazil,  Ihe 
Jf.'annese,  the  pieces  of  llj,  12,  and  S  festoons,  and  the  oM  and  new 
crusailo,  which  are  not  included  in  llie  alKive  table,  because  they  are 
not  22  carats  fine,  and  of  course  are  not  letjal  tenders,  Ihe  wonls  of 
the  act  beinj  ex|ire«s.— "  The  (old  coins  of  Great  Britain,  Portugal, 
and  Brazil,  vf  >wt  fcsj  than  22  carats  fine, 

*  In  the  above  l.able  the  coins  am  all  presumed  to  be  of  full 
weijrhl,  but  fractional  parts  of  a  mill  have  neen  disregarded  in  the.  .     , 

calculalion  of  their  value.  It  will  be  found  to  he  a  sufficient  appmi-  Huadnipio  pistole  or 
imation  to  ihe  truth  for  all  ordinarj-  purposes.  To  those  who  \vish|  <loublnon,coinr<l  ue- 
lorfect  accuracv,  il  tnay  be  oliserveil  that  Ihe  quantity  of  pure  (!oM|  '<^'<'  ''''>  (''"'ibly. 
uthesovereinnis  113  iS-ll, 214  Brains,  and  that  the  true  value  ofi  smele,  and  lull  in 
the  sovereicn,  cnmnared  wilh  Ihe  new  easle  nf  232  Brains,  is  pro|)ort|on) 
4  H7-7  100.  This  is  also  ;!ie  true  par  of  eichaiiBe  between  Ihe  Quarter  pislole.or  Bold 
VliilcJ  Stales  and  London,  and  is  ecpwl  to  a  premium  of  9  7-10  per  '''^'j!}'<  "'""'"'  ■*'""' 
cent.,  as  near  as  can  be  calculated,  ou  the  nominal  par  of  4  44  or;  <''f 
109  7-10  for  100.  Doubloon  of  l772,(Jou- 

ble  anil  single  m  pro. 
portion) 
Half  pisKde  of  1772 
Quarter  pistole  of  1772 


Weight. 


dwt,    gr. 


17    81-2 


81-2 

4 

3 


—  ^ , 

6.  c  n 


375  3 


24'2 


372 
46-3 
23-9 


V.llBf  ,, 

X.  S.  a,- 
Irnicv,  K.| 
[lin.iied  It 
J  Ihe  iiiuvi'-i 
:ly  "If-"- 
mill,  it. 


15    59    0 


I    01    I 


IS   1;  61 


1   »1  3^ 


16  03  4; 
I  99  S 
1    03    I 


I  I    f 


2.  IxT>iA?r  Rupee. — Th(!  variety  of  rupees  of  ilifierent  weights  ami  values,  rirculatingin 

different  parts  of  India,  was  lont^  found  to  be  productive  of  considerable  inconvenience.    But 

this  is  now  nearly  obviated,  it  having  been  enacted  that,  from  the  1st  of  Septomlier,  183.i 

the  coinage  of  former  rupees  should  cease  at  all  the  mintd  throughout  India,  and  that  in 

future  there  should  be  coined  a  rupee  (with  doubles,  halves,  and  quarters),  to  lie  called  "The 

Company's  rupee,"  which  contains  165  grains  {—)   pure  silver,  and   l.'i  gmiiis  {~^)  allin. 

This  new  rupee,  which  is  made  legal  tender  in  all  payments,  is  equal  to  tlit^  t'orinrr  Biiniliav, 

Madras,  and  Furrackabad  standard  rupees,  and  is  receivable  os  an  equivalent  for  them  aii.l 

for  the  Sonat  rupee,  and  for  'jiths  of  the  Calcutta  sicca  rupee.     It  is  worth,  reckoning  silver 

at  Us.  2d.  and  !)s,  M.  an  ounce,  1,'?.  11  r/.  and  2s.  Old.  sterling.     The  new,  or  Company's 

rupee,  bears  on  the  one  side  the  head  of  the  reigning  .sovereign  of  Great  Britain,  nml  on  the 

obver.se  the  words  "East  India  Company,"  and  the  designation  of  the  coin  in  English  and 

Persian. 

Mo II I' R. — It  lias  also  liecn  enacted,  that  from  the  1st  of  ."Seplenitier,  IS3.5,  no  cold  coins  shall  lieonimil 
at  any  iiiiiit  in  India,  except  sold  inoiiiirs  or  iH  rupee  pieces  (vvitli  llie  siihdivisions).  cdiitajiiiiiiriirii 
l(i5  grains  (U-liths)  pure  aold,  and  15  frrains  (l-l'2th  alloy.  Such  iiiohiirs  are  co!isi'i|iieiilly  worlti 
2(iji.  2(/.  each.  Tliesc  coins  are  marked  in  the  same  way  as  the  new  rupees,  hut  they  are  iiiit  ligil 
lender.— Si/;).) 

[We  subjoin  the  act  of  Congress  of  January  18th,  1837,  relative  to  the  Mint  and  Coinage 
of  the  United  States ;  annexing  to  it  the  other  legal  provisions  still  in  force  on  the  same 
.subject. 

^n  act  supplementary  to  the  art,  entitled  "Jin  art  establishing  a  vnnt,and  re^vlatinff  i  heroins  of  Iki 

United  Slates." 

Be  it  enarted  hij  the  Senate  and  frovfc  of  Rrpresentatirrs  of  the  United  States  nf  Jinierira  in  CiWgrai 
assembled.  That  ihe  oiricer.s  of  the  mint  nftheUnited  States  slmll  he  adirector,  a  treasurer,  an  assiiyer, 
a  melter  and  refiner,  a  chief  coiner,  and  an  engraver,  to  lie  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  Vniud 
States,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  nf  Ihe  Senate. 

?  2.  jind  fre  it  further  enacted,  That  the  respective  duties  of  the  officers  of  the  mint  slmll  be  as 
lollows : 


COINS. 


397 


nrrd  by  nn  nrt  nffor,. 
nirrcnl  lis  inmii'y,  nnri 
imndu,  t'riini  :iiii|  ;i|'i,.^ 
mill  Hrii/il,  of  niii  i,.,, 
)iTi»  nf  l''ranci',  O-Uini, 
mill,  of  III)!  riiicni'saiii' 
irinclple  tliu  fnllowin^ 


n-IOthi  flue. 


rt 

Vjlue  in 

3 

E» 

V.  S.  CUP. 

& 

rrnry,  c. 

£ 

h 

Iinmpi 

p 

liy  l|,e 

,5 

^A 

qiHlilily  1  ( 

Uo 

CiiUiJurrl 

I* 

Ml  lljf  !.,« 

'■' 

•a^  <n;„. 

ip-airiJ 

d.    c.  III. 

»'•   f.  in 

2I2'6 

9    15    4 

9    IG  3 

179 

7    71    S 

7    71   ■, 

82*5 

3    SS    ! 

3  «  ;■ 

ilt'ini-lniiis,  cninctl  (itfnre  1%, 
jert  in  Hit*  t.il)If,  hfccanse  llirv 
If  itnuhlt' .111(1  siride  iii|MiItT,,;,| 

by  » lal  istallal  iliereii»1v.|i 


raIsS  7-16  grains  fine. 


=  >.5, 


I.  9.  cur. 
Irciicv.  e*. 
;iiniittd  l,v' 

tlie  im-;i. 
lly  nfpcrfi 
! mid,  4c.  ' 


graititi  d.    c.  m. 


375  3 


21-2 


)72 

46-3 

23-9 


15    59    0 
1    01    1 


1.1  ri9  0 

1    fl4    7 
I     01     I 


16   IT  61 


1   W  31 


16  C3  i\ 
I    99  1 

I   03  ■] 


allies,  circulatinp;in 

nronvpnienco.    But 

of  iScplpmbpr,  183.i, 

India,  ami  that  in 

),tol)ecnlicJ"The 

.')  srrniiis  {—)  ailny, 

tlip  former  Bonihav, 

ivaleiit,  for  them  aiiil 

orth,  reekmiing  silver 

new,  or  Company''! 

t  Britiiiii,  and  on  tiv 

coin  in  Eiigiisii  anJ 


jt 


ilil  coins  sliiill  lii'foinul 

sinus).  runt;iiTiiMi!i''iiii 

re  ( iinsiMiuiMitly  worth 

hut  tliey  lire  mil  Ug.il 

le  Mint  and  Coinage 
in  force  on  the  same 

■iilatinff  the  coins  of  lit 

^\f  Miiitrxca  in  ConpM 
,' treasurer,  an  iissayer, 
Iresideiil  of  the  Vn\H 

■  the  mint  sliall  be  as 


Virtt.  The  director  ehnll  IiRvn  the  rontml  nnd  nianaaement  of  the  mitil,  the  MiprTintendencR  of  tlie 
firticcri)  and  perHiiiiH  eiiiiiloycd  tln'reiii,  and  tlii!  lieiierHl  reKiilatloii  and  Hii|iervinlnii  ol' the  hiiHini'XK 
111' the  several  lirandies.  And  in  the  nioiitli  of  ,laiiiiary  of  cvrry  yrar  he  mIiiiII  make  ri'|i'irl  to  the 
(•rpi<id''nl  of  the  tliiiteil  Stali-H  of  thi^  o|iiirHlion:<  of  the  mint  and  ili4  hranches  for  the  yrar  iiriTi'iliiiii ; 
.ind  alsn  to  the  Si'cretary  of  the  TreaHiiry,  fniiii  tiine  to  time,  aH  Haid  Hecri'lary  idmll  rei|iiire,  seltiiii: 
fiirtli  all  tlii^  iiiiiTatiiins  of  the  mint  8iili!te(|iii-nl  to  the  lUAt.  ri'|iort  made  ii|kiii  (he  Kiiliji'ii. 

Seronil.  The  treamirf  r  hTliII  rf  ceive  and  safi'ly  krep,  all  moneys  wliioli  shall  be  for  the  use  and  siip- 
,orl  of  l)ie  mint ;  shall  keep  all  the  current  arroiiiils  of  the  mint,  and  (lay  all  iiinni'ys  due  hy  the  mini. 
I'lii  MMrraiMs  from  the  director,  lie  shall  receive  aJI  hiilllou  hroiiKlit  to  the  mint  for  coinaiie  ;  shall  he 
uw  k>'i'|i>'r  of  all  hiillion  and  roin  in  the  mint,  except  while  the  paiiie  is  legally  placed  in  the  hands  of 
.ilhcr  ofTicfrs;  and  shall,  on  warrants  from  tlio  director,  deliver  all  coins  struck  at  the  mint  to  thii 
,i,riii)n»  to  whom  they  iiliiill  be  legally  payable.  And  lie  shall  ki'ep  reeiilar  and  faitlifiil  accounts  of  all 
•Jii'  ttan!>actl>ins  of  iln;  nilnl,ni  bullion  and  coins,  liotli  with  theotlicersof  Iheiuint  and  the  depositors  ; 
:,imI  jlialJ  present,  quiw-tf  r  yearly,  to  the  Trenmiry  Department  of  the  United  Slati's,  aciMirdins  to  sncli 
(.inns  as  shall  be  prescribed  liy  that  deiiartinent,  an  account  of  the  receipts  and  dislmrsements  of  tlio 
uiinl,  I'or  the  purpose  of  bein^  adjusted  and  settled. 

77,in/.  The  assayer  shall  carefully  assay  all  metals  used  in  coinage,  whenever  such  assays  are 
riMpiiri'il  In  the  ojieration*  of  the  mint;  he  shall  also  make  assays  of  coins  whenever  instructed  lo  du 
VI  liy  the  director. 

Fiiiirlk.  The  melter  and  refiner  shall  execute  all  the  operations  which  are  necessary  in  order  to  form 
iiiurts  ol  standard  silver  or  gold,  suitable  for  the  chief  coiner,  from  Uie  metals  legally  delivered  to  him 
f»r  Ibat  purpose. 

Fifih.  The  chief  coiner  shall  evccnte  all  the  operations  which  are  necessary  in  order  to  form  coins. 
.•onfnriDa'iile  in  all  respects  to  the  law,  from  the  standard  silver  aiid  gold  ingots,  and  the  copper 
iliini'hi'ts.'leaally  delivered  to  him  for  this  purpose. 

'  fiilli.  The  engraver  shall  prepare  and  eneravc,  with  the  IcgaA  devices  and  inscriptions,  all  the 
■ill's  used  in  the  coinaRe  nf  the  mint  and  its  branches. 

{  3,  jind  lie  it  further  enacted,  That  the  director  shall  appoint,  with  the  approbation  of  the  President. 
;,s«istaii's  to  the  assayer,  melter.  and  refiner,  chief  coiner  and  engraver,  and  clerks  for  the  director 
villi  treasurer,  whenever,  on  reiiresentation  made  liy  the  direcli>r  to  the  President,  it  shall  be  the 
,)|iinion  of  the  President  that  such  assistants  or  clerks  are  necessary.  And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
isslslaets  to«i;l  their  principals  in  the  execution  of  their  respective  offices,  and  of  the  clerks  to  per- 
form such  duties  as  shall  be  prescribed  for  them  by  the  director. 

{4.  3nd  be  it  further  enacted^  That  whenever  any  officer  of  the  mint  shall  be  temporarily  absent,  on 
(irroant  of  sickness,  or  any  other  sntricient  cause,  "it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  director,  witli  the  consenl 
,f  the  said  oflicer,  to  appoint  some  person  attached  to  the  mint  to  act  in  the  place  of  such  otficer  diir- 
ine  liiB  absence  :  and  to  employ  such  workmen  and  servants  iu  the  mint  as  he  shall  from  time  to  time 
find  necessary. 

(15.  And  be  it  further  enaclrji.  That  every  officer,  assistant,  and  clerk  of  the  mint,  shall,  before  he 
fillers  upon  the  execution  of  his  office,  take  an  oath  or  atfirniation  before  some  judge  of  the  United 
Slates,  or  judge  of  the  superior  court,  or  any  court  of  record  of  any  State,  faithfully  aiwl  diligently  tu 
j'lTlorin  the  duties  thereof. 

}t>.  .4)i(!  6e  it /(irtAcr  fnacterf.  That  the  following  officers  of  the  mint,  before  entering  upon  the  exe- 
'Ulion  of  their  respective  olfices,  shall  become  bound  to  the  United  States,  with  one  or  more  suretie!-, 
;o  thesntlsfiiclion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  the  sums  hereinafter  mentioned,  with  condition 
ior  the  faithful  and  diligent  performance  of  the  duties  of  their  offices,  viz. :  The  treasurer  in  the  sum 
'f  ten  thousand  dollars  ;  the  assayer  in  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  ;  the  melter  and  refiner  in 
I'nc  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars;  and  the  chief  coiner  in  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars.  And  that 
<iiinilar  bonds  may  also  he  re(|uired  of  the  assistants  and  clerks,  in  snch  sums  as  the  director  shall  de- 
;eriiiine,  with  the  approbation  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

}".  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  there  shall  be  allowed  to  the  ofBcers  of  the  mint  the  following 
salaries  per  annum  :  To  the  director,  for  his  services,  including  travelling  expenses  incurred  in  visit- 
inj  the  ("lilTerent  branches,  and  all  other  charges  whatever,  three  thousand  five  bmidred  dollars  ;  to 
ilie  treasarer,  assayer,  melter  and  refiner,  chief  coinflr,  and  engraver,  each  two  thousand  dollars ;  to 
ilie  assistants  and  clerks,  such  annual  salaries  shall  be  allowed  as  the  director  may  determine,  with 
Tlie  approbation  of  the  President :  Promdid,  That  an  assistant  shall  not  receive  more  than  fifteen 
iiumlred  dollars,  and  that  a  clerk  shall  not  receive  more  than  twelve  hundred  dollars.  To  the  work- 
men and  servants  shall  he  allowed  such  wages,  to  be  determined  by  the  director,  as  may  be  custom- 
ary and  reasonable,  according  to  their  respective  stations  and  occupations;  and  that  the  salaries 
friivided  for  in  thus  section  shall  bo  payaWe  in  quarterly  instalments. 

J8.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  standard  for  both  gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  United 
States  shall  hereafter  be  such,  that  of  one  thousand  parts  by  weight,  nine  hundred  shall  be  of  pure 
vietiil,  and  one  hundred  of  alloy  ;  and  the  alloy  of  the  silver  coins  shall  be  of  copper ;  and  the  alloy 
it"  the  gold  coins  shall  be  of  copper  and  silver,  provided  that  the  silver  do  not  e.xceed  one  half  of  the 
whole  allny. 

(19.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  of  the  silver  coins,  the  dollar  shall  be  of  the  weight  of  four 
.iiimlred  and  twelve  and  one  half  grains  :  the  half  dollar  of  the  weight  of  two  hundred  and  six  and 
.me  fourth  grains  ;  the  qiiarter  dollar  of  the  weight  of  one  hundred  and  three  and  one  eighth  grains  ; 
-lie  dime,  or  tenth  part  of  a  dollar,  of  the  weight  of  forty-one  ami  one  fourth  grains  ;  and  the  half  dime, 
ir  twentieth  part  of  a  dollar,  of  the  weight  of  twenty  and  five  eighth  grains.  And  that  dollars,  half 
•'ollars,  quarter  dollars,  dimes,  and  half  dimes,  shall  be  legal  tenders  of  payment,  according  to  their 
jioiiiinal  value,  for  any  snins  whatever. 

I)  10.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  of  the  gold  coins,  the  weight  of  the  eagle  shall  be  two  hundred 
tiiil  fifty-eight  grains  ;  that  of  the  half  eagle  one  hniidred  and  twenty-nine  grains ;  and  that  of  the 
i|iiarter  eagle  sixty-four  and  one  half  grains.  And  that,  for  all  sums  whatever,  the  eagle  shall  boa 
'.\"';\.\  tender  of  payment  fojr  ten  dollars;  the  half  eagle  for  Ave  dollars  -  and  the  quarter  eagle  for  two 
j.nd  a  half  dollars. 

)  II.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  stiver  coins  heretofore  issued  at  the  mint  of  the  United 
Slates,  and  the  gold  coin?  issued  since  the  thirty-first  day  of  July,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ihirty-fcMir,  shall  continue  to  be  legal  lenders  of  payment,  for  their  nominal  values,  on  the  same 
terms  as  if  they  were  of  the  coinage  provided  for  by  this  act. 

}  12.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  of  the  copper  coins,  the  weight  of  the  cent  shall  he  one  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  grains,  and  the  weight  of  tbc  half  cent  eighty-four  grains.  .\nd  the  cent  shall  he 
considered  of  the  value  of  one  hundredth  part  of  a  dollar,  and  the  half  cent  of  the  value  of  one  two- 
Jiundredth  part  of  a  dollar. 

{ 13.  jJnrf  be  it  further  enacted.  That  upon  Ihe  coins  struck  at  the  mint  there  shall  be  the  followin; 

devices  and  legends  :  Upon  one  side  of  each  of  said  coins  there  shall  be  an  impression  emblematic  nf 

liberty,  with  an  inscription  of  the  word  Libehtv,  and  the  year  of  the  coinage  ;  and  upon  the  reverse 

«f  each  of  the  gold  and  silvef  coius,  there  sttaU  be  tbe  figure  or  representation  of  an  eagle,  with  the  in- 

Vol.  L-2  I. 


,iifihJl«« 
ilBKli,.,  1^^ 
'kiamai  WH| 
■'!iiii«#l'  "# 


.1^^^ 

,'.i*j-»''' •'•• 


a 


308 


COINS. 


r 

1 

i 


i  I 


1 


I 


srriptliin  TNiTEn  Rtateh  or  America,  nml  a  ilcdiBiintInn  of  ilio  vnlne  of\f\n  rnin  ;  Imt  on  llin  rcvpf 

"f  llii'  ill Hill  lialt'iliiiii',  rnit  Mint  hull'  rent,  llic  tiunre  nl'  tin-  I'liirlr  hIiiiII  he  nriiitli'il. 

^11.  -iiHl  hr  il  fiirlhrr  I  iiaileil,'\'\m^  (Joliliiml  hIIvit  hiillliin  liriiiiifht  In  llw  mint,  fur  riilhauc,  xlni 
111'  ri  rcjvi'il  nnd  cuiniM),  hy  llii'  iiropcr  nliiccrH,  fur  llir  hcnrfil  nl'lhf  ilcpofilldr :  I'ruvidtd,  'I'liiit  il  Hlii,], 
lie  liiw  I'lil  111  ri'fiiHi",  III  llir  mint,  any  (li'iiiinilc  of  Ichh  viiIik"  limn  oiin  liiinilri'il  ilnllarH,  iinil  any  liiiHii,,,' 
nil  Imisi'  a^  til  lit'  iihtnlialili-  liir  tin-  n|ii'raliiinH  (if  the  mint  :  JInil  pmriilcd,  «/«»,  Tlial  wlirri  (.mid  nni 
i-ilviT  an-  I'liriiliiiii'il,  if  cillicr  of  IIichc  ini-lalii  lit;  in  miih  Hiiinll  |irii|mrliiiii  lliat  It  <anniil  tiu  (ifpiiriii|..| 
uitvaiilai;i'iiii>i|y,  mi  allowaiiii'  sliiill  hi!  iiiiiili.'  In  llu!  ilcpiiHitiir  fur  llir  valiii'  nf  kiiiIi  niilal. 

?  l.'i.  Jiiiil  he  II  further  iviirlril,'\'\m\  yii\wn  liiillliin  in  liriiii([lil  lo  the  mini,  fur  I'liinauc,  il  ulinll  |),. 
Wi'IkIii'iI  liy  till' 'IVraHiirrr,  in  Ihr  prrsi'nci' (if  tlii'  (lcp<iHllor.  when  practiciihlc,  ami  a  ri'ccipt  plui, 
Wliicli  Kliail  Hiatc  the  (IcKiTiptinii  ami  Wfiitlil  nf  tlic  liiilliiin  :  I'mriiltil,  TImt  ulirnllic  hnllldn  in  In  smii 
a  stall!  aH  III  ri'i|iiiri'  mcllinu  licfnri' its  valiir  fan  he  anrt!rtainc(l,  lliu  weiglit  uflt.r  ini'MiiiK  gjiull  ii, 
ciiiiKiilcri'it  an  llii'  Iriii!  Wfliilil  (if  lliii  liiillliin  tlcpiiKitcil. 

(' Iti.  .■iiii/ /if  1^ /'i( iv/iir  cmif^fi/.  Tlial  fniiii  t'vi'ry  panel  of  linllinn  ilppoHitciI  fur  roinagr,  the  trpj. 
Kiii'iT  Kliall  (li'liviT  111  till!  iiKHayLT,  ii  siitilcicnt  portinn  fur  (lie  pnrpoHi!  of  liciiii;  aKsayi'd  ;  liiil  all  mirli 
biilliiiii  ruinalniiig  from  tliu  o|it'rnliunti  of  tho  ui^ay  hIiuII  bu  returned  tu  tlic  trvuMuri-r  by  th,. 
ns»ay(!r.  ^ 

i  17.  .Iml  hr  il  furl  her  cnnrlril,  TVnt  llm  nHHaycr  shall  ri'|Kirt  lo  llii'  Ircnsiirer  the  (inalily  or 
slaniliird  nf  the  IhiIIIhii  assaynl  liy  liiiii;  and  Im  Hhiill  also  rinnninnicati!  lo  llir  ircmmrcr  siiihjn 
formiitiiin  as  will  cnnlili!  him  to  i'i<tiiiiiit(>  Ihc  nnionnt  of  Ilii!  chnrei'H  lii'ri'iniil'ti'r  provided  liir,  i„ 
III!  maili'  111  llie  depositor,  for  llie  t'XiR'nses  of  convirtiiig  the  bnllion  into  sliimlard  metal  tit  |„. 
c«iiiii«e. 

(^  IN.  Jiiiil  be  itfiirlbrr  ennrtrd,  'I'liat  the  only  snlijeoln  of  charce  by  the  mint  lo  thn  depositor  slriH  hi- 
Ihe  f  illnw  iiirf:— For  redninjf,  wlii'ii  the  Imllion  is  lielow  stamlard  ;  for  toiit'lienin)!,  when  metals  an 
idiitaiiied  ill  il  wliich  render  il  niifit  fur  cniiiaue  ;  for  copper  used  for  alloy,  <yhen  lli«  Imllion  Im  uIhivp 
stanilanl  ;  for  silver  iiitrodiieed  into  the  alloy  of  (.'old  ;  and  for  separutitiK  the  Kold  and  silver,  »|i,.|, 
these  melal.-i  e.xisl  tofjether  in  the  liiillloii  ;  and  that  the  rate  of  these  rlirirBe.<  shall  he  fixed,  froiii  lim. 
Ill  lime,  liy  the  direelur,  v.illi  the  rnni'nrrence  of  the  Seerelary  of  llie  Treasury,  so  n«  mil  lo  excef,! 
ill  their  jiiil;.'iMeiit,  tlie  lu'tiial  e\peiise  to  the  Mint  of  the  materials  and  lalioiir  employed  in  each  iit'ihi' 
ca.sfis  rtl'oremeiitiiined  ;  .ind  that  the  amount  received  from  tlieue  charges  shull  liu  uccuiinted  fur,  uiij 
appropriated  for  det'rayinK  the  coiitinjii'iit  expenses  of  Ihe  niinl. 

j  HI.  And  he  il  further  einicUd.  Tlial  from  Ihe  report  of  the  assayer,  and  the  weiuht  of  the  hiiHiDn 
the  treasurer  shall  estiiiiate  the  whole  value  of  each  deposite,  and  also  Ihe  iimonnt  of  the  cliariiesnr 
dediiclinns,  If  any  ;  of  all  which  he  shall  pive  a  detailed  niemoraiidiim  to  the  depositor  ;  and  he  ahaii 
also  L'ive,  at  the  same  time,  nmler  liiji  liaiiil,  a  cerlltlcate  of  the  nett  uuiotint  of  Ihe  deposite,  lo  lie  paid 
ill  coins  of  the  same  species  of  Imllion  as  that  depo'ited. 

i  'JU.  .Ind  he  il  further  enarlid.  That  parcels  of  hiillioii  siiiiH  be,  from  lime  In  time,  transferred  liy  Hi,, 
treasurer  to  llie  nielter  and  retiiier  ;  that  a  careful  recor  I  if  these  Iransfers,  notinif  the  weluht  .iini 
character  of  llii!  hiillion.  shall  he  kept ;  and  thai  Ihe  hiillioii  iliiis  placed  in  the  liaml.s  of  the  inelleriiiil 
reliner  sliall  he  snlijccled  In  the  several  prncesiies  \vli:c!i  (;-ay  be  neces.^ary  lo  form  il  into  iiii;iiisi,f 
the  li'cal  standard,  and  of  a  (|milily  suitable  for  coinaue. 

(!i\.  And  be  it  further  enacted, 'l\\t\\  the  iiiL'ots  thus  prep'ired  shall  be  nssoycd  by  the  assayer,  am) 
if  they  prove  lo  be  within  Ihe  limits  allowed  for  deviation  from  the  standard,  they  shall  be  Iraiislirriii 
by  tliu  nielter  and  reliner  to  the  treasurer,  accninpanied  by  Ihe  assayer's  ccrtiticttte  of  their  lim- 
nuss  ;  and  tlial  a  careful  record  of  Ihe  transfer  shall  be  kept  by  the  treasurer. 

J  I'i.  And  be  it  further  eiiurled.  That  no  inpots  of  (fnlil  shall  lie  used  for  ciiiimpe  of  which  the  (|iialiiy 
dili'ers  nmre  than  two  thousandths  from  the  le|;al  standard  ;  and  that  no  iiiuot:*  of  silver  shall  he  ynd 
for  coinn({e  of  which  Ihe  quality  ditfers  inori!  than  three  thoiisamlths  from  the  leKiil  standard. 

J  2;i.  And  be  it  further  evucted.  Thai  in  the  treasurer's  account  with  Ihe  nieller  and  reliner,  itip 
nielter  and  reliner  shall  be  debited  with  the  standard  weight  of  all  the  Imllion  placed  in  bis  liaii(!,«, 
that  is  to  say,  will)  the  weifrht  of  metal  of  lesal  standard  tineness  which  it  will  iiialie  ;  and  that  In' 
shall  he  credited  hy  tb(!  standard  weiirt'.'.  of  all  Ihe  inSols  delivered  by  liiiii  to  the  treasurer  ;  and  ihal 
oiR-e  at  least  in  every  year,  at  such  tini-  is  the  director  sliall  appoint,  the  nielter  and  rttiner  shnll 
deliver  up  to  the  treasurer  all  Ihe  biilli.  ii  in  his  possession,  in  order  that  his  accounts  may  lie  seliliil 
up  In  that  time  ;  and,  in  this  settlement,  he  simll  be  entitled  to  a  credit  for  the  ditference  between  tlii! 
wliele  amoiinl  of  hullioh  delivered  to  him  and  received  from  him,  since  tin!  last  setllenienl,  as  an 
allowance  for  necessary  waste :  rrnnided.  That  this  allowance  shall  not  exceed  two  lliiiiisaMillli^ 
of  the  whole  amount  of  gold  and  silver  biilliun,  respectively,  thut  had  been  deliv(!red  to  liiin  liy  iln. 
treasurer. 

i  i[.  And  be  il  further  enacted,  That  the  treasurer  shall,  from  time  to  time,  deliver  over  In  Ihe  rhipr 
coiner,  inaots  for  Ihe  purpose  of  coinace;  and  he  shall  keep  a  careful  record  of  these  transfers, 
noting  the  weiirhl  and  description  nf  til)!  ingots  ;  and  that  llu!  inznts  tinis  placed  in  tlii!  Iianils  iit' tli'! 
chief  coiner  shall  be  passed  through  the  several  iirocesscs  iieceisary  lo  make  from  llieni  coins  in  all 
respects  conformable  In  law. 

i  25.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  in  adjusting  the  weights  of  the  coins,  the  followinc  devialioin 
from  the  standard  weialit  shall  not  be  exceeded  in  any  of  the  single  pieces  :— In  Ihe  diilhir  ami  liair 
dollar,  one  grain  and  a  half;  in  the  i|uarler  dollar,  one  grain  ;  in  the  dliiK!  and  half  dime,  half  a  grain; 
in  the  gnlil  coin-;,  one  i)narter  nf  a  grain  ;  in  the  cnpper  coins,  oni!  grain  in  the  pennyweight  ;  anil  lliat 
in  weighing  a  larce  nmnber  of  pieces  together,  when  delivered  from  Ihe  chief  coiner  to  the  in-a- 
surer,  and  frniii  the  treasurer  to  the  d(!pnsilnr3,  the  deviations  from  the  standard  wei'jlit  sliall  nut 
exceed  the  liillnwing  limits  :  Knur  pennyweights  in  oik!  thniisand  dnilars;  threi!  peiiiiyweiiilits  iiiiiiip 
tliniisand  half  dollars  ;  two  pennyw(!ighls  in  one  thousand  tiiiarter  dollars  ;  one  penny  wel^'lit  in  nni. 
thousand  diiii(!S  ;  nne  jiennyweight  in  one  thousand  half-dimes  ;  two  pennyweights  in  one  lliniisaiiil 
eagles  ;  one  and  u  half  pennyweight  in  one  Ihnuaand  half  eagles;  one  pennyweight  in  one  llKHisaaJ 
quarter  eagles. 

H  21).  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  chief  coiner  shall,  from  time  to  time,  as  Ihe  coins  are  pre- 
pared, deliver  them  over  to  the  treasurer,  whn  shall  keep  a  careful  recnril  nf  their  kind,  nuniln'r,  anil 
weiL'ht  ;  and  that  in  receiving  the  coins  il  fhall  be  the  duty  of  the  treasurer  to  set!  w  liclher  the  ruin,- 
of  that  delivery  are  within  the  legal  limitsof  the  staiidaril  weight :  and  if  his  trials  for  this  piiriiiis.' 
shall  not  prove  satisfactory,  he  shall  cause  all  the  coins  of  this  delivery  to  be  weighed  separately, ami 
such  as  are  not  of  legal  weight  shall  be  delivered  to  the  hielter  and  refiner,  as  standard  bullion,  in  lie 
again  formed  into  ingots  and  recoined. 

J  27.  And  he  it  further  c»ifl(!re(i.  That  at  every  delivery  of  coins  made  by  the  chief  coiner  to  the 
treasurer,  it  shall  hi!  the  duty  of  the  treasurer,  in  the  pri^sonce  of  the  assayer,  to  take,  iiiiliscriiiiinate- 
ly,  a  certain  niimher  of  pieces  of  each  variety  for  the  annual  trial  of  coins,  (the  niiiiilier  lieiiii  pre- 
scribed by  the  dir(!Clor,)  which  shall  he  carefully  labelled  and  deposited  in  a  chest  apiiroprialeil  fur 
the  piirpiise.  kept  under  the  joint  care  of  the  treasurer  and  assayer,  and  so  secured  that  neither  can 
have  access  to  its  cunlents  without  the  presence  of  the  other. 
I)  26.  ,4nii  iei(/ur(Aer  enacte(2,  That  the  chief  coiner  shall,  from  time  to  time,  deliver  to  the  trea- 


COINS, 


390 


nin  ;  lint  on  llii;  rcv(<r,i> 

iilliJIU'rl. 

Miirit.  Cur  roliingn,  nh.ili 

Vruriittil,  'I'liiit  it  Hh;(|, 

iliillarH,  mill  any  liiilln,,, 

II,  TIml  wlirn   K'llil   III  I 

it  cunridt  liu  ni'|mraii'>i 
mr\\  iiii'liil. 

■|ir  ciiiimu'c,  II  iilinll  br. 
I',  mill  11  rriri|il  Riling 
I'ntlii-  hiilliijii  in  iiiiinii 
t  after  iiiiiltiiig  ilmii  i„. 

fur  rolniigp,  tho  trea- 
iiKiiiiyiMl  ;  liiit  till  Niirli 
the  trt'usuri-r    by  iiit; 

rnsiircr   Itw  quality  »> 

till'  trrimiirt'r  niuli  in- 

iiuil'trr  priiviilcil  inr,  m 

stiiiiilord  ini!tal  tit  tu; 

1(1  tlin  ilopoHitnr  ulifill  h.« 
'iiiiitt,  wlii'ii  ini'talH  art 
(I'll  tliK  liiillion  \»  iili(ivi> 
I  (Tolil  and  Kilv«r,  wIk'h 
Oiall  lie  tixrd,  I'riiiii  linn: 
ry,  so  ns  iinl  to  I'xcecij, 
I'lnpldyril  in  raili  nrni,! 

I  ho  aocimiiteil  IVir,  iinj 

a  wp|({lit  nf  the  htiiiioii^ 
iinniit  nf  tliu  ('liar|.'i's.>r' 
li'pdsiliir  ;  aril  hi'  >lia!| 
ilio  (It'iioaitc,  to  l)u  |iaiii 

lime,  trnnsft'rri'il  liy  i|io 

niitiiiB  till!  wi'iKht  anil 

Imiiils  of  tliH  inciter  aiiii 

n  form  it  into  iii;;iitMol' 

■cil  by  thfl  assayor,  and 
licy  fliall  ho  traiislirriil 
criilicato  of  their  lint- 

geof  wliifh  the  quality 
of  Milver  Mhall  lie  ustd 
li'Kiil  slanilaril. 
nellcr  ami   reliiier,  the 

II  iilaciMl  ill  \\\*  hands. 
ill  ina.'ie  ;  anil  that  he 

tri'iisiirer ;  anil  iliat 
v.x  aiiit  rttiiier  shiill 
founts  may  lie  si'llh'J 
IfiTi-'UCi!  Jx'tweeii  llic 
1st  setllenii-iil.  as  an 
I'll  two  tlioiisaiiililiit 
livi^rt'd  to  him  by  iln. 

livt'r  ovrrtn  the  chief 
1(1  of  these  triuisfi'rs. 
'd  ill  tlie  hands  (if  tli<: 
from  tbciii  coins  in  all 

followinc  devialionn 
'ii  the  dollar  and  half 
lalf  dime,  half  a  jrraiii; 
•iiliyweiKht  ;  and  that 

f  I'oiner  to  the  irca- 
dard  wel'jht  shall  not 

pi'iiin  weiu'hls  in  lUii' 

peiinyweii^hl  in  (mh- 
iltlits  in  one  tliniisaiiit 

'i^'ht  ill  Olio  thou:iaii(l 

as  the  coins  are  pri"- 
■ir  kind,  miinhiT,  and 
see  wild  her  the  ceinp 
trials  for  this  pur|iiii..' 
IkIu'iI  se|iaralely,anil 
laiidard  Imllioa,  to  he 

10  chief  coiner  to  the 
I  take,  iiidiscriininate- 
K!  iiiiiiihi^r  heiiii!  |ire- 
liest  appropriated  tor 
iired  thai  neither  can 

,  deliver  to  the  ttea- 


Pfftf  va  «(  f oln    J,  unit  lliai  thn 


.m»?r,  the  chief 
III  (ilaci'd  in  \m 
'•Wcr  tMillioii  .!(•> 
Ih^    lilt         f 


i'V  ll»«' 


Mirer.  Ilii*  rlipplnUH  nnil  othor  pnrliond  of  hiillinn  reiniiining  after 
tjrasurcr  nhnll  keep  n  i  iri  fill  rnconl  of  their  itnioiiiil. 

,1 'Jll.  Jinil  III-  II  fiirllirr  I  imrlrU, 'l\ml.  In  the  treiisiirer's  nfcoun'  u  illi  imc  tlilr 
rv\ni''  shall  he  dehiled  with  the  iiuioiint  in  weiithl  of  slaiidaril   im     il  of  nil  the  lin 
hanils.  and  ireiliied  with  the  iiinoiint.  also  hy  welulit,  of  nil  the  cnin  -.  clippinxs,  hiiii 
iiviTcd  hy  him  to  the  trriisiirer,  itiid  that  onco  at  least  in  every  ye. if,  at  smli  MDi 
.hill  appnini,  the  chief  coiner  sliiill  deliver  to  the  treasurer  all  the  iiiIih  and  litilli-m  in  hi*  p' 
.|(in,  so  thai  his  aceoiititn  may  he  settled  up  to  tliiil   time  ;  and,  in  this  settlement,  lie  hIi  <ll  li>*  e< 
i„  a  credit  for  the  dilference  hetweeii  the  whole  amount  of  iiiKols  delivered  to  liini,  and  of  He 
.iiiil  hiilliciii  rei  eived  from  him,  since  the  last  Hidllemonl,  as  an  allowance  for  necessary  wiisie 
i./ii/,  'I'liii  this  allowance  shall  not  exceed   two  thoiisiindllis  of  the  whole   niiioiinl  oi'  the  nih 
.1111'  iind  one  half  lhuu«aiullli  uf  the  whole  iiinoiint  uf  the  xolil  tliul  hud  tieen  delivered  to  him 
ifcaKiirer. 

,1.10.  .'J'k/ 'if /V/«rfAcr  ^Miif^ei/,  That  when  llie  coins  wliidi  are  the  ciiuivntent  tn  nny  deposite  of 
liilllinti  Are  ready  fir  delivery,  tliey  shall  he  paid  over  to  llie  depositor,  or  his  order,  hy  the  treasurer, 
nil  :i  warr  lilt  from  the  director  ;  and  the  p.iyments  shall  he  made,  if  demanded,  in  the  order  in  which 
ilii'  hallioii  sh'ill  have  Imm-ii  liroiiitht  to  the  mint,  itivinit  priority  accordiiii;  to  priority  of  deposile  only  ; 
,iii.|lhii  ill  the  denoioiiialions  of  coin  delivered,  the  treasurer  shall  comply  with  the  wishes  of  the 
ili'iiD.'iiinr,  iinlers  w  hen  iinpracticahio  or  incoiivenleiit  tu  do  go,  in  which  cuHe  tlie  denoiiiiniitiuiiM  of  coin 
.|i,dl  lie  desimiated  liy  the  director. 

Kll. -^iii' ')C  il  furl  her  r/iiicVi/, 'I'liat,  for  the  purpose  of  cimhliui;  llio  mint  \n  make  the  returns  lo 
,li|i.i>iliits  with  as  liltli!  (lelRy  as  possihle,  it  sh  'II  he  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  keep 
,„  ihe  said  iiiliil,  when  tile  siatiMif  the  treasury  will  admit  then.'iif,  a  i|i'|iiisiie  of  siicli  timoiint  of 
niililir  money,  or  of  hiilllon  procured  for  the  imrpose,  as  \w  shall  .jiidije  convonieiil  and  necessary,  mil 
ixri'i-iliiii!  om*  iiiilliiiii  of  iliilliirs,  out  of  wliii  h  tliosi!  will)  hriiiu  hullioii  to  tin;  mint  may  he  paid  the 
vahii' llii  reiif.  lis  soon  as  iiracticulile  after  this  viiliie  has  heeii  ascertained;  thai  the  hiilliou  so  de- 
pniiili'd  sh.ill  liecome  the  properly  ol  the  riiiled  States  ;  that  no  discount  or  interest  shall  he  cliarifeil 
„n  money  so  advanced  ;  and  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  at  any  lime  w  illnlraw  the  said 
ililiiislle,  or  any  part  tliereot",  or  niiiy,  at  his  discretion,  allow  the  coins  forinert  at  the  mint  to  he  (jiven 
iiir  llielt  I'liiiivalent  in  other  money. 

J  M.  .■/"'(  '"" ''  fiirllirr  eiiiirlfil.  That,  to  secure  a  due  conformity  in  tlio  cold  ami  silver  coins  lo  their 
rf*|ii'itive  standards  and  wciwlits,  an  annual  trial  sliall  he  made  of  the  pieces  reserved  lor  this  pnr- 
IHji'iil  the  mint  and  its  hranches.  hefure  the  ,)iid).'e  of  the  district  court  of  the  tiiiled  Slates  for  the 
,;,ilern  dislrlit  of  I'etinsylvania,  the  allorney  of  the  I'liited  Slates  for  the  eiisterii  district  of  renn- 
Mlvaiiia.  iiiid  the  collector  of  tlii!  port  of  I'liiliidelphia,  and  siicli  other  persons  as  the  I'residenl  shall 
Vniiii  limi'  '"  ''""'  desimiate  fur  that  piirposi',  w  ho  shall  meet  as  coniuiissioners  for  Ihe  perforniaiiceof 
(hill  ihity,  on  tlie  secniid  Mondayin  h'thiaary,  aniiiially,  ami  may  coiitiiine  their  lue'tin^is  hy  iid.journ- 
iiieiil.  if  necessary  ;  and  if  ii  majority  of  the  commissioners  sliiill  fail  lo  at;  nd  at  anytime  apiiointed 
fnrtheir  mei'linft,  then  the  director  of  the  mint  shall  call  ii  meidini!  of  ihe  commissioners  at  such 
other  time  as  he  may  deem  convenient  ;  and  that  hefore  these  comniissiniiers,  or  a  majority  of  them, 
.mil  ill  the  iiresence  of  the  olhcers  of  the  mint,  such  exnminalion  shall  he  made  of  the  reserveil 
liiiid  lis  shall  he  jiidced  sulHcient;  niid  if  it  Rliall  appear  that  these  iiieces  do  not  diifer  from  the 
«ianihril  fnieness  and  w.ji(Eht  hy  a  greater  i|iiaiitily  than  is  allowed  hy  law,  the  trial  shall  he  considi^red 
ami  reliiir'"''  ""''"''*'''"'''"■>■  I  Imt  >f  anv  ureater  deviation  from  the  leiful  standard  or  woiiflit  sji;;;; 
appear.  lhi<  fact  sliall  he  certilied  to  the  PreHldent  of  the  Untted  Stales,  and  if,  on  n  vi<"W  of  tlio  cir- 
.iHiistinics  of  the  rase.  In;  shall  so  decide,  the  officer  or  otiicers  impliciited  in  the  error  shall  he 
ihcniefiirward  disqualified  from  holdiiii;  their  respective  otrice.>). 

J.T).  ^iii(  he  il  fiirllirr  rniieteil.  That  copper  hiillion  shall  he  piirclinspil  for  the  mint,  from  time  to  time, 
;iy  the  treasiuer,  under  instructions  from  the  director  ;  that  the  cost  shall  be  puld  from  the  fund  here- 
;iiafler  provided  for;  ami  thai  the  copper  bullion  shall  be  of  good  quality,  and  in  the  forinof  |daiicli«t!< 
tit  fur  passiiiif  at  once  into  the  hands  of  the  dtief  coiner. 

J.'ll.  .Iiid  he  it  ffrlher  eniirleil,TbAl  the  copper  planchetg  sliall  he  df.livered,  from  lime  to  time,  by 
the  treasurer  to  the  chief  coiner,  to  he  by  him  coined  ;  ami  all  such  copper  shall  he  relutiied  to  the 
treasurer  hy  Ihe  chief  coiner,  weiulit  for  weinlil,  without  allowanci!  tor  waste. 

}.15.  ^niihe  il  furl  lirr  cnacteily'Vhat  il  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  treasiiri^r  of  llie  mint  to  deliver  the  cop- 
per coins  in  exdiani-'e  for  their  leual  eiiuivalent  in  other  money,  lo  any  persons  who  .shall  apply  for 
iheia:  /'ruriiM.  That  the  sum  asked  for  be  not  less  than  a  certain  amoniil  to  h-  deteriuiiied  hy  the 
(lirertiir,  and  that  il  be  not  so  great  as,  in  his  judijinenl,  lo  interfere  with  the  capacity  of  the  mint  to 
eiipply  other  aiiplicaiils. 

{36.  And  he  il  further  etuielnl,  That  the  copper  coins  may,  at  Ihe  discretion  of  the  director,  he  de- 
livered in  any  uf  the  principal  cilies  and  towns  of  the  United  rtlales,  at  the  cost  of  tlie  mini  for 
transpertalinn. 

j:t7.  .Inil  hr  it  further  enorted.  That  the  money  received  hy  the  trcncnrcr  in  exchange  for  copper 
cdiiH,  shall  form  a  fund  in  his  Imnds,  which  shall  be  used  lo  purchase  copper  planchels,  and  to  pay 
ilieexpeiise  of  transportation  of  copper  coins  ;  and  that  if  there  he  a  surplus,  tin;  same  shall  he  ajipro- 
prlaleil  to  defray  the  contingenl  expenses  of  the  mini. 

(i.H.  ^iid  he  it  further  cHdcfci/,  That  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts  heretofore  passed,  relatins  to  the  mint 
andfiiins  of  the  (iniled  Stales,  which  are  iiicoiiiiislent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  be,  and  the 
6aine  are  hereby,  repealed. 

.ipprocei,  Jan.  IHlli,  1837. 


I. 


Other  kval  Provisions  still  in  force. 
Provisions  of  Ihe  Cimstilntian  of  the  United  Stntea. 


The  CnnsreBS  shall  have  power  lo  coin  money ;  remilate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coins ; 
anil  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures. — (Art.  1.  }  M.) 

No  Stale  shall  coin  money,  or  make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of 
dehts.-(.Vrl.  1.  D  10.) 

II.  Rstailishmenl  and  location  of  the  Mint. 

Bf  it  rniirted,  Sec— JhHtn  mint,  for  the  purpose  of  a  national  coinage,  lie,  and  the  same  is  established, 
10  he  situate  and  carried  on  at  the  seal  of  governuienl  of  Ihe  United  Slates  lor  tlii?  time  being. —  (Act 
of  .\pril  2d,  17'.)'2:  the  seal  of  governuienl  beiiii;  then  at  Philadelphia  ) 

Be  It  emrted,S(e.,  That,  until  the  4lh  day  of  March,  INOl,  the  mint  sliiill  ri'iuain  in  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  he  curried  on  as  heretofore,  under  the  laws  now  in  force,  any  law  to  the  contrary  iiol- 
wilhstanding.— (Aclof  May  Mill,  IHOO.) 

Be.  il  emiricd,  Src,  That  the  mint  shall  remain  in  Philadelphia  until  the  4th  day  of  March,  in  the  year 
I3n.l-(\et  of  .March  .Id,  I'^Ol.) 

This  net  was  revived  and  continued  in  force  and  operation,  for  successive  periods  of  five  years, 
until  the  4lh  of  March,  l&iS,  when  the  location  of  tho  mint  at  I'hiladelpliia  was  made  permanent,  by 
tlie  ."oJlowing  eaactiuent : 


r 


M. 


ail 


lUaiiM*  UM 
**!*«  IU# 

l,l.*^       # 


ii***ii3sr 


MM' 

■r  r-i .. 

iMit'ta  <-<TiJ| 


'iSllHllJ 


'fOO 


COINS. 


I 

i\ 


■i 


tr  T 


.  i 


ltfiininftfil,^-c,TU\nh(>  ntt  rntltlo(l"An  nrt  rnnrrrnlfiB  flm  mint,"  upprnvod  Mnrrh  thn  ihln) 
I  !,<'  llhMi>':iiicl  I'lulil  liiiiiclrril  iiiiil  oiic,  hi',  and  llic  H:uni>  hrrrliy  |«,  ri'vlvt'il  mill  continiivil  ni  Circi'  ai„t 
<  iic'rutiun,  until  utliurwlmj  pntvlilt-il  tiy  liivv.-  (Act  ol'  Mity  lUtli,  l^'J^•,  {  1.) 

III.  Monty  of  ttttounl  of  the  Unilnl  Stali$. 
He  il  fnarltd,  i^-r.,  TImt  Ihii  tinini'y  of  nrioiinl  iil'  tin-  rnlloil  MIiiIi'h  rthnll  \m  expreKneil  In  floOnn  r,, 
iiiili!<,  iliiiii'H  or  li-nlhii,  rt'iilH  or  Ininiln'illliH,  nnil  iiiillN  or  thiinmiMilltiH  j  ii  illniR  lichiK  Hie  tcmii  pan 
ol'  a  iliiihir,  a  cent  thn  hiinilriMllh  part  nf  a  dullar,  a  mill  thr  ihniiHaniltli  purl  nf  a  ilnlliir ;  nnil  ilim  ;,|< 
ai'i'MiiiilH  in  thr  I'lilillr  iirhi'i'ii,  niid  all  proc*'(MllnKH  In  llii'  rnurt-  nl'llic  llnrlrit  rttalt-H,  nlinll  Ixi  |ii<|i|  iim 
hud  In  i-onl'urinlty  to  llii*  ri'uulutlon.— (Act  of  April  *l,  l'i«,  {  W.) 

IV.  Copprr  Ci>in$  turrint. 

Br  it  riiarliil,  tf-r.,  TImt  aftpf  thi>  I'xplrutlnn  ol'  nIx  rali'ndiir  nionlliH  rrnni  tlm  liniu  when  Ihfrp  aht!' 
h:iv)>  lii'i'ii  piild  liilii  till- ircaHury,  hy  llin  Kniil  dirn'tor,  In  I'i'nt.i  and  hnlf  fful.*,  a  mini  nut  Icha  i|,.,|, 
lillv  tlimiHand  (liilhirn— wliirh  tliiie  nliall  rorlliwltli  hr  annniiniud  l>y  tho  Ircamirrr  in  al  liai<iin„ 
Qi/.i'tti'H  or  iii'WHp.ilii'rH,  piilillNlii'd  at  the  xrat  of  ||ii>  i;ovi'rnnifnl  of  tin- llnlti'd  HtatcK,  fur  thi'iim. 
Im'Iiii;-  no  cdppi'r  niiiiB  or  plt'crn  wlwildoi'vcr,  except  the  Raid  ceiilH  and  linff  cinlH,  Hliall  pans  r  iiff,.,,. 
to  inoiiey,  or  xliall  lie  paid  or  olferi'd  In  he  paid,  or  received  in  piiynient  for  any  delil,  dein.iiiil,  iiami 
niMlter  or  lliinir  whalKovcr  ;  nnd  nil  ropfier  coins  or  piece*. exfr|rt  the  naiil  cenlM  and  half  centi.ivliui 
>lrill  he  paid  or  olfered  tii  he  paid,  or  received  in  paynn^nt,  conirary  to  tile  prohihition  nforemiiij,  ,|,;, 
III' liirri'lleil  :  and  every  perKiiii  liy  whom  any  of  them  hIiiiM  have  hern  ho  paid  or  iid'ered  to  In  |,;,|,J 
or  rei'i'ivi'd  in  payineiii,  shall  alxo  forfeit  the  Kiini  often  dollarx  ;  nnd  the  nald  forfeiture  and  iiinaii,' 
•i|i:ill  and  may  he  recovered  with  cosIh  of  Hiilt,  for  llie  benellt  of  any  person  hv  whom  infiirnmidn  „.' 
till'  inciirriiiK  thereof  shall  have  liren  piveii.— (Act  nf  May  Hlli,  ITII''2,  ^ 'i.  1'he  annunnceaii'in  rr 
({Hired  liavini{  hevn  duly  iimdu  liy  thu  Treuvurer  of  the  Uiittt'd  iitalc*,  llii.i  unaclinuni  ij  in  ti,i; 
(orcf.) 

V.  Fortign  Coini  Curriut. 

CHILD   COI.vg. 

I.  Pe  il  rnnrtril,  i^-r..  That,  from  and  after  the  thirl y-(irst  day  of  July  next,  the  fsllowinR  jnliiroin, 
shall  pass  current  as  money  ullliin  the  (Jiiiled  Stales,  and  lie  recelvalile  in  all  paymenls,  hy  wi'i|;|,i 
for  the  payment  of  nil  dehts  nnd  demands,  at  the  rates  following  ;  thai  ia  to  say— the  ffold  ciiins  ,|/ 
tireat  llril'ain,  I'ortiiL'al,  and  Itra/ll,  of  not  less  than  twenty-two  carats  line,  at  the  rale  of  uiiniij 
four  cents  nnd  eiijht  tenllis  of  a  cent  per  peiinyweitfht  ;  the  Kohl  coins  of  Krance,  nine  teijtli>i  line.'it 
the  mil!  of  nlnety-lliree  cents  and  one  tenth  of  a  cent  per  |iennywi'i)tlit ;  and  the  yold  coins  nf  HpiJii, 
Mexico,  and  Colomhla,  of  iht!  linenesis  of  twenty  carats,  three  K'ning  and  sijvt'ii  aixtcHntliH  of  a  gram 
at  the  rule  of  eiithty-nine  centj  am)  niliu  tentim  of  u  cent  |ier  peniiy'WeiKlit.  ' 

i'i.  jIhiI  bt  iI  further  moiled.  That  it  hIuiII  he  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  nf  the  Trengiiry  tofaiis,. 
.assays  of  the  a  fort  said  (fold  coins,  made  ciirrnitt  hy  tlim  act,  to  he  had  at  the  mint  of  the  I'uiiej 
."Slates,  III  least  once  in  every  year,  and  to  niaku  report  of  the  result  thereof  to  Coiigrcaa. 

SILVER   C'OINII. 

}  1,  Rt  it  cnaetfd,  !fe..  That,  from  nnd  after  the  pnssape  of  this  art,  tho  follnwlnff  silvor  coins  ahsll 
he  of  Ih''  lejsl  vnliip.  and  shall  paan  current  ai  money  within  tlie  United  Statics,  by  tule,  for  tile  pay. 
iiient  (if  all  delits  nnd  deinands,  at  the  rate  of  one  hiimlred  cents  the  dollar ;  that  is  to  sny— the  ilnliaN 
if  Mexico,  I'eru,  Chili,  and  Central  America,  of  not  less  weight  than  four  hnmircd  and  liflecii  (triii!^ 
earli ;  ui«l  those  restainped  in  Bra/.il  of  the  like  weight ;  and  of  not  less  fineness  than  ten  ouiiciv 
lifii.  II  pennyweichls  pure  silver  in  the  Troy  pound  of  twelve  oinicca  of  standard  silver.  And  thi 
live-franc  piece  of  Fronce,  when  of  not  less  liiiencss  than  ten  ounces  and  sixteen  pennyvvelt'liu,  ju 
n\  elve  ounces  Troy  weleht  of  standard  silver,  ami  weij;hiug  not  less  than  3S4  g.rain8  each,  at  the  t'au: 
of  ninely-lhree  cents  each. 

t)-i.  Jliid  be  it  further  enucted.  That  it  shall  be  tho  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  rau'i 
r.-i?.iys  of  the  nfiiresaid  silver  coins,  made  current  hy  this  act,  to  he  lind  at  the  mint  of  the  Unilfu 
stales,  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and  to  make  report  of  the  result  thereof  to  Congress.  (Actsc' 
June  SMh,  1S3'».) 

VI.  Old  Standards  and  Weights  of  Coins. 

SILVER  COINS. 

Be  it  rnneted,  i^-c.  That  the  standard  for  all  silver  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  be  one  thoosan'i 
four  Immlred  and  eiKhlv-five  parts  fine,  to  one  hundred  and  seventy-nine  parts  alloy;  and.  an-nn,. 
inijly,  tliat  one  thoiisanii  four  hundred  and  eighty-live  parts,  in  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  sixu- 
t'onr  parts  of  the  entire  weight  of  each  of  the  said  coins,  shall  consist  of  pure  silver,  nnd  the  reinaiii- 
ina  one  hundred  and  seventy-nine  parts  of  alloy— which  alloy  shall  be  wholly  of  copper.  (Act  "• 
April  2d,  1792,  J  1.1.) 

This  standard  corresponds  to  892-4  thousandths. 

I!y  i  y  of  the  same  act,  the  weight  of  the  dollar  is  fixed  at  four  hundred  and  si.xtecn  grains  of  ik 
above  standard,  and  the  weieht  of  the  parts  of  the  dollar  in  proportion. 

This  standard  and  weight  were  retained  until  the  end  of  the  year  1H3G  and  the  coins  of  this  ptiiixl 
are  still  legal  tenders  of  payment. 

GOLD  COINS. 

Be  it  enacted,  ^T.,  That  the  standard  for  all  gold  coins  of  the  United  Stntes  shall  he  eleven  pari'^ 
fine  to  one  part  alloy  ;  and,  accordingly,  that  eleven  parts  in  twelve  of  the  entire  weight  of  each  of 
111"  said  coins  shall  consist  of  pure  gold,  nnd  the  remaining  one  twelfth  part  of  alloy  ;  and  the  saiJ 
clloy  shall  he  composed  of  silver  and  copper,  not  e.xcceding  one  half  silver,  as  shall  be  found  cou- 
venient.     (Act  of  April  2d,  1792,  port  of  i  12.) 

This  standard  corresponds  to  twenty-two  carats,  or  to  916!  thousandths. 

By  J  9  of  the  same  act,  the  weight  of  the  eagle  was  fixed  at  two  hundred  and  seventy  grains, and 
the  weight  of  the  half  and  quarter  eagle  in  proportion. 

This  standard  and  weight  were  retained  until  the  end  of  July,  1834,  when  the  following  ciiaclinenls 
came  into  force. 

Be  il  etiiicted,  djr..  That  the  gold  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  contain  the  following  qnanlitlcsof 
metal ;  that  is  to  say— each  eacle  shall  contain  two  hundred  and  thirty-two  grains  of  pure  gold,  and 
two  hundred  nnd  fifty-eight  grains  of  standard  gold  ;  eoch  half  eagle,  one  hundred  and  sixteen  grains 
of  pure  gold,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-nine  grains  of  standard  gold;  each  quarter  eagle  shall 
contain  tifly-eight  Brains  of  pure  gold,  and  sixty-four  and  a  half  grains  of  standard  gold.  Every  sutli 
eagle  shalfbe  of  the  value  of  ten  dollars  ;  every  such  half  eagle  sholl  be  of  the  value  of  five  dnilais; 
and  every  such  quarter  caifle  shall  he  of  the  value  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents.  And  the  said  S'M 
coins  shall  be  received  in  all  payments,  when  of  full  weight,  according  to  their  said  resiieclive  values; 


COINS. 


401 


rovnil  Mnri'h  (hn  ihlri) 
cunttnuvil  In  li)rc«  aiiit 


t'xpresfcd  III  (InOnr*  m 
n   lii'liiK  III)'  ti'iilli  imri 


n    Im'Idk   111*-  ii-iiui  ^\nr\ 

I'll  iliilliir ;  nnil  llmi  .ir 

"•"-  Klmtl  Ixi  kept  uni 


talcD, 


«lmo  wlmn  ihf  ji-  ih,,ii 

4,  II    Mlim     lint    It'KK   |||,>,|, 

[tMiircr  In  at  liaytm., 
('(I  HllllfK,  fur  the  IJiii. 
ciilH,  hIihII  piiii.H  fiirnii! 
ly  ililil,  ili'in.iiiil,  il.iiiii 
tM  anil  hall'i  rntn.whid 
lilhltliin  nliirrHiiiil,  rha;: 
ill  or  iiiri'ml  to  III'  jiaiii, 
fiirri'iliiri'  anil  ihimiIi, 
V  whiiin  infiirni.Midii,,. 
1'hi'  iinniiiini:('rtii'iil  te- 
s  cnactuiunt  ij  in  luii 


lln-MlnwInK  jinlilfoiiij 
II  imyini'iilH,  hy  Wrljln, 
Hiiy— llic  xiilil  mills  0'' 
',  at  till-  ralf  of  iiingiy 
tii'i;,  ninn  tciitlis  tine,  ii 
the  (.'(ilil  ruins  iif  Hpiiiu. 
■11  sixti'ontim  of  a  gram, 


r  the  Trensiiry  locmiiif 
the  mint  of  the  ImM 
9  CoiigreM. 


iwlnR  HiJvnr  coin*  shall 
ti!S,  by  tuln,  fnt  itin  pay- 
lat  is  to  siiy— till!  ilnllars 
iilrcU  and  lifteen  graiib 
ii'iictis  timn  ten  ounces 
indard  silver.  Anil  ihc 
xtci'ii  ppnnyvvi'ieliij,  ill 
)!.TainH  each,  at  the  talc 

the  Trensiiry  to  fiiu<t 

|ttie  mint  of  tbu  ITniirn 

to  Congre«9.    (Acts  of 


shnll  he  one  thoDsan'i 
|rts  nllny ;  nnd,  ariord- 

lix  hiinilriMl  anri  sixty- 
|silver,  nnd  the  reinain- 

illy  of  copper.    (Act  of 


1)  sixteen  grains  of  the 
the  coins  of  this  ptriiu 


shall  he  eleven  part> 
litiro  weiiihl  of  each  of 

if  alloy  ;  and  tin:  said 
lis  shall  be  I'oumI  cuii- 


Ind  seventy  grains,  and 

le  following  enactinenu 

jfollowing  qnanlities  of 
jrains  of  pare  iiold,  and 
Idred  and  sixteen  grains 
Ich  qnarter  eaple  shall 
|dard  (.'Old.  Every  such 
I  value  of  fivednllats; 
litp.  And  the  said  (.Mid 
laid  reaiieclive  values; 


and  when  nf  lesi  than  full  Wftlnht,  at  hin  valiioi,  prnporiionoil  tn  thnir  reapectivo  actual  wvlahli. 

"Aciiof  Jiino'iMIl,  |h:ii.  H  ) 

Hi,  It  fiirihtr  rnnrtril.  That  nil  anlil  roinn  of  Ihi'  I'nili'il  HliiteH,  iiiliiii'd  iiiilfrior  to  llii'  tlilrly-llmt 
,).,     nf  .Inly  n>.\l,  xhall  lie  n  relviiblf  In  nil  piiyiiiunta  lit  tho  rate  of  iiini'ly-foiir  uiiil  el4hl  li'iillm  of  a 
I  per  pi'iiii)  welithl.     (}  .'I  of  III)'  xaiiic  m  t.) 

Ih.'aliiivr  Hlninliinl,  which  rorrenpoioU  to  HI  caralit  9  14-43  irralnii,  or  ''IK.IW.^  thoimandllin,  rontU 
niii-il  iinlil  the  act  of  Janimry,  IMH,  when  it  ivaD  rlianged  to  1)011  IIiihikiiihIiIin.  'I'he  wiiiilitH  nf  ihr  i,'iilil 
.1114  weri-  not,  liuwevrr,  ullerud  ;  anil  all  pM  coliiii  made  after  July,  'II,  1^31,  aru  li'ual  inidrrH,  m  - 
,.u(ilini!  >u  Iheir  nominal  valuuM, 

VII.  Jtgainst  Ciiunlerffitinff  Coinn. 

gfilniM>fd.S[f.y  That  If  any  perxon  or  permiiiM  nhall  falnely  iinikr,  fnrBf",  or  roiinterfeit,  or  raii"i» 
nr  pi  'Ore  In  he  faUely  niade,  fnru'i'd,  or  rniiiilerfelli'd  ;  orwlllinuly  iilil  or  hhhihI  in  liilHely  iiiakinK. 
f  iruini:.  or  eoiiiit'rfi'ltine.  nii)r  rolii  in  reNenihlaiiir  or  miiillitiide  nl'  ilie  ((old  or  Kilver  inin  \\  liirli  Iiih 
l>,-,'ii,  or  hereafler  may  he,  roiiieil  at  the  Mint  of  the  llnileil  HIiiIin;  or  hi  the  rem'iiililaiire  ir  miiiiIi- 
tii.ii'  nf  any  foreign  Kidil  or  nilver  coin  whlili  liy  law  now  l»,  or  liereal'ler  may  he  iiiiidi',  iiimnt  in  tint 
I  iiimI  ."^lati'M  ;  '>r  nIiiiII  pasx,  ntler,  piihliHh,  or  Hell,  or  alleinpt  to  piiKH,  iillir,  piihliidi,  or  Kill,  or  iiriiig 
.    ,  ili>-  llnileil  Slalefl  from  any  forelKii  place,  wlili  liitcnt  lo  [laHh.  iillcr,  piihlisli.  or  mil,  iih  Iriii',  any 

.  Ii  filne,  fiirtred,  or  ciointerfeili'd  coin,  kiiowiiiK  tlie  hiuiii'  to  lie  laUe,  forced,  or  i  oiiiiterfeileil,  \\  iiii 
,i,i,.|it  to  defraud  nny  Ixiily,  politic  or  rorporale,  or  any  olher  |ier«i'ii  or  persoiiM  w  lialcorver ;  every 
p,>riii>n,  Ko  oireiiilinit,  hIiiiII  he  deemed  Knilly  of  filony,  nnd  Hliall,  on  coiiviitioii  thereof,  he  piininlKil 
iiv  tine,  not  exceedins  live  IhoiiHamI  i|olluri<,  and  liy  iiiipriHiniment  nnd  coMlineineiit  at  hard  labour, 
iiiite.xi'ei'iliiiK  ten  yearN,  aceordiiiK  to  the  aKuravatioii  of  the  nlfeiice 

Amllie  It  fiirllirrfnarleil.  Thai  if  any  permiii  or  jiernoiiH  Hliall  falnely  make,  foree.  or  cniiiiterfelt,  or 
caane  or  procure  to  he  falnely  made,  foriied,  or  counlerfi'iled.  or  williiiuly  aid  or  ansist  in  falHely 
iimkinL',  foriiiiiK,  or  counterfeilinif  aiiv  coin  in  the  reHeiiililancu  or  Hiiiiilitiide  of  any  copper  coin  which 

1,^,1 1 n.  or  lienafler  miiy  he,  coined  at  the  mint  of  llie  I'liited  .>4|aleH  ;  or  hIiiiII  pa^n,  ntler.  piihliHli, 

irjill;  or  alleinpt  to  paHH,  iiller,  piildiHh,  or  Hell  ;  or  hriiiu  inio  the  I  iiileil  ."Elates  from  any  lore lun 
,i|,ii'i<.  Willi  inleiit  to  piiHM,  utter,  pulilinli,  or  Hell,  iim  true,  any  hiicIi  falne,  I'orued,  or  coiiiiterl'eiled  roin, 
Willi  iiileiit  to  defraud  any  body,  politic  or  corporate,  or  any  perHon  or  pernoiiM  wlialHoevir  ;  every 
|i,.r»iiii  xo  otVi'iidinu  hIiiiII  he  deemed  uuilty  of  felony,  and  hIiiiII,  on  conviclioii  llii>reo|',  be  punished  by 
fine  not  exci'i'dini!  one  thoiHand  ilollarH,  and  by  imprisonment,  and  conlliiement  lo  hard  lahinir,  not 
.■iceedint!  three  ycarH.     (Act  of  March  :id,  I*i3,  }}  'M,  Ul.) 

V'lII.  .^gainst  offences  al.  Ihe  Mint. 

Bfil  mnrtpj,  i^-c.  That  If  any  nfthe  uolil  or  silver  coiiiH,  which  shall  he  struck  nr  coined  at  the  mint 
(ifljic  llnileil  Slates,  shall  he  debased,  or  made  worse  an  to  the  proporlio.i  of  tine  (.'old  or  line  silver 
ilnreiii  ciint.iineil  i  or  nIiiiII  be  of  Ichh  weiulit  or  value  iliaii  the  sanii!  oiiulit  lo  be,  pursuant  to  the 
si'ver;il  ads  relative  thereto,  through  the  default  or  connivance  of  any  of  the  oilicers  or  pernoiis  wlio 
iih'ill  he  employed  at  the  said  mint,  for  the  piirpoHcs  of  profit  or  caiii,  or  otherwise,  willi  a  fraudu- 
lent intent  ;  aiid  if  any  of  the  said  oHicers  or  persons  shall  embe/./.le  any  of  the  metals  w  Inch  sball, 
at  any  time,  he  coinmitted  to  their  char(re  for  the  pin  pose  of  beinir  coined,  or  nny  of  the  coins 
whii  h  '>UM  be  struck,  or  coined,  at  the  said  inliit,  every  such  olhcer  or  persiui  who  shall  cominit  nny, 
ori'illier  of  tin-  said  otrences,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  felony,  and  shall  be  senli'iiceil  to  imprison  me  fit 
and  hard  labour,  for  n  term  not  less  than  one  year,  nor  more  than  ten  yiMint ;  and  Rhnll  ho  lined  m  a 
lUiu  nut  exueuUing  ten  thousand  dollars.     (Act  of  March  :id,  lti'26,  i  21.) 

I.\.    Standard  icci/tltts  «/  the  Mint. 

Bf  i'  tnnr.ted,  i^c.  That,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  due  conformity  in  welglit  of  the  coins  nf  thn 
rnitcil  States,  to  the  provisions  of  the  ninth  section  of  the  act,  paused  the  seiond  of  April,  one  tlioii- 
.«aiid  ni'Ven  biindred  and  ninety-two,  eiilitled.  "  An  ni  t  eslablisliiiii;  a  mint,  and  reuulaliim  the  coiiiH 
oftlii'  llnileil  Stites,"  the  brass  Troy  pound  weight  procured  by  the  niinisier  of  the  llnileil  States,  nl 
l.iindiin.  in  the  year  one  thousand  eisht  liiindred  and  twenty-si'ven,  for  the  use  of  the  mint,  and  now 
ill  llnMiistoiiy  of  the  director  ibereof,  shall  be  the  standard  Troy  |iouml  of  the  mint  of  tlin  I'nited 
Sl.ites,  coiifiirniahly  to  which  the  lolnaue  thereof  shall  be  reL'ul.ited. 

Jiiil  be  I'  /iirllirr'eiiiirted.  That  it  shall  be  the  ditty  of  the  director  of  Ihe  mint  to  procure,  and  safidy 
to  keip,  a  series  of  standard  w  eights,  corresponding  to  the  aforesaid  Troy  pound,  i  oiisislinc  of  a  one 
iioiMiil  weiglil  and  the  ri'iiuisite  subdivisions  and  iiiiilliples  thereof,  from  the  hunilreillb  part  of  a 
):iaia  to  Iweiity-rtve  poiiinls  ;  anil  that  the  Troy  weiiihls  ordinarily  employed  in  the  transactions  of 
llie  mint,  slcillbe  rej.'iilated  accordiim  to  the  above  standards,  at  least  once  in  every  year,  under  his 
ins|i>'iti<>n,  anil  their  accuracy  tested  annually  in  the  presence  of  the  assay  commissioners,  on  the  day 
of  llie  annual  assay.     (Act  ot  May  I'Jlli,  l&iH,  Uti  2,  3.) 

X.  ^8iiay  iif  hiiUiiin  not  inlendtd  for  coinage. 

B«  i/ cHiif '(•(/,  Jj-c,  That  it  shnll  be  lawful  for  the  director  of  the  mint  to  receive,  and  cause  to  be 
assayed,  bullion  not  intended  for  coinage,  and  lo  cause  certificates  lo  be  given  of  the  lineness  thereof, 
hy  sinh  olliier  as  be  shall  desit'iiate  for  that  purpose,  al  such  rates  of  charge,  to  be  paid  by  the  owner 
nNaid  hiilliiui.  and  umler  such  regulations  as  the  said  director  may  from  time  to  lima  establish. 
(.\ttof  May  lUth,  INW,  J  7.) 

XI.    Unexpended  appropriations. 

Bfil  enacted,  ^T..  That  in  regard  tn  any  sum  which  shall  have  remained  unexpended  upon  nny 
.a|i|iropri.ition  other  than  for  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  fiinded  debt  ;  for  the  payment  of  interest 
upon,  and  reimlmrseineiit.  accoriling  lo  contract,  of  any  loan  or  loans  made  on  acconiil  of  the  Ihiited 
Stales;  for  Wn-  purpose  of  the  sinkiim-fiind  ;  or  for  a  purpose,  in  respect  to  which  a  longer  duration 
i«spiM!i:il!y  assigned  by  law,  for  more  than  two  years  at'ler  Ihe,  eMiiration  of  the  calendar  year  in 
wliith  tlie'act  of  appropriation  shall  have  been  passed,  such  appropriation  shall  be  deemed  to  have 
iva^eil  :inil  been  determined  :  and  the  sum  so  unexpended  shall  be  carried  to  an  account,  on  the  hooks 
(if  the  treasury,  lo  be  denominated,  '•  The  surplus  fund,"  &c.  (Act  of  March  ad,  171)5,  J  16.) 
XII.    Provi.iion  for  the  piircha.-'e  of  bullion  for  coinage. 

Priirided,  That  it  may  ho  lawful  for  the  rresidenl  of  the  Vnited  States  to  direct  transfers  nf  the 
piililic  inonev  to  be  iiiaiie,  from  time  to  time,  tollie  iiiiiit  and  branch  mints  of  the  l!iiited  Stales,  for 
supplying  iiii'tal  for  coinage.  (Proei.vo  in  0  12  of  the  law  regulating  the  deposiles  of  public  moneys: 
approved,  July,  ll?36.) 

XIII.   j9s<  lo  e.itahliah  branches  of  the  mint  of  the  United  Stales. 

Br  it  evaded,  S^c.  I'hat  branches  of  the  mint  of  the  United  States  shall  be  eslablisli.'d  as  follow^s  :— 
One  branch  at  the  city  of  New  Orleans  for  the  coinage  of  gold  nnd  silver  :  one  branch  at  the  town  of 
Charlotte  in  Mecklenburg  county, in  the  state  of  North  Carolina,  for  the  loiiiage  of  gold  only  :  and  one 
hraiith  at  or  near  Dahlonegii  in  l.unipkiu  county,  in  the  state  of  Ceoriiia,  also  for  I'le  coinage  of  gold 
only.  And  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  sites,  erecting  suitable  buildings,  and  completing  tlie  neces- 
2  L  2  51 


t«*l'll«-   M| 


•1/1 


'» 


402 


COINS. 


i    r\ 


s 

■I 

if 


I 


(  , 


'•I 


sary  comhinntionB  of  machinery  for  the  Mverni  branches  nforeiaM,  the  following  nntnr,  tnrtic  paid  our 
of  any  money  in  the  treasury,  not  otherwise  nppropriiitcd,  shnll  be  nnd  hereby  nre  approprinteil :  f„r 
the  brnni-h  at  New  OrlcnnB,  the  sum  of  two  hundred  tliouRand  dollars  ;  fiir  the  branch  at  Charloiif 
fifty  thouaand  dollars  ;  und  for  the  branch  at  Dnhlonega,  fif^y  ihoimand  dcdiars. 

}  2.  ^nd  lie  it  further  enar.led.  That  so  soon  us  the  necessary  liuildings  are  erected,  for  the  Well  con. 
ducting  tlie  business  of  each  of  the  said  branches,  the  following  officers  shall  be  appointed  upon  the 
nomination  of  the  President,  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate  :— One  superlntendpni 
one  treasurer,  one  assayer,  one  chief  cniner,  one  nielter,  and  one  reflner.    And  the  superintendent 
of  each  mint  shall  en$fage  and  employ  as  many  clerks,  and  as  many  subordinate  workmen  and  ner- 
vants.  as  shall  be  provided  for  by  law  :  and  the  salaries  of  the  said  officers  and  clerks  shall  hp  ^j 
follows  :— For  the  branch  mint  at  New  Orleans  :— to  the  superintendent,  the  sum  of  two  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars  :  to  the  treasurer,  the  sum  of  tw  '  'housand  dollars  :  to  the  chief  coiner,  the  sujn 
of  two  thousand  dollars :  to  the  assayer,  mclter  and  refiner,  the  sum  of  two.  thousand  dollars  encil 
to  two  clerks,  the  sum  of  twelve  hundred  dollars  each  :  to  the  subordinate  workmen  and  servimt^ 
not  exceeding  twenty  in  number,  such  wages  and  allowances  as  nre  customary  and  reasonable,  acconi. 
ing  to  their  respective  stations  and  occupations.    For  the  branches  at  Cliarlotte  and  Dahlonepi,  i,, 
the  superintendents,  each  the  sum  of  two  thousand  dollars,  who  shall  re.spectively  discharge  the  (ijnv 
of  treasurers  :   to  the  chief  coiners,  each  the  sum  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  dollars :  to  Hj;, 
assayers,  uielters,  and  refiners,  each  the  sum  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  :  to  the  (1.71,^ 
not  exceeding  one  at  each  branch,  the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  :  and  to  the  suliordiiiate  wnrkriii.'ii 
and  servants,  not  exceeding  the  number  of  five  at  each  of  the  said  branches,  such  wages  and  allniy. 
ancps  shall  he  paid  as  are  customary  and  reasonable,  according  to  their  respective  stations  and  nccii- 
pations.    And  for  the  purpose  of  paying  the  said  salaries,  wages,  nllowunies,  and  the  incidenial 
expenses  of  the  said  branches  of  the  mint  for  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-five 
the  following  sums,  to  be  paid  out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated  :— ibrihe 
branch  at  New  Orleans,  the  sum  of  thirty-five  thousand  dollars;  for  the  branches  at  Charlotte  and 
Dahlonega,  the  sum  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  each. 

J  3.  ^nd  he  it  fnri  her  enacted,  That  the  officers  and  clerks  to  be  appointed  underthjs  act,  before  cniit 
ing  upon  the  duties  thereof,  shall  take  an  oath  oraffirmatiou,  before  some  judge  of  the  United  .Staii> 
faithfully  and  diligently  to  perfor;n  the  duties  thereof ;  and  shall  each  become  boitnd  to  the  Uriitei 
States  of  America,  with  one  or  more  sureties  to  the  satisfliction  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  ami  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  with  condition  for  the  faithful  and  diligent  performance  of  the  duties  01' 
their  offices. 

J  4.  •^nd  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  general  business  of  the  said  branches  of  the  mint  ofiiie 
United  States,  shall  lie  under  the  control  and  regulation  of  the  director  of  the  mint  nt  Philadelphia 
subject  to  the  approbation  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  ;  and  fur  that  purpose,  it  shall  be  tin' 
duty  of  the  said  director  to  prescribe  such  regulations,  and  require  such  returns,  periodically,  and  (it 
caslonally,  as  shall  appear  to  him  to  be  necessary,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effiict  thi-  iiiteniinn 
of  this  act  in  establishing  the  said  branches  :  also,  for  discriminating  the  coins  which  shall  bestanippd 
at  each  branch,  and  at  the  mint  itself:  also  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  uniformity  of  weight,  I'orm, 
and  fineness  in  the  coins  stamped  at  each  place.  And  for  that  purpose,  to  require  the  trniisiiiils»ii)|J 
and  delivery  to  him  at  the  mint,  from  time  to  time,  such  parcels  of  the  coinage  of  each  branch  as  be 
shall  think  proper,  to  be  subjected  to  such  assays  and  tests  as  he  shall  direct. 

}5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  the  laws,  and  parts  of  laws,  made  for  the  regulation  of  ih, 
mint  of  the  United  Slates,  and  for  the  government  of  the  officers  and  persons  employed  therein,  aiu! 
for  the  punishment  of  all  offences  connected  with  the  mint  or  coinage  of  the  United  Slates,  shall  lif, 
and  the  same  are  hereby  declared  to  be,  in  full  force,  in  relation  to  each  of  the  branches  of  the  niintj 
by  this  act  established,  so  far  as  the  same  shall  be  applicable  thereto.    (Act  of  March  3d,  1835.) 

XIV.    Amendment  to  the  foregoing  act  establishinff  Branch  Mints. 

Be  it  enacted,  ^c.  That  the  officers  of  the  branch  mint  at  New  Orleans  shall  be  one  snperiivtendeiil 
one  treasurer,  one  assayer,  one  melter  and  refiner,  and  one  coiner;  and  that  the  offifers  ofue 
branch  mints  at  Charlotte  and  Dahlonega,  severally,  shall  bo  one  superintendent,  who  shall  also  per- 
form  the  duties  of  treasurer;  one  assayer,  who  shall  also  perform  the  duties  of  melter  and  refiner- 
and  one  coiner ;  and  the  annual  salaries  of  the  said  officers  shall  be  as  follows :  for  the  branch  ai 
New  Orleans,  to  the  superintendent,  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars;  to  the  treasurer,  the  as- 
sayer, the  melter  and  refiner,  and  the  coiner,  each,  two  thousand  dollars ;  for  the  branches  at  Char- 
lotte and  at  Dahlonega,  to  the  superintendent,  two  thousand  dollars ;  and  to  the  assayer  and  the 
coiner,  each,  fifteen  hundred  dollars. 

i  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  so  much  of  the  act  entitled  "  An  Act  to  establish  bratlr^cs  nf 
the  mint  of  the  United  States,"  approved  the  third  dav  of  March,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  a'lJ 
thirty-five,  as  is  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  tliis  let,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  repeaW. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  amount  of  coinage  at  the  mint,  from  the  commencement 
of  its  operations  in  1792  until  the  SUt  of  December,  1838,  inclusive. 


>  i 


y 


V       ■     M. 


Tabular  Statement  of  the  Amount  of  Coinage  at  the  Mint  of  the  United  States,  Philadelphia,  ia 
the  several  Denominations  o'Coin,  from  the  commencement  of  its  operations  until  the  31st  of  De- 
cember, 1838,  inclusive. 


Yeani. 

Hilf  EaglM. 

Quarter  E.iglet, 

Dollan. 

Half  DolUn. 

QiurtrrDollm. 

Dimes. 

llair  Dimea. 

Cenlj. 

1792 

1793 
1794 
1795 

8,707 

— 

204,791 

323,144 

— 

— 

86,416 

1,066,033 

1796 

6,196 

963 

72,920 

3,918 

5,894 

22,135 

10,23(1 

974,70(1 

1797 

3,609 

859 

7,776 

— 

252 

25,201 

44,527 

897,510 

1798 

24,867 

614 

327,536 

— 

— 

27,550 

9;!),700 

1799 

7,451 

480 

423,515 

— 

— 



9«M,W5 

1800 

11,623 

— 

220,920 

— 

— 

21,760 

24,000 

2.N*i,i:.i 

1801 

26,006 

— 

64,454 

30,289 

— 

34,640 

.13,910 

l,.?f.2,»'.17 

1802 

53,176 

2,612 

41,650 

29,890 

— 

10,975 

1,1,010 

.1,4:15,100 

1803 

33,506 

423 

66,064 

31,715 

— 

33,040 

37,850 

2,47l,.ra 

1804 

30,475 

3.327 

19,570 

156,519 

6,738 

8,265 



756,* 

1805 

33,183 

1,781 

321 

211,722 

121,394 

120,780 

15,600 

941,116 

1806 

64,093 

1,616 

— 

839,576 

206,121 

— 

348,(W 

1807 

84,093 

6,812 

— 

1,051,756 

220,643 

165,000 

— 

727,221 

COINS. 


403 


Ing  sums;  to-fm  paid  ritit 
ly  are  appropriated  :  fi.r 
I  lie  branch  at  Charlotte, 

9. 

rcrtcd,  for  the  Well  con- 
be  nppoiifted  upon  the 
: :— One  siiperlnlendent. 
Ind  the  siiperinlendeni 
innle  workmen  and  ser- 
and  clerks  xliall  lip  ^^ 
le  Biini  of  two  tlioiisanit 
he  chief  coiner,  thesuni 
tlinnsand  dullars  eacn 
tvorknicn  and  servanis, 
and  reasoniiblcacconl- 
lotte  and  Dnhlonega,  in 
ively  discharge  the  (liiiy 
lundrcd  dollars  :  to  ihi. 

I  dollars  :  to  the  cI'tRs. 
le  BUhordiiiute  workrni'ii 
,  such  wn((«s  and  allow. 
active  stations  and  occn- 
ices,  and  the  incidi'nial 
hundred  and  thirty-five, 
e  appropriated  :— for  the 
tnciies  at  Charlotte  and 

ler  this  act,  before  enter 
Ige  of  the  United  St.iiis. 
lie  lioitnd  to  the  Unlleii 
nior  of  the  Mint,  and  the 
brmance  erf"  the  duties  oi' 

chcs  of  the  mint  of  ilie 
he  mint  at  Philadelphia, 
purpose,  it  shall  be  tlic 
rns,  periodically,  and  (It. 
{  into  effect  the  iHtenlinn 
IS  which  shall  lie  stamppj 
iformity  of  weight,  lorni, 
require  the  trnnsuiis^inii 
gc  of  each  branch  as  lie 

for  the  regulation  of  the 
18  employed  therein,  and 
!  United  States,  shall  hi', 
he  branches  of  the  uiint, 
of  March  3A,  1835.) 

Mint). 

II  be  one  suiterintendent, 
I  that  the  officers  of  ue 
ident,  who  shall  also  pet- 

of  meller  and  refiner; 
ows :  for  the  branch  ai 
the  treasurer,  the  as- 
the  branches  at  Char- 
to  the  assayer  and  ibe 

to  establish  brnnrhes  nf 
sand  eight  hundred  a'lJ 
line  is  hereby,  repeateii. 

>m  the  commenccmest 


States,  Philadelphia,  ia 
ons  until  the  SIst  of  De- 


Tabular  Statement  of  the  amount  of  Coinage— eonfinwd. 


Hair  Dimn.  Genls. 


86,416 


10,23() 
44,527 


24,000 
33,910 
13,010 
37,850 

15,600 


1,C66,033 


974,70(1 
897,510 
97!l,700  i 
9(14,583  I 
2,H2'i,i;5 

i,3ra,>'r 

3,4:15,100 
2.471,153 
750,* 
941,1111 
348,000 
7»7,!SI 


Vein. 
1803 

Hair  Eagles. 

Quarter  Eaglet. 

Dollara. 

Hair  Dollara. 

Quarter  Dollan. 

Dimn. 

Half  Dima. 

CenU. 

55,578 

3,710 

~- 

1,368,600 

— 





1,109,000 

1809 

33,875 

— 

— 

1,405,810 

— 

44,710 



222,867 

1810 

100,287 

— 

— 

1,276,276 

— 

6,355 



1,458,500 

1811 

!)9,581 

— 

— 

1,203,644 

— 

65,180 



218.025 

1812 

58,087 

— 

— 

1,628,059 

— 

— 



1,075,500 

1813 

95,428 

— 

— 

1,241,903 

— 





418,000 

1814 

15,454 

— 

— 

1,039,075 

— 

421,500 

__ 

357,830 

1815 

635 

— 

— 

— 

69,232 





181« 

— 

— 

— 

47,150 

20,003 





2,820,982 

1817 

— 

— 

— 

1,125,567 

— 





3,948,400 

1818 

48,588 

— 

— 

1,960,322 

361,174 





3,167,000 

1819 

51,723 

— 

— 

2,208,000 

144,000 

— 

— 

2,671,000 

1820 

263,806 

— 

— 

751,122 

127,444 

W2,587 

— 

4,407,550 

1821 

34,641 

6,448 

' — 

1,305,797 

216,851 

1,186,512 

— 

389,000 

1822 

17,796 

— 

— 

1,559,573 

64,080 

100,000 

2,072,339 

1823 

14,485 

— 

— 

1,694,200 

17,800 

440,000 



1824 

17,340 

?'5!19 

— 

3,504,954 

— 



1,262,000 

1825 

29,060 

4,434 

— 

2,943,166 

168,000 

510,000 

— 

1,461,100 

1826 

18,069 

760 

— 

4,004,180 





1,517,425 

1827 

24,913 

2,800 

— 

5,493,400 

4,000 

1,215,000 



2,357,732 

1828 

28,029 

•— 

— 

3,075,200 

102,000 

125,000 

— 

2,260,624 

1829 

57,442 

3,403 

— 

3,712,156 

— 

770,000 

1,230,000 

1,414,500 

1830 

120,351 

4,540 

— 

4,764,800 

— 

510,000 

1,240,000 

1,711,500 

1831 

140,594 

4,520 

— 

5,873,060 

398,000 

771,350 

1,242,700 

3,359,260 

1832 

157,487 

4,400 

— 

4,797,000 

320,000 

522,500 

965.000 

8,.362,000 

1833 

193,630 

4,160 

— 

5,206,000 

156,000 

485,000 

1,370,000 

2,739,000 

1334 

7.32,169 

117,370 

— 

6,412,004 

286,000 

635,000 

1,480,000 

1,855,100 

18,15 

371,534 

131,402 

— 

5,352,006 

1,952.000 

1,410,000 

2,760,000 

3,878,400 

1836 

553,147 

547,986 

1,000 

6,546,200 

472,000 

1,190,000 

1,900,000 

2,111,000 

1837 

207,121 

45,080 

— 

3,629,820 

252,400 

1,042,000 

2,276,000 

5,558,300 

1838 

286,588 

47,030 

"— 

3,546,000 

832,000 

1,992,500 

1,255,000 

6,370,200 

Total. 

4,220,422 

949,130 

1,440,517 

91,443,993 

6,524,069  1  14,854,600 

15,984,243 

82,241,302 

The  above  table  contains  the  number  of  the  several  denominations  of  coin,  eagles  and  half  cents 
excepted. 

Previous  to  1805,  the  whole  number  of  eagles  coined  amounted  to  132,592.  Since  then  none  have 
been  coined  until  the  year  1838,  during  which  the  number  of  eagles  coined  amounted  to  7,200.  The 
number  of  half  cents  coined,  down  to  the  end  of  the  year  1838,  was  7,838,713. 

Deposltes  and  Coinage  at  the  Mint  and  its  Branches  for  the  Year  1838. 


Mints. 

DEPOSITES. 

Gold. 

SiWer. 

Totil. 

U.  S.  Gold. 

Fortign  Gold. 

Total  of  Gold. 

Philadelphia 
Charlotte 
Uahlonega    - 
New  Orleans       i    - 

nollart. 
171,700 
127,000 
135,700 
700 

Bollnri. 

1,452,800 

3,600 

6,100 

39,900 

nollart. 

1,624,500 

130,600 

141,800 

40,600 

Dollan. 
2,301,200 

237,000 

DoHart. 

3,925,700 

130,600 

141,800 

277,600 

435,100 

1,502,400 

1,937,500 

2,538,200     1       4,475,700 

Minti. 

COI.NAGG. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Copper. 

Total. 

PiecM. 

Value. 

Piecei. 

Value. 

Pieces. 

Value. 

Pieces. 

Value. 

Philadelphia 
Charlidte 
Uahlonega    - 
New  Orleans 

340,818 
20,780 
20,583 

DoUari.     I 

1,622,515  8,625,500 
84,165         — 
102,915;        — 
—      1     402,430 

IMInn. 
2,293,000 

40,243 

6,370,200 

Dnllars. 
63,702 

15,336,518 

20,780 

20,583 

402,430 

IMIari. 

3,979,217 

84,165 

102,915 

40,243 

382,181 

1,809,595  9.027,9301  2,333,243 

6,370,200 

63,702 

15,780,31 1|  4,206,540| 

COIR,  a  species  of  yam  manufactured  out  of  the  husk  of  cocoa  nuts.  The  hunks  being 
steeped  in  water,  the  dry  dusty  substance  mixed  with  the  fibres  is  separated.  These  are 
afterwards  spun  into  yarn,  and  manufactured  into  cordage,  that  is  deemod  by  some  superior 
to  that  made  of  hemp.  The  goodness  of  coir  depends  on  the  fineness  of  the  filaments,  and 
on  their  being  of  a  bright  yellow  colour.  About  3,000,000  lbs.  weight  are  annually  ex- 
ported from  Ceylon,  principally  to  Calcutta,  and  other  ports  in  the  East  Indies-.  It  is  also 
prepared  in  the  Maldivc  Islands,  and  many  other  places;  and  is  very  extensively  used 
throughout  the  East. — (BertolaccVa  Ceylon,-  Bell's  Cornnierce of  Bengal,  <^c.) 

COLOCYNTHIS,  COLOQUINTIDA.oh  BITTER  CUCUMUER  (Ger.  Koloquinteti; 
Du.  Bitfer-appelen  i  Fr.  Coloquintes ;  It.  Coloquintidd ;  Sp.  Colnquintidas  ,•  Arab,  and 
Pers.  Hunzil),  the  produce  of  an  annual  plant  (Cucumis  colucyntlUs  Lin.)  growing  in 


UWVJI.  ft«.4| 


1/1 


Wli: 

iiiiim  <• 


7i-i 


01  1  ■• 


HI 

neM'viJM 
»B!-<  ••'Htm 


•• 


404 


COLONIES. 


Turkey,  Nubia,  India,  and  other  places,  much  rcsembUng  the  cucumber  in  hcrlwRc.  When 
ripe,  the  fruit  is  peeled  and  dried  in  a  stove  ;  and  in  this  state  is  brought  to  England.  It  is 
inoilorous,  but  has  an  extremely  bitter,  nauseous  taste.  It  is  an  exceedingly  powerful  drastic 
cathartic.  When  it  is  larger  than  a  St.  Michael's  orange,  and  has  black  acute  pointed  ends, 
it  is  not  good. — {Ain.slle'n  Materia  Iiidica.) 

COLONIES.— COLONY  TRMHE.— Colonies  are  establishments  founded  in  foroii^ 
countries  by  individuals  who  either  voluntarily  emigrate  from,  or  are  forcibly  sent  abroad  l)v, 
their  mother  country.  The  colony  trade  is  the  tiade  carried  on  between  colonies  and  their 
parent  states. 

I.    ESTAIILTSIIMF-VT    OF    ColONIES. 

n.  Hfliesik  of  tub  MovopoLr  of  the  CotoNT  TnAnE. — Siavf.ut. 
in.  Ma(}nitlm)f,,  Pophlatiox,  Tradk,  Adc.  of  Bhitisii  Colonies. 
IV.  Keoulations    undeh    wiiuh   Colont    Trade    is   conducted. — Disposal  op 
Lan'd  IX  THE  Colonies,  &c. 

V.  Fokeion  Colonies. 


'        I 


1  i 


tKii 


I! 

II 


■^,  I-. 


I.  Establishment  of  Colonies. 

(I.)  Greek  Colonies, — Various  motives  have,  in  different  countries  and  ages,  led  to  the 
formation  of  colonies.*  The  Greek  colonies  of  antiquity  seem  to  have  been  chiefly  foundcl 
by  citizens  whom  the  violence  and  fury  of  contending  factions  forced  to  leave  their  nativp 
land ;  but  they  were  sometimes  formed  for  the  purpose  of  relieving  the  mother  country  of  a 
redundant  population,  and  sometimes  also  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the  sphere  of  com. 
mercial  transactions,  or  of  providing  for  their  security.  The  relations  between  the  mother 
country  and  the  colony  depended,  in  a  great  measure,  on  the  motives  which  led  to  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  latter.  When  a  colony  was  founded  by  fugitives,  forcibly  expelled  from 
their  ancient  homes ;  or  when  it  was  founded,  as  was  frequently  the  case,  by  bodies  of  volun- 
tary emigrants,  who  received  no  assistance  from,  and  were  in  no  respect  controlled  by,  the 
parent  state,  it  was  from  the  first  independent:  and  even  in  those  rarer  cases  in  which  the 
emigration  was  conducted  under  the  superintendence  of  the  parent  city,  and  when  the  colony 
was  protected  by  her  power  and  influence,  the  dependence  was,  mostly,  far  from  being  al)s<>. 
lute  and  complete.  The  great  bulk  of  the  Greek  colonies  were  really  independent  states; 
and  though  they  commonly  regarded  the  land  of  their  forefathers  with  filial  respect,  thoujh 
they  yielded  to  its  citizens  the  place  of  distinction  at  public  games  and  religious  solemnities, 
and  were  expected  to  assist  them  in  time  of  war,  they  did  so  as  allies  only,  on  fair  anJ  equal 
terms,  and  never  as  subjects.  Owing  to  the  freedom  of  their  institutions,  and  their  superiority 
in  the  arts  of  civilized  life  to  the  native  inhabitants  of  the  countries  among  whom  tiiey  were 
generally  placed,  these  colonies  rose,  in  a  comparatively  short  period,  to  a  high  pitch  of 
opulence  and  refinement;  and  many  among  them,  as  Miletus  and  Ephesus  in  Asia  Minor, 
Syracuse  and  Agrigentum  in  Sicily,  and  Tarentum  and  Locri  in  Italy,  not  only  equalleJ, 
but  greatly  surpassed,  their  mother  cities  in  wealth  and  power. 

(3.)  Roman  Colonies, — The  Roman  colonies  were,  for  the  most  part,  founded  by  and 
under  the  authority  of  government ;  being  intended  to  serve  both  as  outlets  for  poor  and  dis- 
contented citizens,  and  as  military  stations,  or  garrisons,  to  secure  the  subjection  of  the  con- 
quered provinces  over  which  they  were  scattered.  The  most  intimate  jjolitical  union  was 
always  maintained  between  them  and  the  mother  city.  Their  internal  government  wa.? 
modelled  on  that  of  Rome ;  and,  while  their  superior  otficcrs  were  mostly  sent  from  the  capi- 
tal, they  were  made  to  contribute  their  full  quota  of  troops  and  taxes,  to  assist  in  carrying 
on  the  contests  in  which  the  Republic  was  almost  constantly  engaged. 

(3.)  Spanish  Colonies. — The  early  colonies  of  most  modern  nations  were  founded  by 
private  adventurers,  influenced  either  by  the  hope  of  gain,  or  by  a  desire  to  escape  from  reli- 
gious persecution,  without  any  wish  to  relieve  the  mother  country  of  a  surplus  population, 
or  to  bridle  subjugated  provinces.  On  their  first  institution,  therefore,  the  modern  colonies 
approached,  though  with  some  essential  variations,  more  nearly  to  the  Grecian  than  the 
Roman  model — but  the  period  of  their  freedom  was  of  very  limited  duration.  They  were 
very  soon  subjected  to  laws  and  regulations  framed  in  the  metropolis,  and  calculated,  as  was 
to  be  supposed,  rather  to  promote  its  interests  than  those  of  the  colony.  At  a  somewhat 
later  period  the  foundation  of  colonial  establishments  was  eagerly  patronised  by  most  Eu- 
ropean governments,  in  the  view  of  extending  commerce,  and  of  enriching  the  mother  country, 

♦  Seneca  has  given,  in  a  few  words,  a  very  clear  and  accurnio  statement  of  the  different  motives 
that  induced  the  ancieiils  to  found  colonies. — "AVc  omnibus  eaiiein  causa  relinquendi  iiinrremii'iiie 
patriam  fiiit.  Jlliiis  ricidia  nrhiinn  suuruni,  hotitilihiiK  armiK  flapnos,  in  iiliena,  spolinloit  nuin.ripnlfnnil: 
Aliiia  dumeftira  ."edilin  nabmurit ;  Alios  nimia  nupcrfluentis  populi  frequenlia,ad  etuiierandan  vires,  fmmt: 
Mios  peatilentia,  aul  frei/uens  terrarum  hiatus,  aul  aliqiia  inloleranda  iiifiliris  soli  ejicerunt :  Quusdum 
fertilis  ora;  et  in  mujus  taudal<e,  famacorrupit:  Mius  alia  causa  eicivil  dumibiis suis."—(Conio\,Ml 
llelvinni,  c.  6.) 


COLONIES. 


405 


in  hcrlwffc.  When 
It  to  England.  It  ju 
ngly  powerful  drastic 
:k  acute  pointed  ends, 

i  founded  in  forcii^ 
rcibly  sent  abroad  by, 
en  colonies  and  their 


ATEUY. 

TED. — Disposal  op 


and  ages,  led  to  the 
1  been  chiefly  fouiide,! 
1  to  leave  their  nnlivp 
!  mother  country  of  a 
ig  the  sphere  of  com- 
8  between  the  mother 
vhich  led  to  the  csta- 
forcibly  expelled  from 
36,  by  bodies  of  volmi- 
ect  controlled  hy,  the 
;r  cases  in  whieh  the 
,  and  when  the  colony 
r,  far  from  being  ahso- 
y  independent  states; 

filial  respect,  thoush 

religious  solemnities, 
[ily,  on  fair  and  equal 

and  their  superiority 
ong  whom  they  were 
to  a  high  pitch  of 
esus  in  Asia  Minor, 
not  only  equalled, 

part,  founded  by  and 
ts  for  poor  and  ilis- 
ulijeetion  of  the  con- 
liolitical  union  was 
nal  government  was 
y  sent  from  the  capi- 
to  assist  in  carrying 

ns  were  founded  hy 

to  escape  from  reli- 

surplus  population, 

the  modern  colonics 

he  Grecian  than  the 

iralion.     They  were 

id  calculated,  as  was 

At  a  somewhat 

onised  by  most  Eu- 

the  mother  country, 

'  the  ditfcront  nmlives 
'hnquemii  iimi-nndvjM 
iliiito.1  siiis.ripideniiit: 
nitranilas  rires,  tmisil: 
i/j  ejeceriitil :  ^iwadam 
i(s*His."— (CoiiDol.  ad 


hy  securing  to  her  the  exclusive  possession  of  the  market  of  distant  countries;  and  where, 
from  the  thinness  of  the  aboriginal  population,  or  their  inferiority  in  the  arts  of  civilized  life, 
the  colonists  were  enabled  to  amass  fortunes  with  comparative  rapidity. 

The  Spaniards  who  first  resorted  to  America  after  its  discovery,  had  no  intention  of 
settling  in  the  country,  or  of  colonising  it.     The  idea  that  gold  and  silver  alone  constituted 
wealth  was  then  universally  prevalent ;  and  the  bold  and  enterprising  companions  and  fol- 
lowers of  (Columbus,  instead  of  engaging  in  industrious  undertakings,  which  they  neither 
understood  nor  relished,  sought  only  to  enrich  themselves  by  plundering  the  feeble  and  de- 
fenceless natives  of  the  gold  and  silver  in  their  possession,  and  of  the  abundance  of  which 
the  most  exaggerated  accounts  were  immediately  spread  throughout  Europe.     When  new 
adventurers  arrived  on  an  unknown  coast,  their  single  inquiry  was,  whether  it  abounded  in 
gold.    II  it  Ji'l-  they  remained,  for  some  time  at  least,  in  the  country;  if  not,  they  imme- 
diately set  sail  for  some  other  (]uarler,     Anri  rubida  sills  a  cullura  Hispanos  divertit,  is  the 
ixprcssive  statement  of  a  contemporary  writer  (Petrus  Martyrus,  in  the  Novus  Orbis  of 
(Irynscus,  p.  .'511.).     The  slow  progress  of  the  Spanish  colonies,  after  their  first  discovery, 
nuiEt  principally  be  ascribed  to  this  cause.     The  gold  and  silver  accumulated  by  the  natives 
v\erc  very  soon  exhausted ;  and  the  skill  and  energy  of  the  successive  swarms  of  adventurers, 
who  continued  to  pour  into  the  country,  were  principally  directed  to  the  unproductive  and 
irpnerally  ruinous  trade  of  mining.     The  few  large  fortunes  that  were  made  in  this  way,  like 
ijie  large  prizes  in  a  lottery,  inflamed  the  cupidity  of  the  multitude,  and  gave  an  appearance 
of  credibility  to  the  fabulous  accounts  of  the  excessive  productiveness  of  the  mines.     After 
the  gambling  spirit  which  had  exclusively  actuated  the  early  adventurers  had  begun  to  sub- 
fide,  the  colonists  gradually  betook  themselves  to  agricultural  and  commercial  pursuits :  and 
(he  vast  variety  of  valuable  productions  with  which  Mexico  and  the  other  Spanish  colonies 
ahound,  the  extreme  richness  of  their  soil,  and  their  advantageous  situation,  would,  had  they 
lieen  oidy  tolerably  well  governed,  have  occasioned  their  rapid  increase  in  wealth  and  civiliza- 
tion.   But  a  blind    and  intolerant  despotism  paralysed  their  energies,   and  fettered  and 
retarded  their  progress.     All  the  abuses  and  defects  of  the  government  of  Old  Spain  were 
transferred  to,  and  multiplied  in,  the  colonies.    The  whole  property  of  those  vast  regions 
was  considered  as  vested  in  the  crown  of  Spain ;  and  ever"  law  or  regulation,  whether  of  a 
local  or  general  nature,  affecting  their  government,  emanated  from  the  council  of  the  Indies, 
in  which  it  was  supposed  the  kin^  was  always  present.     We  cannot  stop  to  describe  the  sort 
of  regulations  to  which  the  colonists  were  subjoctcd  with  any  degree  of  minuteness;  but  we 
mav  notice  a  few  of  them,  to  furnish  the  means  of  judging  of  their  general  spirit  and  probable 
efl'ect.    It  was,  for  example,  made  a  capital  offence  to  carry  on  any  intercourse  with  foreign- 
ers; and  the  inhabitants  of  the  different  colonies  were  even  forbidden  any  intercourse  with 
each  other,  unless  under  the  strictest  and  most  vexatious  regulations.     There  were  several 
articles,  such  as  flax,  hemp,  and  wine,  which  they  were  not  permitted  to  cultivate;  at  the 
same  time  that  the  crown  reserved  to  itself  the  monopoly  of  salt,  tobacco,  gunpowder,  and 
some  other  less  important  articles.     The  alcavala,  and  other  opjjressive  imposts,  which  had 
proved  destructivp  .of  indu.stry  in  Old  Spain,  were  rigorously  levied  as  well  on  the  exports  as 
on  the  imports  ot  the  colonies.     No  situation  of  power  or  emolument  could  be  filled  except 
hv  a  native  of  Old  Spain.     The  Catholic  religion  was  established,  to  the  exclusion  of  every 
other;  and  bishops,  tithes,  and  the  inquisition,  followed  in  its  train:  while,  in  order  still 
better  to  consolidate  and  strengthen  the  foundations  of  this  monstrous  despotism,  the  go- 
vernment endeavoured  to  make  the  colonists  insensible  of  their  degradation,  by  j)roscribing 
every  species  of  instruction,  and  watchfully  opposing  the  introduction  and  progress  of  all 
useful  knowledge ! 

Under  such  circumstances,  we  cannot  be  surprised  that  the  Continental  colonists,  among 
whom  the  monopoly  system  was  maintained  in  its  greatest  purity,  should  have  languished 
for  above  two  centuries  in  n  state  of  sluggish  inactivity.  Though  surrounded  by  all  the 
means  of  producing  wealth,  they  were  not  generally  wealthy.  Oppression  rendered  them 
indolent ;  and  went  far  to  deprive  them  not  only  of  the  power,  but  also  of  the  wish,  to  emerge 
from  poverty.  The  progress  of  the  colonists  who  occupied  the  West  India  islands  was  not 
quite  so  slow.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  down  to  the  middle  of  last  century,  Spain  reaped 
no  greater  advantage  from  the  possession  of  Cuba,  Hispaniola,  and  Porto  Rico,  than  England 
or  France  from  the  smallest  of  its  dependencies.  In  proof  of  this  we  may  mention,  that  the 
nolile  island  of  Cuba,  which  could  without  difficulty  supply  all  Europe  with  sugar,  did  not, 
in  1750,  produce  a  sufficient  quantity  even  for  the  consumption  of  Old  Spain.  But  the 
combined  influence  of  an  arbitrary  and  intolerant  government,  and  of  a  degrading  supersti- 
tion, could  not  balance  the  means  of  improvement,  which  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the 
command  thence  arising  over  most  of  the  necessaries  and  many  of  the  conveniences  of  life, 
gave  to  the  colonists.  Owing  also  to  the  total  incapacity  of  Old  Spain  to  furnish  her  trans- 
atlantic provinces  with  a  sufficient  supply  of  the  articles  she  had  forced  them  to  import  from 
Europe,  and  the  consequent  extension  of  the  contraband  trade  carried  on  with  them  by  the 
other  European  nations,  she  had  been  compelled  gradually  to  relax  the  severity  of  her  com- 
mercial monopoly.    A  new  impulse  was  tlius  given  to  the  spirit  of  industry.    The  colonista 


'-'"'imai'Mii 
"'i3iEi*«l'MHI 

'    ***'  '*» 

ii'Hiiiijgu  !taak 
„lii.ii|«|(  „-| 


'"ll./J-.:.at|l 


mill 


"HI 
ii:;r"ri 

If'*'*-"* 


>-'■■%>■>    ••* 


:i  V 


i 


406 


COLONIES  AND 


s 

•Mm 


t 

Ml 
it 

I* 


M 


I     ,' 


bcjran  to  be  more  sensible  of  the  nntunil  ailvantacfps  of  their  situation,  ami  less  incFinf d  t.- 
submit  to  the  blind  and  bigoted  policy  of  the  Spanish  Court.  In  1781,  a  rebellion  broke  out 
in  Peru,  in  consequence  of  an  attempt  made  by  the  government  to  establish  a  new  monopoly 
in  that  province,  which  threatened  to  end  in  the  total  dissolution  of  the  connection  liotwcpri 
t^pain  and  South  America,  and  was  not  ((uellcd  without  great  difHculty  and  much  bloodsheil. 
But  the  spirit  of  liberty,  when  once  excited,  could  not  l)e  suppressed.  It  continuril  to  txuln 
ground  progressively,  until  the  commencement  of  the  late  contest  between  Fraiu-e  and  Spain 
interrujited  the  communication  with  the  mother  country,  and  gave  the  colonists  nii  oppor. 
tunity  of  proclaiming  that  independence  which,  after  a  lengthened  and  bloody  struggle,  ih(>\ 
happily  succeeded  in  achieving. 

(4.)  Bri/l.s/t  Cdlnum. — The  English,  who,  like  all  the  other  nations  of  Europe,  had  lieen 
impressed  with  mingled  feelings  of  admiration  and  envy  by  the  extent  and  importance  of  (hf, 
acquisitions  made  by  the  Spaniards  in  the  New  World,  speedily  entered  with  enthusiasm 
and  ardour  into  the  career  of  discovery.     Owing,  however,  t('  the  bull  which  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  had  obtained  from  the  Pope,  conveying  to  them  the  annile  donation  of  all  the  coun- 
tries inhabited  by  infidels  that  the  Spaniards  had  discovered,  or  might  discover,  the  Eiiiilisji, 
to  avoid  encroaching  on  the  dominions  of  iheir  rivals,  directed  their  elforts  further  to  tlu- 
north.     Several  attempts  to  found  colonies  on  the  coast  of  America  were  made  in  the  reiijp, 
of  Elizabeth  by  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,   Sir  Richard  f  Jrcnville,  Sir  Walter  Raleigli,  ami 
others.     But  in  consecjuence  of  their  ignorance  of  the  country,  the  deficiency  of  their  supplier 
of  provisions,  the  loss  of  time  in  fruitless  searches  after  gold,  and  the  various  difliculties  in- 
cident  to  the  first  settlement  of  a  colony,  none  of  these  attempts  proved  successful :  and  i; 
was  not  until  1()07,  that  a  small  body  of  adventurers  founded  the  first  permanent  establish- 
ment of  the  English  in  America,  at  Jamestown  in  Virginia.     Letters  patent  were  granted 
in  1809,  by  King  .lames,  to  the  principal  persons  resident  in  London,  by  whom  the  expense 
attending  the  formation  of  the  colony  was  to  1)0  defrayed,  incorporating  them  into  a  com- 
pany, and  establishing  a  council  in  England  for  the  direction  of  their  proceedings,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  were  to  be  chosen  by,  and  removable  at  the  pleasure  of,  the  majority  of  the 
partners  of  the  company ;  permitting  whatever  was  necessary  for  the  support  and  sustcnani'c 
of  the  colony  for  the  firsi  7  years  to  be  exported  free  of  duty ;  declaring  that  the  colonists 
and  their  descendants  were  to  be  secured  in  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  Englishmen,  the 
same  as  if  they  bad  remained  at  home,  or  been  bom  in  England ;  an<l  reserving  only,  as  the 
stipulated  price  of  these  concessions,  and  m  imitation  of  the  policy  of  the  Spaniards,  onefifih 
part  of  the  gold  and  silver  ore  to  be  found  in  the  colonies,  which  was  to  be  paid  to  his  Ma- 
jesty and  his  successors  in  all  time  to  come.     In  virtue  of  these  powers,  the  company  issued 
in  1621,  a  charter  or  ordinance,  which  gave  a  legal  and  permanent  form  to  the  constitution 
of  the  colony.     By  this  charter  the  supreme  legislative  authority  was  lodged,  partly  in  the 
governor,  who  held  the  place  of  the  sovereign,  partly  in  a  council  of  state  named  by  the 
company,  and  partly  in  a  general  council,  or  assembly  composed  of  the  representatives  of  the 
people,  in  which  were  vested  powers  and  privileges  similar  to  those  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons.    It  was  not  long,  however,  before  the  king  and  the  company  quarrelled.     The  latter 
were  in  consequence  divested  of  all  their  rights,  partly  by  open  violence,  and  partly  under 
colour  of  law,  without  compensation,  after  having  expended  upwards  of  1  .'SOiOOO/.  in  found- 
ing the  colony;  and  a  governor  and  council  of  state  appointed  by  the  king  succeeded  to  the 
powers  of  those  appointed  l)y  the  committee. — {Robertson's  History  of  America,  book  ix. 
passim ;  Jefferson's  Notes  on  Virs^inia,  p.  1 79.) 

The  founders  of  the  colony  in  Virginia  had  been  actuated  solely  by  the  hojicsof  gain:  hut 
the  colonies  that  were  soon  after  established  in  New  England,  were  chielly  planUil  by  men 
who  fled  from  religious  and  political  persecution.  'J'he  form  of  government  in  the  Xcw 
England  colonies,  though  ut  first  modified  a  good  deal  by  the  peculiar  religious  ojunions  en- 
tertained by  the  colonists,  was  in  its  leading  principU-s  essentially  free.  For  a  considerable 
period,  the  colonists  elected  their  own  governors,  coined  money,  and  exerciseti  most  of  the 
rights  of  sovereignty  ;  while  the  English,  wholly  engrossed  with  the  contest  between  free- 
dom and  prerogative  at  home,  had  no  leisure  to  attend  to  their  proceedings.  Sul)sr<iuentlv 
to  the  restoration,  however,  the  governments  of  most  of  the  New  England  states  were  es- 
tablished nearly  on  the  same  footing  as  that  of  Virginia;  which,  indeed,  lierame  the  favour- 
ite model,  not  only  for  the  constitution  of  the  colonies  established  on  the  Continent,  with  the 
exception  of  the  proprietary  governments  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  but  also,  for  those 
that  were  established  in  the  West  India  islands.  But  under  every  vicissitude  of  government 
and  fortune,  the  New  England  colonists  were  distinguished  by  the  same  ardent  and  enthusi- 
astic love  of  liberty  that  had  first  induced  them  to  <piit  their  native  land.  Every  thing  relat- 
ing to  the  internal  regulation  and  administration  of  the  different  colonies  was  determined,  in 
the  colonial  assemblies,  by  representatives  freely  chosen  by  the  settlers.  The  personal  liberty 
of  the  citizens  was  well  secured  and  vigilantly  protected.  And  if  we  except  the  restraints 
on  their  commerce,  the  monopoly  of  which  was  jealously  guarded  by  the  mother  country, 
tlie  inhabitants  of  Virginia,  Peimsylvania,  and  New  England,  enjoyed  nearly  the  same  de- 
gree of  freedom,  when  colonistii  of  England,  that  they  now  enjoy  us  citizens  of  the  powerful 


COLONY  TRADE. 


407 


,  ami  less  inclined  (o 
,  a  rebellion  broke  out 
hlish  a  new  inonopolv 
e  connection  lictwcen 
^  and  much  lilood.shed. 

It  continupil  to  uain 
■en  France  arul  Spain 
le  colonists  an  oppor- 

bloody  struggle,  ihp\ 

IS  of  Europe,  had  been 
and  imiiorlanccof  thi 
:!rcd  with  enlhusiasm 
which  Ferdinand  and 
at  ion  of  all  the  coun- 

discovcr,  the  Ensrlish, 
■  ciVorts  further  to  tin- 
icrti  made  in  the  reiijr, 

Walter  Ralcigli,  and 
cicney  of  their  supplipf 

various  ditlicultiesin. 
ved  successful :  and  i; 
t  permanent  establish- 
3  patent  were  granted 

by  whom  the  expense 
ting  them  into  a  com- 
proceedings,  the  mem- 
of,  the  majority  of  the 
support  and  sustenance 
ring  that  the  colonists 
res  of  Englishmen,  the 
1  reserving  only,  as  the 
he  Spaniards,  o>nfif;h 
I  to  be  paid  to  his  Ma- 
[rs,  the  company  issued, 
)rm  to  the  constitution 
odgcd,  partly  in  the 
state  named  by  the 
■epresentatives  of  the 
the  House  of  Com- 

luarrclled.     The  latter 

nee,  and  partly  under 
150,000/.  ill  found- 
ing succeeded  to  the 

of  America,  book  ix. 


e  r 


of 


the  hopes  of  gnin:  Ini; 
hiclly  plantcil  by  men 
ernment  in  the  New 
religious  oianions  en- 
For  a  considerable 
exercisoil  mast  of  the 
contest  between  free- 
dings.     Subsriiuently 
gland  states  were  cs- 
:d,  became  the  favour- 
le  Continent,  with  the 
imd,  but  al.-iikfor  those 
ssitude  of  government 
e  ardent  and  enthusi- 
1.     Kvery  thing  relat- 
es was  determined,  in 
The  personal  liberty 
except  the  restraints 
the  mother  country, 
1  nearly  the  same  de- 
tizens  of  tlie  powerful 


republic  of  North  America.  Their  progress  in  wealth  and  population  was  in  consequence 
quite  unprecedented  in  the  history  of  the  world.  The  white  population  of  the  colonies  had 
increased  in  1776,  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war,  to  above  2,000,000,  and 
the  value  of  the  exports  from  Great  Britain  to  them  amounted  to  about  1,300,000/.  a  year ! 

It  is  not  difficult  to  discover  the  causes  of  the  unexampled  prosperity  and  rapid  growth  of 
our  North  American  colonies,  and  generally  of  all  colonics  placed  under  similar  circum- 
stances. The  North  American  colonists  carried  with  them  a  knowledge  of  the  arts  and 
sciences  practised  by  a  civilized  and  polished  people.  They  had  been  trained  from  their 
infancy  to  habits  of  industry  and  subordination.  They  were  practically  acquainted  with  the 
best  and  wisest  form  of  civil  polity  that  hud  been  established  in  Europe ;  and  they  were 
placed  in  a  situation  that  enabled  them,  without  difficulty,  to  remedy  it^  defects,  and  to  try 
every  institution  by  the  test  of  utility.  But  the  thinness  of  the  aboriginal  population,  and 
the  consequent  facility  of  obtaining  inexhaustible  supplies  of  fertile  and  unoccupied  land, 
must  certainly  be  placed  at  the  head  of  all  the  causes  which  have  promoted  the  rapiu  increase 
of  wealth  anu  population  in  the  United  States,  and  in  all  the  other  colonics  both  of  North 
and  South  America.  On  the  first  foundation  of  a  colony,  and  ibr  long  after,  each  colonist 
Tets  an  ample  supply  of  land  of  the  heat  quality;  and  having  no  rent,  and  scarcely  any 
taxes,  to  |)ay,  his  industry  necessarily  becomes  exceedingly  productive,  and  he  has  every  means, 
and  cverj'  motive,  to  amass  capital.  In  consequence,  he  is  eager  to  collect  labourers  from  all 
quarters,  and  is  both  willing  and  able  to  reward  them  with  high  wages.  But  these  high  wages 
,\ll'ord  the  means  of  accumulation,  and,  joined  to  the  plenty  and  cheapness  of  the  land,  speedily 
change  the  more  industrious  labourers  into  proprietors,  and  enable  them,  in  their  turn,  to 
become  the  employers  of  fresh  labourers ;  so  that  every  class  participates  in  the  general  im- 
provement, and  capita!  and  population  advance  with  a  rapidity  hardly  conceivable  in  old 
settled  and  fully  peopled  countries. 

It  has  been  frecjuently  said,  that  the  establishment  of  our  American  and  West  India 
colonies  was  a  device  of  the  supporters  of  the  exclusive  or  mercantile  system — that  they 
founded  them  in  the  view  of  raising  up  a  vast  agricultural  population,  whose  commerce 
should  be  confined  entirely  to  an  exchange  of  their  raw  products  for  our  manufactured  goods. 
There  is,  however,  no  truth  in  these  assertions.  (3n  the  contrary,  the  charters  granted  to  the 
founders  of  the  settlement  in  Virginia  distinctly  empower  the  colonists  to  carry  on  a  direct 
iiilercourse  ivith  foreign  states.  Nor  were  they  slow  to  avail  themselves  of  this  permission; 
for  they  had,  so  early  as  1620,  established  tobacco  warehouses  in  Middleburgh  and  Flush- 
ing,— lli-ibeiison's  America,  book  ix.  p.  104.)  ;  and  the  subsequent  proceedings  of  the  British 
jovernment,  depriving  them  of  this  freedom  of  commerce,  were  the  chief  cause  of  those 
disputes,  which  broke  out,  in  1676,  in  an  open  rebellion  of  ominous  and  threatening  import. — 
[Kobtrtson's  America,  p.  147.)  It  was  not  until  the  colonists  had  surmounted  the  difii- 
culties  and  hardships  incident  to  their  first  establishment,  and  had  begun  to  increase  rapidly 
in  wealth,  that  their  commerce  became  an  object  of  importance,  and  that  regulations  were 
framed  in  the  view  of  restricting  its  freedom,  and  of  rendering  it  peculiarly  advantageous  to 
the  mother  country.  The  act  of  1650,  passed  by  the  republican  parliament,  laid  the  first 
foundations  of  the  monopoly  system,  by  confining  the  import  and  export  trade  of  the  colonies 
exclusively  to  British  or  colony  built  ships.  But  the  famous  Navigation  Act  of  1660  (13 
lyharles  2.  c.  18.)  went  much  further.  It  enacted,  that  certain  specified  articles,  the  produce 
of  the  colonies,  and  since  well  known  in  commerce  by  the  name  of  enumerated  articles, 
should  not  be  exported  directly  from  the  colonies  to  any  foreign  country ;  but  that  they 
should  first  be  sent  to  Britain,  and  there  unladen  (the  wonls  of  the  act  are,  laid  upon  the 
flwre),  before  they  could  he  forwarded  to  their  final  destination.  Sugar,  molasses,  ginger, 
fustic,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  indigo,  were  originally  enumerated ;  and  the  list  was  subsequently 
enlarged  by  the  addition  of  coffee,  hides  and  skins,  iron,  corn,  lumber,  «Stc.  In  1739,  the 
monopoly  system  was  so  far  relaxed,  that  sugars  were  permitted  to  be  carried  directly  from 
the  British  plantations  to  any  port  or  place  southward  of  Cape  Finisterrc ;  but  the  conditions 
under  which  this  indulgence  was  granted,  continued  so  strict  and  numerous  down  to  1803, 
when  they  were  a  good  deal  simplified,  as  to  render  it  in  a  great  degree  nugatory. — (Edwards's 
Wcsf  Indies,  vol.  ii.  p.  452.  ed.  1819.) ;  and  with  this  exception,  the  oppressive  and  vexatious 
re.^trictions  on  their  direct  exportation  to  foreign  countries  were  maintained  on  most  of  the 
otlier  enumerated  commodities  of  any  importance,  down  to  the  recent  alterations. 

But  besides  compelling  the  colonists  to  sell  their  produce  exclusively  in  the  EngUsh 
markets,  it  was  next  thought  advisable  to  oblige  them  to  buy  such  foreign  articles  as  they 
might  stand  in  need  of  entirely  from  the  merchants  and  manufacturers  of  England.  For  this 
jiurpose  it  was  enacted,  in  1663,  that  "  no  commodity  of  the  growth,  [)roduction,  or  manu- 
I'acturc  of  Europe,  shall  be  imported  into  tiie  British  plantations,  but  such  as  are  laden  and 
put  on  board  in  England,  Wales,  or  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  and  in  English  built  shipping, 
whereof  the  master  and  three  fourths  oi  the  crew  are  English."  The  preamble  to  this  statute, 
which  efiectually  excluded  the  colonists  from  every  market  for  European  produce,  except 
that  of  England,  assigns  the  motive  for  this  restriction  to  lie,  "  the  maintaining  a  greater 
con^spondence  and  kindness  between  the  subjects  at  home  and  those  in  the  plantations ; 


■;':';■  ^'*  '•• 


..aKMuil  iniH| 

'I'HWlltlll;  1^ 

"11.1- .I'll  .wP 

ll<ll...lu.4iiUIB 


'wm 


r.n;.*.'   ' 
""•■'■iW'lfc 
'  ii<iiii>iM<«  imJ^ 

i|WW«VMI|| 


If! 


9 
i 


»         * 


40d 


COLONIES  AND 


-  "1 


.   I 


c 

trntt 

mtt 
■I 

K 

.<i 

in 

w 


i 

■ 


;    \ 


'     I 


keeping  the  colonies  in  a  firmer  dependence  on  tb  other  country ;  making  them  yet  moro 
beneficial  to  it,  in  the  further  employment  and  incicdse  of  English  shipping,  and  the  vent  of 
English  manufactures  and  commodities;  rendering  the  navigation  to  and  from  thein  more 
siift!  and  cheap ;  and  making  this  kingdom  a  staple,  not  only  of  the  coniiiioditiea  of  the  plan, 
latioris,  but  also  of  the  commodities  of  other  countries  and  places  for  their  supply  ;  it  bein-r 
the  usage  of  other  nations  to  keep  their  plantation  trad'?  exclusively  to  themselves." 

It  was  also  a  leading  principle  in  the  system  of  colonial  policy,  adopted  as  well  by  En;;. 
land  as  by  the  other  European  nations,  to  discourage  all  attempts  to  manufacture  Buch 
nrtifles  in  the  colonies  as  could  be  provided  for  them  by  the  mother  country.  The  historv 
of  ourcolonial  system  is  full  of  eflbrtB  of  this  sort;  and  so  essential  was  this  principle  dt'cnicj 
to  the  idea  of  a  colony,  that  Lord  Chatham  did  not  hesitate  to  declare,  in  his  place  in  par- 
liamcnt,  that  "the  British  colonists  of  North  America  had  no  hioht  to  manufacture  even  a 
nail  for  a  horscs/me/" — (Edwards's  West  Indies,  vol.  ii.  p.  566.)  And  when  such  were  tlie 
enactments  made  by  the  legislature,  and  such  the  avowed  sentiments  of  a  great  parliamentary 
leader  and  a  friend  to  the  colonies,  we  need  not  be  surprised  at  a  declaration  of  the  late  Lord 
Sheffield,  who  did  no  more,  indeed,  than  express  ^he  opinion  of  almost  all  the  merchants 
and  politicians  of  his  time,  when  he  affirmed  that  "the  onlt  use  of  American  colonies  or 
West  India  islands  is  the  monopolt  of  their  consumption,  ana  the  carriage  of  their 
produce/" 

II.     Influejtcb  of  the  Monopolt  of  the  Colowt  Thaue. — Slaveht, 

It  is  not  necessary  to  enter  into  any  lengthened  disquisitions  with  respect  to  this  part  of 
our  subject.  The  rules  by  which  we  are  to  form  our  judgment  upon  it,  are  unfolded  in  the 
article  Commerce.  Here  it  is  sufficient  to  observe,  in  the  first  place,  that,  though  it  could 
be  shown  that  restrictions  on  the  colony  trade  were  really  advantageous  to  the  mother  coun- 
try, that  is  not  enough  to  prove  that  they  should  be  adopted.  In  dealing  with  a  colony,  we 
are  not  dealing  with  a  foreign  country,  but  with  an  integral  part  of  our  own  empire.  And 
hence,  in  order  to  show  that  restrictions  on  the  colony  trade  are  advantageous,  it  must  noi 
merely  be  shown  that  they  are  beneficial  to  the  mother  country,  but  it  must  further  be  shown 
that  they  are  beneficial,  or,  at  all  events,  not  injurious,  to  the  colony.  The  advantage  of  or.e 
part  of  tiie  empire  is  not  to  be  purchased  by  the  depression  of  some  other  part.  The  duty  of 
government  is  to  promote  the  prosperity,  and  to  maintain  the  equal  rights  and  privileges  of 
all ;  not  to  enrich  one  class,  or  one  province,  at  the  expense  of  others. 

This  principle  is  decisive  of  the  whole  question.  Owing  to  the  identity  of  language, 
manners,  and  religion,  the  merchants  of  the  mother  country  must  always  have  very  great 
advantages  in  the  colony  markets ;  and  if  the  commodities  which  they  have  to  sell  be  alwiit 
as  suitable  for  them,  and  as  low  priced,  as  those  of  others,  none  else  will  be  imported  into 
them ;  but  if  they  be  not,  it  would  plainly  be  to  the  injury  of  the  colony  to  compel  her  to 
buy  from  the  mother  country  what  she  might  procure  cheaper  from  others.  It  will  imme- 
iliately  be  seen  that  such  forced  sale  could  be  of  no  real  advantage  to  the  mother  countrv; 
Imt  whether  that  were  so  or  not,  its  mischievous  influence  upon  the  colony  is  manifest. 
Were  Jamaica,  for  example,  obliged  to  import  any  article  from  England  which  cost  her 
100,000/.  a  year  more  than  she  could  procure  a  similar  article  for  elsewhere,  she  Would 
manifestly  lose  this  amount;  and  though  it  were  true  that  every  shilling  of  this  sum  found 
its  way  as  extra  profit  into  the  pockets  of  the  merchants  or  manufacturers  of  England,  that 
would  be  no  sufficient  justification  of  the  policy  of  such  a  system.  The  protection  due  by 
a  government  to  its  subjects  does  not  depend  on  the  varying  degrees  of  latitudti  and  longitude 
under  which  they  happen  to  live.  It  would  not  be  more  glaringly  unjust  to  lay  peculiar 
burdens  on  the  Lothians  for  the  sake  of  Middlesex,  than  it  is  to  lay  them  on  Jamaica  for  the 
sake  of  England. 

In  point  of  fact,  however,  the  monopoly  of  the  colony  trade  is  of  no  real  use,  but  the 
reverse,  to  the  mother  country.  If,  as  has  been  already  observed,  she  can  supply  her  colo- 
nists with  goods  as  cheaply  as  they  can  be  supplied  by  others,  she  will  have  no  competitors 
in  their  markets ;  and  if  she  cannot  do  this,  the  monopoly  is  really  hostile  to  her  interests, 
Each  country  has  some  natural  or  acquired  capabilities  that  enable  her  to  carry  on  certain 
branches  of  industry  more  advantageously  than  any  one  else.  But  the  fact  of  a  countrv 
being  liable  to  be  undersold  in  the  markets  of  her  colonies,  shows  conclusively,  that  instead 
of  having  any  superiority,  she  labours  under  a  disadvantage,  as  compared  with  others,  in  the 
production  of  the  peculiar  articles  in  demand  in  them.  And  hence,  in  providing  a  forced 
market  in  the  colonies  for  articles  that  we  should  not  otherwise  be  able  to  dispose  of,  we 
really  engage  a  portion  of  the  capital  and  labour  of  the  country  in  a  less  advantageous  chan- 
nel than  that  into  which  it  would  naturally  have  flowed.  We  impress  upon  it  an  artificial 
direction;  and  withdraw  it  from  those  secure  and  really  beneficial  businesses  in  which  it 
would  have  been  employed,  to  engage  it  in  business  the  existence  of  which  depends  only  on 
the  continuance  of  oppressive  regulations,  and  in  which  we  are  surpassed  by  foreigners. 

Even  were  it  conceded  that  the  possession  of  an  outlet  in  the  colonies  for  goods  that  could 
not  otherwise  be  disposed  of,  was  an  advantage,  it  is  one  that  can  exist  in  theory  only. 


COLONY  TRADE. 


409 


aking  them  yet  moro 
ping,  and  the  vent  of 
nil  from  thorn  more 
iiiiodities  of  the  plan, 
heir  supply  ;  it  being 
themselves." 
pted  Qs  well  hy  Eng- 

0  manufacture  Huch 
luntry.  The  history 
this  principle  deemed 
,  in  hia  place  in  par- 

1  mannfuc'ure  eve.iiu 
I  when  such  were  tlie 
a  great  parliamentary 
ation  of  the  late  Lor  J 
ost  all  the  merchants 
American  colonies  or 
he  carriage  of  their 

E. — Slavehy. 

respect  to  this  part  of 
t,  are  unfolded  in  the 
that,  though  it  could 
s  to  the  mother  coun. 
ng  with  a  colony,  we 
ir  own  empire.  And 
ntageous,  it  must  noi 
nust  further  be  shown 
The  advantage  of  or.e 
er  part.  The  duty  of 
;ht3  and  privileges  of 

identity  of  language, 

ways  have  very  great 

have  to  sell  be  about 

will  be  imported  into 

lony  to  compel  her  to 

(thcrs.    It  will  iinmc- 

the  mother  country; 

colony  is  manifest. 

land  which  cost  her 

elsewhere,  she  WouU 

ing  of  this  sum  found 

rcrs  of  England,  that 

he  protection  due  by 

latitude  and  longituile 

njust  to  lay  peculiar 

m  on  Jamaica  for  tlie 

no  real  use,  but  the 

can  supply  her  colo- 

have  no  competitors 

lostile  to  her  interests, 

ler  to  carry  on  cei-tain 

the  fact  of  a  country 

clusively,  that  instead 

■ed  with  others,  in  the 

in  providing  a  forced 

able  to  dispose  of,  we 

IS  advantageous  chan- 

;s  upon  it  an  artificial 

lusinesses  in  which  it 

hich  depends  only  on 

ed  by  foreigners. 

3  for  goods  that  could 

exist  in  theory  only. 


Practically  it  can  never  be  realised.  The  infrrrsts  of  the  colonists,  and  the  d-'xterify  and 
devices  of  the  smuggler,  are  tno  much  tor  ('ustoni-house  regulations.  Cheap  Koods  never 
liiil  of  inakiim  their  way  throuirh  ewry  olwt.ar!(\  All  the  tyrannical  laws  and  i^uarda  ms.'fwof 
Old  8;>ain  did  not  hinder  her  colonies  from  lioing  glutted  with  prohiiiited  conimoditios.  And 
we  may  Imi  assured  that  the  moment  a  competitor  appears  in  the  iield  rnpatile  of  supplying 
the  Canadians  and  people  of  .lamaica  with  cottons,  woollens,  hardware,  &c.  eheajier  than 
ivo  can  sujjply  them,  that  moment  will  they  cease  to  be  our  customers.  Ail  tlie  revenue 
fltllcers,  ai¥l  all  the  ships  of  England,  supposing  them  to  be  employed  fv)r  that  purpose,  would 
je  unable  to  avert  this  result. 

The  consequence  of  the  American  war  ouglit  to  have  led  to  sounder  opinions  than  those 
that  are  still  current  as  to  the  value  of  the  monopoly  of  the  colony  trade.  Has  the  inde[)end- 
ence  of  the  United  States  been  in  any  respect  injurious  to  us  ?  So  far  from  this,  it  is  cer- 
tuiii  that  it  has  redounded  materially  to  our  advantage.  We  have  been  relieved  from  the 
fxpcnsc  and  trouble  of  governing  extensive  countries  at  a  great  distance  from  our  sliores,  at 
the  same  time  that  we  have  continued  to  reap  all  the  advantage  that  we  j)reviously  reaped 
from  our  intercourse  with  them.  It  is  visionary  to  imagine  that  wc  could  have  succeeded 
either  in  preventing  them  from  establishing  manufactories  at  home,  or  from  importing  j)ro- 
Jucts  from  abroad,  had  any  one  been  able  to  undersell  us.  Our  command  of  the  American 
market  depends,  iit  this  moment,  on  the  very  same  principle — the  comparative  cheapness  of 
our  goods — on  which  it  depended  when  we  had  a  governor  in  every  state.  So  long  as  we 
preserve  this  advantage,  wc  [ireserte  the  only  means  by  which  the  monopoly  of  any  distant 
market  can  be  niainiairicd,  and  the  only  means  by  which  such  monopoly  is  rendered  of  the 
least  advantage. 

But  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  tliat,  because  restrictions  on  the  trade  of  colonies  can  be  of 
no  real  adv.mtage  to  tlieir  mother  countries,  they  are  not  often  very  injurious  to  them  and  to 
the  coloTiies.  W  c  could  not,  however  anxious,  exclude  manufactured  articles,  and  such 
tkeign  goods  as  are  valuable  without  lieing  very  bulky,  from  our  West  India  islands,  pro- 
\ided  they  were  ollered  cheaper  by  others.  But  such  is  not  the  case  with  lumber,  provi- 
sions, itc.  They  are  too  bulky  to  1ie  easily  fciniigciled  ;  and  may  lie,  and  indeed  are,  very 
much  raised  in  price  by  restrictions  on  their  importation.  For  many  years  past,  all  direct 
mtercourse  between  our  West  India  colonies  and  the  United  States  was  interdicted  ;  and,  in 
consequence,  the  planters  were  compelled  either  to  supply  themselves  with  lumber,  staves, 
\c.  by  a  distant  voyage  from  Canada,  or,  which  was  by  far  the  most  common  practice,  from 
ihe  Uniteil  States,  through  the  circuitous  and  cKpensivc  channel  of  St.  Thomas  and  other 
neutrul  islands!  In  papers  laid  by  tlie  West  India  merchants  and  planters  before  the  House 
of  Commons  (No.  IViO.  Session  1831),  they  estimate  the  increased  expense  they  thus  in- 
curred on  lumber,  staves,  flour,  shingles,  fish,  &c.  at  15  per  cent,  of  the  entire  value  of  these 
articles,  or  at  187,r)70/.  a  year.  And  it  will  be  observed,  that  no  part  of  this  sum  went  into 
■;he  pockets  of  any  British  merchant.  It  went  wholly  to  indemnify  the  Americans  and 
others  for  heing  obhged  to  bring  their  products  round  about  by  St.  Thomas,  insteail  of  direct 
from  the  States. 

This  system  grew  out  of  the  American  war ;  hut  it  is  due  to  Mr,  Pitt  to  state  that  it 
received  no  countenance  from  him.  On  the  contrary,  he  introduced  a  bill,  in  1785,  for 
reviving  the  beneficial  intercourse  that  existetl  previously  to  the  war,  between  the  United 
■States  and  the  West  India  islands.  But  being  opposed  hy  a  powerful  party  in  parliament. 
and  by  the  ship  owners  and  Canada  merchants,  he  was  obliged  reluctantly  to  withdraw  the 
uili.  The  following  remarks  of  Mr.  Bryan  Edwards  on  this  suhject  are  as  applicable  at  this 
moment,  as  they  were  at  the  period  (1794)  wlteii  they  were  written. 

"This,"  says  he,  "is  not  a  business  of  selfishness  or  faction  ;  nor  (like  many  of  those  ques- 
\ions  which  are  daily  moved  in  parliament  merely  to  agitate  and  perplex  governnii.Mit)  can  it 
be  dismissed  by  vote.  It  will  come  forward  again  and  again,  and  haunt  administration  in  a 
thousand  hideous  shapes,  until  a  more  liberal  poli<"y  shall  take  [jlace ;  for  no  folly  can  pos- 
sibly exceed  the  notion  that  any  measures  pursued  by  Great  Britain  will  prevent  the  Ameri- 
ean  states  from  having,  some  Ukik  or  oi\\er,  a  cimrjicrciul  Inlcrcmirne  with  our  West  India 
lerrihrics  on  ihcir  own  terms.  With  a  chain  of  coast  of  20°  of  latitiKle,  possessing  the 
linest  harbours  for  the  pur[)ose  in  the  world,  all  lying  so  near  the  sugar  colonics  and  the 
track  to  Europe,  with  a  country  abounding  in  evory  thing  the  islands  have  occasion  for,  and 
which  they  can  obtain  no  where  else  ;  all  these  circunistiinccs  necessarily  and  naturally  lead 
to  a  commercial  intercourse  between  our  islands  and  the  United  States.  It  is  true  we  may 
ruin  . '  r  sugar  colonies,  and  ourselves  also,  in  the  attempt  to  prevent  it;  but  it  is  an  experi- 
ment which  (lod  and  nature  have  marked  out  as  impossible  to  succeed.  The  prcf^erit  re- 
slraining  system  is  forbidding  men  to  hell)  each  other .-  men  who,  hij  their  neca^yitits,  tlicir 
climak,and  their  productions,  are  standing  in  perpetual  need  if  mutual  assistance,  and 
able  to  mpph/  it"— (Hist.  West  Indies,  Preface  to  2d  ed.) 

We  have  also  thought  fit  to  interdict  the  West  Indians  from  the  refining,  or,  as  it  is  tech- 
nicaliy  termed,  the  claying  of  sugars.  This  is  one  of  the  few  manufactures  that  might  be 
advantageously  set  up  in  the  islands.    The  process  adds  considerably  to  the  value  of  sugar; 

Vol.  I.— 2  M  62 


I J  III  '*n, ; 


;  .lilKiM  IM^ 
"II '".I   .1  ..•!# 


'K'l 


':ism 


t  i*I«3 ." 

llllll:    '' 

i;::r''m 

•»iiii''iiit'i.':f*iM| 


rr-^ 


f. 


.  I' 


f^.  i' ' 


'4  J 


410 


COLONIES  AND 


Mir 

ir 

ma., 
(tni 

.Ml 
Ml 


,       I 


^  ( 


and  it  might  be  carried  on  in  tho  luiildings,  and  by  tho  hands  that  arc  required  to  Iioil  tlio 
cane,  or  to  i)r('p;ire  the  raw  or  muscovado  sugar.  Instead,  however,  of  l)eing  allowed  torofim: 
their  sugars  on  the  spot,  and  where  it  might  be  done  for  a  third  of  the  cx[>ense  that  is  re(juirfi] 
in  Englanil,  the  planters  have  been  prohibited  from  engaging  in  this  branch  of  industry , 
and  have  been  obliged  to  exjiort  all  their  sugars,  either  raw  or  crushed,  to  England.  Notliiiijj 
can  exeeeil  the  oppressiveness  of  such  a  regulation  ;  and  what  is  most  singular,  it  has  not 
been  enforced,  like  most  regulations  of  the  sort,  in  order  to  bolster  up  any  of  the  leading  in- 
terests  of  the  country,  but  merely  to  give  a  factitious  employment  to  a  very  small  class, — tlwt 
of  the  sugar  refiners,  whose  natural  residence  is  in  tho  West  Indies.  The  planters  and  mer- 
chants estimate  the  loss  caused  by  this  preposterous  regulation  at  75,5.'J0/.  a  year. 

The  distillation  of  spirits  from  sugar  has  only  been  occasionally  allowed ;  but  provided 
the  duties  were  so  adjusted  as  to  give  no  advantage  to  the  planters  over  the  growers  of  b^f. 
ley,  or  to  the  latter  over  the  former,  wc  think  the  ilistillers  should  be,  at  all  times,  allowed  tu 
distil  indiscriminately  from  sugar,  molasses,  or  grain.  It  is  the  duty  of  government  to  take 
care  that  the  duties  be  so  arranged  as  to  give  no  unfair  advantage  to  any  party  over  another; 
but,  having  done  this,  it  should  do  nothing  more.  To  prohibit  distillation  from  sugar,  that 
a  forced  market  maybe  opened  for  grain;  or  distillation  from  grain,  that  a  forced  market 
may  be  opened  for  sugar ;  are  interferences  with  tho  freedom  of  industry,  for  which  no  good 
reason  has  been,  nor  we  believe  can  be,  assigned. 

The  interests  of  the  planters  have  been  sacrificed  in  many  other  ways  besides  those  now 
pointed  out,  in  tho  view  of  securing  some  illusory  advantage  to  our  merchants  and  shiiv 
owners.  Perseverance  in  this  line  of  policy  is  the  less  excusable,  as  it  is  in  direct  opposition 
to  tho  principle  of  the  measures  introduced  hy  Mr.  Robinson  (now  Lord  Goderich)  in  1822, 
and  Mr.  Huskisson  in  1835;  and  sanctioned  by  the  legislature.  The  avowed  object  of 
these  measures  was  the  subversion  of  the  old  colonial  system,  and  the  repeal  of  the  vexa- 
tious restrictions  laid  on  the  trade  of  the  colonies.  "If  we  look,"  said  Mr,  Kobinson, "to 
the  dominions  of  England  in  the  Eastern  hemisphere,  we  shall  find  the  restrictive  system 
has  been  entirely  and  systematically  abandoned.  The  whole  of  the  East  India  Companv':- 
territories  have  never  been  shackled  with  the  peculiar  restrictions  of  the  navigation  laws ; 
and  who  will  say  that  the  interests  of  commerce  and  navigation  have  suffered  1  or  rather, 
who  will  deny  that  thei/  have  been  lutiteritilli/  benefited  by  the  freedom  they  have  enjoyuW 
— "I  propose,"  said  Mr.  Huskisson,  in  1  BSr),  "  to  admit  a  free  intercourse  between  all  our 
colonics  and  other  countries,  either  in  British  ships,  or  in  the  ships  of  those  countries,  allow- 
ing the  latter  to  import  all  articles,  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  country  to 
which  the  ship  belongs ;  and  to  export  from  such  colonies  all  articles  whatever  of  their 
growth,  produce,  or  manufacture,  either  to  the  country  from  which  such  sliij)  came,  or  to 
any  other  port  of  the  world;  the  United  Kingdom  and  all  its  dependencies  only  excepted." 

Unluckily,  however,  the  conditions  and  regulations  introduced  into  the  bills  were,  for  the 
most  part,  in  direct  contradiction  to  the  principle  laid  down  in  the  speeches  now  quoted;  nor 
is  it  easy,  indeed,  to  conceive  for  what  purpose  the  latter  were  made,  unless  it  were  to  ex- 
hibit the  impolicy  of  the  former.  Among  otheriJ  which  will  subsequently  be  specified,  the 
act  of  1825  imposed  the  following  duties  for  the  express  purpose  of  securing  to  Canada  and 
to  British  ships  the  supply  of  the  West  India  islands  witli  food  and  lumber. 


Table  of  Unties  inmnswl  hy  6  Geo.  4.  c.  !M.  on  cerf.iln  Artieles  of 
I'rovisiun,  rtml  of  WtHHi  aiui  l.unititT,  not  being  the  Gnjwth,  Pro- 
duction, or  Manufacture  of  the  L'nitcil  KlnE;<lom,  nor  of  any  Rri- 
tish  Possession,  imported  or  brfiui^tlt  into  the  TJritish  FossMsions 
on  the  Continent  of  South  Anierica,  or  iu  the  West  Indies,  the  Ba- 
hama  nnd  Bermuda  Islands  iucludej. 


Provisions,  viz. 

Wheat,  the  bushel  .  .  .  .  - 

Wheiit  (lour,  the  Inrrcl  .  .  ,  . 

Breid  or  biscuit,  the  cwt.  .... 

Flour  or  nieril.  not  of  wheat,  the  barrel  - 

Peas,  t>eans,  r\e,  calavances,  oats,  barley,  Indian  com, 
Iheliushil        ...... 

Rice,  the  1,000  lbs.  nett  weight 
Live  stock,  10  perceut. 
Lumber,  viz. 

ShiiiEles,  not  being  more  than  12  inches  in  length, 
tlie  1,000 

Shineies,  being  more  than  12  inches  in  length,  the 

1,000  .        .        .        .        ; 

staves  and  headings,  viz. 

Red.iak,  tlie  I.OiX)         .  .  .  , 

White  oak,  the  1,000     .... 
Wood  boons,  I  he  1,000 

While,  yellow,  and  pilch  pine  lumber,  the  1,000  feet 
ol  1  inch  thick 


Z.    J. 


■070 
0  14    0 


0  li 
0  12 
0   a 


-110 


Li.d. 
Other  wood  and  lumber,  the  1,000  feet  of  I  inch  thick   I  8(1 
Fish,  beef,  iK>rk,  prohibited. 

The  revenue  derived  from  these  and  the  other  duties  imiviiftl  1, 
the  act  of  iy.J'),  amounteil  to  about  75,000/.  a  year,  and  the  chapti 
of  collection  to  about  (jH.OOOf. !  ' 

The  ertects  of  these  duties  in  adding  to  the  prices  of  the  food  and 
lamber  imported  by  the  planters,  is  exhibited  in  the  fultoni;;; 
statement  of  the  prices  of  some  of  the  principal  of  these  artida  a'. 
the  L'nitetl  States  and  the  Continent,  and  in  Canada  and  the  L'mtej 
Kingdom : — 

Herrings  (Danish)  at  the  Island  of  St.  Thomas,  the  barrel 

Ditto  (British)  in  the  coloiiiisi,  the  barrel 

M);ss  heef,  in  Haniburgh,  the  barrel 

Ditto,  in  the  United  Kingilom,  ditto 

Pork,  in  Hamburgh,  the  barrel 

Ditto,  in  the  I'liite'd  Kingdom,  ditto 

Red  oak  staves,  in  the  United  States,  per  1,000 

Ditto,  at  (Juebec,  pjT  ditto    .... 

White  oak  staves,  in  the  United  States,  per  ditto    • 

Ditto,  at  tjuehec.  jier  ditto    - 

Flour,  in  the  I'nited  States,  the  iKirrel 

Ditto,  at  ((uebec,  ditto  .  .  ■ 

Shingles,  in  the  IJniled  States,  per  1,000      - 

Ditto,  ill  Canada,  per  ditto 


L.  i.l 

I    0  0 

I II 


0  ii 
0  II 
li  0 
0 


0 


.    3 
.    4 

•  7    S  J 

•  6  10  J 

•  10  6  2 
-  1  I  '1 
.15  5 
•OHO 
.    0  13  1! 


Tlie  United  States,  who  felt  themselves  aggrieved  by  the  imposition  of  such  oppressive 
duties  on  flour,  wheat,  and  lumber,  refused  to  accede  to  those  conditions  of  recijirocity  under 
which  the  colonial  ports  were  to  be  opened  to  their  ships ;  and,  owing  to  this  circumstance, 
it  was  not  till  the  end  of  1830,  when  fresh  negotiations  were  entered  into  with  the  United 
States,  and  it  was  agreed  to  modify  some  of  the  duties,  that  the  West  India  colonies  derived 
any  sensible  advantage  from  the  changes,  such  as  they  were,  that  were  made  in  1 825. 

But  notwithstanding  the  modifications  introduced  by  the  act  1  Will.  4.  c.  24.,  and  non 


COLONY  TRADE. 


411 


requircJ  to  iioil  llio 
ing  nllowed  to  rrfinc 
M3nsc  that  is  rcquirci! 
bruncit  of  indnsiry , 
)EnKlan(l.  Nothiiij 
t  singular,  it  lias  not 
jy  of  the  leading  in- 
•ry  small  class, — ih;it 
lie  planters  and  mer- 
I)/,  a  year, 
lowed ;  but  provided 
•  the  growers  of  bat- 
all  times,  allowed  tu 
f  goverinncnt  to  take 
7  party  over  another; 
tion  from  sugar,  tliat 
that  a  forced  market 
y,  for  which  no  good 

lys  besides  those  now 
nierchaats  and  ship. 
is  in  direct  opposition 
d  Ooderich)  in  1822, 
'he  avowed  object  of 
he  repeal  of  the  vexa- 
lid  Mr.  Kohinson, "  to 
the  restrictive  system 
last  India  Companv's 
■  the  navigation  laws ; 
3  sufiered  ]  or  rather, 
they  have  eiijuytd?" 
3ursc  between  all  out 
those  countries,  allow- 
turc  of  the  country  to 
cles  whatever  of  their 
such  ship  came,  or  to 
leies  only  excepted,'' 
the  bills  were,  for  the 
;hcs  now  quoted ;  nor 
unless  it  were  to  ex- 
lently  be  specified,  the 
;uring  to  Canada  and 
Imber. 


Ll.d. 
lOOO  feet  nf  1  inch  thick   1  $  n 

bnd  tlift  other  lUitJM  iir-iviiftl!? 
[75,000/.  a  year,  and  tliecharjtj 

lin^  to  the  prices  of  the  fnod  m\ 

1   is  exhil)it('(l  in  the  follimi;:; 

llhe  priiicl|ial  of  these  artirla  ii'. 

,  and  111  C'aiiiula  and  the  L'uLtel 


It.  Thomas,  the  barrel 
prrel     - 


per  1,000 
le^,  per  ditto 
|l 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

10  i 

6  i 

1    '1 

S  5 

U  0 


an  of  such  oppressive 
Is  of  reciprocity  under 
1  to  this  circumstance, 
Into  with  the  United 
India  colonics  derived 
Imade  in  1825. 
ll.  4.  c.  24.,  aiid  now 


embodied  in  the  actS  &4  Will.  4.  c.  59. — (.we  pnnf), — the  regulations  under  which  the 
colony  trade  is  at  present  conducted,  are  in  the  highest  dcL^rec  (ilijirtiotiable.     There  is,  for 
oxttiiiple,  a  duty  of  5*.  a  barrel  on  all  (lour  brought  from  a  foreign  country  into  our  posses- 
sions in  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  and  also  into  Nova  Scotia,  New  Uruiiswiek, 
inJ  Prince Edwanl  Island.     At  first  sight  there  seems  nothing  to  object  to  in  tliiM  regulation, 
except  the  iniiKjsition  of  the  duty  ;  in  point  of  fact,  however,  this  is  its  least  objectionable 
feiiture,  anil  is  used  merely  as  a  pretext  to  conceal  its  real  object,     'i'he  nein^ssity  of  raising 
J  revenue  might,  in  some  degree,  excuse  even  the  imposition  of  a  duty  on  the  food  of  the 
loloiiists  ;  but  there  cannot  be  so  much  as  the  shadow  of  an  ajiology  for  taxing  it  for  the 
licmjit  nfannther  class.    Such,  however,  is  the  sole  end  and  jiurpose  of  this  ingeniously 
contrived  regulation.     It  will  be  observed,  that  though  no  wheat  (lour  can  be  carried  duty 
free  direct,  (rom  a  foreign  country  to  our  possessions  in  the  West  Indies,  or  to  our  posses- 
sions to  the  north  of  the  United  States  on  the  .Mlantic,  it  may  be  '..aported  duty  free  into 
Canada,  where  it  is  not  needed !    The  consc>iuence  is,  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  United 
States'  (lour  intended  for  the  West  Indies,  instead  of  being  shipped  direct  from  New  York, 
I'hilatlelphiai  ^^-  for  the  islands,  is  carried,  in  the  (irst  instance,  to  Montreal  and  Quebec, 
and  is  thence  conveyed  in  British  ships  to  its  final  destination.    The  duty  is  imposed  to 
I'orcc  this  trade ;  that  is,  to  make  the  food  of  the  colonists  lie  carried  to  them  by  a  round- 
about course  of  more  than  2,000  miles,  in  order  that  a  few  hundred  pounds  may  be  forced 
into  the  pockets  of  the  ship-owners,  at  an  expense  of  many  thousand  pounds  to  the  colonists. 
Such,  imleed,  is  the  influence  of  the  system,  that  there  have  been  instances  of  wheat  having 
licen  carrietl  from  Archangel  to  Quebec,  landed  there,  and  again  shipped  for  .lamaica ! 
Shingle^,  lumber,  »Sce.  are  subjected  to  the  same  regulations,  with  this  dillercnce  merely,  that 
thev  nitty  I"'  imported  duty  free  into  Nova  Scotia,  New  UrunswicK,  &c.,  being  thence  car- 
ried to  the  West  Indies;  whereas,  by  condniiig  the  importation  of  duty  free  (lour  to  ('anada, 
it  must  pass,  before  it  can  reach  the  consumers,  through  the  lengthened,  dilHcult,  and  dan- 
n^roua  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  make  any  commentary  on  such  regulations.  None  more  objectiona- 
ble in  principle,  or  mischievous  in  practice,  are  to  be  met  witli  in  the  worst  parts  of  the  old 
Spanish  colonial  regime. 

All  duties  on  and  regulations  with  respect  to  the  importation  of  articles  of  provision, 
lumber,  &c.  into  the  colonies,  ought  to  be  wholly  abolished.  Jamaica,  and  our  other  West 
India  colonies,  may  be  viewed  as  immense  sugar,  rum,  and  coffee  manufactories,  which, 
though  situated  at  a  distance  from  England,  belong  to  Englishmen,  and  arc  carried  on  by 
English  capital.  But  to  jiromote  the  prosperity  of  any  manufacture  without  injuring  that 
of  others,  there  are  no  means  at  once  so  obvious  and  elVectual,  as  to  give  those  engaged  in  it 
every  facility  for  supplying  themselves  with  the  materials  necessary  to  carry  it  on  at  the 
lowest  price,  and  to  keep  the  duties  on  its  protluce  as  low  as  [lossible.  This  is  the  sound 
and  obvious  principle  that  ought  to  have  been  kept  steadily  in  view  in  legislating  for  the 
colonics ;  though,  as  already  seen,  it  has  been  totally  lost  sight  of.  That  the  system  of 
forcing  importation  from  Canada  may  be  advantageous  to  that  province,  we  do  not  presume 
to  deny ;  but  we  are  not  to  impoverish  one  part  of  our  dominions  that  we  may  enrich  another, 
more  esp«;cially  when  it  is  certain,  as  in  the  present  case,  that  the  advantage  conferred  is 
iritling  indeed  compared  with  the  injury  indicted.  In  other  respects,  the  o|)eration  of  the 
present  system  is  most  pernicious.  Sugar  is  an  important  necessary  of  life,  and  enters 
largely  into  the  consumption  of  every  individual  in  Great  Britain.  Surely,  then,  it  is  highly 
important  that  every  means  should  be  resorted  to  for  reducing  its  cost;  and  as  we  have  ex- 
cluded foreign  sugars  from  our  markets,  the  only  way  in  which  any  such  reduction  can  be 
effected  is  by  abolishing  the  existing  restrictions,  and  allowing  the  planters  to  furnish  them- 
selves with  the  materials  necessary  for  their  manufacture  at  the  lowest  rate,  and  to  dusposc 
of  their  produce  in  the  state  and  at  the  places  they  prefer. 

The  vexatious  regulations  now  alluded  to,  have  been,  lor  the  most  part,  inip/O.sed  to  benefit 
the  motlior  country  at  the  expense  of  the  colonies.  Then?  has,  however,  been,  in  this  re- 
spect, a  reciprocity  of  injuries.  Being  obliged  to  buy  whatever  they  wauled  in  the  markets 
of  the  mother  country,  the  colonists  early  succeeded  in  obtaining,  what,  indeed,  could  not, 
under  this  circumstances  of  the  case,  be  denied  to  them,  the  iiioiio[ioly  of  these  markets  for 
the  sale  of  their  peculiar  productions.  And  hence  the  high  discriiniiiatiiig  dutits  on  foreign 
sugars,  coffee,  timber,  &c.  Owing  to  the  very  great  fertility  of  tlie  colonics  of  Denierara, 
Berbiee,  &c.,  acquired  during  the  late  war,  the  excli^.sion  of  foreign  sugar  has  not  latterly 
been  so  great  a  burden  as  it  used  to  be,  though  it  still  occasions  an  eidumcemeiit  of  its  price. 
But  there  are  no  palliating  circumstances  about  the  discriiiiinaiiiig  duly  on  foreign  timber. 
INot  satisfied  with  giving  the  Canadians  an  unfair  advantage  in  the  markets  of  the  West  In- 
dies, wc  give  them  a  still  more  unjustifiable  advantage  in  those  of  England.  It  was  proved  in 
evidence  taken  before  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords,  that  timber  from  Canada  is  not  half 
so  durable  as  that  from  the  Baltic,  and  is,  besides,  peculiarly  liable  to  dry  rot.  It  is  not 
nllowed  to  be  used  in  the  building  of  ships  for  the  navy,  and  is  rejected  by  all  the  more 
ifespcctable  house-builders;  and  yet,  under  the  miserable  pretext  of  giving  employment  to 


ii'xm.Ma 

■■.-.am 

""M  MM 

■■■'■'.<■:  twm 

HMIffU  ••• 

"luviii  inm 

.*,-,,  ,«| 

:3i;;3 

,,i<i'  > 

■  t»-in:.i 


1.  .►,i-.'  .*»# 

'ii«.ii ..  1 

^."1 

'  .VitK 

»ti,ii .. 

'.ism 

ii'miiiini  ixtd| 

llliill 

■'n 

iiiieii«»tT,MH| 

'dsn 


•1  * 


•  ( 


412 


COLONIKS  AND 


IT 

■«. 

it 


I 


i 


-..  f        > 


saw  mills  in  Canaila,  anil  to  a  fow  tliousnnd  tons  of  ndditional  shippinpr,  wo  actiialfr  forcj, 
tlio  iwi-  of  tlii.s  wDilhli'ss  artii-lf,  liy  iin|ii)siiiir  a  tiiscriiiiinatiiiL;  duty  of  no  Icsm  llian  45,v.  ^ 
load  on  all  timber  from  tlio  north  of  Mil  rope.  It  has  hi'on  shown,  hy  papers  laid  befon.  pur. 
lianient,  that  were  tiie  same  duty  laiil  on  timber  from  Canada  liiat  is  laid  on  timber  from  tl,,. 
Baltic,  the  revenue  would  ^ain  1,.')()0,()()0/.  a  year,  while  the  durability  of  our  HJiips  mi,| 
houses  would  be  doubled. — (For  a  further  discussion  of  this  subject,  nee  'J'imiiku.) 

These  restrictions  tend  to  render  the  colony  trade  a  source  of  loss,  and  of  irritation  and 
disgust  to  all  parties.  In  other  resjiects,  too,  their  iiilluence  is  most  |)eriiicious.  Wo  U)m  as 
the  colonii-s  are  prevented  from  purchnsin!»  lumln'r,  provisions,  vScc.  in  the  cheapest  markou 
and  as  their  trade  continues  subjected  to  regulations  injurious  to  their  interests,  ihcy  arc  jus^ 
tided  ill  resisting  all  ctlbrts  to  make  them  contribute  any  thini^  consideralile  to  the  ex])eiist's 
of  the  armameuts  rccjuired  for  their  protection.  "Attem|)ts,"  said  Lord  Palrnerston,  "havi. 
been  made  in  all  the  West  India  islands  to  induce  them  to  contribute  to  the  expenses  of  th, 
cslalilishments;  and  they  iiavc  always  re|)resenti'd  that  fhn'r  miitnn  iifildiii!^  so  'L'i'rccrin. 
-)liil  III/  the  cuiiimetrli/l  urruni;eniiiil.s  nfl/ic  iiidllier  ciiunlrji ;  they  have  said,  'If  i/nu  ivil! 
t  UK  Iraik  u.i  ivc  like,  and  ailkcf  our  oioii.  cu.itom  (liities,  and  mi  on,  wc  will  do  it.' "  An' 
no  proposal  could  be  fairer. — {Finance  Ciniuniltec,  Evidence,  p.  146.) 

'I'he  expense  of  the  colonies  is  a  very  heavy  item  in  tho  national  cxprndifuro — far  more 
flo  than  is  generally  supposed.  Not  only  arc  we  subjected,  as  in  the  case  of  tiini)cr,  to  op. 
pres'<ive  discriminating  duties  on  foreign  articles,  that  similar  articles  from  the  colonics  may 
enjoy  the  monopoly  of  our  markets,  but  we  have  to  defray  a  very  large  smn  on  account  of 
their  military  and  naval  exp(Miditure.  There  are  no  means  by  which  to  estimate  the  iireriso 
amount  of  this  expense  ;  luit  it  is,  notwitluitanding,  abundantly  certain,  that  Canada  and  the 
i.-^lanils  ill  ihe  West  Indies  cost  us  annually,  in  military  and  naval  outlays,  upwards  of  a 
tailliiin  and  a  luilf  in  func  of  peace,  exclusive  of  the  rei'cmic  collected  in  t/ietn.  Andjfto 
this  he.ivy  expense  were  added  the  vast  additional  sums  their  defence  costs  during  war  the 
dei)tor  side  of  a  fairly  drawn  up  colonial  budget  would  attain  to  a  very  formidable  raaffni- 
tudo  ;  and  one  which  we  apprehend  could  not  jmssibly  be  balanced. 

In  entertaining  this  opinion  wc  arc  not  singular.  "  If,"  said  Lord  Sheffield,  "we  have  no! 
purchased  our  experience  sullicicntly  dear,  let  us  derive  a  lesson  of  wisdom  from  the  mii- 
fortunes  of  otlier  nations,  who,  like  us,  pureucd  the  i/hantom  of  foreign  coniiuest  and  distant 
colonisation;  and  who,  in  the  end,  found  themselves  less  populous,  opulciit,  and  powerful. 
By  tlie  war  of  1739,  which  may  be  truly  called  an  American  contest,  we  incurred  a  debtoi" 
upwards  of  31,000,000/.;  by  the  war  of  1755  we  incurred  a  further  debt  of  71,500,000/. 
and  by  the  war  of  the  revolt  we  have  added  to  both  these  debts  nearly  100,000,000/.  morel 
And  thus  wc  have  expended  a  far  larger  sum  in  defending  and  retaining  our  colonics,  than 
the  value  of  all  the  merchandise  we  have  ever  sent  them.  So  egregious  has  our  impolioy 
been,  in  rearing  colonists  for  the  sake  of  their  custom  !" — {On  the  Commerce  of  the  Ameri- 
can States,  p.  240.) 

But  our  object  is  not  to  excite  unavailing  regrets  for  bygone  follies,  but  to  indncc  the  re- 
turn to  a  better  system.  The  repeal  of  the  restrictions  on  the  colony  trade  seems  indispensa- 
ble, as  a  preliminary  to  other  reforms.  We  have  already  seen  that  the  legislature  has  reco". 
niscd  the  principle  of  this  repeal ;  and  until  it  has  taken  place,  or  the  existing  restriction^ 
been  materially  modified,  we  shall  neitlicr  be  able  to  rid  our.selves  of  the  discriminating  duliis 
in  favour  of  colonial  products,  nor  to  make  the  colonies  defray  any  considerable  part  of  ihu 
expenditure  incurred  on  their  account 

If  there  be  no  room  for  surprise  at  the  complaints  so  constantly  put  forth  by  the  We.^t  In- 
dians, there  is  very  great  room  for  surprise  that  so  few  attempts  should  have  been  made  to 
redress  the  grievances  of  which  they  complain.  Met  in  every  quarter  by  the  keen  and  ac- 
tive competition  of  the  Brazilians  and  Cubans,  who  have  been  emancipated  from  the  tram- 
mels of  monopoly,  and  permitted  freely  to  resort,  whether  as  buy(>rs  or  sellers,  to  cverv 
market,  the  planters  in  the  Britisli  colonies  could  not  Iw  otherwise  than  depressed.  Tluv 
have  been  made  tho  victims  of  an  erroneous  system  of  policy ;  for  there  is  nothing  in  the 
circumstances  under  which  they  are  naturally  i)laced,  to  lead  to  a  belief  that  their  distresses 
are  incurable.  Were  they  permitted  freely  to  supply  themselves  with  such  articles  as  they 
require,  to  refine  their  sugar  in  the  islands,  and  were  the  exorbitant  duties  that  are  now  laid 
on  some  of  their  staple  products  adequately  reduced,  can  any  one  doubt  that  their  condition 
would  be  materially  improved  ?  or  that  these  measures  would  not  equally  redound  to  tho 
general  advantage  of  the  public? 

The  colonies  being  integral  parts  of  the  empire,  the  trade  with  them  should,  as  far  as  cir- 
cumstances will  permit,  be  conducted  on  the  footing  of  a  coasting  trade.  The  state  of  tho 
revenue  requires  that  moderate  duties  should  be  laid  on  sugar,  coflee,  and  rum,  when  im- 
ported into  Great  Britain  or  Ireland ;  but  the  duties  on  cotton,  cacao,  and  most  other  colonial 
products,  might  be  repealed  without  injury  to  the  revenue,  and  with  advantage  to  all  partie-. 
The  system  wc  have  hitherto  pursued  has  been  a  radically  dillcrent  one,  and  in  most  rospeel< 
the  reverse  of  what  it  ought  to  have  been.     By  excluding  the  colonists  from  the  cheapest 


COLONY  TRADE. 


413 


Iff,  wc  nctunUy  forci. 
110  !('»«  than  '[^m.  ^ 
IHTrt  liiiil  lic't'iin!  nit. 
.1  on  tiiiil)or  from  tlir 
tv  of  our  Hliijis  aiiil 

!TlMl»l,ll,) 

and  of  irritiiiion  and 
iik'ious.  !S()  loi)i»  as 
11"  cluMpost  iiwrkru, 
ilPi-OMtn,  tlicy  arc  jus- 
ral)l(!  to  Iht!  exi)oiis('s 
lI  I'ulmiTslon,  "liavr 
>  the  expenses  of  ilu 
<"  till!  11  If  S(i  nrrecrip. 
ive  siiiil,  'If  //iniicil! 
vc  will  do  it.' "  Aiiii 

cppniliturc — far  mon^ 
;asc  of  titiihcr,  to  op- 
oin  the  colonics  mav 

sum  on  nccount  oi 
n  estimate  the  i)re('is{> 

thiit  Canada  anil  the 
lulhiys,  upvvanlit  df  ^ 
!  in  t/ictit.  Ami  if  to 
costs  durint;  war,  the 
cry  formidable  magni- 

liefficld,  "wehaveno! 
wisdom  from  the  mis- 
1  comiuest  and  distant 
pulciit,  and  powerful. 
we  incurred  a  doht  of 
debt  of  71,500,000/.; 
100,000,000/.  more! 
ing  our  colonies,  than 
ious  has  our  impoiioy 
liiiintrce  of  the  Ameri- 

but  to  indnco  the  re- 
lado  seems  indispcnsa- 

Icgislature  has  reco!»- 
existing  restriction'; 

discriminating  duiit's 
Insidorablo  part  of  thu 


forth  by  the  West  In- 
lid  have  been  made  U 

by  the  keen  and  ac- 
lipatcd  from  the  tram- 

or  sellers,  to  every 

m  depressed.    They 

here  is  nothing  in  the 

If  that  their  distresses 

such  articles  as  they 
Ities  that  are  now  laid 
\)t  that  their  coiiJition 

[ually  redound  to  tlio 

I  should,  as  far  as  cir- 
Je.  The  state  of  the 
I,  and  rum,  when  im- 
Id  most  other  colonial 

vantage  to  all  partie-, 

I  and  in  most  respect-; 

U  from  tlie  cheapt 


marlicls  for  their  food  and  lumlicr, we  have  artificially  raiwrd  the  co«tof  their  produce;  and 
then,  to  protect  them  from  tho  coiiHeiiuences  of  sucli  short-Kiglited  policy,  wc  uivc  llieiii  a 
monopoly  of  the  Hritish  market !  It  is  thus  that  one  unjust  and  vicionn  rcaulalion  is  sure 
to  give  birth  toothers;  and  that  those  who  depart  from  sound  principle  have  iiothlnu  left  but 
to  endeavour  to  bolster  up  one  absurdity  by  another.  It  is  time,  surely,  that  an  end  were 
put  to  so  ruinous  a  sygtem.  It  is  as  much  for  the  interest  as  it  is  tho  diifi/  of  l]ii'.;land,  to 
reiiiovi?  all  restrictions  from  the  colonists,  not  essential  for  the  sake  of  reveiuie ;  for  iliis  is  tho 
only  means  by  which  she  can  provide  for  their  real  prosperity,  and  rid  herself  of  those  inoiio- 
[wlies  that  form  tho  heaviest  clog  upon  her  industry. 

We  hope  it  will  not  be  supposed,  from  any  thing  now  stated,  that  wc  consider  the  founda- 
tion of  colonial  establishments  as,  generally  sjieaking,  iiie.\|iedient.  We  entertain  no  such 
opinion.  It  is  not  lo  the  establishment  of  colonies,  provided  they  Ihj  placed  in  advantageous 
situations,  but  to  the  trammels  that  have  been  laid  on  their  industry,  and  tlie  interfcienco 
exercised  by  the  mother  countries  in  their  domestic  concerns,  that  we  object.  Every  indi- 
vidual ought  to  have  full  liberty  to  leave  his  native  country;  and  occasions  very  frei|uently 
occur,  when  governments  may  advantageously  interfere  to  settle  emigrants  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, and  when  the  soundest  policy  dictates  the  jiropriety  of  their  Bup[)orling  and  protecting 
them  until  they  are  in  a  situation  to  support  and  jirotect  themselves.  There  can  be  no  ([ues- 
lion  whatever  that  Europe  has  been  prodigiously  benefited  by  the  colonisation  of  America. 
Tho  colonists  carried  the  arts,  the  sciences,  the  language,  and  the  religion  of  the  most  eivi- 
hieil  communities  of  the  Old  World  to  regions  of  vast  extent  and  great  natural  fertility,  oc- 
(upied  only  by  a  few  miserable  savages.  The  empire  of  civilisation  has  in  conseipience 
luea  immeasurably  extended:  and  while  the  experience  ailbrded  by  the  rise  and  progress 
ol'cumniunities  placed  under  such  novel  circumstances,  has  served  to  elucidate  and  establish 
many  most  important  and  fundamental  principles  in  government  and  legislation,  Europe  has 
ten  enriched  by  the  vast  variety  of  new  products  America  has  alFordcd  lo  stimulate  the  in- 
ventive powers  of  genius,  and  to  reward  tho  patient  hand  of  industry. 

But  whatever  may  have  been  the  advantages  hitherto  derived  from  the  colonisation  of 
America,  they  are  trilling  compared  to  what  they  would  have  been,  had  the  European  powers 
Icl't  the  colonists  at  liberty  to  avail  themselves  of  all  the  advantages  of  their  situation,  and 
avoided  encumbering  themselves  with  the  government  of  extensive  territories,  3,000  miles 
distant.  Fortunately,  however,  a  new  era  is,  at  length,  begun — Noviis  ncclorum  iiascitur 
ordo!  The  monopoly  of  thi;  trade  of  America  is  destroyed,  and  her  independence  achieved. 
From  Canada  to  Cape  Horn,  every  port  is  ready  to  receive  adventurers  from  Europe;  and 
a  houndless  field  has,  in  consequence,  been  opened  for  the  reception  of  our  surplus  popula- 
tion, and  for  the  advantageous  employment  of  European  arts,  capital,  and  skill.  The  few  re- 
mains of  the  old  colonial  system  which  still  exist,  and  which  are  principally  to  be  found  in 
the  mercantile  policy  of  this  country  and  France,  cannot  be  of  long  duration.  Their  mis- 
chievous operation  is  no  longer  doubtful ;  and  they  will  disappear  according  as  the  know- 
ledge of  sound  commercial  principles  is  more  generally  diffused. 

Sluverf/. — Wince  the  publication  of  the  former  edition  of  this  work,  a  law  has  been  made 
which  will  effect  a  radical  change  in  the  condition  of  society  in  the  British  West  Indies. 
The  abolition  of  the  slave  trade  has  been  consummated  by  the  act  for  the  freedom  of  the  un- 
happy persons  now  in  a  state  of  bondage.  The  statute  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  73.  enacts,  that  on 
the  1st  of  August,  1834,  slavery  is  to  cease  throughout  the  British  dominions,  and  that  tho 
tlien  existing  slaves  are  to  become  apprenticed  labourers ;  the  term  of  their  apprenticeship 
partly  ceasing  on  the  1st  of  August,  1838,  and  partly  on  the  1st  of  August,  1840;  when  the 
black  and  coloured  population  will  become  altogether  free.  A  sum  of  20,000,000/.  is  to  be 
distributed  in  certain  proportions,  and  according  to  certain  conditions,  to  the  planters,  as  a 
compensation  for  the  loss  of  their  slaves. — (.See  article  Sl.wks  and  Slavk  TaAiiK.) 

Such  are  the  prominent  features  of  this  famous  statute,  by  which  the  British  parliament 
has  endeavoured  at  once  to  meet  and  satisfy  the  claims  of  humanity  and  justice.  The  pay- 
ment of  20,000,000/.  to  the  colonists,  though  not  more  than  they  were  fairly  entitled  to,  is, 
perhaps,  the  mo.st  striking  instance  to  be  met  with  in  history,  of  a  resolution  to  vindicate  and 
maintain  the  right  of  property  ;  and  reflects  as  much  credit  on  the  wisdom  as  on  the  liberality 
of  the  British  nation. 

Nothing  but  vague  conjectures  can,  of  course,  be  indulged  in  as  to  the  future  working  of 
this  measure  in  the  colonies.  We  believe,  however,  that  those  who  have  contended  that  it 
will  not  be  productive  of  any  falling  oil"  in  the  industry  of  the  blacks  will  be  found  to  have 
taken  a  very  erroneous  view  of  the  matter.  Field  labour  in  the  West  Indies  has  hitherto 
been  always  associated  with  slavery  and  degradation,  and  been  enforced  by  the  lash.  The 
fair  inference,  consequently,  is,  that  when  the  fetters  are  struck  off  the  slave,  and  he  is  left 
to  follow  his  own  inclinations,  he  will  be  desirous  of  escaping  from  what  he  cannot  fail  to 
consider  an  ignominious  occupation.  Necessity,  no  doubt,  will  prevent  hiin  from  becoming 
altogether  indolent ;  but  the  effect  will  in  this,  as  in  other  instances,  be  proportioned  to  its 
cause:  and  necessity  in  the  West  Indies  is  very  different  from  necessity  in  Europe.  Most 
articles  that  are  here  deetned  indispensable,  would  there  bo  positive  encumbrances ;  and  those 
2m  2 


'**«MlM| 

:'»;» 

<'t.m  MMi 

'-"'■: 'I* 

|)«itlll:|'«MlM 

'!•••' «1lk  %^^ 

"•"«•••! 

■:.jir,;3. 

H0'% 

i'.i'«n  i«ni 

T'i.i;>i  inM 

"umi; 


■  .1.1-.  ■  ..w# 
""*'ti,*l| 


:  in  : 


.Kll   .■    i  f 

I  iini  m  i  «( 

ir  ' ' 
IBS'''' 


c:3 


414 


COLONIES  AND 


mm. 

MR'  V 
MK 

ir 


.:  ^  'i 

t 

1  ■■  i  ■ 

!       V 

t 

i 

:           '       ' 

> 

'            \ 

{ 

i 

i       t 


'•'    / 


cnwntiiil  fo  si'liHistonco  niny  1>p  prortirnl  with  lfN«  rrrtninly  ihnn  liulf  rlip  labour  liidicrlo  tt. 
nrtfil  IVom  lli>'  nIiivcs.  At  moiih'  fiitiiri'  piTJod,  |n'rlia|m,  when  tin-  riMiollt ctioii  of  tluir ilcirm. 
diitioM  liiis  lici^iin  to  fiulc,  iiiid  II  t;iMtc  tor  convfnicnci'H  mid  (jnititicatioiiH  Iium  licni  inlroduc,.,! 
nnioii);;st  tlu'iii,  tliry  may  Iwcoiiir  more  iiidiHtrioiiM ;  hut  tlii^  Im  n  dintiitit  iind  a  vrry  iinciTtuii) 
I)ros|)crt.  VVi',  tlirrcforc,  look,  at  firMt,  tor  a  very  cotiMidcralili*  ilccliiio  in  the  iiidiHfry  ol'tli,. 
kIuvch,  and  a  proportional  failintjotVin  thf  exports  from  the  iniaMiHi.  It  will  ifivt"  um  iilniHurc 
should  our  nnticipations  he  disappointed;  ami  ansuredly  we  do  not  state  them  by  way  ofoli- 
jectioii  to,  or  deduction  from,  the  preat  measure  of  emaueipation.  It  would  he  monstrous 
to  HUpjiose  tliat  we  mi^ht  retain  aliove  7r)(),(M)()  of  our  fellow-creatures  in  a  slate  of  liniiil- 
iiRe,  for  no  hetter  reason  than  that  stiRar  might  he  sent  to  England  from  .lamaiea  or  Ujrlm. 
does,  rather  than  from  India,  .lava,  or  <'ul)a. 

For  further  information  on  tliis  suhject,  wo  bpcf  to  refer  our  rcadern  to  nn  article  on  Cnli^. 
nlal  I'li/iri/,  in  Xo.  81.  of  the  Rdiu!)ury!h  Review,  to  the  eh;>|>ler  on  Cn/iinirs,  in  Sir  lli-nrv 
I'arneH's  invaluahle  work  on  "  Financial  Heform,"  and  to  the  Parliamentary  I'ajier  IVo,  \'ii\_ 
Hess.  18111.  This  pa|)er,  beinp;  prepared  by  a  committee  of  West  India  men-haiits  and  iijuni. 
rrs,  occasionally,  proliably,  exaggerates  the  injury  they  "Ustnin  from  the  exinting  reguliiiiorw; 
it  is,  however,  u  very  instructive  nnd  valuable  document,  l^ome  of  the  previous  statetiWMits 
■ire  taken  from  the  article  iti  the  Edliilitir^h  Hrvirw ;  hut  we  are  not,  on  that  account,  liable 
to  the  charge  of  appropriating  the  labours  of  others. 

III.  Maunitliie,  Population-,  Tkadk,  ktc.  of  tui:  Biirrisii  Coto^iKs. 

Nofwithatanding  the  loss  of  the  United  .States,  the  colonie»  of  Orent  Britain,  rxclusivf  of 
India,  exceed  in  number,  extent,  and  value,  those  of  every  other  country.  I'revioiisiy,  in- 
deed,  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  late  contests,  the  colonial  dominions  of  iSpain  far  exrci-dej 
in  extent  and  importance  those  of  any  other  power,  But  Cuba,  Porto  Kici),  and  the  i'liijjp. 
pine  Islands,  are  now  nil  that  remain  to  her.  These,  indeed,  are  very  valuable  jwusoMiunj. 
though  inferior  to  those  of  Knglaiid. 

(1.)  Niirlh  Amcn'rim  Colonics. — In  North  America  we  possess  the  provinces  of  Lower 
nnd  Upper  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Ikunswick,  with  their  dependencies.  The  siiua- 
tion  and  boundaries  of  these  provinces  will  be  more  easily  learned  from  the  ins[H>ctionofthe 
accompanying  map,  than  thi-y  could  Im  from  any  description.  The  shores  of  Nova  .•Scotia 
and.  New  Brunswick  are  washed  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  and  the  noble  river  St.  Lawri-nce, 
by  its  comnmnic.ition  with  the  great  American  lakes,  gives  to  Canada  all  the  InMu'lits  of  ,i 
most  extensive  inland  navigation,  nnd  forms  a  natural  outlet  for  her  sur()lus  prixluce,  ns  well 
OS  for  the  surjilus  produce  of  that  part  of  the  United  States  which  is  washed  by  the  hikes. 
There  is  every  variety  in  the  soil  and  climate  of  these  regions.  In  Lower  Canada,  the  winter 
is  very  severe.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  covered  with  snow  for  nearly  half  tlie  year. 
From  the  lieginning  of  December  to  the  middle  of  April,  the  St.  Lawrence  is  frozen  ovor,aiiJ 
all'ords  a  smooth  and  convenient  passage  for  the  sledges  by  which  it  is  then  covercil.  But 
though  severe,  the  climate  is  far  from  being  unhealthy  or  disagreeable.  'J'he  weather  is 
generally  clear  and  bracing;  and  the  labour  of  artisans,  at  their  out-door  employments, is 
rarely  suspended  for  many  days  in  succession.  On  the  breaking  up  of  the  ice  in  the  latter 
end  of  April,  or  the  begiiming  of  May,  the  powers  of  vegetation  almost  immediately  resume 
their  activity,  and  bring  on  the  fine  season  with  a  rapidity  that  is  astonishing  to  a  stranger. 
The  highest  temperature  in  Lower  Canada  varies  from  90°  to  103°  of  Fahrenheit;  but  the 
purity  of  the  atmosphere  abates  the  ojipressive  heat  that  is  felt  in  most  (wuntries  where  the 
mercury  ranges  so  high;  and  the  weather  is,  on  the  whole,  decidedly  pleasant.  In  1814, it 
was  ascertained  that  the  province  of  Lower  Canada  contained  about  335,000  inhabitants;  al 
present  the  number  may  amount  to  about  580,000.  The  population  ia  chiefly  confined  t» 
the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 

That  part  of  the  province  of  L^pper  Canada,  which  stretches  from  Lake  Simcoe  and  the 
rivers  Trent  and  Severn,  westward  to  Lake  Huron  and  the  St.  Clair  Kiver,  and  southward 
to  Lake  Erie,  and  part  of  Lake  Ontario,  has  a  soil  of  extraordinary  fertility,  capable  of  pro- 
ducing the  most  lu.xuriant  crops  of  wheat,  and  every  sort  of  grain.  "  The  climate,"  says 
Mr.  Uouchette,  surveyor-general  of  Lower  Canada,  "  is  so  particularly  salubrious,  that  epi- 
demic diseases,  either  among  men  or  cattle,  are  almost  entirely  unknown.  Its  intlucncc  on 
the  fertility  of  the  soil  is  more  generally  perceptible  than  it  is  in  Lower  Canada,  aiul  is  su]i- 
poscd  to  he  congenial  to  vegetation  in  a  much  superior  degree.  The  winters  are  shorter,  and 
not  always  marked  with  such  rigour  as  in  the  latter.  The  duration  of  frost  is  always  ac- 
companied w-'h  a  fine  clear  sky  and  a  dry  atmosphere.  The  spring  0])ens,  and  the  resump- 
tion of  agricultural  labours  takes  place,  from  6  weeks  to  2  months  earlier  than  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Quebec.  The  summer  heats  rarely  .prevail  to  excess,  and  the  autumns  are 
usually  very  friendly  to  the  harvests,  and  favourable  for  securing  all  the  late  crops."— 
{Boucheffe's  TDpo'rraphicul  Description  of  Canadit,  p.  595.)  The  ground  on  the  shores 
of  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake  Erie,  as  far  west  as  the  junction  of  the  Thames  with  the  St,  Clair 
Lake,  is  laid  out  in  townships,  and  partly  settled.     But  the  ^wpulation  is  so  very  thin  as 


COLONY  TRADE. 


41S 


liliour  liitliirlo rj. 
ctioii  of  tlu'ir  (|(';;r,i- 
low  lirt'ii  iiitroiliici'il 
mil  (I  vrr/  lliicirliiiii 

fhr  iiiiliiMfry  nt'tlii- 
vill  tfivo  UH  |)li";iHurf 
them  liy  wiiy  of  ii|>. 
voiilil  •)<•  niDiintnms 

II    11    HllltC    of    IliJIIil. 

II  Janmica  or  Marlm. 

I  an  article  on  din. 
Itiiiim,  ill  Sir  lli-iiry 
tiiry  I'aptT  No,  I'ii'i. 
ncrchaiiln  ami  pluni- 
MiHtimj;  rcnuliiiions; 
(irt-vioiw  Htatenjoiits 
I  lliat  uccouiit,  liuble 


11    CotOXIKS-, 

llritnin,  cxcliHivr  of 
try.  I'rovioii^ly,  in. 
f  Spain  f:ir  fxi'i'iviej 
Uico,  anil  the  I'liiljp. 
valunlilc  iH)ssLMsiiJiu. 

priTviiictTi  (if  Lnwiv 
uloncii'M.     'I'hi-  situn. 
1  llio  iiisiHM'tioiiofthe 
iiorca  of  Nova  ficoiia 
c  rivpr  St.  Lawrence, 
all  the  luMiolils  of  a 
rj>liH  prmlucr,  ns  well 
washed  liy  the  liikes. 
er  Canada,  llie  winter 
nearly  half  the  year, 
ice  is  frozen  over,  aiiJ 
H  then  covered.    Uut 
|t)lc.     The  weather  i* 
•door  omployincnls,  u 
if  the  ice  in  the  latter 
immndiately  resume 
lishinc;  to  a  straiitjer. 
Fahrniheit ;  but  the 
(Muntries  where  the 
Idcasant.     In  1814,1'. 
1,000  inhabitants;  at 
is  chielly  confined  ta 

Lake  Sinacoc  and  the 
kivcr,  and  southward 
J-tiiity,  capal)lu  of  pro- 
I"  The  diinatc,"  says 
salubrious,  that  tiii- 
m.     Its  intluencc  on 
Canada,  and  is  suit- 
Inters  are  shorter,  and 
jof  frost  is  always  ac- 
lens,  and  the  resump- 
ler  than  in  the  nci?h- 
Ind  the  autumns  are 
Jl  the  late  crops,"— 
(round  on  the  shores 
.les  with  the  St.  Clair 
[on  is  60  very  thin  m 


not,  on  nn  nver.iuo,  to  amount  to  more  than  firrnfi/  persons  to  n.  nqimre  mile.  In  swttltd 
townships;  while  the  fertility  of  the  soil  i^  siicli,  that  l"0  persons  to  a  lupmre  iiiili'  would  not 
he  a  dense  pupul.ition.  To  the  nttrlh  of  tln'  Itiver  Thames,  alonir  (he  lianlis  of  ilir  St.  Clair, 
and  the  shores  of  Lake  Huron,  round  to  the  River  Severn,  and  tlienee  to  the  river  llml  joinn 
Lake  Nippi-isinij  and  Lake  Huron,  is  a  boundless  extent  of  eounlry  that  is  almost  entirely 
uiioeeupied.  The  iiittTior  of  this  Mpa<e  has  hitherto  been  but  iiiiiierfeetly  explored  ;  but  the 
liuiiksof  the  St.  Clair  and  the  shores  of  Lake  Huron  alford  the  linest  Hitiiatioiis  for  settle- 
ments. The  soil  is  in  many  places  of  the  ureatest  fertility,  the  river  and  laki'  teem  with  tish, 
and  every  variety  of  the  best  timber  is  found  in  the  Rreatest  profusion.  In  17H:),  the  settlers 
in  Ipper  Canada  were  estimated  at  oidy  lO.OOO:  in  IHV!,'j  tliey  amounted  to  upwards  of 
157,(100;  and  now  amount,  acrordinpt  to  .Mr.  M'(rre^;or,  to  above  ;I00,()00:  a  miserably 
small  jiopulation  for  a  country  tliat  could  easily  Hujjport  mum/  tnillions  of  inhabitanti  in  a 
ftato  of  the  urealest  comfort.  "* 

The  winters  in  the  provinceg  of  ^^)va  Scotia  and  New  Drunswick  arc  more  severe  than  in 
I  pper  Canada,  and  they  are  a  pjood  deal  infested  with  fo(,'s  and  mists.  Hut  their  proximity 
to  lIoRland,  and  their  favournblo  situation  for  the  lishinc;  business,  ^ivc  them  considerabli' 
advanlaues. 

In  ndilition  to  the  above,  wo  possess  the  Hudson's  Bay  territory, — a  tract  of  vast  extent, 
liut  situated  in  an  inhospitable  climate,  and  worth  very  little  except  as  hnnfini?  Rronnds. 
We  also  possess  the  larRe  islands  of  Newfoundland  atui  (^ape  Breton;  hut  the  soil  is  bar- 
ren, and  the  climate  sevoro  and  foguy ;  so  that  they  are  valuable  principally  as  fishinij  sta- 
tions. 

We  extract  from  the  valuable  work  of  Mr.  M'fireKor  on  British  North  America  (2d  ed. 
vol,  ii.  p.  SSO.)  the  followinij:  statistical  Table,  representing  the  population,  stock  of  cattle, 
cultivated  land,  &,c.  in  the  diilerent  provinces  in  181)2: — 


Upper  rmada      .          -          - 
Caiiadii     .           .           -           • 
New  Dranswick  .           -           - 
Xn\aHe(ilia         ... 
1  I'rincfl  K.ilwaril  Island    - 
Newruuiullund  anil  Labrador    - 

Total 

Inhibitints. 

HoriM. 

IlnrnnJ 

lillle, 

Hon.. 

.Slin-p. 

Arm  cuUl* 
lali'il. 

310,000 
6HO,000 
110,000 
ltM(,000 
3,'>,00() 
70,000 

3l.;tH0 

l2fi,noo 

IU,IHH) 
10,000 

4,ri00 

liUO 

21  l.CilCJ 
410,000 

b7,000 
1 1 1,70(1 

3^,000 
8,IH>0 

220,000 
S.VI.OOO 
ti,'i,000 
!IS,2I» 
.30,000 
10,000 

210,000 
010,000 
10:1,000 
23l,0,'-)H 
4S.0OO 
10,000 

1,HOO.OOO 
2,125,000 

:io:>,ooo 
3ih,;Hi  I 

IM),000 
4:1,000 

1,307,000 

1U«,4N0 

92ti,IMS 

770,214  1  1,217,0.W     4,013.!HVt  | 

Iniliviilaals. 
182.5  H,74l 

1S2«         12,H1S 
lb27         12,fi48 


A'umber  of  Ki/iU'rimM.— There  uniiKratcd  to  the  Hrltlsh  Colonies  in  North  Ainuriea  in 

Indlviilaals.  I  Iniliviilaals. 

1R28  12,084  1«31  r)8,0ti7 

1H2U  13,307  1H33  00,330 

18:t0         30,574  I    (PdW. /'i/pcr.No.  tism.  Sess.  1833.) 

Of  iliesc,  the  creiil  niajorily  have  Iiron  dustiocil  for  Upper  Canada,— (For  tliu  total  emigration  from 
lliel'iiiled  KiiiKdoai,  yeu  rAsstiNOERS.) 

Iiif<iriii(il!i)nfiir  Emlgranis  to  Brlthh  Nurth  America. — In  the  latter  part  of  1831,  a  sot 
of  commissioners  were  appointed  by  (government  for  the  purpose  of  diKestinu;  plans  of  cmi- 
iration,  prncurini?  information  useful  for  emigrants,  &e.  On  the  Olh  of  February,  1832, 
they  issued  the  following  paper,  the  statements  in  which  may  be,  consequently,  regarded  a» 
quite  authentic. 

CoUnUa  Office,  >Mh  of  Frbruary,  1832. 

Tlienl)ject  ortlift  present  notice  is  to  afford  such  informatinivns  is  likely  to  lienset'al  to  porsong  who 
desire  eillier  to  eiiiinrate,  or  to  assist  others  to  einiarale.  to  the  llrilii«li  possessions  in  North  Aiiu'rica. 

In  till'  tii'st  place,  it  seems  desiralile  to  iletine  tlu-  nature  nf  the  nssiHtuni-e  to  lie  expiM'led  from  ffo- 
vernnii'iit  by  persons  proceeding  to  these  eolonirs,  No  peruniary  aid  will  he  allmveil  liy  Bovernmeiit 
tiiciiiiL'raiils  10  the  North  Ameriean  enloiiies  ;  imr  :il"ler  their  arrival  will  they  rei'rive  Krauts  of  land, 
orsil'ts  of  tools,  or  a  siijiply  of  provisions,  llopis  of  all  these  things  have  lieen  soinetiiiies  held  out 
loi'iniaranls  liy  s|)eenlalors  in  tiiis  country,  drsimns  of  niakimr  a  iiroht  by  their  conveyame  to  North 
Anii'rirn,anil  willini;  tor  that  piirposo  to  delude  ilieiii  with  unfounded  expect  at  ions,  reiiarilless  of  their 
MilHeipieiil  ilisa|ipointinent.  Hut  tin;  wisli  of  L'oviTunuMit  is  to  furnish  tliose  wlio  emivratu  with  a 
rtiil  knowledm'  of  the  circunistaiues  they  will  find  in  llie  countries  to  wliidi  they  are  (loinB. 

Nil  assisliiMce  of  lilt!  extraordinary  exl'iit  above  described  is  allowiMl,  because,  in  colonies,  where 
tlii)?e  who  desire  to  work  cannot  fail  to  do  w  ell  for  iheiiisi'lves,  none  such  is  needed.  I. and.  indeed, 
usiil  formerly  to  be  pranted  (iratuitously  ;  but  w  hen  it  was  taken  by  poor  people,  they  found  that  they 
had  not  the  means  of  livin|»  duriiiu  the  interval  necessary  to  raise  their  crops  ;  and  further,  that  they 
kiiiiW  not  enouuh  of  the  manner  of  fiirniiim  in  the  colonies,  to  make  any  prouress.  After  all,  tlicre- 
fiire,  they  were  olitiiied  to  work  for  w  apes,  until  lliey  could  make  a  few  savin !.'«,  and  could  learn  a 
little  of  the  way  of  firiuinp  in  Caii.iila.  Itut  now.  land  is  not  disposed  of  except  liy  sale.  The  produce 
cif sales,  nlthouV'h  the  price  is  very  moderate,  is  likely  to  lieconie  a  considerable  faiiil,  whieli  can  bp 
tiirni'd  to  the  benetit  of  the  coloiins,  and  therel'ore  of  the  eiuiprants  ;  while  yet  110  liarilshi|)  is  inflicted 
on  the  poor  einiprani,  who  will  w<>rk  (or  wapes  just  as  he  did  bel'ore,  and  uiay  al'ler  a  while  acquire 
.and,  if  land  bi;  his  object,  by  llio  savings  which  the  liigli  wages  in  these  cuhMUus  enable  him  speedily 
to  make. 

These  are  the  reasons  why  povernment  does  not  think  it  necessary  to  pive  away  land  in  a  country, 
wliere,  by  the  lowness  of  ili  price,  the  plenlifuliiesa  of  work,  and  hi^ll  rate  of  wages,  an  induslriou? 
man  can  earn  enoupli  in  a  few  seasons  to  become  a  freeholder  by  means  of  his  own  acquisitions. 

Tlie  land  which  is  for  sale  will  b«  open  to  public  competition,  and  of  course,  therefore,  its  price 


mm 

iI«|M'MB 

Hf'^ 

l*>  ^ 

>'••>  •'Ml 

■H-iii,;35[J 

in  ail  \*K^ 


mm  ;■" 


\a :' 


■.H« 


11H1  vin  >  mtM 
mil'  '''«i«P 


i4 

t  ' 

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416 


COLONIES  AND 


tMllK. 

■155 

IT 

nn»r 

i  ', 

INC 

,K 


•k 
'• 
•I 


i     1 


f'  i 


i  '1.' 


nuiBt  (Irpcnd  npnn  the  offors  tlint  iniiy  lie  made ;  but  it  will  peni-rally  not  be  snid  Tnr  less  tlian  from  In.  („ 
5s.  per  acre  ;  and  in  sitiialinns  where  roaiJH  have  lieeti  made,  or  llie  ground  haH  Iiimmi  partially  rlenrcd 
the  conniinii  prices  lately  have  been  's.  Cut.,  lOs.,  and  15.«.  Further  particnIarH  will  he  best  learniMl 
upon  the  spot,  where  every  endeavour  will  be  made  to  meet  the  diflercnt  circunistanccs  and  viewy 
of  different  purchasers. 

Althouuh  (.'iivernnient  will  not  make  any  gifts  at  the  ptiblic  expense  to  emiirrants  to  North  Amnrirn 
agents  will  be  maintained  iit  the  principal  colonial  ports,  whose  duty  it  will  be,  without  fee  or  reward 
from  private  individuals,  to  protect  emigrants  against  imposition  upon  their  first  lanilini;,  to  acipi,ij„t 
tlieni  with  the  demand  for  labour  in  different  districts,  to  point  out  the  most  advantagefius  routes. unii 
to  furnish  them  generally  with  nil  useful  advice  upon  the  objects  which  they  have  hatl  in  view  i,| 
emigrating:  and  when  a  private  engagement  cannot  he  inniiediutely  olitaineil,  eniploymeMt  will  |„, 
afforded  on  some  of  the  piclilic  works  in  progress  in  the  colonies.  Persons  newly  arrived  should  not 
omit  to  consult  the  government  agent  for  emigrants,  and  as  much  as  possible  should  avoiil  deiiMiijon 
in  the  ports,  where  they  arc  exposed  to  all  kinds  of  impositions,  and  of  pretexts  for  keeping  them  .it 
taverns  till  any  money  they  may  possess  has  been  e.xpended. — For  the  same  purpose  of  guiirdins 
against  the  frauds  practised  on  new  comers,  and  of  preventing  an  improvident  expenditure  at  the  lirs^ 
moment  of  arrival,  it  se<'ms  very  desirable  that  iiulividuals  who  may  wish  to  furnish  emigrants  wiih 
money  for  their  use  in  the  colony  should  have  the  means  of  making  the  moniiy  payable  there,  instead 
of  giving  it  into  the  hands  of  the  emigrants  in  this  country.  The  commissioners  Ibr  emigralimi  are 
engaged  in  elfecting  general  arrangements  for  this  purpose,  and  due  notice  will  be  given  to  the  puhjir 
when  they  shall  he  completed.  Agents  for  emigration  have  been  appointed  at  St.  .John's,  St.  An- 
<irew's,  and  Miramichi  in  New  Brunswick,  and  at  Quebec  ami  York  in  Canada.  On  the  whole  sidi. 
ject  of  the  manner  of  proceeding  upon  laiuling,  it  may  be  observed,  in  conclusion,  that  no  etiiirt  will 
be  spared  to  exempt  emigrants  from  any  necessity  for  delay  at  the  place  of  disembarkation,  and  from 
uncertainty  as  to  the  opportunities  of  at  once  tnriiing  their  labour  to  account. 

After  this  explanation  of  the  extent  of  the  aid  to  be  expected  from  goveriunent,  the  following  stali;. 
ments  are  subjoined  of  the  ordinary  charges  for  passage  to  the  North  American  colonies,  as  hi  II  a.^ 
o'  'he  usual  rates  of  wages  and  usual  prices  in  them,  in  order  that  every  individual  may  h:iv(!  iin. 
ii.  MIS  of  judging  for  himself  of  the  inducements  to  emigrate  to  these  parts  of  the  Hritish  dominionii. 
/  Lf-su^c— Passages  to  Uuehec  or  New  Urunswick  may  either  be  engaged  inrtusire  of  provisions.  i,r 
custpc  of  provisions,  in  which  case  the  ship  owiut  finds  nothing  hut  water,  fuel,  and  bed  plans. 
/ithout  bedding.  Children  under  14  years  of  age  are  charged  one  half,  and  under  7  years  of  ajre  nin" 
third,  of  tlie  full  price ;  and  for  children  under  12  months  of  age  no  charge  is  made.  Itpon  tlii'so  con- 
ditions the  price  of  passage  from  London,  or  from  places  on  the  east  coast  of  fJreat  Hritaiii,  has  anw- 
rally  been  W.  with  provisions,  or  31.  without.  From  Liverpool,  (;reen(ick,  and  the  principal  pertsHi' 
Ireland,  as  the  chances  of  delay  are  fewer,  the  charge  is  somewhat  lower;  this  year  it  will  prnijalijv 
be  from  2/.  to  il.  U)s.  without  provisions,  or  from  4/.  to  5/.  including  provisions,  'it  is  possible  that  lii 
March  and  April  passages  may  be  obtained  from  Dublin  for  3.V.  or  even  SO.s.;  hut  the  prices  nlwayj 
grow  higher  as  the  season  advances.  In  ships  sailing  from  Scotland  or  Ireland,  it  has  mostly  Iwi'a 
the  custom  for  passengers  to  find  their  own  provisions  :  but  this  practice  has  not  been  so  general  in 
London  ;  and  some  ship  owners,  sensible  of  the  dangerous  mistakes  which  may  be  made  in  this  mat- 
ter through  ignorance,  are  very  averse  to  receive  passengers  who  will  not  agree  to  be  victualled  liv 
the  ship.  Those  who  do  resolve  to  supply  their  own  provisions,  should  at  least  he  careful  not  to  lay 
in  an  insullicicnt  stock ;  50  days  is  the  shortest  period  for  which  it  is  safe  to  provide  ;  and  from  Imi- 
don  the  passage  is  soinetiineg  prolonged  to  75  days. 

The  best  months  for  leaving  England  are  certainly  March  and  April ;  the  later  emigrants  do  not  find 
employment  so  abundant,  and  have  less  time  in  the  colony  before  the  commencenieiit  of  winter. 

Various  frauds  are  attempted  upon  emigrants,  which  can  only  he  effectually  defeated  by  the  snnd 
sense  of  the  parties  against  whom  they  are  contrived.  Sometimes  agents  take  payment  from  the 
emigrant  for  his  passage,  and  then  recommend  him  to  some  tavern,  where  he  is  detained  fronidavio 
day  under  fiilse  pretences  for  delay,  until,  before  the  departure  of  the  ship,  the  whole  of  his  inene.v  is 
extracted  from  him.  This  of  course  cannot  happen  with  agents  connected  with  respectable  Imiisosj 
but  the  best  security  is  to  name  in  the  bargain  for  passage  a  particular  day,  after  which,  whet  her  ornnt 
the  ship  sails,  the  passenger  is  to  be  received  on  board  and  victualled  by  the  owners.  In  tliisiiiiiniier 
the  emigrant  cannot  be  intentionally  brought  to  the  place  of  embarkation  too  soon,  and  be  Kiiniielliil 
to  spend  his  money  at  public  houses,  by  false  accounts  of  the  time  of  sailing;  for  from  the  very  ilay 
of  his  arrival  at  the  port,  being  the  day  previously  agreed  upon,  the  ship  becomes  his  home. 

The  conveyance  of  passengers  to  the  British  possessions  in  North  America  is  reL'iihited  by  an  act 
of  parliament  (9  Geo.  4.  c.  21.),  of  which  the  following  are  the  principtil  provisions :— Ships  arc  mil 
allowed  to  carry  passengers  to  these  colonies  unless  they  he  of  the  height  of  5.}  feet  between  decks; 
and  they  must  not  carry  inore  than  3  passengers  for  every  4  tons  of  the  registered  burden  ;  there  ninst 
bo  on  board  at  least  50 gallons  of  pure  water,  and  50  lbs.  of  bread,  biscuit,  oatnie;il,  or  bread  stiifl',  liir 
each  passenger.  When  the  ship  carries  the  full  number  of  passengers  allowcil  by  law,  no  part  ni'  ilic 
cargo,  and  no  stores  or  provisions,  may  be  carried  between  decks ;  but  if  there  he  less  than  llie  rinr.- 
plete  number  of  passengers,  goods  may  he  stowed  between  decks  in  a  proportion  not  exeeedini!  3  cu- 
bical feet  for  each  passenger  wanting  of  the  highest  number.  Masters  of  vessels  who  land  passenscrs 
unless  with  their  own  consent,  at  a  place  different  from  that  originally  agreed  upon,  arc;  sulijerl  to  a 
penalty  of  20/.,  recoverable  by  Bunmmry  process  befjre  2  justices  of  the  peace  in  any  of  tin:  North 
American  colonies. 

The  enforcement  of  this  law  rests  chiefly  with  the  oflicers  of  his  Majesty's  customs  ;  and  persons 
having  complaints  to  make  of  its  infraction,  should  address  theinseives  to  the  nearest  (;ustoni-liiinso. 
Besides  the  sea  voyage  from  England,  persons  proceeding  to  Canada  should  be  provided  with  llie 
means  of  paying  for  the  journey  which  they  may  have  to  make  after  their  arrival  at  Uueher.  Tlio 
cost  of  this  journey  must,  of  course,  depend  upon  the  situation  of  the  place  where  the  individinilinay 
find  employnsent,  or  where  he  may  have  previously  formed  a  wish  to  settle;  hut  to  all  it  will  prohalilylie 
useful  to  possess  the  following  report  of  the  prices  of  conveyance,  during  the  last  season,  on  the  route  I'roni 
Quebec  to  York,  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada.  From  Quebec  to  Montreal  (180  miles),  by  steaai-lioat, 
the  charge  for  an  adult  was  (Ss.  Orf, ;  from  Montreal  to  Prcscott  (120  miles),  by  boats  or  barges,  7.<  ; 
from  Prescott  to  York  (250  miles),  by  steamboat,  7s.  The  journey,  performei  in  this  manner,  usually 
occupies  10  or  12  days :  adding,  therefore,  1  l,i.  for  provisions,  the  total  cost  from  Quebec  to  Vnrk  (a 
distance  of  .ViO  miles)  may  be  stated,  according  to  the  charges  of  last  year,  at  1/.  ll.--.  CuL  i'ersnaswlio 
are  possessed  of  sufficient  means  prefer  to  travel  by  land  that  part  of  the  routt;  where  the  Uiver  St. 
Lawrence  is  not  navigable  by  steam-boats,  and  the  journey  is  then  usually  performed  in  Ii  days,  at  a 
cost  off)/.  It  inust'he  observed,  that  the  [irices  of  conveyance  are  necessarily  ducluatiiig,  and  that 
the  foregoing  account  is  only  presented  as  sufficiently  accurate  for  purposes  of  infcirniat ion  in  lliis 
country,  leaving  it  to  the  government  agent  at  Quebec  to  supply  emigrants  with  more  exact  particu- 
lars, according  to  the  circumstances  of  the  time  at  which  they  may  arrive. 

Kates  of  H'agen  and  Market  Price.".— The  colonies  in  North  "America,  to  which  emigrants  can  vrm 
advantage  proceed,  are  Lower  Canada,  Upper  Canada,  and  New  Brunswick.  From  the  reports  re- 
ceived from  the  other  British  colonies  in  North  America,  namely,  Prince  Edward's  Island,  Nevvlouiid- 


COLONY  TRADE. 


417 


for  less  tlian  frorn  •in.  in 
(  h('(Mi  partially  riearcil, 
fH  will  be  bes't  li-arniMl 
rcuinstaiices  anil  vii'W.^ 

ants  to  North  Amerira, 
,  without  fee  or  ri'wani 
mt  laiiilinu,  to  ai'iiunint 
vantaceiMis  ronlfs.uin! 
7  have  bad  in  view  iii 
'(I,  eniployiiient  will  Ij^ 
wly  arrived  sh<iiili|  imi 
should  avoid  dctenllnn 
;ls  for  keepini;  tliein  at 
e  purpose  of  cuiirilin.' 
expenditure  at  tlie  tlrs^ 
furnish  euiigraiits  with 
,■  payable  there,  instivul 
ers  for  eniigraliiin  ure 
II  be  Kiven  to  the  puhlir 
at  St.  JoIim'b,  St.  An- 
la.  On  the  whole  siili. 
sion,  that  nn  elVort  will 
icudmrkation,  unil  (nm 

nit,  the  followingstaic;- 
•an  rolonies,  as  well  iis 
dividiuil  may  linvc  ilic 
lh(!  Ilrilish  dominions. 
rlK.iirc  of  provisions,  m- 
r,  fuel,  and  be<l  plmis, 
nder  7  years  of  »<•<•  ohi; 
iiade.  Upon  these  ((m. 
iriNit  Britain,  has  smf- 
[|  the  principal  purism' 
lis  year  it  will  prnlmlily 
s.  It  is  possible  that  iji 
but  the  prices  alw.ivj 
and,  it  has  mostly  lni'ii 
I  not  been  so  jieiii'ral  in 
ly  be  made  in  this  niai. 
;ree  to  be  vii-liiiilieil  liv 
St  be  careful  ikjI  id  Im 
rovide  ;  and  from  Lou'. 

er  emigrants  do  not  find 
icement  of  winter, 
ly  defeated  by  the  snnd 
ake  payment  from  tlifl 
is  detained  from  day  to 

whole  of  his  nioniiy  i< 
th  respectable  hoi'scs; 

which,  wliel her oriKii 
kvners.  In  tills  inaiinor 
soon,  and  be  i.nnpcllcd 

for  from  tlie  very  day 
ines  his  home. 

is  re!!ulated  by  an  act 

isions  : — Ships  lire  not 
feet  between  (leck.«; 
'ed  burden  ;  there  inust 
Ileal,  or  bread  stiilT,  fur 

by  law,  no  part  nt'tlii; 
be  less  than  I  lie  ruiu- 

on  not  exceedini;  Sen- 
Is  who  land  passenaerj 

upon,  are  subject  to  a 

e  in  any  of  tlie  North 

customs ;  and  persons 
learest  Custoiii-lionfi). 

bi'  provided  with  liie 
rival  at  (iuebec.  Tlio 
ere  the  iiidividiiiiliiiay 
to  all  it  will  prolialilylii' 

ason,onthe  roidelrniii 

miles),  bysteani-lioat, 
y  boats  or   barges. '.■■; 

n  Ibis  manner,  usually 

mi  (lueliec  to  Vnrk  (a 
I.  II.S-.  (W.  Persons  will) 
where  the  Kivcr  !<t, 

tnriiied  in  (i  days,  at  a 
tludiiatini!,  ami  lliat 

of  infiirmalion  in  this 
th  more  e.vact  piirlicu- 

•h  emigrants  can  nnili 
Krom  the  repnrls  re- 
d's Island,  Newlbuiid- 


y 


land,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Cape  Breton,  it  appears  that  they  do  not  contain  the  means  either  nf  affordinB 
imiiloyiiH-'iit  at  wages  to  a  considerable  number  of  emigrants,  or  of  settling  them  upon  land. 

Upper  Ciimif/«.— From  a  comparison  of  nil  the  documents  before  the  commissioners  for  emigration, 
11  appears  that  the  yearly  wages  of  labourers  In  Upper  (Canada,  hired  by  the  year,  are  from  27/.  to 
3(1/.;  that  (heir  monthly  wages,  indirterent  situations  and  at  ditl'erent  seasons,  range  from  \l.  Ws.  to 
■,U.  lOs.  per  month  ;  and  that  dally  wages  ramie  from  2s.  to  3.--.  !)//.  In  all  these  rates  of  wages,  board 
ami  lodging  are  f.nind  by  the  employer.  Without  hoard,  daily  wages  vary  from  .t.t.  liii.  out  of  harvest 
to5».  during  harvest ;  (is.  3il.,  besides  provisions,  is  sometimes  given  to  harvest  men.  The  wages  of 
iiipclmnlcs  may  be  stated  universally  at  from  5s.  to  7s.  M.  per  day. 

Tlici  foll(;wing  Table  exhibits  the  lowest  and  the  highest  price  which  the  several  articles  therein 
named  bore,  during  the  year  1831,  in  each  of  the  principal  districts  of  Upper  Canada :— 


si' 

3 
■"    . 

1     t 

Butter  :fr.)  lb. 

Ditto  (salt)— 
Cheese           — 
Eggs,  per  doz. 
Ducks,  per  pair 
Fowls        — 
Reese         — 
Turkeys    — 
Hay,  per  ton 
Straw,  per  load 
Bread,  4  lb.  loaf 
Meat,  per  lb. 

Beef      - 

Mutton  - 

Pork      - 

Veal       - 
Flour  inn  lbs. 

o 
n 
ra 

n 
ff 

Wheat,  per  bu. 
Maize       — 
Oats          — 
j  Barley      — 

c  o 

OlO 

oooo 
oooo 

00»-0000000  Oj,,.A.^  O  O  O  O  J., 

ooo!o>*.t-  —  0000=      ®ta  —  Mom 

tDODOOO*>CeO,0-l-lr2        OWOSO?- 

w 

3 

a 

a 

o  o 
oo 

cooo 
oooo 

oo  tSCOOOOOOOD-        OOOOOt>i 
OOOiOO>>->-0000  — 'c  1-  (4  >-  w  w« 

^                                        S  "^                      ' 

OGDOOOOODtCO-leor"        OOGCOO?* 

e5 

oo 
Jso! 

OlO 

oooo 
oooo 

IS'—         K>-«l— 

oo— oooooooo 
owowtsw  — oooo 

0>000>*.C010>*.-10> 

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w  ►-  —  o<  ;i 

to  W<D  W?" 

5- 

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CMOrfkit^l-'tSOOOO 

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w 

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bstauw'f 

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o5' 

0  12    6     0  17    6 
0  10    0     0  15    0 

oooo 
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coco  ^9 to 

oo—oooooooo 
ooiotota  — tsocoo 
~>  o  o  w  o  w  o  o  o>  -I  -» 

o 
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M"-  ►S  W? 

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5* 
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OWOWW  —  bSOOOO 

-^i  o  o  o  tc  w  o  ^1 :-» o  o 

o 
w 

o 

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00>OtJiW>->-0000 
*  O    |;  O  M  W  W  ;;-5   -T>  o  '1 

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to  o  ^s  w :» 

w  o  o  -.s  ?• 

2 

1 

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OOfOOOOOOOOO 

ouloooi  — >-B-00>- 

-lOOOOOOOOOO 
•:|-«i- 

o 
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ooooh 

W  — WOi? 

ID  OtO  wP* 

K 
tiq' 

o  o 
Esto 

cooo 
oooo 

OOi-OOOOOOOO 

oc;ioiu«wh-»— OOOO 
^1  o  o  e  •£  w  w  c:  *■  5>  -J 

o 
w 

ooo  o?^ 

tS  —  K)  W? 

ow  o<o?* 

5* 

f 

p 

0  15    0 
0  15     0 

oooo 
oooo 
www  w 

iel-B|-iil-i:|- 

0  0(000  00  oooo 

OWOMW  —  W  —  ooo 
ODOOOOOOOO-I^J 

o 
o 

oooo?' 

10  —  tS  Oi  ?" 

oooo?* 

f 

o 

oooo 

•Ck  ^1  w  w 

^s^a»'^30000 

OOlWO'1-l-IM 

1^ 

o 
1..- 

WW  w*.« 

<s  — tooia. 

if 

as-. 

£5 

o 

oooo 

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O  O  W  O  -1  ^t  o  o 

o 

W  W  W  t>  ?1 

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1 

13 


■  'tWIj 

"Ml  la 

<:  w:  la 

I'l.wirta 


'in'iiniMi^ 


.  'i>iii  iiimi  t  !.»«■ 
iliir-:-i  ■■■itmf 


53 


.1       I 


418 


COLONIES  AND 


l^: 


!     ■», 


1C 


m 


"I 


•      \ 


.  ,1 


it         <    ■ 


'     I 


Lower  Canada.— From  Lower  Cannila  tluiComuiirtsioiKTS  foremiaration  havcnot  rccfiiveiUho  official 
reports  wliicli  wcrt!  rciiuireil  from  tlit?  North  Aini'ric.iii  colonies,  lor  tin;  piiriiosi!  of  loiiipilinif  thu  prp, 
sent  statcnieiit.  Tliey  hfliiive,  liowever.  Hint  the  following  account  of  the  prices  of  grain  and  of 
%vagca  may  be  relied  upon  for  it8  general  correctness  : — 


Wheat  -  -    per  bushel  -  -  -  -    4 

Rye  -  -  -  ....    3 

Maize  -  -—  -  -  -  -2 

Ottts  -  -  —  -  -  -  -    1 

Wages  of  labourers         -    per  ilay  .  -  -  .2 

Ship-builders,  carpenters,  joiners,  coopers,  masons,  and  tailors  -  -    0 


to 
4    6    — 


AVw  Bninsirii'k.— The  following  is  a  list  of  prices  compiled  from  documents  sent  in  from  varioii 
parts  of  New  lirunswick  :— 

L.  1.  d. 

0  10  0 

0   s  0 

2  6 
a  0 

3  « 
1  0 
0  10 

0  7 

1  0 

a  6 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


■Wheat 

Maize     - 
0,lU 

Barley    - 
Potatoes 
Butter  (fresli) 
DItti)  (sail) 
Cheese 
Em       - 
Durks    - 
Fowls    - 
Geese     - 
Turkeys 
Hay 
Straw     • 


-    per  bushel 


per  cwt, 
per  lb. 


per  dozen 
per  pair 


per  ton 


d. 
0 
6 
6 
0 

3  — 
9  — 
S    — 

4  — 

'o^Z 


—       1 


0  10 
2  10 

1  3 


nread 

Hief 

Mutloa 

Pork 

Veal 

Klour 

Sillpork 

Ditto  beef 

.Malt 

Rye  tlour         • 

Indian  ditto     • 

OalUKMl 

Salt  c^d 
Dilld  iiiackarel 
Ditto  aievvives 


per  4  lb.  loaf 
per  stone 


per  100  lbs. 
per  barrel 

per  bushel 
per  barrel 

per  cw't. 

per  112  U.S. 

per  barrel 


£.  I  rf. 

0    0  10  to 

0    3  3  — 

0    2  4  — 

0    2  0}- 

0    2  4  — 

0  lU  0  — 

4  11  0  — 


3    0 

0  C 

1  2 


/..  ..  «. 

0  I  0 

0  4  n 

0  4  0 

n  4  u 

0  4  V 

0  I-  /; 

5  5  0 

3  10  II 

0  (i  i 


a  ifi 

0  10 
0  17 
0  10 


0  18 
Oli 

1  I) 
0  12 


Coals  are  sold  at  30.«.  per  chaldron.  House  rent  is  from  5/.  to  fi/.  per  annum  for  families  opctipyjnc 
one  room;  and  for  families  occupying  two  rooms,  from  C/.  to  10(.  Common  lalmtirers  rf^'eive  iVoul 
3.S'.  to4.v.  a  day,  fiiiding  their  owti  stilisistence  ;  but  wIkmi employed  attlie  portsin  loailiiis  vessels, their 
siibsisteiifH  is  fouiiil  for  them.  Mechanics  receive  from  5s.  to  "»■.  Ga.  per  day,  and  superior  workiiiei) 
from  7s.  til/,  to  10.>'. 

Upon  the  foreuoing  statements,  it  must  be  observed  that  emigrants,  especially  Htich  of  them  ;is  riri> 
agricultural  labourers,  should  not  expect  the  highest  watfi-s  nanieii  until  they  have  become  acciistnnied 
to  tlie  work  of  the  colony.  The  mechanics  most  in  di'iiiand  are  those  connected  with  the  business  of 
house-building.    iShoemakers  and  tailors,  and  sliip-hiiilders,  also  find  abundant  employment. 

Mr.  Buchanan,  his  Majesty's  chief  agent  for  the  superintendence  of  emigrants  in  Upper 
and  Lower  Canada,  has  issued  the  following  information,  dated  Quebec,  16th  of  July 
1833. 

There  is  nothing  of  more  importance  to  emigrants  on  arrival  at  Quebec,  than  correct  informatinn 
on  the  leading  points  connected  with  their  future  pursuits.    Many  have  sutTered  miirli  by  a  wnntr 
caution,  and  by  listening  to  the  opinions  of  interested  desianing  characters,  who  freiiucnllyotriT  ili  . 
advice  unsolicited,  and  who  are  met  generally  about  wharfs  ami  landing  places  IreinH'utedbystriinzi  ; 
To  guard  eiiiiiirants  from  falling  into  such  errors,  they  should,  immediately  on  arrival  at  Ui. 
bee,  proceed  to  the  ollice  of  thi!  chief  agent  for  emigrants  in  Sault-au-Matelot  Street,  Lower  To', 
Wiice  every  information  requisite  for  their  future  guidance,  in  either  getting  settlement  on  lands,  i, 
obtaining  em|iloyment  in  Upper  or  Lower  Canada,  will  be  nMahw.dn-ratis.    On  your  route  from  (|iie. 
hoc  to  your  destination  you  will  find  many  plans  and  schemes  offered  to  your  considi^ration,  but  turn 
away  from  them  unless  you  are  well  satisfied  of  the  purity  of  the  statements.    On  all  occasion.* 
when  you  stiind  in  need  of  advice,  apply  to  the  government  agents. 

EniiL'rants  are  informed  that  they  maj'"  remain  on  board  ship  48  hours  after  arrival  ;  nor  can  thov 
be  deprived  of  any  of  their  usual  accommodations  for  cooking  or  berthing  during  that  period  ;  and  lliii 
master  of  the  shij)  is  bound  to  land  the  emigrants  and  their  baggage, /rce  of  expense,  at  the  usual  Kind- 
inu  placi's  and  at  seasonable  hours. 

.Should  you  recjiiire  to  change  your  Enclish  ntoney,  goto  some  respectable  merchant  or  to  the  bank?. 
The  ciirri!iicy  in  the  Canadas  is  at  tht;  rate  of  .^^■.  the  dollar,  and  i-:  called  Ilalifa.x  currency ;  at  pri'.^ciit 
the  cold  sover(>iL'n  is  worth  24,'j.  currency  in  Montreal  ;  in  New  York,  8.s-.  is  calculated  for  the  dollar; 
hence  many  are  deceived  when  hearing  of  the  rates  of  labour.  &c. :  .*).>•.  in  Canada  is  equal  to  Ss.  New 
York  ;  thus,  S.v.  New  York  currency  is  eiiiiivalent  to  5.<.  llalif  ix  currency. 

Emiirants  who  wish  to  settle  in  Lower  (^anada,  or  to  obtain  employmiMit,  are  informed  that  many 
desirable  situations  are  to  be  met  with.  Wild  lands  of  superior  (|uality  may  be  obtaiiieil  by  purchase 
on  very  easy  terms  from  the  commissioners  of  Crown  latiils  in  various  townships  in  tlii>  pnivincn.aiul 
good  farm  labourers  and  mechanics  are  much  in  retiuest,  particuia  ',y  in  the  easti^rn  towiisliips,  wlicro 
also  many  excellent  situations  and  improved  lariiis  may  ln'  purchased  fnuii  privati!  proprietors.  At 
the  Chambly  ("^anal  many  labotirers  will  find  immediali'  eiiiployiin'iit.  In  every  part  of  lipjier  Canada 
the  demand  for  labourers  and  mechanics  is  also  very  gretit.  AJl  labouring  emiu'ranis  who  reach  York, 
and  who  may  lie  in  waul  of  immediate  employmi-m,  will  be  pioviiled  with  it  by  the  L'ovi'niineut.  Tlii! 
principal  siliiatioiis  in  Upper  Canada  where  arrangiMiieiils  are  made  for  loeatiiigemiirrants,  are  in  llie 
Uathiirst,  Midland,  Newcastle,  Home,  London,  and  Western  districts.  Seiib'rs  with  means  will  have 
iippnitiiiiitii'S  o!"  punliasing  Oown  lands  in  several  parts  of  the  proviiici!  at  the  moiillily  sajis, 
iiiformalion  of  which  may  be  obtained  on  application  at  the  (/'rowii  Land  Otlice,  York,  or  to  .\.  It. 
Tl.'iwki',  Esq.  tilt!  iioveriinieiit  agent  for  emigrants  there,  to  wiiom  they  will  apply,  on  arrival,  for  such 
further  ailvici!  as  they  may  require. 

Einicra:its  pnvceed  ng  to  Upper  Canada,  above  Kincston,  either  by  the  Ottawa  or  St.  Lawrence 
route,  iirc  advised  to  supply  themselves  with  provisions  at  Moniri.'al,  such  as  bread,  tea,  siipir,  anil 
butter,  which  they  will  purchase  cheaper  and  >if  hellrr  iiualiiii  Wv.in  tiloiii;  tlio  route.  Tle-y  are  also 
particularly  cautioned  against  the  use  of  ardent  spirits,  or  driiikim;  cold  river  water,  or  l)insoiilhe 
liaiiks  of  the  river  exposed  to  the  iiiitht  dews;  they  should  procoed  at  once  from  the  sleaiiilwal  at 
Montreal  for  Lachine,  8  miles  above,  from  whence  the  Uiirlmm  and  steamboats  start  for  I'rescott  anil 
Bytowii  daily. 

Eiiiigrants  will  btain  from  Mr.  .lohn  ILays,  the  government  agent  at  Lachine.  such  advice  ami 
assistance  as  they  may  require  ;  and  lliey  will  liiid  there  a  convenient  barrack  Iol'  hoiisi;,  wIhtc  IIioso 
wishing  may  remain  for  tin,'  iiiiilit,  and  avoiil  rxposiire  and  expense  of  loilgimis.  Mr.  John  I'allon, 
the  government  agent  at  I'rescott,  will  render  every  advice  and  assistance  to  eiiiiirratits. 

Labourers  or  mechanics  dependent  on  immediate  employment  are  requested  to  proceed  imineiliately 
on  arrival  into  the  country.   The  chief  agent  will  consider  such  persons  as  may  loiter  about  the  ports 


1        I 


COLONY  TRADE. 


419 


ot  rccciveil  the  official 
of  loiiipilini,'  tlie  pre- 
rices  of  grain  and  of 


-    5    0 
sent  in  from  variou? 


L.  t.  d. 

lb.  Inaf    0  0  10    to 

ir  atone    0  3   3    — 

_  0  2 

-  0  2 

-  0  2 
0  lU 
■»  I'l 
3  0 

0  6 

1  2 
1  2 
0  IB 
0  10 
0  17 
0  10 


100  n». 

'  harrel 

'  bilitlli'l 
r  barrel 

itT  cwt. 

112  11.!!. 

r  b.»rrtl 


4    — 

l^z 

0  — 

0  — 

0  — 

2  - 
6 
6 

0  — 

0  _ 

0  - 

0  - 


«.  11. 

I  0 

4  0 

4  0 

4  u 

4  !• 

17  i; 

i  0 

10  II 

(i  4 


18  0 

1^  0 

0  0 

U  0 


for  families  orciipyin; 
lalioiirers  receive  from 
ill  loadiiiK  vessels,  their 
inil  superior  workiiiun 

ly  siirh  of  them  as  iiro 
ive  become  acciistnnii;il 
>(l  with  the  business  of 
It  employment. 

emigrants  in  Upptr 
icbec,  ICth  of  July, 

lan  correct  information 
■eil  much  by  a  wanif 
10  freinieiilly  orfcr  Iji   i 
rnqiii'nted  by  siranji  ; 
ely  on  arrival  at  t^i. 
t  Street,  J.nwcr  To', 
settlement  on  lanii;-,  i, 
1  your  route  frniii  (<iic. 
lonsideration,  hut  turn 
nla.    On  all  occasions 

arrival  ;  nor  can  thoy 
lir  that  perirnl;  anilllii; 
use,  at  the  usual  laiiil- 

irchant  or  to  the  banks. 

|.v  currency;  at  present 

iiliiled  for  the  ilnllnr; 

,da  is  equal  to  &.  Xew 

|e  informed  that  many 

olilainnd  by  purchiisiy 
Ips  in  the  province, luul 
|tern  toxviisliijis,  whcro 
rivate  proprietors.    At 

part  of  lipjiiT  Ciiniila 
Iranls  who  reach  Vnrk, 
llhe  iroveniincnt.  The 
ciniiirants,  are  in  the 

with  means  will  have 
|u  the  monlbly  sahs, 
[ii'e,  Vork,  iir  lo  .\.  11. 

ly,on  arrival,  for  such 

Jiwa  or  St.  Lawrence 
Ibrisid,  tea,  siijiar,  ami 
Iroule.  TlfV  arc  also 
Ivatcr,  or  l)ins  mi  the 
Ifriuii  the  steamboat  at 
1  start  for  I'ruscott  iiiid 

line,  such  advice  anil 
li!  house,  wliiTi' those 
■js.     Mr.  John  I'allon, 
[liirraiils. 

J  proceed  iinnicdiately 
lloiter  about  the  ports 


or  landing  beyond  one  week  after  arrival  to  have  no  further  claims  on  the  protection  of  his  Majesty's 
agents  for  assistance  or  euiployment,  unless  they  have  been  detained  by  sickness  or  some  uttier  satis- 
factory cause. 

The  following  information  with  respect  to  Upper  Canada  has  been  circulated  by  the  Ca- 
nada Company  :— 

"Persons  desirous  of  obtaining  employment,  and  having  the  means  of  emigrating  to  Upper  Canada, 
may  t'Ct  work  at  high  prices  compared  with  what  they  have  been  accustomed  to  receive  in  this 
country  as  agricultural  labourers.  The  wages  given  in  Upper  Canada  are  from  'il.  to  .'!/.  per  month, 
ffith  hoard  and  lodging.  At  those  wages  there  is  a  constant  demand  for  labour  in  all  parts  of  Upper 
Canada ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  n  very  groat  number,  beyond  those  now  there,  would  find  employ- 
ment. Working  artisans,  particularly  blacksmitlis,  carpenters,  bricklayers,  masons,  coopers,  mill- 
wrights, wheelwrights,  shoemakers,  and  tailors,  get  high  wages,  and  are  much  wanted.  Industrious 
men  may  look  forward  with  confidence  to  an  improvement  in  their  situation,  as  tliry  may  save 
enough  out  of  one  season's  work  to  buy  land  themselves  in  settled  townships. 

"Freehold  land  of  excellent  quality  is  to  be  sold  at  8.<.  M.  to  'M.i.  currency  per  acre,  payable  as  fol- 
l„,ys._One  fifth  of  the  purchase  money  to  i:e  i)aid  down  at  the  time  of  making  choice  oi'tlK!  land  in 
Canada,  and  the  remainder  in  5  annual  payments  with  interest,  which  an  industrious  settler  would  be 
able  to  pay  out  of  the  crops. 

"Upper  Canada  is  a  liritish  province,  within  a  few  weeks' s.iil  of  this  country.  The  climate  is 
pood;  all  the  fruits  and  vegetables  common  to  the  English  kitci.en  garden  thrive  well ;  sugar,  for 
(lomestic  purposes,  is  made  from  the  maple  tree,  on  the  land.  Tl.e  soil  and  count; y  possess  every 
renuisite  for  farming  purposes  and  comfortable  settlement,  which  'a  proved  by  the  cvperiencn  of  the 
numerous  industrious  emigrants  new  settled  there.  The  samples  of  Upper  Canada  wheat  have  not 
been  e.u'oeded  in  qualify  by  any  in  the  British  market  during  the  past  year.  The  population  of  the 
province,  which  is  rapidly  increasing,  consists  almost  e.xclusively  of  persons  from  Great  itrifain  and 
Ireland,  who  have  gone  there  to  settle.  The  taxes  are  very  trifling,  and  there  are  no  tithes,  .he 
expense  of  clearing  the  land  ready  for  seed  is  about  4/.  per  acre  if  paid  for  in  money ;  but  if  done  by 
liie  purchasers  themselves,  they  must  employ  part  of  their  time  at  wages,  or  possess  some  means 
oi'tlicir  own. 

"The  expense  of  removing  from  this  country  to  Quebec  or  Montreal,  including  provisions  for  the 
vovage,  is,  for  grown  persons,  men  or  women,  from  Dl.  to  'I.,  and  half  price  for  children  under  14 
veirs  of  age  :  if  the  jiarties  find  their  own  provisions,  the  passase  money  is  3/.  or  3/.  10,?.  for  an  adult, 
anil  in  proportion  for  children.  From  Ireland  and  Scotland  the  expense  is  considerably  less.  The 
fx'iense  of  the  transport  of  an  adult  emigrant  from  Quebec  to  York  and  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  will 
„„i  exceed  from  1/.  to  II,  2s.  M.  currency,  or  18s.  or  19s.  sterling,  exclusive  of  provisions. 

"The  Canada  Company,  to  encourage  settlement  in  the  Huron  I  act,  have  deterinined  for  this  year 
(1833)  to  allow  all  families,  settlers  in  that  district,  purchasing  100  acres  or  more,  of  the  Company,  the 
tvpenscs  oi cnneeijimce,  at  a  stipulated  rate,  from  Quebec  or  Montreal  to  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario, 
.ilbiwing  each  family  to  consist  of  2  adults  and  three  children,  by  deducting  those  expenses  from  the 
-ecnnil  instalment  of  the  purchase  money  of  their  farm.  The  present  prices  of  lanil  in  the  Huron 
tract,  which  is  of  the  finest  quality  iu  America,  are  from  8«.  9(/.  to  10s.  provincial  currency,  that  is, 
I'rom  1}  to  2  dollars  per  acre. 

"The  Canada  Company,  to  facilitate  the  transmission  of  money  to  the  Upper  and  Lower  Provinces, 
will  receive  from  intending  emigrants  any  deposits  in  London,  for  which  th(!j  will  issue  letters  of 
crcJit  on  their  agents,  allowing  the  parlies  the  full  benefit  of  the  rate  of  exchange,  which  usually  ranges 
from  &  to  10  per  cent.  Persons  resident  in  this  country,  desirous  of  making  remittances  to  their 
friends  in  the  Canadas,  are  afTorded  the  same  facilities  and  advantages. 

"Farther  information,  and  the  papers  distributed  by  the  Canada  Company,  maybe  obtained  on 
atiplici"'""  •"  t'"'  secretary,  John  Perry,  Esq. 
"London,  October,  183.1." 
Tlio  following  extract  from  the  Montreal  Daily  Mvertisc.r  of  the  4th  of  September,  1833,  gives  the 
prices  of  the  principal  articles  of  Canadian  produce  as  under  :— 

.\sheB,  pot,  1st  sort,  per  cwt. 

pearl    .        -        - 
Flour  and  meal  — 

Superline,  per  lOfi  lbs.  (Canada)  1  10 
Fine  ditto  ditto     '     " 

Middling        ditto  ditto 

Pollards         ditto  ditto 

Indian  meal,  per  108  lbs. 
Oatmeal,  per  cwt. 

(2.)  West  India  Colonies, — In  the  West  Indies  we  possess  .Jamaica,  Barbadocs,  St.  Lucia, 
.\ntigua,  Grenada,  Trinidad,  and  some  other  islands,  exclusive  of  Dcmerara  and  Berbice  in 
.South  America.  Jamaica,  by  far  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  our  insular  possessions, 
isalmut  120  miles  in  length  and  40  in  mean  breadth,  containing  about  2,800,000  acres,  of 
which  from  1,100,000  to  1,200,000  are  supposed  to  be  in  cultivation.  Being  situated 
within  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  the  heat  in  the  West  Indies  is  intense,  but  is  moderated  by  the 
sea  breeze  which  blows  regularly  during  the  greater  part  of  the  day.  The  rains  make  the 
only  distinction  of  seasons.  They  sometimes  fall  with  prodigious  impetuosity,  giving 
birth  to  innumerable  torrents,  and  laying  all  the  low  country  under  water :  the  trees  are 
green  the  whole  year  round  :  they  have  no  snow,  no  frost,  and  but  rarely  some  hail.  The 
climate  is  very  humid ;  iron  rusts  and  corrodes  in  a  very  short  time ;  and  it  is  this,  perhaps, 
that  renders  the  West  Indies  so  unfriendly  to  European  constitutions,  and  produces  those 
malignant  fevers  that  are  so  very  fatal.  The  vegetable  productions  are  numerous  and  valu- 
able; hut  the  sugar  cane  and  the  coffee  plant  are  incomparably  more  important  than  the 
others,  and  constitute  the  natural  riches  of  the  islands. 

The  West  Indies  are  occasionally  assailed  by  the  most  dreadful  hurricanes,  which  destroy 
in  a  moment  the  hopes  and  labours  of  the  planters,  and  devastate  entire  islands.  Whole 
fields  of  sugar  canes  are  sometimes  torn  up  by  the  roots,  houses  are  either  thrown  down  or 


L.  s. 

d.    L.  s. 

d. 

L. 

s.  d.     L. 

s. 

d. 

1    3 

6tol    4 

6 

Grain  and  seed— 

1    5 

0-1    5 

6 

Wheat,  VV.  Canada,  per 

50  lbs.  0 

0    3  —  0 

6 

0 

mixed 

-    0 

fl    0-0 

6 

2 

1  10 

9  —  1  11 

3 

red 

-    0 

5  10  —  0 

6 

0 

1    9 

()  — 1  10 

0 

Barley,  per  bushel 

-    0 

3    4  —  0 

3 

6 

1    7 

fi— 1    8 

0 

Indian  corn 

-    0 

4    0  —  0 

4 

6 

1     2 

0-1    2 

6 

Oats 

-    0 

1    0-0 

1 

8 

1    2 

a 

Peas  (boiling) 

-    0 

4    9  —  0 

5 

0 

0  13 

6  —  0  14 

0 

Flax  seed,  per  bushel 

-    0 

5    0-0 

5 

3 

''l:Mll«t 

■■mm 


i'i<«< 

•■li«H,» 


•S 


5 


■I'-Hij'.; 


.l..l' 


now 


420 


COLONIES  AND 


! 


•■'.    ^'^ 


if 


s 


,  ,    I 


f 


unroofed,  and  even  the  heavy  copper  boilers  and  stills  in  the  works  have,  in  nutncroui?  instances 
been  wrenched  from  the  ground  and  battered  to  pieces.  The  rain  pours  down  in  torrents' 
swccpinc;  before  it  every  thing  that  conies  in  its  way.  The  destruction  (vuised  by  such 
dreadful  scourges  seldom  fails  to  produce  a  very  great  scarcity,  and  not  unrre(|ucntly  famine 
and  wo  are  ashamed  to  have  to  add,  that  the  severity  of  the  distress  has  on  several  occasions 
been  niatcriully  aggravated  by  a  refusal  on  the  part  of  the  authorities  to  allow  importation 
direct  from  the  United  States  !*     This  was  the  case  at  Dominica  so  late  as  1817. 

.lamaiea  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1494,  and  continued  in  possession  of  the  8pa. 
niards  till  I65.'i,  when  it  was  wrested  from  them  by  the  English.  Althougli  it  had  tlim 
been  for  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  under  the  power  of  Spain,  such  was  the  dcadcnin  - 
influence  of  her  colonialsystem,  that  it  did  not,  when  we  coni|uered  it,  contain  l,''JOO\viiitein" 
habitants,  and  these  were  immersed  in  sloth  and  poverty.  Of  the  many  valuable  articles  whic!i 
Jamaica  soon  afterwards  jiroduced  in  such  profusion,  many  were  then  altogether  unknown' 
and  of  those  that  were  known,  such  a  supply  only  was  cultivated  as  was  rciiuired  for  thf' 
consumption  of  the  inliabitants.  "  The  Spanish  settlers,"  it  is  said  by  Mr.  IJryan  Edwards 
"  possessed  none  of  the  elegancies  of  life;  nor  were  they  acquainted  even  with  many  of 
those  gratifications  which,  in  civilised  states,  are  considered  necessary  to  its  comfort  and 
convenience.  They  were  neither  polished  by  social  intercourse,  nor  improved  by  education' 
but  passed  their  days  in  gloomy  languor,  enfeebled  by  sloth,  and  depressed  by  poverty' 
They  had  been  for  many  years  in  a  state  of  progressive  degeneracy,  and  would  probably  in 
a  short  lime  have  expiated  the  guilt  of  their  ancestors,  by  falling  victims  themselves  to  the 
vengeance  of  their  slaves." — {Hisf.  West  Indies,  vol.  i.  p.  297.  8vo  ed.) 

For  a  considerable  number  of  years  after  we  obtained  possession  of  .Jamaica,  the  chief 
exports  were  cacao,  hides,  and  indigo.  Even  so  late  as  1772,  the  exports  of  sugar  nmountod 
to  only  U,000  hogsheads.  In  1774,  they  had  increased  to  78,000  hogsheads  of  sui'ar 
26,000  puncheons  of  rum,  and  6,547  bags  of  colfee.  The  American  war  was  very  injurious 
to  the  West  India  settlements ;  and  they  may,  indeed,  be  said  to  be  still  sulVering  from  its 
effects,  as  the  independence  of  America  led  to  the  enactment  of  those  restrictions  on  the 
importation  of  food,  lumber,  &c.  that  have  been  so  very  liurtful  to  the  planters.  In  l/So 
.lamaiea  was  visited  by  a  most  destructive  hurricane,  the  devastation  occasioned  Iiy  which 
produced  a  dreadful  famine ;  and  other  hurricanes  followed  in  the  immediately  succcrdin" 
years.  But  in  1787,  a  new  era  of  improvement  began.  The  devastation  of  St.  Doniini'ii 
by  the  negro  insurrection,  which  broke  out  in  1792,  first  diminished,  and  in  a  few  years 
almost  entirely  annihilated,  the  annual  supply  of  115,000  hogsheads  of  sugar,  which  France 
and  the  Continent  had  previously  been  accustomed  to  receive  from  that  island.  This  dimi- 
nution of  supply,  by  causing  a  greatly  increased  demand  for,  and  a  consecjucnt  rise  in  the 
price  of,  the  sugar  raised  in  the  other  islands,  occasioned  an  extraordinary  extension  of  cul- 
tivation. So  powerful  in  this  respect  was  its  influence,  that  Jamaica,  which,  at  an  averairc 
of  the  6  years  preceding  1799,  had  produced  only  83,000  hogsheads,  exported,  in  I80I  and 
1802,  upwards  of  280,000  hogsheads,  or  143,000  a  year  ! 

The  same  rise  of  price,  which  had  operated  so  powerfully  in  Jamaica,  occasioned  a  similar 
though  loss  rapid  extension  of  cultivation  in  our  other  islands,  and  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico, 
and  the  foreign  colonies  generally.  The  vacuum  caused  by  the  cessation  of  the  supplies 
from  St.  Domingo  being  thus  more  than  fdled  up,  a  reaction  commenced.  The  price  of 
sugar  rapidly  declined ;  and  notwith-standing  a  forced  market  was  for  a  while  opened  to  i; 
by  substituting  it  for  malt  in  the  distillery,  prices  did  not  attain  to  their  former  eievalior;, 
On  the  opening  of  the  Continental  ports,  in  1813  and  1814,  they,  indeed,  rose,  for  a  short 
time,  to  an  extravagant  height ;  but  they  very  soon  fell  again,  involving  in  ruin  in;iny  uf  the 
speculators  upon  an  advance.  And  notwithstanding  a  recent  rally,  they  arc,  and  have  kon 
for  the  last  10  years,  comparatively  low.  The  fall  seems  to  be  entirely  owiiit;  to  the  w.st 
extension  of  the  sugar  cultivation  in  ('uba,  Brazil,  Java,  Louisiana,  &c.,  and  in  Dcmerira, 
Berbice,  and  the  Mauritius.  From  the  facility,  too,  with  which  sugar  may  be  raised  in  moA 
of  these  countries,  and  their  vast  extent,  there  seems  little  prospect  of  prices  ever  again  attain- 
ing to  their  old  level.  It  is  to  no  purpose,  therefore,  to  attempt  to  relieve  the  distresses  of  the 
jilanters  of  Jamaica  and  our  other  islands  by  temporary  expedients.  The  present  low  priws 
have  not  been  brought  about  by  accidental  or  contingent  circumstances.  And  to  enable  the 
planters  to  contend  successfully  with  the  active  competitors  that  surround  them  on  all  sides, 
we  must  place  then:,  at  least  in  so  far  as  we  have  the  means,  in  a  similar  situation,  by  allow- 
ing them  to  resort  for  supplies  to  the  cheapest  markets,  and  to  send  their  produce  into  Eu- 
rope in  such  a  sliape  as  they  may  think  best. 

The  devastation  of  St.  Domingo  gave  the  same  powerful  stimulus  to  the  growth  of  coli'i-c 

*  It  is  stntcMl  in  a  report  l)y  a  coiniiiittce  of  (lie  Asseiiilily  of  .laniaicn,  tlial  15,(1(10  nej/rncs  pcri'lu'i 
>)etw«;pM  llie  latttr  enil  of  1780  ami  tlit!  hepiiiniiig  of  17»",  tliriiiiKli  famine  occasioncil  liy  liiirricainj 
anil  the  proluliitioii  of  importiUlon  froiii  the  llniteil  •*<lales:— (Ki/ir«r(/.'.'.s  (Ccn/ /hi/ic.s,  vol.  ii.  p.  515) 
Those  wlu)  are  so  very  fond  of  vilupi-ratinR  "Imrd-hearteil  economists,"  as  tlu^y  arc  phased  lolirm 
thoBK  wlin  advocate  tlie  repeal  of  oppressive  restrictions,  must,  we  presume,  look  upon  occurrences 
of  tills  sort  us  luercil'ul  ilispensutions. 


I       '    i 
I       I 


COLONY  TRADE. 


421 


I  numerous  instances, 
irs  clown  in  torrents, 
;tion  ciiuscd  by  such 
uutVr(|uont!y  famine; 
on  sL-vt-ral  occasions 
to  allow  importation 
oas  1S17. 
)sscssion  of  the  8[ia. 
llthouRh  it  iiad  thus 
ch  was  till?  ileadcnin,' 
jntain  l,r)00  vviiitein. 
aluable  articles  which 
altogether  unknown; 
was  re(iuirecl  for  the 
Mr.  ]3ryan  EJwardu, 
even  with  many  of 
•y  to  its  comfort  and 
iprovcd  by  education; 
Icpresscd  by  poverty, 
mil  would  probably  in 
ims  themselves  to  the 

of  Jamaica,  the  chief 
irts  of  sugar  amountei! 

hogsheads  of  sugar,     I 
var  was  very  injurious 
still  sulVering  from  its 
ise  restrictions  on  the 
le  planters.    In  Tj^O,     ! 
1  occasioned  by  which     1 
nmediately  succcrdin;;     j 
ation  of  St.  Domingu 
d,  and  in  a  few  years 
if  sugar,  wliicli  France 
at  island.    This  dimi- 
pnsequent  rise  in  ihe 
lary  extension  of  cul- 

which,  at  an  average 
ported,  in  1801  and 

occasioned  a  similar 
in  Cuba,  Porto  Kicn, 
ation  of  tlie  supplies 
need.  The  price  of 
while  opened  to  it, 
'ir  former  elevatior, 
■ed,  rose,  for  a  short 
in  ruin  m;iiiy  of  the 
•y  are,  and  have  bicn 
ly  owiiiii;  to  the  v,!>t 
:i-.,  and  in  Uemenm, 
may  be  raised  in  mo;! 
rices  ever  again  attain- 
the  (tistrcsses  of  the 
'he  present  low  prices 
And  to  ei\able  the 
uid  them  on  all  fides, 
ar  situation,  by  allow- 
icir  produce  into  Eu- 

0  the  growth  of  coO'cc 

15,000  iic^'rni's  perislni 
ciisitiiiiMl  liy  Inirricanus 
.s(  liiilkn,  vol.  ii.  p.  MS.) 
liey  arc  pleaseil  to  lerm 

look  niiDU  occurrences 


In  the  other  West  Indian  colonies,  that  it  did  to  the  growth  of  sugar;  and  owing  to  the 
I'xlraordinary  increase  in  the  demand  for  coilcc  in  this  and  other  European  countries  during 
:ho  last  10  years,  the  impulse  has  been,  in  a  great  measure,  kept  up. — (See  Coffkk.)  In 
1752,  the  ex [lort  of  coli'ee  from  .lamnica  amountwl  to  only  60,000  lbs. ;  in  1 77.'),  it  amounted 
:o  110,000  lbs.;  in  1797,  it  had  increased  to  7,931,621  lbs.;  in  1833,  the  exports  to  Eng- 
;„n(l  amo^uited  to  19,811,000  lbs.;  and  they  have  been  stationary  at  about  this  quantity 
llir  some  time. 

We  have  already  seen,  that  when  .lamaica  was  taken  from  the  Spaniards,  it  only  con- 
tained 1,500  white  inhabitants.  In  1673,  the  population  amounted  to  7,708  whiles  and 
0,50-l  slaves.  It  would  have  been  well  for  the  island  had  the  races  continued  to  preserve 
this  relation  to  each  other ;  but,  unfortunately,  the  black  population  has  increased  more  than 
ftrt  times  as  rapidly  as  llic  white ;  the  latter  having  increased  only  from  7,768  to  aliout 
1)0,000,  while  the  former  has  increased  from  9.,504  to  322,421,  exclusive  of  persons  of 
colour.  The  immense  preponderance  of  the  slave  population  has  rendered  the  question  of 
emancipation  so  very  ditticult. 

The  correspondence  of  the  slaves  in  Jamaica  with  their  emancipated  brethren  in  Hayti 
or  St.  Domingo  has  been  prohibited  by  a  provision  in  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  59.  §  55. — 
(see  pvsf.) 

The  real  value  of  the  exports  to  Jamaica  amounts  to  about  1,600,000/.  a  year,  being 
Tnore  than  half  the  amount  i>f  the  exports  to  the  West  Indian  colonies.  It  sliould,  how- 
ever, be  observed,  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  articles  sent  to  Jamaica,  and  some  of 
the  other  colonics,  are  only  sent  there  as  to  an  cnlrejsut,  being  subsequently  exported  to  the 
Spanish  main.  During  the  ascendancy  of  the  Spanish  domhiion  in  Mexico  and  South 
America,  this  trade,  which  was  then  contraband,  was  carried  on  to  a  very  great  extent.  It 
is  now  much  fallen  -off;  but  the  central  situation  of  Jamaica  will  always  secure  to  her  a 
considerable  share  of  this  sort  of  transit  trade. 

Barbadoes  was  the  earliest  of  our  possessions  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  the  most  easterly 
:,f  the  Caribbee  islands;  Bridge  Town,  the  capital,  being  in  Ion.  59°  41'  W.  Barbadoe.^ 
is  by  far  the  best  cultivated  of  all  the  West  India  islands.  It  contains  about  105,000  acres, 
having  a  population  of  about  16,000  whites,  3,700  free  people  of  colour,  and  68,000  slaves, 
,'t  exports  about  21,000  hogsheads  of  sugar,  of  16  cwt.  each.  Barbadoes  had  attained  the 
ocniL-  of  its  pros[)erity  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when  the  white  popula- 
tion li  said  to  l»ave  amounted  to  about  50,000,  though  this  is  probably  an  exaggeration. 
But  it  is  only  as  compared  with  itself  that  it  can  be  considered  as  having  fallen  ofT;  for 
compared  with  the  other  West  India  islands,  its  superiority  is  manifest.  It  raises  nearly  as 
auch  food  as  is  adequate  for  its  supply. 

The  islands  next  in  importance  are  St.  Vincent,  Grenada,  Trinidad,  Antigua,  &c.  It  is 
mnccessary  to  <  liter  into  any  special  details  with  respect  to  them ;  their  population  and 
;raJc  being  exhibited  in  the  Tables  annexed  to  this  section. 

During  the  lute  war,  we  took  from  the  Dutch  the  settlements  of  Demcrara,  Bcrbice,  and 
Zssoiiuilio,  in  Guiana,  which  were  definitively  ceded  to  us  in  1814.  The  soil  of  these 
'fUloiKcnts  is  nat-uralty  very  rich ;  and  they  have,  in  this  respect,  a  decided  advantage  over 
most  ef  the  West  India  islands.  Their  advance,  since  they  came  into  our  possession,  was 
:iir  a  while  very  great ;  but  recently  their  progress  seems  to  have  been  checked,  and  their 
"xports,  particularly  those  of  ruin  and  coffee,  have  declined  considerably.  The  imports  of 
•mar  from  them  amount  to  about  a  third  of  the  imports  from  Jamaica.  Tlie  rum  of  Dcme- 
Tira  enjoys  a  high  reputation;  and  of  the  total  quantity  im[)orted  from  the  British  colonies 
ir.d  plantation  in  1832,  amounting  to  4,741,649  gallons,  Demerara  and  Beri>ice  furnished 
',110,419  gallons.  The  be.ot  samples  of  Berbice  coffee  are  of  very  superior  (piality  ;  but 
!ie  planters  fniding  the  cultivation  of  sugar  more  profitable,  the  imports  have  materially 
leclincd  of  late  ytars.  In  1832,  they  amounted,  from  both  colonies,  to  3,449,400  lbs.  Con- 
•iderable  quantities  of  cotton  were  formerly  exported  from  (Juiana;  but  the  Americans 
Javin;  superivir  facilities  for  its  production,  the  planters  have  in  a  great  measure  ceased  to 
•iiltivate  it     Cacao,  annotto,  &c.  are  produced,  but  not  abundantly. 

These  statements  are  sufficient  to  show  the  importance  of  Deinarara  and  Berbice.  Con- 
'idering,  indeed,  their  great  natural  fertility,  and  the  indefinite  extent  to  which  every  sort 
if  tropical  culture  may  he  carried  in  them,  they  certainly  rank  among  the  most  valuable  of 
he  colonial  po?sessi/)ns  we  have  acquired  for  many  years. 

Exclusive  of  the  above,  we  possess  the  settlement  of  Balizc  on  the  Bay  of  Honduras. 
This  is  of  importance,  as  affording  n  means  of  obtaining  abundant  supplies  of  mahogany  ; 
!iutitis  of  more  importance  as  an  entrepot  for  the  supply  of  Guatemala  with  English  ma- 
nufactured goods. — (For  accounts  of  the  colonies  in  Australasia,  «Scc.,  sec  Culu-muo,  Cape 
'tF  Gooii  Hope,  Poet  Louis,  Sxunet,  &c.) 

Fni.  I.— 2  N 


■""''«§ 

"tiiiii  ran 

■  ""■■•fft 
I  '"iiiM'taM 

"4111]  i«Hi 


"  il'KIWk 


I        i; 
'  I  !ii  .iMimi 


4 

"H 

9 


^iif;::3 


Ji^*!;M.> 


!5  \ 


\   fi 


:\\,i 


422 


COLONIES  AND 


'    / 


mi;; 


I 

'    1 


.1 


1 


Accniint  of  tlic  Quantities  of  Hiignr,  Rum,  MolngHcs,  nnd  CotTnc,  imporlpd  into  tlic  ITnilcrl  Kinedoni 
I'roiri  till!  W<!8t  ItiilicH  und  tim  Mauritius,  uiid  of  the  rortiiiiiH  of  tliose  UuantitivH  vnturt'd  for  H» 
exportation  in  1B34  and  IBHS.— (Par/.  Paper,  No.  Site.,  Heag.  1836.)  "* 


ColoniM  whence 
iiiijiorted. 


Weit  ludics, 
Antii^ua  •  • 

RarbadofS 
I3nniinica 
Grenada 
Jamaica 
Monlserrat 
Ne\ii 
SI.  Kitl',1 
St,  J.ucia 
Si.  Vincent     • 
Tobapi 
Torlola 
Trinidad 
Bahamas 
BL'rmud.xf 

Dfiiierani       •  ■ 

HtTbice 
llnniiuras 
MAUBITRS 

Total  Importations     • 

Proportion  re*      5  W,I. 
(')rpitrted(nnref.)  t  M. 


Su^ar  (unrefined.) 


I  KM. 


CwU. 
i>-,177 
394.Si7 
M,S76 
Ifl4,>l2 

211,031 
69,74.S 
in.'vlVi 
6.'),:)06 

2ia,oi7 
7!i,ni« 

21,026 

339,6 1  :• 

4 

687,282 
90,699 

M3,«90 

4,397,S66 


1S33. 


Cwtii. 

174,H1« 

344,6,-fl 

2.'.,014 

170.280 

l.llVCO 

16,261 

39,637 

fc7,614 

M,7U 

)9.>,0.i7 

77,260 

i:>,tGI 

2X9,393 


760,376 
I26,1SS 

6S8,7I2 


Rum. 


1834. 


12,313 
4.K"|0 


4,0t2,y21 


ll.4'v)? 
!.7:'>0  S 


iitlllmti, 

71,44/; 

2,1-0 

27,764 

247,049 

2,924,067 

20,480 

2.1,286 

79,080 

4,707 

93,397 

272,787 

3,478 

7,714 

2 

1,273,693 

61,277 

4 


6,112,401 


1 8a;, 


Gallona. 

67,0ril 

1,798 

7,308 

248,^24 

2,430,272 

26.492 

39,366 

107,101 

10,972 

I89,i:>4 

299,70S 

3,220 

9,688 

59 

35 

1,875,245 

115,411 

18 

201 


Molaues. 


1934. 


Cwts, 

S7,'<82 

&j,5')3 
2.550 

23,219 
2,sflg 
4,779 
6,466 

17,397 
2,811 

a3,n9.i 

11,646 
99,494 


2.82,967 
20,69» 


206 


5,453,519 


1,613,163         1,668,205 


650,572 


1835. 


Cwtl. 

75,985 

58,12'i 

2,700 

8,747 

982 

1,848 

161 

7,526 

6,0i7 

26,455 

5,986 

1,408 

84,640 


221,-ra 

6,225 


607,KS7 


2,078 


4,753 


Coffee, 


1834. 


LU. 
224 

77,868 

89.3,4W 

10,332 

18,268,893 

18.5 

06,004 

197 


160,915 
45,579 

1,481,990 

I,ai5,668 

163 

701 


22,092,191 


768,819 


1«35. 

Ut. 

51*0 

S7,>ej 

112,557 

8,a6 


40 

63,3«2 

Mil 


33,oi;o 
280,150 

1,13M>( 
ii,O27,007 

213,296 

'5,l(sis7r 


613,053 


'I'he  duties  on  West  India  produce  entered  for  home  consumptiou  during  the  year  1835 
yielded  about  6,700,000/.  nett. 

The  exports  from  this  country  to  our  West  India  colonics  consist  of  coarse  cottons,  linms 
checks,  hats,  and  other  articles  of  negro  clothing ;  hardware  and  earthenware ;  staves 
hoops,  coal,  lime,  paint,  lead ;  Irish  provisions,  herrings  and  other  salt  fish  ;  along  with  fur- 
niturc,  wine,  beer,  medicines,  and,  indeed,  almost  every  article  which  a  great  manufacturine 
country  cau  supply  to  one  situated  in  a  tropical  climate,  which  has  very  few  mechanics 
and  hardly  any  manufactures.  Since  the  depression  of  West  Indian  property,  and  the  open. 
ing  of  the  ports  on  the  Spanish  main  to  ships  from  England,  the  exports  to  the  West  Indies 
have  decreased  both  in  quantity  and  value.  Their  declared  or  real  value  amounted,  as  appears 
from  the  following  account,  in  1834,  to  2,680,022/. 

ijtateinent  of  tlie  Total  amount  of  Trade  t)ctween  tlie  United  Kingdom  nnd  the  Britisli  West  India 
Colonics,  in  each  year,  from  1814  to  1834,  both  inclusive. 


OBici.M  Value. 

Declared  Value 

Eiporls  to  the  British  West  Indies. 

of              1 

Years. 

Imports  from 
llieHrilish 

British  and  Irish 
hrnducts 

British  and  Irish 

Foreign  and 

Toi.,1 

West  Indies. 

Produce  and 

Colonial 

of 

British  West  Indies,  i 

Manufactures. 

Merchandise. 

Exports. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1 

£            1 

1814 

9,022,309 

6,282,226 

339,912 

6,222,1.38 

7,019,9.'!S 

1815 

9,903,200 

6,742,451 

453,030 

7,l!Hi,081 

7,21t?.057 

1810 

7,847.895 

4,584,500 

268,719 

4,853,228 

4,5.37,056 

1817 

8,326,926 

6,032,708 

382,883 

7,015.501 

5,890.1110 

1818 

8,008,790 

5,717,216 

272,491 

5,080,707 

0,021  ,(i27 

1819 

8,I8H„'J39 

4,395,215 

297,199 

4,692.414 

4,811.253 

1820 

8,3.53,700 

4,240,783 

314,567 

4,.50 1,350 

4,lil7,7fd 

1821 

8,307,477 

4,940,009 

370,7.38 

5,311,347 

4,320,581 

1822 

8,019.705 

4,127,052 

243,126 

4,370.178 

3,439,818 

182.'? 

8,425,276 

4,021,589 

285,247 

5,<H)ti.83fl 

3,070,780 

1821 

9,005.540 

4,843,556 

324,375 

5,107,931 

3,827.189 

1825 

7,932,N29 

4,702,210 

295,021 

4,997.270 

3,8fi0,s,')4 

182fi 

8,420,454 

3,792,453 

255,241 

4,047,(i94 

3,199,265 

1827 

8,380,833 

4,085,789 

331, .580 

5,017,375 

3,083.222 

1828 

9,490.950 

4,134,744 

320,208 

4,401.012 

3,289.704 

1829 

9,087,923 

5,102,197 

359,059 

5,.V2l,2.Sfi 

3,OI2,Oh5 

1830 

8,,W9,I00 

3,749,799 

290.878 

4,0.10,077 

2,838,448 

1831 

8,448,839 

3,729,522 

258,764 

3,988.280 

y,.'iM,iM9       1 

1832 

8,138,068 

3,813,821 

2>)6,605 

4,100,420 

2,l39,Sfl7       1 

1833 

8,008,218 

4,401,990 

302,189 

4,701. IW) 

2..V.I7.591 

1834 

5,410,113 

4,494,059 

323,980 

4,818,040 

2.080,022 

The  following  are  the  quantities  of  gome  of  the  principal  artirles  exported  to  tfip  West  Indian 
colonies  in  1831 ;— Cottons,  21,975,459  yards ;  linens,  11.029,191  yards;  woollens,  M9.9.V2  ytirds;  Iml?, 
20,094  dozens  ;  leather,  wrought  and  unwrought,  349,842  lbs. ;  earthenware,  1,331,799  \necva  ;  jliiss, 
23,514  cwt.;  hardware  and  cutlery,  13,.53icwt.  ;  coals  and  culm,  48,.530  tons;  liccf  and  pork,  24,ir3 
liarrids  ;  soap  and  candles,  4,389,908  lbs.,  &c.— (PaW.  Paptr,  No.  550.  Snss.  1H33.) 

The  articles  exported  from  Canada  and  the  British  possessions  in  North  America  princi- 
pally consist  of  timber  and  lumber  of  all  sorts;  grain,  flour,  and  biscuit;  furs,  dried  fish, 
fish  oil,  turpentine,  &c.  The  imports  principally  consist  of  woollen.=,  cottons,  and  linens, 
earthenware,  hardware,  leather,  salt,  haberdashery  of  all  sorts;  tea,  sugar,  and  coffee; 
spices,  wine,  brandy,  and  rum,  furniture,  stationery,  &c. 


COLONY  TRADE. 


423 


n  tlio  United  Kinitironj 
itilies  entered  lor  He- 


ColTce. 

1834. 

1«35. 

)S5 
2-. 
00 
47 
J«2 
4S 
61 
26 
357 
1S5 

m 

108 
MO 

■ra 

223 

l.bi. 

77,8ti8 

893,4!e 

10,332 

18,28»,b83 

Ifti 

96,004 

197 

160[9I5 
43,379 

1,481,980 

l,045,«(;8 

163 

701 

Lbi. 

S7,S2j 
112,517 

Km 

11,154,307 

40 

63,3S2 

118 

28 
33,060 
280,158 

1,139,0M 

^ 

22,082,191 

15,109,Wi 

753 

768,819 

613,053 

luring  the  year  1835, 

coarse  cottons,  linens. 
Earthenware;  staves, 
Ish  ;  along  with  fur- 
great  manufacturing 
very  few  mechanics, 
roperty,  and  the  opcii- 
ts  to  the  West  Indies 
amounted,  as  appears 

I  the  British  West  India 


Dechrod  Value  t 

of  I 

British  and  Irish  j 

Pnwlucls 

ex|Mirte(i  to  the  j 

British  West  Indies,  j 


£ 

7,01!),93S 
7,'2lK05- 
4,f).'!7,(l56 
5,S9<).l(lrt 

0,0-21, m: 

4,Sll.-253 
4,l'.IT.7fil 
4,3iO,5Sl 
3,43<1.SI8 
3,OTt),7Hn 
3.S27.t8<.) 
3.hfiti,S34 
3,I(li),-265 
3.tiS3.'>!2 
3.2H!),704 
a,m2,0S5 
2,838,448 
'J.fjM.iM'J 
2,13!I.S07 

2.t;8(),022 


(1  to  tlir  West  Indian 
M0.1IS2  V!ir(ls;  hm?, 
,331,7iH)  pieces;  class. 
Iicef  uiid  porlv,  24,172 
3.) 

orth  America  princi- 
;uit ;  furs,  dried  fish, 
cottons,  and  linens, 
sugar,  and  coffee; 


Currency. 

DolU 

r.        C'urn'ncj* 

140;. 

1 

-     (is.  Me/. 

U5l. 

1 

=     (w.  3d. 

17,V. 

1 

=     8.9.  3(/. 

im. 

1 

=     9n.  ()(/. 

The  following  arc  the  quantities  of  some  of  the  principal  articles  exported  from  Great 
\iritain  to  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  &c.,  in  1831: — Cottons,  15,618,106  yards ;  woollens, 
100,124  yards;  linens,  3,309,165  yards;  earthenware,  2,253,851  pieces;  iron  and  steel, 
\vrouc;ht  and  unwrought,  12,400  tons;  hardware  and  cutlery,  29,482  cwt. ;  coals  and 
rulm,  31.134  tons;  salt,  1,559,684  hushels;  beef  and  pork,  8,534  barrels,  &c. — {Pari. 
I'uper,  No,  550.  Scss.  1833.) 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Mayer,  of  the  Colonial  Office,  for  much  valuable  information, 
and  in  particular  for  the  Tables  given  in  the  next  two  pages,  the  most  complete  that  have 
ever  been  published,  of  the  population  and  trade  of  our  colonial  possessions. 

J\/iMici/-— Wlint  is  called  West  India  currency  ia  an  imaginary  money,  and  liaa  a  didcrent  vnluo  in ' 
.liffiToiit  colonies.  Tlie  value  it  henrs,  as  compared  vvitli  Bterlinu  money,  was  supponed  to  represent 
iliu  corresponding  viiliie  of  tlio  coins  in  circulation  in  tlie  ditVerent  islunds  at  the  time  tlic  proportion 
«i\s  tixed:  these  coins  lieing  for  tin!  most  part  niutilHted,  and  otherwise  worn  and  defaced,  currency 
;}  ill  ftll  cases  less  valimhie  than  sterlinj;.  The  following  are  the  values  of  1002.  sterling,  and  of  a 
(loliar,  in  tlie  currencies  uf  the  difl'uruiil  islands:— 

Sterlinj;. 

.lainaica     ----..    mot.    = 

Iliirhadoos  -  .  .  .  .    joo/.    = 

Windward  Islands  (except  Uarbadoes)  -    100^    => 

Leewiird  Islands  ....    loo/.    =: 

But  these  proportions  are  seldom  acted  uiKin;  the  exchange  being  generally  from  10  to  20  per  cent. 
ibnve  the  fixed  par. 

By  an  order  in  cinincil  of  I  ,1  of  March,  1S25,  nritish  silver  money  is  made  lepal  tender  Ihrough- 

iiiii'all  ISritish  colonial  posses  .ions,  at  the  nominal  value  as  in  England;  and  hills  for  the  same  are 
jivcn  on  the  Treasury  of  London,  of  100/.  each  liill  for  103/.  such  silver  money.  By  this  order,  also. 
lie  value  of  the  Sptiiiish  dollar  is  fixed  at  4s.  4(/.  Mritish  silver  money  throughout  all  the  colonies 
tflipre  it  is  current. 

ThJ  following  are  the  gold  coins  circulating  at  Jamaica,  with  their  legal  weight  and  fineness  :— 

Spanish  doubloon  ... 

Two  pistole  piece 
Pistole  ... 

Half  pistole       .  -  - 

Portuguese  .loliaimes  (called  Joe) 

Half  Joe     -  -  - 

Quarter  Joe 

Moidore      ... 

Ilalfmoidore 

English  guinea  ... 

Half  guinea      ... 

Sovereign         .  -  _ 

iV.  Regulations    i7nder   which    Colony    Thadf.    is    conducted. — Disposal    of 

Land  in  thk  Cdloniks,  «Scc. 

These  are  embodied  in  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.c.  59.,  which  came  into  operation  on  the  1st 
of  September,  1833.     It  is  as  follows : — 

tmportation  and  Fxportalinn  of  Goods  confined  to  frtc  Ports. — No  goods  shall  be  imported  into,  nor 
fhall  any  goods,  except  the  produce  of  the  fisheries  in  Ilritisli  ships,  be  exported  fnuii,  any  of  the 
British  possessions  in  America  by  sea,  from  or  to  any  place  other  than  the  United  Kingdom,  or  some 
iiiliiT  of  sucli  possessions,  except  into  or  from  the  several  ports  in  such  iiossessions,  called  "Tree, 
I'lirls,"  enumerated  or  described  in  tlie  table  followinc  ;  (that  is  to  say,) 

Tabli  of  free  Porln. — Kingston,  Savannah  Le  Mar,  Montcgo  Hay,  Santa  I.ucia,  Antonio,  Saint  Ann, 
ralmouth,  Maria,  Morant  Hay,  Aiinotto  Bay,  lllack  Uiver,  Kio  Uiieno,  I'ort  Moranl,  Jamaica  ;  Saint 
tlporee,  Orenada  ;  Roseau,  Dominica;  Saint  John's,  Antigua;  San  Josef,  Trinidad  ;  Scarbornni;h, 
Tobago;  Road  Harbour,  Tortola  ;  Nassau,  New  I'rovidelice  ;  Pitt's  Town,  Crool^ed  Island  ;  Kings- 
ton, Saint  Vincent ;  Port  Saint  George  and  Port  Hamilton,  ISerinnda;  any  port  where  there  is  a 
riistoni- house,  Bahamas  ;  Bridgetown,  Uarbadoes  ;  Saint  John's,  Saint  Andrew's,  New  Ilruiiswick  ; 
ilalifax,  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia  ;  Quebec,  Canada  ;  Saint  John's,  Nowfoiindliind  ;  (icorgc  Town.  Deine- 
rira;  New  Amsterdam,  IJerbice;  Castries,  Saint  Lucia  ;  liasseterri'.  Saint  Kill's  ;  Ctiarlcs  Town, 
.Nevis;  Plymouth,  Montserrat ;  Sydney,  Cape  Breton;  ('hiirlotte  Town,  Prince  Edwiinl's  Island  ; 
Anguilla,  Angnilla;  and  if  any  goods  shall  be  imported  into  any  port  or  pltice  in  any  of  the  said  pos- 
scfsinns  contrary  thereto,  such  goods  shall  be  forfeited.— J  2. 

His  Majestii  may  appoint  oilier  Ports  to  be  free  P«rt.s\— Provided  always,  that  if  his  Majesty  shall 
(leeia  it  expedient  to  extend  the  provisions  of  this  act  to  any  port  or  ports"  not  oniinierated  in  tl'ii'  said 
lalile,  it  shiill  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  order  in  council,  to  do  so ;  and  froiii  llie  dtiy  nientiniicd  in 
sitcli  order  in  council,  all  the  privili^ges  and  advantages  of  this  iict,  tind  all  the  provisimis,  penalties, 
.Hid  forfeitures  therein  contained,  shall  extend,  and  he  deemed  iind  conslnn'd  to  extend,  lo  any  such 
iiiirt  or  ports,  as  fully  as  if  the  same  had  been  inserted  and  enniiierated  in  the  above  talile  :  provided 
also,  that  nothing  herein-before  contained  shall  extend  to  prohibit  tlie  iiiiiiortatioii  or  exportation  of 
i;i)i)d3  into  or  from  any  ports  or  places  in  NewfouiHlliind  or  Labrador  in  Hiitisli  ships.— J  3. 

His  Maje.ity  may  appoint  Ports  for  limited  Purposes. — And  whereas  theri^  arc  in  the  saiil  possessions 
iimny  places  situated  in  riviirs  ami  in  bays  tit  wliicli  it  may  lie  neci  ssary  to  <'.--i:iii!isli  pmis  tor  par- 
licidar  and  limited  purposes  only;  be  it  therefore  enacteil,  that  it  sliall  lie  liuvl'iil  I'nr  his  Majesty,  on 
,inj  order  in  council  made  for  tlie  appointment  of  any  free  port,tolimii  and  coiitine  such  aiipoiiitmcnts 
ri'.siiectively  to  any  and  such  purposes  only  as  shall  be  expressed  in  sitcli  order.— ^i  4. 

Pritikjtes  granted  to  Foreign  Ships  limited  tu  the  Shijw  of  thni-e  CiihhM'Ic*  nvdiilio;;-  the  li!;e  Pririleirr.t 
lo  British  Ship.-<,  i*j-c. — And  whereas  by  the  law  of  navigation  foreiLMi  slii|)sare  periiiitled  to  iiiiporl  into 
.".iiyofthe  llritish  possessions  abroad,  from  the  counlrieH  to  which  tin  y  hclmi!;,  l'hoiIs  the  produce  of 
iliose  countries,  and  to  export  goods  from  such  possessions  to  be  ciirried  In  any  foreign  country  what- 
ever; he  it  therefore  enacted,  that  the  privileces  tln^reliy  L'rante<l  to  l'ovei!.'ii  ships  shall  bi^  linited  to 
ihf  ships  of  those  countries  which,  having  colonial  possessions,  shall  grant  the  like  privileges  of 
trading  with  those  possessions  to  British  ships,  or  which,  not  hiivim;  colonial  possessions,  shall  place 
LJ:e  coiujuerce  aiul  navigation  of  this  country,  and  uf  its  iiosscs;sions  ubro.ad,  upon  the  footing  uf  the 


Dw'n. 

gr:  Tr. 

17 

8 

8 

16 

4 

8 

2 

4 

18 

12 

9 

6 

4 

15 

6 

22 

3 

11 

5 

8 

2 

IfJ 

5 

S 

Value  in  CurrcDCV. 

/,.    f. 

d. 

_ 

5    () 

0 

. 

2  10 

U 

. 

1    R 

0 

- 

0  12 

0 

_ 

5  10 

0 

. 

2  15 

0 

. 

1    7 

6 

. 

2    0 

0 

. 

1    0 

0 

_ 

1  12 

6 

. 

0  18 

3 

- 

1  12 

0 

'MIK'tM 

**■>  iMti 

■■"'■•,«•» 

.li>ltl'l4M 

*«,  ,1,^ 

Ki«^''1 

.iiir:a^ 

0i  '*> 

■v>«,,,mm 

-'•HI 

:'::^ 

\i*% 


'.n: 


4 


i!iii'«mij 

i..i;'i  '  ■ 

:,!,ii'  f««»« 

'III!!!;:': 


•B«il9 


1    --^-^ 


■'■■'(. 


424 


COLONIES  AND 


G.xtcnt,  Population,  Stc.  of  the  British  North  Americnn  and  West  Indian  Colonics, 


MBE! 


IT* 


•S 


■'1 

0 


f      i 


'  ?  •,!      r 


rf 


'■  !' 


i 


British  North  America 

n  Colouies. 

Area  in  BritiHh 
Sijiiare  Miles. 

i8oa 

1825. 

193.1, 
or  latest  tenins. 

1 

I/iwer  Can:>da 

. 

250,000 

200,000 

423,630 

519.no-i 

1  ■   — 1 

I'pper  t-.iii.iil.\ 

. 

. 

lOi.OOO 

70,718 

157.5.1 

336,461          1        ■ 

N«?w  Hruiiiwick 

. 

27,700 

a->,ixio 

72,(02 

H 

2 

Nov.i  Scotia 

15,600 

65,00(1 

104,000  > 
16J)00  5 

M2,>ts               B 

*< 

Cipe  BreUiii     • 

, 

. 

3,100 

2,313 

— 

IViiicc  KJwanl' 

Iiland 

. 

2,100 

0,676 

20,000 

32.292                 H 

?i 

fjewfouudlaud 

Totals 

; 

36,000 

26,505 

62,497 

60,088 

439,300 

409,412 

846,600 

1,239,831 
It  Census. 

British 

West  Indian 

Culuiiiei}. 

Area 

ill 
IlrilUli 
Shi  a  re 
Miles. 

Iniporls 

of  an;.ir 

from 

West 

1824. 

1834,  or  lalei 

Whites. 

Free 

Coloured. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

Wliiira, 

Tree 
Coioureil. 

Apprsnl. 
I.abnur. 

Tohl. 

Coldiiies 

into  L'.  K. 

inl!<33. 

lale. 
emale. 

.J        1 

■a        1 

Si! 
11 

3  § 

1 

«        u, 

^.u. 

**.:*, 

^'•M 

<-iM 

--i  1 

Cwl. 

Ant!  1(11  a 
IlirbadnPi 

109 

iriM.'iOS  1,140        840 

1,549     2,346 

M,454       16„'i3l 

36,860 

1,980 

33,432 

— 

K»:'      ^H 

9  ' 

laO 

3il,70,i 

6,827    i,m\ 

2,2-i8      2,266 

36,139       41,637 

97,970 

14,959 

5.146 

62,807 

H 

H  '. 

273 

a>.oi4 

4S7        417 

1,406      1,738 

7,919         8,li.V. 

20.622 

K40 

3.606 

14,384 

I'^KiO             ^^H 

t 

Oreiiadi 

125 

17U,JaO 

62S         219 

l,3s7      2,10.1 

12,258        13,052 

211,618 

801 

3,786 

2:),5a6 

SMJ3'       ^1 

V 

Jimiica 

? 

1,145,377 

5          37,lK          / 

}  110  ccusin  taken.  J 

17j        213  1   234         320 

166,393     169,638 

373,403 

No  census  taken. 

31l,692» 

3ll,(»2l       ^1 

n 

47 

1 6,211  > 

3,032         3,473 

7,447 

330 

974 

6,335 

^H 

t  li 
1  J. 

39,637 

1,140 

4,->>3         4,678 

10.401 

700 

2.(»)0 

8,722 

^H 

St.  Kitt*» 

«S 

B7,6M 

1,612 

I,99C 

9,30".      io;ii2 

23,423 

1,61-2 

3,000 

20,660 

^H 

"Nt.  Ijiici.i 

OS 

34,13J 

676        918 

1,576     2.063 

6,297         7.497 

18,6-17 

881 

3,919 

13,34X 

St.  V'incmit 

130 

195,0 16 

l,0J3 

1,482 

12,007        12,245 

26,787 

1,301 

2,'24 

22,997 

Tobaijo  - 

1»7 

77,2tiO 

2C0          44 

223        360 

6,i38         7,098 

14,485 

280 

3,000 

11,621 

^H 

JorioU  and  Virgin 

13,921 

207        201 

283        32!- 

2,975         3,485 

7,479 

477 

1,296 

5,192 

(,%■;.      ^^1 

■ 

__ 



102        203 

IM          177 

1,279         1,693 

3.666 

365 

327 

2,3'* 

Si'lH 

^^H 

2,100 

221,312 

2,243      1,8-3 

6,681      7,314 

13,0i2        10,;U6 

41,479 

4,201 

18,724 

22,339 

45.24 
W5-1 

^^^1 

, 

Eiliumaa 

— 

2,2-2     2,278 

867      1,332 

5,529         5,279 
2,620         2,62i; 

17,367 
10,612 

4,6.37 

4,211 

9,705 

■ 

Ht-rtimdM 

— 

— 

1,S97     2,751 

4,2« 

4,456 

— 

6.7.'0 

Briluhlruiana,  De- 

H   '- 

niarara  atid   £s- 

6S,i,2S4 

2,609       250 

1,336     1,773 

41,224       33,753 

80,045 

3,006 

6,360 

63,5.36 

Tl.K 

■  i^ 

PI 



126,143 

4S3        108 

325        610 

13,007       10,349 

24,752 

570 

1,651 

I9,3;9 

2l,i81.        ^H 

N(? 

Hoiidoras 

63,000 

136         61 

685        737 

1,634            811 
ToW     • 

4,107 

2de 

1,788 

1,920 
Tolal 

gg 

8.30,304 

■ 

.1 

1? 

Population  and  Trade  of  Asiatic,  African,  and  Earoptiin  Colonies  in  IS34. 


Declared  or 

Number  and  Tiinnaije  of  Vcuel! 

British  African  and  European 

Colonies. 

Population. 

Imports 
into  the 
Unileil 
Kinzdom, 
Official 
Value. 

Exports 
from  the 

United 

Kingdom, 

(HIicial 

Value. 

real  Val'ie 
of  British 
and  Irish 
I'roiluee 
and  Manu- 
faclures  ex- 
porteil  from 

to  and  from  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Coloniei. 

Whiles. 

Free 

Coloured 
and  Ap- 

lnw»rds. 

1 
Outnardi,     1 

prentices. 

the  U.K. 

1 

L. 

L. 

L. 

Shipt, 

T<ini. 

Shivt. 

8,844 

84,464 

782,148 

307,848 

149,318 

75 

20,909 

33 

o.im! 

6,786 

1,150,259 

289,917 

95,9.37 

.30,181 

10 

2,774 

13 

1,31  •! 

New  South  Wales  • 

60,794 

^ 

132,040 

733.825 

482,313 

> 

Van  nienien's  Land 

37,688 

— 

95,349 

330,539 

230,145 

t    « 

12,400 

90 

29,5671 

— 

— 

69 

5,089 

3,555 

) 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

55,675 

76)279 

248,760 

619,153 

304,381 

27 

5,366 

47 

!l,Ui 

bierra  Leone,  and  settlements 

on  the  coast  of  Africa- 

83 

33,438 

River  Gambia,  ."^ierra  Leone, 

and  coast  to  Me«ura(K   - 

Windward  Coast  from  Mesu- 

r.ada  to  Cape  Apolloriia 
Cape  Cttast  C.istle  and  Gold 

456,016 

794,970 

323,687 

136 

32,213 

150 

35,35s 

Coast  from  Cape  Apiillonia 

toRioVoHa 

Coast  from  Rio  Volla  to  Cape 

of  Good  Hopa  (including 

Fernando  Po)      - 

Ileliijoland  - 

2,221 

_ 

II 

203 

31 

1 

.36 

1 

a 

14,998 

10 

47,33.3 

1,423,166 

460,719 

28 

3,720 

too 

12,sv-l 

M.ilta 

123,123 

— 

14,955 

589,425 

242,696 

9 

1,219 

8C 

13,0061 

Cnit'jd  Slates  of  the    Ionian 

Islands     - 

194,395 

-          1        207,393 

214,229 

— 

62 

8,469 

■12 

5,71)! 

*  The  wlutc  population  of  Jamaica  ii  supposed  to  amount  to  about  36,000. 


I- 

t 

s^ 

■' 

I3 

£!2 

\m 

r 

i^ 

*>K> 

-1 

£13 

COLONY  TRADE. 


425 


idian  Colonics. 


1S34, 

or  lalesi  Cemui. 

30 

Mt.no-i 

tl 

338,461 

12 

119,457 

00> 

«0j 

MAMS 

00 

32.2!« 

97 

«),UM 

lOO 

I,239,>,->1 

1S34,  or  bttvt  Cenius, 


Freu 

Coloured. 

ApprTOl. 

-J 

si 

0 

y 

0 

1 

33,432 
HMO 
3,(i06 
3,7*0 

82is07 
14,3i.4 
23,336 

ei 

SU3  lakc'ii. 

31l,6!)2« 

0 
X) 

a 
1 
ji 

074 
2,1X10 
3,000 
3,9 19 
2.S24 
3,000 

6,3'i3 
H,7J2 
20,660 
t3.34S 
22,997 
11,621 

5S 
Dl 
57 
M 

1,296 
327 
18,724 
4.211 
4,466 

5,l»2 

2,3s|< 

22,3.19 

9,70i 

oe 

70 
M 

6J60 
1,651 

1,788 

6.-.,.W6 

19,359 

1,920 

Tolal 


TuUl, 


lOi.nlJ 

l\Ni(' 

3n.mi 

■i,m 

IMIN 

2T,li>. 

4,401 ; 

i.H\ 
'K5T3! 


71,*^' 

2l!Sl 


nies  in  1834. 


umBcr  ami  Tonmife  of  Vejiei! 

to  ,111(1  front  the  United 
Kingdom  .iDil  llie  Colnnie). 


Invvanls. 


Onti\anij, 


i 

0 

Tmu. 
20,909 
2,774 

Shipf, 
33 
13 

Tmf. 
4,3|. 

2 

12,400 

90 

29,i6T| 

7 

5,566 

47 

9,u; 

6 

32,213 

IM 

35,35! 

1 

s 

9 

56 
3,720 
1,219 

I 

100 
86 

13,006 

2 

S,4e9 

■a 

5,:i) 

r^5aS. 


a         wwooHt*  HH^E^^y  sctoppo 
SSi  '  •  •  • 


■'  i 


«B|||ie 


I  ll  ?  f  ,5  In  5  If  I  |i  ? 
^.Bs.-i"_?:E,-l-§g.-^-B 

cr  J"  *     _ 

..?•..  .83 8.  . 

3      i 


1 


I-  ? 


OS  3  o 


5  2.     ' 


.52°  °  5525932° 
o o 3  g  O  O  o §s5§g 

P?        S? 
'29c  D99999e9g 

3  :2  P  ^  S  S  Z  3  3  3  s  9 

g.  ■r 


13 'kI^    ?§^  sillsSsl'^isS 


if 


B 
a 


I 


si  s 


»3 

o>  (£>  ri      01 S  - 1  *.  'i  RS  -  3.  5.  Ij  K  fo 
Ki  —  --1      u<  —  'X  oi  !•»  A>  3  ^  X  >i  i2  C3 


gs§ 


c5j  *- 


is  Si 


MK(    m         ^  *- OS      ^ -^i  —  OJj^tDOiW  X  .t«  -  I  to 

§32    ess  iS^ilsssgs^isg; 


2  Sta«58! 


-6  CO      csa**     oDxo=:4k,(bcou%u!c3< 


a—     &w-^jai 

n.to.too«»tooto»~i 


— y>  o>  j^S     >— .u OM o* to  —  Tc okj  —  ui 


af33& 


r,^8  =  SJ 


-yt   —        M. 


U>  O  j4  &3J<9  —  QC  O  tQ  —  QD 


*."  -a       rrtJtS      ^F?OK)oS,t»."S^(Bo^5 


2n2 


■fe! 


99   559  9 


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moHt  fiivnurod  rifilion,  iinloflw  hifl  MnjcMly  hy  order  in  rounril  »>hnll  in  nny  oniio  *f«pm  ft  r^pp(ii,>nf  tr; 
KiUDl  llir  wliulc  or  any  olHiirh  privilt'tfi'H  Ki  flu'  HliipH  nf  »ny  t'orcitfii  roiinlry,  iilllioiiuh  Hit'?*.'  rorHh. 
lidiiH  he  not  in  all  rt'rtprt'tH  I'dltlllril  liy  itiicli  ('«iri'i(in  rniiniry:  provided,  that  nn  Inrrimi  i-onntry  shun 
Ih!  (|*'t;riit'(l  ti»  lmv«;  riillillrd  the  Iicforti-incntinnt'il  comiitioiiH.  or  lo  lip  niiitlt'd  to  iIichi' priviltMr,.^ 
iinlr>4!4  his  MaJ<>Hty  hIi;iI|,  hy  h\A  ordtT  or  ordcrn,  liuvr  diulart'd  that  hiicIi  fnrfian  cniintry  liaiii  mii  ini 
fdhMJ  tJM'  Hai(l  ronditiiniH»  and  it*  I'nlitUMJ  to  tln!  i*aid  jirivilrurj* :  provided  aUn,  ihai  i!v*'ry  order  in 
rourii'il  ill  \\trv(i  at  tilt;  time  of  tliu  roinnuMict'rnotit  or  thin  att,  whcrrhy  drrlaration  in  niadr  ot' tin 
ronntries  rmitti'fl  in  wlioh*  or  in  part  tot  ho  privilrucit  ol'tlit!  law  ot'naviuatlon,  hIiuU  contianu  in  (orot< 
af*  rtr.irtnally  an  iftlic  itarnu  had  Uv.vw  uunU*  undt-r  Ihr  anthorily  of  this  ait.— ^  r». 

77(1.*  ^rt  not  to  (\[fert  certain  ^crv.--NothinR  contained  in  thin  art,  or  any  oilmr  art  paPf**-)!  in  the  pn-. 
dent  nesHion  of  parliament,  hIuiII  extend  to  repeal  or  In  any  other  way  alter  or  attert  an  art  (I  iu-o  .\ 
c  77.),  intituled  "An  Art  to  anihori/,i»  hin  Majesty,  under  certain  rirrninslanccH,  to  reuulale  Itii*  Dmi,.^ 
unii  Orau'hackrt  on  (ioodn  iin|»orted  or  exported  in  foreiun  Vt^nseU,  and  to  exempt  irrtain  fun-n.,, 
VesselH  from  I'ilotaue,**  nor  to  r4'[)eal  or  in  any  way  alter  or  atferl  an  art  (r>  (ieo.  \.  c.  TjO.)  to  aiiiin,! 
tlie  last-mentioned  art;  and  that  all  trade  and  intereourne  lietwtM^n  iImj  llritish  jiONHetHions  ami  ;i)i 
loreitfn  eonntrien  Hhall  In-  Huliject  to  tin-  jiowern  jrranled  to  hin  Majenty  hy  those  ads.— $  i\. 

Oonds  pruhihitnl  or  rentrirti'd  to  be  iiiiportcil  into  CV/ioiim.— The  seviral  Horts  of  uoodn  eminierJUfd  or 
(leKcrihcd  in  the  tahh;  followinir,  denominated  **A  Talde  of  l»rohlhitloii«  and  KeslrlrtionH,"  are  lu>n'|,\ 
prtdiiliiied  to  Im-  imporiiMl  or  hrouRht,  either  hy  nea  or  hy  inland  carriage  or  itaviKatioiu  imo  thj 
Itritish  jioHHeKsioMH  in  America,  or  Hhall  he  ho  imported  or  hroni^iht  only  under  tin*  reutrictioriH  hhh- 
lioned  in  buch  lablo,  according  as  tlie  auverul  HortH  of  such  goodn  ure  scl  forth  tluToin  ;  (tlmtiHin 
•ay,) 

^  Table  of  Prohibit iont  and  Restrictions. 


Giinpo\T,|,-r,  :irnis,  ammunitinnH  or  utrinlla  of  w.ir,  pmliibid'd  (n  he 
nniinrlfJ,  i'Xi>>-|)t  troiii  (hu  I'liiteJ  KitiKiIoin,  ur  from  uinie  other 
Itntish  i>ns-*«-^S(oii. 

Tfi,  pmMiljift'iI  lo  ho  impnrtL'il  vxctyt  from  the  Uniled  KiiiKilom,  nr 
t'roni  tnmv  nttuT  RrJiith  iHiMfMlon  in  America,  iititesi  ty  llic  K.iKt 
liidii  C''<ni|>i(ny,  or  wiUi  thfir  licence  during  the  cnntiiiuance  of 
their  vxi  liisive'  n^ht  of  in'if. 

Fi<h,dri*'il  or  silted,  oil,  IdutihtT,  fim,  or  skins,  the  proiluce  of  crr.i- 
luren  living  in  the  mm,  prohihiled  to  he  imported,  exrt-pl  from  'he 
I'lnled  Kintfdoni,  nr  I'roiii  Sf^niu  other  Priii^h  fyniispstion,  or  iiiiles*i 
taken  hy  IMlish  ships  littcd  out  from  the  I'niled  Ktiifilornnr  from 
Mime  Riiiish  poisewinn,  a\h\  hroui;ht  in  fnnn  the  fishery,  .md  ex* 


n-pt  lierrinKK  from  the  Isle  of  Man,  takftn  nnit  cnred  by  the  it,},^ 
I'itiiits  thereof. 


Coltee,  siie.ir,  inel.-issti.anil  mm,  heitiK  of  foreign  prndictintijortV 
pnidncti.iii  rif  .iny  phcft  within  the  limila  ttf  the  Kmt  InAln  (;,,,„. 
panj's  ch  trliT,  prohibited  to  lie  inipnrte<l  into  any  of  \i\p  Rnink 
jioBsemr  .is  on  the  cnntinent  of  South  Amerir-i  op  in  thr  WVit 
Indies  he  Hthnma  an  t  nermndn  isl.in  In  not  includetl),  exren  i^ 
he  war  iioinerl  forfxivirtation  only  ;  and  may  iNo  l>tpri^hiliiViio 
he  int  .irted  iiiln  the  Dahaina  or  the  Ilermuda  idl.ind)  hy  hii  M.. 
je*ty'  nni'T  in  council. 

n.iJtc  or  foiiiiUTlfi'  C'dm  ;\Tid  l»ooks,  snrh  a»  ire  pndiihite,!  t'>  |,e  im. 
portei)  into  the  I'niled  Kiiii;  loin,  prohihite*!  to  lie  impnrtvil. 

And  if  any  irooils  shall  he  inu">rtei!  or  hroueht  into  any  oftho  IJritinh  possessiotiH  in  America  mutrarv 
to  any  of  the  pmhihitions  or  restrictions  mentioned  in  such  tahle  in  respect  of  such  uoods.  tin?  snml. 
HJiall  hv.  forfeitnl ;  and  if  the  ship  or  vessrd  in  which  such  goods  sluilt  he  iin])orted  he  of  le.id  burdin 
than  70  tons,  stich  ship  or  vessel  t^hall  also  In;  torfeited.— ^  7. 

Cofrv,  vVv-*  tfioi/irfi  liriti.-ih^  ihevicfl  Fortiirn  in  certain  Cascs.--\\\  cniTvv,  Huear,  me-tasnos,  ntxl  nim 
(althntmh  thi>  name  may  he  of  the  llrilish  plantations),  ijxported  from  any  of  lite  llritish  possessions  iir 
America,  into  which  the  like  uoods  of  toreJL'n  production  can  he  legally  imported,  shall,  upon  niitise- 
iliient  importation  from  tlienct'  into  any  of  the  llritish  t>(>^sessionH  in  America,  into  whicti  siycli  jrnoiis 
hi'iiiir  of  foreiL'ti  prodmtion.  cannot  he  legally  imported,  or  into  tht*  Tnited  Kinydmn,  he  dernieil  tn  In. 
of  f.ireiiiii  production,  ami  shall  he  liahle,  on  such  ituportatioii  rfS[K»ctively.  to  tlie  same  diitieH  nr  \\io, 
satne  ftirfeittircs  as  articles  of  the  like  description,  heiuK  of  foreign  production,  would  lie  liittdini^ 
unless  the  saint;  Nhall  have  heen  wartdiotised  under  tin.'  [)rovision»  of  this  net,  and  e:iport(Ml  frnui  ih.' 
wirehouse  ilirect  to  such  other  llritish  iJossusHion,  or  to  the  United  Kingdom,  us  the  case  niiivbc 

-^s.  •  ■• 

Duties  of  Importation  in  America. — There  shall  ho  raised,  lovit^d,  collected,  and  paid  iintn  hU 
Maji'sty  the  sever'il  duties  of  customs,  as  the  same  are  respectively  set  forth  in  fiptires  in  the  tahiiinf 
duties  Inrein-afiei'  contained,  upon  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  imported  or  hrought  iitto  iuyof 
his  .Maje:^ly*»  poatie:i$ion3  in  Ainericu ;  (tliat  is  to  nay,) 

Table  of  Duties, 


Duties  piyaldc  upon  spirits,  heine  of  the  prowlh,  proihiction,  or  ma* 
niit'nrtuVe  of  the  I'nited  Kingdom,  or  of  any  of  the  British  pos- 
.scs->iiiiis  III  America  or  the  West  ludiea,  impurtud  lutu  NewfuuDil* 
Und  or  Canida. 

SpirlH  itiiporfed  Into  Newfoundland  ;  viz.  L.    j,  d, 

ihe  pr.>.!uee  rf  any  of  the  British  po'^spaslons  in  South 
Amrrin  or  Ihe  West  Indies;  viz. 
iniporte-l  frnni  any  Hrifish  possession  in  America, 

or  fmm  Ihe  United  Kingdom,  the  ifallon  -    0    0    G 

Imiwirted  from  any  other  place,  to  be  deemeii  fo« 
reitrn,  and  lo  he  char^eil  wilh  duty  as  such, 
tl.e  pro lucf  of  anv  British  possession  in  North  Ame* 
rira.  or  of  the  t'lii'ed  Kingdom,  .md  imported  from 
the  I'nilet  Kimcdnin,  or  from  any  British  possession 
in  America,  the  gallon  -  •  -  -016 

Imported   from  any  other  pl.ice,   to  he  deemed 
foreiirii,  an  I  to  he  charged  with  duty  as  such. 
Spirits  imporlai  intot'anada;  viz. 

the  pntilnce  of  .my  British  possession  In  South  Ame« 
rioa  or  the  West  lndii*s,  md  imported  from  any 
British  possession  in  Amerir.a,  or  fnim  the  t'oiteil 
Kingdom,  the  ^llon  -  -  .  -    0    0    6 

Iniporicl   fn>m  any  other  place,  to  l)e  deemed 
fondi^n,  and  In  be  charged  with  diilv  as  such. 
A'T<f.— Wlien  imported  from  the  Vniled  Kiim-iom,  this  duty  is 
not  lo  he  abated  upon  the  ground  of  anv  duty  under  any  colonial 
law. 

Duties  payable  upon  roods,  wares,  and  mrrchindise,  not  tieinjc  of 
the  growth,  pr'Klncli'm.  or  nnmifaclure  of  the  I'nitol  Kinzdnm, 
or  (S  any  of  the  British  p/»Bsessifins  in  America.  im|>orftfl  or 
Iroiisl.t  into  any  of  the  British  possessions  in  America,  by  sea  or 
ty  iidand  c.irrioice  ornavi^ation. 

Import:*d  intothe  British  possessions  in  Ihe  West  Indies  or 
on  tilt;  continent  of  South  America,  or  into  the  Bahama 
or  Rermtwli  islands  ;  viz. 

Wheal  Hour,  the  harrel  .  -  .  -    0    5    0 

importe.1  from  any  British  possession  in  North 
America,  or  from  the  warehouse  in  the  I'nited 
Kin^dnni  .....     Free. 

thinili^.  not  more  than  12  inches  in  h-nelh,  the  1,000    0    7    0 
more  thin  12  ineht*s  in  leni^th,  the  1.000  •    0  14    0 

imjiorted  from  any  British  poBsession  in  North 
America,  or  from  the  warehouse  in  the  Unittil 
Kingdoui  .....     Free. 


Red  oak  staves  ami  beadings;  viz. 

until  the  1st  of  J.muary.  1S34,  the  1,000    . 

on  and  from  Ihe  Isl  <if  Janoarv,  ISJl,  until  the 

1st  of  .January.  1H36,  the  1,000 

onand  from  the  Islof  dmuary,  IKIU,  the  1,000  . 

Imported   from  any  British  |xi»cs»ion  in  Nnrth 

America,  or  from  the  warehouse  in  the  United 

Kingdom  .  .  .  .  . 

While  oak  siavt's  and  ht-adings;  viz. 

un'ii  the  1st  of  January.  IH34,  the  l.flOO  - 

on  and  from  Ihe  1st  of  January,  ISIW,  until  the 

lal  of  Jannar),  1836,  Ihe  I.OOO 

on  and  from  tin*  l»t  of  January,  IMfi,  the  1.000  - 

inip'irted  from  any   Bntisih  I'mssesiinn  in  North 

America,  or  from  the  wareliouse  in  the  rnltfrl 

KiiijEdom  -  •  -  -  . 

Pitch  pine  lumber,  I  inch  thick,  ihe  1.000 

iniporled   from  any  British  possi-ssidii  in  North 

AiiMTlr.i,  or  from  fie  uarehonse  in  Ihc  I'nifed 

Ivinplotn  ..... 

While  and  yellow  pine  lumber,  1  inch  lh(ck,the  1,000 

feet ;  viz, 

until  the  Isl  of  Jamiary,  I'^^-l 

on  and  from  the  1st  of  Januan*,  1834,  until  the 

1st. if  Jann-irj-,  1S36       -        '  • 
on  and  frorfi  the  \s\  of  J.muary,  1S3C 
impiirted  from  any  British  possession  in  North 
America,  or  from  the  warehouse  Id  llie  Vuitf  1 
Kingdom  -  .  .  .  . 

Hye  wmul  and  cahine'-maker's  woo<J  - 
Other  kinds  of  wood  and  lumber,  1  incii  thick,  the 

1,000  fret 

Wood  hofipslho  1,000 

imported  from  any  Brilish  pos-iession  in  North 
America,  or  from  Ihe  warebouiie  iu  the  I  niled 
Kingdom  ..... 

Beef  m  I  pork,  salteif.  of  ill  sorts,  the  cwt.      . 

imi>orlwl  fmm  any  British  pnssesiion  in  North 
Auifrica  ..... 

Imported  into  New    BnirKwiik,   Nova  Scotia,  or  Prince 
Kdwird's  Marid  ;  viz. 
Wht-at  flour,  tin-  barrel  .... 

Beef  and  pork,  salted,  of  all  sorln,  the  cwl.     - 
frmb,  lirought  by  land  or  iulaod  oavigatioii 


L,  I.  i. 

1  6  ; 

1   2  i 

0  M  I) 

Fiw. 

r  3  s 

0  19  0 
012  i 

Tm. 

1    1  0 

Frw. 


•  13a 


I    6  D 

I    I   0 


Fr«. 
Free. 


I    1  1 
0   5  i 


Tnt. 
0  12  0 


0  S  C 
0  12  0 
Prei. 


COLONY  TRADE. 


427 


[.in,  fakfn  nml  cnred  6y  the  ^[,}^^ 


^n1p<^rtall  ioto  Hnj  of  the  Dritiih  poMiwioni  In  America  i 

Spirit;  vU. 

Uriiii  tVt  ir«ii'<vMf  or  cnnliAti^  and  other ipirili,  u. 

ca|)(  rum,  iNf  K»lt<iii        .... 

ami  ruritier,  \\\v  aninunt  nf  »njr  <luty  piyntite 

for  thti  liino  beintt  nii  «|iiritR  the  nuiiufac* 

ture  nf  iba  UuitiNl  Kiiindoai 

RuiD,  tilt*  icnilun      ..... 

aittl  furtlifir,  the  amnunt  of  nny  duty  piyii}i1e 

for  llin  time  beiiii(  nu  rum  of  the  Hriliah 

{)(mi>Mions  in  South  America  or  the  Wut 
iMlira. 
N.  H.— Hum,  allhnuKb  Tlritiih,   if  ini|)nrted 
rn>rii  Auy  llritJBh  powfMinn  in  which  rurrii(n 
niiu  is  not  |iri)hibite<l,  ia  treAtud  as  fnreiitti,  un- 
iesi  it  h^d  ))fi-invarehouiixl,an(l  cxportttil  fro  n 
the  w.irrhouse. 
Wipe  in  bottle*,  the  lull  -  .  -  . 

and  turther,  fur  every  1001.  of  the  value 

.-iiid  nil  the  bottUt,  the  ilozen  - 
boltleil  ill  and  iinpnriixl  frini  Ihr  United  King- 
duiii,  Utr  every  lUOJ.  of  the  value 
thii  tmltlen       ..... 

Will''  n'll  in  iMJttles,  forevrry  100/.  of  the  value 

iaiiH)riB<l  into  the  Hritmh  (xxufiitiiinii  in  North 

AmiTic.1  Irom  Oitiraltaror  Malt.i,  subject  tn  nn 

higher  duty  ihan  if  iniporte.1  fnuii  the  United 

Kiui^doiii}  viz.  I'lOlhuf  the  duly  rtuiilte<l, 

Cnffoe,  Iht!  t'wt.  .  .  .  .  . 

CocM,  thecwt.  .  ,  .  .  . 

Su<u,thecwt.  .  .  .  ,  , 

MclMWill.llll'CWt.  .  .  .  .  . 

aiiil  further,  the  amount  of  any  duty  payable  for 

thtMinie  beinic  on  cntfee,  rciroa,  siii(ar,  and  me> 

Ia.«es  respcclively,  heinn  the  pn^duce  of  the 

ilritish  ii(>s»euii)us  in  South  Auierica  nr  tliu 

Wwt  Iniifii. 

Clxb  at"^  wjlchr^.  bMlbfir  manufactures,  linen,  mtuicil 

iniirumerds  wirw  i>t'  all  sorts,  IhhiIh  and  papers,  silk 

ftiDiifaCures,  for  every  100/.  i)f  the  v.ilue 

C'iMDwniificturi'S,  siiap,  refined  aunar,  (lUjfar  canuy,  tn 

hccn  ni.innrictured,  cutton  manufactures,  tor  every  100/. 

f,f  the  value  ..... 

Alibuler,  .iiichoviei,  arnol,    anmet^l,    amber,    almomh, 

brim-itone,  botar^n,  Imx  wood,  turrants,  capers,  caaca* 

C(in,ci)n)niin  M***'))  coral,  cork,  cinnabar,  dates;  essence 

uf  beri{Uuol»  of  lemon,  of  rotes,  of  citron,  of  oranges, 


I,  f.  d. 


0    1    0 


0    0    6 


7  7  0 
7  10  0 
0    1    0 

7  10    0 
Free. 
7  10    0 


0  5  0 

0  6  0 

0  5  0 

0  3  0 


30    0    0 
20    0    0 


nllavender.of  riMPninry  I  Mnery^Mni';  frU'f,  prrs«rv«l 
in  aUK^r  or  brandy;  litpi ;  h><nfy  ;  iron  in  bar*,  un* 
wrouifbl,  and  pi^  iron  ;  jumper  berriei,  inrrnie  of  fr«iik* 
tncenM',  lav.t  and  Milta  ilniie  fur  l'Uil>tini(,  leniils  ;  mar* 
ble,  n>U|(h  -iihI  wnrkud :  mnuic  ^vuik,  nn-dali,  musk, 
macraroni,  nntt  of  all  kinds;  oil  of  olivi-i,  oil  of  al- 
mond];  orris  Mol,  oslrlch  feather^,  ochres,  onnife  bud* 
and  (Kwl,  olives,  pilch,  puklns  in  jars  -ind  hoKIni,  naint- 
inirs,  po//iilani,  pumire  sloiif.  punk,  l'.kriiirsiii  cfirfse, 
pickles, prints,  (mirli,  precious alniiei  ('■xceptdiiiiiondi), 
ipiickadver,  raisins,  sansiKes,  sponicea,  t;tr,  turpentine, 
fcrmilion,  vermicelli,  whetslimrt;  for  every  lOiU.  ofihn 
value         ....... 

OoihIs,  wares,  ami  nierchamlisr,  not  otherwise  ch.irifed 
with  duly, -tnd  not  herein  derlarril  to  be  free  ot  duly, 
for  everv  lOOi.  of  the  value  .... 

Coin,  bullion,  and  diamonds;  horses,  mules,  asses,  neat 
rallle,  anil  nil  other  live  stock;  tallow  and  raw  hidmi 
rice  ;  corn  and  ((rain,  uiiKround  ;  bisruil  nr  bread  ;  mi^t 
or  Hour  (eicept  wheit  llnurf ;  frcab  meat,  fresh  t\sh, 
carriaiesof  travellers      .  .  .  •  • 

Whrat  flour,  beef  and  (lork,  hims  and  bacon,  wooti  and 
lutriiter,  im|Hirtel  into  Canada;  wo<id  and  lumber,  iiu> 
iioTfcd  into  New  Hrunswick,  Nova  Scolia,  or  Frince 
IMwird's  Island;  hav  and  straw,  fruit  and  vegetables, 
fn*sh  ;  wit,  cotton  wool  :  cof»dt,  the  prwl-iceof  places 
within  the  limits  of  the  Kail  India  Conip.iny's  charter, 
ini[H)rlBd  fmm  those  places,  or  from  the  United  Kin((- 
dom,  or  from  some  place  in  ihe  British  domiiiionB  ;  her- 
rinns  taken  and  curwl  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Isle  of 
Mill,  .Tnd  importe<l  fmm  thence;  luml«r,  the  itroductt 
of  and  importeil  from  any  llrilish  ifossession  on  the  west 
co.ist  of  Africa;  any  sort  of  crafi ;  fcHhl  and  victuals,  ex- 
cept Bpiritn;  and  any  mirt  of  cintbinx,  and  implements 
and  materi.ils,  fit  and  necessary  f.ir  the  Ilritish  fi«iheriet 
in  America,  imiHirted  into  Ihe  place  -at  or  fnmi  whence 
such  fishery  is  carried  on  ;  drugs,  ((mns  or  resins,  dye 
wofxl  and  hard  wttod,  cabinel-nnker's  wooti,  tortoise- 
shell,  hemp,  f1:tx,  and  tow  .  .  •  • 

Seeds,  whe.al  flour,  fruits,  pickles,  woo<ls  nf  .ill  sorts, 
oaknni,  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  ochres,  liriinsioiie,  siil* 
phur,  ve«[elable  oils,  burr  stones,  dof  Jlones,  hops,  cork, 
aaifo,  tapiitca,  B|K)nge.  sausages,  cheese,  cider,  wax,  spices, 
tatiow,  imported  ilirect  from  the  warehouse  in  the 
Unitwl  Kin<dom.  .  .  .  .  - 

Ail  fc^oils  imi)orted  from  the  United  Kimfdoni,  after  having 
there  paid  the  duttesnf  cnnBumption,and  beiuK  uxiurted 
from  thence  without  drawback    .  •  .  • 


L.  $,4, 


7  10    0 


15    0    0 


Free. 


Free. 


Freft. 


Free. 


'II «  I  I 

^"•■.It  •) 

ii'll 

'•I'll 


i 


1 


,  I  inchlhick.thi!  I.ODO 


iiiunry,  tS.'Vl,  iiiilil  the 


iova  Scotia,  or  Prince 


Unilifnnynf  the  goods  horoln-lieforc  mnntinned  shall  be  imported  throiiRli  the  United  Kinffdom  (hnv- 
iiisbpi'nwiirchoiiscd  therein,  and  exported  from  the  wurelioiise,  or  the  duties  tliereon,  If  there  paid, 
Im'vin;  lieiMi  ilriiwn  bunlf),  one  tentli  part  of  the  dutioa  herein  imposed  sliull  lie  remitted  in  respect  uf 
jjfligomls.— }  'J- 

Am  nut  repctiled. — Nothinir  in  this  net  or  in  nny  other  passed  in  the  present  session  of  parliament 
shall  extend  to  repeal  or  nbrouate,  or  in  nny  way  to  alter  or  ntfert  an  act  (IS  r.co.  ."i.  r,  12.),  intituled 
"An  Act  fur  reinovinR  all  Doiilits  and  Apprehensions  i-oncerninv  Taxation  liy  Ihe  Parliament  of  (Jreat 
Urit'iin  in  any  of  the  (Colonies,  Provinces,  and  Plantations  of  North  America  ami  the  West  Indies,  and 
firrcpealiii!!  so  mtich  of  an  Act  made  in  the  7th  Year  of  tlie  Reign  of  his  present  Majesty  as  impose!) 
a  Duty  on  Tea  imported  from  fJreat  liritain  into  any  Colony  or  Plantation  in  America,  as  relates 
lliereto;"  n"r  to  repeal  or  in  any  way  alter  or  nlfect  any  act  now  in  force  which  was  passed  prior  to 
ihelast-nifiiliiinjd  act,  and  hy  which  any  duties  in  nny  of  the  British  possessions  in  America  wero 
fnnledanil  still  continue  payable  to  Ihe  Oown  ;  nor  to  repeal  or  in  nny  way  alter  or  atfect  an  act 
(llirico.  .1.  c.  HI.)  intituled  'An  Act  to  repeal  certain  Paris  of  an  Act  passed  in  the  lllh  Vear  of  his 
Miiji'Sly's  Rei-".  intitiihwl  'An  Act  for  niakiii)!  more  etfi^ctnal  Provisions  for  the  (iovernim^nt  o{  tho 
i'rnvlnce  of  (iiieliec  in  North  America,  and  to  make  further  Provisions  for  tlie  fioverninentof  the  said 
Priiviiii'e.'  "—  i  W- 

Diiliff  impiised  hi/  prior  Acta  to  be  applied  to  Purpn.ieK  of  those  Acta. — The  dniies  imposed  by  nny  nf 
llicacis  lierein-hel^ore  mentioned  or  referred  tn,  passed  prior  to  the  said  act  (1'^  <ieo.  :i.  c.  l'2)'shall  bo 
riroivcil.  ai'coiinled  for,  and  applied  for  Ihe  purposes  of  tliose  acts;  provided  alw.iys,  lliat  no  ureater 
iiropiirlion  of  the  duties  imposed  by  this  act,  except  as  herein-befnri'  I'xcepled.  slial'l  lie  charijed  upon 
any  iirlicle  which  is  subject  also  to  duly  nnder  nny  of  the  said  acts,  or  subject  also  to  duly  iioder  any 
ciiloiiial  law,  than  the  ainniint,  if  any,  hy  wbich  tho  duty  charKed  by  this  act  shall  exceed  such  other 
duty  or  duties;  provided,  that  the  full  amount  of  the  duties  mentioned  in  this  act,  whet  her  on  account 
ot  siirli  former  ads,  or  on  account  of  8m:h  colonial  law,  or  on  account  of  this  net,  shall  be  levied  and 
reivlvcd  iniiler  the  resulations  and  powers  of  this  act.—}  11. 

Ciirrencii.  iVeiithts,  and  Measures. — All  sums  of  money  granted  or  imposed  by  this  act,  eilhcr  Il9 
iliili('.<,  peiiallies,  or  furfeitures,  in  the  Hritlsli  possessions  in  America,  iire  htireby  deilared  to  he  ster- 
IJiiSiiiniii'y  of  (treat  Britain,  and  shall  be  collecteil,  and  paid  to  the  amount  of  the  valiii-  which  such 
iioiiiiniil  sinus  bear  iti  (ireat  Britain  ;  and  that  such  monies  may  be  received  and  t:iken  at  the  rate  of 
5...  lirf.  Iliu  ounce  in  silver  ;  and  all  duties  shall  be  paid  and  received  in  every  |i:irt  of  ilic  Ilritish  pos- 
sessions ill  America  according  to  British  weights  and  miMisures  in  use  on  the  (ith  day  of  July,  18'23  ; 
anil  in  all  cases  where  such  duties  are  imposed  according  to  nny  specitic  i)iiantity  or  any  specific 
v'lliio,  till!  same  shall  be  diMiined  to  apply  In  the  same  proportion' to  any  creator  or  I  ss  (pianlity  or 
valiiii;  uiiil  all  such  duties  shall  be  niuler  tile  innnajfement  of  the  conimlssloners  of  the  customs. 
-H 12. 

/)ii(iM  paid  hii  Colkrlor  to  Treasurer  of  Colony  in  which  levied. — The  produce  of  the  dniies  so  rc- 
ci'iviil  miller  this  act,  except  suih  duties  as  are  payable  under  nny  art  pas.-^ed  prior  to  the  IS  (ieo.  3. 
a.sal'oresaid,  sliall  he  p;iid  hy  the  collector  of  the  customs  into  the  hands  of  the  trewurer  or  receiver- 
geni'ral  (if  llie  colony,  or  other  proper  olHcer  authorized  to  receive  the  same,  to  be  applied  to  sncli 
iisea  as  shall  lie  directed  by  the  local  legislatures  of  such  colonies  ;  and  that  Ihe  produce  of  such  dutiea 
so  n^'i'lvi'il  in  cohinies  which  have  no  loi':il  legislature  maybe  applied  in  siicli  manner  us  shall  bt; 
direili'il  liy  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  treasury. — i  13. 

All  BrifisA  l-'e.isrl.i  shall  be  subject  to  ei/ual  Duties,  except  coaslinir  Ves.-icls. — Whereas  in  some  of  hi.'* 
Majesty's  possessions  abroad,  certain  ilulies  of  tonnage  are,  by  acts  of  the  local  legislatures  of  sucll 
possHssions,  levied  upon  British  vessels,  to  which  duties  the  like  vessels  liiiilt  witliin  such  [xisses- 
sions.nrnwned  by  persons  resilient  there,  are  not  siiliject;  be  it  fnrlher  enacted,  that  there  shall  be 
levied  and  paid  at  the  several  Ilritish  possessions  nbriind,  upon  all  vessels  Imilt  in  any  such  |>osses- 
sions,  or  owned  by  any  person  or  persons  there  resident,  otiier  than  coasting  or  drogiieing  vessels 
eijiployed  in  coasting  or  drogueing,  all  such  and  the  like  duties  of  tonnage  and  isliipping  dues  as  ace  oi 


''l''«l!l^ 


""><t:MiM| 


!  1" 


4 


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COLONIES  AND 


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f 

II 


^i      '',  * 


■linll  lie  paynltlA  In  nny  mirli  |in«iipii»i(ini  iipnii  ihr  likit  nritUli  vrKHPln  hiillt  In  otliir  pnria  of  hii  g^|^, 

1)1(111  hiirk  III!  Hum,\f.  Iliiri'  nIiuII  hi'  allii»i-il  ii|iiih  I  he  i'\|Mirlalli>ii  IV'  in  .\c»  riniiiilliiiirl  In  riiniii^ 
of  nun  nr  nlliiT  H|iirilx,  llii' iirnciiic-i' n|'  llii'  llrilii>li  iMinHiiKiiniiH  in  Hniilli  Aincrii  a  nr  llir  \Si'<c|  ImiII,.^ 
II  ilriiuliiii  k  lit' I  III'  lull  iImIM'h  iit'niHiniim  |iiilil  ii|inn  I  he  iin|inrlalliin  llii'rrnt'  I  mm  iiiin  mtlic  mii,!  plin,.,' 
Inin  iNi'Wt'iiiiiiilliiiiij,  pruvnloil  prnnrnn  mitli  lii'  iiiikIi'  In  tin'  Hat IhI'iii  linn  nt'  llir  rnlli'i  tnr  iiimI  i  iini|itrii| 
ii  r  nl'  ilir  riiHliiniH  at  tin'  port  » lii'iim  »iirli  nun  nr  nlli.'r  rpirilH  ir<  cxpnrlril,  llial  llic  lull  clnih  4  ,,„ 
tlii^  liiipiirlalion  nl'  nikIi  riiiii  nr  nilirr  npiritw  iit  llii'  Haul  pent  hail  licrn  paid,  ami  thai  11  ri'riiiii  aii.  |„. 
|irnilni  I'll  nmli'r  tlir  liamli*  iiml  pial"  nl'  llu!  rnllcilnr  ami  inniptrolli'r  i>l'  Ihr  1  iiHtniin-  al  Uui  lur,  ||,,( 
tini'li  riiiii  nr  nilii'r  4|>trllH  liaii  hri'ii  ihily  lamli'il  In  Tanaila:  prnsiih'il  Ihal  nn  ilraM  hai'k  ^hlll|  h,' m. 
Inwi'il  iipcMi  any  hiii  h  ■'iiin  nr  nllirr  xpiritit  iiiilcnii  tlii!  xami'  Nhall  hi  Nhlppiil  wilhiii  I  )i'ar  Irnin  iIm'  ijjy 
•  It'  llii'  linpnrtajinn  nt'  ilir  Maim-,  iinr  unlcii«  Hiich  ilruwiiai'k  itliall  bii  iluly  claliiiuil  williln  I  ymtr  iroiji 
till'  ilay  nrHiii  li  ^iiipmi'iit-  i  IS. 

/Shiji  iiiiit  fiir^r,,  1,1  hr  riiwrlrU  un  Jlrriial-'VUn  inantrr  of  cvrry  Klilp  lirrlvlni;  In  any  nf  tlii'  Kriiislj 
nnxm'HxiniiH  In  Ami'riia,  nr  tin'  Uhinili*  nf  (iiii'mHcy,  Jitni  y,  Alih'riii'y,  nr  Hark,  whrllirr  laden  ,„  „, 

liallaNt.  nliall  riiiiii' dlri'i'tly,  ami  hi.'fnri.'  hulk  In-  hmkiii,  In  tlir  ('nxlnm-l rr  \\r  Ilii'  pnri  nr  di«irii> 

Wlmri'  lin  arnvrs,  inni  llnri!  imiki.'  a  rrpnrt  in  writliiu  in  llii'  rnllri  tnr  nr  rninplmlli'r,  nr  ilhir  prniur 
oltli'iT,  of  tim  arrival  uiiil  viiyaifi'  of  hiuIi  ulilp,  Htallni;  lirr  nami',  I'niintry,  and  Iniinaui',  and  it  llriii,|, 
till'  port  nf  ri'fiHlry,  till'  iiainr  anil  rniintry  nf  tlir  maxirr,  tlir  rniintry  of  ihr  n\vm'rn,lhi'  iinnd.erdini,, 
I'rrw,  ami  Imw  many  am  nf  tlii'  rniintry  nf  hiiiIi  nliip,  and  wlirtlit'r  »lir  Itr  ladi'ii  ir  in  hallai.|.  m,,!  „ 

laili'ii  tlin  marks,  ijiimhi'rK,  ami  (niiti'iilH  nf  rvcry  pai  kaiti-  and  parii'l  nf  n In  on  hnard,  and  win  r,. 

the  Hami'  (vaM  liidi'ii,  and  wliiTi!  and  to  wlioiii  rnnxivni'd,  and  wliori'  any  ami  what  KnniU,  if  uuy.  |,;,,| 
Im'"ii  II 11  laden  (hiring  the  vnyagi'.aH  far  n»  any  of  xni'li  partii'iilarHian  he  know  11  In  hini ;  ami  tiju  i,i;i,. 
ttr  Hliall  fnrlhi'r  answer  all  sni'h  iini'stimiH  ennienilnu  Ihe  Nliip,  ami  Hie  eartin,  and  the  1  rrw,  aiiil  tin' 
vnyat,"'.  aH  shall  lie  demanded  nf  liini  liy  snili  ollieer  ;  and  If  any  ){nniU  he  nnladeii  Irniii  any  ■.U]^,  \„.[ 
lull' smli  report  lie  made,  or  if  Ihe  master  fail  to  make  Hinh  repnri,  nr  make  an  Mnlriie  repnri,  (ir  i{„ 
lint  truly  answer  the  i|nestinns  demnmled  of  liini,  he  slnill  fnrt'eit  thu  uniii  nf  [Ml.  ;  ami  if  any  ^j.^u^i^ 
lie  not  reported,  they  shall  liu  fnrfejied.— (J  III. 

h'.nlrii  uiiiii-iinle  nf  Hliip  fur  C'lia'c— 'I'he  master  nf  every  Hliip  lioiiml  frnin  any  llritisli  pnsHenHld,,  m 
Ameriia,  nr  the  ishimlH  nf  tinernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  nr  Hark,  shall,  liefnre  any  t'nnils  lie  |i,|||,| 
therein,  deliver  to  the  rolleclor  or  eninplmller,  nr  ntfier  prnper  nlhier,  an  entry  nnlwarils  iiinlcr  in, 
lianil  of  tile  destination  of  hiiiIi  slilp,  statliiit  hi'r  name,  innntry,  ami  lonmiKe,  and  If  llnllsh  iln'  |i„,| 
of  ri'ulstry,  the  name  and  loiintry  of  tlie  master,  the  iniinlry  oi'  the  owmrri,  the  nninlier  of  the  iti'w 
ami  hnw  many  are  of  the  rniintry  nf  sneh  ship;  ami  it  any  uooiIh  he  laden  on  hnard  any  sl,i|i  jni,,,^ 
tiiii'h  entry  he  made,  the  master  of  hiii  li  ship  shall  fnrfelt  Ihe  siini  of  r>(l/.  ;  and  liefnre  sin  h  ship  ,|,  |,.^^ 
the  master  shall  hriiiK  and  deliver  to  thu  lolleilor  or  niinplroller,  nr  oilier  otlii'i'r,a  cnnleni  m  wrihn; 
under  Ills  hand  of  Ihe  voods  laden, ami  the  names  of  the  respertlve  Hliippers  amlronsiunersnt  the  ifiimi,' 
with  Ihe  iiiarks  and  nnmhers  of  Ihe  paikaKi's  or  pariels  of  thu  Haiiie,  ami  shall  make  ami  snIiHi  rilit;,' 
ilecluratlon  to  the  trnlhof  snili  I'oiileiil  as  far  as  any  of  smh  pnrtiiiilars  can  he  know  n  tohhii;  Minjuiy 
master  of  every  ship  liniiml  frnm  any  Itrltlsli  posHessinn  in  America,  or  from  llie  Islamls  nf  (iiii'nu.rv 
Jersey,  Alderney.  nr  Hark,  whether  in  hallast  or  luden,Hhall  hi.'fore  departure  loine  heforr  ilii'  ciiIIimi.'J 
or  coniptroller.  nr  olher  proper  otlicer,  and  answer  upon  oath  all  smh  i|iiestlons  cnmeriiiii)i  ihit  ..jiiii, 
iind  the  carvn,  If  any,  and  the  crew  and  the  vnyaue,  as  shall  he  demanded  of  lilm  hy  snili  nlllicr;  ajui 
tlierenpon  the  collector  ami  cninptrnller,  or  other  proper  ollieer,  if  sue  li  ship  he  laileii,  hIiiiII  inaki'ciuim,^ 
give  to  the  master  a  certitlcatu  of  llie  clearance  ofsncli  slilpfor  lierililemied  voyaKe.cnntalnlnKaii  la- 
count  nf  the  tniali|nantJtlesof  the  several  snru  nf  (.'noda  laden  therein,  or  a  certlticate  of  her  ck'ar.iriei; 
ill  hullast,  UH  tlif  cane  may  he  ;  nml  if  the  ship  depart  without  siicli  clearance,  or  if  thu  mailer  dolivrr it 
false  coident,  or  shall  not  truly  uii8wer  tliu  questiuna  duiiiaiiduil  of  liiiii,  Ue  sliiill  forfeit  thu  mntot 
imi.—i  17. 

(imiil.i  iKit  t.lalril  in  Cerlifiriitt  to  be  Produce  of  Brilinh  I'lisfc.^sinns  to  hr  ilcemed  of  Fortign  l'rniliitii„f,^ 
— No  tfoods  shall  he  stated  in  siicli  certlticate  of  clearance  to  lie  the  produce  of  llritlsh  possi'ssiniis  ni 
America,  unless  such  floods  have  lieen  expressly  stated  ho  to  he  In  the  entry  outwards  of  Hie  siiiin" 
mid  all  kinods  tint  expressly  staled  in  such  certlticate  nf  clearance  to  he  the  produce  of  the  llritlsh  pnj! 
Resslons  III  America  shall,  at  thu  place  of  iinportatioii  in  uny  other  hiicIi  pussuHsions,  or  in  the  liinictl 
Kingdom,  he  di'eined  to  he  of  foreign  production. — i  IM. 

JVeiifiuiiillaiiil  Ftshin/r  CerHlieuten  in  lieu  of  Cleiininre. — Wlmnpver  any  glilp  filiall  lio  clunrcil  out 
from  iSewfoumllaiid,  or  any  other  part  ol  his  Majesty'H  ilominioiis,  for  tin-  llsheries  on  the  liaiikaor 
coants  of  Newfoundland  or  I.ahradnr.  nr  their  ilependencieH,  w  iihnnt  having  on  hnard  any  artiili'ni' 
traliic,  (except  only  the  provisions,  nets,  tackle,  ami  other  IIiiml's  nsiially  employed  In  ami  aliinii  ijip 
Hald  tishery  ,)  the  master  of  hiiiIi  ship  shall  he  entitled  lu  ileinaml  I'rniii  the  collector  nr  other  priiuiiial 
oIKcer  of  the  ciistninti  at  such  pnrt  a  curtiticat*!  under  his  hand  that  such  ship  hath  heen  spiriully 
cleared  out  for  thu  Nuwfnundlaiid  tishery  ;  and  bucIi  certilicale  shall  he  in  force  tor  the  tisliiiii!  srasm, 
for  the  year  in  which  the  game  may  hu  granted,  and  no  loncer  ;  and  iipnii  Ihe  lirst  arrival  In  any  |iiiri 
in  Newfoiinilland,  Sec.  of  any  ship  haviiiK  on  hoard  such  certlticate,  a  report  thereof  ^hall  lie  muilc  hy 
tliu  master  of  such  ship  to  the  principal  othcer  of  thu  customs  ;  uml  all  ships  havim;  such  certiiiciUi'  so 
reported,  ami  hein);  actually  enuaKcd  in  the  said  fishery,  or  in  carrying  coastwise  to  he  landed  urput 
on  hoard  any  other  ships  <Mi|;u|{ed  in  the  said  tisliury  any  lish, oil. salt,  provisions,  or  other  nuccsdatii'j 
for  the  use  and  purposes  thereot',  shall  he  exempt  from  all  obliKallon  to  inuku  an  entry  at  nr  nlilain  any 
clearance  frotn  any  ('iiHtnni-lioiise  ut  Nuwfniimlland  upon  arrival  at  nr  departure  from  any  nl' ilie 
jiorta  or  harhours  of  the  said  colony,  &c.  iliirini;  the  tisliini;  season  for  which  such  certilicale  iiiny  liu 
praiited;  and  previously  to  ohlaining  a  clearance  at  the  end  of  such  season  for  any  oilier  vnyaift  at 
any  of  such  ports,  the  muster  of  such  ship  shall  deliver  up  the  liet'ore-mentinned  certlliiale  in  Un; 
olticer  of  the  customs  :  provided  always,  that  In  case  any  such  ship  shall  have  on  hnard,  ilanii!,'  llii; 
tiinu  the  same  may  he  eiii;u|;ud  in  the  said  tishery.  any  |{oods  or  merrhandises  whatsoi'ver  ntlicr  lliaii 
fish,  seals,  oil  made  of  tlsh  or  seals,  salt,  provisions,  and  other  thlii<.'s,  heiiit!  the  produce  of  or  usually 
employed  In  the  said  fishery,  such  ship  shall  forfeit  thu  said  lishing  certilicale,  and  shall  tin  iicct'iirtli 
be  stihject  and  liable  to  the  same  rules,  reffiilutioiis,  6lk.  as  ships  in  general  are  suhject  or  liable  In— iM'.i. 

F.ntrii  of  Goods  to  be  lailen  or  unladen. — No  (foods  shall  he  laden,  or  water-borne  to  he  lailcn.nii 
hoard  any  ship,  or  unladen  from  uny  ship,  in  any  of  the  llritlsh  pussessions  in  America,  nr  the  Isliiiiils 
of  (iuernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  or  Hark,  until  due  entry  he  made  of  such  vnnds,  uml  warrant  uraiiled 
fnr  thu  ladini;  or  unlading'  of  the  same  ;  and  no  i;oods  shall  be  so  laden  or  water-borne,  or  sn  niiladin. 
except  at  some  place  at  which  an  oHicer  of  the  customs  is  appninled  to  attenil  tlie  ladlim  ami  iinlailliig 
of  (foods,  or  ut  some  place  for  which  a  sntrerance  shall  be  grunted  by  the  collector  and  coinplrnllcr; 
and  no  (foods  shall  hu  so  luilen  or  unladen  except  in  the  presence  or  with  the  permission  in  wrillni'uf 
the  proper  othcer :  provided  always,  that  it  shall  hv.  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  ciistnins  lu  inaku 
.ind  uppoint  such  other  rutfiilutions  for  the  carryiiiff  cnaiilwlse,  or  fnr  the  renioviiiff  of  uny  Viwiii  for 
sliipnii'iit,  as  shall  appear  e.xpedient ;  uml  that  all  ifonds  laden,  water-borne,  or  unladen  ciiiitrury  to 
thu  re(fulations  of  this  uct,  or  contrary  to  uny  re(fulatioiis  so  inudu,  be  forfeited. — I)  '20. 

Partinilors  of  Kntrij  uf  Goods,  inwards  and  outwards. — Thu  person  entering  any  such  (foods  shall 
delivur  to  the  collectur  or  cuuiptrullur,  ur  uthur  propur  utticer,  ti  bill  uf  ibu  entry  thereof,  fairly  written 


COLONY  TRADE. 


420 


rnhnr  pnrti  of  dif  j(n. 

'>vr>>iiiiill:illil  III  Cniiiiil, 
II  a  iir  Ihi'  \\i>i  liiiij,.,, 
II  liny  III  llii'  Kiihl  pliii',.,' 

liillri  Inr  mill  I  n||||ilrii|^ 
,  IllUt    llli'  lull  lIllUi'H  MM 

Hill  lliiil  II  i'l'rtith  all'  |„, 

IIhIkIIIX  ill  Uni  liir,  lliii 
ilrauliark  kIiiiII  h,'  i,|. 
Inn  I  >i';ir  I'mm  iin.  ,1^. 
iiKil  williiii  I  y.;it  iriji;, 

\H  In  niiy  »il'  thf  BriiUh 

k,  wIlrllliT  lllili'ii  i„  III 

•  I'lT  llir  (iiirl  iir  ilHirifi 

■  if  *■•  .Itiir     1  ir   lit  lii.v   ■._.  . 


Iilriillrr,  iir  illiir  pri'in 

liiiiiiiii.'i',  anil  n'  ltriii,|| 

iihth.  IIii'  liiniilxir  iiI'iIi,. 

lll'll    It    ill    llllllllKl,   { 


Ullll  II' 


Ul'il    <    I     III    M'llHllll,   Ullll  It 

iIh  IIII  liiiaril,  aiiil  \\\\i„, 

VVllIlt    K""|In,    II    UII),  |;;,,| 

M  III  liiiii ;  ami  iim,'  m,,,. 
I,  anil  llir  irrw,  iiniliii,; 
iliiilrii  rriiiii  any  »ln|i|i,.! 
an  iiiilriir  rrpnri,  i,t,|„ 
100/. ;  Ullll  il'  liny  ijiiu,!,, 

my  Drilliili  |iiihiii>iiii|ii||  ,„ 
irr  liny  «iiiiiU  III'  lail,  II 
ntry  iiiilwanls  iiiiilirin, 
I',  anil  II'  llnlHli  i||<'  |„,pt 
[hr  iiiiiiil>i.'r  III'  Ihi'  iri'n, 
III  liiianl  any  Khip  Im'I,,,,^ 
I  Iji'l'iirr  mil  li  ^'Inp  il.  imn 
ii'i'r.a  riiiitiMil  in  tvriiiii: 
Iniii^iKlii'rHiiI  llineiKiil,' 
ill  inaki!  anil  miIihi  rilii';[ 
'.  klinu'li  liililni;  iiijililig 
llic  ihIiiiuIs  1.1  (iiiiriisi), 
inline  lirl'iirf'  llir  ('ij||d|„r 
iiiliH  l'iiii('rriiliiulliu(|li|i, 
liiiii  hy  riiirli  iilllrcr ;  anj 
lailrii,iiliall  iniiki'iMiluiiil 
'iiya)(r,('i>lilaiiiin|,'iiii  ut. 
rliliratc  ol'lirr  iluiuaiicu 
or  il'llieiiiii.>li.r  ilujiviiii 
8liall  I'lirt'i'll  lilt'  sum  of 

'.il  <if  Foriitrii  I'riiiiiirHun, 

iiritiHil  imiii'i'Msinii.i  III 

iiilwiirils  111'  llii.'  haiiie; 

iiliirit  iit'llii'  llrilislipdj. 

miiiiiH,  or  in  tin;  liimtj 

sliill  lie  tli'iircil  out 
rrirs  on  llie  hiinknor 
II  liiiaril  any  urtiriimr 
oyi'il  III  iinil  aliiiiii  Hie 
linr  or  otlii'r  iiniuipal 
j|i  liatli  Iji'I'II  I'lH'iially 
for  llir  lisliiiiK  ni'usiii. 
rst  arrival  in  any  |i(irl 
•ri'ol'  fliall  III'  iiiailt;  liy 
viim  snrli  ci'rmii'iili'bo 
i:<i-  to  he  lanilril  ur  put 
s,  or  ollirr  iii;ri'fiiarita 
II  I'lilry  at  or  oliliiiii  any 
mrliiri;  rrnni  any  nl'  llie 
Hiitli  I'rrtilicate  iimy  lie 
for  any  ollii'r  vnyaBt  at 
loiu'il  ri-rlifuuli'  In  llii; 
VI'  on  lioaril,  iliiriiii.'  llie 
wlialtioever  otlli'i  lliiin 
lirodiiic  of  or  usually 
,  anil  Hliall  ilniK'tl'dilli 
iilijoitorlialilelo— {HI. 
-Iioriif  to  he  liiili'ii.uli 
Aiiieriea,  i  r  the  i.sliiiiils 
Is,  anil  vvarf'inl  u'raiileil 
horiii',  or  so  iiiihnli'n, 
he  lailiii}.'  anil  uiiliiillug 
lector  anil  I'oinplrnllir; 
riiiisiiion  in  nriliiiKiif 
rs  of  cualoiiiji  to  iiiuke 
loviii),'  of  any  (.'nods  I'lir 
r  iinlaileii  coiilniry  to 

I.— }»'• 

g  any  siicli  RooiU  sIihII 
tliereof,  I'airly  written 


i„,;i'irli'r  Iher 

,,,,,,  iH  III  th'-  |iorl  of  iiiijiorliilioii  :  prov:  i  .1,  ileil  il 

,1,,.  |ir,i|ii'r  oHirer  of  Hie  iiisloiiis  it  mIiiiII  appeiir  to  'i 


iDwnrilo  at  li>nRtli,rnntfilnlnii  tli«  imine  of  I  he  e«  porter  or  liiiporier.  anil  nfOni  i<hi|).  iiiiiloniie  iiinKlvr, 
mill  III  Ihe  pliii  I' to  or  from  u  hull  hoiiiiil,  ami  ol  Hie  plaie  within  Hie  |Hirt  where  Hie  ifooilx  are  In  Imi 
liili'ii  iir  iinl  iileii,  anil  Hie  |Mirlii'nlarH  of  ihe  i|iiiili|y  ami  i|iianlil)  of  the  uooiji,  imil  Hie  piik  iui'm  eoii- 
Miunitf  <!■■'  "'ii'i''-  'I'l'l  (lie  iiiarkH  anil  iiiiniherH  mi  Hie  paikaue^,  ami  tiiihu  f.irili  whether  miiiIi  uoihI* 
li,'lli>'  proilin  e  of  Hie  llrlliiili  pohhi'hhIoiih  hi  Anierira  or  not ;  iinil  kihIi  jierMon  hIiiiII  al  Hie  Hiiiiie  ilnm 
M|\  iliiivn  all  iliitii'ii  line  iipoii  Hie  kooiU  ;  ami  Hie  rollerlnr  anil  roinpiroller,  or  other  proper  ollleer, 
[.liill  llicri'iipoii  urMiil  llieir  warranl    for  the  lailinu  or  nnlailinu  of  sin  h  uooiU  -   ,;  'J| 

y.iilni  liiiriii-il.t  hij  Hitt  iif  Siiilii-  If  Hill  iinporler  of  any  i(ooi|.i  niiike  ami  milixirilii'  a  ileilaratlon 
1,1  r.'fe  the  I  ollei  lur  or  roiii|itriiller,  or  oilier  proper  ollli  er.'Hiat  he  i  iiniioi,  for  want  of  full  inforinalloii, 
iiiiki'  lierfi'i'l  '  Dlry  Ihernol',  it  Hliall  he  lawful  for  the  i  olleilor  ami  iiiinptioller  to  reieive  an  eiilry  hy 
lull  iif  xhfhl  I'or  the  parkniiei*  or  parrelH  of  mn'li  l'ooiIh  hy  the  heft  ileii  riplloii  wlin'li  i  an  he  uiveii,  ami 
1,11,'riiiit  a  warrant  thereupon.  In  oriler  that  the  hihhi'  may  he  laml'il  anil  Keinreil  to  the  >.,iliAl'ii  tiiiii 
,  I' III!' iilln'er  ol  the  1  iiriloiiH,  ami  at  Hie  expeiH.' of  the  Importer,  ami  may  lie  neen  anil  e\ainiiii'il  hy 
.mil  iiiiporter  in  Hie  preHeiire  of  the  proper  oihii'rs ;  ami  within  .t  <l  i>  ^  itller  the  uiioils  shall  ll.ive  heeii 
, ,  iiiiile'l.  III '  iiiiporier  shall  make  ii  (lert'ei  I  entry  thereof,  ami  p  ly  ilow'li  ill  iliiUes  ijiie  Iheriiili  ;  ami 
„  iiri'iiill  of  Hiieli  eiilrv  Hiirli  uoii.ls  shall  he  taken  to  Hie  Kinu's  w  inlioiise,  ami  if  Ihe  iinporter  shall 
„.i,  wllliiii  I  nionih  al'ter  siii'li  limlinu,  make  perfeet  entry  of  sinli  uooiU  anil  jiiiy  Hie  iliilies  iliic 
,1 ,  ri'iMi.  iM'.'.'llier  w  illi  eliarU'  ^  of  removal  anil  Wiiri'lioiiHe  rent,  siirli  uomls  ^llilll  he  solil  for  Hiu  piiy- 
III  111  ilii'reof,  ami  the  overpliis,  if  any,  shall  he  palil  In  Hie  proprnior  of  Ihe  uomls,  -^  -i'i. 

llMili  Kiil'lirl  f"  ml  fii/iiri'M  />«/ if.~  In  all  rasis  w  here  Hie  ilill  les  Iniposeil  hy  this  iirt  lipiill  the  llil- 
,  ,riali(in  of  irllrles  Into  Ills  Majesiy's  possi'Hsi.Mn  in  Amerira  iire  i  liarL'eil,  not  iii'rorilinu  to  Ihe  weiulit, 
,,|,.  iiiiiu'e,  or  im'iisiire,  hiit  aiioniiiiK  to  the  value  thereof,  siiiii  value  shall  he  asierlaineil  hy  ilm 
,{, , liiritlon  of  Hie  importer  of  such  artieles,  or  his  known  iiKeiil,  in  inanner  anil  form  followini; ;  (that 

|';l'l.«liy,) 

•[.I  B.  ill)  liereliy  ilei'lare,  that  Hie  iirlliles  nieiitlnneil  In  tlin  entry,  niiil  containeil  In  I'm  liaikiiueii 
•\kfr'  tiie'ifiiini!  ""'  mrenil  paekiigi.-i,an(l  ilifrnhtiijS  Ihe  nervnil  marlin  ::iiit  numbers,  in  (he  fn.it  iiiuij 
•  t^l  lire  of  Hie  value  III"  .     VV'jIness  my  liiiiiil  lliu  ilay  of  ^1.  H. 

•  Till'  alrove  ileiliralion,  Hiuiinil  llio  ilay  of  in  •;•  •  i.r'ese'ien  of  C.  D.  ciilluctof 

'  \,ir  iiilirr  iinnniiiil  njlirir].' 
Will' liileilaration  shall  lu!  written  on  \Ur  hill , if  entry  of  sili'!'  iirtirh'  ,  ;   iil  '.i,el|  ('O  milHi'rlheil  liy  tllO 

r  his  known  au'eiil,  in  Hie  presein      if  the  loljei  l oilni  p  lielpal  olHi-  ■•  of  Mm 

no  ■  >■  «'  '.  an  I  e\  Miii'P'l'.  i,  of  i-uli  arllrles  hy 
.'.at  III  •  lai  J  ari'i  ■'  s  ar.' iml  valiieil  ai  ronlinK 
I  ,|ii''  I  rill'  priee  or  value,  tliereof,  anil  aei'oriliuijto  III.-  l.ue  i'li'iot  a  lO  me  uiiei;  of  Ihisar!,  in  siirli  easii 
ihi  iiiipiirter  or  his  known  aseiit  shall  he  reiiulreil  to  ili'i'iari;  o,i  iii(li  !•.  r...e  tiie  lollertor  r  oiiipl  roller 
villi  is  the  invoiee  prii'i!  of  siii'li  artieles,  ami  that  l.e  Veiily  fieliev  >■  siiell  'laoiie  prin'  is  ''le  eiluent 
vihe:  111'  I  lie  arlieles  at  Hii!  plaee  from  w  lie  nee  Hie  saiil  a.ti^  !■;  w'liie  in  |VUleil ;  ami  S'e  li  ir.  .'oiee  pricu 
(Hill  till' 'lihli'ion  of  10/.  ;!(•/•  fMi/M/H  thereon,  sh.'!'  l:i!  ile  mi  iii  :w  he  Hi'  ■/  Inn  of  i.ie  .irtii  !".•  lO  lien  of 
till'  vuhi"^"  ileilari'il  hy  Ihe  iiiiporier  or  his  known  au'  i  >.  inil  U|'iii  .eLiel.  li.i  i|ii'„  ^  i.iip  i.-.nl  hy  Jh'i^ 
;iil  <liiill  III' iliariieil  Ullll  paiil:  proviileil  iilso,  Hint  ii  it  itli.i'i  i.i>''e;.f  in  the  roll"iii>''  in.i  onnipiroller, 
iriitlii'r  iniiper  ollleer,  that  silrli  iirliel'S  have  hee.i  i.iviiired  heK.-.x  tl'.i,  rual  i:-  1  liu,'  .iilii  'thereof  iit 
llii'phli'i' iV'in'  w  lienee  the  saiiii!  were  iniporteil.  m;  if  Hi"  'iiv..MO  eri  'i  i.<  ii.-i.  kin.wr,  Hie  (irlieh:.-  ;..iiU 
iniiui'lii'.He  tht  e.v.iiuineil  liy  two  I'ompetrnt  ,>.■>■•!. na,  i  he  I'omi'.'Ueil  u  iil  iij):i..iii  "il  I'V  Lie  i<ov.  fiet 
nrriiiiiaiaiiiler-in-elii.r'f  the  colony,  |ilanl'ilioii,  or  iolua!  iii;o  wIihI  Hi.  .•ii.l  iirtii'l- r»  if  w,.' >  n  iil, 
aiiilsiii'ii  pi'rsons  uliall  ileclare  oii  oath  hefoi-i'  ijn'  r',oli<  ;  iiir  or  coiiiie  '  'r.  or  .i'.l',>  r  ;iri'|ii.i'  oiU,  ■,  r,  w.int 
iillii'  iriie  anil  real  valuis  of  siicli  articles  in  hiicIi  loiiiliy,  plim'.  iliri,  o::  U'.uik';  nuil  iiii;  M'.;!'.!  ho 
il'i'lari'il  iin  llie  oaths  of  such  persons  shall  Ue  ilueiiieil  to  hv.  the  ."i*i  lunl  oal  Miliiu  "f  tii''  l|  urtk'lcj, 
mill  apiiii  which  the  duties  imjioseil  hy  this  act  slial^  I><!  iliar!;eil  nml  iv.i'l      J  >':,. 

If  liiiikirtrr  rrfiiae  to  paij  liiich  l)ulij,thf  Ouoiln  mnij  hr  i,ihl  ~  V'  Wk  i.iipori,.  (  of  *"/ h  iirtici  s  phaH 
r,  line  to  pay  Hie  ilillies  liereliy  iiii|)i'iseil  tliereon,  it  ''ImI,;  lie  !.l'>  I'lil  for  -.n;  rollei'tiir  or  oMler  i.liief  oi- 
li'-.  riifllie  ciisloiiis  where  such  articli'S  shall  he  iniporteil,  vo  ti.Keainl  'lein.re  (he  i.inie.  w  ilhiiiv  caslw 
iirnlliiT  pack.'me  thereof,  anil  to  cause  the  .-111111' t;>  he  (nihlicy  soh'  .vMiiti 'II.:  sj  .ice  "f '.lil  ;la>s  at  t  no 
iiiii>l  lifter  siiili  refusal  iiiaile,  anil  at  hiicIi  time  iinil  place  ;is  su'li  'ili'nei  "^lall,  liy  In;  iiioreiiays'  pii'.- 
Ii'ii'ilici',  apii'iint  for  that  imrpoao  ;  which  articles  s'lail  b;;  Bohl  to  |h"  :,est  l;.ilil"r  •  !i.;il  iho  moiie' 
ari'iui!!  from  Hie  i*ale  lliereof  shall  he  applieil  In  the  ii-st  p,!',i-e  in  paci,  i  nl  of  i.i  •  sai  t  ilinies, '  is.'"iii.,» 
iiitlithc  cliarL'es  that  shall  have  heeii  occasioneil  hy  th.i  saiil  i^iiii  .  an!  Hi''  rvi  rpliis.  if  am  .iij.iil  Iil 
lull  In  soicli  Importer  or  proprietor,  or  any  other  per*r|i  a  I'hi'riseil  to  re  eu'e  ilie  same  ■    .^  •'.I. 

I''  (ImiiI.-i  III-  Hill  enlirnl  in  'ii)  Dai/s,  Ihn  ()ffi:-ir  may  liiiid  ami  .-^'i  e,-.'  ,hi  ,i  -  Mvi  i  y  iiiio  i-l.  i  of  any  cocil'i 
•hill,  witliin -0  ilays  iilU'r  the  arrival  of  Hie  iiiiportinj,' ship,  n,:;f.t)  ilue  i.iury  jii>\'iwtls  i  .' sin  !i  t'o.iila, 
liiiil  liiiii  the  same';  ami  in  ilefault  of  smli  entry  iiiiil  lanilins  il  shall  lie'.i,\f,:  for  (;ie  .li'n' r>  of 'Iio 
rislniii'i  to  convey  such  t'ooils  to  the  kinjl's  warehouse  ;  miil  if  the  ilillies  ilu,'  ipeni  ml,  liooe  :  ■  lot 
jui'l  williia  .'!  iminlhs  al'lei  such 'J;' ilays  shall  have  e.ipireil,  tosjelher  wit'i  all  <  ii;'iiti''  •(  ii  iiio\  i!  ami 
ivanliiiiHe  rent,  Hm  same  shall  he  solil,  anil  the  proiliice  thereof  iipplieil  lirsi  to  tllu  pi  ;  iin  nl  if  I'reii'I't 
ami  charges,  iie.M  of  iluliea,  iuiJ  the  overplus,  if  any,  sliult  ()■;  p-iiil  to '.U'l  liruprieli  i  u,  lli;  jtioUb.— 

( ■■!'■ 

GmnUhnjiDrlftlfrom  Vnilcd  Kinsdnm  or  BrilirA  Ponst.mii^vs  mii.:t  aiiiieur  ri  ('irket,^-r. — \o  goods  shall 
n"iiii;iiirle  I  into  any  Itritisli  possession  lis  'ii  ins  liiipo;f(  il  I'ti'in  (In; ''nileil  Kin^'iloni,  or  I'loiii  any 
nllu'r'llrili-ih  possession  (if  any  ailvaiitiii.'e  atliuli  to  snill  listii'ction),  unless  such  l'ooiIs  appear  upon 
Oil'  cecki'ts  or  other  proper  ilociiiiients  for  the  si.tiiu  t  :  liav-  in  ■'  i  liiily  '  lean  il  nilwunls  at  the  port  of 
fvpiirtnliiiii  in  the  lliiiteil  Kiniidoin,  or  in  such  i  Hiir  Uriti/'il  ;'0  ni-.soi,,  nir  unless  tliu  trrouiid  upon 
wliirli  siirli  -ill  vantage  he  claimed  lie  stated  in  sin  II  iviikef  or  i\iii:iii!i  ;i),..— ^  '20. 

(iuuih  iiiiiiiirlrl  friiiii.  In  he  deemed  of  ihe  O'oir';i  of.  United  Kiiu'dmn. — Sn  jioods  shall,  upon  inipnrta- 
limi  into  liny  of  the  Itritisli  possessions  in  inn  H'-.i,  be  il  lenieii  lobe  of  Hie  growth,  proiliiction,  or 
iiianiil'icliiri' of  till!  United  KliiKilon  or  ,<■  any  llriii-i'i  poi'.'ies.^iiiii  in  America,  unless  iiii|iorted  from 
till'  I'liiicil  KiiiL'dom,  or  from  some  Hr'    I-  possession  In  America.— ij  27. 

h'.ii'ni  mil  to  hi:  raliil,  if  Giiod.-i  h  nr  /<>,  jierlinle.-neihediii  i/.— No  entry,  nor  any  warrant  for  the  laml- 
inj  of  liny  iiooils.  or  for  tlm  t  '  kint  oi  any  aoods  out  of  any  warehousi',  shall  ln'  ileeiiieil  valid,  unless 
llli'  partioilars  of  the  Kin  I  unil  '.'adiiiKes  in  such  entry  correspond  with  Hie  parlicnlars  of  the  ^oods 
ami  pirkiiL'i's  ni  the  ri'i'  in  of  the  ship,  or  in  the  certificate  or  other  ilociinieni,  where  any  is  reiiiiired, 
bv  wliiili  llli'  III, Mil  iti')ii  or  entry  of  such  Koods  is  aiitliorised.  nor  unless  the  l'i'oiIs  shall  have  huuii 
pri.pcrly  liesiiiiied  in  such  entry  hy  the  denominations  and  with  the  cliar'iilers  and  circiimstantes 
amiriliinrto  which  such  goods  lire  cliarjjed  with  duty  or  may  he  imporli'd  ;  ami  any  iiooils  taken  or 
iltliveri'il  out  of  any  ship  or  out  of  any  warehouse  hy  virtue  of  any  entry  or  warrant  not  correspond- 
iui;  nr  airreeiiii,'  in  all  such  respects,  or  not  properly  ilescrihiiiL'  the  same,  shall  he  deoiiiod  to  he  goods 
laiiilcil  nr  taken  without  due  entry  thereof,  and  shall  be  forf.'iteil.— J  "i"*. 

CiT^i.li'm'i'  of  I'rodiirlion  for  Suffiir,  Coffee,  Coeon,  or  i<iiirit.<. — Bet'ore  any  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  or 
spirits  shall  lie  shipped  for  e.\port!ition  in  any  llrilish  possession  in  America  or  in  the  isluiid  of  Miiiirl- 
Iiu3,  as  liciii}!  the  produce  of  such  possession  or  of  such  island.  Hie  proprietor  of  the  estate  on  which  such 
Ijmiils  were  produced,  or  his  known  iiftent,  shall  make  iinil  sign  an  iitllil  ivit  in  writins  before  the  col- 
lector or  coiiiptrollor  tit  the  port  of  u.\iiortiition,  or  before  a  juslicu  of  the  peace,  or  other  oli'icer  duly 


'<llt'l«|| 

leili,  It 


"III 

11...-,  ,, 


1 

I 


'eULiM 


■111 ; 


■vm 
l?*l 


•ill 

il!!!;: 


:3 

"131 


i  ,.■< 

I  M 

i  .;: 


430 


COLONIES  AND 


'  fit*"' 


1 


fie 


II 


?   'i 


i 


.     4 


)     I 


niithoriscd  to  nilminlater  snchoath.  declariiietlmt  such  pnods  are  the  produce  of  stirh  estate  ;  andsnc'i 
ntHduvit  shall  set  fiirtli  the  naiiK^  of  tlie  estate,  and  the  deseri|(tiori  ami  ijiiaiitity  of  the  (rnods,  and  t|i'> 
|)ackaeoH  <'<intauiiiif!  the  satiie,  with  the  marks  and  niimliers  iherenii,  and  the  name  of  tlie  piTson  u 
wliose  charge  at  the  plaee  of  shipment  they  arc  to  he  sent ;  and  if  any  justice  or  other  ollicersliall  hhi," 
scribe  his  nann;  to  any  writing  piirportinjf  to  he  such  alhihivit,  unless  the  person  makiti);  it  shall  n,.||,' 
ally  appear  hefore  him  and  he  sworn  to  the  truth  of  the  same,  such  justice  of  the  peace  orortiier  slnii 
forleit  and  pay  for  any  such  otlence  the  sum  of  51)/.;  and  the  person  entering  anil  shippin);  sui'h  miuii 
shall  deliver  such  a'lidavil  to  the  collector  or  comptroller,  or  other  proper  ollicer,  and  shall  make  iimi 
subscribe  a  declaration  hefr)re  him  that  the  goods  which  are  to  be  shipped  by  virtue  of  such  entry ':ir! 
those  mentioned  in  such  attidavit;  and  the  master  of  the  ship  in  which  such  goods  shall  be  liidcn  shaii 
before  clearance,  maki^  and  subscribe  a  declaration  before  llie  collector  or  comptroller  that  tlie  iroii,]' 
shipped  hy  virtue  of  such  entry  are  the  same  as  are  mentioned  and  intended  in  sui  h  allidavii,  i,,  ti,',! 
best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief;  and  thereupon  the  collectoror  comptroller,  or  oilier  liropereihci.r 
shall  sign  and  give  to  the  master  a  certificate  of  production,  stating  that  proof  has  been  made,  in  mnn' 
ner  required  by  law,  that  such  goods  (describing  the  same)  are  the  produce  of  such  Hrititih  piisscssVjri 
or  of  such  island,  and  setting  forth  in  such  certiticate  the  name  of  the  exporter  and  of  the  expnVlJni. 
ship,  and  of  the  master  thereof,  and  the  destination  of  the  goods  ;  and  if  any  sugar,  cotfee,  cocoa  or 
spirits  he  imported  into  any  Hritish  possession  in  America,  as  being  the  prodiici;  of  some  other  sinii 
possession  or  of  such  island,  without  such  certificate  of  production,  the  sami!  shall  he  forffiicd.~j-ji 
Certificate  of  Pnidiiction  on  Hc-ejpi)rtntion  fraiii  aiiiillier  Culniiij. — liefore  any  sugar,  coffee,  cdcoa  or 
spirits  shall  be  shipped  for  exportation  in  any  Writish  possession  in  America,  as  hi-iiig  the  prndiuiMif 
some  other  siici  possession,  the  person  exporting  the  same  shall  in  the  entry  outwards  stale  lliiMiJatt 
of  the  production,  and  refer  to  the  entry  inwards  and  landing  of  such  goods,  and  shall  make  and  siili. 
scribe  a  declaration  before  the  collector  or  comptroller  to  the  identity  of  the  same;  and  lliereiiimn" 
if  such  goods  shall  have  been  duly  imported  witii  a  certificate  of  production  within  12  iiiomlis  iiriiiriu 
the  shipping  for  exportation,  the  collector  and  coinptndler  shall  sign  and  give  to  the  master  a  tcriifi. 
cate  of  jiroductioii,  referring  to  the  certificate  of  production  under  wliich  such  goods  had  been  so  im. 
ported,  and  containing  the  like  particulars,  with  the  date  of  such  importation.— J  30. 

Goml.i  hnniffht  over  Land.,  or  bij  liilnvit  JVavi<ration. — It  shall  he  lawful  to  bringor  import  by  lando' 
by  inland  navigation  into  any  of  the  British  possessiims  in  Anuirica  from  any  adjoining  IbrelL'n  cuiin^ 
try  any  goods  which  might  be  lawfully  imported  by  sea  into  such  possession  from  such  coniitrv,  and 
so  to  bring  or  import  such  goods  in  the  vessels,  boats,  or  carriages  of  such  country,  as  well  as  in'liri- 
tisli  vessels,  boats,  or  carriages. — J  31. 

IVIidt  f^in.'ols  shall  be dccntcd  British  on  the  Lakes  in  America. — No  vessel  or  boat  shall  he  adinitlcd  to 
be  a  Hritish  vessel  or  boat  on  any  of  the  inland  waters  or  laki^s  in  America,  except  such  as  have  ii,.,,!, 
built  within  the  British  dominions,  and  shall  be  wholly  owned  by  British  subjects,  and  shall  am  hn,, 
been  repaired  at  any  foreign  place  to  a  greater  extent  than  in  the  proportion  of  111.'*,  tor  every  tnii  or 
such  vessel  or  boat  at  any  one  time:  provided  always,  that  nothing  herein-before  contaiiiuiiiijiaij 
extend  to  prevent  the  employment  of  any  vessel  or  boat  as  a  British  vessel  or  boat  on  such  iniami 
waters  or  lakes,  which  shall  have  wholly  belonged  to  British  subjects  before  the  5tli  day  of  ,Iuiy,  15.4 
and  which  shall  not  have  been  since  that  day  repaired  as  aforesaid  in  any  foreign  place.— J  ;t2.' 

Ooods  must  be  braiifrht  to  a  Place  where  there  is  a  Custom-house.— ll  shall  not  be  lawful  so  to  lirinc 
or  import  any  goods  except  into  some  port  or  place  of  entry  at  which  a  Custom-house  now  is  or  hire- 
after  may  he"  lawfully  (established  :  provided  also,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  governor,  lieutenant. 
governor,  or  person  administering  the  government  of  any  of  the  said  possessions  respectively,  tiyanj 
with  the  advice  of  the  executive  council  thereof,  from  lime  to  time  to  diminish  or  increase,  by  pro- 
clamation,  the  nutnher  of  ports  or  places  of  entry. — }  33. 

Duties  to  be  collected  in  same  Manner  as  on  Ooods  imported  by  Sea. — The  duties  imposed  by  this  act 
shall  be  ascertained,  levied,  and  recovered  upon  all  goods  so  brought  or  imported  in  the  same  man. 
ner,  and  by  the  same  means,  rules,  regulations,  penalties,  &c.  us  the  duties  on  the  like  goods  iiiiportdl 
by  sea  ;  and  if  any  goods  shall  be  brought  or  imported  contrary  hereto,  or  if  any  goods  so  broiijhtor 
imported  shall  be  removed  from  the  station  or  place  appointed  for  the  examination  of  such  nooiis 
before  all  duties  payable  thereon  shall  have  been  paid  or  satislied,  such  goods  shall  be  fiirfdjttij, 
together  witli  the  vessel,  boat,  or  carriage,  and  the  horses  or  other  cattle,  in  or  hy  which  such  gooiii 
shall  have  been  so  imported  or  brought,  or  so  removed.— J  34. 

Duties  in  Canada  on  American  Boats,  as  in  .America  on  British  Boats. — The  s.tme  tonnage  duties  shall 
be  paid  upon  all  vessels  or  boats  of  the  United  States  of  America  importing  .iny  goods  into  Canada  as 
are  or  may  be  payable  in  the  United  Stales  of  America  on  British  vessels  or  boats  entering  the 
liarbours  whence  such  goods  have  been  imported. — i  35. 

Conditions  with  respect  to  Warehousino  in  the  Colonies, 

Ports  herein  mentioned  to  be  free  warchonsing  Ports. — The  several  pr  -*s  herein-after  metitioned. 
(that  is  to  say,)  Bridgetown  in  Barbadoes,  Quel)ec  in  Canada,  Sydney  in  Cape  Breton,  Roseau  in  Uo- 
luinica,  St.  (iijorge  in  (Jrenada,  Kingston  and  Montego  Bay  in  .lamaica,  (Jliarlestown  in  .\evis.  !«i. 
John's  and  St.  Andrew's  in  New  Brunswick,  St.  Jolui's  in  Newfoumllaiid,  Nassau  in  New  I'rovi- 
dence,  Halifix  and  Pictcui  in  Nova  Scotia,  Basseterre  in  St.  Kill's,  Kingston  in  St.  Viiici'ut,  Road 
Harbmir  in  Tortola,  San  Josef  in  Trinidad,  shall  be  free  icarehousiiiir  ports  for  all  the  purposes  nl' iliis 
act ;  and  Kingston  and  Alontreal  in  the  Canadas,  tind  Liverpool  and  Yarmouth  in  Nova  Sciiija,  sh.iil 
be  wurehoosiiiir  ports  for  the  warehousing  of  goods  brought  by  land  or  by  inland  navigiulim,  or 
imported  in  British  ships;  ami  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  several  cidh.'clors  and  comptrollers  of  the  faij 
ports  respectively,  by  notice  in  writing  under  their  hands,  to  appoint  from  time  to  timt?  suchwaru- 
iiouses  at  such  ports  as  shall  be  approved  of  by  Ihi'in  for  the  free  warehousing  and  securing  of  pinds, 
and  also  in  such  notice  to  declare  what  sort  of  goods  may  be  so  warehoused,  and  also  by  like  notice 
to  revoke  or  alter  any  such  appointment  or  declaraticui :  provided  always,  thai  every  such  iiotini 
shall  be  transmitted  to  the  governor  of  the  place,  and  shall  be  published  in  such  manner  as  hu  shall 
<lirecl. — J  31). 

lioods  maij  be  n-arehovsed  without  Payment  of  Duty.— \l  shall  be  lawful  for  the  importer  of  any  such 
goods  into  tile  said  ports  to  warehouse  them  in  the  warehouses  so  itppointed,  withoiil  payiiient  ot'aiiy 
duty  on  tlu!  first  entry  thereof,  subject  nevertheless  to  the  rules,  regulations,  &c.  herein-aflcr  con- 
tained.—J  37. 

Hejrnlation  as  to  warehousing  of  Ooods  on  Arrival  in  Canada. — Upon  the  arrival  of  any  goods  at  any 
frontier  port  in  the  Canadas,  such  goods  maybe  entered  with  the  proper  ofl'ici'r  of  the  custniiis  at 
such  port,  to  be  warehoused  at  some  warehousing  port  in  the  Canadas,  and  may  be  delivered  hysufh 
officer  to  be  passi'd  on  to  such  warehousing  port,  under  bond,  to  the  satisfaction  of  such  ollicer,  fur 
the  due  arrival  and  warehousing  of  such  goods  at  such  port.— ^  38. 

Stowage  of  Goods  in  Warehouse. — All  goods  so  warehoused  shall  bestowed  in  such  parts  or  divisions 
nf  the  warehouse  and  in  such  manner  as  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  direct;  and  the  ware- 
house shall  he  locked  and  seciiri'd  in  such  manner,  and  shall  he  opened  and  visited  only  at  surh 
times,  and  iti  the  presence  of  such  otlicers,  and  under  such  rules  and  regulations,  as  the  cdlecloi  aniJ 


COLONY  TRADE. 


431 


ofsiich  estate;  and s^t^ 
lity  of  tliet'dods,  iindtiip 
(!  ii;ini(!  ol"  the  person  i„ 
or  <)1  her  olticcr  shall  suii. 
<((n  iimkiiiK  it  shiilUciij. 
'the  |ii'iii.('ori)rti(er  shiili 
nnd  HJilpiiiii);  siioh  gumU 
icer,  and  simll  miikt.  uriij 
virtue  of  such  iMiiry  an- 
looils  sivill  he  liiden  slial: 
iiiplrdjliT  that  the  i;(jii,!^ 
li  in  siiili  altidavit,  tdiii,. 
r,  iir  111  her  proper  oihtTr 
'  has  heeii  made,  in  iimn- 
il'siicli  Hritish  pcissessJnn 
!er  and  of  the  expcinjm, 
■  sii^ar,  CDtl'ee,  cocoa,  or 
(luce  of  .uoiiie  other  siuli 
!  shall  he  forfi'ited.— j-jj 
y  sugar,  coffee,  cdcna.'or 
as  he  ill";  the  |iroilnie  of 
outwards  .state  llie|iiaci; 
ami  shall  niak(!  and  siilj. 
e  same  ;  and  tliereiipon. 
rt'ilhin  12  months  prmriii 
I',  to  the  master  a  ceriiti- 
■li  goods  had  beensoiiri. 

)rint.'or  import  by  land  o' 

y  adjoiiiitiK  foreiiin  cuinii 

from  siicli  country,  and 

)untry,  as  well  as  i"ii  Ijn. 

boat  sliall  be  admitted  to 
eveept  such  as  have  heen 
yects,  and  shall  not  have 
I  of  lO.t.  for  every  ton  of 
in-heforn  contaiilcMl  shall 
lel  or  boat  on  such  jnliiinl 
the  5th  day  of  July,  bii, 
reign  place.—}  .Ti.' 
ot  be  lawful  so  tn  bring 
nn-house  now  is  or  hcre- 
tbe  jiovernor,  lienlinanl- 
iions  respectively,  liyanj 
inish  or  increase,  by  pro- 

luties  imposed  by  this  act 
[)orted  in  the  same  luan- 
tlie  like  goods  iinpnrl?d 
any  goods  so  brouslit  or 
iinination  of  such  I'ooils 
goods  shall  be  f(irf.!ittil, 
or  by  which  such  goods 

.line  tonnage  duties  shall 
my  goods  into  Caaiidaas 
Is  or  boats  uutering  ttii- 


1.0N1ES. 

^rein-after  mentioned. 

Hretori,  Roseau  in  Do- 
arlestown  in  Nevis,  !*1. 
Massaii  in  New  I'rovi- 
lon  in  St.  Vincent,  Road 
r  all  the  purposes  uf  this 
th  in  Nova  .Scotia,  shall 

inland  navigailiui,  or 
i  comptrollers  of  the  faid 
tiiiu.'  to  time  such  wart- 
g  and  securing  nf  poods, 
I,  and  also  by  like  notice 

that  every  such  notion 
such  manner  as  lie  shall 

be  importer  of  any  such 
without  payment  nl'aiiy 
s,  &c.  herein-after  coii- 

ival  of  anv  goods  at  any 
ollicer  of  the  customs  at 
lay  be  delivered  hysuch 
iclion  of  such  otlicer,  for 

nsiicb  parts  or  divisions 
II  direct :  and  the  warc- 
iiid  visited  only  at  such 
1118,  as  tliti  collector  anil 


comptroller  shall  direct ;  and  all  such  goods  shall,  after  being  landed  npon  importation,  be  carried  to 
ilie  warehouse,  or  shall,  after  being  taken  out  of  the  warehouse  for  exportation,  be  carried  to  be 
flijpped,  under  snch  rules  and  regulations  as  ;bo  collector  and  comptroller  shall  direct.—}  .ID. 
'  Bond  upon  Kntrij  of  Ooodn  to  be  warehoused.— Vpnn  the  entry  of  any  goods  to  be  waridimised,  tho 
imiiorler  of  such  goods,  instead  of  paying  down  the  duties  duo  thereon,  shall  give  bond  with  two  suf- 
licicnt  sureties,  to  be  approved  of  by  the  collector  or  comptroller,  in  treble  the  duties  payable  on  such 
eomls,  with  condition  for  the  safe  depositing  of  such  goods  in  the  warehouse  mentioned  in  such  entry, 
and  for  the  payment  of  all  duties  due  upon  such  goods,  or  for  the  e.xportation  thereof,  according  to  tho 
first  account  taken  of  such  goods  upon  the  landing  of  the  same;  and  with  further  condition,  that  no 
jiart  thereof  shall  be  taken  out  of  such  warehouse  until  cleared  from  thence  upon  due  entry  and  pay- 
ment of  duty,  or  upon  due  entry  for  exportation ;  and  with  further  condition,  that  the  whole  of  such 
soods  shall  be  so  cleared  from  such  warehouse,  and  the  duties,  upon  any  deficiency  of  the  quantify 
according  to  such  first  account,  shall  be  paid,  within  2  years  from  the  date  of  the  first  entry  thereof"; 
and  if  after  such  bond  shall  have  been  given,  the  goods  or  any  part  thereof  shall  be  sold  or  disposed 
of,  so  that  the  original  bonder  shall  be  interested  in  or  have  any  control  over  the  same,  it  shall  be 
li-.vfid  for  the  collector  and  comptroller  to  admit  fresh  security  to  be  given  by  the  bond  of  the 
iicw  proprietor  or  ether  person  having  control  over  sucli  goods,  with  his  sufficient  sureties,  and  to 
cancel  the  bond  given  by  the  original  bonder  of  such  goods,  or  to  exonerate  him  to  the  extent  of  the 
ftesh  security  so  given.—}  40. 

Oofids  not  tiiUy  wareliotised,  i^c.  to  be  forfeited.— \{  any  goods  which  have  been  entered  to  be  ware- 
lioiiseri  shall  not  be  duly  carried  and  deposited  in  the- warehouse,  or  shall  afterwards  be  taken  out  of 
inviihout  due  entry  and  clearance,  or  having  been  entered  and  cleared  for  exportation  shall  not  be 
iliilv  carried  and  shipped,  or  shall  afterwards  be  relanded  except  with  permission  of  the  customs,  such 
loo'ils  shall  be  forfeited.—}  41. 

'  .iaount  of  Goods  to  be  taken  on  landinir.—Vpnn  the  entry  and  landing  of  any  goods  to  be  waro- 
lioiised,  the  proper  officer  shall  take  a  particular  account  of  the  same,  and  shall  mark  thi;  contents  on 
nek  package,  and  shall  enter  the  same  in  a  book  to  be  kept  for  that  purpose  ;  and  no  goods  which 
liave  been  so  warehoused  shall  be  taken  or  delivered  from  the  warehouse  except  upon  due  entry,  and 
undiTcare  of  the  proper  officers  for  exportation,  or  upon  due  entry  and  payment  of  duty  for  lionic  iisej 
mil  whenever  the  whole  of  the  goods  warehoused  under  any  entry  shall  be  cleared  from  the  ware- 
!i.iii«e,  or  whenever  further  time  shall  be  granted  for  any  such  goods  to  remain  warehoused,  an 
.iccouiit  shall  be  made  out  of  tlie  quantity  upon  which  the  duties  have  been  paid,  and  of  the  quantity 
exported,  and  of  the  quantity  (to  be  then  ascertained)  of  the  goods  still  remaining  in  the  warehouse. 
It  the  case  may  be,  deducting  from  the  whole  the  quantity  contained  in  any  whole  packages  (if  any) 
wiiich  may  have  been  abandoned  for  the  duties  ;  and  if  upon  such  account  there  shall  in  either  case 
:|ipear  to  lie  any  deficiency  of  the  original  quantity,  the  duty  payable  upon  tho  amount  of  such  defl- 
cifiicy  shall  then  be  paid.—}  42. 

Samples  maij  be  taken. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  collector  and  comptroller,  under  such  resrulations  as 
ihi'v shall  see  fit,  to  permit  moderate  samples  lo  he  taken  of  any  goods  so  warehoused,  without  entry, 
ami  without  payment  of  duty,  e.xcept  as  tlie  same  shall  eventually  become  payable,  as  on  a  deficiency 
of llie  original  quantity.—}  43. 

(ri/i)rfs  may  be  sorted  and  repaeked. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  tho  collector  and  comptrnller,  under  such 
•I'L'ulations  as  they  shall  see  fit,  to  permit  the  proprietor  or  other  person  having  control  over  any 
warelinused  goods  to  sort,  separate,  and  pack  and  repack  any  snch  goods,  and  to  make  such  lawful 
jlierations  therein,  or  arrangements  and  assortments  thereof,  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  preserva- 
;m  of  such  goods,  or  in  order  to  the  sale,  shipment,  or  legal  disposal  of  the  same ;  and  also  to  permit 
luyparts  of  such  goods  so  separated  to  be  destroyed,  bi  witliout  prejudice  to  the  claim  for  duty  upon 
ihf  iviiole  original  quantity  of  such  goods  :  provided  always,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  person  to 
abandon  any  whole  packages  to  the  otflcera  of  the  customs  for  the  duties,  without  being  liable  to  any 
doty  upon  the  same.—}  44. 

Quods  icarehoused  may  be  delivered  for  Removal  without  Payment  of  Duty. — Goods  warehoused  at  any 
narehousing  port  in  any  of  the  British  possessions  in  America,  being  first  duly  entered,  may  be  deli- 
vered, under  the  authority  of  tlie  proper  officer  of  the  customs,  without  payment  of  duty,  except  for 
iiiy  deficiency  thereof,  for  the  purpose  of  removal  to  another  warehousing  port  in  the  same  possession, 
under  bond,  to  the  satisfaction  of  such  olBccr,  for  the  due  arrival  and  rewarehousing  of  such  goods  at 
such  other  port. — }  45. 
All  Good.i  to  be  cleared  within  2  Years,  or  sold. — All  goods  which  have  been  so  warehoused  or  reware- 
hoiised  shall  be  duly  cleared,  either  for  exportation  or  for  home  consumption,  within  two  years  from 
ilic  day  of  first  entry  for  warehousing ;  and  if  any  such  goods  be  not  so  cleared,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the 
tolli'Ctnrand  comptroller  to  cause  the  same  to  be  sold,  and  the  produce  shall  be  applied,  first  to  the 
payment  of  the  duties,  next  of  warehouse  rent  and  other  charges,  and  ttie  overplus  (if  any)  shall  be 
paid  to  the  proprietor:  provided  always,  that  it  shall  be  lawAii  for  the  collector  and  comptroller  to 
grant  farther  time  for  any  such  goods' to  remain  warehoused,  if  they  shall  see  fit.— }  46. 

Bund  on  Kntry  for  Exportation.— Vpun  the  entry  outwards  of  any  goods  to  be  exported  from  the 
ivarelifluse,  the  person  entering  the  same  shall  give  securhy  by  bond  in  treble  the  duties  of  importa- 
linn  on  such  goods,  with  two  sufficient  sureties,  to  be  approved  by  the  collector  or  comptroller,  that 
the  same  shall  be  landed  at  the  place  for  which  they  be  entered  outwards,  or  be  otherwise  accounted 
for.—}  47. 

Poteertoappnint  other  Ports.— \ls\\a\\  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  order  in  council,  from  time  to 
lime  to  appoint  any  port  in  his  Majesty's  possessions  in  America  to  be  a  free  warehousing  port  for  all 
or  any  of  the  purposes  of  this  act ;  and  every  such  port  so  appointed  by  his  Majesty  shall  be,  for  all 
the  purposes  expressed  in  such  order,  a  free  warehousing  port  under  this  act,  as  if  iippointed  by  the 
same.—}  48. 

Goods  from  Mauritius  liable  to  some  Duties  and  Regulations  as  West  India  Goods.— ^  49.— (See  PoBT 
Lotus.) 

Copeof  Good  Hope  within  Limit  of  the  Company's  Charter.— In  all  trade  with  lheHritish  possessions  in 
.\merii:a,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  the  territories  and  dependencies  thereof,  shall  be  deemed  to  bo 
within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter.—}  50. 

Dutch  Propkietors,  &c. 

Dulch  Proprietors  in  Demerara,  Esseqiiibo,  and  Berbiee,  may  .lupply  their  E.filalcs  from  Holland. — It 
shall  he  lawful  for  any  of  the  subjects  of  the  King  of  the  Netherlands,  being  Dutch  proprietors  in  the 
colonics  of  Demerara,  Essequibo,  and  Berbiee,  to  import  in  Dutch  ships  from  the  Netherlands  into  the 
said  colonies  all  the  usual  articles  of  supply  for  their  estates  therein,  and  also  wine  iiiiporti'd  for  tho 
purposes  of  medicine  only,  and  which  shall  he  liable  to  a  duty  of  lO.i.  per  ton,  and  no  more  ;  and  in 
case  seizure  be  made  of  any  articles  so  imported,  upon  the  ground  that  tliey  are  not  such  supplies,  or 
are  lor  the  purpose  of  trade,  the  proof  to  the  contrary  shall  lie  on  the  Dutch  proprii'tor  importing  the 
same,  and  not  on  the  seizing  oflicer:  provided  always,  that  if  sufficient  security  by  bond  be  given  in 
court  to  abide  the  decision  of  the  commissioners  of  custouiH  upon  such  pet  ".utc,  the  goods  su  seized 
sbaU  be  admitted  to  entry  and  released.—}  51. 


;iiii^>'«H 

'■■"■ij»«5 


"'i'«il 


'V.l     1.  -Tf 

■:i;|   -I 


:3 


^y 


■f- 


432 


COLONIES  AND 


WMSt!.: 

III        ' 

imi.-*'t 

•HTM"* 


'Ki'f 


IMUK'l 


me 
mi 

II 

^  mn 


'   i 


T)u1<h  Proprietor/  may  not  export  to  United  Kimrilom.—U  slinll  not  be  Iilwfiil  for  sndi  Dutch  pro. 
Iirii'tiirs  to  export  llie  produce  of  llieir  eslntes  to  llie  United  Kinfidoni,  or  tn  iiny  of  liis  iMajosty's  sunaj 
coldiiifs  in  Aiuericii,  e.xct-pt  under  tlie  conditions  lierein-afler  provided.— J  52.  ' 

H'/iat  Persons  .ihaH  be,  ileemed  Duteh  Proprietors. — All  snhjectB  of  his  Mnjesty  the  Ki"'.'  nf  the  Ncthp, 
lands  resident  in  his  said  Majesty's  European  dominions,  who  were  lit  tlie  date  dt' the  convention 
between  Ilis  .Majesty  (ieorsre  III.  and  the  Kinc  of  the  Nelherhmds,  rtnted  the  12tli  day  of  Ancnsi^  i«|5 
proprietors  of  estates  in  llie  said  colonies,  and  nil  subjects  of  his  said  Majesty  who  niay  lier'eiifif, 
lieciiiiu!  pdssessed  of  estates  then  hebniging  to  Dutch  proprietors  Ihi'rein,  and  all  such  proprictdrs  .„ 
beinu  then  resident  in  the  said  colonies,  and  being  natives  of  his  said  Majesty's  doininions  in  n,,, 
jNietberlands,  may  have  declared,  within  3  nmnths  after  the  publication  of  the  aforesaid  convention  m 


the  saiil  colonies,  that  they  wish  to  continue  to  he  considered  as  such,  and  ail  sulijcM  ts  of  Ins  s.vil 
Majesty  the  King  of  the  Netherlands  who  maybe  the  holders  of  mortgages  of  estates  in  tliiis||j|i 
colonies  made  prior  to  tin)  date  of  tlie  convention,  and  who  may  under  their  niortgag(!  deeds  liavciii,. 
right  of  exporting  from  the  said  colonies  to  the  Netherlands  the  produce  of  such  estates,  Himii  |„i 

'I  III! 
fon. 


deemed  Diiich  proprietors  iinilcr  the  provisions  of  this  act:  provided,  that  where  botli  Dutdi  n 
I'ritlsli  siilijeiis  have  niorlgagos  upon  the  same  property  in  the  said  colonies,  the  produce  to  be  rr,,^ 
signed  to  the  dilfereiit  mortgagees  shall  be  in  proportion  to  the  debts  respectively  due  to  them.— ^)  jj' 

Persons  not  irisliinirlo  be  considered  Dnteh  Proprietors  to  sign  a  declaration  to  that  Effect. — Wiiertajj 
is  expedient  lo  permit  any  of  such  persons,  at  their  option,  to  relinquish  such  character  of  Dutch  ii,,,! 
prielor ;  bi!  it  therefore  enacted,  that  if  any  such  person  shall  make  and  sign  a  declaration  in  wrJiinV 
atlesled  by  two  credible  witnesses,  setting  forth  that  he  is  desirous  and  has  elected  not  lo  he  doenifil 
10  be  a  Dutch  proprietor  within  the  meaning  of  the  said  act  in  respect  of  any  such  estate  or  nKirluj,. 
to  be  miMitioned  and  named  in  such  declaration,  and  shall  cause  such  declaration  to  be  delivertil  i,, 
the  commissioners  of  his  .Majesty's  customs,  such  person  shall  thenceforth  he  no  longer  deemed  a 
Dutch  proprietor  within  the  meaning  of  the  said  act  in  respect  of  the  estate  or  mortgage  so  mentinnej 
in  such  declaration  as  aforesaid,  and  such  declaration  shall  have  effect  in  respect  of  any  kooiIsiiu 
produce  of  any  such  estate  of  which  such  person  so  far  as  relates  to  those  goods  was  a  Diilcli  pro. 
jirietor,  although  such  goods  may  have  been  exported  from  the  colony  before  the  delivering  of  siKii 
declaration  as  aforesaid. — J  54. 

J^'o  Ship  to  sail  from  Jamaica  to  St.  Domingo,  or  from  St.  Domin/ro  to  Jamaica. — No  British  niorrliani 
ship  or  vessel  sliall  sail  from  .lamaica  to  St.  Domingo,  nor  from  St.  Domingo  to  Jamaica,  uniler  the 
penalty  of  forfeiture  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  together  with  her  cargo;  and  no  foreign  ship  or  vessel 
which  shall  have  come  from,  or  shall  in  the  course  of  her  voyage  have  touched  at  St.  Domingo,  siia]| 
come  into  any  port  or  harbour  in  tlie  island  of  Jamaica;  and  if  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  bavins  roine 
into  any  such  port  or  harbour,  shall  continue  there  for  4S  hours  after  notice  shall  have  been  given  hy 
the  otiicers  of  tlie  customs  lo  depart,  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  forfeited  ;  and  if  any  person  shall  hj 
landed  in  Jamaica  from  any  sliip  or  vessel  which  shall  have  come  from  or  touched  at  St.  i)nmin»n 
e.xcept  in  case  of  urgent  necessity,  or  unless  licence  shall  have  been  given  hy  the  governor  of  Jamaica 
to  land  such  person,  such  ship  shall  be  forfeited,  together  with  her  cargo. — j  55. 

C<donial  /.atrs  repngnant  to  antj  Jict  of  Porliament  to  be  null  and  I'oid. — All  laws,  by-laws,  nsaces,nr 
customs  at  this  time  or  wliicli  hereafter  shall  be  in  practice,  or  pretended  to  be  in  practice,  in  any  of 
tlie  Hritish  possessions  in  America,  in  anywise  repugnant  to  this  act,  or  to  any  other  act  of  paflij. 
nieiit.  so  fir  as  such  act  relates  to  the  said  possessions,  shall  be  null  and  void  to  all  intents  and  {nr- 
poses. — $  50. 

i'.remplionfroni  Duties  to  extend  onhj  tn  Duties  by  Jlct  of  Parliament. — Provided  always,  that  no 
exemption  from  duty  in  any  of  the  British  possessions  abroad,  contained  in  any  act  of  iiarliamciii, 
ext(!iirls  to  any  duty  not  imposed  by  act  of  parliament,  unless  and  so  far  only  as  any  duty  not  to 
imposed  is  expressly  mentioned  in  such  exemption. — J  .IT. 

Otiicers  nail  board  Ships  horerin/r  on  the  Coasts. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  oflicers  of  customs  to  go  on 
board  any  siiip  in  any  British  possession  in  America,  and  lo  rummage  and  search  all  parts  ofsii,], 
ship  lor  probiliitcd  and  uncustomed  goods,  and  also  to  go  on  hoard  any  ship  hovering  witliin  1  loajiio 
of  the  coasts  thereof,  and  in  either  case  freely  i  stay  on  board  such  ship  so  long  as  she  sliiill  remain 
in  such  port  or  within  such  distance  ;  and  if  any  such  ship  be  bound  elsewhere,  and  shall  cnntinm.'so 
hovering  for  the  space  of  21  Iwuirs  after  the  master  shall  have  been  reiiuired  to  depart,  it  shall  Iwlaw. 
fill  for  the  oiticers  of  the  customs  to  bring  such  ship  into  port,  and  to  examine  her  cnrsn,  anil  to 
examine  the  master  upon  oath  touching  the  cargo  and  voyace  ;  and  if  there  be  tmy  goods  on  boanl 
(irohiliited  to  be  imported,  such  ship  and  cargo  shall  be  forfeited;  and  if  the  master  shall  not  truly 
answer  the  (|ut'stioiis  demanded  of  him,  he  shall  forfeit  [001  — $  58. 

Forfeiture  of  Vessels,  Carrimrrs,  (\-f.  remorinnr  Goods  liable  to  Forfeiture. — All  vcssclx,  boats, car- 
riages, and  cattle  made  use  of  in  the  removal  of  any  goods  liable  to  forfeiture  under  this  act  shall  lie 
forfeited,  and  every  person  who  shall  assist  or  be  otherwise  concerned  in  the  uiisliipiilnir.  lanilms.or 
removal,  harlMiuring.  &c.  nf  such  goods,  or  into  whose  possession  the  same  shall  linowinL'ly  roint, 
shall  forfeit  the  treble  value  thereot',  or  the  peiuilty  of  100/.,  at  the  election  of  tlie  otiicers  of  the  ci!«. 
toms. — i  59. 

Goods,  ^''e.isels,  Sfc.  liable  to  Forfeiture,  mnrj  be  seized  by  Officers. — All  goods,  ships,  vessels,  hoal;. 
rarriages,  and  cattle,  liable  lo  forfeiture  under  Ibis  act,  niay  lie  seized  and  secnrid  by  any  otllnr  of 
the  customs  or  navy,  or  by  any  person  employed  for  that  purpose  with  the  coiiciirri'iicc;  of  llic  loai- 
tnissioiiers  of  his  Slaji'sly's  customs  ;  anil  every  person  who  shall  in  any  way  hiiiiler  or  nhslruci 
ruch  orticers  or  persons  employed  as  aforesaid,  or  any  person  aiding  him,  shall  for  every  such  oU'eim; 
forfeit  th('  sum  of  200/.— J  00. 

H'rit  of  Jis.iislonce  to  search  for  and  seize  Goods  liable  to  Forfeiture. — Under  aulhnrity  nf  a  writ  nf 
assistance  granted  by  the  supreme  court  of  justice  or  court  of  vice  admiralty  having  jiirisiliiilon  in 
the  place,  it  shall  hi;  lawful  for  ;iny  officer  of  the  customs,  taking  with  him  a  peaci' oil  cer,  In  onliT 
nny  building  or  other  place  in  the  daytime,  ami  to  search  for,  seize,  and  secure  any  lmoiIs  liable  ii> 
forfeiture  under  this  act.  ami,  in  case  of  necessity,  lo  break  open  any  doors  and  auy  chests  or  oiIut 
packages  for  that  purpose  ;  and  such  writ  of  assistance,  when  issued,  shall  be  dcemi'il  to  he  in  I'nrco 
•luring  tile  whole  of  the  reign  in  which  the  same  shall  have  been  grunted,  and  lor  12  months  from  tlie 
conclusion  of  such  reign. — }fil. 

Obstruction  of  Officers  by  Force. — If  any  person  shall  by  force  or  violence  assault,  molest,  hinder,  nr 
obstruct  any  oificer  of  the  customs  or  navy,  or  other  person  employed  as  aforesaid,  or  any  |ier«nn 
uctiiig  in  hit<  aid,  «<iich  pt^rson  upon  conviction  shall  be  adjudged  a  felon,  and  punished  ai  the  discit.'- 
tioM  of  the  court.— J  02. 

Goods  seized  to  he  secured  at  the  next  Custom-house,  and  sold  hy  Auction. — All  things  seized  as 
Jiable  lo  forfeiture  under  this  act.  or  iindi-r  any  act  made  for  the  prevention  of  smiigL'ling.  or  relatiiis 
to  the  customs,  or  to  trade  or  navigation,  sliall  be  delivereil  lo  the  collector  and  coinplroller  of  llii! 
<-iistoins  next  to  the  place  where  the  same  were  seized  ;  ami  after  condemnation  tlii'y  sliall  taase  llie 
fame  to  he  sold  by  public  auction  to  the  best  bidder:  provided  always,  that  it 'sliall  be  lawful  forlliii 
foiiimissioners  of  the  customs  to  direct  in  what  manner  the  produce  of  such  sale  shall  hi'  applied,  or, 
in  lieu  of  such  saiu,  to  direct  wluit  things  shall  be  destroyed,  or  be  reserved  for  the  public  service. 
—J  to. 


COLONY  TRADE. 


433 


iwfiil  for  siidi  Dutcli  pf^. 
liny  of  his  Majesty's  suj-af 

ily  tlin  Ki'".'(if  the  Nptli,.,. 
In?  (lat(!  of  the  ronvoiiiinn 
'  12tli  <lay  cif  Aiicnsi,  11,15 
ajesty  wlio  iniiy  luTcafitr 
1(1  all  such  prDpricKirs .,, 
lajesly's  (Ininliiidns  inn,,, 
lifi  afiiresaid  nonvciilioii  in 
and  ail  siiliji'd^ofiiisujii 
ces  of  pstati.'H  in  tlii'siuj 
r  niort?n!,'ii  (lends  IiiivimIk. 
e  of  siicli  estiiles,  shall  lui 
lat  where  lictli  JJutrh  i,,,,] 
s,  tlie  produce  to  hi.  ,„„ 
tivelv  due  to  llictii,— jjjj' 
to  that  Kifccl.—\\\i(;teas], 
:U  character  of  Duicli  pro. 
n  a  derlaratinii  in  wriiin^ 
I  elected  not  to  be  dcpnipii 
ly  siicli  estate  or  inortfati. 
irution  to  be  d(!livcrei|  u, 
th  be  no  longer  deemed  a 
or  mortgage  so  ineiiiinii,.j 
n  respect  of  any  foods  tiie 
e  goods  was  a  Diilcli  pm. 
ore  the  delivering  ol'smfi 

ica-So  British  m(^rrliar,t 
BO  to  .lamaica,  nnder  He 

no  foreign  sliip  or  vcsi..| 
died  at  St.  Doniiricn,  shaii 
lip  or  vess(d,  bavins  ninie 

shall  have  been  given  by 
and  if  any  pi-isoii  sliuiih'e 
•  touched  at  St.  Dnniinno, 
ly  the  governor  of  Jamaica 
;i55. 

laws,  by-laws,  usaccs.nr 
1  be  in  practice,  in  anvnf 
0  any  other  act  of  paflia. 
oid  to  all  interns  and  prt. 

Provided  always,  that  no 
in  any  act  of  iiarliamciii, 
r  only  as  any  duly  not  ,0 

fBcers  of  customs  to  go  on 

d  search  all  parts  of  sii.ti 

hovering  within  I  lea2iii. 

long  as  she  shall  remain 

s,  and  shall  cnntinin'so 

depart,  it  shall  lie  law- 

mine  her  cargo,  and  to 

tie  any  goods  on  Ijoan! 

the  muster  shall  nut  truly 

■All  vessels,  boats,  rir- 
iiiider  this  act  shall  lie 
iiiishippiiig.  landms,  nr 
shall  kmmiiiL'ly  ciiine, 
of  the  (,'liicurs  of  the  ens- 
ships,  vessels,  bnal^ 
'cured  by  any  (iflircr  nf 
iiKMirrence  of  the  ricii. 
way  hinder  or  nh«triicl 
all  for  every  such  oll'ena' 

!'r  authority  of  a  writ  of 
ty  having  jiirlsdicliiin  In 

a  peace  olfcer,  lo  enter 
I'ure  any  g.iiids  liable  10 
I  and  any  clicsls  nr  otlier 

deemed  to  he  in  I'lirce 
d  for  12  nuinths  t'nimtlii! 

isault,  iiKdesl,  hinder,  nr 
aforesaid,  or  :iny  |ier«nn 
puMisht'd  at  the  discre- 

-All  things  seized  as 
i)f  sniugL'llng.  or  rclatiiiij 
r  ami  comptroller  uf  llie 
ion  they  shall  cause  the 
t "shall  be  lawful  fertile 
sale  shall  be  applied,  or, 
:d  fur  the  public  service. 


ThP  next  17  clauses  relate  to  the  mode  of  proceeding  in  actions  as  to  scizurcB  before  the  courts,  the 
ipplication  and  recovery  of  penalties,  &c.     It  seems  uiineces.jary  to  insert  these  in  this  place. 

•flic  Kill ff'  man  rcgvUde  the  'I'riule  of  certain  Ciilniiie.i. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  hy  any 
order  or  orders  in  council  to  be  issued  from  time  to  lime,  to  givi!  such  directions  and  make  such  regu- 
latimis  timcliiug  the  traih;  and  commerce  to  and  from  any  British  possessions  on  or  near  the  ciiitineiil 
lif  F.iiinp''-  '"■  "ithin  the  MiMliterr.'iiean  Sea,  or  in  Africa,  or  within  'he  limits  of  the  Kast  India  Coni- 
panv's  charter  (e.\(!epting  the  pobsessions  of  the  said  Company),  as  to  his  Majesty  in  ciuincil  sliall 
Vppear  exp(;(licnt ;  and  if  any  goods  shall  be  imported  or  e.\ported  in  any  manner  cmitrary  to  any 
,','h  order,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited,  together  with  the  ship  importing  or  exporting  the  same. 
_,1SI. 

fjiat  India  Company  man  carry  Goods  from  India  to  Cnlonie.i. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  East  India 
!iim|iany,  during  the  continuance  of  their  exclusive  privileges  of  trade,  to  export  from  one  place 
ivithiii  Ibi'  liinils  of  their  charier  any  goods  for  the  purpose  of  being  carried  to  some  of  his  Majesty's 
loisessiona  in  America,  and  so  to  carry  and  to  import  the  same  into  any  of  such  possessions,  and 
',lj(ilo  carry  return  cargoi :,  from  such  possessions  to  any  place  within  the  limits  of  their  (  hart(.'r,  or 
1,1  the  I'niled  Kini'dom  ;  and  it  shall  be  I  ,w  ''•il  for  any  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  with  tlie  licence  or 
midcr  the  authority  of  the  said  C(uiipany  to  I  ide  in  and  export  from  any  of  the  dominions  of  the  F.m- 
piTiir  of  <;hina  any  goods,  and  to  lade  in  a  id  export  from  any  place  within  the  limits  of  the  said 
(■,iii,piiiiy's  charter  any  tea,  fur  the  piirpo»  f  f  being  carried  to  siune  of  his  Majesty's  possessions  in 
\inerica,  and  also  so  to  carry  and  to  import  the  same  into  any  of  such  possessions. — }  b'J. 

Ccrlifiratr  (if  f'rodnction  of  Kaft  fndia  Sn/rnr.—hahnW  be  lawful  lor  any  shipper  of  sugar  the  pro- 
duce I'f  some  British  possession  within  tin-  limits  of  the  East  Ii  dia  Coinpany's  ciiarter,to  be  exported 
friim  such  possession,  to  l'o  before  the  collector,  comptroller,  &.c.  of  the  customs  at  such  place,  or,  if 
tlierc  he,  none  such,  lo  go  before  the  principal  otiicer  of  such  place,  or  the  judge  or  commercial  resi- 
,i(nt.  and  make  an  athdavit  that  such  sugar  was  really  and  honii  Jide  the  produce  of  such  British  pos- 
*i.-<inii.  t"  "'"  '"'*'  <il"lii'<  l';nowledg(!  and  belief;  and  such  ()dic(!r',  &c.  is  to  iirant  a  certificate  thertfot", 
setting  lortli  the  name  of  the  ship  in  wliicli  the  siisar  is  to  lie  exported,  and  her  destination.—}  Ki. 

Slii)i.<hnilt  prior  to  the  ].-it  of  January,  ISlfi,  deemed  Brili.ih  Ships  within  certain  Limits. — All  ships 
miill  within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charier  prior  to  the  1st  day  of  January,  If'lf),  and 
nliich  were  then,  and  have  continued  since,  to  be  sohMy  the  property  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  slial' 
Ir  deemed  to  be  British  ships  fur  all  the  purposes  of  trad(3  within  the  said  limits,  including  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.— J  81. 

Cirlificale  of  I'rodiirtiim  nf  Cape  fVine. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  shipper  of  wine  the  produce  of  the 
fapeof  Oood  Hope,  or  of  its  dependencies,  wliicli  is  to  be  exported  from  thence,  to  go  before  the 
,liipf  otiicer  of  the  customs,  and  make  r.n  affidavit  that  such  wine  was  really  and  bom'i  fide  the  produce 
(if  the  Cape  or  its  dependencies;  and  such  otiicer  is  re(iuired  to  administer  such  afiidavil,  and  to 
.'rant  a  certificate  tliereof,  stating  the  name  of  the  ship  in  which  the  wine  is  exported,  and  her  desti- 
nation.— ^  "^* 

Cntifieate  of  Prndiirfiov  nf  Goods  in  Guernsey,  ^•c.—\t  shall  be  lawful  for  any  person  who  is  about 
iaex|i(irt  from  (iuernsey.  Jersey.  Alderney,  or  Sark,  to  the  United  KinL'dom  or  any  British  possession 
inAnieiica,  any  goods  the  growth  or  produce  of  any  of  those  islands,  or  any<;oo(ls  manut'actured 
'run  materials  the  L'ri)Wth  or  produce  thereof,  or  of  the  United  Kingdom,  to  go  before  a  magistrali* 
',■'  the  island  from  which  the  coods  are  to  be  exported,  and  sign  a  declaration  that  such  goods  are  of 
udi  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture,  and  such  magistrate  shall  administer  and  sign  such  declara- 
iiiin'^anil  thereupon  the  i.'ov(^riior,  lieutenant-governor,  &c.  of  the  island  shall,  upon  the  delivery  to 
aim'ifstich  declaration,  L'raiit  a  certilicate  under  his  hand  of  the  proof  contained  in  such  declaration, 
statins  till' sfiip  by,  and  the  jiort  in  the  United  Kin'.'doni,  or  in  such  possession,  to,  which  Hie  goods 
areio'^lw  exported  ;  ami  such  certificate  shall  he  produced  at  such  ports,  in  proof  that  the  goods  men- 
tioned therein  are  of  the  growlli,  produce,  &c.  of  such  islands.— J  8(i. 

Tlie  iii!xt  section  relates  to  the  importation  of  tea  into  Guernsey,  &c.  during  the  exclusive  trading 
ririvileses  eiijoyiid  bv  the  East  India  <.'oiupany. 

Giirniscij,  iVc  Tonnaffe  of  Ships  and  Siie  uf  Purkapres  for  Spirits.— ^io  brandy,  geneva,  or  other  spirits 
ipxcept  rum  of  the  Britisliplantalions),  shall  he  imported  into,  or  exported  from, tin;  islands  of  Jersey, 
(Iuernsey.  Alderney,  or  Sark.  or  removed  from  any  one  to  any  other  of  the  said  islands,  or  coastwise 
from  any  one  part  to  any  other  pari  of  either  of  the  said  islands,  or  be  shipped  to  lie  so  removed  or 
tarried,  or  be  water-borne  for  the  purpose  of  being  so  shipped  in  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat  of  less  bur- 
,'.n  tli.an  U)0  tons  (except  when  imported  from  the  United  Kinadom  in  ships  of  tin;  bunlcii  of  7tl  ton.s 
It  least),  nor  in  any  cask  or  package  of  less  size  or  content  than  W  gallons,  (except  wiien  in  bottles, 
mil  rarrled  in  a  s(iuare-riL'ged  ship,)  nor  any  tobacco  or  sniifT  in  any  ship,  vessel,  <iy  boat  of  less 
iiiirden  lliaii  ItUI  tons  (except  wliiMi  imported  from  tin?  U  li'.ed  Kingdom  in  ships  of  the  Imrdeii  of  7U 
tons  at  least),  nor  in  any  cask  or  package  containing  less  tiiaii  ■l.'JO  lbs.  weight,  (save  and  except  any 
^l^h  spirits  or  loose  tobacco  as  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  seamen  belonging  to  and  on  bd.iid  any  suc'ii 
.iiiii,  vessel,  or  boat,  not  exceeding  '2  gallons  of  the  former,  and  .')  lbs.  weight  of  the  latter.  I'nr  each  sea- 
ii;an',  niid  also  except  such  maiiiifactured  tobacco  or  snntf  as  sliiiU  have  been  duly  exported  as  iiier- 
ri:aiidise  from  (.'re.it  Britain  or  Ireland.)  on  pain  of  f  irfeitiire  of  all  such  fiueign  brandy,  geneva,  or 
•il'ier  spirits,  tobacm  or  snuff  respectively,  together  witli  the  casks  or  fiackages  contaiiiinii  the  same. 
and  also  of  every  such  ship,  vessel,  or  boi'it,  together  widi  all  hi'r  guns,  t'urniture.  &c.— I'l  s-*. 

X,il  til  e.rlend  to  I'e.-sels  of  10  Tons  supplyinir  J.~hind  of  Sari;,  harinir  I.irrnre  so  tii  (/.).— N'olliing  herein 
■.'iilained  shall  extend,  or  be  construed  to  extiMid,  I"  any  boat  not  exceiMling  the  linrden  of  111  Ions,  for 
MavinL'oii  board  at  any  onetime  any  fori'iL'n  spirits  of  111"  (iiiantity  of  10  gallons  or  under,  in  casks  or 

iinrkaies  of  less  size  or  content  than  10  gallons,  or  any  tobacco.  sniiH".  or  lea,  not  e\( diiiL' ."iO  lbs. 

weiald  nf  each,  fur  the  supply  of  the  said  island  of  Sark.  such  boat  having  a  licence  from  tin'-  officer  of 
iiistnnis  at  either  of  the  islands  of  (iuernsey  or  Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  being  employed  in  carrying 
foininodities  fir  the  supply  of  the  said  island  I'f  Sark  :  provided  that  every  such  boat  having  on  board 
at  any  one  lime  any  greater  (luantitv  of  spirits  than  10  gallons,  or  any  greater  (pianlily  of  tobacco  or 
siiiilf  than  ."iO  Ills,  weight  of  each  of'the  said  articles,  unless  such  greater  (luanlity  of  spirits,  tobacco. 
iirsiiiiir  shall  be  in  casks  or  packages  of  tlie  size,  content,  or  weight  henin-before  reiinired.or  having 
(inboard  at  any  one  time  any  greater  (luantity  of  tea  than  fiO  lbs.  weight,  shall  be  forfeited.—}  81). 

Pnuitlij  on  Pfsons  found'  on  hoard  Vessels  Halite  to  Forfeitnre  irilhin  I  Leairae  of  Giirrn.-<ry.  S^-c— 
Every  jiirson  found  or  discovered  to  have  been  on  board  any  vessel  or  boat  liable  to  forfeiture,  I'or 
b'iiii:  fiiiiiid  williin  I  league  of  the  islands  of  (iuernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  or  Sark.  having  on 
Imard  or  in  any  manner  attached  or  affixed  thereto,  or  conveyoii.'  or  having  conveyeil.  in  any  manner. 
such  goods  or  other  things  as  subject  such  vessel  or  boat  to  forf'eitnre,  or  who  shall  be  fniind  or  dis- 
covered to  have  been  on  board  any  vessel  or  boat  from  which  any  part  of  the  cart;o  shall  have  been 
thrown  (iverboard  during  cliace,  or  staved  or  destroyed,  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  lOD/.-  }  !'0. 

British  Coals  not  to  lie  rf-erported  from  British  Po.<.--c.-:<ions  vilhont  l>nty.-\l  shall  not  he  lawful  tf> 
re-e.\pnrt  from  anv  of  his  Majesty's  possessions  abroad  to  any  foreign  place  any  coals  the  produre  of 
(he  United  Kiiigddm,  except  upon  payment  of  the  duty  to  which  such  coals  wimld  be  li able  n|)on  ex- 
portation from  the  United  Kingdom  to  smb  foreign  place  ;  and  no  such  coals  sliall  be  shipped  at  an; 
of  such  possessions,  to  be  exported  to  any  British  place,  until  the  exporter  or  the  master  of  the  export- 

VoL.  I.— 2  0  55 


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ing  vessel  shall  have  given  bond,  with  nne  sufficient  surety,  in  double  the  value  of  the  coals,  that  ggef) 
coiils  shall  not  be  landed  at  any  Toreign  place. — i  0!. 

Penalty  for  usinff  Documents  counterfeited  or  fahified.—K any  person  shall,  in  any  of  his  Majeaiy'j 
possessions  abroad,  counterfeit  or  falsify,  or  wilfully  use  wh»Mi  counterfeited  or  fnlslfiud,  any  cnirv 
warrant,  cockct,  &;c.  for  the  unladini!,  lading,  entering,  reporting,  or  clearing  any  ship  or  vessel, or  fi'it 
the  landing,  shipping,  or  removing  of  any  goods,  stores,  baggage,  or  article  whatever,  or  shall  by  any 
false  statement  procure  any  writing  or  (focuinent  to  be  made  for  any  such  purposes,  or  siiall  fulnely 
make  any  oath  or  aflirnmtion  required  by  any  act  for  regulating  the  trade  of  the  Rritish  possession* 
abroad,  or  shall  forge  or  counterfeit  a  certificate  of  the  said  oath  or  affirmation,  or  shall  knowingly 
publish  such  certificate,  lie  shall  for  every  such  offence  forfeit  the  sum  of  2002.— $  92. 

The  American  government  having  declined  complying  with  those  conditions  of  recipro- 
city under  which  the  trade  between  the  United  States  and  the  British  colonies  was  to  be 
opened  by  the  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  114.,  it  was  directed  by  an  order  in  council,  dated  the  27th 
of  July,  1826,  that  a  duty  of  4*.  3d,  per  ton  should  be  charged  upon  all  American  vessels 
entering  his  Majesty's  possessions  in  the  West  Indies,  as  well  as  an  addition  of  10  per  cent. 
upon  the  duties  imposed  by  the  above-mentioned  act  on  all  and  each  of  the  articles  named 
in  it,  when  imported  into  the  West  Indies  in  American  ships. 

In  the  course  of  1830,  however,  the  negotiations  that  had  been  entered  into  with  the 
United  States  relative  to  this  subject  were  happily  terminated  by  the  Americans  agreeing  to 
the  conditions  of  reciprocity  above  mentioned ;  so  that  the  discriminating  duties  imposed 
upon  the  ships  and  goods  under  authority  of  the  above-mentioned  order  in  council  are 
wholly  repealed. 

Subjoineu  m  the  circular  Ictiv^r  of  the  American  government,  and  an  extract  from  the 
British  order  in  council,  dated  the  dth  of  November,  1830,  relative  to  this  new  arrange- 
ment. 

Circular  to  the  Collectors  of  Customs, 

Treasury  Department,  Oct.  0, 183(1. 
Sir, — You  will  perceive  by  the  proclamation  of  the  president  herewith  transmitted,  that  from  and 
after  the  date  thereof,  tlie  act  entituled  "An  Act  -  cerning  Navigation,"  passed  on  the  13th  of  April, 
1818;  an  act  supplementary  therein,  passed  the  ISi.i  of  May,  1820;  and  an  act  entituled  "An  Actio 
regulate  the  commercial  Intercourse  between  tlie  United  States  and  certain  British  Ports,"  passed  on 
the  1st  of  March,  1823,  are  absolutely  repealed;  and  the  ports  of  the  United  States  areopen  to  JBrUisi 
vessels  and  their  cargots,  earning  fmm  the  British  colonial  possessions  in  the  fVest  Jvdits,  on  the  ccimi. 
vent  of  South  America,  the  Bahama  Islands,  the  Caicos,  and  the  Bermuda  or  Somer  Islands  ;  also  fron 
the  islands,  provinces,  or  CQlonica  of  Great  Britain  «7i  or  near  the  Jforth  American  continent,  and 
north  or  east  of  the  United  States.  Hy  virtue  of  tl)e  amhority  of  this  proclamation,  and  in  conlhrniiir 
with  th(>  arrangement  made  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  and  under  the  sanction  oi' 
the  president,  you  are  instructed  to  admit  to  entry  such  vessels  being  laden  with  the  prodiictiensof 
Great  Britain  or  iier  said  colonies,  subject  to  the  same  duties  of  tonnage  and  impost,  and  other  charges, 
as  are  levied  on  the  vessels  of  the  United  States,  or  their  cargoes  arriving  from  the  said  Uritish  colo- 
nies: you  will  also  grant  clearances  to  British  vessels  for  the  sev(;ral  ports  of  the  aforesaid  colonial 
possessions  of  Great  Britain,  such  vessels  being  laden  with  such  articles  as  may  he  exported  from  the 
United  States  in  vessels  of  the  United  States ;  and  British  vessels  coining  from  the  said  colonial  iws- 
sessions  may  also  he  cleared  for  foreign  ports  and  places  other  than  those  in  tlie  said  British  colonial 
possessions,  being  laden  with  such  articles  aa  may  be  exported  from  the  United  States  in  vesseUo) 
the  United  States.    I  am,  &c. 

(Signed)  S.  D.  INGHAM,  Secretary  to  the  Treasury. 

Extract  fromthe  British  Order  in  Council,  dated  the  5th  of  JVovember,  1830,  relative  to  the  Trade  bettiitu 
the  United  States  and  the  British  tVest  Indies. 

"  Whereas  it  hath  been  made  to  appear  to  his  Majesty  in  council,  that  the  restrictions  heretofore 
imposed  hy  the  laws  of  the  United  States  upon  British  vessels  navigated  between  th^aid  States  ami 
his  Majesty's  possessions  in  the  West  Indies  and  America,  liave  been  repealed  ;  and  that  the  dis- 
criminating duties  of  tonnage  and  of  customs  heretofore  impotiud  by  the  laws  of  the  said  United  Stales 
upon  British  vessels  and  their  cargoes  entering  the  ports  of  the  said  States  from  his  Majesty's  s.iid 
possessions,  have  also  been  repealed,  and  that  the  ports  of  the  United  States  are  now  open  to  Brilisli 
vessels  and  their  cargoes  coming  from  his  Majesty's  possessions  aforesaid.  His  Majesty  dotf»,  there- 
fore, with  the  advice  of  his  privy  council,  and  in  pursuance  and  exercise  of  the  powers  so  vested  in 
him  hy  the  act  passed  in  the  sixth  year  of  the  reign  of  his  said  late  Majesty,  or  by  any  other  actor 
acts  of  parliament,  declare  that  the  said  recited  orders  in  council  of  the  21st  of  July,  1823,  and  of  the 
27th  of  July,  1826,  and  the  said  order  in  council  of  the  16th  of  July,  1827  (so  far  as  such  last-nientioneJ 
order  relates  to  the  said  United  States),  shall  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby  respectively  revoked. 

"And  his  Majesty  doth  further,  by  the  advice  aforesaid,  and  in  pursuance  of  tlie  powers  afrtresaid, 
declare  that  the  ships  of  and  belonging  to  the  said  United  States  of  America  may  import  iVoin  the 
United  States  aforesaid  into  the  British  possessions  abroad,  goods  the  produce  of  those  States,  and 
may  export  goods  from  the  British  possessions  abroad,  to  be  carried  to  any  country  whatever." 

Connection  of  the  Planter  and  Home  Merchant.  Mode  of  transacting  Business  in 
England.-^— The  mode  of  transacting  West  India  business  is  as  follows : — A  sugar  planter 
forms  a  connection  with  a  mercantile  house  in  London,  Bristol,  Liverpool,  or  Glasgow ; 
stipulates  for  an  advance  of  money  on  their  part;  grants  them  a  mortgage  on  his  estate;  and 
binds  himself  to  send  them  annually  his  crop,  allowing  them  the  full  rate  of  mercantile 
commissions.  These  commissions  arc  2^  per  cent,  on  the  amount  of  sugar  sold,  and  of 
plantation  stores  sent  out ;  along  with  ^  per  cent,  on  all  insurances  effected.  During  the 
war,  when  prices  were  high,  the  amount  of  those  commissions  was  large ;  but,  like  other 
high  charges,  the  result  has,  in  nine  cases  in  ten,  been  to  the  injury  of  those  who  received 
them :  they  led  the  merchants  to  undertake  too  much,  and  to  make  too  large  advances  to 
the  planters,  for  the  sake  of  obtaining  their  business.  At  that  time  it  was  usual  to  allow  a 
permaiient  loan  at  the  rate  of  3,000/.  for  the  assured  consignment  of  100  hogsheads  of 


COLONY  TRADE. 


435 


lie  ofthccoalg,  that  aiKfy 


■a  may  import  Irom  the 


fflfar;  but  tliat  ratio  was  very  often  exceeded  by  the  planter,  the  3,000/.  becoming  4,000/., 
5,000/.,  6,0007.,  and,  in  very  many  casea,  still  more,  in  consequence  of  unforeseen  wants 
und  too  sanguine  calculations  on  his  part. 

Persons  resident  in  the  West  Indies  are  almost  always  bare  of  capital,  and  for  ob\'ious 
ipasons.  A  climate  of  such  extreme  heat,  and  a  state  of  society  possessing  so  few  attrac- 
tions to  persons  of  education,  offer  no  inducements  to  men  of  substance  in  Europe  to  go 
thither.  Those  who  do  go,  must  trust  to  their  personal  exertion  and  the  support  of  others ; 
and  when,  after  a  continued  residence  in  the  West  Indies,  they  have  made  some  progress  in 
acquiring  a  competency,  and  have  become  accustomed  to  the  climate,  they  hardly  ever  con- 
sider themselves  as  settled  there  for  life ;  their  wish  and  hope  is  to  carry  their  acquisitions 
so  fur  as  to  be  enabled  to  pass  the  remainder  of  their  days  comfortably  at  home.  The 
readiest  means,  In  the  view  of  the  planter,  of  accomplishing  this,  is  the  extension  of  his 
undertakings ;  which  he  can  do  only  by  ''lorrowing  money.  Hence  a  continued  demand  on 
his  niercantile  correspondents  at  home  for  fresh  advances :  the  consuming  effect  of  heavy 
commissions,  and  of  the  interest  oa  borrowed  money,  is,  or  rather  was,  overlooked  in  his 
ardent  speculations.  But  when  prices  unfortunately  fall,  he  finds  himself  10,000/.  or  20,000/. 
in  debt,  with  a  reduced  income.  The  merchants  at  home  become  equally  embarrassed,  be- 
cause the  case  of  one  is  the  case  of  three  fourths  of  their  correspondents ;  and  the  capital 
(if  the  merchants,  large  as  it  may  be,  is  absorbed  and  placed  beyond  their  control.  The 
mortgages  they  hold  are  of  value  only  in  an  ultimate  sense :  to  foreclose  them,  and  to  take 
possession  of  the  estates,  is,  in  general,  a  very  hazardous  course. 

Such  has  been  for  a  number  of  years  the  state  of  our  West  India  trade.  Perhnps  it  is 
impossible  to  point  out  ariy  means  of  effectual  relief:  our  planters  must  not  build  expecta- 
tions on  such  doubtful,  or  rather  improbable,  events  as  the  stoppage  of  distillation  from  malt, 
or  an  insurrection  of  the  negroes  in  rival  countries,  such  as  Cuba  or  Brazil.  Of  a  bounty 
on  exportation  it  is  idle  to  speak :  so  fliat  their  only  rational  and  substantial  ground  of  hope 
riccins  to  be  in  a  further  reduction  of  the  duties  on  sugar,  coffee,  and  rum ;  and  an  abolition 
of  the  duties  on  imports,  and  of  the  restrictions  laid  on  their  trade  with  America  and  other 
countries. 

The  sale  of  West  India  articles  takes  place  through  the  medium  of  produce  brokers,  who 
in  London  reside  chiefly  in  Mincing  Lane  and  Tower  Street.  Samples  of  sugar  and  rum 
are  on  show  in  their  respective  sale  rooms  during  four  days  of  the  week,  viz.  Tuesday, 
Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Fridaj,  from  11  to  1  o'clock;  during  which  time  the  sugar 
refiners,  wholesale  grocers,  and  other  dealers  in  produce,  call  in,  observe  the  state  of  the 
market,  and  buy  what  they  require.  The  term  of  credit  is  short ;  only  1  month  for  coffee 
and  rum,  and  2  months  for  sugar.  Coffee  is  generally  sold  by  public  auction,  sugar  and 
rum  by  private  contract.  The  broker's  commission  is  usually  A  per  cent,  on  the  amount ; 
iiut  in  the  case  of  coffee,  as  they  guarantee  the  buyers,  their  charge  amounts  to  1  per 
cent  The  brokers  have  no  correspondence  or  connection  with  the  planters  ;  they  are  em- 
ployed by  the  merchants;  and  their  sales,  though  for  large  amounts,  being  very  simple,  a 
iiroiterage  house  of  consequence  generally  does  the  business  of  a  number  of  merchants, 
Neither  merchants  nor  brokers  see,  or  are  in  the  least  under  the  necessity  of  seeing,  the 
bulky  packages  containing  the  different  articles  of  produce  of  which  they  effect  the  sales  ; 
all  is  done  by  sample  ;  the  packages  remaining  in  the  bonded  warehouse  from  the  time  of 
landing  till  they  are  sold  ;  after  which  they  pass  to  the  premises  of  the  refiner,  wholesale 
grocer,  or  whoever  may  be  the  purchaser. 

The  allowances  made  to  the  buyer  in  respect  of  weight,  consist,  first,  of  the  tare,  which  is 
the  exact  weight  of  the  cask ;  and,  in  the  second  place,  of  a  fixed  allowance  of  h  lbs.  per 
cask  in  the  case  of  coffee,  called  trett,  and  of  2  lbs.  per  casli  on  sugar,  under  the  name  of 
draft— (See  Account  Sales  of  both,  in  p.  208.) 

The  shipping  of  stores  from  England  to  the  plantations  is  also  a  very  simple  transaction. 
West  India  merchants  m  London,  Liverpool,  or  Bristol,  receive  I'rom  the  [ilanters,  in  the 
autumn  of  each  year,  a  list  of  the  articles  required  for  the  res{)ectivc  estates:  these  lists 
they  divide,  arrange,  and  distribute  among  dill'erent  wholesale  dealers  in  the  course  of  Sep- 
tember and  October,  with  instructions  to  get  them  ready  to  ship  in  a  few  weeks.  November 
and  December  are  the  chief  months  for  the  despatch  of  outward-bound  West  Indianien,  aa 
the  plantation  stores  ought,  by  rights,  to  arrive  about  the  end  of  December,  or  in  the  course 
of  January.  That  is  a  season  of  activity,  and  generally  of  health,  in  the  West  Indirs  ;  the 
comparatively  cool  months  of  November  and  December  having  cleared  the  air,  and  the  pro- 
duce of  the  fields  having  become  ripe  and  ready  to  carry.  Crop  lime  lusts  from  January  to 
the  end  of  July,  after  which  the  heavy  rains  put  a  stop  to  field  work  in  the  islands. 
Demer&ra,  being  so  near  the  line,  experiences  less  difference  in  the  scastins,  and  it  is  cus- 
tomary there  to  continue  making  sugar  all  the  year  round. 

The  arrivals  of  West  Indiamen  in  England  with  homeward  cargoes  begin  in  April  and 
continue  till  October ;  after  which,  with  the  exception  of  occasional  vessels  from  Deraerara 
and  Berbice,  they  cease  till  the  succeeding  April.  This  corresponds  with  the  time  of  car- 
rying and  loading  the  crops ;  for  it  would  be  quite  unadvisabic,  on  the  score  of  health,  as 


'''''I** 


436 


COLONIES  AND 


•'"hi;-,, 


«*». 


-         li 

mi 

( ,. 


•f 


well  as  of  thi  interruptions  to  work  from  the  heavy  rains,  to  attempt  loading  vessels  in  the 
su.i;ar  islanils  during  ttio  autuniniil  months. 

The  unloiiding  of  West  Indianien  in  London  usually  takes  place  at  the  West  India  docks; 
and  did  so  uniformly  from  tiiu  autunm  of  1802,  when  the  docks  were  first  opened,  till  Au- 
gust, 18^3,  when  the  dock  monopoly  expired.  The  delays  in  discharging,  occasionally 
complained  of  during  the  war,  arose  from  two  causi-s ;  from  the  vessels  arriving  in  llepb 
(in  conseiiuence  of  sailing  with  convoy,)  and  from  the  imperfections  inseparable  from  a  new 
estalilishment.  The  latter  have  been  long  remedied  ;  and  as  to  the  farmer,  though  at  patti- 
cular  seasons,  and  after  a  change  of  wind,  the  vessels  still  come  close  on  each  other,  the  crowd, 
ing  in  the  docks  is  by  no  means  to  be  compared  to  that  arising  from  the  arrival  of  a  convoy. 
Cargoi's  are  discharged  very  speedily,  the  time  seldom  exceeding  3  days.  The  dock  diics 
have  also  been  materially  reduced  since  the  jwace :  and  the  whole  exhibits  a  striking  i\. 
ample  of  the  advantage  attendant  on  transacting  a  mass  of  business  on  one  spot ;  an  ad- 
vantage which  can  bo  enjoyed  only  in  great  sea-ports,  such  as  London,  Liverpool,  or  Amster- 
dam.— (See  Docks.) 

'I'he  rates  of  freight  during  the  war  were,  on  sugar  from  7a'.  to  8s.  per  cwt.,  and  on  coflee 
from  U)s.  to  11*.;  whereas  tliey  now  amount,  the  former  to  4s.  and  4s.  Gd.,  and  the  latter  to 
(\t.  The  ship  owners  complain  that  these  freights  leave  them  very  little  profit ;  but  in  con- 
.sequence  of  the  speed  with  which  vessels  may  now  be  unloaded  and  cleared  at  London,  it 
is  probaide  that  the  practice  of  making  lira  voyages  in  the  season  will  become  general. 

IJispo.sid  of  Land  in  the  Colonies. — The  chief  cause  of  the  raj)id  advanceinpiit  of  all 
colonies  placed  in  rude  and  thinly  peopled  countries,  has  been  the  facility  with  which  thev 
have  obtained  supplies  of  fertile  and  unoccupied  land.  Were  the  inhabitants  ofarolony 
so  situated,  that  instead  of  resorting  to  new  land  to  obtain  increased  supplies  of  food,  thev 
were  obliged  to  improve  the  land  already  in  cultivation,  their  progress  would  be  compara- 
tively slow,  and  they  would  api)roach  to  the  condition  of  an  old  country  ;  and  the  greater 
the  concentration  of  the  inhabitants,  the  nearer,  of  course,  would  be  their  approach  to  that 
state.  On  the  other  hand,  several  inconveniences  result  from  allowing  the  colonists  to 
spread  themselves  at  pleasure  over  unoccupied  districts.  The  inhabitants  become  too  much 
dispersed  to  be  able  to  lend  sufiicient  assistance  to  each  other ;  a  large  extent  of  roads  i-; 
necessary,  and  their  construction  is  a  task  too  great  for  so  thin  a  population.  But  the 
greatest  injury  that  can  be  done  to  a  colony  is  the  making  of  gratuitous  grants  of  large 
tracts  of  land  to  corporations  or  individuals,  without  laying  upon  them  any  obligations  as  to 
their  occupation,  or  obliging  them  to  contribute  their  share  of  the  expenses  necessary  on 
account  of  public  improvements.  Wherever  such  an  unwise  policy  has  been  pursued,  as 
in  liovver  Canada  for  example,  the  consequences  have  been  most  injurious.  The  occur- 
rence of  the  unoccupied  districts  obliges  the  settlers  to  establish  themselves  at  inconvenient 
distances  from  each  other;  it  prevents,  by  the  want  of  roads,  their  easy  communication; 
and  retards,  in  a  degree  not  easy  to  be  imagined,  the  advancement  of  the  district.  The  in- 
conveniences resulting  from  these  grants  arc,  indeed,  obvious.  They  have  been  loudly 
complained  of  by  the  colonists,  and  are  now  almost  universally  admitted. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  discover  the  principle  of  the  measures  that  ought  to  be  adopted  with 
respect  to  the  disposal  of  unoccupied  colonial  land.  They  should  be  so  contrived  as  to 
prevent  too  great  a  ditfusioii  of  the  colonists,  without,  however,  occasioning  their  too  great 
concentration.  And  it  is  plain,  that  these  advantages  may  be  realised  by  selling  all  lands 
at  a  moderate  price,  or  by  imposing  upon  them  a  moderate  quit-rent.  If  the  price  or  quit- 
rent  were  very  high,  it  would,  of  course,  occasion  too  great  a  concentration,  and  be  an  insu- 
perable obstacle  to  the  rapid  progress  of  the  colony  ;  while,  if  it  were  too  low,  it  would  not 
obviate  the  inconvenience  of  too  great  dispersion.  The  fixing  of  the  price  at  which  land 
should  be  sold  is,  therefore,  the  only  really  difficult  point  to  be  decided  upon.  The  Ameri- 
cans sell  their  public  lands  at  2  dollars  an  acre ;  and  this  is,  perhaps,  all  things  considered, 
as  proper  a  sum  as  could  be  selected. 

Until  very  recently  we  did  not  follow  any  fixed  plan  in  the  disposal  of  colonial  lands, 
which  have  in  many  instances  been  bestowed  in  the  most  improvident  manner.  But  a  dif- 
ferent system  has  been  adopted,  and  lands  in  the  colonies  are  no  longer  obtainable  except  by 
purchase.  We,  however,  are  not  without  apprehensions  that  considerable  inconvenience 
will  result  from  the  proposed  plan  of  selling  land  by  auction.  It  is  easy,  no  doubt,  to  fix  a 
minimum  upset  price  ;  but  the  market  price  must  entirely  depend  on  the  rjwintily  put  up 
fur  sale,  compared  with  the  number  and  means  of  the  buyers.  And,  as  the  regulation  of 
this  quantity  must  necessarily  be  left  to  the  local  authorities,  they  will,  in  fact,  have  the 
power  of  fixing  the  price.  A  system  of  this  sort  can  hardly  fail  of  leading  to  very  great 
abuses ;  and  will  give  rise  to  perpetual  complaints,  even  when  they  are  not  dcservcti,  of 
partiality  and  preference.  The  best  way,  as  it  appears  to  us,  would  be  to  order  competent 
persons  to  fix  certain  prices  upon  all  the  lands  to  be  located,  according  to  the  various  cir- 
cumstances for  and  against  them ;  and  to  grant  specified  portions  of  such  lands  to  all  who 
claim  them,  according  to  the  amount  of  capital  they  proposed  to  employ  in  their  cultivation. 
We  do  not,  however,  think  that  the  maximum  price  ought  in  any  case  to  exceed  18«.or  15s. 


COLONY  TRADE. 


437 


oaJing  vessels  in  the 

ic  West  India  ilijoks; 
Urat  opened,  till  Au- 
harging,  occasionally 
sels  arriving  in  ilcok 
separable  from  a  new 
rnicr,  though  at  parti- 
eaeh  other,  the  crowd- 
lie  arrival  of  a  convoy, 
aya.  The  dock  iwf 
xhibits  a  Hlril<irig  ix- 
on  one  spot;  an  aJ- 
Liverpool,  or  Amster- 

)cr  cwt.,  and  on  colTcc 
I.  Gd.,  and  the  latter  to 
,tle  profit ;  but  in  con- 
cleared  at  London,  it 
,  become  general, 
d  advancement  of  all 
cility  with  which  thev 
ihabitants  of  a  colony 
supplies  of  food,  thfv 
ss  would  be  coinpara- 
mtry  ;  and  the  greater 
:heir  approach  to  that 
)wing  the  colonists  to 
ants  become  too  much 
irge  extent  of  roads  h 

I  population.  But  the 
;uitous  grants  of  large 

II  any  obligations  as  to 
expenses  necessary  on 
y  has  been  pursued,  as 
njurious.  The  occur- 
nselves  at  inconvenient 

easy  communication ; 
the  district.    The  in- 
hey  have  been  loudly 
tted. 

;ht  to  be  adopted  with 
be  so  contrived  as  tu 
isioning  their  too  groat 
;ed  by  selling  all  lands 
If  the  price  or  quit- 
ration,  and  be  an  insu- 
too  low,  it  would  not 
he  price  at  which  land 
d  upon.    The  Ameri- 
all  things  considered, 

osal  of  colonial  lands, 
It  manner.  Butadif- 
:r  obtainable  except  by 
iderable  inconvenience 
!asy,  no  doubt,  to  fix  a 
n  the  qwintihj  put  up 
id,  as  the  regulation  of 
will,  in  fact,  have  the 

leading  to  very  great 
y  are  not  deserved,  of 
be  to  order  competent 
ng  to  the  various  cir- 
such  lands  to  all  who 
oy  in  their  cultivation. 

to  exceed  12s.  or  los. 


Ml  ftcre '.  II  price  of  this  maRnitude  would  secure  a  sufficient  degree  of  concentration,  with- 
out carrying  the  principle  so  far  as  to  make  it  injurious.* 

Disposal  of  Land  in  Canada, — The  following  advertisement,  dated  <it  the  oflice  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands,  York,  Upper  Canada,  27th  of  May,  1833,  explains  the 
terms  on  which  lands  are  in  future  to  bo  granted  in  that  province  :— 

In  ronrormity  to  iiislructions  recently  received  from  liis  Majesty's  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies, 
(hf  foll(pwin(!  urraniieiiients  for  disposini;  of  tlie  waste  lands  of  the  crown  in  tipper  Canada,  are  made 
known  for  tlie  information  of  emigrants  and  others. 

Except  in  the  case  of  U.  E.  Loyalists,  and  other  persons  entitled  by  the  existing  regulations  of  tlio 
gnvernment  to  fVee  grants,  no  person  can  obtain  any  of  the  waste  lands  of  the  crown  oth(.•rwi^'e  than 
hy  purchasing  ut  the  public  sales,  made  IVom  time  to  time  under  the  direction  of  tlie  comniisHioiiur  of 
crown  lands, 

Tliepc  sales  will  be  made  on  the  1st  and  3d  Tuesday  of  each  month,  and  will  either  be  continued 
thrnii(!li  tlie  following  day,  or  not,  as  circnmslnnces  may  appear  In  the  agent  to  require. 

Besides  these  general  periodical  sales,  there  may  be  occasional  sales  by  auction  in  other  districts,  of 
!iich  town  lots,  or  other  Iota  of  land,  us  may  remain  to  be  disposed  of;  aiid  of  these  sales  ample  notice 
will  lie  given. 

Tlic conditions  of  every  sale  by  public  auction  will  he  as  follows:— One  fburth  of  the  purchase  mo- 
rey  to  he  paid  down;  and  the  remainder  in  3  equal  annual  instalments,  with  interest  at  6  per  cent,  on 
each  instalment,  payable  with  the  instalment. 

The  lands  will  be  put  up  at  an  upset  price,  of  which  notice  will  be  given  at  the  time  of  sale,  and  in 
the  previous  advertisements  which  will  be  published  of  the  lands  intended  to  be  put  up  at  each  sale : 
and  in  case  no  offer  shall  be  made  at  the  upset  price,  the  land  will  be  reserved  for  future  sale,  in  a 
similar  manner,  by  auction. 

A  patent  for  the  lands  will  be  issued  free  of  charge,  upon  the  payment  in  full  of  the  purchase  money 
anii  interest. 

The  commissioner  for  crown  lands,  acting  also  as  agent  for  the  sale  of  clergy  reserves,  requests  it 
tr  be  noticed,  that  such  clergy  reserves  as  have  not  been  hitherto  occupied  by  aiilliority,  or  leased  by 
ihe  sovernment,  will  be  disposed  of,  by  public  auction  only,  either  at  the  periodical  sales  of  crown 
lands,  or  at  occasional  sales,  to  be  duly  advertised,  and  that  the  terms  of  payment  for  clergy  reserves 
will  continue  to  be  as  follows : — 10  per  cent,  to  be  paid  at  the  time  of  sale,  and  the  remainder  in  0  an- 
nual instalments  of  10  percent,  each,  with  interest  on  each  instalment,  to  be  paid  with  the  instal- 

Illl'Dt. 

Such  clergy  reserves  as  have  been  leased,  or  occupied  by  the  authority  of  the  government,  must  be 
apiilied  for  by  letter  to  the  commissioner  of  crown  lands,  and  when  disposed  of,  will  be  sold  by  privatu 
s.ileon.tlJe  same  terms  of  payment  as  those  disposed  of  by  public  auction. 

7>rm«  vpon  which  tlie  Crovm  Lands  will  be  disposed  of  in  AVtr  South  IVales  and  Van  Diemen's  Land. 

It  has  been  determined  by  his  Majesty's  government  that  no  land  shall,  in  future,  be  disposed  of  in 
New  South  Wales  or  Van  Diemen's  I,and  otherwise  than  by  public  sale,  and  it  has  therefore  been 
(Iceineil  e.xpedient  to  prepare  for  the  information  of  settlers  the  following  summary  of  the  rules  which 
it  lias  been  thought  fit  to  lay  down  for  regulating  the  sales  of  land  in  those  colonies  : — 

1.  A  division  of  the  whole  territory  into  counties,  hundreds,  and  parishes,  is  in  progress.  When 
that  division  shall  be  completed,  each  parish  will  comprise  an  area  of  about  25  square  miles. 

2.  All  the  lands  in  the  colony,  not  hitherto  granted,  and  not  appropriated  for  public  purposes,  will 
be  put  up  to  sale.  The  price  will  of  course  depend  upon  the  quality  of  the  land,  and  its  local  situation; 
hut  no  land  will  be  sold  below  the  rate  of  5*.  per  acre. 

3.  All  persons  proposing  to  purchase  lands  not  advertised  for  sale,  must  transmit  a  written  applica- 
linn  to  Ihe  governor,  in  a  certain  prescribed  form,  which  will  be  delivered  at  the  Surveyor  General's 
Office  to  all  persons  applying,  on  payment  of  the  requisite  fee  of  'is.  tirf. 

4.  Tliose  persons  who  are  desirous  of  purchasing,  will  be  allowed  to  select,  with  certain  defined 
limits,  such  portions  of  land  as  they  may  wish  to  acquire  in  that  manner.  These  portions  of  land  will 
be  ailvevlised  for  sale  for  3  calendar  months,  and  will  then  be  sold  to  the  highest  bidder,  provided  that 
such  hidiling  shall  at  least  amount  to  the  price  fixed  by  Article  3. 

5.  A  deposit  of  10  per  cent,  upon  the  wliole  value  of  the  purchase  must  be  paid  down  at  the  time  of 
fale.  and  the  remainder  must  be  paid  within  I  calendar  niontli  from  the  day  of  sale,  previous  to  which 
Ihe  patcliaser  will  not  be  put  in  possession  of  the  land  :  and  in  case  of  payment  not  being  made  within 
the  prescribed  iieriod,  the  sale  will  bo  considered  void,  and  the  deposit  forfeited. 

6.  On  payment  of  the  money,  a  grant  will  be  made  in  fee-simple  to  the  purchaser  at  the  nominal 
quit-rent  of  a  pepper-corn.  Previous  to  the  delivery  of  such  grant,  a  fee  of  40s.  will  be  payable  to 
the  colonial  secretary,  for  preparing  the  grant,  and  another  fee  of  Rs.  to  the  registrar  of  the  Supreme 
Cnurt,  for  enrolling  it. 

7.  The  land  willgenerally  ho  put  up  to  sale  in  lots  of  1  square  mile,  or  640  acres  ;  but  smaller  lots 
than  640  acres  may,  under  particular  circumstances,  be  purchased,  on  makin^  application  to  the 
t'nvernnr  in  writing,  with  full  explanations  of  the  reasons  for  which  the  parties  wish  to  purchase  a 
snialjer  quantity. 

S.  The  crown  reserves  to  itself  the  right  of  making  and  constructing  such  roads  and  bridges  as  may 
be  necessary  for  public  purposes  in  all  land  purchasi^d  as  above  ;  and  also  to  such  indigenous  timber, 
stone,  and  other  materials,  the  produce  of  the  land,  .is  may  be  required  for  making  and  keeping  the 
$aid  roads  and  bridges  in  repair,  and  for  any  other  public  works.  The  crown  further  reserves  to  itself 
all  mines  of  precious  metals. 

Colonial  Oflice,  20th  of  Jonuary,  1831. 

Selection  of  Sites  firr  Colonial  Establishments. — Nothing  can  be  more  unwise  than  the 
plan,  if  so  we  may  call  it,  hitherto  followed  in  the  selection  of  places  at  which  to  found 
colonies.  The  captain  of  a  ship,  without  any  knowledge  whatever  of  the  nature  of  soils, 
or  the  capacities  of  a  country  in  an  agricultural  point  of  view,  falls  in  after  a  long  cruise 
with  a  river  or  bay,  abounding  with  fish  and  fresh  water,  and  surrounded  with  land  that 

*  The  injurious  consequences  resulting  from  the  late  system  of  granting  lands  In  the  colonies  have 
been  very  forcibly  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Goiiger,  Mr.  Tennaiit,  and  others  ;  but  the  degree  of  concentration 
they  recommend  would  be  ten  limes  more  injurious. 
2o2 


li"l»« 


>lil>«ta 


)  I 


438 


COLONIES  AND 


Vimnik' 


WJW't:, 

mmz 

C.J 

m.lfiitr~f 

tm;s«.... 

looks  fertile,  and  is  covered  with  herbage.  He  forthwith  reports  all  these  circumstances, 
duly  embellished,  to  the  Admiralty,  strongly  recommending  the  situation  as  an  adiniruljlt- 
ono  at  which  to  found  a  colony  ;  and  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  this  is  all  the  information 
that  is  required  in  taking  a  step  of  such  infinite  importance !  No  wonder,  therefore,  that. 
many  fine  schemes  of  colonisation  should  have  ended  only  in  loss  and  disappointment;  iind 
that  situations  which  the  colonists  were  taught  to  look  upon  as  a  species  of  paradise,  have 
proved  to  be  any  thing  but  what  they  were  represented.  Botany  Bay,  though  descrilKid  hy 
Captain  Cook  as  one  of  the  finest  places  in  the  world,  had  to  be  abandoned  by  the  colonists 
that  were  sent  out  to  it;  as  the  country  round  it,  instead  of  being  favourable  for  cultivation, 
is  a  mere  sandy  swamp.  Is  it  possible  to  sujjpose,  had  the  proper  in(iuirie8  been  enterod 
into,  that  any  attempt  would  have  been  made  to  establish  a  colony  in  so  pestilential  a  climate 
as  that  of  Sierra  Leone  T  The  colony  in  the  district  of  Albany,  in  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
was  founded  upon  the  representations  of  an  individual,  who,  whatever  might  be  his  informa- 
tion in  other  respects,  had  not  the  slightest  knowledge  of  agriculture ;  and  the  distresses  the 
settlers  have  had  to  encounter  were  the  natural  consequences  of  their  relying  on  such  au- 
thority. The  late  establishment  at  Swan  River  may  be  adduced  as  another  instance  of  mis- 
placed or  premature  confidence  in  the  reports  of  those  who  were  really  without  the  moans 
of  forming  a  correct  estimate  of  the  various  circumstances  necessary  to  be  attended  to  in 
forming  a  colony. 

We  do,  therefore,  hope  that  an  end  will  be  put  to  this  system, — a  system  which  is  in  no 
common  degree  injurious  to  the  public  interests,  and  is  highly  criminal  towards  those  who 
embark  as  colonists.  The  founding  of  a  colony  ought  to  be  looked  upon  in  its  true  point 
of  view — as  a  great  national  enterprise.  It  is  not  an  adventure  to  be  intrusted  to  presump- 
tuous ignorance  ;  but  should  be  maturely  weighed,  and  every  circumstance  connected  with 
it  carefully  investigated.  Above  all,  the  situation  in  which  it  is  proposed  to  found  tlie  colony 
should  be  minutely  surveyed :  and  its  climate,  soil,  and  capacities  of  production,  deliberately 
inquired  into  by  competent  persons  employed  for  the  purpose.  Were  this  done,  govern- 
ment and  the  public  would  have  the  best  attainable  grounds  upon  which  to  proceed;  and 
neither  party  would  have  much  reason  to  fear  those  disappointments,  which  have  hitliertoso 
often  followed  the  exaggerated  representations  of  those  to  whom  the  important  and  difficult 
task  of  selecting  situations  for  colonies  has  been  delegated. 


'        mi 


t         'I 


V.   FOKEION    CoLOMES. 

1.  Spanish  Colonies. — Spain,  whose  colonial  possessions  extended  a  few  years  ago  from 
the  frontiers  of  the  United  States  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  is  not,  at  present,  possessed 
of  a  foot  of  ground  in  the  whole  American  continent.  Still,  however,  her  colonial  posses- 
sions are  of  great  value  and  importance.  In  the  West  Indies,  she  is  mistress  of  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico ; — the  former  by  far  the  largest  and  finest  of  the  West  India  islands ;  and  the 
latter  also  a  very  valuable  possession.  In  the  East,  Spain  is  mistress  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  which,  were  they  in  the  hands  of  an  enterprising  people,  would  speedily  l)ecome  of 
very  great  commercial  importance. — (See  the  articles  Havanna,  Manilla,  Porto  Rico.) 

2.  Dutch  Colonies. — Java  forms  the  most  important  and  valuable  of  the  Dutch  colonial 
possessions. — (See  Batavia.)  In  the  East  they  also  possess  the  Moluccas,  Bencoolenon 
the  coast  of  Sumatra,  Macassar,  and  the  eastern  coast  of  Celebes,  Banda,  &c.  They  liave 
several  forts  on  the  Gold  Coast  in  Africa ;  and  in  the  West  Indies  they  possess  the  islanJs 
of  Curapoa  and  St.  Eustatius,  Saba,  and  part  of  St.  Martin ;  and  on  the  continent  of  South 
America,  they  are  masters  of  Dutch  Surinam.  Curagoa  and  St.  Eustatius  are  naturally 
barren,  but  they  have  been  both  highly  improved.  From  its  being  very  conveniently 
situated  for  maintaining  a  contraband  traffic  with  the  Caraccas  and  other  districts  in  South 
America,  Curag oa  was  formerly  a  place  of  great  trade,  particularly  during  war.  But  since 
the  independence  of  South  America,  Curag oa  has  ceased  in  a  great  measure  to  be  an  entre- 
pot ;  the  goods  destined  for  the  Continent  being  now,  for  the  most  part,  forwarded  direct 
to  the  places  of  their  destination. 

That  district  of  Surinam  ceded  to  the  British  in  1814,  comprising  the  settlements  of 
Detnerara,  Berbice,  and  Essequibo  (see  ante,  p.  421.),  formed  the  most  valuable  portion  of 
Surinam,  or  Dutch  Guiana.  The  district  which  still  belongs  to  the  Dutch  lies  to  the  south 
of  Berbice.  It  contains  about  25,000  s<iuare  miles,  and  a  population  of  about  C0,000.  It 
is  daily  becoming  of  more  value  and  importance. 

^.French  Colonies. — Previously  to  the  negio  insurrection  that  broke  out  in  1792,  S:. 
Domingo  was  by  far  the  most  valuable  colony  in  the  West  Indies.  But  this  disastrous 
event,  having  first  devastated  the  island,  terminated  in  the  establishment  of  the  independent 
black  republic  of  Hayti. — (See  Pout  au  Piiixcf..)  Having  also  sold  Louisiana  to  the 
Americans,  and  ceded  the  Mauritius  to  the  English,  without  making  any  new  acquisitions, 
the  colonial  dominions  of  France  are,  at  this  moment,  of  very  limited  extent.  They  consist 
of  Guadeloupe  and  Martinique,  and  the  small  islands  of  Marie-Galante  and  Deseada,  in  the 
West  Indies ;  Cayenne,  in  South  America ;  Senegal  and  Goree,  in  Africa ;  the  Isle  de 


COLONY  TRADE. 


439 


these  circumstanccfi, 
tion  as  an  uclniiralilt 
is  all  tUo  informution 
fonder,  therefore,  that. 
1  disappointmrnt;  and 
iciea  of  paradise,  have 
r,  thongh  described  hy 
doned  by  the  colonists 
ouralile  for  cultivation, 
>n(iuirics  Jwen  entcrnd 
10  pestilential  a  climate 
e  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
•  might  be  his  inforina. 
;  and  the  distrcsacg  the 
ir  relying  on  such  au- 
lother  iiiHtance  of  mis. 
illy  without  the  moans 
y  to  be  attended  to  in 

system  which  is  in  no 
nal  towards  those  who 
jpon  in  its  true  point 
B  intrusted  to  prcsump. 
istance  connected  with 
ised  to  found  the  colony 
production,  deliberately 
'ere  this  done,  govern- 
which  to  proceed;  and 
which  have  hitherto  so 

important  and  difficult 


(1  a  few  years  ago  from 
t,  at  present,  possessed 
er,  her  colonial  posi^cs- 

mistress  of  Cuba  and 
India  islands ;  and  the 
ress  of  the  Philippine 
lid  speedily  liecome  of 

iLLA,  Ponxo  Rico.) 

of  the  Dutch  colonial 
ioluccas,  Bencoolen  on 
mda,  &c.  U'hcy  have 
ley  possess  the  islanJ? 
he  continent  of  South 

ustatius  are  naturally 
ing  very  conveniently 
ithcr  districts  in  South 
uring  war.  But  since 
neasure  to  he  an  entn- 

part,  forwarded  direct 

5  the  settlements  of 
)st  valuable  portion  of 
)utch  lies  to  the  south 

of  about  C0,000.    It 

oke  out  in  1792,  St. 
But  this  disastrous 
nt  of  the  independent 
sold  Louisiana  to  the 
any  new  ac(]uisitions, 

xtent.  Theycon.4t 
e  and  Dcseada.  in  the 

Africa ;  the  Lsle  de 


Bourbon,  in  the  Eastern  Ocean ;  St.  Marie,  in  Madagascar ;  and  Pondicherry  and  Chander* 
nagor,  with  a  very  small  surrounding  territory,  in  the  East  Indies.  The  tubular  statements 
annexed  show  the  population,  trade,  Stc.  of  the  French  colonies. 

Table  of  tlio  ropulation  of  tlie  French  Colonies,  and  of  their  Coininerco  with  Trance.— IMontvtrant 
Ktaai  de  Statutigue  lur  lee  Colonics,  Piicea  Juatificatieet,  No.  &.) 


Fopulttlon  in  1820,  or  according 
lo  the  last  Ceniui. 

Commeree  with 
France. 

Navigation. 

Cod  of  the  French 

Colunio. 

Rral  Value,  1831. 

Entereil. 

Cleared  out. 

Whites. 

People  ufColour 

Total. 

Import! 

into 
Francu. 

Erports 

fnun 
Fnncp. 

Ships. 

Ton- 
nage. 

Ships. 

Ton- 
nage. 

Imported 
in  1831. 

Official 

Value. 

Free. 

Slaves. 

flarlh.lmerica, 

Siinl  I'ierru  and  J 

Miqueloii,  1X31  5 

nijiiii'iiti. 

Hariiuiijue  (Jan.  > 

GuvUi™|»  (J'n.  » 
l.liOl)       .     5 
.SoiitA  .Imenca. 

Ciifnnc,  (Jan.  1.  ? 

Jfrica. 
Bourbon  (Jan.  1-  { 
l!(30)                J 
Senfgil  (1825)    • 

.1)10. 

rrenoh  f.\cloriesl 
in  India  (1825)  J 

Total 

No. 
861 

9,410 
10,596 

1,201 

20,000 
240 

1,021 

A'o. 

18,f32 
10,77.' 

2,220 

11,500 

3,673 

107,986 

No. 

80,753 
90,743 

19,173 

66,000 

12,297 

1,194 

A'o. 
861 

109,995 
112,111 

22,684 

97,500 
16,110 

110,201 

»flncj. 
6,700,916 

20,123,584 
26,642,222 

2,<I42,158 

15,057,276 
3,445,087 

3,723,270 

Frana. 
470,117 

12,633,530 
12,140,853 

1,736,792 

5,132,908 
3,095,818 

753,235 

A'o. 
3 

154 

195 

29 

50 
29 

4 

A'o. 
353 

40,996 
47,623 

4,458 

15,122 
3,058 

1,145 

A'o. 

136 
194 

23 

62 
25 

6 

No. 

47,772 

4,056 

18,315 
2,706 

1,241 

kilogr. 

1,744,618 
2,W0,075 

131,157 

210,345 

/'ratio. 

436,155 
705,019 

32,789 

68,584 

43.419   1,50,073 

270,160 

469.615 

79,133.603 

53,8S8,2401     464 

110,755 

445 

106,127 

4,906,193 

(,226,549 

AhleMial  ('lacks  of  both  lexM       -          -    194,141  individuals.  |  Colonies  for  colonial  produce  i—Impnrt.ilioiu    6-1 .265 ,250  francs. 
Old  men,  cnildren,  and  sick               .          -     75,939        —         1                      Ditto                     Eiijorlaliori   30,230,083       — 

Statement  of  the  Products  of  the  French  Colonies  imported  info  France,  and  entered  for  Consump- 
tion, and  of  the  Duties  charged  on  their  Introduction,  in  183\. —(Montviran,  No.  6.) 


Colonies  and 
EiUbliihmrnts. 

Sugars  of 

all 
Qualities. 

CofTee. 

Cacao. 

Cotton. 

Cloves 

and 
Spices. 

Annolto. 

Indigo. 

Gum. 

Wai. 

Woo<lof 

all  Kinds. 

Custom 
Duties. 

GuJileteupe 
Mirlinique 
Bnurbon    • 
Cavenne    ■ 
Sencpl      -,   ,.    ■ 
Fac(orie8  in  India 
St.  Pierre  :ind  Fish-  > 
eriesof.Miiiuelon  J 

Total 

Kilngr. 
36,,579.836 
27.049,000 
16,229.003 

1,432,075 

43,023 

Kilogr. 

96.'<,48fl 

379,044 

761,814 

42,426 

4^282 

Kilogr. 

9.042 

157,110 

191 

Kilogr. 

28,t>92 
5,117 
3,174 

169,520 

81,232 

A'ilogT. 

61 

24,318 

729 

18,112 

193,747 

Kilofr. 
827l22 

Kilogr. 

12I754 

Kilogr. 
677,010 

Kilogr. 
12,898 

Kilogr. 
241.012 
949.^40 
31,995 
68.729 
93,285 

Froiirj. 

18,813,3.-.7 

13,845,765 

7.092.305 

851,408 

114.752 

424,608 

6,789 

81,332,937 

2,199,646 

168,345 

268,935 

236,967 

82,122 

13,036  677,040 

t 

12,899 

I.3S4,8S9  1  41,148,984 

Produce      of      the 
French      colonies 
iniportetl,  but  not 
enlemi    for    con- 
iuniplion,  in  1S3I. 

Total 

6,5K,833 

938,317 

t-7,9 15,770 

2,199,046 

168,345 

268,935 

236,967 

S2,122 

13.036  077.010|    12,S98 

I,3S4,SS9 

42,087,301 

Value  in  francs   . 

52.749.462 

l,649.2«6l    116.442 

175,148 

2.3(i9,670  1  161.244  1  130,360  947,856!    25,796 

34C,'222  15H,674.486»| 

JV.  .B.— The  kilogramme  =  2'2  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

4.  Banish  Colonies. — In  the  West  Indies,  these  consist  of  the  islands  of  St.  Croix,  St. 
Thomas,  and  St.  John:  of  these,  St.  Croix  only  is  valuable.  It  is  about  81  s(]uare  milea 
in  extent,  and  contains  about  37,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  3,000  arc  whites,  1,200  free 
blacks  and  mulattoes,  and  the  remainder  slaves.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  it  is  well  cultivated. 
The  principal  productions  are  sugar,  rum,  and  cotfee.  In  India,  the  Danes  possess  Tran- 
queliar,  near  Madras;  and  Serampoor,  near  Calcutta.  The  former  contained,  in  1809, 
about  19,000  inhabitants ;  but  it  has  greatly  improved  since  the  peace,  both  in  commerce 
and  population.  Serampoor  is  a  neat  but  not  very  considerable  place.  It  serves  as  an 
asylum  for  the  debtors  of  Calcutta,  and  is  the  capital  station  of  the  missionaries.  The  Danes 
have  a  few  forts  on  the  coast  of  Guinea. 

5.  Swedish  Colonies. — The  Swedes  only  possess  one  colony — the  small  island  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  only  about  25  square  miles  in  extent,  but  is  very 
fertile.  It  has  no  springs,  nor  fresh  water  of  any  sort,  except  such  as  is  supplied  by  the 
rain.    Population  between  8,000  and  9,000. 

*  Allowing  for  bounty  on  exports. 


>W-t% 


IhCK 


'lit.'. 


440 


COLONIES  AND  COLONY  TRADE. 


••■cr 

in 


c 


ma.' 


i    ?  . 


r 


'i 


(Smicnipntof  ihnNcttExpf'ndlturc  iiinirrt'il  hy  firrnl  llrilnin,  on  ncroiinl  of  her  ncvrrnl  Military  »ni) 
Miiritinio  HtallonN,  (.'oloiiUiii,  anil  I'lantiiliDna,  during  lH33-3'i. — (I'nrl.  Paper,  No.   KM.  Hvn.  l).;i5  . 


" 

^ — "■       — 

Cotoolci,  &c* 

Military 
Eipcuililure. 

rivll 
Elpiixtllura. 

Nival  El- 
iwnditurr. 

Total  Eipmililurr 

fur  MiliMry,  (  ivil 

and  Nnval 

EiUbliihnienti. 

Rrpavnirnli 
frniii  1  iilniiiiil 
He v^niira,  anil 

.Sur|ilui  Cut- 
tniiti,  aii't  I'ml 
Offi.T  Collec- 

Tnlal  F,»|»n,ii|„, 

lurrincit  hy 

tin  at  llrjuiu. 

iutw. 

MtUtaru  and  Mantuit 

L.       $.d 

L.      I.    d. 

L.      1.  d. 

L.       fc  d. 

L    $.     d. 

/-  1.  r~ 

« 

(lihraltar 

IM.RW    3    C 

■b 

659    6    9 

154,517    9    6 

127    6    9 

I5i,3rn  2  0 

M.ilta 

ino.wi-.  17  10 

— 

6,120    9    7 

IOfi.».>K    7     5 

ill  13    6  3-4 

«7,.';j  |«  'i", 

C.i|if  of  CkxmI  Hnp«    . 

w.eo:  IN  h 

1,204    4    0 

3,360  II    3 

(I7,.!.r2  16    H 

Mauntiui 

llli><l  U    2 

tJN.j    6    0 

— 

M7,(r:4  18    2 

.. 

•  l7,|iTI  M    1      1 

nprniuilA 

1)9,33)1     t  10 

20,lfl4  1^  11  1-4 

13,296  19    6 

ll2,(l(m  17     3  1-4 

_ 

Il2,0f.q  17    ;| 

Ornniulo  I*o 

OKI  19    0 

7,>I2    ft    9 

_ 

8,.^2U    4    fl 

_ 

8,'iJU    i    g 

Asrciision       •           • 

1,417  II   10 

— 

,9,754    2    9 

11,171   14     7 

«., 

•I.ITI   11    7 

'■Ki  m  ', 

lleliC'.lniiil      . 

.wo   0   0 

362  19    6 

ym  19    6 



loni.iii  l-'Iandi 

07,6IX)  17    4 

— 

— 

97,690  17    4 

— 

9i,mn  4 

Plaiitaliomand  Set' 

Hi  nienlf- 

Jamaica  LoininaDii: 

Jainnica 

Rnhaiiias 

210,763  14    6 

6,654  16    9 

2,679    0  11 

219,067  13    1 

_ 

310,0ff7  12  1 

HfWnni    •           •) 

Wirnhvanlund  Lefwird 

hUnds  I'diiiiiiaiul : 

liarhn,lf)fi    . 

. 

Cin'na'la 

St.  Vincent 

'lotajto 

AiiiiKua 

Mdittwrrat  • 

SI.  Cliristoiiher'i     •  1 
Nevis          •           •  ( 

409,613    0    5 

6,930  1»   2 

458   0    0 

416,000  JO  T 

_ 

<»,725  Old.: 

AiiKuifU      - 

Virgin  latandi 

a 

IViniinica    • 

St.  I.ucia     - 

a 

Trinidad 

Uritish  Guiana       -J 

a 

I:,ower  (.'.Hilda           •  f 
l'|i|ipr  Cainda            •  J 

254,778  14    0 

5,893  10    1  1-4 

2,677.10    0 

263,349  U    1  H 

- 

2M.249I4  IM 

Nova  Scotia  Comniand : 

Nova  Scolia             •*) 

New  Brunswick     •  I 
Frinre  K  Iward's  U.  [ 

128,326    2    6 

20,436  10    6  1-4 

7,S02  18    0 

166,664  10  10 1-4 

— 

162,312  6  41-1 

Newfo-indl.ind        .J 

Sit-m  l.<one  • 
rMinbia 

28,199  16    7 

11,061  16    1 

1,600    0    0 

40,761  12    8 

- 

40,761  12  3 

Cape  Coast     • 

_ 

3,500    0    0 

_ 

3,500    0   0 

^ 

3.500   0   0 

Ctyinn 

I2S,I67  17    3 

i,oas  0  0 

1,964  13    8 

131,137  10  11 

17,797  10    4  1-2 

113,340   0  61.2 

VV«tem  Australia     - 

5,371  18     1 

19,082    3    4 

— 

24,454    1    6 

— 

24,454    1   t 

Penal  Settlenientt. 

New  South  Wales      •  / 
\'an  IJieinan's  Land    • ) 

92,321    3    2 

311,418    7    6  34 

- 

403,739  10    7  34 

J  26.676  18    7  1-4 
[  6,052    6   31-4 

1     371,010        9M 

Geuerat  charges 
Tolal.i 

29,114    8    1 

8,000    0    0 

— 

37,114    8    1 

— 

37,114    8    1 

,920,287  16    7 

I3I,2<1  14    5  I.2I 

50,173  14    5 

2.401,703    5    5  1-2 

50,865  15    5  3-4 

2,364,309   6  9 

AW?.— In  tlie  almve  totals  are  compreliende*!,  in  iilditinn  lo  ttir  .[iwified  expenditures,  the  follnwinK  advance!  in  aid  of  CotottiaiTm' 
niu>,  to  wit,  /,.848  8».  Sd.  for  BarbaJoej,  i.6875  I4>.  Hd.  for  British  Guiana,  and  7-5,747  15i.  (id,  for  Nova  Scotia,  kc—Svp.) 

[The  only  colonics  which  have  been  hitherto  planted  by  the  people  of  the  United  Stntes 
are  those  classed  together  under  the  general  name  of  Liberia,  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa. 
They  present  a  remarkable,  and  indeed  singular  instance,  of  establishments  of  the  kind  hav- 
ing  been  formed,  and  conducted  from  their  origin,  with  views  of  a  purely  disinterested  and 
philanthropic  character,  viz.  the  facilitating  of  the  gradual  emancipation  of  the  slaves  in  the 
United  States,  and  the  spreading  of  Christianity  and  civilization  among  the  surrounding  tritm 
of  savage  men. 

We  extract  the  following  account  of  "  Liberia  as  it  is"  from  the  report  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Colonization  Society  for  1838,  17  years  after  the  first  settlement  was  made  under  ilie 
auspices  of  the  American  Colonization  Society.  This  account  is  given  by  Mr.  Buchnnan, 
who  resided  about  a  year  in  Africa,  and  who  made  himself  familiar  with  the  condition  of  ail 
the  settlements. 

"Liberia  extends  from  the  St.  Paul's  river  on  the  north-west  to  the  Cavally  river  on  tlie 
south-east,  a  distance  of  300  miles  along  the  coast.  Its  extent  inland  is  from  10  to  40  niiies. 
Four  separate  colonies  are  now  included  within  its  limits,  viz. 

"  Monrovia,  established  by  the  American  (/olonizalion  Society,  including  the  towns  of  Mon- 
rovia, New  Georgia,  Caldwell,  Millsburgh,  and  Marshall. 

"  BassaCove,  established  by  the  United  Colonization  Societies  of  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. This  colony  includes  Bassa  Cove  and  Edina.  The  latter  village  was  founded  by 
the  American  Colonization  Society,  and  lately  ceded  to  the  United  Societies. 

"  Greenville,  established  by  the  Mississippi  Colonization  Society  at  Sinou. 

"Maryland,  established  by  the  Maryland  Colonization  Society  at  Cape  Palmas. 

"  In  the  nine  villages  enumerated  above,  there  is  a  population  of  about  5,000 — all  of  course 
coloured  persons,  of  which  3,500  are  emigrants  from  this  country,  and  the  remainder  natives 
of  Africa 

"  The  commerce  of  the  colonies,  though  in  its  infancy,  is  already  extensive.  From  $80,000 


E. 


COLUMBO. 


441 


'her  Kovrrnl  Miliary  und 


yniriiti 
(  olnniat 
iir>t  and 
lui  Cut- 
and  I'cnt 
Collec- 


6    9 
13    6  3-4 


r  10    41-2 


IS    7M 
6    3M 


Tol»l  Ei|m,iin„  . 
InftirTfd  hy 
CIrijI  Ilniaiu.     j 


I-       :  d. 

IM,,iro    J  9 

fn.2ii  ifi  c 

in,i':.i  iM  i 

\\2,ir-'\  17  1 

11,171  II  7 

_  !-W  lO  ', 

97,600  17  i 


ilO.COT  12  1 


«a,7i;  0 10 1.; 


268,249  U  1  H 

162,312  6  4H 

40,761  12  8 

3,500   0  0 

113.340   0  6U 

24,454    1  6 

371,010  9M 

37,114    8  1 


15    S3-4I     2,364,309   6  9 


advanftt  in  aid  of  Cdcniial  rm. 
}va  Scotia,  kc.Svp.) 

of  the  United  Statfs 
vestern  coast  of  Africa. 
nents  of  the  kind  liav- 
urely  disinterrsted  and 
on  of  the  slaves  in  the 
the  surrounding  tribes 

)ort  of  the  Pennsylva- 
was  made  under  tlie 
en  by  Mr.  Buchnnan, 
th  the  condition  of  all 

ic  Cavally  river  on  the 
.8  from  10  to  40  miles. 

ing  the  towns  of  Mon* 

w  York  and  Pcnnayl- 
ilage  was  founded  by 
ieties. 
Sinou. 
pe  Palmas. 
1 5,000 — all  of  course 
the  remainder  natives 

nsive.  From  $80,000 


to  $125,000  is  PxportPii  annually,  in  camwood,  ivory,  palm  oil,  and  hides  ;  and  an  equal  or 
ijrcatt'r  iimoiiiit  of  the  nmniifiicturPH  aiul  prodiic'tiuiiR  of  Fjiiroio  und  \inerirn  ;iri' ItrouRht 
into  the  cdlonirn  in  return.  Monrovia,  which  in  the  liirijest  tuwn  and  priiicipiil  seajKirt,  car- 
net  on  a  coiiMidtTuMe  coaHtinp;  tnido  by  iiieaiH  of  Hiiiall  vrssel.s  built  and  owiii-d  by  hi<r  own 
citi/cns.  Not  Ii'sfl  than  I'i  or  15  of  these,  nvcra(?iii(t  from  10  to  3()  tons  burden,  miinned 
and  iiavii^ati'd  by  the  colonistii,  are  conxtuntly  engaged  in  ti  ])rotil,ihle  trade  along  700  miles 
of  the  eo.iHt. 

"  Tilt"  h:>rl)our  of  Monrovia  is  oeldom  clear  of  foreign  vesMels ;  more  than  70  of  wliieh, 
friiin  the  I'liited  States,  England,  France,  Sweden,  Portugal,  and  Denmark,  touch  thero 
annually. 

"BiissaCove  ami  ("ape  Palmas  have  both  good  harbour;!,  and  possisn  great  advaiitni^es  fi)r 
Ciiininerce.  Already  their  water;)  arc  gladdened  by  the  frcciuriit  presence  of  traders  from 
„lher  couiitricK.  and  in  a  few  years,  when  the  hand  of  enterprise  nliall  have  developed  tho 
fiili  mines  of  wealth  whii'h  nature  hiw  so  abundantly  provided  there,  these  growing  towns 
\^ili  luTOine  the  centres  of  an  extensive  and  iinport.mt  business. 

"^ijiinu,  too,  possesses  an  excellent  harbour,  and  is  the  natural  outlet  of  a  vast  tract  of  rich 
^ni\  productive  country.  Under  the  fosterina;  hand  of  its  enterprising  founders  it  must  soon 
lu'poiiic  an  important  link  in  tho  great  maritime  chain  of  Amcrico-African  establishments. 
The  prodiu'tioiis  of  the  country,  which  may  In?  raised  in  any  quantity  for  exportation,  arc 
rntTi'C,  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  indigo,  palm  oil,  together  with  the  gums,  dyc-womls,  ivory,  &c., 
\vhifh  are  collected  from  the  forests." 

The  fact  iiiav  be  mentioned  that  a  regular  packet  has  commenced  plying  between  Jjiberia 
;,iiil  the  port  of  Philadelphia. — Am.  Ed.] 

('Olil'MIJ*^'  the  modern  capital  of  ('eylon,  situated  on  the  southwest  const  of  tho  island, 
];it.  f,°  55'  N.,  Ion.  70°  4.')'  E.*  It  is  defended  by  a  very  strong  fort,  nearly  surrounded  by 
ihcsi'a,  in  which  is  a  light-houso  97  feet  high.  In  IHKi,  the  populi\ti<m  of  tlic^  town  and 
fort  was  21,1)04;  and  in  1831,  20,357.— (CVi/m/w  Journid,  17th  of  October,  1S:«.)  The 
bouses  are  generally  only  one  story  high;  they  are  of  stone,  clay,  and  lime;  and  the  town 
has  more  of  a  Eurojwan  appearance  than  any  other  in  India.  Tho  inhiibifants  are  ]irincipally 
Cinsalesc.  In  1821,  there  were  only  32  Europeans  in  the  place  qualified  to  servo  onjuries. 
The  temperature  of  the  air  is  remarkable  for  its  equality ;  and  thoueth  very  humid,  the  climato 
inav,  on  the  whole,  be  esteemed  salubrious  and  temperate.  There  is  no  harbour  at  Oolumbo 
for  large  vessels,  but  only  an  open  roadstead.  A  projecting  rock,  on  which  two  butteries  aro 
erected,  all'ords  shelter  to  a  small  semicircular  hay  on  the  north  side  of  the  fort,  liaving  a 
.viimlen  i|uay  to  fucilitnto  the  loading  and  unloading  of  boats.  The  depth  of  water  is  not 
:;iitiicienl  to  allow  sloops  or  large  dhonies  to  come  alongside  the  quay  ;  those  exceeding  100 
toiiS  burden  lying  at  about  a  cable's  length  from  it.  A  bar  of  sand,  on  some  parts  of  which 
tho  water  is  not  more  than  7  feet  deep,  extends  from  the  projecting  rock  across  this  bay. 
The  channel  where  it  may  be  crossed  by  the  larger  class  of  ships  is  liable  to  shift;  and  it  is 
,mlv  in  the  fine  weather  of  the  safe  season  that  they  venture  to  go  within  the  bur.  Tho 
outer  roiid  atlords  secure  anchorage  for  half  the  year,  from  the  beginning  of  Octol)er  to  the 
Mid  of  March,  during  tho  prevalence  of  the  N.  E.  monsoon,  when  the  wind  blows  off  the 
hnd;  during  the  other,  or  S.  W.  monsoon,  when  the  wiml  blows  from  the  sea  on  shore,  tho 
road  is  very  far  from  safe;  and  the  ships  that  frequent  it  are  sometimes  obliged  to  slip  their 
cables  and  stand  out  to  sea. — {Mllburii's  Orient.  Citmm. ,-  Htimilfon'.s  Gdzcf,,  S(c.)  As 
respects  its  harbour,  Columbo  is,  therefore,  very  inferior  to  Tiincomalee,  the  harbour  of 
wliich  is  accessible  at  all  times,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in  India :  but  the  country  in  the  vicinity 
of  Columbo  is  more  fertile ;  and  it  has  the  conunand  of  an  ir.ternal  navigation,  stretching  in 
a  lateral  direction  along  the  coast,  from  Putlam,  to  the  north  of  the  city,  to  Caltura  on  tho 
south,  a  distance  of  about  100  miles,  partly  obtained  by  rivers,  and  partly  by  canals.  Many 
liat-bottomed  boats  are  employed  in  this  navigation,  the  families  dependent  on  which  reside 
mostly  oil  lio.ud.  Nearly  all  the  foreign  trade  of  Ceylon  is  carried  on  from  Columbo ;  and 
it  has  also  a  large  proportion  of  the  coasting  traffic. 

.Vi)?ifi/s.— Tlie  rixdollar=  Is.  Cd.;  but  accounts  are  kept  in  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence,  as  in  Eng- 
land. 

Weiirhl.i.  Mcdfnres,  S;t. — The  weights  are  rtividt'il  into  ounces,  pountls,  Set:.,  an<l  iirc  tlie  saiiu;  as  in 
f;ri'at'Hril!iin.    'I'lic  candy  or  lialiar  ^  500  llis.  avoinlupois,  or  llil  lbs.  Diitrli  Troy  wi'iL'lit.    'I'lie  prin- 

lipul  dry  II siircs  are  neers  or  parrahn.    The  former  is  a  perfect  cylinder,  of  the  depth  and  diameter 

umlcrnieiit  lulled  : — 


Seer    - 


nppih. 
-    435  inches. 


ni.inieler. 

4'35  inches. 


The  parrah  is  a  perfect  cnbe,  its  internal  diinnnsions  boiiiir  every  way  U'.57  inolies. 
Till'  liipiid  iiieHsare  consists  of  gallons,  and  their  multiples  and  sub-multiples.    150  gallons  =  1 
le;iBiar  or  ledger. 
Tile  bale  of  cinnamon  conaiats  of  92J  lbs.  very  nearly. 


♦  This  Is  the  position  as  given  bv  Hamilton. 
port,  it  is  in  lal.  0"  57'  N.,  Ion.  79°  52'  E. 


According  to  Mr.  Steuart,  master  attendant  of  tho 
56 


;>ii« 
'I  •* 


:i:te 

'I*  ""Kmm 

'I    M'.^MdP 


II!' 


{]]■■■  f^ 


'U- 


442 


COLUMBO. 


C2 

•Soil 


/  - 1 


^  : '1.   ■  1  "i  *5£ 

„     "---'rS 

'              -V   ^ 

"i;  ./■'.'  ^t 

'-  ^  ''^       '  * 

•i  ■»;,    ,  '        ■'% 

Ralu nf  piMati  ptyahlii  lijr  ill  Afliitrarinnl  Vnarla,  <tliinp«,or 
tkliwiucn.  •!  I.M  n>ru  ol  Cu.uuiU))  TrliicwiMlM,  uil  lulle. 

■4. 
0 


MuMto 


0  .5 


TrliiwmtlM- 
Viwli  ol  WW  lni«  >i< 
4(10  itii.l  nil 
««)        - 
.00        - 
uuder  100 

|ill. 

0>II»- 
VmkIi 

of  600  tnni 
400  utd  II  IK 
im      - 
UK)       -- 
uiuii-r  lUO 

1.1  600    '. 
UUU    • 

rnr  lu 

ck 

H..V 

1.  t. 

rf. 

1    0 

0 

t   .0 

0 

.     1 

0 

0  10 

ti 

0    tf 

0 

I'lir  Ihr  (nntr 
ll.trUittr. 
/.  ».  .1. 
4  0  0 
;l  0  0 
J  i  II 
I  .  0 
U  16    0 


3  0 
1  A 
I   10 

I  J 
0  in 


Thd  »lxivf  mtpiof  |iilntjr«  will  l»  chsrtKl  In  all  vrwpli  iciilni  in- 
to the  mrmr  hirlmiir  nf  '.'rincoiiwlirmtil  Ihi*  liarlioiir  of  (lillr,  whe- 
ther thry  nuke  a  iiiiiii:it  for  pitiit  or  iint,  In  i'nlutnlKi  ami  ll.ii-k 
Bay,  at  Trinroiimln',  tlii-  rh.ir^r  will  only  )>r>  iiiaile,  if  Ilio  \tMfl 
uiakf  •ignai,  aiiil  .i  |iiii>t  nciiialtj  rejtair  on  iMi-iril. 


r—  an  P^■^rl  rirnrmiru  piyil.le  If  Mrnhini  ^hln  tml  \;^>, 
Ir.'iii  til.-  I.l  |l.iy  I.I  iKIi.Ur,  liij,  ' 


!ii|ii:irc-rl '^ril  Vf««rl*,  4l(Mi|ii,  orK'htNiiHirei  til. 

or  NKMnlMlir  li(>iv:ir<li 
1110.1111.  umlrr  lol 

icio      —       ^'») 

IIKI        -        AM 
iiii.ln  lOO 
Dhoniri;  viz- 

Of  ;IO«!irri'  ml  upwanli 
2't  fane  iiii'l  uiiiirr  >I0 
*)  -  *"> 

t\  —  «0 

ID        -         n 
»  -  .0 

uniler  ft 


/..   •  rf 


0 
A  10 
4  0 
i  li 
.  10 


4  0  0 

a  I)  I) 

•'  U  « 

i  S  II 

I  i;  « 

I  T  0 

u  n  (I 


Kj'rfjKiiiii.— Min»r  ainl  JilTna  iMionlrt,  when  rviinffnim  :,^ 
tr.  |.orl  withiii  OiB  ilmrii'K  Ih.  y  Uh  ii<  In,  it  Iriim  Miliar  l.i  Jiii„ 
K.ii'K  nr  I'l'iiil  I'l-'lrn,  or  iMcr  rrrtii,  in  jiiv  hiK  nf  Iheil-neridx 

lliMll,  ve»iH'l»,  lir  ■Ihnniw.i-rrlill.il  In  l-WoiK  lii.lny  jmrl  11(0,1,,. 

lii-iiK  utiiler  the  !i  Karre  or  .,0UO  ptrnlii  hiirdrn,  are  tii  |,iy  .,,  |  •; 

1"»«--           .  /.  1  J, 

rii.Irr  fill  pirnhl,                  ■            •  •  •  •  0    I)  I) 

AOiii  il  iiiiliT  200  parrahi,  or  I  ifarce  •  >  ■  0  u  0 

I  K-ime  .mil  uiiiler  i  Knrre             •  -  •  ■  0  ^  1) 

i         -         a oil) 

■^         —         4 II  Id  I) 

4  —  S 0  N  u 


Sailing  Dtrecliiiitt  and  limiarku  on  the  Port  nf  Culumhu,  by  Jumci  Stfuaii,  F.nq.  Matter  Jllltniani. 


The  l.uiil  aliiiul  Cnlimilio  ia  low  near  llie  aea,  with  aome  hilla  to 
thi-  I'lalMart.  at  a  iliil.tiicr  in  the  cniiiilry.  The  IiIkIi  niniilitiiii 
havinr  nn  il  aiihirp  roiit-,  ralleil  A.laiii'a  I'eik,  heira  frniii  Cliiliinibo 
i'..  7"  S.,  Jinlaiil  12  \i  liM(ilrl  t  ill  hrii(lil  above  the  Itiil  of  Ihr  le.l 
Uflllnialed  11  ahoul  7,0tK)  li-et,  arroriliiig  10  a  rimali  trli(niiiiiiielni'.il 
nieaiurenirnt  hy  fnlmiel  W'llleriiian.  When  tlio  iitiini-iphere  li 
cleir.  il  ni.iy  he  neeu  .'10  li'iKiiea.  .)iiriiii(lhe  preVAlenri'nf  the  N.K.. 
iiiiiiiMion,  Ailani'ii  .Vak  ii  tti-nenlly  viailili-  in  the  niorninir,  an.l  fri.- 
ipienlly  the  iiliok-  nf  llie  iliy;  hut  il  ii  rirt'ly  ai'i-ii  in  llie  S.  \V. 
nioiii'Hin,  Ji'iue  v.iiKiun  i^i-nenlly  prev.iiliiig  over  the  inlinJ  at  Una 
•eaann. 

MhiiM  nppro.irliirifc  rolnriiho  in  the  nicht  have  ahrilliint  liKht  to 
clirecl  them,  wl.ii'h  iieihitnleil  every  nichi  fmni  a  liulil-l'i-uM-  in  the 
fort  J  IheheiKliI  nf  the  IIkIiI  aliove  the  level  of  thoiea  in  IITfint,  an.l 
in.iy  he  Mt'U  ill  clt-ar  weilher  ai  far  aa  ttin  li<ht  appear*  above  the 
hori/nn. 

A  tteep  bank  .>f  onril,  almut  half  a  mile  hroail,  with  .'»  fithomi 
water  on  il,  lin  7  imli-a  W.  fnilti  Coliiiiibo,  exlenilintt  nor'hwani  to- 
vanli  Ne^onilio  (where  ilmnrface  isiinil),  and  a  few  iiiilea  to  the 
wnithward  of  CnlnnilHi  1  i.utii'le  the  huik  the  water  deepcni  at  once 
to  23  LlthoniA,  an  I  in  J  niiln  to  *!■<  (alhonia,  gTeeniih  land,  which  is 
not  far  frnm  the  cd.!e  of  miiiidiiita.  Within  the  bank  there  are  23 
falhomi  (nilually  ihoaliiK  towanli  the  ihore . 

A  be.|  of  lunkrn  rnck»,  nll^l  the  Druidleii  Sailor,  liel  S  W.  hy 
W.  1-1!  W.  fniiii  C..I11111IK1  Lifhi-hoaie,  dmtant  1,000  y.irdi.  The 
leniftli  of  the  li^life  may  he  ealiiiiilitl  at  100  yar'li,  ao'l  the  hreailth 
20  yarili;  on  ill  N.  en.l  1  ininll  <i[.o*,  ilioiil  the  lize  of  the  hull  of  a 
20  ton  lioal,  il  pai.l  to  have  only  'A  feet  water  no  it  at  low  water;  but 
ilnrinf  leveral  recent  viiila,  when  lonie  of  ihecor.il  front  ilimr- 
fare  wai  liniii^ht  up,  there  did  not  appear  to  be  lesa  than  7  feet 
6  inchei  water  on  tlie  *halloweil  part:  nn  the  other  parli  of  the 
le.|<e  there  i^  4,  .'i.  and  tl  f.ithomi.  The  lea  breaka  on  the  ihallow 
liirl  of  Iheie  rocki  aliiiiMl  cnoltantly  dnrini:  the  S.  W.  moiiioon,  but 
thii  il  ^fry  seldom  the  case  dnrinif  the  N.  r..  monsonti. 

There  appean  to  lie  nn  doubt,  that  the  Drunken  Sailor  Is  granite, 
or  stone  of  the  same  ile^criplion  aa  the  rocks  on  the  shore,  with  its 
I'irl'ace  incrustated  with  coral ;  if  there  ever  wai  10  little  water  ai 
3  feet  on  il.  il  linv  lie  sup|Kise.|  lo  be  sinking. 

The  llrunken  .Sailor  should  not  be  appniached  under  9  falhnmi 
ilurini;  Ihe  iiiglil,  as  there  are  8  falhoniivery  near  to  il,  and  iu  its 
•'.ream  lo  the  southward. 

In  Ihe  N.  E.  nionwiono  IR26,  Ihe  E.  I.  Comp.iny'i  bri^  of  war 
Thetis  tniii'he.i  011  Ihe  Drunken  .Sailor,  havin*  stood  loo  close  to  Ihe 
land  ill  bealinv  up  lo  the  aiiehnni(e  from  Ihe  southward ;  hut  with 
cninnion  atteni  inn  to  the  depth  of  »  aler  approaching  the  tuck,  it  may 
be  easily  avoi-led. 

'ihe  passate  within  the  Drunken  Sailor  ii  clear, and  lomo  ihlpi 
liave  siileil  ihroiij;h  ;  hut  no  advantage  can  be  gained  by  approach- 
ing Ihe  shore  so  verv  near  at  this  point. 

Tl     "        ■        "  '■      ■ 


wird  of  the  anchonae  in  ColiiriiUi  ra.l,  as  ic.ircrly  to  formui 
iiiine'liiiieiil  loihii.s  In.iio.I  lo  nr  fii.iii  C.iIiloiIio.  ' 

The  rurrenii  III!'  Cnluiiib.i  are  iiil.jert  In  roiiwlerahle  variitit.n  . 
hut  th.'y  are  never  so  strung  asloriiueii.rooveiiieiirr  to  slops, » |„j|J 
lliiy  have  lo  coiiiiniliiicalt!  with  the  shme  ill  ellhiT  iiiouiooq  hk]^ 
mil  eniiiiim  lo  inchor. 

IIiiIiiiiiIhi  nnrl  .ilfordi  gooil  anrhorage,  free  from  fnal  gmunil ;  ,„,) 
U  freipienteil  at  all  seai-iiM  of  the  ye.ir. 

The  lieil  anchoraKe  during  Ihe  previlence  of  S.  W.  win,),  f^,,,, 
April  In  Dcloiier,  is  in  fnmi  7  In  »  failinms,  with  the  li<ht.|n„a 
hearing  S.  by  E  |.2  K.,  Iluteh  rhnrch  E,  hy  S.  In  the  .N.  t  i,,,,. 
Kxin  fniin  November  lo  April,  Il  is  more  convenient  In  anchor  m 
6  1-2  (.ilhonis,  with  the  light-hoiue  hearing  S.  or  S.  1-2  I'..,  ,i„i  |.„ 
Ihilch  fhurrh  E.  S.  E. 

Slops  reipiiriiig  pil.its  lo  coiiiliirt  lliem  In  the  anchnra?!  i\^\ 
nnke  the  usual  signal :  Ihe  charge  for  pilotage  is  I.V 

'riie  liar  il  a  Lank  nf  land  wi  h  7  feet  water  on  il,  sinllnivpst  inn 
Ihe  norlhnin  eltreniity  heing  almut  400  yar.ls  N.  W,  of  the  ri„.,ni|I 
house  I'oinI ;  small  vessels  that  draw  less  than  10  fett  water,  rvli 
within  Ihe  bar  protected  from  IheS.  W.  win  I  and  sea. 

When  Ihe  loa  is  high,  il  hrc.iki  «ilh  great  force  na  Ihe  har.  aal 
renders  the  (nsiage  from  Ihe  shipping  in  llie  oilier  roid  .lanumui 
for  small  IkiiIS!  the  native  bonis  generally  paai  nut  and  in  In  t|,g 
southward  of  Ihe  bar,  clou  lo  Ihe  lireakora  oil  Ihe  ncky  unlul  if  Hi 
Cusloni-himiei  .ml  .ai  the  passage  ii  narrow,  il  shoul.l  ii..|  be  ji. 
leiiipleil  by  llrangen  :  when  llie  sea  breaks  on  the  bar,  il  i,  brlirrln 
prficeed  round  lo  the  norihwarJ  of  Ihe  bar,  which  may  beeaiiiy  da. 
tiiiguished  by  Ihe  breaken. 

What  is  siriclly  un.lerstood  by  a  gale  of  wind,  is  a  rare  wcurrcnre 
at  ColunilMi :  this  m.iy  lie  owing  lo  Ihe  vicinity  of  the  rflnitcir.  Tin 
itrnng  galea  wliirli  blow  on  ine  Malabar  ciail  are  fell  in  mill 
si|ualls,  and  a  high  lei,  hut  iheru  ii  scarcely  wind  toen'laii<rrin.;|) 
properly  found  in  gniun  I  tackling  ;  it  is  true,  ships  have  irjinHiiiin 
reqioreil  the  aid  of  a  sircon.l  anchor,  but  in  most  cases  Ihe  cauie  lui 
been  atlrihutable  to  lonie  .leferl  in  the  lint  anchor  or  cahle,  a  lUhl 
anchor,  an  anchor  breaking,  a  short  chain,  or  the  chain  cnninig  un- 
shackleil;  an  instance  occurred  in  Columhi  ro.iiI,  of  tiv.i  shiis 
receiving  cargo  during  the  S.  W.  iiinnsiMin,  wlnie  chaiuublacime 
unshackled  twice  ;  twice  did  il  occur  lo  each  shil). 

On  Ihe  2d  of  June,  IK)I,  Ihe  ..eclor  drove  in  a  squill;  having 
alioiil!^  fathoms  of  cli.iili  aliea.l,  I  hey  let  go  Ihe  secnml  aiirhor;  l.ut 
finding  Ihe  ship  did  not  immediately  bring  up,  Ihey  mi  le  uil  ml 
shipped  lltelr  Cihies ;  this  ship  stood  out  of  the  rivi.ls  nmltr  .J<>1llll^ 
reelfrl  fore  and  mizen  top-iiils,  and  fniiti  its  siw,  a  'iinlc  oefel 
main  top«iil,  fore»;kil,  fomaml  main  lr>'siilsan.ldrikTr,  andn'tunicd 
lo  ancliorage  on  Ihe  4th.  Instances  nf  ships  putting  .,1  sen  ire  me.  ml 
when  it  il  considereil  that  although  the  sea  is  high,  the  wnH  11  r.il 
violent:  an.l  as  at  these tinies  the  rain  luving  fa'len  in  llie  inttrinr, 
strong  rrcihes  escape  In  Ihe  S.  W  ,  fnnii  the  Kaliny  (laiiga ;  it  is  by 


lie  Drunken  Saflnr  lies  vi  neaV  Ihe  land,  and  w  far  lo  Ihe  loulh-  '  no  oieaus  iur|iriiiiig  lh.at  Colunibo  road  pn.vei  a  safe  anrlioruc. 

Trade  nnd  .Vuriiralinn  of  Cci//«n.— The  quantity  and  cstiinatoil  viili  ■■  of  tlie  print'ipiil  iuiic'ps 
cxporleil  from  ('I'vlmi  in  18.10,  be.iinniiiK  with  oinniiiiion,  thit  most  iinpni.  ml  of  nil,  were  its  fullow; 
viz.  Ciniiiiiiion  ,1S0,(I()0  llis.,  value  142,500i. ;  nrracl<  73!>,47'i  Kiillons,  value  21.tilM)J.  j  cnir,  anil  mir  ropes 
nnilcal)li;s,  1,10!.,  iriS  llis.,  value  5,4mi.;  cocoa  nuts  2,812,195,  value  2.528<. ;  conia  nut  nil  11N,511  gal- 
Ions,  value  8.!l!»'2/. ;  rhaiiks  anil  chank  rings  SS^.H.").')  pirccs,  value  3,0S!l/. ;  pluiiihagii  SO.IW'J  llvs.,  viilue 
18(V. ;  jaL'Uery  2'l'2,'iS;i  llis.,  value  3,000/. ;  coffee  1,009,  l!H)  llm.,  value  I2,23'2/. ;  areca  nuts  3,3l8,ii:2lhs., 
value  12,004/. ;  toliiicco  and  sherroots  1,095,073  Ihs.,  value  4,896/  The  destination  and  total  vnliionf 
the  e.vpiirts  from  r^ylon  in  1830,  were,  to  Great  Ilri.ain,  lOS,.^)  llis.  ;  to  llritish  colonies,  iiirliiilliii; 
Inilia,  811.075/.  ;  to  Coreidn  states,  1,530/. ;  being,  in  all,  2.10,787/.  j  liiit  to  lliis  has  to  be  added,  fur  lliu 
value  nf  Ihe  pearl  lishery  in  18.30,  24,023/. ;  inakinir  an  ajtaregate  siiui  of  274,810/. 

Of  the  imporls,  the  principal  are  rice  and  other  grain,  the  estimated  value  of  the  qiiantliy  iniporletl 
in  1830  being  111,701/. ;  the  next  article  of  importance  is  cotton  cloth,  nioslly  liroiiglit  from  Itiiliii,  onli- 
inated  at  123.7.V.I/.  The  imports  from  Oreat  Ilritain  are  very  trifling;  tlieir  entire  value  in  IsitO  lieliii; 
only  estimated  at  40,777/.  The  total  imports  during  that  year  amounted  to  349,581/. ;  of  which  274,570/. 
were  from  British  colonies,  including  India  and  China.* 

The  number  and  tonnage  of  the  ships  entering  Ceylon  inwards  in  1830  were  as  follow;— 


From  Great  Britain. 

From  Briliih  Colouio  and 
lndi.a. 

From  Foreign  Stilei. 

Tnlal. 

S>'  iff. 
11 

Tmt. 
3,911 

SAipi. 

b78 

Tont. 
00,157  "i. 

Shipt. 
169 

rcmt. 
12,962 

Ship). 

1,038 

T.ii. 
77,030t 

i ) 


•  Dr.  Colqiihoiin  (2ded.  p.  412.)  estimated  the  exports  of  Ceylon  at  1,500,000/.  a  year,  and  the  imporls 
8t  1,000,000/. !    Perhaps  a  third  nf  the  Doctor's  estimates  are  about  ciiually  near  the  mark. 
t  No  accurate  returns  of  Ihe  trade  of  Ceylon  for  1831  have  aa  yet  (10th  of  October,  1833)  been 


COLUMBO  ROOT,  COMBS. 


443 


^f  M»rc^.1lll  nilp  tml  Vt»r\ 
ili'liilxr,  MU.  ' 

KiiMTt;  »ii.  t.  I  d 

•  »   [)  p 

•  ft  10  II 

•  ♦  0  0 

•  i  II  II 

•400 

•  a  II  (1 

•  J  IJ   6 
■    i    H  ti 

•  I  17   « 

•  I    7  0 

•  0  11  II 
llinhln,  "li'ii  |'l-«iiiic  fripiii  [<,ri 
I  IK  li'.fi  liiiMi  Miiar  Ici  Jii|,4 
IM  |ii\  lull  of  Ihr  .tl'MMi  rtlta 

i|  liilrtf.ii«t".iiiy|».rl.,((>,i„|. 

imhi  Iturdin,  uti  tit  ^\\  u  i,\, 

/..  1. 1(, 

•  0   0  0 

•        •        •       •  0  a  0 

•  n  ^  1) 

•  0    7   11 

•  II  in  D 

•  0  IJ   II 

^m;.  Musttr  Jllhnilant. 

HI  r'':\'\,  ™*  ic.irctly  III  furuut 
i.m  CiiliuiitKi. 

ulijril  111  roiniilenlilf  v.iruliini 
line  inrnnvrlimnrr  In  *lii|ii,  h  Inch 
iM  aliiiie  ill  citlhir  iiiiiiiKjiiu  M|ti^ 

iraitr,  (rec  from  fiml  Kmund ;  jnj 

'IMF. 

|iri)«ilencii  nf  S.  W.  wiml,  f^p, 

H  rml K.  Willi  ilir  li<hl'W.H 

irch  v..  hy  S.  In  ilm  N,  K  ||,,,„. 
^  iiiiirf  cinivPHiPiil  In  ainhnr  In 
«  bcArihg  S.  or  S.  \-l  K.,  ninj  ttu 

rl  llirni  tn  Ihfl  anclifirm  ihonji 
fur  iiilnla^p  i*  lAi, 
I  fral  w»lrr  nil  its  uliillnwnl  iu« 
I400y,irlii  N.W.  nf  ilitriiviiiii. 
fAvv  li-M  tlian  10  fnt  wiier,  rvji 
S.  W.  win  I  ami  st-a. 
nith  Krcit  fiircii  im  thf  hj,,  ,j| 
[ling  in  lite  oiU«r  rmil  luiPfnm 
H'niTilljr  f\m  mil  iiiil  in  in  ||„ 
l)rrtk»t«  nB  ih«  ncky  uoiul  n(  ii, 
I-  i>  narrow,  it  ihiiula  n"l  br  ji. 
ru  tiiTJks  un  the  bar,  il  ii  briirr  it> 
[  Iho  bar,  which  amy  be  euily  dii' 

jalf  of  witiil,  il  a  nrf  occurrence 

the  vicinity  nf  llif  rijijntiir.    Tlie 

Malabar  emit  are  (ell  in  simll 

acarcely  wiinl  tneii'lan<rrfn>eli 

it  la  true,  ahipa  have  minelimei 

but  in  ninst  caaes  Ihe  cauie  tua 

in  tintl  anchor  or  able,  a  liitit 

chain,  or  the  chain  comini  un* 

II  Cnlumb)   niail,  nf  two  shi|i 

nnnvMiit,  whmechaiucablnanie 

r  111  each  nhil*. 

ieclnr  ilrove  in  a  iqinll;  having 

y  let  <o  the  aecoml  anchor ;  but 

ly  brinj  up,  Ihry  male  tail  mi 

ml  »[  the  nvails  uwltr  duuMe- 

ml  fmni  i'l  siw,  a  iiii<Ic  rtefel 

lr>aiiUan't  (Iri^-er,  anil  ri'liinieil 

ship«pul!ili|(  i.iaeaare  nn',.\iil 

thf^flKa  ia  hilth.  Die  wnH  ti  rot 

in  Ixavin^  faMen  in  the  intcrmr, 

-iiiii  the  Kalaiiv  Garnca;  itiiby 

lail  pri'Vea  a  safe  anclKiraKc. 

f  lilt!  priniMfml  urlicifs 
of  :ill,  were  us  fullnw; 
IMli. ;  coir,  and  mir  rnp(>3 
oriiu  nut  oil  IIN,5II  gnU 
iiihiigd  SO.Ii'iU  llv!!..  viilue 
nrt^cii  imts  3„1  IH,!i:2  Ihs., 
ntioii  nnd  tntnl  vnliii>nr 
itidti  ciiloniert,  iiiiliidini; 
Ims  to  III!  addi!d,  fur  thi: 
lOJ. 

f  lilt!  quantity  iniporlcil 
rniiKlit  t'roin  India,  osti- 
itirt!  Viilut!  in  ISliO  liuiii? 
58U.;  ofwliicli274,57C(. 


I II 


,  fn 


5  an  follow ; 

— 

Total. 

.Vfttpji. 

1,058 

7-n» 
77,030t 

;.  a  ynnr,  iinrt  the  imports 

ear  the  mark. 

I  of  October,  1933)  hoea 


Exttnt,  Population,  Revenue,  4-c  «/  Crtjlm. — The  nrco  of  Ceylon  htw  l)«>n  computed  at 
24,nR'l  m|uaro  milei.  Itn  |M)|iiilutioii  nnx  hofti  iniirh  cxiiKKiTaUvi ;  Imvinif  l'rci|iiiM>tly  U't-ti 
,'ittiiiiiit«'il  M  hi((h  oa  2,000,0(10,  and  cvi-ii  Mr.  Hortolocci  riTkotii'd  it  nt  l,ftOO,0()(). — (I7fic 
J  (yylon,  p.  OA.)  Dut  it  was  found  l>y  un  arlunl  i>nuiiK>rutlon  taken  in  INll  I ,  tliut  the  total 
iHipuliition  did  not  cxrecd  050,000,  of  whirh  about  (\,M)0  wcrn  wliitCH.  It  a|i|i(>iirH  from 
ihi>  otiicial  account!)  laid  licfuro  the  Finanro  Cummittci;  in  1H25,  that  durintf  tin;  II  yniri* 
tndiiiK  wi^^  IH24,  the  cxcoh  of  cxpcndituro  ovor  riwenuo  in  the  iitliinil  ainotinted  to 
1,3AA,4A2/.,  nt  tho  aaino  tiino  that  variouM  heavy  itema  of  exiicnae  are  not  inrluil(!d  in  thia 
ucrount.  But  arcording  to  a  atateinent  in  tho  Cii/lon  Almanac  fur  \WX\,  which  neerns  to 
iirocced  from  authority,  there  waa,  during  the  3  year>i  ending  with  1H3I,  an  aggreKato 
liurplui  of  revenue  over  expcnilituro  of  174,828/.  We  may,  however,  olmorvo  that  iho 
aocouiilH  laid  b«'fore  tho  Finance  Oominitteu  dill'er  very  wiilely  for  tiie  perimi  to  whicit  they 
»nply,  from  thono  in  tho  Ceylon  Almanar ;  ho  much  ao,  that  while,  iiccurdinH;  to  the  former, 
ihoro  woa,  in  1828,  an  exceaa  of  expenditure  over  revenue  of  ft.5,89(i/.,  there  wua,  uceording 
til  tho  latter,  an  exceaa  of  revenue  over  expenditure  of  I5,;)2:)/. !  Of  courne,  wo  di>  not  pre- 
iumc  to  Bity  which  of  theae  accounta  m  moat  to  Iw  relied  upon.  Probably  our  readura  will 
be  inclined  to  think  that  neither  ia  entitled  to  implicit  credit. 

A  part,  nt  lenat,  of  tho  former  exceaa  of  expeniliture  may  fairly  lie  ascribed  to  the  nature 
of  the  cHtabliiihincnt  kept  up  in  the  iMiand ;  which,  in  point  of  magnitude  and  expensivencMH, 
jecms  to  have  been  a  goml  deal  beyoml  what  wna  really  required.  We  are,  however,  dia- 
po«cil  to  l)clievo  that  tho  greater  part  of  tho  exceaa  ia  to  bo  aHcrilied  to  tho  poverty  and  back- 
ward atate  of  tho  colony,  oriaing  from  tho  perpetual  interference  of  government  with  every 
branch  of  industry.  All  the  reatrictive  regulationa  enacted  by  the  Dutch  more  than  a  century 
«ijo  were  kept  up  till  1832.  The  cultivation  of  cinnamon,  the  iiahery  of  pearia  and  chonka, 
the  liifffting  f'^  chaya  root,  the  felling  of  timber,  &c. — (see  these  articles) — have  been  all 
monoiioliaed  by  government,  and  were  carried  on  exclusively  either  by  ita  aervanta  or  by 
those  whom  it  had  liccnaed.  A  country  where  moat  of  tho  principal  branchea  of  imluHtry 
nerc  aubjected  to  auch  reatrictiona,  could  not  bo  otherwise  than  languishing.  Wo  believe, 
too,  that  most  of  these  monopoliea  have  not  been  worth  the  cxi)enae  attending  them.  In 
fact,  the  whole  revenue  of  the  iaiand,  including  land  rent,  cuatoma,  cinnamon  monopoly,  Ace, 
very  seldom  exceeda  360,000/.  a  year;  but  looking  at  ita  extent,  ita  fertility,  ita  favourable 
situation  for  commerce,  and  the  advantage  it  enjoya  in  tho  poaacaaion  of  cinnamon,  can  any 
one  doubt  that,  were  it  rightly  governed,  ita  trade  and  revenue  would  bo  far  greater  than 
they  are  1  Nothing  ia  wanted  but  the  adoption  of  measures  calculated  to  give  freedom  and 
tecurity  to  industry,  and  tho  imposition  of  moderate  duties  on  imports  and  exports,  to  increase 
them  both  in  a  very  high  degree. 

Wo  are  glad  to  have  to  state  that  government  seems,  in  part  at  least,  to  have  at  length 
come  round  to  this  way  of  thinking;  and  that,  under  the  auspices  of  the  present  governor 
(Sir  K.  W.  Horton),  the  system  of  compulsory  labour  has  been  relinquished,  and  most 
monopolies,  including  that  of  cinnamon,  been  thrown  up.  This  wise  and  liberal  conduct 
will,  no  doubt,  be  productive  of  the  most  beneficial  effects.  These,  however,  will  be  mate- 
rially  lessened  by  tho  exorbitant  duty  of  3.«.  per  lb.  laid  on  the  exportation  of  cinnamon.  It 
is  difficult,  indeed,  to  imagine  for  what  other  purpose  so  oppressive  a  duty  could  be  imposed, 
except  it  were  to  countervail  the  advantages  that  would  otherwise  have  resulted  from  the 
abolition  of  the  monopoly.  It  is  not,  however,  possible  that  so  mischievous  an  impost  should 
be  maintained. — (Sec  Cinhamon.)  Among  other  improvements  recently  introduced  into 
the  island,  may  be  mentioned  the  establishment  of  a  mail  coach  from  Columbo  to 
Candy. 

COLTIMBO  ROOT  (Du.  Columho  wortel;  Fr.  Racine  de  Colombo,-  Ger.  Columbo- 
wunel{  It.  Radice  di  Columbo;  Port.  Raizde  Columba,-  8p.  Raizde  Columho ;  Mosamb. 
Kalumb),  the  root  of  the  plant  of  that  name.  It  is  a  staple  export  of  the  Portuguese  from 
Mosambique.  It  is  not  cultivated,  but  grows  naturally  in  great  abundance.  It  is  imported 
in  circular  pieces,  from  ^  an  inch  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  generally  from  j^  to  j  of  an  inch 
thick ;  the  bark  is  wrinkled  and  thick,  of  a  brownish  colour  without,  and  a  brightish  yellow 
within ;  the  pith  is  spongy,  yellowish,  and  slightly  striped :  when  fresh,  its  smell  is  rather 
aromatic ;  it  is  disagreeably  bitter,  and  slightly  pungent  to  the  taste,  somewhat  resembling 
mustard  that  has  been  too  long  kept.  Choose  the  largest  pieces,  fresh,  and  of  a  good  colour, 
as  free  from  worms  as  possible,  rejecting  that  which  is  small  and  broken.  The  freight  is 
calculated  at  16cwt.  to  a  ton. — (Milburn's  Orient.  Com.) 

COMBS  (Ger.  Kamme  ,■  Du.  Kammen ,-  Fr.  Peii^nes  ,■  It  Pellini ,-  Sp.  Peines  ,•  Rus. 
Grelmii;  Lat  Pectines),  instruments  for  combing  the  hair,  sometimes  made  of  horns  of 
bullocks,  or  of  elephants'  and  sea-horses'  teeth ;  sometimes  also  of  tortoiseshell,  and  some- 
times of  box  or  holly  wood. 

received  in  England.    Those  given  in  the  papers  printed  by  the  Board  of  Trade  for  1831,  are  really 

for  io30. 


"S* 


J! 


"J 


111   r 


-'if 


!»*">«. 


»i 


,  t 


444 


COMMERCE. 


COMMERCE,  from  commiUatio  mercium,  is  simply,  as  its  name  imports,  tlie  exchange 
of  commodities  for  commodities. 

I.  Onir.m  of  Commerce. — Mercantile  Classes. 
II.  Home  Tkake. 

III.  FoHEin;.  TiiADE. 

IV.  Resthict  ONS  on  CoxMEncE. 


'     .  -    I 


Hmipbi'c... 
■■Mifeniii 


£ffi':m 


'1 


!N 


1 


I    f 


■| .     • 


I.  OnoiN  OF  Commerce. — Mercantile  Classes. 

(1.)  The  Origin  of  Commerce  is  coiival  with  the  first  dawn  of  civilization.  The  mo- 
ment that  individuals  ceased  to  supply  themselves  directly  with  the  various  articles  and 
accommodations  they  made  use  of,  that  moment  must  a  commercial  intercourse  have  boirun 
to  grow  up  amongst  them.  For  it  is  only  hy  exchanging  that  portion  of  the  produce  raisej 
by  ourselves  that  exceeds  our  own  consumption,  for  portions  of  the  surplus  produce  raised  bv 
others,  that  the  division  of  employments  can  be  introduced,  or  that  diiferent  individuals  can 
ajiply  themselves  in  preference  to  diiferent  pursuits. 

A'ot  only,  however,  does  commerce  enable  the  inhabitants  of  the  same  village  or  parish  to 
combine  tiieir  separate  elforts  to  accomplish  some  common  object,  but  it  also  enables  those 
of  diirerent  provinces  and  kingdoms  to  apply  themselves  in  an  especial  manner  to  those 
callings,  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  which  the  district  or  country  which  they  occupy 
gives  them  some  peculiar  advantage.  This  territorial  division  of  labour  has  contrilmteil 
more,  perhaps,  than  any  thing  else  to  increase  the  wealth  and  accelerate  the  civilisation  of 
mankind.  Were  it  not  for  it,  we  should  be  destitute  of  a  vast  number  of  the  neci'ssaries, 
comforts,  and  enjoyments,  which  we  now  possess ;  while  the  price  of  the  few  tiiat  would 
remain  would,  in  most  instances,  be  very  greatly  increased.  But  whatever  advantajjes  mav 
he  derived, — and  it  is  hardly  possible  to  exaggerate  either  their  magnitude  or  importance,— 
from  availing  ourselves  of  the  peculiar  capacities  of  production  enjoyed  by  others,  are  wliollv 
to  be  ascribed  to  commerce  as  th>nr  real  source  and  origin. 

We  do  not  moan  to  say  any  thing  in  this  article  with  respect  to  the  practical  details  con- 
nected with  the  different  departments  of  commerce.  These  will  be  found  under  Ihe-rarious 
titles  to  which  they  refer.  Our  object,  at  present,  is  merely  to  show  the  nature  and  inlluencc 
of  commerce  in  general,  an  J  of  the  restrictions  that  have  sometimes  been  imposed  upon  it, 
We  shall  begin  by  endeavDuring,  first  of  all,  to  give  some  account  of  the  nature  of  tbe  scrvieec. 
performed  by  those  individuals  by  whom  commercial  uudcrtakings  are  usually  cariied  on. 
In  tlie  second  jilace,  we  s'lall  consider  the  influence  of  the  home  trade,  or  of  the  intercourse 
subsisting  amontrst  individuals  of  the  same  country.  In  the  third  place,  we  shall  consider 
the  inliuence  oi  foreii^n  t;ade,  or  of  that  intercourse  which  subsists  amongst  imlividuals  be- 
longing to  different  coui'tries.  After  these  topics  have  been  discusseil,  we  shall  odor  a  few 
remarks  on  what  has  been  termed  the  restrictive  system  ;  or  on  the  principles  involved  in  the 
regulations  enacted  at  different  times,  in  this  and  other  countries,  for  the  government  and 
direction  of  commerce. 

(2.)  Mercnnlik  Cldsses, — While  the  exchange  of  different  products  is  carried  on  by  the 
producers  themselves,  they  must  unavoidably  lose  a  great  deal  of  time,  and  experience!  many 
inconveniences.  Were  there  no  merchants,  a  farmer  wishing  to  sell  his  crop  would  be 
obliged,  in  the  first  ])lace,  to  seek  for  customers,  and  to  dispose  of  his  corn  as  nearly  as  possible 
in  such  quantities  as  might  suit  the  demands  of  the  various  individuals  inclined  to  buy  il; 
and  after  getting  its  price,  he  would  next  be  obliged  to  send  to  10  or  ~0  diircreuf  and,  per- 
haps, remote  places,  for  the  commodities  he  wanted  to  get  in  L.  itead.  So  tliai  iicfides 
being  exposed  to  a  world  of  trouble  and  inconvenience,  his  attention  would  he  continually 
diverted  from  the  labours  of  his  farm.  Under  such  a  state  of  things,  the  work  of  production, 
in  every  different  ein])loyment,  would  be  meeting  with  perpetual  interruptions,  and  many 
branches  of  industry  that  are  successfully  carried  on  in  a  commercial  country  would  not  be 
undertaken. 

The  establishment  of  a  distinct  mercantile  class  effectually  obviates  these  inconveniences 
When  a  set  of  dealers  ^.rect  warehouses  and  shops  for  the  purchase  and  sale  of  all  descrip- 
tions of  commodities,  every  producer,  relieved  from  the  necessity  of  seeking  customers,  and 
knowing  beforehand  where  he  may  at  all  times  be  supplied  with  such  products  as  he  vcijuins 
devotes  his  whole  time  and  energies  to  his  proper  business.  The  intervention  of  merchants 
gives  a  continuous  and  uninterrupted  motion  to  the  plough  and  the  loom.  Were  the  class 
of  traders  annihiliited,  all  the  springs  of  industry  would  be  paralysed.  'J'lie  numberless  diffi- 
culties that  would  then  occur  in  ellecting  exchanges  would  lead  each  |)aiticuhir  family  to 
endeavour  to  produce  all  the  articles  they  lud  occasion  for :  society  would  thus  be  thrown 
hack  into  primieval  barbarism  and  ignorance;  the  divisions  of  labour  would  be  reliminifiu'd; 
,ind  the  desire  to  rise  in  the  world  and  im|)rovo  our  condition  would  decline,  according  as  it 
becaoie  more  difticidt  to  gratify  it.  What  sort  of  agricultural  management  could  lie  expected 
from  farmers  who  had  to  manufacture  their  own  wool,  and  make  their  own  shoes !    .^nd 


j.*^ 


COMMERCE. 


445 


(nports,  the  exchange 


ivilization.  The  mo- 
!  various  articles  and 
itcrcourric  have  boijun 
of  the  produce  raistd 
plus  proilucc  raised  by 
Iferent  individuals  can 

nnc  village  or  parish  to 
t  it  also  enables  those 
jcial  manner  to  those 
try  which  thry  occupy 
bbour  has  contributed 
;rate  the  civilisation  of 
iber  of  the  necessaries, 
of  the  few  that  would 
alcver  advantages  may 
litude  or  importance,— 
jd  by  others,  arc  wholly 

le  practical  details  con- 
bund  under  tlw-rariou^; 
:hc  nature  and  iiilluence 
I  been  imposed  ujinn  it. 
he  nature  of  tlic  servicef. 

are  usually  carried  on, 
le,  or  of  the  intercourse 
place,  we  shall  consider 
amongst  individuals  be- 
led,  we  shall  oiler  a  few 
rinciplcs  involved  in  the 

"or  the  government  and 

icts  is  carried  on  hy  the 
le,  and  t^xperieace  many 
jsell  his  crop  would  be 
:i)ni  as  nearly  as  |)ossible 
Ihials  inclined  to  buy  it; 
(r  -0  did'creut  and,  pet- 
stead,     i^o  that  hc.^des 
in  would  be  continually 
the  work  of  in'oduction, 
iitcrr\ii)tii)ns,  and  many 
I  country  wo\dd  not  be 

U  these  inconveniences, 
[and  sale  of  nil  dcscrip- 
seekins  customers,  and 
J  products  as  he  reijuires, 
Itervention  of  nierchanU 
loom.     N\'*'i''-  the  class 
The  numberless  dim- 
Lich  particvdar  family  to 
r  would  thus  be  thrown 
-  would  be  relinquifhi'd; 
I  decline,  according  as  it 
ement  could  be  expected 

their  own  shoes !    And 


what  sort  of  manufacturers  would  those  be,  who  were  every  now  and  then  oblifjed  to  leave 
the  shuttle  for  the  plough,  or  the  needle  for  the  anvil  1  A  society,  without  that  distinction  of 
employments  and  professions  resulting  from  the  division  of  labour,  that  is,  wit/tuut  commerce, 
would  be  totally  destitute  of  arts  or  sciences  of  any  sort.  It  is  by  the  assistance  each  indi- 
vidual renders  to  and  receives  from  his  neighbours,  by  every  one  applying  himself  in  prefer- 
ence to  Sonne  uarticular  task,  and  combining,  though  probably  without  intending  it,  his  ef- 
jiru  with  those  of  others,  that  civilised  man  becomes  equal  to  the  most  gigantic  ettbrts,  and 
appears  endowed  with  almost  omnipotent  power. 

The  mercantile  class  has  generally  been  divided  into  two  subordinate  classes — the  whole- 
sale dealers,  and  the  retail  dealers.     The  former  purchase  the  various  products  of  art  and  in- 
<lustry  in  the  places  where  tbiy  are  produced,  or  are  least  valuable,  and  carry  them  to  those 
where  they  are  more  valuable,  or  where  they  are  more  in  demand ;  and  the  latter,  having 
purchased  the  commodities  of  the  wholesale  dealers,  or  the  producers,  collect  them  in  shops, 
and  sell  them  in  such  quantities  and  at  such  times  as  may  best  suit  the  public  demand. 
These  .•lasses  of  dealers  are  alike  useful ;  and  the  separation  that  has  been  eflected  between 
(heir  employments  is  one  of  the  most  advantageous  divisions  of  labour.     The  operations  of 
the  wholesale  merchant  are  analogous  to  those  of  the  miner.     Neither  the  one  nor  the  other 
makes  any  change  on  the  bodies  which  he  carries  from  place  to  place.     All  the  ditlerence 
between  them  consists  in  this, — that  the  miner  carries  them  from  below  ground  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  while  the  merchant  carries  them  from  one  point  to  another  on  its  surface. 
Hence  it  follows  that  the  value  given  to  commodities  by  the  operations  of  the  wholesale  mer- 
chant may  frequently  exceed  that  given  to  them  by  the  producers.     The  labour  or  expense 
required  to  dig  a  quantity  of  coal  from  the  mine,  docs  not  exceed  what  is  required  for  its  con- 
veyance from  Newcastle  to  London ;  and  it  is  a  far  more  diflicult  and  costly  aflair  to  fetch  a 
piece  of  timber  from  Canada  to  England,  than  to  cut  down  the  tree.     In  this  respect  there  is 
no  ditTerence  between  commerce  and  agriculture  and  manufactures.     The  latter  give  utility 
to  matter,  by  bestowing  on  it  such  a  shape  as  may  best  fit  it  for  ministering  to  our  wants  and 
comforts;  and  the  former  gives  additional  utility  to  the  products  of  the  agriculturist  and 
manufacturer,  by  bringing  them  from  where  they  are  of  >;omparatively  little  use,  or  are  in  ex- 
cess, to  where  they  are  of  comparatively  great  use,  or  arc  deficient. 

If  the  wholesale  merchant  were  himself  to  retail  the  goods  he  has  brought  from  different 
iilaces,  he  would  require  a  proportional  increase  of  capital ;  and  it  would  be  impossible  for 
iiim  to  give  that  exclusive  attention  to  any  department  of  his  business,  whicli  is  indispensa- 
ble to  its  being  carried  on  in  the  best  manner.  It  is  for  the  interest  of  each  dealer,  as  of  each 
workman,  to  confine  himself  to  some  one  business.  By  this  means  each  trade  is  better  un- 
derstood, better  cultivated,  and  carried  on  in  the  cheapest  possible  manner.  But  whether 
carried  on  by  a  separate  class  of  individuals  or  not,  it  is  obvious  that  the  retailing  of  coin- 
raodities  is  indispensable.  It  is  not  enough  that  a  cargo  of  tea  should  be  imported  from 
China,  or  a  cargo  of  sugar  from  Jamaica.  Most  individuals  have  some  demand  for  these 
articles ;  but  there  is  not,  perhaps,  a  single  private  person,  even  in  London,  requiring  so  large 
a  supply  of  them  for  his  own  consumption.  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  they  must  be  retailed; 
that  is,  they  must  be  sold  in  such  quantities  and  at  such  times  as  may  be  most  suitable  for 
all  classes  of  consumers.  And  since  it  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  that  this  necessary  business 
will  be  best  conducted  by  a  class  of  traders  distinct  from  the  wholesale  dealers,  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  doubt  that  their  employment  is  equally  conducive  as  that  of  the  others  to  the  public 
interest,  or  tliat  it  tends  equally  to  augment  national  wealth  and  comfort. 

II.  Home  Thade. 

The  observations  already  made  serve  'o  show  the  influence  of  the  home  trade  in  allowing 
individuals  to  confine  their  attention  to  some  one  employment,  and  to  prosecute  it  without 
interruption.  But  it  is  not  in  this  respect  only  that  the  establishment  of  the  home  trade  is 
advantageous.  It  is  so  in  a  still  greater  degree,  by  its  allowing  the  inhabitants  of  the  diflTer- 
ent  districts  of  the  empire  to  turn  their  labour  into  those  channels  in  which  it  will  be  most 
productive.  The  ditrorent  soils,  dillereiit  minerals,  and  different  climates  of  different  districts, 
lit  them  for  being  appropriated,  in  preference,  to  certain  species  of  industry.  A  district,  like 
Lancashire,  where  coal  is  abundant,  which  has  an  easy  access  to  the  ocean,  and  a  considera- 
ble command  of  internal  navigation,  is  the  natural  seat  of  manufactures.  Wheat  and  other 
species  of  grain  are  the  natural  products  of  rich  arable  soils;  and  cattle,  after  being  reared  in 
mountainous  districts,  are  most  advantageously  fattened  in  meadows  and  low  grounds. 
Hence  it  follows,  that  the  inhabitants  of  dilVercnt  districts,  by  confining  themselves  to  those 
branches  of  industry  for  the  successful  |)rosecution  of  which  they  have  some  peculiar  capi- 
Mlity,  L'ld  exchanging  their  surplus  produce  for  that  of  others,  will  obtain  an  incomparably 
larger  supply  of  all  sorts  of  useful  and  desirible  products,  than  they  could  do,  were  they  to 
apply  themselves  indiscriminately  to  every  different  business.  The  territorial  division  of  la- 
bour is,  if  possible,  even  more  advantageous  than  its  division  among  individuals.  A  person 
may  be  what  is  commonly  termed  Jack  of  all  trades,-  and  though  it  is  next  to  certain  that 

V0L.I.-2P  .  >  h 


'•«<H 


n 


1 


'iSiii 


'■Ml 
li  ii:.<.u«P 


»ii«i 


446 


COMMERCE. 


V     I 


1 

i       i 

•"HE**, 

r*"* 

1 

1 

• 

c*** 

llMHi^rm 

IH(»iij;<< 

1«K'li< 


1 

« 

I 


he  will  not  be  well  acquainted  with  any  one  of  them,  he  may  nevertheless  make  some  sor! 
of  rude  efforts  in  them  all.  But  it  is  not  possible  to  apply  the  same  soil  or  the  same  minerals 
to  every  different  purpose.  Hence  it  is,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  richest  and  most  exten- 
sive country,  provided  it  were  divided  into  small  districts  without  any  intercourse  with  each 
other,  or  with  foreigners,  could  not,  how  well  soever  labour  might  be  divided  among  them- 
selves, lie  otherwise  than  poor  and  miserable.  Some  of  them  might  have  a  superabundance 
of  corn,  at  the  same  time  that  they  were  wholly  destitute  of  wine,  coal,  and  iron;  whj|e 
others  might  have  tiie  largest  supplies  of  the  latter  articles,  with  but  very  little  grain.  But 
in  commercial  countries  no  such  anomalies  can  exist.  Opulence  and  comfort  are  there  imi- 
versally  diffused.  The  labours  of  the  mercantile  classes  enable  the  inhabitants  of  each  dis. 
trict  to  ai)ply  themselves  principally  to  those  employments  that  are  naturally  best  suitud  lo 
them.  This  superadding  of  the  division  of  labour  among  different  provinces  to  its  division 
among  different  individuals,  renders  the  productive  powers  of  industry  immeasurably  greater; 
and  augments  the  mass  of  necessaries,  conveniences,  and  enjoyments,  in  a  degree  that  couU 
not  previously  have  been  conceived  possible,  and  which  cannot  be  exceeded  except  by  the  in. 
troduction  of  foreign  commcircc. 

"  With  the  benefit  of  commerce,"  says  an  eloquent  and  philosophical  writer,  "or  a  rcadv 
exchange  of  commodities,  every  hidividual  is  enabled  to  avail  himself,  to  the  utmost,  of  ih',. 
peculiar  advantages  of  his  place ;  to  work  on  the  peculiar  materials  with  which  nature  has 
furnished  him ;  to  humour  his  genius  or  disposition,  and  betake  himself  to  the  task  in  whifh 
he  is  peculiarly  qualified  to  succeed.  The  inhabitant  of  the  mountain  may  betake  himself 
to  the  culture  of  his  woods  and  the  manufacture  of  his  timber ;  the  owner  of  pasture  1,11!,!^ 
may  betake  himself  to  the  care  of  his  herds ;  the  owner  of  the  clay-pit  to  the  muiiufaeiun  (,f 
his  pottery ;  and  the  husbandman  to  the  culture  of  his  fields,  or  the  rearing  of  his  caiilo. 
And  any  one  commodity,  however  it  may  form  but  a  small  part  in  the  acconjiuodations  of 
human  life,  may,  under  the  facility  of  commerce,  find  a  market  in  which  it  may  be  exrhanffoi 
for  what  will  procure  any  other  part,  or  the  whole :  so  that  the  owner  of  the  clay-pit,  or  the 
industrious  potter,  without  producing  any  one  article  immediately  fit  to  supply  his  own  ne- 
cessities, may  obtain  possession  of  all  that  he  wants.  And  commerce,  in  which  it  apijcars 
that  commodities  are  merely  exchanged,  and  nothing  produced,  is,  nevertheless,  in  its  elVects, 
very  productive,  because  it  ministers  a  facility  and  an  encouragement  to  every  artist  in  multi- 
plying the  productions  of  his  own  art;  thus  adding  greatly  to  the  mass  of  wealth  in  the 
world,  in  being  the  occasion  tliat  much  is  produced." — (Ferguson's  Principles  nf  Mnml 
Science,  vol.  ii.  p.  424.) 

The  roads  and  canals  that  intersect  a  country,  and  open  an  easy  communication  between 
its  remotest  extremities,  render  the  greatest  service  to  internal  commerce,  and  also  to  auririil- 
ture  and  manufactures.  A  diminution  of  the  expense  of  carriage  has,  in  fact,  the  same  clloct 
as  a  diminution  of  the  direct  cost  of  production.  If  the  coals  brought  into  a  city  sell  atiOs. 
a  ton,  of  which  the  carriage  amounts  to  a  half,  or  10s,,  it  is  plain  that  in  the  event  of  an  im- 
proved  comnmnication,  such  as  a  more  level  or  direct  road,  a  railway,  or  a  canal,  being  openeJ 
for  the  conveyance  of  the  coals,  and  that  they  can,  by  its  means,  be  imported  for  half  the  pre- 
vious expense,  their  price  will  immediately  fall  to  15,v.  a  ton;  just  as  it  would  have  dune,  haJ 
the  expense  of  extracting  them  from  the  mine  been  reduced  a  half. 

Every  one  acquainted  with  the  merest  elements  of  political  science  is  aware  that  emplor- 
ments  are  more  and  more  subdivided,  that  more  powerful  machinery  is  introduced,  and  'lie 
productive  powers  of  labour  increased,  according  as  larger  masses  of  the  population  comire- 
gate  together.  In  a  great  town  like  London,  Glasgow,  or  Manchester,  the  same  numl)er  of 
hands  will  perform  much  more  work  than  in  a  small  village,  where  each  individual  has  to  per- 
form several  operations,  and  where  the  scale  of  employment  is  not  sufhciently  large  to  iidiiiit 
of  the  introduction  of  extensive  and  complicated  machinery.  But  the  great  towns  with 
which  England  is  studded,  could  not  exist  without  our  unproved  means  of  comnumication. 
These,  however,  enable  their  inhabitants  to  supply  themselves  with  the  bulky  products  nf  the 
soil  and  of  the  mines  almost  as  cheap  as  if  they  lived  in  country  villages ;  securing  to  thera 
all  the  advantages  of  concentration,  with  but  few  of  its  inconveniences.  Koads  ami  einals 
are  thus  productive  of  a  double  benefit;  for  while,  by  affording  comparatively  I'licaj;  raw 
materials  to  the  manufacturers,  they  give  them  the  means  of  perfecting  the  divisions  of  la- 
bour, and  of  8up|)lying  proportionally  cheap  manufactured  goods;  the  latter  arc  conveyed  hv 
their  means,  and  at  an  extremely  small  expense,  to  the  remotest  parts  of  the  country.  The 
direct  advantages  whic  h  they  confer  on  agriculture  are  not  less  important.  Without  thera 
it  would  not  be  possible  to  carry  to  a  distance  sufficient  supplies  of  lime,  marl,  shells,  and 
otl  r  bulky  and  heavy  articles  necessary  to  give  luxuriance  to  the  cro|)s- of  rich  soils,  andlo 
rendir  those  that  are  poor  productive.  Cood  roads  and  canals,  therefore,  by  fiirnishimjthe 
agricultinists  with  chea[)  and  alitmdant  supplies  of  manure,  nMnce,  at  one  anct  the  same 
time,  the  ciist  <if  producing  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  the  cost  of  bringing  thcin  to  iiiurke'. 

In  other  respec's,  the  advantages  resulting  from  improved  communications  are  (iroliaily 
even  more  striking.  TImy  give  the  same  common  interest  to  ovcry  dilferent  part  of  the  niu-t 
widely  extended  empire;  and  put  down,  or  rather  prevent  any  attempt  at  monopoly  on  tho 


COMMERCE. 


447 


icless  make  some  sor! 
il  or  the  same  minerals 
•ichest  and  most  cxtcn- 
f  intercourse  with  each 
e  divided  among  them- 
have  a  superabundance 
,  coal,  and  iron;  while 
very  little  grain.  But 
I  comfort  are  there  imi. 
inhabitants  of  each  liis. 
naturally  bfst  suited  to 
provinces  to  its  division 
r  immeasurably  greater; 
,  in  a  degree  that  coul! 
;eeded  except  by  the  iii- 


part  of  the  dealers  of  particular  districts,  by  bringing  them  into  competition  with  those  of  all 
the  others.  Nothing  in  a  state  enjoying  great  facilities  of  communication  is  separate  and 
unconnected.  All  is  mutual,  reciprocal,  and  dependent.  Every  man  naturally  gets  into  the 
nrecise  situation  that  he  is  best  fitted  to  fill ;  and  each,  co-operating  with  every  one  else,  con- 
tributes to  the  utmost  of  his  power  to  extend  the  limits  of  production  and  civilisation. — (See 

IIOAIIS.) 

Such  being  the  nature  and  vast  extent  of  the  advantages  derived  from  the  home  trade,  it  is 
obviously  the  duty  of  the  legislature  to  give  it  every  proper  encouragement  and  i>rotection. 
It  will  be  found,  however,  on  a  little  consideration,  that  this  duty  is  rather  negative  than  posi- 

ijyg that  it  consists  less  in  the  framing  of  regulations,  than  in  the  removal  of  obstacles. 

The  error  of  governments  in  matters  of  trade  has  not  been  that  they  have  done  too  little,  but 
hat  they  have  attempted  too  much.  It  will  be  afterwards  shown  that  the  encouragement 
which  has  been  afforded  to  the  producers  of  certain  species  of  articles  in  preference  to  others, 
[m  uniformly  been  productive  of  disadvantage.  In  the  mean  time  it  is  suflicient  to  observe 
that  the  encouragement  which  a  prudent  and  enlightened  government  bestows  on  industry, 
will  equally  cxt<iid  to  all  its  branches ;  and  will  be  especially  directed  to  the  removal  of  every 
tlun<r  that  may  in  any  respect  fetter  the  freedom  of  commerce,  and  the  power  of  individuals 
to  engage  in  different  employments.  All  regulations,  whatever  be  their  object,  that  operate 
cither  to  prevent  the'circulation  of  commodities  from  one  j)art  of  the  empire  to  another,  or  the 
free  "irculation  of  labour,  necessarily  t/'nd  to  check  the  division  of  employments  and  the  spirit 
of  competition  and  emulation,  and  must,  in  consequence,  lessen  the  amount  of  produce.  The 
same  principle  that  prompts  to  open  road:*,  to  construct  bridge.-!  and  canals,  ought  to  lead 
ivery  people  to  erase  from  the  statute  book  every  regulation  which  either  prevents  or  fellers 
the  operations  of  tlie  merchant,  and  the  free  disposal  of  capital  and  labour.  Whether  the 
freedom  of  internal  commerce  and  industry  be  interrupted  by  impassable  mountains  and 
owamps.  or  by  oppressive  tolls  or  restrictive  regulations,  the  effect  is  equally  pernicious. 

Tiic  common  law  and  the  ancient  statute  law  of  England  are  decidedly  hostile  to  monopo- 
lies, or  to  the  granting  of  powers  to  any  particular  class  of  individuals  to  furnish  the  market 
with  commodities.  Lord  C(»ko  distinctly  states,  "  that  all  monopolies  concerning  trade  and 
traffic  are  against  the  liberty  and  freedom  granted  by  the  great  ehartnr,  and  divers  oilier  acta 
of  parliament  which  are  good  commentaries  upon  that  charter." — (2  Inst.  63.)  And  he  af- 
ilrms,  in  another  place,  that  "Commerciurn  jure  gentium  coniniune  esse  dclicf,  et  nonin 
Mmopolium  et  privatum  pauluhrum  rjuestwn  convertendum.  inlquum  est  aliis  permit' 
Urt,  aliin  inldhere  mercaturam." 

But,  notwithstanding  this  concurrence  of  the  common  and  statute  law  of  the  country  m 
favour  of  the  freedom  of  industry,  during  the  arbitrary  reigns  of  the  princes  of  the  house  of 
Tudor,  the  notion  that  the  crown  was  by  its  prerogative  entitled  to  dispense  with  any  law 
to  the  contrary,  and  to  establish  monopolies,  became  fashionable  among  the  court  lawyers, 
and  was  acted  upon  to  a  very  great  extent.  Few  things,  indeed,  occasioned  so  mueh  dis- 
satisfaction in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  as  the  multiplication  of  monopolies ;  and  notwithsUind- 
in"  the  opposition  made  by  the  crown,  and  the  court  [larty  iu  parliaincnl,  the  grievaiice  be- 
came at  length  so  intolerable  as  to  give  rise  to  the  famous  statute  of  IG~4  (21  .lames  1.  c. 
3,),  by  which  all  monopolies,  grants,  letters  patent,  and  licences,  for  the  sole  Imyint;,  selling, 
and  making  of  goods  and  manufactures,  not  given  by  an  act  of  the  legislature,  are  declared 
to  be  "altogether  contrary  to  the  laws  of  this  realm,  void,  and  ,if  none  effect,"  This  statute 
has  been  productive  of  the  greatest  advantage;  and  has,  perhaps,  contributed  more  tlian  any 
other  to  the  development  of  industry,  and  the  accumulation  of  wealth.  With  the  exception 
of  the  monopoly  of  printing  Bibles,  and  the  restraints  imposed  by  the  charters  of  bodies  le- 
gally incorporated,  the  freedom  of  internal  industry  has  ever  since  been  vi!;ilantly  protected  ; 
lull  scope  has  been  given  to  the  principle  of  competition;  the  whole  kingdom  has  been  sub- 
jected to  the  same  equal  law  ;  no  obstacles  have  been  thrown  in  the  way  of  tin;  freest  trans- 
fer of  commodities  from  one  county  or  place  to  another ;  the  home  trade  has  been  perfectly 
unfettered;  and  thou|/h  the  public  have  not  beensui>plied  with  commodities  at  so  low  a  '-rico 
as  they  might  have  obtained  them  foi,  had  there  been  no  restrictions  on  foreign  eonime.^e, 
thoy  have  obtained  them  at  the  lowest  price  that  would  sufliee  to  pay  tiie  liooie  producers  the 
(Oat  of  producing  and  bringing  them  to  market.  It  is  to  this  freedom  that  the  comparatively 
ilourishing  state  of  industry  in  Great  Britain  is  mainly  to  be  ascribed. 


••iiilii 

n 

-I 


III.    FollEIGN    TllABE. 

What  the  home  trade  is  to  the  different  provinces  of  the  same  country,  foreign  trade  is  to 
all  the  countries  of  the  world.  Particular  countries  produce  only  [larlicular  commodities,  and, 
were  it  not  for  foreign  commerce,  would  be  entirely  destitute  of  ail  hut  such  as  are  indigenous 
io  their  own  soil.  It  is  diilicult  for  those  who  have  not  rellecti'd  on  the  subject,  to  imugine 
what  a  vast  deduction  would  be  made,  not  imly  from  the  eomlorts  but  even  from  the  neces- 
saries, of  every  commercial  people,  were  its  intercourse  with  strangers  put  an  end  to.  It  is 
not,  perhaps,  too  much  to  say  that  in  Great  Britain  we  owe  to  our  intercourse  with  oth(>rs  a 


J6'. 


448 


COMMERCE. 


'' ;  \   '  1 


— iiiiii.ift* 


in 

HMmttn 


<r 


k<»*.4 


! 


t         I 


full  half  or  more  of  all  that  we  enjoy.     Wc  are  not  only  indehtcil  to  it  for  the  cotton  and  s|j}- 
nianufacturt's,  and  for  sup|)lio.s  of  wine,  tea,  coffee,  sui^ar,  the  precious  metals,  &c. ;  but  wo 
arc  also   ndcbted  to  it  for  most  of  the  fruits  and  vee;etal)les  that  wo  now  cultivate.     At  the 
same  time,  too,  that  foreign  commerce  supplies  us  with  an  immense  variety  of  most  important 
articles,  of  which  we  must  otherwise  have  been  wholly  ignorant,  it  enables  us  to  em])loy  our 
industry  in  the  mode  in  which  it  is  sure  to  be  most  productive,  and  reduces  the  price  of  almost 
every  article.     We  do  not  mincmploy  our  labour  in  raisinp;  sugar  from  the  beet-root,  in  culti. 
vating  tobacco,  or  in  forcing  vines ;  but  we  employ  ourselves  in  those  departments  of  nwiiu. 
facturing  industry  in  which  our  command  of  coal,  of  capital,  and  of  improved  machinerv, 
cive  us  an  advantage  ;  and  obtain  t!:e  articles  produced  more  cheai)Iy  by  foreigners,  in  ox- 
change  for  the  surplus  produce  of  those  branches  in  wbich  we  have  a  superiority  over  them, 
A  commercial  nation  like  England  avails  herself  oi  all  the  peculiar  faculties  of  production 
given  by  Providence  to  dillcrent  countries.     To  prodv  ce  claret  here  is  perhaps  impos^ililf. 
and  at  all  event.*  it  could  not  be  accomjilished,  unless  a.,  more  than  100  times  the  expnisr  n'- 
(juirod  for  its  production  in  France.     We  do  not,  however,  deny  ourselves  the  gratilication 
derivable  from  its  use  ;  and  lo  obtain  it,  we  have  only  to  send  to  France,  or  to  some  cnnnin- 
indebted  to  France,  some  article  in  the  production  of  which  we  have  the  advantage,  and  we 
get  claret  in  exchange  at  the  })rice  which  it  takes  to  raise  it  under  the  most  favourable  circum. 
stances.     One  country  has  peculiar  capacities  for  raising  corn,  but  is  at  the  same  time  dcsti. 
tute  of  wine,  silk,  and  tea;  another,  again,  has  peculiar  facilities  for  raising  the  latter,  Un  i.< 
destitute  of  the  former ;  and  it  is  impossible  to  point  out  a  single  country  which  is  abumlantlv 
supplied  with  any  considerable  variety  of  comuiodities  of  domestic  growth.     Nim  ow;?;'.v  f,jj 
omnia  tcllus.     Providence,  by  giving  to  each  |)articular  nation  something  which  the  others 
want,  has  evidently  intended  tliat  they  should  be  mutunlly  (ie|)endent   upon  one  another. 
And  it  is  not  dillicult  to  see  that,  crrfa-is  parihus,  (hose  must  be  the  richest  and  most  alnind- 
antly  supplied  with  every  sort  of  useful  and  desirable  acconimodation,  who  cultivate  the  luts 
of  peace  with  the  greatest  success,  and  deal  with  all  the  world  on  fair  anc'  liberal  prinripjps, 

"The  coimnerce  of  one  country  with  another  is,  in  fiict,"  to  use  the  words  of  an  alilc  ainl 
profound  writer,  "merely  an  extension  of  that  division  of  labour  by  which  so  many  hcnetii:! 
arc  conferred  upon  the  hinnan  race.  As  the  same  country  is  rendered  the  richer  liv  the 
trade  of  one  province  with  another;  as  its  labour  Ix'omes  thus  iiillnitely  more  diviilcii  and 
more  productive  than  it  could  otherwise  have  been  ;  and  as  the  mutual  supply  to  each  other 
of  all  the  accommodations  wiiich  one  pro\ince  has,  and  another  wants,  nudtiplies  the  ac- 
oonmiodations  of  the  whole,  and  the  country  becomes  thus  in  a  wonderful  degree  more  opn. 
ieiit  and  happy  ;  the  same  i)eautiful  train  of  conse(iuences  is  observaiile  in  the  world  at  iuriri', 
— that  great  empire  of  which  the  different  kingdoms  and  tribes  of  men  may  be  rrganlcd  as 
the  proviuces.  In  this  magnificent  empire,  too,  one  province  is  favourable  to  the  production 
of  one  sjiecies  of  accommodation,  and  another  province  to  another:  by  their  nnitual  inter- 
course they  are  enabled  to  sort  and  distribute  their  labour  as  most  peculiarly  suits  the  ijpniiis 
of  each  particular  spot.  The  labour  of  the  human  race  thus  becomes  much  more  productive, 
and  every  species  of  accommodation  is  alii()rded  in  much  greater  al)uiidance.  Tho  s.iiiie 
number  of  labourers,  whose  efTi)rts  might  have  lieen  expended  in  prod;  cing  a  very  iiisi£;ni- 
ficant  quantity  of  home-made  luxuries,  may  thus  in  CJn'at  Britain,  proiluce  a  quantity  at' 
articles  for  exportation,  accommodated  to  the  wants  of  other  ])laces,  and  peculiarlv  sailed  ta 
llie  genius  of  13ritain  to  furnish,  which  will  ])urcliase  lor  her  an  accumulation  of  the  luxu- 
ries of  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  There  is  not  a  gifater  proportion  of  iier  population  >ni- 
ployed  in  administering  to  her  luxuries,  in  conse<]uence  of  her  connnerce  ;  there  is  proinhlv 
a^good  deal  less  ;  but  their  labour  is  infinitely  more  productive :  the  |)ortion  of  coininodilie.i 
which  the  ])eople  of  Great  Britain  acquire  by  means  of  the  same  labour,  is  vastly  grcat'ir," 
— (Miirs  Coininfrce  defended,  p.  3S.) 

What  has  l)ei>n  already  stati'd  is  siitficient  to  expose  the  utter  fallacy  of  tho  opinion  tlwt 
has  sometimes  been  maintainH,  that  whatever  one  nation  may  gain  by  her  foreign  com- 
merce, must  be  lost  by  some  one  else.  It  is  singular,  indeed,  how  such  a  notion  should  c^or 
liave  originated.  Commerce  {ft  ni)t  dirrcflif  prodadive,  nor  is  the  good  derived  from  it  id 
be  Intimated  by  its  imme.hate  effects.  Wliat  commercial  nations  give  is  unilbrmlv  the  liir 
equivalent  of  what  they  get.  In  their  dealings  they  do  not  pi  ey  upon  each  other,  iiut  arc 
henefit('<l  alike.  The  advantage  of  eommerce  consists  in  its  enabling  labour  to  be  dividil. 
an<l  giving  each  people  the  power  of  siln)[)lymg  themselves  witli  th"  various  articles  for  whicii 
they  have  a  demand,  at  the  lowest  price  reciuired  for  their  production  in  those  countries  and 
))laces  where  they  are  raised  with  the  greatest  facility.  VVe  import  wine  from  Portuirai,  and 
cotton  from  America,  sending  in  exchange  cloth  and  other  species  i>f  manufwtured  goods. 
IJy  this  means  we  obtain  two  very  important  articles,  which  it  wi<uld  l>e  all  hut  inipossilile 
to  produce  at  home,  and  which  we  could  not,  ci-rtainly,  produce,  except  at  an  ihiiiiiti i. 
greater  cost.  Hut  our  gain  is  no  loss  to  the  ibreigners,  'J'hey  derive  precisely  the  sann- 
•sort  of  advontage  from  the  trans.iction  that  we  do.  We  have  very  superior  facilities  tor 
manufacturing,  and  they  get  from  us  cloth,  harlwure,  and  other  import.tnt  articles,  at  ll./ 
price  at  wh'/  h  they  can  be  producpo  ii  this  country,  and  coitser^uently  for  far  lesa  than  thr. 


COMMERCE. 


440 


t  fcT  the  cotion  and  silj-. 
la  motala,  <S:c. ;  but  we 
now  cultivate.  At  the 
ricty  of  most  imimrtaiit 
allies  us  to  emjiloy  our 
uces  the  price  of  almost 
\  the  beet-root,  in  culti. 
I  departments  of  nwnn. 
'  improved  machinorv, 
ily  by  foreigners,  in  ox- 
.  superiority  over  them, 
faculties  of  prodiiction 
is  perhaps  impos^ilile; 
0  times  the  expense  ro- 
rsclves  the  gratifiratiou 
tice,  or  to  some  coimtrv 
;  the  advantage,  ami  we 
most  favourable  cireiim. 
at  the  same  time  desti. 
raising  the  latter,  Imt  U 
try  which  i.i  abundantlv 
nwlh.  Nim  omnis' fii-t 
[■thing  which  the  otlwrj 
r-nt  upon  one  aiiotluT. 
richest  and  most  ainind- 
1,  who  cultivate  the  :irts 
'  an(t  liberal  prineipb. 
le  words  of  an  able  and 
which  so  many  henctiis 
idi'red  the  riclier  liv  die 
nitely  more  ilivided  and 
lal  supply  to  each  other 
vants,  multiplies  the  ac- 
lerful  degree  more  opu- 
ble  ill  the  world  at  hirir;', 
len  may  be  regarded  as 
irablo  to  the  productinn 
:  by  their  mutual  inior- 
culiarly  suits  thea;enius 
much  more  produetivo, 
abundance.  The  samp 
•oJi  cing  a  very  iiisigni- 
j)roduce  a  quantity  i 
and  peculiarly  suitiil  to 
umulution  of  the  luxu- 
of  her  popiilatiim  >ni- 
rce  ;  there  is  proimlily 
portion  of  conunodiiii's 
hour,  is  vastly  greater," 

aey  of  t!ic  opinion  that 

ill  by  her  foreign  eoiv- 

eh  a  notion  should  e\  : 

rood  derived  from  it  u 

is  uniformly  the  tiir 

ion  i^ach  other,  hut  arc 

laliour  to  be  divide  I. 

rious  articles  for  whici. 

in  thosi>  countries  and 

iiie  from  I'oriiiaal.  and 

if  manuri'rtiUTd  goad*. 

d  be  alt  but  iinposilile 

'xeept  at  an  iiiliniui) 

ive  jirccisely  the  saim; 

■y  superior  facilities  tor 

ijiort.mt  articles,  at  the 

lor  far  less  tb.an  the; 


direct  production  would  have  cost  them.  The  benefits  resulting  from  nn  intercourse  of  this 
sort  are  plainly  mutual  and  rei^iprocal.  Commerce  gives  no  advantage  to  any  one  people 
over  any  other  people  ;  hut  it  increases  the  wealth  and  enjoyments  of  all  in  a  degree  that 
could  not  previously  have  been  conceived  possible. 

But  the  influence  of  foreign  commerce  in  multiplying  aid  cheapening  conveniences  and 
enjoyments,  vast  as  it  most  certainly  is,  is  perhaps  inferior  I  its  indirect  influence — that  is, 
to  its  influence  on  industry,  by  ailding  immeasurably  to  tl  mass  of  desirable  artic'  s,  by 
inspiring  new  tastes,  and  stimulating  enterprise  and  inventio.i  by  bringing  each  people  into 
competition  with  foreigners,  and  making  them  acquainted  wit  i  their  arts  and  institutions. 

The  apathy  and  languor  that  exist  in  a  rude  state  of  society  have  been  universally  rc- 
niarkcd.  But  these  uniformly  give  place  to  activity  and  enterprise,  according  as  man  is 
rendered  familiar  with  new  objects,  and  is  inspired  with  a  desire  to  obtain  them.  An  indi- 
vidual might,  with  cornparntively  little  exertion,  furnish  himself  with  an  abundant  supply  of 
the  commodities  essential  to  his  subsistence  ;  and  if  he  had  no  desire  to  obtain  others,  or  if 
(iiat  desire,  however  strong,  could  not  be  gratified,  it  would  be  folly  to  suppose  that  he  should 
be  laborious,  inventive,  or  enterprising.  But,  when  once  excited,  the  wants  and  desires  of 
man  become  altogether  illimitable ;  and  to  excite  them,  no  more  is  necessary  than  to  bring 
new  products  and  new  modes  of  enjoyment  within  his  reach.  Now,  the  sure  way  to  do 
this  is  to  give  every  facility  to  the  most  extensive  intercourse  with  foreigners.  The  markets 
of  a  commercial  nation  being  filled  with  the  various  commodities  of  every  country  and  every 
eliniate,  the  motives  and  gratifications  which  stimulate  and  reward  the  efforts  of  the  indus- 
trious are  proportionally  augmented.  The  husbandman  and  manufacturer  exert  themselves 
to  increase  their  supplies  of  raw  and  manufactured  produce,  that  they  may  exchange  the 
suiplus  for  the  products  imported  from  abroad.  And  the  merchant,  finding  a  ready  demand 
lor  such  produces,  is  prompted  to  import  a  greater  variety,  to  find  out  cheaper  markets,  and 
thus  constantly  to  afford  new  incentives  to  the  vanity  and  ambition,  and  consecjuently  to 
the  enterprise  and  industry,  of  his  customers.  The  whole  powers  of  the  mind  and  the  body 
are  thus  callc '  into  action  ;  and  the  passion  for  foreign  commodities — a  passion  which  has 
sometimes  been  ;o'^''''ntly  censured — becomes  one  of  the  most  efficient  causes  of  wealth 
and  civilisation. 

IVot  only,  however,  does  foreign  commerce  excite  industry,  distribute  the  gifts  of  nature, 
and  enable  them  to  ho  turned  to  the  best  account,  but  it  also  distributes  the  gifts  of  science 
and  of  art,  and  gives  to  each  particular  country  the  means  of  profiting  by  the  inventions  and 
(Jiscoveries  of  others  as  much  as  by  those  of  her  own  citizens.  The  ingenious  machine  in- 
vented by  Mr.  Whitney  of  the  United  States,  for  separating  cotton  wool  from  the  pod,  by 
reducing  the  cost  of  the  raw  material  of  one  of  our  principal  manufactures,  has  been  quite 
as  advantageous  to  us  as  to  his  own  countrymen.  And  the  discoveries  and  inventions  of 
Watt,  Arkwright,  and  Wedgwood,  by  reducing  the  cost  of  articles  we  send  abroad,  have 
been  as  advantageous  to  our  foreign  customers  as  to  ourselves,  Commerce  has  caused  the 
blessings  of  civilisation  to  be  universally  ditfused,  and  the  treasures  of  knowledge  and  science 
to  be  conveyed  to  the  remotest  cornets.  Its  humanising  influence  is,  in  this  rcsjiect,  most 
important;  while,  by  making  each  (!ountry  depend  for  the  means  of  supplying  a  consi'tpra- 
hle  portion  of  its  wants  on  the  assistance  of  others,  it  has  done  more  than  any  thing  else  to 
remove  a  host  of  the  most  baleful  prejudices,  and  to  make  mankind  regard  each  other  as 
friends  and  brothers,  and  not  as  enemies.  The  diead,  once  so  prevalent,  of  the  progress  of 
other  nations  in  wealth  and  civilisation,  is  now  universally  admitted  to  be  as  absurd  as  it  is 
illiberal.  While  every  people  ought  always  to  be  prejiared  to  resist  and  avenge  any  attack 
upon  their  independence  or  their  honour,  it  is  not  to  be  doubted  that  their  real  prosperity 
will  be  best  secured  by  their  endeavouring  to  live  at  peace.  "A  commercial  war,  whether 
crowned  with  victory  or  branded  with  defeat,  can  never  prevent  another  nati(m  from  bccom- 
ir.z  more  industrious  than  you  are ;  and  if  they  are.  more  industrious  they  will  sell  cheaper  ; 
and  CO  isequenlly  your  customers  will  ibrsake  your  shop  and  go  to  theirs.  This  will  happen, 
thougl'-  you  covered  the  ocean  with  fleets,  i.n.'i  the  land  with  armies.  The  soldier  may  lay 
waste;  the  ('ivateer,  whether  successful  or  unsuccessful,  will  make  poor;  but  it  is  the 
eternal  law  ei  Providence  that  'the  hand  of  the  (filigmt  can  ahmc  make  rich'  " — {'I'ltc/icr's 
Four  Tracts,  Y>.U.'Mvx\.) 

Mr.  Hume  has  beautifully  illustrated  the  powerful  and  salutary  infliieneo  of  that  sfiirit  of 
industry  and  enterprise  resulting  from  the  eager  jirosecutioii  of  commerce  and  llic  arts. 
" Men,"  says  he,  "arc  then  kept  in  per[)etual  occuimtion,  and  enjoy,  as  their  reward,  tlio 
occupation  itself,  as  \>'ell  ar,  those  pleasures  which  are  the  fruits  of  their  labour.  The  mind 
acquires  new  vigour  ;  enlarges  its  powers  and  faculties  ;  and,  by  an  assiduity  in  honest  in- 
dustry, both  satisfies  Us  natural  appetites,  and  prevents  the  growtli  of  uniintural  ones,  which 
commonly  spring  up  when  nourishtd  v/ith  ease  and  idleness.  Banish  those  n.rts  from  socie- 
ty, you  deprive  men  both  of  action  ;'.nd  of  pleasure ;  and,  leaving  nothing  liul  indolence  in 
their  plaec,  you  even  destroy  the  relish  of  indolence,  which  never  is  agreeable  but  when  it 
sutcceils  to  labour,  and  recruits  the  spirits,  exhausted  by  too  much  aoplication  and  fatigue. 
"Another  advaiilujio  of  industry  and  of  refinements  in  tlu'  mechanical  arts  is,  that  they 
2  ?  2  '  57 


'"Mt 
■■'«*« 

n 

'"■■«» 
-I 


•if 


450 


COMMERCE. 


t. 


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cr,;^' 

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1; 


commonly  produce  some  refinements  in  tlio  lllioral ;  nor  can  the  one  be  carried  to  pcrfcctioR 
without  being  accompanied  in  some  degree  vvitli  the  other.  The  same  iige  which  produces 
great  philosophers  and  politicians,  renowned  generals  and  poets,  naually  abounds  with  skil- 
ful weavers  and  8hip-car|)enters.  We  cannot  reasonably  expect  that  a  piece  of  woollen  cioih 
will  be  wrought  to  perfection  in  a  nation  which  is  ignorant  of  astronomy,  or  where  cthicg 
are  neglected.  The  spirit  of  the  age  affects  all  the  arts  ;  and  the  minds  of  men,  being  once 
roused  from  their  lethargy,  and  put  into  a  fermentation,  turn  theniselves  on  all  sides,  and 
carry  improvements  into  every  art  and  science.  Profound  ignorance  is  totally  banished;  and 
men  enjoy  the  privilege  of  rational  creatures,  to  think  as  well  as  to  act,  to  cultivate  the 
pleasures  of  the  mind  as  well  as  those  of  the  body. 

"  The  more  these  refined  arts  advance,  the  more  sociable  do  men  become ;  nor  is  it  possi- 
ble  that,  when  enriched  with  science,  and  possessed  of  a  fund  of  conversation,  they  should 
be  contented  to  remain  in  solitude,  or  live  with  their  fellow  citizens  in  that  distant  manner 
which  is  peculiar  to  ignorant  and  barbarous  nations.  They  flock  into  cities ;  love  to  receive 
and  communicate  knowledge ;  to  show  their  wit  or  their  breeding ;  their  taste  in  conversa- 
tion or  living,  in  clothes  or  furniture.  Curiosity  allures  the  wise,  vanity  the  foolish,  and 
pleasure  both.  Particular  clubs  and  societies  are  every  where  formed  ;  both  sexes  nieot  in 
an  easy  and  sociable  manner ;  and  the  tempers  of  men,  as  well  na  their  behaviour,  retlne 
apace.  So  that  beside  the  improvements  they  receive  from  knowledge  and  the  liberal  art?, 
it  is  impossible  but  they  must  feel  an  increase  of  humanity  from  the  very  habit  of  convcrsinir 
together,  and  contributing  to  each  other's  pleasure  and  entertainment.  Thus  iuduslry, 
knowledge,  and  humanity  are  linked  together  by  an  indissoluble  chain  ;  and  arc  found,  from 
experience  as  well  as  reason,  to  be  peculiar  to  the  more  polished,  and,  what  are  commonly 
denominated,  the  more  luxurious  ages." — {Esmi/  of  Refine  tncnt  in  the  Aiis.) 

Most  commercial  treatises,  and  most  books  on  political  economy,  contain  lengthened  state- 
ments as  to  the  comparative  advantages  derived  from  the  home  and  foreign  trade.»  Hut  these 
statements  are  almost  always  bottomed  on  the  most  erroneous  princijiles.  The  quantity  and 
value  of  the  commodities  which  the  inhabitants  of  an  extensive  country  exchange  with  each 
other,  is  far  greater  than  the  quantity  and  value  of  those  they  exchange  with  foreigners: 
but  this  is  not,  as  is  commonly  supposed,  enough  to  show  that  the  home  trade  is  propor- 
tionally more  advantageous.  Commerce,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  is  not  a  direct  but  an  iiidi- 
rect  source  of  wealth.  The  mere  exchange  of  commodities  adds  nothing  to  the  riches  of 
society.  The  influence  of  commerce  on  wealth  consists  in  its  allowing  einplovmcnts  to  tit 
separated  and  prosecuted  without  interruption.  It  gives  the  means  of  pushing  the  divisions 
of  labour  to  the  furthest  extent;  and  supplies  mankind  with  an  infinitely  greater  quantity  of 
necessaries  and  accommodations  of  all  sorts,  than  could  have  been  produced,  had  individual;.- 
and  nations  been  forced  to  depend  upon  their  own  comparatively  feeble  efforts  for  the  sup- 
ply of  their  wants.  And  hence,  in  estimathig  the  comjiarative  advantageousness  of  the 
home  and  foreign  trades,  the  real  questions  to  be  decided  are,  which  of  them  contributes 
most  to  the  division  of  labour  1  and  which  of  them  gives  the  greatest  stimulus  to  inveiition 
and  industry  !  These  questions  do  not,  perhaps,  admit  of  any  very  satisfactory  answer. 
'J"he  truth  is,  that  both  home  trade  and  foreign  trade  are  most  prolific  sources  of  wealth. 
Without  the  former,  no  division  of  labour  could  be  established,  and  man  would  for  ever 
remain  in  a  barbarous  state.  Hence,  perhaps,  we  may  say  that  it  is  the  most  indispensable; 
but  the  length  to  which  it  could  carry  any  particular  country  in  the  career  of  civilisation, 
would  be  limited  indeed.  Had  Great  Britiiiii  been  cut  otTfrom  all  intercourse  with  strangers, 
there  is  no  reason  for  thinking  that  we  should  have  been  at  this  day  advanced  beyond  ihc 
point  to  which  our  ancestors  had  attained  during  the  Heptarchy  !  It  is  to  the  products  and 
the  arts  derived  from  others,  and  to  the  emulation  inspired  by  their  competition  and  example. 
that  we  are  mainly  indebted  for  the  extraordinary  progress  we  have  already  made,  as  well  as 
for  that  we  are  yet  destined  to  make. 

Dr.  Smith,  though  he  has  satisfactorily  demonstrated  the  impolicy  of  all  restrictions  on  the 
freedom  of  commerce,  has,  notwithstanding,  endeavoured  to  show  that  it  is  more  for  the  public 
advantage  that  capital  should  be  employed  in  the  hoinc  trade  than  in  foreign  trade,  on  the 
ground  that  the  capitals  employed  in  the  former  are  more  fre(iuently  returned,  and  that  they  set 
a  greater  quantity  of  labour  in  motion  than  lln^-e  employed  in  the  latter.  Unt  we  have  else- 
where endeavoured  to  show  that  the  rate  oi  profit  which  different  busiiicvses  yield  is  the 
only  test  of  their  respective  advantageousness. — (Princlpks  cf  Political  Kcnnininj,  '^d  ed. 
l)p,  JCO — 180.)  ]\ow,  it  is  quite  evident  that  capital  will  not  he  employed  in  foreign  trade, 
unless  it  yield  as  much  profit  as  could  be  made  by  employing  it  at  home.  No  merchant 
sends  a  ship  to  China,  if  it  be  in  his  jiower  to  realise  a  larger  prolit  by  sending  her  to  Duli- 
lin  or  Newcastle ;  nor  would  any  one  liiiild  a  ship,  uidess  he  expected  that  the  capital  so 
laid  out  would  be  as  productive  as  if  it  were  employed  in  agriculture  or  manutiictures, 
The  more  or  less  rapid  return  of  cajiital  is  a  matter  of  very  little  importance.  If  the  avcMgc 
rate  of  profit  be  10  per  cent,,  an  individual  who  turns  over  his  caiiital  10  times  a  yc;ir,  will 
make  one  per  cent,  of  prolit  each  time  ;  whereas  if  he  turns  it  only  once  a  year,  he  will  cet 
the  whole  10  per  cent,  at  once.     Competition  reduces  the  rate  of  nctt  profit  to  about  the 


COMMERCE. 


451 


carried  to  pcrfpctioR, 
ngc  which  produces 
y  abounds  with  skil- 
iece  of  woollen  clolh 
)my,  or  where  ctliicg 
n  of  men,  being  once 
vcs  on  all  sides,  and 
otally  banished ;  and 
act,  to  cultivate  ihe 

one ;  nor  ia  it  possi- 
■ersatlon,  tlioy  should 
1  that  distant  manner 
lities ;  love  to  receive 
u'ir  taste  in  conversa- 
inity  the  foolish,  and 
;  both  sexes  meet  in 
heir  behaviour,  reline 
e  and  the  liberal  arts, 
•y  habit  of  conversing 
ent.  Thus  iudustnj, 
;  and  arc  found,  from 
what  arc  commonly 
c  Arts.) 

itaiu  lengthened  state- 
cign  trade.*  Hut  these 
OS.     The  quantity  and 
y  exchange  with  each 
itige  with  foreigners: 
lome  trade  is  proper- 
ot  a  direct  but  an  iniii- 
ithing  to  the  riches  of 
ng  employments  to  be 
pushing  the  divisions 
ely  greater  quantity  of 
duced,  had  individual 
■ble  efforts  for  the  piip- 
antageousness  of  the 
ch  of  them  contrilmtes 
stimulus  to  invemion 
satisfactory  answer, 
ific  sources  of  wealth, 
man  would  for  ever 
le  most  indispensable; 
career  of  civilisation, 
oursc  with  strangers, 
advanced  beyond  ilic 
to  the  procUicts  and 
,>etition  and  example, 
•ady  made,  as  well  as 

all  restrictions  on  the 
is  more  for  the  public 
_  foreign  trade,  on  the 
irned,  and  that  they  sot 
r.  iiut  we  have  else- 
l)usiiie:-,ses  yield  is  the 
tical  Ecnwimij,  2d  cd. 
|(iyed  in  foreign  trade, 
lome.  No  merchant 
ly  sending  her  to  Duli- 
ted  that  the  capital  so 
Iturc  or  manutactures. 
rtance.  If  the  average 
10  times  a  year,  will 
nre  a  vear,  he  will  cet 
■tt  profit  to  about  the 


name  level  in  all  businesses ;  and  we  may  he  quite  certain  that  those  who  employ  themsclTCS 
in  the  departments  in  which  capital  is  most  rapidly  returned,  do  not,  at  an  average,  gain  more 
than  those  who  employ  themselves  in  tho  departments  in  which  the  returns  are  most  distant. 
I^"o  one  is  a  foreign  merchant  because  ho  would  rather  deal  with  foreigners  than  with  his 
own  countrymen,  but  because  he  believes  he  will  be  able  to  employ  hia  capital  more  advan- 
tageously in  foreign  trade  than  in  any  other  business:  and  wb''-^  he  does  this,  ho  is  follow- 
ing that  employment  which  is  most  benelicial  for  tho  public  as  well  as  for  himself. 

IV.  Restiiictions  ox  Commeuce. 

The  statements  already  made,  by  explaining  the  nature  and  principles  of  commercial  trans* 
actions,  are  sufficient  to  evince  the  inexpediency  of  subjecting  them  to  any  species  of  restraint. 
It  is  obvious,  indeed,  that  restrictions  arc  founded  on  false  principles.  When  individuals  are 
left  to  pursue  their  own  interest  in  their  own  way,  they  naturally  resort  to  those  branches 
of  industry  which  they  reckon  most  advantageous  for  themselves ;  and,  as  we  have  just  seen, 
these  arc  the  very  branches  in  which  it  is  most  for  the  public  interest  that  they  should  bo 
employed.  Unless,  therefore,  it  could  be  shown  that  a  government  can  judge  better  as  to 
what  sort  of  transactions  aro  profitable  or  otherwise  than  private  individuals,  its  regulations 
cannot  be  of  the  smallest  use,  and  may  be  exceedingly  injurious.  But  any  such  pretension 
on  the  part  of  government  would  be  oniversally  scouted.  It  is  undeniably  certain  that  a 
regard  to  our  own  interest  is,  if  not  an  unerring  guide  to  direct  us  in  such  matters,  at  least 
incomparably  better  than  any  other.  If  the  trade  with  a  particular  country  or  in  a  par- 
ticular commodity  be  a  losing  one,  or  merely  a  less  profitable  one  than  others,  it  is  quite  as 
unnecessary  to  pass  an  act  to  prevent  it  from  being  carried  on,  as  it  would  be  to  interfere  to 
prevent  individuals  from  selling  their  labour  or  their  commodities  below  the  market  price. 
It  appears,  therefore,  that  all  regulations  affecting  the  freedom  of  commerce,  or  of  any  branch 
of  industry,  are  either  useless  or  pernicious.  They  arc  useless,  when  they  are  intended  to 
protect  the  interest  of  individuals  by  preventing  them  from  engaging  in  disadvantageous 
businesses ;  and  pernicious,  when  they  prevent  them  from  engaging  in  those  that  are  advan- 
tageous. The  self  interest  of  the  parties  concerned  is  the  only  safe  principle  to  go  by  in 
such  matters.  When  the  acts  of  the  legislature  are  in  unison  with  it,  there  is  nothing  to 
object  to  in  them,  save  only  that  they  might  as  well  not  exist ;  but  whenever  they  are  incon- 
sistent with  it— that  is,  whenever  they  tend  to  divert  capital  and  industry  into  channels,  into 
which  individuals,  if  left  to  their  own  discretion,  would  not  have  carried  them — they  aro 
decidedly  injurious. 

No  one  denies  that  it  is  possible  to  confer,  by  means  of  a  restrictive  regulation,  an  advan- 
tage on  a  greater  or  less  number  of  individuals.  This,  however,  is  no  proof  that  it  is  advan- 
tageous in  a  pubUe  point  of  view  ;  and  it  is  by  its  influence  in  this  respect  that  we  are  to 
decide  concerning  it.  If  the  exclusion  of  an  article  imported  from  abroad,  in  order  to  encou- 
rage its  manufacture  at  home,  raise  its  price  in  the  home  market,  that  circumstance  will,  for 
a  while  at  least,  be  advantageous  to  those  engaged  in  its  production.  But  is  it  not  clear  that 
all  that  is  thus  gained  by  them,  is  lost  by  those  who  purchuse  ihe  article  ?  To  suppo.se,  in- 
deed, that  the  exclusion  of  commodities  that  are  comparatively  cheap,  to  make  room  for 
those  that  are  comparatively  dear,  can  be  a  means  of  enriching  a  country,  is  equivalent  to 
supposing  that  a  people's  wealth  might  be  increased  by  destroying  their  most  powerful 
machines,  and  throwing  their  best  soils  out  of  cultivation. 

But  it  is  contended,  that  though  this  might  be  the  case  in  the  instance  of  commodities  pro- 
duced at  home,  it  is  materially  different  when  the  commodity  excluded  came  to  us  from 
abroad.  It  is  said,  that  in  this  case  the  exclusion  of  foreign  produce  increases  the  demand 
for  that  produced  at  home,  and  consequently  contributes  to  increase  the  demand  for  labour; 
so  that  the  rise  of  price  it  occasions  is,  in  this  way,  more  than  balanced  by  the  other  advan- 
tages which  it  brings  along  with  it.  But  the  fact  is,  that  though  the  demand  for  one  spe- 
cies of  produce  may  be  increased  by  a  prohibition  of  importation,  the  demand  for  some 
other  species  is  sure  to  bo  at  the  same  time  equally  diminished.  There  is  no  jugglery  in 
comni'^rce.  Whether  K  bo  carried  on  between  individuals  of  the  same  country  or  of  different 
coiin'.ries,  it  is  all  in  cases  bottomed  on  a  fair  principle  of  reciprocity.  Those  who  will  not 
buy  need  not  expect  to  sell,  and  conversely.  It  is  impossible  to  export  without  making  a 
corresponding  importation.  We  get  nothing  from  the  foreigner  gratuitously  :  and  hence, 
when  we  prevent  the  importation  of  produce  from  abroad,  we  prevent,  by  the  very  same  act, 
the  exportation  of  an  equal  iinount  of  British  produce.  All  that  the  exclusion  of  foreign 
commodities  ever  effects,  is  the  substitution  of  one  sort  of  demand  for  another.  It  has  been 
said,  that  "when  we  drink  beer  and  porter  we  consume  the  produce  of  English  industry, 
whereas  when  we  drink  port  or  claret  we  consume  the  produce  of  the  industry  of  the  Por- 
tuguese and  French,  to  the  obvious  advantage  of  the  latter,  and  the  prejudice  of  our  coun- 
trymen !"  But,  how  paradoxical  soever  the  assertion  may  at  first  sight  appear,  there  is  not 
at  bottom  any  real  distinction  between  the  two  cases.  What  is  it  that  induces  foreigners  to 
supply  us  with  port  and  claret  ]  The  answer  is  obvious  : — We  either  send  tlirectly  to  Por- 
tugal and  France  an  equivalent  in  British  produce,  or  we  ,scnd  such  equivalent,  in  the  first 


1*1 1 

11 


■•Qtit 


I 


1 


i 


452 


COMMERCE. 


>   (      , 


■ir-:f 


iff* 


V 


1    I 


place  to  South  Amrrica  for  bullion,  ami  then  spuil  that  Itnllion  to  thn  Conthipnt  to  prty  fir 
the  wine.  And  hence  it  is  as  clear  as  tin;  sun  at  iiooii-day,  that  tlie  I'^ni-iishnian  who  (Irinkj, 
only  French  wine,  who  eats  only  bread  made  of  PoliHh  wheat,  and  wlio  wears  only  Saxuti 
cloth,  gives,  by  occasioning  the  exportation  of  a  corresponding  amount  of  Urilish  coitnu, 
hardware,  leather,  or  other  produce,  the  same  encouragement  to  the  industry  of  his  ci>uiitrv. 
men,  that  he  would  give  were  ho  to  consume  nothing  not  immediately  prmhicod  at  \m»w, 
A  quantity  of  port  wino  and  a  qtiantity  of  Birmingham  gooils  are  n-spectively  of  the  saim' 
value ;  so  that  whether  we  directly  consume  the  hardware,  or,  having  cxchangtMl  it  tijr  t|„, 
wine,  consume  the  latter,  must  plainly,  in  so  far  as  the  employment  of  Dritisli  lalwur  is  cun. 
cerned,  l>c  altogether  indifferent. 

It  is  absolutely  nugatory,  therefore,  to  attempt  to  encourage  industry  at  home  by  restrain- 
ing  importation  from  abroad.  We  might  as  well  try  to  promote  it  l)y  intenli<-ting  th,'  ex. 
change  of  shoes  for  hats.  Wc  only  resort  to  foreign  markets,  that  we  may  supt>ly  otirstlvps 
with  articles  that  cannot  be  produced  at  home,  or  that  require  more  labour  to  produio  tliem 
here,  than  is  required  to  produce  the  equivalent  exported  to  pay  for  them.  It  is,  if  any  tiiins 
can  be,  an  obvious  contradiction  and  absurdity  to  attempt  to  promote  wealth  or  industry  Ijy 
prohibiting  an  intercourse  of  this  sort.  Such  prohibition,  even  when  least  injurious,  is  sure 
to  force  capital  and  labour  into  less  productive  channels ;  and  cannot  fail  to  diminish  thp 
foreign  demand  for  one  species  of  produce,  quite  as  much  as  it  extends  the  home  demaini 
for  another. 

If  is  but  seldom,  however,  that  a  restriction  on  importation  from  abroad  does  no  more  than 
substitute  one  sort  of  employment  for  another.  Its  usual  effect  is  lioth  to  alter  the  distriliu- 
tion  of  capital,  and  to  increase  the  price  of  commodities.  A  country  rarely  imports  any  cnni. 
modity  from  abroad  that  may  bo  as  cheaply  produced  at  liome.  In  the  vast  majorilv  of  in. 
stances,  the  articles  bought  of  the  foreigner  could  not  be  directly  produced  at  home,  without 
a  much  greater  outlay  of  capital.  Suppose  that  we  import  1,00(»,()00/.  worth  of  any  cmn- 
modity,  that  its  importation  is  prohibited,  and  that  the  same  quantity  of  produce  cauiidt  iv. 
raised  in  this  country  for  less  than  1,200,000/.  or  1,500,000/.:  in  a  case  of  this  sort,— and 
this  is  actually  the  case  in  99  out  of  every  100  instances  in  which  prohibitions  are  enacted,— 
the  prohibition  has  the  same  effect  on  the  consumers  of  the  commoility,  as  if,  supposing  ji 
not  to  have  existed,  they  had  been  burdened  with  a  peculiar  tax  of  200,000/.  or  rino^ooo/.  3 
year.  But,  had  such  been  the  case,  what  the  consumers  lost  would  have  gone  into  the  collirs 
of  the  treasury,  and  would  have  afforded  the  means  of  repealing  an  equal  amount  of  other 
taxes ;  whcrea.s,  under  the  prohibitory  system,  the  high  price,  being  occasioned  hy  an  in. 
creased  dilliculty  of  production,  is  of  no  advantage  to  any  one.  So  that,  instead  of  gainin" 
any  thing  by  such  a  measure,  the  public  incurs  a  dead  loss  of  200,000/.  or  500,000/.  a  year. 

We  have  said  that  a  prohibition  of  importation  maybe  productive  of  immediate  advantage 
to  the  home  producers  of  the  prohibited  article.  It  is  essential,  however,  to  remark  that  this 
advantage  cannot  continue  for  any  considerable  time,  and  that  it  must  be  followed  by  a  period 
of  distress.  Were  the  importation  of  foreign  silks  put  an  end  to,  that  circumstance,  bv  mir- 
rowing  the  supply  of  silk  goods,  and  raising  their  prices,  would,  no  doubt,  bf;  in  the  first  in- 
stance, advantageous  to  the  manufacturers,  by  elevating  their  profits  above  the  common  level, 
But  the  consequence  would  be,  that  those  already  engaged  in  the  trade  would  immediatelv  set 
about  extending  their  concerns ;  at  the  same  time  that  not  a  few  of  those  engaged  in  other 
employments  would  enter  a  business  which  presented  such  a  favourable  prospect :  nor  would 
this  transference  of  capital  to  the  silk  manufacture  be  stopped,  till  such  an  increased  supplv 
of  silks  had  been  brought  to  market  as  to  occasion  a  glut.  This  reasoning  is  not  foundid 
upon  hypothesis,  but  upon  the  widest  experience.  When  a  business  is  carried  on  under  the 
protection  of  a  restriction  on  importation,  it  is  limited  by  the  extent  of  the  home  market,  and 
is  incapable  of  further  extension.  It  is,  in  consequence,  particularly  suiyect  to  that  fluctua- 
tion which  is  the  bane  of  industry.  If,  owing  to  a  change  of  fashion,  or  any  other  cau'ic, 
the  demand  be  increased,  then,  as  no  supplies  can  be  brought  from  abroad,  prices  suddenly 
rise,  and  the  manufacture  is  rapidly  extended,  until  a  reaction  takes  place,  and  price--  sink 
below  their  usual  level :  and  if  the  demand  decline,  then,  as  there  is  no  outlet  abroad  tor  the 
superfluous  goods,  their  price  is  ruinously  depressed,  and  the  producers  are  involved  in  inex- 
tricable dirticullies.  The  businesses  deepest  entrenched  behind  ramparts  of  prohiliitions  and 
restrictions,  such  as  the  silk  trade  previously  to  182.'),  the  West  India  trade,  and  agriculture 
since  1815,  have  undergone  the  most  extraordinary  vicissitudes ;  and  have  been  at  once 
more  hazardous  and  less  profitable  than  the  businesses  carried  on  under  a  system  of  lair  and 
free  competition. 

A  prohibition  against  buying  in  the  cheapest  markets  is  really,  also,  a  prohibition  against 
selling  in  the  dearest  markets.  There  is  no  test  of  high  or  low  price,  except  the  quantity  of 
other  produce  for  which  an  article  exchanges.  Suppose  that,  by  sending  a  certain  quantity 
of  cottons  or  hardware  to  Brazil,  we  might  get  in  exchange  150  hhds.  of  sugar,  and  that  the 
same  quantity,  if  sent  to  Jamaica,  would  only  fetch  100  hhds. ;  is  it  not  obvious,  that  hy  pre- 
venting the  importation  of  the  former,  we  force  our  goods  to  be  sold  for  two  tliinh  of  thn 
price  they  would  otherwise  have  brought?     To  suppose  that  a  system  productive  of  such 


COMMERCE. 


483 


1  Cfmrtripnt  tr>  pny  fli^ 
ni>li»*hniun  who  (irink,-, 
vlu)  wf»rH  only  fSaxoi) 
uiit  of  Uritish  cniton, 
itustry  of  his  coiuitrv- 
ely  prmlucf^l  iit  liomp. 
•spectivi'ly  of  the  sam,. 
ig  cxchntnjjcd  it  fur  il„, 
f  Dritish  lulwur  is  cuii. 

y  at  home  by  restrain, 
by  intenJktinp;  the  ox. 
I  may  supjily  oiirsclvos 
,al)our  to  produce  them 
.em.  It  is,  if  any  thins 
3  wealth  or  industry  by 
least  injurious,  is  sure 
lot  fail  to  diminish  thn 
mds  the  home  demand 

ond  (loes  no  more  than 

th  to  alter  the  distrihu- 

arely  imports  any  cnni. 

lie  vast  majority  of  in- 

luced  at  home,  without 

)0/,  worth  of  any  cdin- 

jT  of  produce  cauiKit  iio 

rase  of  this  sort,— anj 

libitions  are  enacted,-. 

KJity,  as  if,  supposiriir  it 

00,000/.  or  riO(),0()(i/,  ^ 

vc  gone  into  i!io  eotlirs 

equal  amount  of  olhfr 

r  occasioned  hy  an  in. 

^hat,  instead  of  guininr 

0/.  or  500,000/.  a  year. 

)f  immediate  advanti\?fi 

|ver,  to  remark  that  this 

|be  followed  by  a  poriod 

|t  circumstance,  by  iwr- 

oubt,  bf:  in  llie  first  in- 

ova  the  common  level, 

would  in>mediately  .■nt 

lose  enRf'tjed  in  other 

lie  prospect ;  nor  would 

Ich  an  increased  su|)plv 

isoniiif?  is  not  foundid 

lis  carried  on  under  th(i 

the  home  market,  and 

ubjoct  to  that  fluciua- 

,  or  any  other  cause, 

[broad,  prices  suddenly 

place,  and  pricci^-  sink 

|o  outlet  abroad  for  the 

p  are  involved  in  iiiex- 

rts  of  prohibitions  and 

trade,  and  agriculture 

I  have  been  at  once 

V  a  system  of  fair  and 

a  prohibition  against 
Ixcept  the  quantity  of 
|ing  a  certiiin  quantity 
of  sugar,  and  ihat  the 
obvious,  that  by  pre- 
I  for  two  thirds  of  thn 
productive  of  such 


results  can  bo  a  means  of  increasing  wealth,  is  to  suppooc  wliat  is  evidently  absurd.  It  ia 
rertainly  true  that  a  restrictive  regulation,  which  has  been  long  acted  upon,  and  under  which 
a  considerable  quantify  of  capital  is  employed,  ought  not  to  be  rashly  or  capriciously  repealed, 
i'.very  change  in  the  pul)lic  economy  of  a  great  nation  ought  to  be  gone  about  cautiously  and 
cradually.  Adequate  time  should  be  given  to  those  who  carry  on  businesses  that  have  In'en 
nrolected,  either  to  withdraw  from  them  altogether,  or  to  prepare  to  withstand  the  fair  com- 
iictition  of  foreigners.  Hut  this  is  all  that  such  jiersons  can  justly  claim.  To  persevere  in 
nil  erroneous  and  oppressive  system,  merely  because  its  abandonment  might  be  productive  of 
inconvenience  to  individuals,  would  be  a  proceeding  inconsistent  with  every  object  for  wliich 
socii'tv  is  formed,  and  suljversive  of  all  improvement. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  supposed  that  in  the  event  of  commodities  being  imported  from  abroad, 
nflpr  the  abolition  of  a  protecting  regulation,  that  were  previously  j)roduced  at  home,  the 
workmen  and  those  engaged  in  their  production  would  bo  thrown  upon  the  parish.  Such, 
however,  is  nut  the  case.  We  may,  by  giving  freedom  to  commerce,  change  the  upeckn  of 
labour  in  demand,  but  it  is  not  jMissible  that  we  shoidd  thereby  change  its  t/uantiti/.  If,  in 
ronsC(iuence  of  the  abolition  of  restrictions,  our  iinjiorts  were  increased  to  the  amount  of 
1,000,000/.  or  5,000,000/.,  our  exports,  it  is  certain,  nnist  be  augmented  to  the  same  extent: 
so  that  whatever  diminution  of  the  demand  for  labour  might  be  experienced  in  certain  de- 
iiartinents  would  be  balanced  by  a  corresponding  increase  in  others. 

The  pressure  of  taxation  has  often  been  alleged  as  an  excuse  for  restrictions  on  commerce, 
hut  it  ii  lift  more  valid  than  the  rest.  Taxation  may  lie  heavy,  and  even  o|)pressive;  but  so 
!,ins  as  it  is  impartially  and  fairly  assessed,  it  ecpially  allects  (///  branches  of  industry  carried 
on  at  home,  and  consc(iucntly  allbrds  no  ground  whatever  for  the  enactment  of  regulations 
intended  to  [)rotect  any  jmrticular  business.  And  to  propose  to  |)rotect  (ill  branches  of  in- 
,lii>try  from  foreign  competition,  is,  in  ellect,  to  j)r()|)ose  to  put  a  total  stop  to  commerce  ;  for 
il  nothing  is  to  be  imported,  nothing  can  be  exported.  The  imposition  of  moderate  duties 
nn  Ibroign  commodities,  for  the  sake  of  revenue,  is  (piitc  another  thing.  Many  of  these  form 
aiuoiig  the  very  best  subjects  of  taxation  ;  and  when  the  duties  on  them  are  confined  within 
proper  Iwunds, — that  is,  when  they  are  not  so  high  as  to  exert  any  injurious  inlluencc  upon 
trade,  or  to  occasion  smuggling  and  fraud, — they  cannot  fairly  be  objected  to. 

It  is  sometimes  contended,  by  those  who  assert,  on  general  grounds,  that  restrictions  arc 
inexpedient,  that  it  would  be  unwise,  on  the  part  of  any  country,  to  abolish  them  until  she 
had  olitained  a  security  that  those  imposed  by  her  neighbours  would  also  be  abolished.  But 
the  reasons  that  have  been  alleged  in  favour  of  this  statement  are  not  entitled  to  the  least 
wei;,;ht.  It  is  our  business  to  buy  in  the  cheapest  and  sell  in  the  dearest  markets,  without 
lieing,  in  any  degree,  inlluenced  by  the  conduct  of  others.  A'  they  consent  to  repeal  the  re- 
strictions they  have  laid  on  commerce,  so  much  the  belter.  But  whatever  others  may  do,  the 
line  of  policy  loe  ought  to  follow  is  clear  and  well  defined.  To  refuse,  for  example,  to  buy 
claret,  brandy,  &c.  from  the  French,  because  they  lay  absurd  restrictions  on  the  importation 
of  British  hardware,  cottons,  Ac,  would  not  be  to  retaliate  upon  them,  but  upon  ourselves. 
The  fact  that  we  do  import  French  wine  and  brandy  shows  that  we  do  export  to  France,  or 
to  some  other  country  to  which  France  is  indebted,  an  ctpuvalent,  in  some  sort,  of  British 
produce.  The  fear  of  being  glutted  with  foreign  products,  unless  we  secure  beforehand  a 
certain  outlet  for  our  own,  is  the  most  unfounded  that  can  bo  imagined.  The  foreigner  who 
will  take  nothing  of  ours,  can  send  us  nothing  of  his.  Though  our  ports  were  open  to  the 
merchants  of  all  the  countries  of  the  world,  the  exi)orts  of  British  produce  must  always  be 
eiiual  to  the  imports  of  foreign  produce  ;  and  none  but  those  who  receive  our  commodities, 
either  at  first  or  second  hand,  could  continue  to  send  any  thing  to  us. 

"Les  etrangers  nc  peuvent  demander  ni  desirer  rien  niieux,  que  la  liberte  de  vous  acheter 
etde  vous  vendre  chez  vous  et  dans  vos  colonies.  II  faut  la  leur  accorder,  non  par  foiblesse 
ct  par  impuissance,  mais  parcequ'elle  est  juste  en  elle-m("Mne,  et  qu'elle  vous  est  utile.  lis 
ont  tort  sans  doutc  de  la  refuser  chez  eux :  mais  cctte  faute  d'ignorance  dont,  sans  le  savoir, 
ils  sont  punis  les  premiers,  n'est  i)as  un  raison  qui  doive  vous  porter  a,  vous  nuire  u.  vous- 
mome  en  suivant  cet  exemple,  et  a  vous  cxposer  aux  suites  et  aux  depenses  d'une  guerre 
poura.oir  la  vaine  satisfaction  d'user  dcs  reprt'.sailles,  dont  reil'et  nc  peut  manquer  de  retom- 
ber  sur  vous,  et  de  rendre  voire  commerce  plus  desavantagcux." — (Le  Trosne  de  COrdre 
.VociV//,  p.  416.) 

There  are  some,  however,  who  contend,  that  though  restrictions  on  importation  from 
abroad  he  unfavourable  to  o[)ulence,  and  the  advancement  of  individuals  and  nations  in  arts 
and  civilisation,  they  may,  notwithstanding,  be  vindicated  on  other  grounds,  as  contributing 
essentially  to  independence  and  security.  The  short  and  decisive  answer  to  this  is  to  be  found 
in  the  reciprocity  of  commerce.  It  does  not  enrich  one  individual  or  nation  at  the  expense 
(d' others,  but  confers  its  favours  equally  on  all.  We  arc  under  no  obligations  to  the  Portu- 
guese, the  Russians,  or  any  other  people  with  whom  we  carry  on  traik\  It  is  not  our  ad- 
vaMtai,je,  but  their  own,  that  they  have  in  view  in  dealing  with  tis.  Wc  give  them  the  full 
value  of  all  that  we  import ;  and  they  would  sutler  quite  as  much  inconvenience  as  we  should 
do  were  this  intercourse  put  an  end  to.     The  independence  at  which  those  aspire  who  would 


IMll 
Wll 


m  III 


*"1 


mill  urn 
•lih,  mi 

9m 


'tfi 


"1 

I'li'mM 


iS 


I 


^ 


4M 


COMMKRCE. 


mjpn^tfjff 


I  ' 


IT' 


^  I 


i    M 


promote  it  by  Inying  rratriclinnit  on  roinmprro,  i«  tlif  iiKlrpcndriirr  of  thr  nolitury  nrul  nn- 
Rorial  BHVHKI' ;  it  is  not  iin  iii(l<>|H'i,(lt'  k  jinxlurtivr  of  Htn-tiKth,  Itut  of  wciikiU'sM.  "'l"li„ 
niotit  tlouririhiiic;  Hl.atrH,  nt  the  rnoiiit^tt  ot"  tlifir  lli^lu■Kt  cli'vnlioii,  wlu-ii  tlicy  wrro  cloHcly  cin. 
lU'ctcd  with  I'vory  part  of  ti>e  riviliMid  world  Vy  the  f^oldcn  cliniim  of  HUccoMHful  (-oiniiii-rciul 
iiitorpriKc,  were,  nccordinj;  to  thiH  dortrino,  in  the  mont  pcrfci-t  Htiite  of  iihHolnte  doixndciicc 
It  wiiH  not  till  all  thpfli>  runiicitiotiH  wore  diHHolved,  niid  they  had  sunk  in  the  xeule  of  nittiotix 
that  their  true  independence  coniinenccd!  Hueh  HtuteineiitH  carry  with  them  their  own  relit- 
talion.  'I'hero  is  a  natural  dependence  of  nations  upon  each  other,  an  there*  ia  a  nuturul  dc- 
pendenco  of  individuals  upon  each  other.  Heaven  has  ho  ordered  it.  Honie  soils,  noiiii*  di- 
inutc!-,  some  situations,  are  i)r()ductive  exclusively  of  sonio  peculiar  fruits,  wliirh  curiiini 
elsewhere  1h'  j)rofital)ly  procured.  Let  nations  follow  this  as  their  guide.  In  a  rich  aiul 
risint?  coinnuniity,  the  opulent  capitalists  may  Ih)  as  depen(h'nt  uis)n  the  poor  laltourera,  ly 
the  poor  lahourcrs  upon  the  opulent  capi'idists.  Soil  is  with  natioo't.  The  mutual  lUprtK!- 
encc  of  individuals  upon  each  other  knits  nnd  hinds  society  together,  and  leads  to  iIh;  imiKt 
rapid  advancement  in  wealth,  in  intellincnic,  and  in  every  kind  of  iniproveiwnt.  It  is  iIk, 
same,  hut  on  a  far  larger  scale,  with  the  mutual  de|ienilence  of  nations.  'I'd  this  ajon,.  j„ 
we  owe  all  the  mighty  etlbrts  of  commerce ;  and  what  lights,  what  gencTons  feelinijis,  aiij 
niidiiplied  means  of  human  happiness,  has  it  not  every  where  spread!" — (iVi;r//i  Amtricmi 
luritw,  No.  .57.) 

'J'he  principles  of  commercial  freedom,  and  the  injurious  influence  of  rrstrictivo  rrpul  i. 
tions,  were  set  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view  liy  Ur.  iSniith,  in  his  great  work  ;  and  tlnv 
have  been  since  repeatedly  explained  and  elucidated.  Perhaps,  however,  the  true  doctrini's 
upon  this  sidiject  have  no  where  been  In'ttcr  slated  than  in  the  petition  prewnted  h  tlie  uwt- 
chants  of  Ijondon  to  the  House  of  (Jonnnons  on  the  8th  of  May,  iH'ii).  This  duxiiiiiciii  k 
one  of  the  most  gratifying  jiroofs  of  the  progress  of  lilieral  and  eidarged  vii'ws.  It  wns  suli- 
scribod  by  all  the  principal  merchants  of  the  metropolis,  who  iuive  not  scrvipleil  to  express 
their  conviction,  that  the  repeal  of  every /jny/fc/Zre  >ri,'-uA///wj  would  be  for  the  iJiihlic  mj. 
vantage.  Such  an  address,  confirming,  as  it  did,  the  conclusions  of  science,  by  tlie  appniviil 
of  the  best  informed  and  most  extensive  merchants  of  the  world,  had  a  |X)wert!il  imluenco 
on  the  legislature.  During  the  last  10  years  several  most  important  reforms  haxc  tiecn  made 
in  our  commercial  system ;  so  that  besides  being  the  first  to  promulgate  the  true  tlicory  df 
conunerce,  we  are  now  entitled  to  the  praise  of  being  the  fnv.t  to  carry  it  into  ellltt.  No 
doubt  our  trade  is  still  fettered  by  many  vexatious  restraints;  but  these  will  gradually  tlisnj). 
pear,  according  as  experience  serves  to  disclose  the  benefits  resulting  from  the  changes  alri'adv 
made,  and  the  pernicious  operation  of  the  restrictions  that  are  still  allowed  to  coniinne, 

'I'he  iietition  now  referred  to,  is  too  important  to  bo  omitted  in  a  work  of  tiiis  sort.  It  [3 
as  follows : — 

"To  tlio  Honourable  the  Commons,  &c.,  the  Petition  of  the  Merchants  of  the  City  of  Lomlnn. 
"Shcweih, 

"That  forciun  mmmerce  is  oniinently  coniliicive  to  tli!>  weatlli  anil  iirosiK'rity  of  a  cnuntrv,  hyena- 
hliiiK  it  to  inipurt  tlie  cDmiiiodiiics  Ibr  the  production  "i" which  tlie  soil,  climate.  ca|>it,il,  anil  iiidiHiry 
of  iillicr  coiiiitrii's  are  best  calculated,  and  to  ex|>ort,  in  payment,  those  articlos  for  which  Us  uwii 
situation  is  heller  adapted. 

"That  fr«!e<liiiii  from  restraint  is  calculated  to  pive  the  utmost  extension  to  foreign  trade,  and  tlio 
best  direction  to  the  capital  and  industry  of  the  country. 

"That  tlie  maxim  of  huyiiiR  in  the  cliea|>est  market,  and  sellins;  in  the  dearest,  which  rogiilalcs 
every  merchant  in  his  individual  dealings,  is  strictly  applicable,  us  the  bedt  rule  for  the  trade  oi'iin; 
whole  nation. 

"That  a  policy  founded  on  these  principles  would  render  the  commerce  of  the  world  an  inlerclinnfe 
of  mutual  advantages,  and  diltuse  an  increase  of  wealth  and  enjoyments  among  the  inhaliitantjut' 
each  statu. 

"That,  unfortunately,  a  policy  the  very  reverse  of  this  has  been  and  is  more  or  less  adoptcil  and 
acted  upon  by  the  government  of  this  and  every  other  country  ;  each  trying  to  exclude  the  proihic- 
tions  of  other  countries,  with  the  specious  and  well-meant  desiirii  of  encourauing  its  own  pniilutliiiiis; 
tlius  inflicting  on  the  hutk  of  its  subjects,  who  are  consuiih'rs,  the  necessity  of  subiiilttiiig  to  priviilioiis 
in  the  quantity  or  quality  of  commodities  ;  and  thus  rendi'riiig  what  ought  to  be  the  smirce  el' iiinliial 
benefit  and  of  harmony  among  states,  a  constantly  recurring  occasion  of  jealousy  and  lioslility. 

"  That  tin;  prevailing  prejudices  in  favour  of  the  iirotective  or  restrictive  system  may  lie  Iriiccil  10 
the  erroneous  supposition  that  every  importation  of  foreign  cnniniodities  occasions  a  diuilnutli'n  or 
(lisconragemeiit  of  our  own  productions  to  the  same  extent  :  whereas  it  may  he  clearly  slinun,  lli-ii 
ulthoiigli  the  particular  description  of  production  vvliich  couhl  not  stand  against  unrestraliiiil  tiirrlun 
ciinipetitlon  would  bi;  discouraged,  yet,  as  no  importation  coiihl  In;  coiillnned  for  any  leiizih  1111111:0 
without  a  corresponding  exportation,  direct  or  indirect,  then' would  he  an  enconragenienl,  Inr  llie 
purpose  of  that  exportation,  of  some  other  production  to  which  our  situation  might  hi,'  bellir  siiiicil; 
thus  affording  at  least  an  equal,  and  probably  a  greater,  and  certainly  a  more  henolicial  einployiiiwit 
to  our  own  capital  and  labour. 

"That  of  the  numerous  protective  and  prohibitory  duties  of  our  commercial  code,  it  may  lie  prnvod 
that,  while  all  operate  as  a  very  heavy  tax  on  the  connnnnity  at  large,  very  few  are  of  any  iiliiniati! 
Iienetit  to  the  classes  ia  whose  favour  they  were  originally  institiiled,  and  none  to  the  exteiil  ol  iliu 
loss  occasioned  by  them  to  other  classes. 

"That  among  the  other  evils  of  the  restrictive  or  protective  system,  not  the  least  is,  that  the  .irli- 
ficial  protection  of  one  branch  of  industry  or  source  of  prodiictioii  aiialnst  foreign  compeliilini,  is  sit 
up  as  a  ground  of  claim  by  other  branches  for  similar  protection  ;  so  that  if  the  reasoning  npdh  whici' 
these  restrictive  or  prohibitory  regulations  are  founded  were  followed  out  eoiisisteiilly,  it  wnuiil  nni 
stop  short  of  excluding  as  from  all  foreiL'n  commerce  whatsoever.  And  the  same  train  of  an-'iinicnt, 
which,with  corresponding  prohibitions  and  protective  duties,  should  cxcludu  us  from  fo>vigiitruito,uii(; la 


COMPAMES. 


455 


Ihc  Bolitiiry  nrid  nn- 

r    WCIlklU'KM.       "  Tll(» 

icy  wrrt)  cliwcly  ,.,,||. 
jccrMHful  ('oiiiini'rciiil 
tlwolutc  (lo|)«'n(lt'ii('i<. 
ihe  Hcalf  ot'rmiioiis, 
thciK  their  own  rcti,- 
thcrc  ia  a  nutiirul  dc- 

SoIllH  HOiIh,  H(>|||i>  cii. 

I'ruitrt,  which  luniini 
uitl»».  Ill  n  rich  ami 
\w  [MOT  lalnnircru,  iw 
The  n»uluul  ilcpciul- 
iiul  leailit  to  (Ih!  must 
irovfincnt.  li  is  thf 
i.  To  liiis  alone  (]i) 
L'liorous  l'i'ulint;!(,  imj 
' — {North  Americun 

of  rrstrii'tivc  repiiLi- 
reiit  work  ;  and  tlu'v 
!cr,  the  trim  iloctrim';! 
prcfHnitml  h.  the  nitr- 
).  'I'his  ilihiiincnt  is 
1  views.  It  was  suli- 
it  scruplnl  to  express 
l)C  Cor  thi!  jmhiic  ml- 
icncc,  by  ll«'  apimiviil 
I  ii  jx)wcrtMi  inlliiencc 
orms  ha\c  heen  nuule 
ato  th»'  true  theory  i.f 
rry  it  into  rllWt.  Nu 
3  will  gradually  ilisn])- 
in  the  changes  already 
[Wt'il  to  continue, 
rk  of  tliid  sort,    It  is 

the  City  ofLoiidim, 

ly  of  a  country,  by  eiia- 
te,  rfi|>ilal,  ami  iiiihislry 
liclu.s  for  wliicli  llstiwii 

)  foreign  trade,  anil  the 

earest,  wliicli  rcgnlaiM 
le  for  the  trade  m'  ilic 

world  nn  inlerclmnfo 
long  the  iiilmbit!nil:iut' 

lore  or  li'sa  adnpted  und 

to  exrllide  the  |)niiliic- 
j;  its  own  ptinliiitiiiiis; 

nhinittin;;  to  |iriv»tliiiis 

le  tlu>  sonri'e  of  iniiluul 

sy  and  hostility, 
stem  may  lie  triiccdlo 
isioiH  a  diniinutii'iH'r 

he  clearly  sIkiwii,  tli;it 
nnrestraiiii'd  liiroit'ii 

d  for  any  leiiL'ih  (il'liii;e 
ni'oiiraiieiiieiil,  t'nr  the 
ii«hl  he  hellir  siiili'il; 

lienelicial  eniployiucm 

code,  it  may  he  prnvril 
I'W  are  of  any  ulliiii:ilc 
lie  to  the  exli'iil  of  the 

least  is,  that  thpiirti- 
ign  competition,  is  sol 
'  reasoninj:  iipmi  which 
sistenlly,  it  weiihl  n"i 
lime  train  ol"ar!;iiiii(!ni, 
ronifor«isntrado,iuislit 


hi>  l<Toii.'ht  forwi\ri1  In  Jimtlfy  thn  ro-enacin.i  ni  nf  rentricllonn  upon  Iho  luterrlmnKe  of  prndnrthni* 
/inn  iiniierted  with  pnhllc  revenue-)  ainoni'  i!ie  kliiKdoniH  composing  the  nniun,  I'r  among  the  <  nunlii'i 
„)'  Ihe  Kiiine  kingdom. 

•'Tliiit  an  invi'Kligation  of  the  elfeclH  of  llie  rexlriclive  iiy»leni  at  tlii«  limn  In  prciili  irly  called  \\<r,  an 
II  iiviy,  in  the  opinion  of  yonr  pi'lllioni.'rH,  leiol  to  ii  strong  pri'itnmptloii,  that  the  di^iri'srt,  w  Im  h  now 
,„,  lii'in'rally  prevniln,  l«  condhh'ralily  nggravitcd  hv  that  nysleni  j  ami  tlial  mwif  relief  may  he 
oliliiined  hy  Ihe  earlletit  praclieahle  removal  of  Nneh  of  Ihe  reHtrainlH  an  may  hi' shown  to  lie  most 
i„jiirioni4  to  the  capital  unil  Imlnmry  of  the  connnnnity,  and  to  he  attended  with  no  compensating 
(jciietit  to  the  pnhllc  revenue. 

"TIml  a  declaration  againiit  Ihe  antl-coniinereial  iirinciples  of  our  reHlrlctlve  iiyxtem  i^  "f  the  more 
jinperlnmc  at  the  present  Juncture  ;  Inasminli  as,  In  srveral  iiislam  es  of  recent  occnrri?ii(  c,  Ihe  m"r- 
cliiiiits  and  nnmufacturcrM  of  foreign  countries  liave  assailed  their  respective  governim-ots  with  ap|dl- 
catii»i«  ''"'  further  protective  or  proliihilory  duties  and  regulations,  nrgiim  the  e.xanipji  uid  niilhorlty 
(if  this  country,  agaiiiHt  which  they  nre  almost  e.\clu»ivelv  directed,  as  a  ^aio-tidn  f.,r  ilie  policy  oi" 
(iiicli  meniiureH.  And  certainly,  If  Ihe  reiiHonlnif  upon  which  our  reslrniimis  liive  hem  cliiendi'd  is 
\Mirth  any  thing,  it  will  apply  In  lirlinlfof  the  regulations  of  foreign  Htates  agiimst  us.  'I'liey  insist 
iiiKiii  our  superiority  in  capital  and  niuchimjry,  as  wu  do  upon  tiniir  comparative  cveinption  from  tax- 
ation, and  with  rr|ual  foundation. 

"That  nothini  would  tend  more  to  coiinternct  the  commercial  hnitllliy  of  foreign  Btnlcs,  than  the 
adoptinn  of  a  inoro  enlightened  and  more  conciliatory  policy  on  the  part  of  this  country. 

"That  although,  as  a  matter  of  mere  diplomacy,  it  may  iionietimefi  answer  to  hold  tin!  renioval  of 
n.irticHlar  prnhiliitions,  or  high  duties,  nH  depending  upon  corresponding  concessions  hy  other  stales  in 
„iir  fivnur,  it  does  not  follow  that  we  should  maintain  our  restrictions  in  cases  where  the  desired 
iiiiici'sflions  <ni  their  part  cannot  ho  olilained.  Our  restrictions  would  not  he  the  less  prejiidic  iai  to 
„ur  own  capital  and  imlustry,  hucausu  other  governments  persisted  in  iircserving  inii>olitic  re^'u- 
latii;!iH. 

"That,  upon  the  u  hole,  the  most  liberal  would  prove  to  ho  the  most  politic  course  on  such 
occaiiiiiaf- 

"That  independent  of  the  direct  henedt  to  he  derived  hy  this  cniintry,  on  every  occasion  of  such 
fonrcssinn  or  rela.vation,  a  great  incidental  olijuct  would  lie  gaiocd,  hy  the  recoirnilion  of  a  sound 
ntiniijde  or  standard,  to  wliicli  all  sulmuiiuent  arrangements  might  he  referred  ;  and  hv  the  salutary 
inlliii'ni'e  which  a  promulgation  of  such  just  viiiws,  liy  the  legislature  and  liy  the  nation  at  lar;,'!;, 
cuiilil  not  fail  to  have  nn  the  policy  of  other  states. 

"Thill  in  thus  declaring,  as  your  petitioners  do,  their  conviction  of  llir  imjioUnj  and  injiislur  of  thr 
f/itriflire  nijuleiit,  and  in  desiring  every  praclieahle  relaxation  of  n,  tln^y  have  in  view  only  such  parts 
nr  it  us  are  not  connected,  or  are  only  suhonlinately  so,  witli  the  piihlic  revenue.  As  long  as  the 
npcriisity  for  the  present  amount  of  revenue  snhsists,  your  petitioners  cannot  expect  so  importaiil  a 
linincli  of  it  as  Ihe  cnsloniB  to  lie  given  up,  nor  to  lie  materially  diminished,  unless  some  snhstilute 
less  olijectionahle  Ih!  suggested.  But  it  is  agiiinsl  erery  realm  hi-v,  resulaliun  of  iriides  not  isftnlml  in 
lit  rirfttiie,  agiiiii,it  alt  duties  merely  jprottetine  from  foreifrn  cooiiitliliini,  mid  ui;iiiiiKt  the  (/rf.<.s  of  siirli, 
,iulies  11^  lire  parllij  fur  tlie  purpose  of  revenue,  and  purlly  for  that  of  protection,  iUnt  tin;  prayer  of  the 
present  petition  is  respectfully  submitted  to  the  wisdom  uf  parliament. 

".May  it  therefore,"  &c. 

For  examples  of  the  practical  working  and  injurious  operation  of  restrictions,  ace  the  arti- 
cles Bordeaux,  Cadiz,  Caoliaui,  Colonv  Tkadk,  Coiin  Laws  and  Con>  'J'kaiik, 
Naplks,  Ti.nHF.n,  &c,,  in  this  Dictionary;  the  articles  on  the  American  Tarill"  and  the 
French  Commercial  System  in  Nos.  96.  and  99.  of  the  Edinburnh  Review  ,•  the  Kcport  of 
ihe  Committee  of  Commerce  and  Navigation  to  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  ( 'iiited 
States,  8th  of  Fehruary,  1830  ;  and  the  Petition  and  Meriioire  a  I'Appui,  addressed,  in  1828, 
bv  the  landowners  and  merchants  of  the  Gironde  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

For  an  account  of  the  doctrines  with  respect  to  the  Ixilmice  uf  trade,  and  the  importation 
atiJ  exportation  of  the  precious  nietaU,  see  the  articles  Balaxck  of  Tuaiik,  and  Ex- 

CIHSffK. 

For  aii  account  of  the  articles  exported  from  and  imported  into  Great  Britain,  see  Im- 

POIITS  ANn  Ext'OHTS. 

COMPANIES.  In  commerce  or  the  arts,  a  company  is  a  number  of  persons  associated 
together  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  some  commercial  or  industrious  undertaking.  When 
there  arc  only  a  few  individuals  associated,  it  is  most  commonly  called  a  copartnery ,-  the 
term  company  being  usually  applied  to  large  associations,  like  the  East  India  Company,  the 
Bank  of  England,  &e.,  who  conduct  their  operations  by  means  of  agents  acting  under  the 
orders  of  a  Doard  of  directors. 

Companies  have  generally  been  divided  into  two  great  classes— exclusive  or  joint  stock 
companies,  and  open  or  regulated  companies. 

1.  Exclusive  or  Joint  Stock  Companies. — By  an  in.stitution  of  this  sort  is  meant  a  com- 
pany having  a  certain  ambunt  of  capital,  divided  into  a  greater  or  smaller  number  of  trans- 
ferable shares,  managed  for  the  common  advantage  of  the  shareholders  by  a  body  of  diiectors 
chosen  by  and  responsible  to  them.  After  the  stock  of  a  company  of  this  sort  has  been  sub- 
scribed, no  one  can  enter  it  without  previously  purchasing  one  or  more  shares  belonging  to 
.some  of  the  existing  members.  The  partners  do  nothing  individually  ;  all  their  resolutions 
are  taken  in  common,  and  are  carried  into  effect  by  the  directors  and  thosa  whom  they  em- 
ploy. 

According  to  the  common  law  of  England,  all  the  partners  in  a  joint  stock  company  are 
jointly  and  individually  liable,  to  the  whole  extent  of  their  fortuiips.  for  the  debts  of  the 
company.  They  may  make  arrangements  amongst  themselves,  limiting  their  obligations 
with  respect  to  each  other;  but  unless  established  by  an  authority  competent  to  set  aside  the 
general  rule,  they  are  all  indefinitely  responsible  to  the  public.  Parli;.ment  sometimes  limits 
the  responsibility  of  the  shareholders  in  joint  stock  companies  established  by  statute,  to  the 


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23  WtST  MAIN  STRKT 

WtBSTH.N.Y.  14SS0 

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COMPANIES. 


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nmount  of  the  sharps  thry  rosprrlively  hold.  ChnrterR  of  inrorporafion  frranted  by  iha 
Crown  were  also,  until  lately,  supposed  iiccessiirily  to  Imvc  this  oirect ;  hut  by  the  act  0  ( ico,  4, 
c.  'Jtj.  the  Crown  is  empowered  to  grant  ciiartern  of  iii('or|)orution  by  which  tiie  nieiiihcrs  of 
corporate  l)odie8  may  he  made  individually  llatili;  In  ■■<nrli  rxlent,  and  suiijid  In  such  n^u- 
lalivnii  tmd  restrictiom,  aa  may  \h;  dvi'iwd  expedient.  Heiiee  eiiarters  are  now  freipientlv 
granted  for  the  purpose  merely  of  enabling  coni|>anies  to  sue  and  be  sued  in  courts  .if  law, 
under  the  names  of  some  of  their  ollice-bearers,  without  in  any  respect  liniitin;?  the  rcsponsi- 
bility  of  the  shareholders  to  the  public.  This  limitation  cannot  be  im])lied  in  a  charier  any 
more  than  in  an  act  of  parliament,  and  will  be  held  not  to  exist  unless  it  be  distinctly  t<it 
forth. 

"  In  a  private  copartnery,  no  partner,  without  the  consent  of  the  company,  can  transfer  his 
share  to  another  person,  or  introduce  a  new  menil>er  into  the  company.  Each  lucmlirr, 
however,  may,  upon  proper  warning,  withdraw  from  the  copartnery,  and  demand  payment 
from  them  of  his  share  of  the  common  stock.  In  a  joint  stock  company,  on  the  contrary, 
no  member  can  demand  payment  of  his  share  from  the  company ;  but  each  menilior  may, 
without  their  consent,  transfer  his  share  to  another  jjcrson,  and  thereby  introduce  a  new 
member.  The  value  of  a  share  in  a  joint  stock  is  always  the  price  which  it  will  brinsf  in  the 
market ;  and  this  may  be  either  greater  or  less,  in  any  proportion,  than  the  sum  wlilcli  its 
owner  stands  credited  for  in  tlie  stock  of  the  company." — (  Wealth  of  Naliuii.s;  vol.  iii.  n, 
238.) 

2.  Vlility  of  Joint  Stock  Companies. — Whenever  the  capital  required  to  carry  on  nnv 
undertaking  exceeds  what  may  be  furnished  by  an  individual,  it  is  indispensable,  in  onicr  to 
the  prosecution  of  the  undertaking,  that  an  association  should  Ik;  formed.  In  all  those  cases, 
too,  in  which  the  chances  of  success  are  doubtful,  or  where  a  lengthened  period  must  noros- 
sarily  elapse  before  an  undertaking  can  be  completed,  an  individual,  though  ready  eiioucii  to 
contribute  a  small  sum  in  connection  with  others,  would,  generally  speaking,  bo  very  little 
inclined,  even  if  he  had  the  means,  to  encounter  the  whole  responsibility  of  such  eriter[)ri.scs. 
Hence  the  necessity  and  advantage  of  companies  or  associations.  It  is  to  them  that  wc  are 
indebted  for  those  canals  by  which  every  part  of  the  country  is  intersected,  for  the  foniiation 
of  so  many  noble  docks  and  warehouses,  for  the  institution  of  our  principal  banks  and  insur- 
ance  offices,  and  for  many  other  establishments  of  great  public  utility  carried  on  by  the  com- 
bined capital  and  energies  of  large  bodies  of  individuals. 

3.  Branches  of  Industri/,  for  the  Prosecution  of  which  Joint  Stock  Companies  may  he 
advuntuv;eousl)f  established. — In  order  to  ensure  a  rational  prospect  of  success  to  a  conipany, 
the  undertaking  should  admit  of  l)eing  carried  on  according  to  a  regular  systematic  |ilan. 
The  reason  of  this  is  sufficiently  ob\  ious.  The  business  of  a  great  association  must  l)e  con- 
ducted by  factors  or  agents ;  and  unless  it  be  of  such  a  nature  as  to  admit  of  their  duties 
being  clearly  pointed  out  and  dolined,  the  association  would  cease  to  have  any  eflcctual  con- 
trol over  them,  and  would  be,  in  a  great  measure,  at  their  mercy.  An  individual  who  ma- 
nages his  own  allairs  reaps  all  the  advantage  derivable  from  superior  skill,  imiustry,  and 
economy ;  but  the  agents,  and  even  directors,  of  joint  stock  com{)anies  labour,  in  most  casts, 
entirely  or  principally  for  the  advantage  of  others;  and  cannot  therefore,  however  conscien- 
tious, have  the  same  powerful  motives  to  act  with  energy,  prudence,  and  economy.  "  Like," 
says  Dr.  Smith,  "the  stewards  of  a  rich  man,  they  are  apt  to  consider  attention  to  small 
matters  as  not  for  their  master's  honour,  and  very  easily  give  themselves  a  dispensation  from 
having  it.  Negligence  and  profusion,  therefore,  must  always  prevail  more  or  less  in  the 
management  of  the  affairs  of  such  a  company."  It  also  not  unfrequently  happens  that  tl:ey 
sutler  from  the  bad  faith,  as  well  as  the  carelessness  and  extravagance  of  tluur  servants ;  tlie 
lattei  having,  in  many  instances,  endeavoured  to  advance  their  own  interests  at  the  expense 
of  their  employers.  Hence  the  different  success  of  companies  whose  business  niny  be  con- 
ducted according  to  a  nearly  uniform  system, — such  as  dock,  canal,  and  insurnnce  compa- 
nies, rail-road  companies,  &c. — and  those  whose  business  does  not  admit  of  being  reilucfd 
to  any  regular  plan,  and  where  much  must  always  be  left  to  the  sagacity  and  enterprise  oi" 
those  employed.  All  purely  commercial  companies,  trading  upon  a  joint  stock,  belong  to  llie 
latter  class.  Not  one  of  them  has  ever  been  able  to  withstand  the  competition  of  [irivatc  ad- 
venturers; they  cannot  subject  the  agents  they  employ  to  buy  and  sell  commodiiies  in  dis- 
tant countries  to  any  effectual  responsibility ;  and  from  this  circumstance,  and  tiie  abuses 
that  usually  insinuate  themselves  into  every  department  of  their  management,  no  such  com- 
pany has  ever  succeeded,  unless  when  it  has  obtained  some  exclusive  privilege,  or  been  pro- 
tected from  competition. 

The  circumstances  now  mentioned  would  seem  to  oppose  the  most  formidable  obstacles  to 
the  success  of  the  companies  established  in  this  country  fur  the  prosecution  of  mining  in 
America.  This  business  does  not  admit  of  being  reduced  to  a  regular  routine  system. 
Much  must  always  depend  on  the  skill  and  probity  of  the  agents  employed  at  the  mines ; 
and  it  must  plainly  be  very  difficult,  if  not  quite  impossible,  for  directors  resident  in  London 
to  exercise  any  ctTectual  surveillance  over  the  proceedings  of  those  who  ore  at  so  great  a 


COMPANIES. 


45^ 


ition  rjranted  by  the 
it  by  llieactfi  (Jco.  4, 
liirii  tlu'  niriniicrs  of 
,iulij(ct  Id  fiiicli  ntru- 
s  ar<!  now  fri'tiui'ialy 
iifil  ill  courts  .>f  law, 
liniitiiii:;  the  rcsjiDnsi- 
|)licil  ill  u  charter  any 
CHS  it  be  distiiu-tly  tti 

pany,  can  transfer  liis 
my.  Each  memtter, 
ind  demand  imyiiiont 
lany,  on  the  contriiry, 
ut  each  menilier  may, 
L'reby  introduce  a  new 
ich  it  will  brini?  in  the 
mn  the  sum  whidi  its 
of  Nutiuii.s,  vol,  iii.  |), 

iiired  to  carry  on  nny 
lispcnsable,  in  order  tu 
d.  In  all  those  cases, 
icd  period  must  neccs- 
iou};li  ready  ciiouyli  to 
speaking,  h«  very  little 
lity  of  sui'h  enter[iriscs. 
is  to  them  that  we  are 
;cte(.1,  for  the  foriiiatioii 
icipal  banks  and  iiisur- 
carricd  on  by  the  com- 

ick  Companies  maji  k 
if  success  to  a  conipany, 
gular  systematic  plan. 
isociation  must  l)e  con- 
.1  admit  of  their  duties 
lave  any  efleetual  coii- 
.\n  individual  who  nia- 
•ior  skill,  industry,  and 
a  labour,  in  most  cases, 
ore,  however  conscien- 
id  economy.    "  Like," 
idcr  attention  to  small 
res  u  dispensation  from 
.11  more  or  less  in  the 
itly  happens  that  they 
of  their  servants ;  the 
ntercsts  at  the  expense 
!  business  may  be  coii- 
and  insiiranee  conipa- 
Imit  of  being  reduced 
icity  and  enterprise  of 
int  stock,  beloni;  to  the 
ipclilion  of  ()rivatc  ad- 
dl  commodities  in  dis- 
Umcc,  and  the  abuses 
igement,  no  such  com- 
^privilege,  or  been  pro- 

Jformidable  obstacles  to 
Isecution  of  miniTij!;  in 
Igular  routine  system. 
liployed  at  the  mines ; 
|rs  resident  in  London 
vho  are  at  so  great  a 


distance.    Hence  it  is  not  at  all  likely  iluit  tliost;  osttiblishments  will  ever  be  so  productive  to 
'he  undertakers,  as  if  thoy  had  been  nianH}:od  by  the  parties  ihcmsclvcM. 

The  AblM-  Morellet  has  given,  in  a  tract  published  in  17()9  {Examen  dr  la  Hqxinne.  ile 
,U.  N;  pp.  35 — 38.),  a  list  of  .'5.5  joint  stock  companies,  for  the  prosecution  of  various 
iiranclies  of  foreii^n  trade,  established  in  diiferent  parts  of  Europe  since  1600,  every  one  of 
whudi  had  fiiled,  though  most  of  them  had  exclusive  privileges.  Most  of  those  that  have 
iieen  established  since  the  public.ition  of  the  Abbe  Morcllet's  tract  have  had  a  similar  fate. 

Uut  notwithstanding  both  principle  and  exjicrience  concur  in  showing  how  very  ill  litted 
a  lar?e  association  is  for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  commercial  undertakings,  there  are  cases 
in  which  they  cannot  be  prosecuted  except  by  associations  of  this  sort,  and  when  it  may  be 
expedient  to  grant  them  certain  peculiar  privileges.     When,  owing  either  to  the  disinclina- 
tion or  inability  of  government  to  afford  protection  to  those  engaged  in  any  particular  depart- 
ment of  trade,  they  arc  obliged  to  provide  for  their  own  defence  and  security,  it  is  obviously 
necessary  that  they  should  have  the  power  to  exclude  such  individuals  as  may  refuse  to  sub- 
mit to  the  measures,  or  to  licar  their  due  share  of  the  expense,  recjuired  for  the  common  pro- 
tection of  all.     The  Russian  Company,  the  East  India  Company,  the  Levant  or  Turkey 
Company,  and  most  of  the  other  great  trading  companies  which  have  existed  in  this  country, 
seem  principally  to  have  grown  out  of  a  real  or  supposed  necessity  of  this  sort.     It  was  not 
believed  that  any  safe  or  advantageous  intercourse  coulil  be  carried  on  with  barbarous  coun- 
tries without  the  aid  of  ships  of  war,  factories,  interpreters,  &c.     And  as  government  was 
not  always  able  or  willing  to  afford  this  assistance,  the  traders  were  formed  into  companies 
or  associations,  and  vested  with  such  peculiar  f)rivileges  ns  ap[)eared  to  be  necessary  for  en- 
abling them  to  prosecute  the  trade  without  any  extrinsic  support.     "  When,"  says  Dr.  Smith 
"a  company  of  merchants  undertake,  at  their  own  risk  and  expense,  to  establish  a  new  trade 
with  some  remote  and  barbarous  nation,  it  may  not  be  unreasonable  to  incorporate  them  into 
a  joint  stock  company,  and  to  grant  them,  in  case  of  success,  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  for  a 
certain  number  of  years.     It  is  the  easiest  and  most  natural  way  in  which  the  state  can  re- 
compense them  for  hazarding  a  dangerous  and  expensive  experiment,  of  which  the  public  is 
afterwards  to  reap  the  benefit.     A  temporary  monoiwly  of  this  kind  may  be  vindicated  upon 
the  same  principles  upon  which  a  like  monopoly  of  a  new  machine  is  granted  to  its  inventor, 
and  that  of  a  new  book  to  its  author.     But  upon  the  expiration  of  the  term,  the  monopoly 
ought  certainly  to  determine ;  the  forts  and  garrisons,  if  it  was  found  necessary  to  establish 
any,  to  bo  taken  into  the  hands  of  government,  their  value  to  bo  paid  to  the  company,  and 
the  trade  to  be  laid  open  to  all  the  subjects  of  the  state." — (  Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  iii.  p. 
258.) 

It  may  he  doubted,  however,  whether  it  be  really  necessary,  even  in  such  a  case  as  that 
now  mentioned,  to  establish  a  joint  stock  conipany  with  peculiar  privileges,  and  whether  the 
same  thing  might  not  be  more  advantageously  effected  by  the  establishment  of  an  open  or 
regulated  company. 

4.  Open  or  Regulated  Companies. — The  affairs  of  such  companies  or  associations  are 
managed  by  directors  appointed  by  the  members.  They  do  not,  however,  possess  a  common 
or  joint  stock.  Each  individual  pays  a  fine  upon  entering  into  the  company,  and  most  com- 
monly an  annual  contribution :  a  duty  applicable  to  the  business  of  the  company  is  also 
sometimes  charged  upon  the  goods  imported  and  exported  from  and  to  the  countries  with 
which  they  trade.  The  sums  so  collected  are  applied  by  the  directors  to  fit  out  ambassa- 
dors, consuls,  and  such  public  functionaries  as  may  he  required  to  facilitate  commercial  deal- 
ings, or  to  build  factories,  maintain  cruisers,  &c.  The  members  of  such  companies  trade 
upon  their  own  stock,  and  at  their  own  risk.  So  that  when  the  fine,  or  the  sum  payable  on 
admission  into  a  regulated  company,  is  moderate,  it  is  impossible  for  its  members  to  form 
;uiy  combination  that  would  have  the  effect  of  raising  their  profits  above  the  common  Invel; 
ami  there  is  the  same  keen  and  close  competition  amongst  them  that  there  is  amongst  other 
classes  of  traders.  A  regulated  company  is,  in  fact,  a  device  for  making  those  engaged  in  a 
particular  branch  of  trade  bear  the  public  or  political  expenses  incident  to  it,  at  the  same 
lime  that  it  leaves  them  to  conduct  their  own  business  wiUi  their  own  capital,  and  in  their 
own  way. 

Should,  therefore,  government  at  any  time  refuse,  or  be  unable  to  afford,  that  protection 
to  those  engaged  in  any  branch  of  trade  which  is  necessary  to  enable  them  to  carry  it  on, 
their  formation  into  a  regulated  company  would  seem  to  be  the  most  judicious  measure  that 
could  be  adopted ;  inasmuch  as  it  would  obtain  for  them  that  protection  which  is  indispensa- 
ble, without  encroaching  on  the  freedom  of  individual  enterprise. 

The  African,  the  Levant,  and  some  other  branches  of  trade,  were  for  a  long  time  conducted 
by  open  or  regulated  companies.  These,  however,  have  been  recently  abolished  :  the  African 
Company,  by  the  act  1  &  2  Geo.  4.  c.  28. ;  and  the  Levant  Company,  by  the  act  6  Geo.  4. 
c.  33,    The  Russia  Company  still  exists. — (See  Russia  Compaxt.) 

In  so  far  as  relates  to  protection,  it  may  jierhaps  be  thought,  for  the  reasons  given  by  Dr. 
Smith,  that  a  joint  stock  company  is  better  calculated  to  afford  it  than  a  regulated  company. 
The  directors  of  the  latter  having,  Dr.  Smith  alleges,  no  particular  interest  in  the  prosperity 
Vol.  J.— 2  Q  58 


1 


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COMPANIES. 


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of  the  general  trade  of  the  company,  for  behoof  of  which,  ships  of  war,  factories,  or  fortj, 
have  to  1)0  roaintaincd,  arc  apt  to  lu'^lect  thorn,  and  to  apply  their  whole  energies  to  the  ran 
of  their  own  private  conccrnn.     Hut  tiie  interest  of  the  directors  of  a  joint  Htocit  ootnpanv 
are,  he  contends,  in  a  great  nicasure  identifu-d  with  those  of  the  association.    They  have  n'. 
private  ciipital  emfjloyed  in  the  trade ;  their  profiU  must  depend  ujion  the  pmdent  and  fxo. 
fitnlilc  nianngcment  of  the  common  stocii ;  and  it  may,  therefore,  it  is  argued,  ho  fairly  pro. 
Bumed  that  they  will  Ims  more  disposed  to  attend  carefully  to  all  the  means  by  which  tin. 
prosjierity  of  the  association  may  lie  Iiest  secured.     On  the  other  hand,  however,  it  is  st'ldmn 
that  the  directors  of  joint  stock  companies  stop  at  the  proper  point ;  having  almost  invariahlv 
attempted  to  extend  their  commercial  dealings  by  force,  and  to  become  not  only  mcrrhauu 
but  sovereigns.     Nor  is  this  any  thing  but  what  might  have  Iwen  expected,  seeing  thul  ih,. 
consideration  and  extensive  patronage  accruing  from  such  measures  to  the  directors  is  i;pne- 
rally  of  fur  more  imjiortancc  to  them  than  a  moderate  increase  of  the  dividends  on  llwir 
stock.     Whenever  they  have  l)een  able,  they  have  seldom  scrupled  to  cm|)loy  unns  to  nd. 
vanrc  their  projects ;  and  instead  of  contenting  themselves  witli  shops  nnd  factories,  liav,> 
constructed  fortilications,  cmlwdicd  armies,  and  engaged  in  war.     But  such  has  not  hwn  the 
case  with  regulated  companies.     The  businesses  under  their  co'itrol  have  uniformly  iicfin  con- 
ducted in  a  comparatively  frugal  and  parsimonious  manner;  their  establishments  have  Utn, 
for  till!  most  part,  confined  to  factories ;  and  they  liavc  rarely,  if  ever,  allowed  themsrlvcs 
to  be  seduced  by  schemes  of  con(|Ucst  and  domini<m. 

And  hence,  considering  them  as  cnmiiierriitl  machines,  it  docs  not  really  seem  that  there 
can  Ikj  any  doubt  as  to  the  superiority  of  a  regulatcnl  over  a  joint  stock  comjany.  Tho  lalttr 
has  the  defect,  for  which  nothing  almost  can  compensate,  of  entireh/  excludinir  inr/ividual 
enltrprise  and  compftition.  When  such  a  company  enjoys  any  peculiar  privilege,  it  naiu- 
rally,  in  pursuing  its  own  interest,  endeavours  to  i)rofit  l)y  it,  how  injurious  soever  it  may  bo 
to  thejiuiilic.  If  it  have  a  monojioly  of  the  trade  with  any  particular  country,  or  of  anv 
particular  commodity,  it  rarely  fails,  by  understocking  the  home  and  foreign  markets,  to  sell 
the  goods  which  it  imports  and  exports  at  an  artidcially  enhanced  price.  It  is  not  its  objiTt 
to  employ  a  comparatively  large  capital,  but  to  make  a  large  profit  on  a  comparatively  sinal! 
capital.  Tho  conduct  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company  in  burning  spices,  that  their  prict 
mii-ht  not  be  lowered  by  larger  importations,  is  an  exami)loof  the  mode  in  which  surh  asso- 
ciations uniformly  and,  indeed,  almost  necessarily  act.  All  individuals  are  desirous  of  obtain- 
ing the  highest  possible  price  for  what  they  have  to  sell ;  and  if  they  are  protected  i)y  means 
of  ti  monopoly,  or  nn  exclusive  [)rivilege,  from  the  risk  of  being  undersold  by  others,  lliey  never 
hesitate  about  raising  the  price  of  their  products  to  the  highest  elevation  that  the  com]ietiiion 
of  the  buyers  will  allow  them  ;  and  thus  frequently  realise  the  most  exorbitant  j)rofits. 

And  yet,  notwithstanding  these  advantages,  such  is  the  negligence,  profusion,  and  pecula- 
tion, inseparable  from  the  management  of  great  commercial  companies,  that  even  those  that 
have  had  the  monopoly  of  the  most  advantageous  branches  of  'coimnerce  have  rarely  bcoii 
able  to  keep  out  of  debt.  It  will  1m3  shown  in  the  article  East  Inoia  CoMeANt,  that  that 
association  has  lost  by  its  trade ;  and  that,  had  it  not  been  for  the  aid  derived  from  the  reve- 
nues  of  India,  it  must  long  since  have  ceased  to  exist.  To  buy  in  one  market ;  to  sell  with 
profit  in  another ;  to  watch  over  the  perpetually  occurring  variations  in  the  prices,  aiui  in 
the  supply  and  demand  of  conmiodities;  to  suit  with  dexterity  and  judgment  the  (luaiitity 
and  quality  of  goods  to  the  wants  of  each  market ;  and  to  conduct  each  operation  in  the  best 
and  chea|)est  manner;  reiiuires  a  degree  of  unremitting  vigilance  and  attention,  whieh  woulii 
be  visionary  to  expect  from  the  directors  or  servants  of  a  great  joint  stock  assoeiatiun.  Hence 
it  has  ha|>pened,  over  and  over  again,  that  branches  of  commerce  which  ])roved  ruinous  to 
companies,  have  become  exceedingly  profitable  when  carried  on  by  individuals. 

.•5.  Conxfitutinn  of  Couipanies, — When  application  is  made  to  parliament  for  an  act  to 
incorporate  a  number  of  individuals  into  a  joint  stock  company  for  the  prosecution  of  any 
useful  undertaking,  care  ought  to  Iw  taken  not  to  concede  to  them  any  privileges  that  nwy 
be  rendered  injurious  to  the  public.  If  a  company  be  formed  for  the  construction  ol'a  doik, 
n  road,  or  a  canal,  it  may  lie  necessary,  in  order  to  stimulate  individuals  to  engage  i'l  the  un- 
dertaking, to  give  them  some  jieculiar  privileges  for  a  certain  number  of  years.  IJut  if  other 
persons  were  to  be  permanently  hindered  from  constructing  new  docks,  or  opening  new  linos 
of  communication,  a  lasting  injury  might  Iw  done  to  the  public.  It  may  be  highly  exjic- 
dient  to  incorporate  a  company  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  water  into  a  city  ;  but  .■;ii|iikwmc; 
there  were  no  springs  in  the  vicinity,  other  than  those  to  which  this  company  has  aequireila 
right,  they  might,  unless  restrained  by  the  net  incorporating  them,  raise  the  price  of  water  to 
an  exorbitant  height;  and  make  large  profits  for  themselves  at  the  exiiense  and  to  the  injury 
of  the  public.  In  all  crises  of  this  8t)rt ;  and  in  the  case,  indeed,  of  all  joint  stock  eoiiipaims 
established  fi)r  the  formation  of  canals,  railroads,  &c. ;  it  would  be  sound  jwliey  to  liiiiil  the 
rates  charired  for  their  services,  or  on  account  of  the  waU^r.  ships,  goods,  t&c.  conveyed  by 
their  means,  and  also  to  limit  the  dividends,  or  to  fix  a  maxiniuni  beyond  which  they  should 
not  be  augmented :  enacting,  that  if  the  rates  charged  by  the  company  produre  more  than 
sullicient  to  pay  the  maximum  rate  of  dividend,  and  to  defray  the  wear  and  tear  of  the  aquc- 


COMPANIES. 


460 


:arandtcarorthoaqiic- 


Juct,  canal,  &c.,  ihcy  shall  bo  allowed  to  rediire  them  till  thry  only  yield  this  much ;  and, 
in  the  event  of  their  declining  to  do  bo,  that  the  whole  siiqilus  al)ove  ]myinpf  the  dividend 
i^hall  ^"^  npphcd  to  purchase  up  the  stock  of  the  association,  so  that  ultimately  the  ctuirsjos  on 
account  of  dividenda  may  be  entirely  abolished.  Had  this  principle  been  acted  upon  when 
canali"  Hrst  began  to  lie  formed  in  England,  the  carriage  of  goods  conveyed  by  some  of  the 
most  important  lines  of  communication  would  now  have  cost  almost  nothing ;  and  this  tie- 
firat)ie  result  might  have  been  accomplished  in  the  way  now  suggested,  without,  we  believe, 
diminishing  in  any  degree  the  numocr  of  those  undertakings.  There  are  few  who,  at  tlio 
liine  they  engage  in  such  enterprises,  suppose  that  they  will  yield  more  than  10  or  I'-J  |)er 
(^nt.;  and  vast  numlwrs  will  always  bo  disposed  to  engage  in  them,  if  there  be  any  reii.soiia- 
blc  prospect  of  their  yielding  this  much.  Now,  when  such  is  the  case,  is  it  not  the  duty  of 
government  to  provide,  in  the  event  of  the  undertaking  In-coming  in  an  unexpected  and  un- 
usual de^ce  projilalile,  that  the  public  should  derive  some  advantage  from  it !  This  is  not 
lease  in  which  coniiietition  can  reduce  profits  to  the  common  level.  'I'he  best,  perhaps  the 
oniv  practicable,  line  for  a  canal  or  railroad  lietween  any  two  places  will  be  appropriated  by 
those  who  arc  first  in  the  field;  who  f'.i.  ,  in  fact,  obtain  a  natural  monopoly  of  which  they 
cannot  be  deprived:  and  hence  the  ai./antagc  of  limiting  the  charges  and  dividends  :  with- 
out discouraging  enterprise,  it  affords  a  security  tliat  private  individuals  shall  not  reap  an 
unusual  and  unlooked  for  profit  at  the  expense  of  the  public. 

In  all  those  cases  in  which  companies  are  formed  for  the  prosecution  of  undertakings  that 
mav  be  carried  on,  with  equal  advantage  to  the  public,  by  individuals  ;  or  where  there  arc 
ao  very  considerable  difficulties  to  overcome,  or  risks  to  encounter;  tliey  ought  to  enjoy  no 
privilege  whatever,  but  should  bo  regarded,  in  every  point  of  view,  as  if  they  were  mere  in- 
(liviJuals. 

J'or  accounts  of  the  principal  joint  stock  and  regulated  companies  established  in  this 
country,  see  the  articles  Uank  or  Exoland,  Docks,  East  I.nuia  Companv,  Insuhance, 

RlSSIA  CoMPANT,  &C.  &C. 

fi.  Companies  en  Commandite. — In  Franco  there  is  a  sort  of  companies  denominated 
iwitli  en  commandite,  A  society  of  this  descrii)tion  consists  of  one  or  more  partners, 
liable,  without  limitation,  for  the  debts  of  the  company  ;  and  one  or  more  partners,  or  com- 
tnanditaires,  liable  only  to  the  extent  of  tho  funds  they  have  subscribed.  A  cominunditaire 
must  not,  however,  take  any  part  in  the  business  of  the  company  ;  if  he  do  this,  he  loses  his 
inviolability,  and  makes  himself  responsible  for  the  debts  of  the  association.  The  names  of 
lh( partners  in  such  societies  must  be  published,  and  the  amount  of  t.'iu  suras  contriuuted  by 
ijjc  commanditaires. 

It  has  lieen  proposed  to  introduce  partnerships  of  this  sort  into  this  country ;  but  it  seems 
rery  doubtful  whether  any  thing  would  he  gained  by  such  a  measure,  i'artnerships  en 
commandite  may  be  very  easily  abused  or  rendered  a  means  of  defrauding  the  public.  It  is 
(ju  .e  visionary  to  imagine  that  tho  commanditaires  can  be  preventt^d  from  indirectly  intlu- 
(ncing  the  other  partners :  and  supposing  i  collusion  to  exist  amongst  them,  it  might  bo 
possible  for  them  to  divide  large  sums  as  prolit,  when,  perhaps,  they  had  really  sustained  a 
lots;  and  to  have  the  books  of  the  association  so  contrived,  that  it  might  be  very  dilUcult  to 
delect  the  fraud.    This,  it  is  alleged,  is  by  no  means  a  rare  occurrence  in  France. 

7.  Civic  Companies,  or  Corporations, — Exclusive  of  the  companies  previously  mentioned, 
a  number  of  ancient  companies  or  corporations  exist  in  this  and  most  other  KuroiHian  coim- 
tries,  the  members  of  which  enjoy  certain  ])olitical  as  well  as  commercial  privileges.  When 
the  feudal  system  began  to  be  subverted  by  the  establishment  of  g()o<l  order  and  regular  go- 
vernment in  the  towns,  the  inhabitants  were  divided  into  certain  trades  or  corporations,  by 
which  the  magistrates  and  other  functionaries  were  chosen.  The  members  of  llu'sc  trades, 
or  corporations,  partly  to  enhance  the  value  of  their  privileges,  and  partly  to  provide  a  re- 
source, in  case  of  adversity,  for  themselves,  acquired  or  usurped  tho  power  of  en;icting  by- 
laws regulating  the  admission  of  new  members,  and  at  the  same  time  set  about  providing  a 
finid  for  the  support  of  such  as  accident  or  misfortune  might  reduce  to  a  state  of  indigence. 
Hence  the  origin  of  apprenticeships,  tho  refusal  to  allow  any  one  not  a  inemt)er  of  a  ci)r[)ora- 
tion  to  carry  on  any  business  within  the  precincts  of  any  town  corporate,  and  the  various 
re^'ulations  that  had  to  bo  submitted  to,  and  the  fees  that  had  to  be  jiaid  by  the  claimants  for 
inrohnciit  in  corporations.  For  a  lengthened  period  these  privileges  and  regulations  wero 
very  opjircssive.  Within  the  last  century,  however,  their  inlluence  has  been  progressively 
iliminishing.  In  France,  where  the  abuses  inseparable  from  tho  system  had  attained  to  a 
very  great  height,  it  was  entirely  swept  off  by  the  Kevolution  :  and  though  corporations  still 
exist  in  this  country,  they  have  been  stripped  of  their  peculiar  fiaiicliises  ;  and  should  now, 
for  the  most  part,  bo  regarded  more,  perhaps,  in  the  light  of  chariluble  than  of  politieal  insti- 
tutions. It  would  be  well,  however,  were  they  reduced  entirely  to  the  former  character; 
and  were  the  few  political  and  commercial  jirivileges,  which  they  still  enjoy,  communicated 
to  the  rest  of  the  citizens.  At  their  fust  institution,  and  for  smne  time  alter,  corjwrations, 
considered  as  poUtical  bodies,  were  probably  useful:  but  such  is  no  longer  tho  case;  and  in 


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80  far  as  tlipy  now  possess  any  Bjirciiil  immunities,  Ihcy  tcnil  to  obstruct  that  free  compotitinr; 
that  is  so  advantageous. 

'I'ho  following  extract  from  a  Report  on  the  Couuncrct  and  ManufncttirtH  of  the  Vnlkd 
Slates,  drawn  up  by  AUxjrt  Gollutiii,  Esq.,  then  secretary  of  the  Treosury,  and  laid  U  r„„, 
Congress  in  1816,  sets  the  superior  advantages  resulting  from  the  unrestricted  freedom  of  in- 
dustry  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view.  •'  No  cause,"  says  he,  "  has,  |)«rha|)s,  more  pro- 
motcd  in  every  respect  the  general  imi»rovement  of  the  United  States,  than  the  ahtieiui'  nt 
those  systems  of  internal  restriction  ond  monopoly  which  continue  to  disfigure  the  sisito  of 
society  in  other  countries.  No  laws  exist  here,  directly  or  indirectly,  confining  nun  to  a 
particular  occupation  or  place,  or  excluding  any  citizen  from  any  branch  ho  may,  at  nny  time, 
think  proper  to  pursue.  Industry  is,  in  every  respect,  free  and  unfettered  ;  every  Hpecits  of 
trade,  commerce,  and  profession,  and  manufacture,  being  equally  oi)en  to  all,  without  m/uir- 
iiiir  any  ni^uhir  apprenticeship,  at/missinn,  or  licence.  Hence  tho  improvement  of  Aimrica 
has  not  been  confmed  to  tho  improvement  of  her  agriculture,  and  to  the  rapid  formation  an.l 
settlement  of  new  stales  in  the  wilderness;  but  her  citizens  have  extended  their  commrrcc i,, 
every  part  of  the  glol)e,  and  carry  on  with  complete  success  even  those  branches  for  wliich  a 
monopoly  had  heretofore  been  considered  essentially  necessary." 

There  is  in  Keen's  Cyclnpiedia,  article  Coinpan//,  a  list  of  the  different  Civic  Compmiie.< 
belonging  to  the  City  of  London,  in  which  tlic  periods  of  their  incorjioration,  and  variou; 
other  important  particulars  with  respect  to  several  of  them,  are  specitiixl. 

COMPASS  {(icr.  Ein  Kompa^s  ;  Da.  Zeehompas  ,•  Da.  SOekuntpass ,-  Sp.  ffjdcrmipnsn . 
Ft,  Boussok,  Compos  de  mer  ;  It.  Bu.ssuht  ,•  Sp,  Ai^iija  de  mareur ,-  Port.  Conipa'^m  ,1, 
viarear  ;  llaa,  Koiiipu.ss  konilMlniii),  or  mariner's  compass,  nn  instrument  cnmpiwd  of  a 
needle  and  card,  by  which  the  shiji's  course  is  direcU-d.  The  needle,  with  little  variation. 
always  puints  towards  the  north,  and  hence  the  ukkIc  of  steering  by  the  C(Mnpass. 

The  common  opinion  ia  that  the  compass  was  invented  by  Flavio  Gioin,  a  citizen  of  the 
once  famous  republic  of  Amalphi,  very  near  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Dr. 
Robertson  has  adopted  this  opinion,  and  regrets  that  contemporary  historians  furnish  no  de- 
tails as  to  the  life  of  a  man  to  whose  genius  society  is  so  deeply  indebted. — (Hist.  ofAnurkn, 
vol.  i.  p.  47.  8vo  ed.)  But  though  Gioia  may  have  made  improvements  on  the  compass,  it 
has  been  shown  that  he  has  no  claim  to  he  considered  as  its  discoverer.  Passages  have  U-cn 
produced  from  writers  who  flourished  more  than  a  century  bi-forc  Gioia,  in  wliieh  the  [kv 
larity  of  the  needle,  when  touched  by  the  magnet,  is  distinctly  pointed  out  Not  only,  how- 
ever, had  this  singular  property  been  discovered,  but  also  its  application  to  the  pur|  osis  ot 
navigation,  long  previously  to  the  fourtcertth  century.  Old  French  writers  have  l)ecn  (juotcj 
(Macpherxon's  Annals  of  Commerce,  anno  1200;  Ilees's  Cyclopirdin),  that  seem  fully  to 
establish  this  fact.  But  whatever  doubts  may  exist  with  respect  to  thorn,  catmot  afioct  tin; 
passages  which  the  learned  Spanish  antiquary,  Don  Antonio  de  Capmany  (Questioneii  Crili- 
COS,  pp.  73 — 132),  has  given  from  a  work  of  the  famous  Raymond  Lully  (Be  Conleiupk- 
tione)  published  in  1372.  In  one  place  Lully  says,  "as  the  needle,  when  touched  by  the 
magnet,  naturally  turns  to  the  north"  {siciit  acus  per  naturam  virtitur  ad  seplentrimmn 
dum  sit  tacta  a  mae^nete).  This  is  conchisive  as  to  tho  author's  acquaintaiKsc  with  tiie  po- 
larity of  the  needle ;  and  the  following  passage  from  the  same  work — "  as  the  nauticiU  iiowlle 
directs  mariners  in  their  navigation,"  {sicut  acus  nautica  dirigit  marinarios  in  ftiia  navi»a- 
tione,  i^c.)  is  no  less  conclusive  as  to  its  being  used  by  sailors  in  regulating  tliiir  rourse. 
There  are  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  mode  in  which  the  needle  Raymond  Lully  had  in 
view  was  made  use  of.  It  has  been  sufficiently  established — (sec  the  authorities  already 
referred  to,  and  Azuni,  Dissertation  sur  FOrigine  de  hi  Boussolr,) — that  it  was  usual  li) 
float  the  needle,  by  means  of  a  straw,  on  the  surface  of  a  basin  of  water ;  and  ('apmany 
contends  that  we  are  indebted  to  Gioia  for  the  card,  and  the  methotl  now  followed  of  sus- 
pending the  needle ;  improvements  which  have  given  to  the  compass  all  its  convenience, 
and  a  very  largo  portion  of  its  utility.  But  this  part  of  his  Dissertation,  though  miualiy 
learned  and  ingenious,  is  by  no  means  so  satisfactory  as  the  other.  It  is  difficult  to  conceive 
how  mariners  at  sea  could  have  availed  themselves  of  a  floating  needle  ;  but,  howevT  this 
may  be  j.t  seems  most  probable  that  Gioia  had  considerably  improved  tho  construction  of 
the  compass ;  and  tliat,  the  Amalphitans  having  been  the  first  to  introduce  it  to  general  usp, 
he  was,  with  excusable  partiality,  represented  by  them,  and  subsequently  regarded  by  others, 
as  its  inventor. 

Tho  reader  will  not  consider  these  details  out  of  place  in  a  work  on  commerce,  which  the 
compass  has  done  so  much  to  extend.  "  Its  discovery,"  to  borrow  the  languago  of  Mr.  Mac- 
pherson,  "  has  given  birth  to  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  conuncrce  and  navigation.  Tiie 
former  it  has  extended  to  every  shore  of  the  globe,  and  increased  and  multiplied  itf  opera- 
tions and  beneficial  effects  in  a  degree  which  was  not  conceivabie  by  those  who  lived  in  the 
earlier  ages.  The  latter  it  has  rendered  expeditious,  and  comparatively  safe,  by  enabling 
the  navigator  to  launch  out  upon  the  ocean  free  from  the  danger  of  rocks  and  shoals.  By 
the  use  of  this  noble  instrument,  tho  whole  world  has  become  one  vast  commercial  common- 


COMPOSITION— CONSTANTINOPF.E. 


461 


that  free  comprtitinn 

ictures  nflhr  VnHcd 
iiry,  and  liiid  hctiiro 
tricti'd  frcodoin  of  in- 
,  i)"!!!!!!^,  mon;  |)ro- 

than  the  aliMCiici^  nl 
disfiRiirc  the  stnip  of 
,  conliiiinpf  imii  to  a 

l\e  may,  i\l  nny  time, 
■I'd  ;  t'vory  »|iccit's  of 
10  ull,  without  miuir. 
)rovcmcnt  of  Ainurira 
B  rapid  farmatinii  ainl 
led  their  coinmorco  to 

brunches  for  which  a 

rent  Civic  Compaiiic* 

'poration,  and  variou; 

d. 

as ;  Sp.  SJdmiiipmii  ,■ 

,•  Port.  Ciimpn^Mtil 

iiment  compuficii  of  a 

J,  with  Uttle  variation. 

C  C(MnpilS8, 

Gioin,  a  citizen  of  the 

rteenth  century,    Dr, 

;torians  furnish  no  di- 

1. — (///«/.  iifAmtriai, 

nts  on  the  coinpuss,  it 

.     Passaf^es  have  licoi 

oia,  in  whioli  the  jio- 

lout    Not  only,  iiow- 

ion  to  tlie  purjosos ot 

iters  have  hecn  (juoteil 

t),  that  seem  fully  to 

horn,  cannot  aftoct  tho 

tny  (^Que.st lanes  Crili- 

ully  (/Jc  Cimtriiipla- 

when  touclicd  by  the 

fur  ad  septentrlinifM 

uaintance  with  llie  fo- 

as  the  nauticiU  iiopdie 

nurlos  In  mta  navii^a- 

gulating  tluir  course. 

i\ymond  Ijully  had  in 

\e  autliorities  ajresilv 

that  it  wnn  usual  to 

.vater ;  and  (Jiipmany 

1  now  followed  of  sus- 

S.S  all  its  convcnicnre, 

utt'oii,  thouijh  «iually 

is  dilRcult  to  conceive 

lie ;  but,  however  ihi-'. 

(I  tho  construction  of 

luce  it  to  Rcneral  usr, 

tly  regarded  by  other.'', 

comnvrcc,  which  the 
lanquac;i!  ofMr.Mac- 
[irid  iwvigalion.  The 
1  multiplied  iu  oporii- 
hose  who  lived  in  the 
vely  safe,  by  cnaliliiig 
ocks  and  shoals.  By 
coramcrcial  common- 


wealth,  the  most  distant  inhabilant^^  of  tho  earth  are  brought  toifclher  for  tlieir  miitind  advan- 
i;iL'e,  ancient  prejudices  are  obliterated,  and  iiiankind  arc  civilised  and  enlightened." — (Vol. 

1.  p.  :"!•>•) 

L'O.M  POSITION,  in  commerce,  commonly  implies  tho  dividend  or  sum  jmid  by  an  insoN 
vent  debtor  to  his  crcditorx,  and  acceptetl  by  thorn  in  payment  for  their  debts. 

("O.NKV  wool,  ((ler.  A'««/;ic//(7)»tv(//c,-  Du.  Komfii/niir .-  ¥x.  Pnlhh  lapln  ;  U.  Pelo 
ili  ('(iiii^ili'i !  ^P-  i'diirjitna),  the  fur  of  rabbits.  This  article  is  extensively  used  in  the  liat 
manufacture  ;  and  besiiles  the  largo  supplies  raiged  at  homo,  a  Rreat  deal  is  im|>orle(l.  'I'lio 
imports  usually  range  from  about  .300,00(1  to  about  .500,000  skins  a  year ;  but,  in  \S'M, 
thcv  exceeded' 'JO(»,()llO,  while,  in  ISS?,  they  were  only  197,000. 

CO.NS  TANTLNOPLE,  formerly  the  metropolis  of  the  Eastern,  as  it  still  is  of  tlio  Turk- 
ish P'inpire,  is  situated  on  a  triangular  |)oint  of  land,  on  the  Eurojjean  side  of  the  Sea  of 
Muriiiara  (Propontis),  at  the  point  where  it  unites  with  the  Uosphorus,  or  channel  leadinsc 
to  the  Ulack  Soa,  in  lat.  41°  0'  12"  N.,  Ion.  aH°  .5'/  2"  K.  J'opulation  variously  estimated 
at  from  .')00,000  to  000,000,  but  believed,  by  the  best  authorities,  to  be  about  400,0tM).  Tho 
situation  of  this  renowned  city  is,  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  one  of  the  tinest  imaginable. 
Standing  on  the  narrow  Ktraits  uniting  the  Mediterranean  and  Euxiiie  Seas,  she  at  once 
rninniands,  and  is  tho  entrepot  for,  the  conmierce  between  them.  The  harbour,  wIumicc  tho 
Turkish  court  has  taken  the  appellation  of  the  Sublime  Porte,  is  most  excellent.  It  consists 
i)f  an  extensive  inlet,  or  arm  of  tho  sea,  stretching  along  tho  north-east  side  of  the  city, 
which  it  divides  from  the  suburbs  of  (iaiata  and  I'era.  It  has  sullicient  ilepth  of  water  to 
float  the  largest  ships,  and  can  accommotlato  more  than  1,000  sail.  Tho  strong  current  that 
sets  through  tho  Bosphorus  into  the  Sea  of  Marmara  strikes  against  Seraglio  Point — (see 
I'lan) ;  a  part  of  tho  water,  being  in  consequence  forced  into  the  harbour,  runs  along  its 
south-western  side  in  the  direction  marked  by  tho  arrows — (see  I'lan), — till,  arriving  at  it:i 
extremity,  it  escapes  by  the  opposite  side.  In  tho  middle  the  wafer  is  still.  On  leaving  tho 
[xiri,  it  is  necessary  to  keep  well  over  to  the  northern  side ;  for  otherwise  the  shii)  nugbt  bo 
taken  by  the  current,  and  driven  on  Seraglio  Point.  It  may  lie  worth  while,  howev  er,  to 
remark,  that  notwithstanding  this  inconvenience,  tho  current  has  been  of  signal  service  to 
ihocity,  by  scouring  the  liarbour,  and  carrying  away  the  fdth  and  ballast  by  which  it  must 
otherwise  have  been  long  since  choked  up.  'I'ho  distance  across  from  Seraglio  Point  to  the 
op|)osite  suburb  of  Scutari,  on  the  Asiatic  coast,  is  rather  more  than  an  English  mile.  Within 
li.ssthan  i  of  a  mile  of  the  latter  is  a  rocky  islet,  upon  which  is  a  tower  and  light-house, 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Tower  of  Ijoander.  Foreigners  reside  in  (talata,  I'cra,  and  tho 
suhurbs  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  harbour ;  and  it  is  there,  consequently,  that  the  principal 
trade  of  the  place  is  carried  on.     The  quays  are  good,  and  ships  lie  close  alongside. 

The  Bosphorus,  or  channel  of  Constantinople,  runs  in  a  N.  E.  by  N.  direction  about  15 
miles,  varying  in  breadth  from  H  to  J  mile.  It  is  swept  by  a  rapid  current,  which  it  requires 
a  brisk  gale  to  stem,  and  has  throughout  a  great  de|)th  of  water.  'I'ho  Hellespont,  or  strait 
of  the  Dardanelles,  leading  from  the  Archipelago  to  the  Sea  of  Marmara,  is  about  13  leagues 
in  length.  Its  direction  is  nearly  N.  E.  Where  narrowest,  it  is  little  more  than  a  mile 
across.     It  also  is  swept  by  a  strong  current,  and  has  deep  water  throughout. 

The  subjoined  plan  of  part  of  Constantinople  and  its  port  is  copied,  without  reduction, 
from  the  lieautiful  plan  of  the  city  and  Bosphorus,  drawn  and  engraved  by  M,  Merzoll' 
Robert  of  Munich,  and  published  by  Mr.  Wilde,  of  this  city. 

Nothing  can  be  more  imposing  than  the  appearance  of  the  city  when  seen  from  the  sea, 
hut  on  landing  the  illusion  vanishes.  The  streets  arc  narrow,  dark,  ill-paved  and  irregular. 
Owing  to  the  want  of  any  effectivo  system  of  yiolice,  and  of  the  most  ordinary  attention  to 
cleanliness,  they  are  extremely  filthy  ;  and  are  infested  with  herds  of  dogs,  and  also  with  rats, 
which  perforin  the  functions  of  scavengers.  The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  w  iwd,  and  iires 
are  very  frequent.  Most  of  these  happen  designedly  ;  the  burning  of  a  few  hundred  houses 
being  deemed  the  readiest  and  most  elfectual  means  of  making  the  government  aware  of  tho 
public  dissatisfaction,  and  of  procuring  a  redress  of  grievances  ! 

.Viinf!/— Accoanls  are  kept  in  pinstres  of  40  paras,  or  120  nspcrs.  The  Turkish  coin  Ims  been  so 
much  (iHHrailcd,  t  tint  thr  pliistrc  Avliiell  n  few  years  hl'd  w.is  worlli  2.<.  stfrliiip,  is  now  woiUi  litllu 
liidrc  lliari  -id.     A  has;  of  silver  (kiftr)  -  .lOO  [liastres,  anil  a  liair  of  jjnld  (kilu)   -  :i(l.(HKi  piastres. 

Heifrkis  and  .Veiimirc.^. — Tile  coiiiiaereinl  weijllils  are— 170  dranis  -  1  rulluli);  i! -.'T'i  roitoli  -  1  dke; 
6okps  -  1  hntiiian  ;  7}  halniaris  -  1  (|iiinlal  or  eanlnro  -  lil'l."!*  (li-li  very  nearly)  ll)s  iiviiirdiipi)i.s 
=  5<it37  l(ilograiniiics  =  110-527  lbs.  ot^  lluinburgli.  Tbequintal  of  rotlon  is  IJ  nkes  =  l'J7'-  lbs.  avoir- 
ilupnig. 

i'lic  pik,  or  pike,  is  of  two  sorts,  the  preatcr  and  the  less.  The  creater,  rallied  hnlebi  or  arschim  nscd 
inllin  nieasarenient  of  silks  and  woollens,  is  vi'ry  near  8'<iar!ies  (2(i)).  Tlie  lesser  ralied  eiiitae,  used 
intlic  measuring!  of  cottons,  cnrjiels,  Slc.  =  27  inelies.  Hence  100  lonjr  plk«  -  77-l'.W  Kniilisli  yards, 
and  KlOsliort  piks  =  75154  do.  llut  in  ordinary  coiniiiercial  utfuirs,  the  pik  is  estimated  ut  ^'of  an 
Enelishyard. 

Corn  is  ineasiircd  by  the  kislozor  Uillow  =  O'OU  of  a  Winchester  bushel ;  8i  kisloz  —  1  quarter.  The 
/ortin  =  4  kisloz. 

Oil  and  other  liquids  are  sold  by  \.\w.  alma  at  mrter  —  \  gallon  3  pints  English  wine  measure.  The 
alma  of  oil  should  weigh  H  okcs. —  {JS'tlkcnbreclier  and  Dr.Killii.) 

The  Port  Char/res  on  account  of  Fnplish  vessels  in  the  harbours  of  the  Ottoman  empire  are  fixed  by 
treaty  at  300  aspers,  neither  more  nor  less. 

2a2 


} 

s  < 

1 

I' 

> 


"'nMaKIIM 


i      IB 


463 


CONSTANTINOPLE. 


f 


.f        • 


€:: 
'  If 

r 

•I 

•If 


References  to  Plaii.—\,  Seraglio  Toint ;  B,  Oalata  ;  C,  Scutari  ;  D,  Tower  ami  li^jhthouse  of  Lean- 
dcr.    The  urrow  shows  the  direction  of  the  currents.    The  soundings  are  in  fathoms. 

Trade,  ^c, — Owing  to  the  vicious  institutions  of  the  Turks  and  the  disorganised  state  of 
the  empire,  the  trade  of  Constantinople  is  very  far  from  being  so  extensive  as  might  be  sup- 
posed from  its  situation  and  population.  The  imports  consist  of  corn,  iron,  timber,  tallnw, 
and  furs,  principally  from  the  Black  Sea;  and  of  cotton  stuffs  and  yarn,  tin,  tin  plates,  wool- 
lens, silks,  cutlery,  watches  and  jewellery,  paper,  glass,  furniture,  indigo,  cochineal,  &c.from 
England  and  other  European  countries.  Corn  and  coffee  are  imported  from  Alexandria ; 
but  a  good  deal  of  Brazil  and  West  India  coffee  is  also  imported,  particularly  in  American 
bottoms.  Sugar  is  partly  imported  from  the  East,  but  principally  from  the  West  Indies. 
The  exports  are  very  trifling,  consisting  of  silk,  carpets,  liides,  wool,  goats'  hair,  potashes, 
wax,  gulls,  bullion  and  diamonds,  and  a  few  other  articles.    Ships  carrying  goods  to  Con- 


CONSTANTINOPLE. 


463 


(tantinopio,  cithrr  rrtum  in  bnllint,  or  git  rrtiirn  rnrptocH  nt  Smymn,  OdpMa.  Snionirn,  fir., 
on  which  plarcs  thry  frciiuonlly  pmcurii  billH  nt  (.'imHtaiilinoplc.  Trailo  in  chiflly  in  tho 
hanJ^t  of  EiiKliah,  French,  and  other  Hurnponii  mcrchanU  (denominated  Pranks)  and  of 
Armenians  and  Ci!reek8.  Uargaina  arc  negotiated  on  their  account  by  Jew  brokorii,  Boino  of 
vrhom  aro  rirh. 

Commercial  Poli'ei/  nf  the  Tiirkn. — It  w  Ringular  that  as  rcBpcrts  commerce,  the  policy 
of  the  'J'urkish  government,  whether  originating  in  design  or  carelessncKR,  is  entitled  to  tho 
highest  praise.  "No  restrictions,"  says  Mr.  Thornton,  " aro  laid  on  commerce, except  in 
the  instance  of  a  general  prohibition  of  exporting  the  articles  necessary  for  the  support  of 
human  life  to  foreign  countries,  especially  froin  tho  capital,  where  alone  it  is  rigorously 
enforced;  and  this  impolitic  restraint  will  no  doubt  be  removed  when  the  Turkinh  go- 
vernment shall  l)ccomo  sensible,  that  what  is  intended  as  tho  means  of  securing  abumluncc, 
is,  in  fact,  tho  solo  cause  of  that  scarcity  which  is  sometimes  experienced.  With  this  one 
exception,  commerce  is  perfectly  free  and  unfettered.  Every  article  of  foreign  or  domestic 
(TTowlh  or  manufacture  is  conveyed  into  every  port,  and  over  every  province,  without  any 
interference  on  the  part  of  the  magistrates,  after  imyment  of  tho  duties.  On  this  subject  I 
speak  from  actual  experience,  and  may  ap|ical  to  every  foreign  or  native  merchant  in  Tur- 
key for  its  general  truth." — {Vrencnl  Slate  af  Tiir/ai/,  vol.  i.  p.  82.) 

The  duties,  too,  arc  extremely  moderate,  In-ing  only  three  per  cent,  on  imports,  and  aa 
much  on  exports ;  so  that  in  almost  all  that  relates  to  her  commercial  regulations,  Turkey 
u  entitled  to  read  a  lesson  to  the  most  civilized  European  powers  ;  and  this  she  has  done  in 
a  very  able  manner,  in  an  olFiciid  jjaper  published  in  the  Mimilenr  Ottoman,  in  September, 
1833.     We  extract  a  few  paragraphs  from  this  very  interesting  document. 

"It  is  rccncnifioil  tliroii|<!liniit  r.ur<i|><^  timt  it  would  liv  \\»r(»\  to  tli<-  Kri>iit  iiiiijority  to  siilistituto,  for 
Ihenystvm  (if  prnliihitiiinH,  tint  of  lilicrlv,  wliii^li  tlicori'ticnl  miimi  lulvur-iln  ;  llic  illllinilty  Ix,  to  find 
nieanii  toHcpnrntn  the  future  from  lliis  pnBl  without  n  violent  rupture.  IlpiirotliiMlifHrullloH  of  t'overn- 
nient  in  NatisfyinR  nil  tin;  cxiguiicii'H  of  uitriculturc,  industry,  unit  ciuuniiTri-,  drlvrii  in  n  circlr  wIuto 
every  niuntiurc  in  fiivnur  of  one,  ari^  iinnirdiuti'ly  in  an  invvrxo  himiki;  on  llii?  otlirr.  'I'lii'  rndiNivour 
it  vain  to  oHtnliliHl),  hut  ween  so  ninny  crosning  inturc^lH,  a  factitiouH  e(|uililiriuin  wlilch  nhsolutu  lihurty 
ofrxchanilR  ainud  can  Rive. 

"Thus,  one  of  thd  mo8i  important  questions  wliirli  occupies  the  meditation  nf  stntesinen  in  Europe, 
|j,  to  diiirover  Imw  the  pnlin).'!i  wliicli  pen  c.onunorce  up  in  narrow  spacer  may  bo  thrown  down  with- 
out shorks  that  miRlit  (endanger  puhlir.  order. 

"(iooil  sense,  tolerance,  and  liospitality,  have  long  ago  done  for  the  Ottoman  onipire,  what  the 
other  states  of  Europe  are  endeuvourini;  to  effect  hy  more  or  loss  happy  politii'ul  romliinutions. 
,«iiiretlie  tlirnneof  the  sultans  lias  been  elevated  at  ('onstantinople,  commerciiil  prcdiiliilions  have  been 
unknown  ;  they  opened  all  the  ports  of  their  empire  to  the  ronimcrcc,  to  the  manul'aclures,  to  the  ter- 
rllorinl  produce  of  the  Occident,  or,  to  say  better,  of  the  whole  world.  Mberty  of  C(unmerce  has 
reigned  liere  without  limits,  as  large,  ns  extended  us  it  was  possible  to  be. 

"Never  hns  the  divan  dreumeil,  under  any  pretext  of  national  interest,  or  even  of  reriprocity,  of 
restricting  that  faculty  which  hns  been  exercised,  and  is  to  this  day,  in  the  most  unlimited  sense,  by 
nil  tho  nations  who  wish  to  furnish  a  portion  of  the  consumption  of  this  vast  empire,  unil  to  share  in 
the  produce  of  its  territory. 

"Here  every  object  of  exchnngo  is  admitted,  nnd  circulates  without  ninetini;  any  obstacle  other 
than  the  payment  nl^  nn  infinitely  sinnll  portion  nf  the  value  to  the  ('iistoni-honse.  The  cluniera  of  a 
balance  uf  trade  never  entered  into  heads  seimible  ennueh  not  to  dream  of  calculatini;  whether  there 
nas  innst  profit  in  buying  or  selling.  Thus  the  markets  of  Turkey,  supplied  from  all  countries,  refiis- 
iiii;  no  objects  which  mercantile  spirit  puts  in  circulation,  and  imposing  no  charge  on  the  vessels  that 
transport  them,  nre  seldom  or  never  the  scenes  of  those  disordered  niovements  occasioned  by  the  sud- 
den deficiency  of  such  or  such  merchandise,  which,  exorbitantly  raising  prices,  are  the  scourges  of  tho 
lower  orders,  by  unsettling  their  habits,  and  by  iiitlictiri;  privations.  I'roni  the  system  of  ri>strictions 
and  prohibitions  arise  those  devouring  tides  and  ebbs  ':ich  sweep  away  in  a  day  the  laboiii  of  years, 
and  convert  commerce  Into  a  career  of  alarms  and  pi  ■  '.;n!  dangers.  In  Turkey,  where  this  system 
does  not  exist,  these  disastrous  elfects  are  unknown. 

"The  extreme  moderation  of  the  duties  is  the  compl.  ,.!nt  of  this  rt^gime  of  coiniiiercjal  liberty: 
and  in  no  portion  of  the  globe  are  the  officers  charged  with  the  collection,  of  iiiore  curiliiling  facility 
fortlie  valuations,  and  of  so  decidedly  conciliatory  a  spirit  in  every  transaction  rejiarding  commerce. 

"Awny  with  the  supposition  that  these  facilities  granted  to  strangers  are  coiici'«<ions  extorted  from 
weakness:  The  dates  of  the  contracts  termed  capitulations,  which  establish  the  rights  actually  en- 
joyed by  foreign  merchants,  recall  periods  at  which  the  Mussulninn  power  was  alioiiether  pri'doini- 
im'iit  in  Kiirope.  The  first  capitulation  which  Kranci;  obtained  was  in  1535.  from  Sojiiiiaii  the  Canonist 
(the  Magnificent).  The  dispositions  of  these  contracts  have  become  aiitii|Ualeil,  the  fundamental 
principles  remain.  Thus  3(H)  years  ago,  the  sultans,  by  an  act  of  inuniriceiiie  ainl  of  reason,  antici- 
pated the  most  ardent  desires  of  civilised  Europe,  and  |)roclaimed  unlimited  freedom  of  commerce.'' 

Did  tiie  policy  of  Turkey  in  other  respects  harmonise  with  thi.s,  she  would  be  one  of  tho 
most  civilised  and  powerful  of  nations,  instead  of  being  one  of  the  most  abject  and  degraded. 
Unfortunately,  however,  this  is  very  far  from  being  the  case.  Tyranny,  corruption,  and 
insecurity  universally  prevail.  "  The  cultivator  of  the  soil  is  ever  a  helplcs.s  prey  to  injus- 
tice and  oppression.  The  government  agents  have  to  sulfcr  in  their  turn  from  the  cruelty 
and  rapacity  of  which  they  themselves  have  been  guilty  ;  and  the  manufacturer  has  to  bear 
his  full  share  of  the  common  insecurity ;  he  is  fixed  to  the  spot  and  cannot  esca[)c  tlic  grasp 
of  the  local  governor.  The  raw  material  monopolised  by  a  bey  or  ayan.  may  lie  forced  upon 
him  at  a  higher  price  than  he  could  purchase  it  himself,  and  perhaps  of  inferior  ijuality ; 
fines  may  be  imposed  upon  him,  he  may  be  taken  for  forced  labour,  or  troops  may  be  quar- 
tered on  his  workshop." — (Vrquhart  on  Turkei/  and  its  Kesoun-ex,  p.  V.id.) 

This  miserable  system  has  overspread  some  of  the  fairest  provinces  of  Kuropc  and  Asia 
with  barbarism — turned  tlieir  cities  into  villages,  and  their  palaces  into  cottages :  but  the 


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(Icf^rndatinn  in  which  Oicy  nro  involved,  wnnlil  Imvp  Ihth  utill  more  romplrtr,  hut  fur  ily. 
frrnloni  of  roniiiicrnv  iht'v  hnvi-  nlwiiyM  i iijoyi d.  TIijh  hiiM  UmmIciI  ti>  kct|)  alivi-  the  wiiU 
uf  iiiduHtry,  ami  to  couiitiTiict  lliu  (ii-htrii'''ivu  iiillurncf  of  oiiprrHMioii  iiiid  iiiHivtirity,  ||ul 
thoir  intiTcourws  witli  forriiiiiorii  Ixm  I'ithcr  |iruliiliilfd,  or  iiliicrd  iiiidtT  oitprcxHivo  rcniric. 
tiniiN,  tlic  litiriiiiriHm  of 'J'tirkc-y  would  Imvo  Ikmii  roinplctt'd,  iirid  itix  dillicult  to  iiu|ii>0(it'  ijia; 
Uicrc  foidd  liiivo  lircn  citlirr  wridth  or  industry  in  tlu'  <-rn|iiro. 

Trat/e  of  Turkey  tvith  Em;lttnil.  —  'I'iio  triidi-  ln-twt'rn  this  rounlry  and  Turkey  it  of 
niurli  greater  value  and  iniportaiiee  than  in  generally  MUppoiicd;  and  a|>|H.'ar»i  to  Iw  HU)H-e|rti|i|p 
of  an  almost  indefinite  increaM\  (votton  Htulls  and  twiut  are  the  great  artieles  uf  cxiiurt 
from  (ireat  Dritain  to  'I'urkey  ;  and  notwitliHtanding  the  eonvuUed  and  diHtraeled  Htate  ot  th,. 
hitter  during  the  last  ,0  yearH,  t*lin  han  rontinucd  to  take  off  a  rapidly  inrreaHing  aniiiiiiit 
of  these  staple  articles.  In  IHSS,  for  example,  we  exported  direct  for  Turkey,  (inrlutlinr 
what  is  now  the  kingdom  of  (Jreere),  13,()74,(U)0  yards  of  cotton  cloth,  and  4  10,1  ll'^  ||,s, 
of  cotton  twist;  whereas,  in  IHUI,  wo  exported  to  'J'urkey  (exclusive  of  the  Morcio, 
24,.')(i.'j,000  yards  of  cloth,  and  l,7l).'»,7<)0  lbs.  of  twist,  being  an  increase  of  nearly  UiO  pir 
cent,  in  the  exporta  of  bIuH's,  and  of  400  |ier  cent,  in  those  of  yarn!  'I'he  Turkish  niaim. 
factures  of  muslins,  ginghams,  handkerchiefs,  iVc.  have  sullered  severely  from  this  rxlnicir. 
dhiary  iniportutiun  of  liritish  goods ;  so  nuich  so,  that  of  000  looms  for  nmsliim  Imsjlv 
employed  in  Scutari  in  181*2,  only  40  remained  in  18;)  I  ;  and  of '<J,000  weaving  estahjish. 
ments  in  Tournovo,  at  the  former  ei)och,  there  were  only  "00  at  the  latter  !  —  (  Vnjulmrl 
on  Tiirffii/,  <.\c,  p.  liiO.)  But  the  great  consumption  of 'I'urkey  consists  of  coarse  hom,. 
made  fabrics ;  and  we  arc  assured  by  the  very  intelligent  author  now  referred  to,  that  ihi.) 
great  liranch  haH  not  been  sensibly  affected  by  our  imports.  Hitherto,  indeed,  they  havo 
been  principally  intended  for  the  wealthier  part  of  the  community;  but  as  cottons  arc 
universally  worn  by  the  mass  of  the  pco|)le,  the  trade  will  not  attain  to  any  thing  like  tlic 
extent  to  which  it  may  be  carried,  till  we  supply  the  peasantry  with  tlie  btulfs  suitable  tor 
their  use.  It  is  creditable  to  the  discernment  of  the  Americans,  that  they  were  the  lirst  to 
perceive  the  HU|H!rior  importance  of  this  class  of  customers,  and  to  set  about  supplying  ilioin 
with  coarse  unbleached  stufl's.  The  Manchester  manufacturers  inunediately  followed  in  tho 
same  track,  and  with  signal  success.  Plain  goods  now  form  the  half  of  our  investinenu  li.r 
Turkey  ;  and  it  is  imjiossible,  seeing  the  extent  to  which  articles  of  this  sort  are  niadu  uso 
of  in  all  parts  of  the  emjure,  and,  indeed,  of  the  East,  to  form  any  clear  idea  of  what  may  lio 
the  future  magnitude  of  this  trade. 

Of  the  European  states,  Austria  and  Switzerland  havo  l)een  our  most  formidable  rivals  in 
the  supply  of  Turkey  with  cottons.  The  stulVs  were,  in  several  respects,  well  fitted  for  the 
Eastern  markets ;  but  owing  to  tho  diilicnlty  they  lay  under  of  getting  returns,  and  the  con- 
tinned  and  rapid  reduction  in  tho  price  of  English  cottons,  we  seem  to  have  gained  a  dcriilcd 
advantage  over  them,  and  are  now  nearly  in  the  exclusive  possession  of  the  raarkcl. 
Cheapness  is  every  where  the  grand  desideratum.  Though  our  muslins  ond  chiiit/  <  be  siJH 
very  inferior  in  fineness  to  those  of  the  East,  and  our  red  dye  (a  colour  in  great  esteem  in 
Turkey,  Persia,  &c.)  be  inferior  in  brilliancy,  these  defects  are  more  than  balanced  by  the 
greater  cheapness  of  our  goods;  and  from  Smyrna  to  Canton,  from  Madras  to  Samarcand, 
we  are  every  where  supplanting  the  native  fabrics ;  and  laying  the  foundations  of  a  com- 
merce that  will  be  eminently  beneticial  to  all  parties. 

Exclusive  of  cottons,  wc  exported  to  ('ontitaiilinnple,  Smyrna,  and  otlier  Turkish  pnrtg.  in  1S31, 
arms  and  uniinnMitinn  of  tin- value  of  2I,7H.V.;  earthenware,  tSKtl/.;  hiirilwure  anil  cullcry,  ll.fK):/.  j 
iron  and  Btenl,  5(1,003/. ;  rctined  su^nr,  41,021)/. ;  woollenx,  to  aiiovo  I8,(K)I)/. ;  and  some  lesser  arti('l>-!>; 
making.',  with  cnltnn  stufl's  and  yarn,  tin;  declared  or  real  value  of  the  direct  e.\|iorts  of  llrili.<h  pm- 

dnce  and  nianufactnrt's  to  the  whole  cni|iiri' f<HH,()r)4/.,  iic^iiies  iIiomi;  e.\|iorlecl  lo  il  at  sec 1  liaiiill'rdiii 

Malta,  the  Ionian  I.ilands,  &c.  We  also  supplied  her  wilh  a  crinsideralile  (|uanlily  of  colonial  |ir  xliue. 
Our  imports  from  Turkey  during  the  same  year,  were,  wheat  ~,:i>''.i  (inarlcrs,  currants  K'liri cwi..  lisj 
sn,24.'icwt.,  hides  4,(>»5,  ijidigo  4.181  Ihs.,  madder  root  'i:i,h;i3  cwt.,  olivi^  nil  U^-^.ltl'l  valloii.".  i>|iiuiii 
8,184  Ihs..  raisins  100,458  cwt.,  silk  452,2(10  Ihs.,  valonia  102,255  cwt.,  cotton  wool  30(5,550  ll>».,  with  car- 
pels, hullion,  galls,  sponges.  Sec— (Purl.  Paper,  No.  55.  iSess.  1833.) 

Our  commerce  with  Turkey  would  be  considerably  facilitated  by  a  reduction  of  the  duties 
on  figs,  currants,  oil,  and  carpets.  Nothing,  however,  would  contribute  so  much  to  its 
extension,  as  the  establishment  of  order  and  traiujuillity  throughout  the  country.  But  this, 
we  fear,  is  beyond  the  ability  of  the  Ottoman  government.  The  abuses  which  have  reduced 
the  empire  to  its  present  state  of  degradation  seem  to  be  inherent  in  the  structure  of  'i'urkish 
society,  and  to  be  in  harmony  with  the  habits  and  prejudices  of  the  jieople.  If  such  be  the 
case,  reform  must  come  from  without,  and  not  from  within.  But  of  whatever  other  advan- 
tages a  revolution  might  lie  productive,  it  is  dillicult  to  believe  that  it  would  bring  along 
witli  it  a  more  liberal  system  of  commercial  policy  than  that  which  at  present  exists.* 

♦  The  treatise  of  Mr.  Urqniinrt,  entitled  Turkey  and  il»  Resources,  to  which  wo  are  principally  in- 
delitnd  for  these  details,  is  a  work  of  distinguished  talent,  discovering  thronehoiit  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance wilh  the  subjects  treated  of  At  the  same  time  we  cannot  help  dill'ering  wholly  fnini  Mr. 
Vrijuhart  in  his  views  as  to  direct  and  indirect  ta.xatiun.  We  believe  that  no  inconsiderable  imrtuf 
the  poverty  and  degradation  of  Turkey  is  to  he  ascribed  to  the  prevalence  of  the  former,  which  lias 
every  where,  and  at  all  periods,  been  a  fruitful  source  of  oppression  and  misery.  The  niostsaper- 
ficial  reader  of  this  work  will  see  that  we  are  no  friends  to  excessive  customs  duties;  but  it  is  to  their 


I       t 


CONSUL. 


405 


CONSl'Ti,  in  rnmmpm",  nn  ofllcrr  n|)piiiiitc(l  hy  romi)otrnt  nniliorily  to  rrsido  in  forricrn 
rouiitri''".  in  •'"<•  view  of  t'licilitiitinit  iimi  i'\ti'tulitii{  tlio  conirni'rrc  ciirrifil  mi  lictwi'Pii  llm 
Huhji'Ct*  of  tlio  country  which  npiiuiiitii  him,  and  Ihuie  of  tho  country  or  pliu'c  in  which 
III-  it)  to  rcHiilc. 

Origin  onit  Anpninfmriil  of  Counuh. —  The  ofliri'  of  contul  njipo.irx  to  hnvc  orii;inntcit 
ill  Italy,  iilioul  the  iniildio  of  the  twchth  century.  Noon  nlirr  thi-*,  tlic  French  iinil  other 
Christiiin  niition*  truilini^  to  tlio  I,cvaiit  lieuiin  to  iiti|>iiiiite  for  lilieriy  to  appoint  cotiMiilit 
to  rcnide  in  thi'  ports  frequented  by  their  MhipH,  that  they  iniuht  wiilcli  over  the  intrrestn 
of  their  HiilijectH,  und  jiidi;e  and  determine  nuch  dillereiices  with  re-ipect  to  eoniiiierciul 
allliirft  M  iiroHi'  aiiioni^Ht  them.  The  practice  wa-*  (rriidiially  extended  to  other  eoiintrien ; 
iind  in  the  wixtecnlh  century  wan  ijenerally  cctalilisthed  all  over  I'uroiK-.  —  (.Marlenit, 
l>rens  dt  Droit  iki,  dens,  %  147.) 

Urilinh  con»<uU  were  formerly  appointed  hy  tlie  (!rovvn,  upon  the  recommendation  of 
^rcnt  trailint^  comiianien,  or  of  the  merchants  entjaijed  in  the  trade  with  a  particular  country 
(ir  place ;  but  thoy  arc  now  directly  appointed  by  uovernment,  without  re<iuiring  any  Huch 
rorommenilrttion,  though  it,  of  courw,  iH  alwayn  attended  to  when  made. 

Tlio  riniit  of  Hendinij  connuls  to  rcKide  in  foreign  rounlriex  depends  either  upon  a 
licit  or  express  convention.  Hence  their  powers  dilli-r  very  wiilely  in  tlilferent  wtatrs. 
Ill  Hoiiie  they  exercise  a  very  extensive  jurisdiction  over  the  wubjects  of  the  Klato  whicli 
iili|M)iiit«  them ;  but  the  extent  of  this  jurisiliction  is  not  discretionary,  and  must,  in  all 
(Mscs,  bo  regulated  citiicr  by  nn  express  convention  between  the  state  uppointini;  and  tho 
stato  receiving  the  consul,  or  by  custom.  Consuls  established  in  IJii^'land  h:!ve  no  judicial 
jiowcr;  and  the  Uritish  government  has  rarely  stipiilnted  with  other  powers  for  intieh 
jiulicial  authority  for  its  consuls.  'I'urkey,  however,  is  an  exception  to  this  remark. 
Knijlish  consuls  enjoy  in  that  country  several  (H'culiar  ])rivile!ies  conferred  by  ancient 
treaties,  and  contirmed  by  that  si;,'nod  ut  the  DardanelleH  in  1809.  It  is  there  stipulated 
and  agreed  upon — 

"TImt  if  llierc  liappnn  nny  giiil,  or  dIImt  diirrrnnco  or  ilifipiUf,  amnn?  the  EniBliHli  iIh'miscIvcs.  the 
Jrti*icii  theridf  nhall  br  Irft  tit  thrir  i.irii  iiiiiliiix.-'iiiliir  or  faniiil,  acroriliiiK  tii  lllcir  tusluiii,  witliiiut  tlio 
jiiiliie  or  Dllii-r  KDVcrmirrt,  mir  hIhvcs,  iiiti'minldlini;  lluTciii. 

"TImt  11°  ail  tOiiuliitliiiiiiii,  iir  otliiT  Halij<'<'l  of  tlmt  natiiiii,  shall  lie  Inviilvril  In  iiiiy  lawKiiit,  nr  nthcr 
airilriiiniii'cli'd  willi  law,  (with  ii  'I'lirU,)  the  jiicIkc  hIiuII  not  liciir  nor  di'i  icli' IlitTciiii,  iinlil  llii-ninhas- 
jiidor,  ciiiiHiil,  or  iiilcrprclcr  shall  he  prc'Jt.'iit  ;  und  all  huIis  cxci't'dini;  the  value  of  HIOIP  anpcrs,  shall 
be  lii-ard  at  Hie  Kuldlinu  I'orle,  and  no  wlnTf  idsi-. 

"That  Ihc  ronsiils  a|ipiiinti:d  liy  lln;  KiiuIIhIi  ainhassailors  In  mirsncrtMldnniliiinns,  fur  tho  prntertinn 
nfllK'ir  nuri'lmnts,  shall  iu'Vit,  under  nny  prutcncr,  \u:  iniprHiincd,  nor  their  liiinscs  scaled  up,  nor 
llidiiscivi's  sent  away  ;  hat  all  sMitsordifferoMre.H  in  whitli  iliey  may  he  involved,  shall  ho  rcprLsontcd 
loiiiir  Hiililinie  I'orle,  where  their  ainliassadur  will  answer  lor  them. 

"Thai  ni  i'.iis<!  any  KiiKlishnian,  <ir  cither  perHcm  snlijei't  to  thai  nation,  or  naviuatin;:  inider  its  tlag, 
thnulil  happen  to  die  in  oiirsacred  dominions,  oar  lisraland  other  ollirers  shall  not.  iipnn  preteinMMirils 
ivil  lieine  known  to  whom  the  property  lieloniTs,  inti-rpuse  any  oppfisiilr)n  or  vicilence,  hy  liikinf!  nr 
si'iiiiiiK  the  (>ir<!i'ls  that  may  \m  fuiiiul  at  his  death,  lint  they  shall  he  th'liveri.'d  np  to  sncli  Knulishmnn, 
uliiii'ver  hv  may  liR,  to  whom  thu  decrusud  may  have  lelt  thi.'in  liy  his  will ;  and  shoiild  he  have  died 
iiiti'itale,  then  the  property  to  111!  delivereil  up  to  the  r.iiL'lish  consul,  or  his  representative  who  may 
til' then  present ;  and  in  ease  them  be  no  consul,  or  consular  representative,  they  shall  he  ruiristerHil 
by  the  jail!.'!!,  in  order  to  his  delivering  up  tho  whole  tlivrcuf,  whenevur  any  Hhi|)'sliall  bu  sunt  by  the 
ainbassatliir  turuceive  tliu  same." 

Conformably  to  these  capitulations,  and  the  by-laws  of  the  Levant  Company,  Nos.-'IQ,  40, 
and  41.,  tho  consuls  were  authorised  to  administer  justice  in  nil  cases  of  contention  amongst 
British  subjects  within  the  Turkish  dominions ;  and  they  were  further  authorised  to  send  to 
England,  in  safe  custody,  any  British  subject  resident  in  Turkey,  who  should  decline  their 
jurisdiction,  or  appeal  from  them  to  the  courts  of  the  Grand  SiRnior,  or  of  any  other 
potentate.  And  the  acts  6  Geo.  4.  c,  33.  ^  4. ,  for  the  abolition  of  the  Levant  Company, 
expressly  provides  for  the  continuance  to  the  consuls  appointed  by  liis  Majesty,  of  the  same 
righU  and  duties  of  jurisdiction  over  British  subjects  in  Turkey,  that  were  enjoyed  by  the 
consuls  appointed  hy  the  Company. 

At  present,  therefore,  consuls  in  Turkey  enjoy  extensive  judicial  powers,  hut  owing  to  the 
freedom  of  Turkish  commerce,  and  the  simplicity  of  the  regulations  under  which  it  is 
carried  on,  their  other  functions,  with  the  exception  of  furnishing  statistical  details,  none 
of  which  they  have  hitherto  communicated,  arc  extremely  unimportant.*  Mr.  Urquhart, 
whose  opinion  as  to  all  that  respects  Turkey  is  deservedly  of  very  great  weight,  seems 
to  tliink  that  the  judicial  powers  enjoyed  by  the  European  consuls  in  that  country,  have 

ahiisB,  and  not  to  tlio  duties  themselvps,  that  wo  ohjcct.  The  duties  wo  impose  on  brandy,  for  exnm- 
plo,  have  been  carried  to  such  a  heii'lil  as  to  defeat  their  object,  and  to  be  productive  of  an  immense 
'iiiinant  of  !imnf[cling  and  deinornlisation.  And  yet  there  can  be  no  more  proper  subject  of  luxation; 
iinr,  provided  the  duties  were  reducL-d  lo  H;i.  or  U)s.  a  gallon,  is  it  possible  to  iiiiaiL'ine  any  less  iinex- 
ci'ptiiinalili!  tax.  'I'lie  defects  inherent  in  our  system  of  cnstoins  duties  miulit  easily  be  removed,  not 
only  without  any  diminution,  but  with  n  large  accession,  of  revenue  ;  but  though  it  were  otherwise, 
uearesatistied  that  the  imposition  of  direct  taxes  on  property  or  incoine  would  occasion  more  injury 
in  llie  course  of  4  or  5  years,  than  the  present  customs  duties,'witti  all  their  defects,  would  uccasiuu  in 
balf  a  century. 

*No  answer  has  hitherto  (15th  of  October,  1833)  been  received  to  the  Circular  Q,ueries  from  any 
one  of  tbe  Turkish  cousula. 

09 


'UMi 


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'iMMi 

'■IWH^ 


i"ir.ia(Kim 
•wiiilmi 


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CONSUL. 


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II 


■^    \      t 


been  prculiidivf  of  tntirh  miiirhirf.  Htill,  howpvrr.  wn  ilouM  whrlhrr  tlii'v  roiiM  fyt 
riilircly  ili-i|H'ii'u<il  willi  in  a  cnuiitry  hh  |i<Tuliiirly  Nitiiiilctl.  Iliit  tlicrc  ciin  li<>  no  il(iul>t 
that  it  i*  highly  nrc*-Hii;iry  tliitt  tlir  |{ri<atcHl  rtiro  iihoulil  l>u  tiikni  in  thf  vli'i'imii  ol'tli,. 
UidiviiluuU  lo  whom  mucIi  powcrH  iiri-  intruHtcil. 

Other  NtiiltM  hikvu  occiiiiidnally  Kivcn  to  ronxiiU  «iniilnr  poworit  to  ih(<>M<  ronrnlnl  ),, 
thi-m  in  'I'urkoy.  'I'iiu*,  in  llui  trcnty  hrlwiM-ri  Mwrdon  iind  the  IJiilod  Mute*  i,| 
Anirrica,  riitilicil  on  the  !2Uh  of  July.  IHIH,  it  in  ■ti|iuhili-il  thiit  tin-  commuIm  ii|>|Hiiiit,,i 
by  i-ilhrr  K<*vi'rtiinont  to  ri'itidi)  within  thn  doininionM  uf  the  othrr,  or  their  *iili-tiiiiii-s, 
"Hhall,  It*  Htiih,  hiivo  tl)i>  rit(ht  of  iictiiiut  iin  judittH  or  iirliitrrN  in  nil  iiirtcK  of  iliit'rrcii,'!:, 
which  iniiy  urine  Iw-tween  the  caiituinH  und  rrewn  of  the  vi'Km'U  of  tlir  nnlion  wjnm 
nlliiirH  art!  inlrunli'd  to  their  rare.  The  reH|K'(tive  w»verriiiienlH  Hhall  have  no  rii-lii  to 
interfere  in  thcHe  mirt  of  iiirairri,  exerpl  in  the  eane  of  the  coiiduel  ol'  the  rrewn  diHtiirliimr 
|iulilie  order  and  tranquillity  in  tint  lountry  in  which  the  vennel  niny  hHp})cn  to  U.,  „r 
in  which  liie  connul  of  tho  place  may  he  ol)li«ed  to  call  for  tiie  intervention  and  Hii|i|,„ft 
of  the  executive  power,  in  ortler  to  caunc  iii»  deci«ion  to  U*  res|Mvled ;  it  U'lni;,  Iiowcmt, 
well  underHtno<l,  that  thin  itort  of  juilifmcnt  or  arhitrution  cannot  deprive  the  contriiilim; 
purticH  of  their  rights  of  up{M.>uling  un  their  return  to  tho  judicial  uuthoritieii  of  tluir 
country." 

Dulivs  of  Ciinimh.  —  Tho  dutieii  of  a  coniul.  even  in  tho  confmed  senm^  in  which  ihov 
arc  commoidy  underMtootl,  are  important  and  nuiltifuriouH.  It  itt  Imm  huHiuew)  to  1^. 
always  on  the  spot,  to  watch  over  the  enmmercini  iutereHtx  of  the  wuhjectM  of  the  gtiH,^ 
whose  xervaiit  he  Im;  to  Ik*  ready  to  nHHiHt  them  with  advice  on  nil  douhtful  occasiDiis;  to 
Hco  that  tho  eoiidilions  in  commercial  treaties  are  pro|K'rly  olwerved;  that  thom-  h,!  j^ 
appointed  to  protect  arc  Hulijected  to  no  unnerexHary  or  unjiisliliuhle  demaiidx  in  i<(,n. 
ducting  their  huriinesit;  to  represent  their  frrievances  to  the  aulhoriticH  at  the  place  wlurr 
tliey  rcHide,  or  to  tho  amhaxKudor  of  the  Hoverei;;u  ap)ioinliiii;  him  at  the  court  nii  wliidi 
tho  consulHhip  depends,  or  to  tho  government  at  home;  in  n  word,  lo  exert  hiiuwif  to 
render  tho  condition  of  tho  suhjectH  of  the  country  employini;  liim,  within  the  limits  of  his 
consulHliip,  as  comfortahle,  and  their  transactions  as  advuntaKeous  and  secure,  as  poHsiliJe. 

The  ftdlowiiiR  more  detailed  exposition  of  the  fi^encrul  duties  of  a  British  consul,  ja 
taken  from  Mr.  (^hitty's  work  on  Connncrrial  Imw  :  — 

"  A  British  consul,  in  order  to  ho  properly  (jualilitd  for  his  emfiloymcnt,  should  take  mfc 
to  make  himself  master  of  tho  lunsuaijo  used  hy  iho  court  und  tho  ma^iMtracy  of  the 
country  where  ho  resides,  so  as  to  converse  with  ease  uj)on  suhjecls  relating;  lo  his 
duties.  If  tho  common  pcopio  of  the  port  use  another,  ho  must  uc<|nire  that  ajuo,  that 
he  may  bo  ahio  to  settle  little  dillereiices  without  troubliui;  the  mat?islracy  of  the  place 
for  the  interposition  of  their  authority ;  such  os  accidents  happeniiifj  in  tho  harbour,  by 
tho  ships  of  Olio  nation  running;   foul  of  and  doiii^  dumai^c  to  each  other. 

"  He  is  to  make  himself  acquainted,  if  he  bo  not  already,  with  the  law  of  nations  and 
treaties,  with  the  tariff  or  s[)ccification  of  duties  on  articles  imported  or  oxpoitcd,  and  with 
all  tho  municipal  ordinances  and  laws. 

"  Ho  must  take  especial  notice  of  all  prohibitions  to  prevent  the  export  or  import  of  any 
articles,  as  well  on  the  part  of  tho  state  wherein  ho  resides,  as  of  the  K"vernmentein|iloyin!; 
him  ;  so  that  he  may  admonish  all  British  subjects  utrninst  carryini;  on  an  illicit  conumrrr, 
to  the  detriment  of  the  revenues,  and  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  either.  And  it  is  hi^  duiv 
to  attend  diligently  to  this  port  of  his  oflice,  in  order  to  prevent  smuj^Rliiiir,  and  coiiwiiuiiit 
hazard  of  confiscation  or  detention  of  ships,  and  imprisonment  of  tho  masters  ami 
mariners. — (Iknwes,  Lex  Merc.  vol.  ii.  p.  42.) 

It  is  also  his  duty  to  protect  from  insult  or  imimnilion  British  subjects  of  every  desrripiinn 
within  his  jurisdiction.  If  redress  for  injury  sull'ered  is  not  obtained,  he  is  to  carry  his 
complaint  by  memorial  to  the  British  minister  residinu;  nt  tho  court  on  which  the  coiiNukhip 
depends.  If  there  bo  none,  he  is  to  address  himself  directly  to  the  court ;  oiul  if,  in  an 
important  case,  his  complaint  l)c  not  answered,  ho  is  to  transmit  tho  memorial  tu  his 
Majesty's  secretary  of  state. — (Beaivm,  Wardin,  i^c-) 

"  When  insult  or  outrage  is  oflered  by  a  British  subject  to  a  native  of  tho  place,  and  tho 
magistrate  thereof  complains  to  the  consul,  ho  should  summon,  and  in  case  of  disobedience 
may  by  armed  force  bring  before  him  the  oflender,  and  order  him  to  giv»<  iininedialc  siitiis- 
f.iction ;  and  if  ho  refuse,  he  resigns  him  to  the  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  magistrate,  or  to  the 
military  law  of  tho  garrison;  nevertheless  alwayn  ucling  as  counscl/iir  or  udnocale  at  his 
trial,  when  there  is  question  of  life  or  property. 

"  But  if  a  British  subject  lie  accused  of  an  ollence  alleged  to  have  been  comniilled  at  son, 
within  the  dominion  or  jurisdiction  of  his  sovereign,  it  is  then  the  duty  of  the  consul  to 
claim  cognizance  of  the  cause  for  his  sovereign,  and  to  rei|uirc  the  release  of  the  parties, 
if  detained  in  prison  by  the  magistracy  of  the  place  on  any  such  accusation  brought  Iwl'orc 
them,  and  that  all  judicial  proceedings  against  them  do  instantly  cease ;  and  he  may  demand 
the  aid  of  the  power  of  the  country,  civil  and  military,  to  enable  him  lo  secure  and  put  tho 
accused  parties  on  board  such  British  ship  as  be  shall  tliink  tit,  that  they  may  be  conveyed 


I  !• 


CONSUL. 


407 


(n  (Irmt  Britnin,  to  hfl  trlftl  l>y  ihoir  proficr  jiidtrr*.  If.  ronfrnry  Jo  thin  rp<]iMi»ltioii,  tin' 
niiiniKlral<''<  til'llu' ••'•untry  |icrHint  in  |i".i'i'iliiin  •"  tfy  the  (illi'iii'i',  tin*  ••oihuI  hIkhiIiI  iIu'ii 
ilrnw  up  mill  triiiiMinit  n  iiiriiioriiil  to  ilif  liritixh  iiiinJKlrr  nt  iIk'  court  iil'  licit  cotiiilry  ;  uikI 
if  tliiit  rourt  ^ivn  iiii  rviiNivc  niixwrr,  tlic  conriul  >lioulil,  it'  it  In;  ii  mcii  olli'iii-i',  ii|>|ily  to  tin* 
IJoiiril  of  Ailniirally  at  lioruloii,  ittittinit  lli<<  rumi ;  nixi  u|ioii  their  rc|ircN4>iitiitioii,  tin'  Hccri'tnry 
for  tli<*  |in>|M*r  ilr|iiirtinriit  will  liiy  thi'  iniillfr  iM'foro  tlic  kinif,  who  will  ciiu^)  the  miiltiiNHHiliir 
uf  the  iori'ittn  Mtiiti*,  rriiiilcnt  in  KtiRluinl,  t(>  write  to  liiM  enurt  iiliroml,  itexiriii^  timt  (>rileri4 
may  iinineiiiately  \w  uiveii  hy  thnt  ifuveniiiient,  llmt  nil  jutliriiil  iiroreeditm^  ui;iiiiist  the 
iiriNoiier  1hi  Hliiy*Hl«  nnil  that  he  lie  n-lenHcd,  —  (Woe  Cimt:  uf  Uurwmim  iiiid  hin  Cirw, 
tiemnn,  vol.  ii.  p.  i'i9.) 

"  It  in  the  duty  oIhii  of  a  Hriliith  eoiiMul  to  relieve  nil  diMtrexned  Drilifih  mnrinerx,  to  allow 
them  fid,  <laily  for  their  HUjiport,  to  Heiid  then)  homo  in  the  firHt  Hritixh  vcHmlit  that  Miiil  fur 
England,  and  to  keep  u  regular  uecouiit  of  luHdiiiliunM'ineiiti*.  which  he  In  to  traiiHinit  yearly, 
or  opener  if  re<|uire<l,  tothn  Navy  Oincc,  nltPNled  liy  two  liriliiih  inerchniilM  of  the  place : 
ihi*  i*  priividnl  for  by  poiiitive  ennrtineiit, — (1  (itn,  'i,  n,  S.  o.  14.  §  1'^.)  He  iH  nlso  to  nivo 
free  panscH  to  all  poor  Dritinh  KulijectM  wiMhinif  to  return  h<iine,  directed  to  the  euptaiiH  of 
ihc  kiiig'n   packet  lioata,  or   HhipM  of  wor,  retiuiring  them  to  Uike  tl.oni  on  board.  — (See 

.Sb«MK!«.) 

"The  coniul  is  not  to  pennit  a  llriiiKh  merchant  nhip  to  leave  the  port  where  he  reHidea 
without  Ilia  pnaaport,  which  he  ia  not  to  grunt  until  the  miiHter  nnd  crew  thereof  have 
nalinlied  all  juxt  demandx  upon  them ;  and  for  thia  purpoiu*  he  oui  ht  to  nee  the  Rovernor'a 
|ia»«  of  n  unrriMoned  town,  or  the  liuruomawter'a ;  unlcKH  the  mcr  lint  or  factor  to  whom 
tlic  Kliip  wiiH  couHinned  will  make  himnelf  reKponsilile. — (Ikiiwrs,  Lex  A/trr.  vol.  ii.  p.  4'.!:).) 

"  It  ia  ttlHO  hilt  duly  to  claim  and  recover  nil  wreckH,  cablea,  and  nnchorH,  belonninn  to 
Dritidh  ahipri,  found  ut  sea  hy  lishermen  or  other  iiorHona,  to  pay  the  uaual  aalvage,  and  to 
communicate  a  rejiort  thereof  to  the  Navy  Hoard. 

"  The  conauiri  and  vicc-<'onsuU  of  hia  Majealy  are,  by  cxpreaa  enactment  (40  fJeo.  3. 
c,98.  §  9.),  empowered  to  adminiater  oatha  in  all  caaea  rcapectinpt  ({uarantine,  in  like  manner 
u  if  they  were  maffiatralea  of  the  acveral  towna  or  plncca  where  they  reapectively  rcaido. 
It  ill  alao  laid  down,  that  a  o.onaul  ia  to  attend,  if  rciiueated,  nil  arbitrationa  where  pri)|iorty 
\i  concerned  lictween  maatcra  of  Uritiah  ahipa  and  the  freiyhtera,  beini^  inhuliilanta  of  the 
jilace  where  he  reaidea." — (C/iitti/  on  Commercial  Law,  vol.  i.  pp.  ."iS — 01.,  and  the 
nunicroua  authoritiea  there  ipioted.) 

Any  individual,  whether  he  be  a  aubject  of  the  atnto  by  which  ho  ia  appointed,  or  of 
another,  may  he  aelccted  to  fdl  the  olVice  of  conaul,  provided  he  l>c  approved  and  ndniitted 
by  the  government  in  whoae  territory  he  ia  to  reaide.  In  moat  inatancca,  however,  hut 
not  alwaya,  conaula  are  the  aubjecta  of  the  atate  appointing  them. 

Much,  however,  of  the  peculiar  dutiea  of  a  conaul  muat  alwaya  depend  on  the  nature 
of  the  intercourse  with  the  country  to  which  he  is  sent,  nnd  of  the  instructions  given 
him.  British  conaula  are  retjularly  supplied  with  cojiiea  of  all  acta  relatinu;  to  trade  nnd 
imvi)(ntion,  ((unrantine,  slave  trade  supprcKaion,  emigration.  &c.,  and  with  the  treaties 
Mween  this  and  other  countries,  and  must,  of  course,  «hi»p«5  their  conduct  accordingly. 
They  ore  strictly  forbidden  from  corrcuponding  with  private  parties  on  public  matters. 
We  subjoin  an  extract  from  the  iSemral  lnstrHrtl<msfor  Hrilish  Cannnln. 

"He  will  hear  in  iiiml  tliat  It  is  his  |iriiirl|i!il  iliity  M  proti-rt  iiml  |irn!iinti!  tlii>  lawful  tr.iilt;  nnil 
indinu  iiitcrpHts  nl'  Oral  liritaiii  hy  every  lair  and  proiiir  xwans.  takinir  care  to  rDiit'iinn  in  the  laws 
nnd  rt'k'iiiiitidiis  in  c|iii-sti(in;  anil  whilst  he  is  sii|>|ii>rlini.'  hi:  lawful  triulK  of  (iri-at  llritain,  hiMvill 
liki'  K|ii'i'ial  iiotiiT  of  all  iiroliihitioiis  witli  ri's|»cL'l  lo  the  cxiiort  or  impiirt  of  siicciliuil  arliih's,  as  well 
I'll  fliu  part  of  the  stale  In  wliieli  he  resiileH,  as  of  the  «i>veriiiiieiit  iif  (ireiit  llriluin,  sci  that  he  may 
rmiliiiti  all  Itritish  suhjei-is  nuaiiist  rarryinu  on  an  illli'it  riuiiinern:  tii  tlic  iletriinenl  nf  the  revenue, 
aiiilin  viiilalinn  of  the  laws  uiiil  reiliilatiiins  of  eitlier  I'liiiiiiry  ;  ami  lie  will  nut  fail  to  give  tu  thia 
ilopiirliiient  iiniiieiliale  niiliie  of  any  alteinpt  to  coiitravein.'  Ilmse  laws  anil  reaiilalimis. 

"The  I'onmil  will  liive  his  hcsi  ailvin-  ami  assititaiice,  when  ralleil  upon,  in  his  Majesty's  trading 
iiilijerin,  quieting  their  ililfereiires,  proinotiiii;  peace,  harniony,  anil  ),'niiil-will  aimiiiiisi  tlieiii,  and 
ciiiiriliatiiiiz  as  iniicli  as  (inssilile  the  siilijerls  of  the  two  rniiiitries,  iipmi  all  |>i>ims  nf  iLlference  whicli 
may  fall  under  his  i-ii|2nizam:e.  In  the  event  of  any  atti'iiipt  lieiii)!  mailo  In  injure  ilrilisli  suhjecta 
oltlicr  in  their  persons  or  properly,  lie  will  ii|iholil  their  riuhlful  interetts,  ami  the  privileL'es  secured 
iDlliiMii  liy  treaty,  hy  due  representation  in  the  pro|H;r  iilhcial  qiinrter.  Hh  will,  at  the  same  time,  he 
riiri'l'iil  to  comlurt  himself  with  iiiililness  and  ninderalinn  in  all  his  trans  iciIums  with  the  piililir, 
aiillmriliea,  and  In-  will  nut  upon  any  arcmiiit  tiree  claims,  on  hehalf  nf  his  Majesty's  siihjects,  to 
wliirh  lliey  are  nut  justly  anil  fairly  eiitilli'il.  If  redress  cannot  lie  olitained  iVnni  llie  IcmhI  adininis- 
IMlKiii,  iir  if  till!  matter  nf  coinpiaint  he  not  wilhiii  their  jurisdiction,  the  consul  will  a(iply  to  his 
Miijcsly's  consul-L't'iieral,  or  lo  liis  Majesty's  minister,  if  there  he  no  ciiimiil-L'em'ral  in  llie  country 
wherein  he  resides,  in  order  that  he  miiy  make  a  representation  to  the  hiirlier  autlmritles,  or  take 
mill  oilier  steps  in  the  rase  us  he  may  think  proper ;  nnd  the  consul  will  pay  strict  altentinii  to  thu 
mslriictions  which  he  may  receive  from  the  minister  or  consul-general." 

Enwlitments  of  Conmls.  I'rohiliifion  of  Tradinir,  tVc. — The  emoluments  of  our  consuls 
were,  until  these  few  years,  principally  derived  from  certain  fees,  dcpeiiiling  on  the  tonnage, 
length  uf  the  voyages,  &c.  of  the  IJritish  ahipa  entering  and  clearing  out  of  the  limits  of  their 
consulships.  But  thia  mode  of  remunerating  them  was  materiolly  changed  by  the  act  fi 
Geo.  4.  c.  87.  The  fees  payable  under  this  act — (see /««</) — are  but  inconsiderable  ;  but 
the  deficiency  has  been,  partly  at  least,  compensated  by  salaried  allowed  by  govermucnt. 


i; 


i 


i 


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)"»9MKlllt 
"II  'l«|i 


i 


468 


CONSUL. 


I    (_ 


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I'riM.ij.,, 


.ilM 


tfliiHlMtl. 


|. 


I,;    ^ 


>  •■■nil 


,t  t 


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tHIH 


1 
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>  'I' 


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At  present,  British  consuls  are,  in  some  iiwtamos,  iiermilti d  to  carry  on  fratlc,  whilp  in 
others  they  are  interdicted  from  havinp;  any  thinR  to  do  with  it.    'I'hc  principle  on  whicji  tjic 
distinction  is  made  does  not  seem  very  oI)vious.     We  i.liserve,  for  example,  tliat  tlic  consul 
at  Peterslmrgh,  who  must  have  a  great  deal  to  do,  is  allowed  to  trade ;  while  the  consul  at 
Odessa,  whose  duties  must  be  much  lighter,  is  denied  this  jirivilege.    'J'here  is  the  same  dis- 
tinction between  the  consuls  at  Venice  and  Trieste ;  the  latter,  whose  duties  must  be  \\\v 
heavier  of  the  two,  being  allowed  to  act  as  a  merchant,  while  the  other  is  not.     If  this  dis- 
tinction  must  be  kept  up,  the  preferable  plan  would  seem  to  be  to  interdict  all  consuls  rasi- 
dent  at  the  great  ports,  and  those  resident  at  other  ports  principally  in  the  character  of  poll- 
tical  agents,  from  trading ;  and  to  permit  it  to  others.    The  public  duties  of  the  former  arc 
cither  quite  sufficient  wholly  to  engross  their  attention,  or  they  arc  of  such  a  kind  as  would 
make  it  very  inexpedient  for  those  employed  in  them  to  be  occupied  in  mercantile  pursuits: 
in  the  case  of  the  smaller  class  of  ports,  but  little  frequented  by  British  ships,  and  where  the 
consuls  have  no  peculiar  political  functions  to  discharge,  there  is  a  less  urgent  necessity  for 
prohibiting  them  from  carrying  on  business  on  their  own  account.     At  the  same  time,  how- 
ever, we  are  clearly  of  opinion  that  it  would  in  all  cases  be  better  not  to  allow  consuls  to 
engage,  cither  directly  or  indirectly,  in  any  sort  of  industrious  undertaking.     'J'he  main  end 
and  purpose  of  their  institution  is  the  facilitating  of  commerce  whh  the  nation  in  which  thoy 
reside;  and  in  furtherance  of  such  object  they  ought,  on  all  occasions,  to  comnnmicate  the 
fullest  and  earliest  information  in  their  power  touching  commercial  matters,  not  only  to  thn 
governme...  that  appoints  them,  but  to  such  of  its  subjects  as  may  apply  for  their  advice  and 
assistance.     But,  however  advantageous  publicity  may  be  to  others,  it  may  in  various  wavs 
be  extremely  hostile  to  the  interests  of  the  consul  considered  in  his  capacity  of  merchant; 
and,  when  his  own  advantage  and  his  public  duty  are  set  in  opposition,  it  requires  little  sn;;n- 
city  to  discover  which  will  have  the  ascendancy.     Hence  tlie  fair  presum{)tion  is,  that  a 
trading  consul  will  rather  endeavour  to  profit  by  the  peculiar  information  his  situation  niav 
enable  him  to  obtain,  than  to  communicate  it  to  others.     His  interests  as  a  merchant  must 
frequently,  also,  even  when  such  is  not  really  the  case,  appear  to  be  in  opposition  to  those  of 
the  parties  for  whose  behoof  he  is  said  to  be  appointed ;  and  under  such  circumstances,  his 
proceeditigs,  however  fair,  will  always  be  liable  to  the  suspicion  of  partiality.    It  is  material, 
also,  to  observe  that  mercantile  consuls  lab(>ur  under  peculiar  disadvantages  in  the  obtaining 
of  information.    If  a  consul,  not  engaged  in  business,  make  a  proper  application  to  a  public 
functionary,  or  merchant,  for  information  as  to  any  subject  with  which  they  maybe 
acquainted,  he  will,  in  most  instances,  learn  all  that  they  know.     But  it  is  obvious,  on  gene- 
ral principles,  and  we  have  been  assured  of  the  fact  by  some  of  the  most  intelligent  officers 
of  the  class,  that  if  a  trading  consul  make  the  same  application,  the  chances  are  10  to  1  he 
will  either  learn  nothing,  or  nothing  that  is  not  false  or  misleading.    The  inquiries  of  the 
former  excite  no  jealousy,  those  of  the  latter  invariably  do.     The  former  is  known  to  be  ac- 
tuated only  by  a  feeling  of  liberal  curiosity,  or  by  a  wish  properly  to  discharge  his  public 
duties  ;  but,  the  latter,  being  engaged  in  business,  gets  credit  only  for  selfish  and  interested 
Tiiotives,  and  is  believed  to  be  seeking  the  information  merely  that  he  may  turn  it  to  his  own 
account.     A  mercantile  consul  is,  therefore,  uniformly  the  object  of  the  suspicions  of  all  par- 
ties, both  of  his  countrymen,  and  of  the  foreigners  amongst  whom  he  resides.    Instead  of 
being,  as  he  ought  to  be,  an  independent  public  functionary,  he  necessarily  gets  entanjjled 
in  the  cabals  and  intrigues  of  those  whose  diflerenccs  it  is  his  provmce  to  conciliate.    He  is 
tempted,  also,  to  engage  in  smuggling  adventures,  contrary  to  his  duty,  and  highly  injurious 
to  the  character  of  his  nation.     And  though  he  should  be  proof  against  temptaiinns  of  this 
sort,  he  is,  like  all  other  individuals,  subject  to  misfortune  and  bankruptcy  ;  and  may,  in  this 
way,  bring  discredit  and  embarrassment  on  the  government  that  appoints  him.    These  rea- 
sons seem  to  be  far  more  than  sufficient  to  vindicate  the  policy  of  interdicting  consuls  from 
trading.     But  were  it  otherwise,  it  is  enough  to  decide  the  question  to  stale,  tiiat  if  they  be 
made  properly  to  perform  the  functions  of  their  office,  it  will  occupy  every  moment  of  their 
time.    To  the  argument  in  favour  of  the  existing  system  derived  from  economical  con- 
siderations we  do  not  attach  the  smallest  weight.  To  attempt  to  save  a  few  thousand  pounds 
by  allowing  an  important  class  of  public  functionaries  to  engage  in  avocations  inconsistent 
with  their  duty,  and  destructive  of  their  utility,  would  be  something  the  very  reverse  of 
economy. 

Cost  of  the  Establishment.  Improvements  made  in  it. — We  had  occasion,  in  the  former 
edition  of  this  work,  to  complain  of  the  cost  and  inadequacy  of  our  consular  establishment. 
But  its  expense  has  since  been  very  much,  and,  in  some  instances  perhaps,  too  much  re- 
duced ;  at  the  same  time  that  measures  have  been  taken  for  increasing  the  duties  of  the 
consuls,  by  making  them  furnish  details  as  to  the  trade,  manufactures,  duties,  prices,  &c.  of 
the  districts  in  which  their  consulships  are  situated.  Hitherto  this  important  department 
of  what  ought  to  be  the  peculiar  duty  of  a  consul  has  been  most  strangely  neglected ;  but  if 
it  be  properly  attended  to,  it  will  occupy  a  large  portion  of  the  consul's  time,  and  will  be  a 
field  for  the  display  of  superior  talents.  Some  of  the  answers  made  by  the  consuls  to  the 
Circular  Queries  prepared  by  the  author  of  this  work,  have  been  drawn  up  with  great  care 


CONSUL. 


469 


,•  on  trade,  whilr  in 
u'i|il«'  on  wliich  the 
i|)lo.  tlint  the  consul 
whilf  the  consul  at 
en*  is  tho  same  ilis- 
duties  must  lie  tin.' 
is  not.     If  tliis  ilis- 
lict  all  consuls  rc-M- 
lie  chiinu'tcr  of  poll- 
•s  of  the  foniicr  arc 
jch  a  kind  as  would 
iiercanlile  pursuits: 
ihips,  and  where  the 
urgent  necessity  for 
the  same  time,  how- 
t  to  allow  consuls  to 
inff.     The  main  end 
lation  ill  which  they 
to  communicate  the 
Iters,  not  only  to  the 
r  for  their  advice  and 
may  in  various  ways 
apacity  of  merchant; 
it  requires  little  saija- 
iresumption  is,  that  a 
ion  his  situation  may 
s  as  a  merchant  must 
)pposition  to  those  of 
ch  circumstances,  his 
iality.    It  is  material, 
tages  in  the  obtaining 
ipplication  to  a  public 
which  they  may  be 
it  is  obviou.s,  on  gene- 
ost  intelligent  officers 
hances  are  10  to  1  he 
The  inquiries  of  the 
er  is  known  to  be  ac- 
discharge  his  public 
selfish  and  interested 
lay  turn  it  to  his  own 
suspicions  of  all  par- 
|e  resides.    Instead  of 
isarily  gets  entanqlod 
to  conciliate.    He  is 
,  and  highly  injurious 
ist  temptaiions  of  this 
ley  ;  and  may.  in  this 
ints  him.    These  rea- 
■dicting  consuls  from 
stale,  tiiat  if  they  be 
■very  moment  of  their 
'rom  economical  con- 
[few  thousand  pounds 
.'ocations  inconsistent 
ig  the  very  reverse  of 

Iccasion,  in  the  former 
Insular  establishment. 
terhaps,  too  much  re- 
ling  the  duties  of  the 
I  duties,  prices,  &c.  of 
limportaiit  department 
lely  neglected  ;  but  if 
Is  time,  and  will  be  a 
1  by  the  consuls  to  tho 
vn  up  with  great  care 


and  into)!i;renre,  and  reflect  much  credit  on  their  authors.  There  are  a  good  many  certainly 
of  a  very  iutirior  description;  but  this  is  not  to  bo  wondered  at — it  being  hardly  possible  for 
those  who  have  not  given  a  good  deal  of  their  time  to  such  subjects,  to  make  a  [iroper  reply 
ti)  queries  relating  to  them.  And  if  the  system  is  to  be  perfected  to  the  degree  of  which  it 
is  susceptible,  the  salaries  allowed  to  the  consuls  ought  to  be  such  as  to  allbrd  a  sufficient 
remuneration  for  the  services  of  gentlemen  of  character,  familiar  with  the  principles  of  public 
law,  commerce,  and  statistics ;  and  such  only  ought  to  be  nominated  to  consular  situations. 
We  subjoin  that  part  of  the  General  Instructions  fur  the  Consuls  that  has  reference  to  bta- 
listical  inquiries. 

"TtiB  cnnsiil  will  forward  to  tlin  serretary  ofslnti!,  in  iliiplinate.  so  soon  as  the  information  lie  can 
rnlliTt  will  enable  him  so  to  do,  hut  at  any  rate  witliiii  a  pi-riodof  0  ninnllis  from  the  ilatt;  of  his  arrival 
m  hl9  rfisiil  nee,  a  general  Report  on  the  trade  of  the  place  and  district,  sperifying  the  cunmioditipj, 
;is  well  of  the  export  as  import  trade,  and  the  cimntries  which  snpply  the  latter,  tosether  with  the 
incrPiisc  or  decline  in  late  years,  and  the  prnhahle  increase  and  decline  to  l)e  expected,  and  the  causes 
in  both  cases.  lie  will  statu  the  ireneral  regulations  with  respect  to  trade  at  the  place  where  he  is 
resident,  and  their  etTecls.  He  will  give  the  averaco  market  prices  within  the  year  of  the  several 
arlitlM  of  export  and  import;  he  will  particularise  wliat  articles,  if  any,  are  alisnliitely  prohibited  to 
tip  iiniinrted  into  the  coinitry  wherein  he  resides;  what  articles  are  prohibited  to  be  imported  from 
anv  other  places  than  from  the  place  of  their  {.Towth  or  prniliictioii ;  whether  there  he  any  (irivileces 
■ifiniporlation,  and  what  those  privileires  are,  in  favour  of  ships  that  arc  of  the  hoild  of,  or  helonirinn 
10, the  country  wherein  he  resides;  whether  there  be  any  dilference  in  the  duty  on  poods  when 
i:n|)nrtod  into  that  country  in  a  foreign  ship,  and  if  so,  whether  it  be  t'eneral,  or  applicable  only  to 
purticalar  articles;  what  are  the  rales  of  duty  piyalile  on  (roods  iinporteil  into  the  said  country; 
\flifllier  there  be  any  tonnage  duty  or  other  port  dues,  and  what,  payable  on  shipping  entering  at,  or 
dearing  from,  the  ports  of  that  country  ;  whether  there  be  any  (and.  if  so,  what)  ports  in  that  country 
«!iprein  goods  may  be  wareiloHsed  on  importation,  and  ai"tcrwards  exjiorled  with  or  without  payment 
iifany  duties,  and  under  what  regulations." 

He  is  also  to  transmit  an  annual  statement  of  the  trade  with  the  principal  ports  of  his 
consulships  ;  and  quarterly  returns  of  the  prices  of  corn,  (fee.  This  is  a  good  beginning,  and, 
if  it  be  properly  followed  up,  may  lead  to  very  advantageous  results. 

The  following  are  tho  provisions  of  tho  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  87.  with  respect  to  the  salaries 
and  charges  of  consuls  : — 

Silarifs  to  Consuls. — "  Whereas  the  provision  which  hath  hitherto  been  made  for  the  maintenance 
mill  support  of  the  consuls  general  and  consuls  appointed  by  his  Majesty  to  reside  within  the  domi- 
iiwns  of  sovereigns  and  foreign  states  in  amity  with  his  Majesty,  is  inadeiinatc  to  the  maintenancR 
jiiit  support  of  such  consuls  general  and  consuls,  ami  it  is  expedient  to  make  further  and  due  provi- 
M.ma  for  that  purpose  ;"  it  is  therefore  enacted,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  orders 
;  I  Im  issued  by  the  advice  of  his  privy  cr>uncil,  to  grant  to  all  or  any  of  the  consuls  general  or  consuls 
?;iiHiintert  by  his  Majesty  to  reside  within  any  of  the  doniinlons  of  any  sovereign  or  foreign  state  or 
r  iwer  in  amity  with  his  Majesty,  such  reasonable  salaries  as  to  his  Majesty  shall  seem  meet,  and  by 
:iich  advice  from  time  to  time  to  alter,  increase,  or  diminish  any  such  salaries  or  salary  as  occasion 
mav  require.— (6  Geo.  i.  c.  87.  }  1.) 

ftrms  on  vhith  Salaries  shall  be  granted.  Leave  of  Msence. — Such  s.alaries  shall  he  issued  and  paid 
10  such  consuls  genera!  and  consuls  without  fee  or  deduction;  provided  that  all  such  salaries  be 
;riute(l  during  his  Majesty's  pleasure,  and  not  otherwise,  and  lie  held  and  enjoyed  by  such  consuls 
2<'nernl  and  consuls,  so  long  oidy  us  tliey  shall  be  actually  resident  at  the  places  at  which  they  may 
b«  so  ap(tointed  to  reside,  and  discharging  the  duties  of  such  their  offices  :  provided  nevertheless,  that 
in  case  his  Majesty  shall,  by  any  order  to  be  for  that  purpose  issued  through  one  of  his  principal 
.wcrctarins  of  state,  grant  to  any  such  consul  general  or  consul  leave  of  absence  I'rom  the  place  to 
nliidi  he  may  be  so  appointed,  such  consul  general  or  consul  shall  b(?  entitled  to  receive  the  whole, 
ir  such  part  as  to  his  Majesty  shall  seem  meet,  of  the  salary  accruing  during  such  period  of  absence. 
-{3. 

Suhries  in  lieu  of  Fies  formerly  paid.  Consuls  not  to  take  other  than  the  Fees  hereinafter  mentioned. — 
Till'  salaries  so  to  be  granted  shall  be  taken  by  the  consuls  general  and  consuls  as  a  compensation  for 
ilUalaries  heretofore  granted,  and  all  fees  of  office  and  gratuities  heretofore  taken  by  them  from  the 
luaslers  or  commanders  of  British  vessels,  or  from  any  other  person,  for  any  duties  or  services  by 
y\C,)  ciiiisiils  general  or  consuls  done  or  performed  for  any  such  persona ;  and  no  such  consuls  gei.erul 
iimnsuls  shall,  from  the  Ist  of  January,  1820,  be  entitled,  on  account  of  any  thing  by  him  done  in  the 
niTiilioii  of  such  his  office,  or  for  any  service  by  him  rendered  to  any  inasters  o'r  commanders  of 
llriiish  vessels,  or  to  any  other  person  in  the  e.xecution  of  such  his  office,  to  ask  or  lake  any  fees, 
I'fiiiiipunce,  gratuity,  compensation,  or  reward,  or  any  sum  of  money,  save  as  hercin-at\er  is  excepted. 
-f3. 

Veriain  Fees  still  allotted  to  be  taken. — It  shall  he  Lawful  fur  all  consuls  general  and  consuls  appointeil 
ly  his  .Majesty,  and  resident  within  the  dominions  of  any  sovereign,  or  any  foreign  state  or  power  in 
ainlly  with  his  Majesty,  to  accept  the  several  fees  particularly  mentioned  in  the  tables  to  this  present 
J||  annexed,  marked  with  the  letters  A.  and  B.  for  the  several  things  and  official  acts  and  deeds  par- 
iiL'iilariy  mentioned  in  the  said  scliedules ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  orders  to  be 
kyliim  made,  by  the  advice  of  his  privy  council,  from  time  to  time,  as  occasion  may  require,  to 
(tiniinlsh,  or  wholly  to  abolish,  all  or  any  of  the  fi.es  aforesaid,  and  to  establish  ami  authorise  the  pay- 
niHTit  of  any  greater  or  snmller  or  new  or  additional  fees  for  the  several  things  uientiotied  in  the  said 
sfticdules,  or  for  any  other  thing  to  be  by  any  such  consul  general  or  consul  done  in  the  execution  of 

fucliliis  oftice.— }  4- 

Pcmltijon  Consuls  demanding  more  Fees  than  spcrijied  in  the  Schedule.— In  case  any  consul  general  or 
f'lnsiil  appointed  by  his  Majesty  as  aforesaid  shall,  by  himself  or  deputy,  or  by  any  person  authorised 
lliireto  In  his  behalf,  ask  or  accept  for  any  thing  by  him  done  in  the  execution  of  such  his  office,  or  for 
my  service,  or  duty  by  him  rendered  or  performed  in  such  his  office,  for  any  person  whomsoever,  any 
Mlier  nr  greater  fee  or  remuneration  than  is  specified  in  the  schedule,  or  than  shall  be  sanctioned  ami 
flKfified  in  or  by  any  such  order  in  council,  the  person  so  offending  shall  forfeit  and  become  liable  to 
p^y  to  his  Majesty  any  sum  of  sterling  British  money,  not  exceeding  the  amount  of  the  salary  of  siicli 
l«r3(in  for  1  year,  nor'less  than  the  12'th  part  of  such  aimual  salary,  at  the  discretion  of  thecourt  in 
which  such  penalty  may  be  recovered;  and  shall  moreover  upon  a  second  conviction  for  any  such 
ofence  forfeit  such  his  office,  and  for  ever  after  become  incapable  of  serving  his  Majesty  in  the  same 
or  the  like  capacity.—}  5. 

TMt  of  Fees  to  ba  exhibited  at  Cuatom-hou$es.—X  printed  copy  of  the  tables  of  fees  allowed  by  this 
Vol.  I.— 2  R 


1&    ' 

4 
III, 

iilH     . 
1I> 

11 

•% 

«» 

i. 
lit"  1 


't 

m 


'■'1 

1.411W1 


3» 

^ 


:;'15f 


i   « 


470 


CONSUL. 


IIWUiTB 


lU^ 


'"If- 


■  > .  ■ 
if 


act,  or  which  ma^  be  innctionRil  nr  nllowed  by  any  order  to  be  made  in  piiriiiiance  of  this  act  by  bis 
Majesty  in  cniincil,  shnll  be  exhibited  in  a  cnnspicuoiis  manner,  for  the  inspection  of  all  pergnnK,  jn 
the  CustoMi-hoiise  in  the  port  of  London,  and  in  all  other  Cugtom-hoiiaeg  in  the  several  ports  and  hiir. 
hours  of  the  United  Kinf^doni  of  Great  llritain  and  Ireland;  and  printed  copies  thereof  ihaii,  by  Uie 
collector  or  other  chief  officer  of  customs  in  all  such  ports  and  harbours,  be  delivered  gratuitously,  g^d 
without  fee  or  reward,  to  every  master  of  any  vessel  clearing  out  of  any  such  port  or  harbour,  and 
demanding  a  copy  thereof— }  6. 

Table  of  Fees  to  be  eihibited  at  Connula'  Offices. — A  copy  of  the  gchedute  or  table  of  fees  to  this  present 
net  annexed,  or  which  may  be  estalilished  and  authorised  by  any  such  order  in  council,  shall  he  hun" 
lip  and  exhibited  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  public  offices  of  all  consuls  general  or  consuls  appninird 
by  his  Majesty,  in  the  foreign  places  to  which  they  may  be  so  appointed,  for  the  inspection  of  all  pe,. 
sons  interested  therein  ;  and  any  consul  general  or  consul  omitting  or  neglecting  to  exhibit  any  such 
ropy  of  the  schedules  in  such  his  public  office,  or  refusing  to  permit  the  same  to  be  inspected  by  ai:v 
person  interested  therein,  shall  for  every  such  offence  forfeit  and  pay  n  sum  of  nritish  sterling  inonev 
not  exceeding  one  lialf  the  amount  of  the  salary  of  surh  person  for  1  year,  nor  less  than  the  l-2th  pan 
of  such  annual  salary,  at  the  discretion  of  tlie  court  in  wliich  such  penally  may  be  recovered.— ^7. 

Siiperanniialion. — "  And  whereas  it  is  expeilient  that  his  Majesty  should  be  enabled  to  grant  to  ili<. 
said  consuls  general  and  consuls,  appointed  as  aforesaid,  allowances  in  the  nature  of  supeniiinniiitun 
or  reward  Ibi-  meritorious  public  services ;"  it  is  further  enacted,  that  all  the  regulations  coniaind  ,|, 
50(ieo.  :t.  c.  117.,  3  Ceo.  4.  c.  IIH.,  5  Geo.  4.  c.  104.,  re.^pectiug  superannuation  allowances,  are  hertl.v 
extended  to  tlie  said  consuls  general  and  consuls,  so  far  as  such  regulations  can  be  applied  lo  i|i',. 
cases  (if  such  several  persons  respectively,  as  fully  to  all  intents  and  purposes  as  if  the  same  wire 
repealed  and  re-enacted  in  this  present  act.—}  8. 

Mlnwanres  during  Ifur. — If  it  shall  at  any  time  happen  that  by  reason  of  any  war  wiiich  may 
hereafter  arise  between  his  Majesty  and  any  sovereign,  or  foreign  slate  nr  power,  within  the  doiiii- 
iiiiins  (if  whom  any  such  consul  general  or  consul  shall  be  appointed  10  reside,  he  shall  be  prevenicil 
from  residing,  aiul  shnll  in  fact  cease  to  reside,  at  the  place  lo  which  he  may  be  so  appointed,  it  shM 
be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  order  to  be  issued  by  the  advice  of  his  privy  conncil,  to  grant  tii  ar.v 
such  consul  general  or  consul,  u^ho  may  havn  served  his  Majesty  in  that  capacity  for  any  iieriod  iki'i 
less  tlian  3  years,  nor  more  than  10  years  next  precoding  the  commencement  of  any  such  war,  a  spi'- 
cial  allowance  not  exceeding  the  proportion  of  their  respective  salaries  to  which  such  consuls  pcncnl 
and  consuls  would  be  entitled  under  the  provisions  of  tlie  said  act  of  3  Geo.  4.,  in  case  the  period  cit' 
their  respective  service  had  exceeded  10  years  and  had  not  exceeded  15  years  :  provided  that  in  ca^f■ 
any  such  consul  general  or  consul  shall  have  served  in  such  his  office  for  the  space  of  10  years  anu 
more,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  any  such  order  in  council  as  aforesaid,  to  grant  to  liim 
iiuch  a  proportion  of  his  salary,  which,  by  the  said  act  is  authorised  to  he  granted,  as  a  superannua- 
tion allowance,  according  to  the  several  periods  of  service  exceeding  10  years,  in  the  said  act 
-}0. 

Cummemement.— This  act  shall  take  effect  from  the  1st  of  January,  1826,  e.xcept  where  any  other 
comiiiencenient  is  particularly  directed.—}  22. 


ToMes  of  Fees  allowed  to  be  taken  I 


Consuls  General  and  Consuls,  by  the  preceding  ^(t  of 
6  Geo.  4.  c.  87. 


2  dollars. 


2 

dn. 

2 

do. 

2 

do. 

2 

do. 

1 

dfl. 

i 

do. 

1 

do, 

2 

do. 

I 

do. 

2 

do. 

1 

do. 

1 

do. 

i 

dn 

1  per  cent. 


nble  ^.—Certificate  of  due  landing  of  goods  exported  from  the  United  Kingdom    - 
Signature  of  ship's  manifest  .....-- 

Ci*rtiticate  of  origin,  when  reijuired  ...  .  .  - 

Bill  of  health,  when  required  ....... 

Signature  of  muster  roll,  when  required        ...... 

Allestnlion  of  a  signature,  when  required      ...-.- 
Administering  an  oath,  when  required  .-.--- 

Seal  of  office,  and  signature  of  any  other  document  not  specified  herein,  when  required 

Table  B. — Bottomry  or  arbitration  bond  ...... 

Noting  a  protest  ......... 

Order  of survey  ......... 

Extending  a  protest  or  survey  ....... 

Registrations      ..-......- 

Visa  of  passport  ......... 

Valuation  of  goods        ......... 

Attending  sales,  J  per  cent,  where  there  has  been  a  charge  for  valuing ;  otherwise,  1  per  cent. 
Attendance  out  of  consular  office  at  a  shipwreck,  5  dollars  per  diem  for  his  personal  expenses,  over 

and  above  his  travelling  expenses. 
Ditto  on  opening  a  will  .-.....-.    5d(dlars. 

Management  of  property  of  British  subjects  dying  Intestate  -  .  -  Siperctnl. 

The  dollars  mentioned  in  the  preceding  tables  are  in  all  cases  to  be  paid  by  the  delivery  of  dollars, 

each  of  which  is  to  be  of  the  value  of  4«.  Oii.  sterling,  and  no  more,  according  lo  the  rate  of  exclwiige 

prevailing  at  the  place  where  such  payment  is  made. 

[The  following  enactments  of  Congress  are  at  present  in  force  concerning  consuls. 

^ct  of  April  14(A,  1792. 

}  2.  That  they  shall  have  right  in  the  ports  or  places  to  which  they  are,  or  may  be,  severally 
appointed,  of  receiving  the  protests  or  declarations,  which  such  captains,  masters,  crews,  passpnsers, 
and  merchants,  as  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  may  respectively  choose  to  make  there;  and  also 
such  ns  any  foreigner  may  choose  to  make  before  them,  relative  to  the  personal  interest  of  niiycili/.cii 
of  the  United  States  ;  and  the  copies  of  the  said  acts,  duly  authenticated  by  the  said  cmisiils  or  vito 
consuls,  under  the  seal  of  their  consulates,  respectively,  shall  receive  faitli  in  law,  eqn.illy  asllu'ir 
originals  would  in  all  courts  in  the  United  States.  It  shall  he  their  duty,  where  llie  laws  ofllie 
country  p(!rmit,  to  take  possession  of  the  personal  estate  left  by  any  citizen  of  1  ho  United  Stales,  oilier 
tliaii  seamen  belonging  to  any  ship  or  vessel,  who  shall  die  within  their  consulates,  leaviiij.'  there  no 
legal  representative,  partner  in  trade,  or  trustee  by  him  appointed,  to  take  c:ire  of  bis  elfccts;  tiny 
shall  inventory  the  same,  with  the  assistance  of  two  merchants  of  the  United  Slates,  or,  fur  wantnl 
tlieni,  of  any  others,  at  their  choice  ;  shall  collect  the  debts  due  10  the  deceased  in  tlie  country  wlnro 
he  died,  and  pay  the  debts  due  fnini  his  estate  which  be  shall  have  there  contracted;  shall  sell  :il 
auction,  after  n-asonable  public  notice,  such  part  of  the  estate  as  shall  he  of  a  perishable  iiatiire,  ami 
such  further  part,  if  any,  as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  payment  of  his  debts,  and,  at  the  expiration  m 
one  yp'ir  from  big  decease,  the  residue;  and  the  balance  of  the  estate  they  shall  transmit  to  llie 
treasury  of  the  United  Stales,  lo  be  holden  in  trust  for  the  legal  claimants.  But  if,  at  any  tune  before 
such  transmission,  the  legal  representative  of  the  deceased  shall  appear  and  demand  his  etTectsin 
their  hands,  they  shall  deliver  them  up,  being  paid  their  fees,  and  shall  cease  their  proceedmiia. 

For  the  information  of  tlie  representative  of  the  deceased,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  consul  or  viw 


CONSUL. 


471 


rRiinnce  of  this  act  by  bis 
upectinn  of  all  persnns,  in 
he  several  ports  and  har- 
pies tliereof  shall,  by  the 
elivered  gratiiitoiisly.and 
such  port  or  harbour,  ani) 

iblo  of  fees  to  this  prespnt 
in  council,  shall  he  hiin; 
eral  or  consuls  appointcii 
the  inspection  of  iitl  per- 
>cting  to  exhibit  any  such 
rie  to  he  inspected  by  any 
of  British  sterling  money 
or  less  than  the  l'2ih  part 
lay  be  recovered.— j  7. 
i!  enabled  to  grant  to  iiie 
nature  of  siiperanniiiuinn 
B  regulations  contained  n, 
in  allowances,  are  hcrcly 
ions  can  be  applied  to  ilii; 
oses  as  if  the  same  wire 

of  any  war  which  may 
power,  within  Ibe  doun- 
ide,  he  shall  be  prevemcil 
y  be  so  appointed,  it  sWm 
ly  council,  to  grant  to  ar.y 
apaclty  for  any  period  m 
It  of  any  such  war,  a  spi'- 
irhich  such  consuls  petieral 
o.  4.,  in  case  the  period  ipf 
rs  :  provided  that  in  ca..c 
r  the  space  of  10  years  ana 
aforesaid,  to  grant  to  Inai 
granted,  as  a  superannua- 
10  years,  in  the  auid  act. 

6,  e.Ycept  where  any  otbcr 
the  prtctding  Ati  of 


gdom    - 


hen  required 


-    2  dollars. 

-    2 

do. 

-    2 

do. 

-    2 

do. 

.    2 

do. 

-    1 

do. 

-   4 

do. 

-   1 

do. 

-    2 

do. 

-    1 

do. 

-    2 

do. 

-    1 

do. 

-    1 

do. 

-    i 

do 

I  per  cent 

)therwise,  1  per  cent, 
lis  personal  expenses,  over 

-  5  d(dhr!. 
2i  per  cent. 
I  by  the  delivery  of  dollars, 
ing  to  the  rale  of  exchange 

ncerning  consuls. 

are,  or  may  be,  severally 
naslers,  crews,  passensers, 
se  tn  make  there;  and  also 
lonal  interest  of  any  citizi'n 

by  the  saidcdtisnisorvico 

litli  in  law,  e(Hi:illy  asUu'ir 

V,  where  llie  laws  of  liie 

Mif  Ibe  United  States, nllw 

nsiilates.  leaving  there  no 

Ipcnre  of  bis  etfi'cts;  tiny 

ited  Stales,  or,  for  want  of 

ased  ill  the  country  wluri; 

re  contracted  ;  shall  sell  at 

)f  a  perishable  nature,  anil 

s,  and,  at  the  expiration  of 

they  shall  lraiisinittolli« 

Hut  if,  at  any  time  bBfore 

and  demand  bis  etfecisin 
ise  their  proceedings, 
i  duty  of  the  consul  or  vice 


•nnsnl,  mithorifed  to  proceed  as  aforesaid  in  the  settlement  of  his  estate.  Immediately  to  notify 'ils 
death  in  one  of  the  gazettes  published  iiitheconnulHte,and  also  to  the  secretary  of  state,  that  theHanio 
may  be  notified  in  the  state  to  which  the  deceased  shall  belong :  and  he  shall  lil.so,  as  soon  as  may  be, 
transmit  to  the  secretary  of  state  an  inventory  of  tlie  etfecls  of  the  deceased  taken  as  before  directed. 

J  3.  That  the  said  consuls  and  vice  consuls,  in  cases  where  ships  or  vessels  of  the  United  States 
shall  he  stranded  on  the  coastsof  their  cunsulates,  respectively,  shall,  as  far  as  the  laws  of  the  country 
will  permit,  take  proper  measures,  as  well  for  the  purpose  of  saving  the  said  ships  or  vessels,  their 
cargoes  and  appurtenances,  as  for  storing  and  securing  the  effects  and  merchandise  saved,  and  for 
taking  an  inventory  or  inventories  thereof;  and  the  merchandise  and  effects  saved,  with  the  inventory 
or  inventories  thereof,  taken  as  aforesaid,  shall,  after  deducting  therefrom  the  expense,  be  delivered 
totlie  owner  or  owners.  Provided,  That  no  consul  or  vice  consul  shall  have  aulhoriiy  to  take  pos- 
session of  any  such  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  other  property,  when  the  master,  owner,  or  con- 
signee thereof  is  present,  or  capable  of  taking  possession  of  the  same. 

H  4.  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  every  consul  and  vice  consul  of  the  United  Htates  to  take 
and  receive  the  following  fees  of  office,  f  >r  the  services  which  he  shall  have  performed: — Koraulbeii- 
ticating,  under  the  consular  seal,  every  protest,  declaration,  deposition,  or  other  act,  which  such  cap- 
tains, masters,  mariners,  seamen,  passengers,  merchants,  or  others,  as  are  citizens  of  the  United 
Slates,  may  respectively  choose  to  make,  the  sum  of  two  dollars.  For  tlie  taking  into  possession. 
Inventorying,  selling,  and  finally  settling  and  paying,  or  transmitting,  as  aforesaid,  the  balance  due  on 
the  personal  estate  left  by  any  citizen  of  the  United  States  who  shall  die  within  the  limit  of  bis  con- 
snlate,  five  per  centum  on  the  gross  amount  of  such  estate.  For  taking  into  pos.session,  and  otherwise 
proceeding  on,  any  such  estate  which  shall  be  delivered  over  to  the  legal  representative  before  a  Hnal 
H'ltlt'inent  of  the  same,  as  is  hereinbefore  directed,  two  and  a  half  per  centum  on  such  part  delivered 
over  as  shall  not  be  in  money,  and  five  per  centum  on  the  gross  amount  of  the  residue.  And  it  shall 
he  the  duty  of  the  consuls  and  vice  consuls  of  the  United  States  to  give  receipts  for  all  fees  which 
tliey  shall  receive  by  virtue  of  this  act,  expressing  the  particular  services  for  which  they  are  paid. 

(5.  That  in  case  it  be  found  necessary  for  the  interest  of  the  United  States,  that  a  consul  or  consuls 
he  appointed  to  reside  on  the  coast  of  Harhary,  the  president  be  authorized  to  allow  an  annual  salary, 
not  exceeding  two  thousand  dollars,  to  each  person  so  to  be  appointed  :  Proi-iiied,  That  such  salary  bu 
not  allowed  to  more  than  one  consul  for  any  one  of  the  states  of  the  said  coast. 

}6.  That  every  consul  and  vico consul  shall,  before  lliey  enter  on  the  execution  of  their  trusts,  or 
if  already  in  the  execution  of  the  same,  within  one  year  from  the  passing  of  ibis  act,  or,  if  resident  in 
Asia,  within  two  years,  give  bond,  with  such  sureties  as  shall  be  approved  by  the  secretary  of  state, 
in  a  sum  of  not  less  than  two  thousand,  nor  more  than  ten  thousand  dollars,  conditioned  for  tlie  true 
andl^uthful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office,  according  to  law,  and  also  for  truly  accounting  for  all 
moneys,  goods,  and  effects  which  may  come  into  his  possession  by  virtue  of  this  act :  and  the  said 
bond  shall  be  lodged  in  the  otiice  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury. 

^ct  of  February  ^tk,  1S03. 

{ 1.  Be  it  enacted,  Sfr,.  That  before  a  clearance  be  granted  to  any  vessel  bound  on  a  foreign  voyage, 
the  master  thereof  shall  deliver  to  the  collector  of  the  customs  a  list,  containing  tlie  names,  places  oi" 
birth,  and  residence,  and  a  description  of  the  persons  who  compose  his  ship's  company,  to  which  list 
Ibe  oath  or  affirmation  of  the  captain  shall  be  annexed,  that  tlie  said  list  contains  the  names  of  bis 
crew,  together  with  the  places  of  their  birth  and  residence,  so  far  as  he  can  ascertain  them,  and  the 
said  collector  shall  deliver  him  a  certified  copy  thereof,  for  which  the  collector  shall  be  entitled  to 
receive  tbe  sum  of  twenty-five  cents;  and  the  said  master  shall,  moreover,  enter  into  bond  with  sut- 
licient  security,  in  the  sum  of  four  hundred  dollars,  that  he  shall  exhibit  the  aforesaid  certified  copy 
of  the  list  to  the  first  boarding  officer,  at  the  first  port  in  the  United  States  at  which  he  shall  arrive, 
on  his  return  thereto,  and  then  and  there  also  produce  the  persons  named  therein,  to  tbe  said  boarding 
officer,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  examine  the  men  with  such  list,  and  to  report  the  same  to  tlie  col- 
lector; and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  collector  at  the  said  port  of  arrival,  (where  the  same  is  different 
from  the  port  from  which  the  vessel  originally  sailed,)  to  transmit  a  copy  of  tbe  list  so  rrported  to  hini, 
to  the  collector  of  the  port  from  which  said  vessel  originally  sailed  :  /'rorid^/,  That  the  said  bond  shall 
not  be  forfeited  on  account  of  the  said  master  not  producing  to  the  first  boarding  officer,  as  aforesaid, 
any  of  file  persons  contained  in  tbe  said  list,  who  may  be  dischargeil  in  a  foreign  country,  with  tlio 
consent  of  the  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  there  residing,  siunilied 
in  writing,  under  his  hand  and  official  seal,  to  be  produced  to  tlie  collector  with  the  other  persons  com- 
posing the  crew,  as  aforesaid  ;  nor  on  account  of  any  such  person  dying  or  aliscomliiig,or  being  forcibly 
impressed  into  other  service,  of  wliieli  satisfactory  proof  shall  be  tluMi  also  e.xliibitcd  to  the  collector. 

{2.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  master  or  commander  of  a  ship  or  vessel,  belonging  to  ciii/.Mns 
of  the  United  Stales,  who  shall  sail  from  any  port  of  the  United  States,  after  the  first  day  of  May 
iie.vt,  on  his  arrival  at  a  foreign  port,  to  deposile  his  register,  sealettcr,  and  Mediterranean  passport, 
with  the  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agi'ot,  (if  any  there  be  at  such 
port;)  that  in  case  of  refusal  or  neglect  of  the  said  master  or  commander,  to  deposite  the  said  papiTS 
as  aforesaid,  he  shall  forfeit  and  pay  five  hundred  dollars,  to  be  recovered  by  the  said  con.sul,  vice 
consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  in  his  own  naiiit;,  for  the  benclit  of  the  United 
l^tatcs,  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  consul,  vice  consul, 
commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  on  such  master  or  comiiiaiuler  producing  to  him  a  cienr- 
ance  from  the  proper  officer  of  the  port  where  his  ship  or  vessel  may  be,  to  deliver  to  tbe  said  master 
or  commander  all  of  his  said  papers  :  Provided,  such  master  or  ccunmander  shall  have  comiilied  with 
the  provisions  ''.ontained  in  this  act,  and  those  of  the  act  to  which  this  is  a  siippleincnt. 

}3.  That  w.  jnever  a  ship  or  vessel,  belonging  to  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  sold  in  a 
foreign  country,  and  her  company  discharged,  or  when  a  seaman  or  mariner,  a  citizen  of  the  United 
:^laies,  shall,  with  his  own  consent,  be  discharged  in  a  foreign  country,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
paster  or  commander  to  produce  to  the  consul,  vice  consul,  coimiienial  agent,  or  vice  couimercinl 
ascnt,  tbe  list  of  his  ship's  company,  certified  as  aforesaid,  and  to  p,iy  to  siicli  consul,  vice  consul, 
c'liiiniercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  for  every  seaman  or  mariner  so  dlsdinrged,  being  desig- 
nated on  such  list  as  a  citizen  of  the  United  .States,  three  months'  p;iy,  over  and  above  the  wages 
which  may  then  be  due  to  such  mariner  or  seaman,  two  thirds  theri'of  to  be  paid  by  such  consul  or 
commercial  agent,  to  each  seaman  or  mariner  so  discharged,  upon  his  engagement  on  board  of  any 
vessel  to  return  to  tbe  United  States,  and  the  other  remaining  third  to  be  retaineil  for  the  purpose  of 
creating  a  fund  for  the  payment  of  the  passages  of  seamen  or  iiiariiiers,  cilizi'iis  of  tbe  United  States, 
who  may  he  desirous  of  returning  to  the  United  States,  and  for  the  inninienance  of  American  seamen 
wlio  may  be  destitute,  anil  may  be  in  such  foreign  port ;  and  the  several  sums  retained  for  such  fund 
siiall  be  accounted  for  with  the  treasury  every  six  months,  by  the  persons  receiving  the  same. 

H.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  consuls,  vice  consuls,  coinmercial  agents,  vice  eominercial 
Montsofthe  United  States,  from  time  to  lime,  to  provide  I'or  the  mariners  and  seamen  of  the  United 
i^intes,  who  maybe  found  destitute  within  their  districts,  res|iectively,  sulficient  subsistence  and 
passages  to  some  port  in  the  United  States,  in  the  most  reasonable  luaniu'r,  at  the  e.viiinse  of  the 
I'liited  estates,  subject  to  such  instructions  as  the  secretary  of  state  shall  give ;  and  that  all  muster:* 


I    -^ 


t 


* 

I 

ft? 


t 


flilllli 
'»l'l<« 

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All!!)! 
iff 


*m(ii^ 

'Wiiiilni^ 

I  •■? 


n*. 


472 


CONSUL. 


k'!l<...JUii. 


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€ 


W^BWltf 


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-If 


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,       V 


and  cnmniBndnrn  nrvpssPU  hrlonging  to  rilizonsi  of  tlie  Unlird  RtntPH.nnd  bniind  to  iinini*  port  of  thn 
ranie,  an;  licrohy  rpi|iiiri'il  and  I'lijuiiicd  lo  lakp  kiiiIi  niiirincra  iir  Keaiiieti  on  lioard  ul'ihuir  Hliipii  t,f 
VfHHfiD,  lit  tin:  riMiiK'Ht  of  the  Fuid  ronxiiln,  vir*'  ronkulii,  ciiiiinii'rc.iiil  iikriiIk,  nr  vici;  rnninit'rr.ial  iisenii 
re8|wrlivfly,  and  to  transpurt  llitini  to  lliv  purt  in  tliu  liiiitrd  HiatcH  tu  wliicli  hucIi  Hlii|m  nr  vi:aai;|, 
may  hi!  t)(>iind,  nn  Hncli  D^rnis,  not  fxrct'dinp  t<!n  dolliirs  for  i>acli  pt^rsiiin,  n»  may  lie  iicroed  liftwi'm 
tliu  tiaid  niBHtPr  and  cnnxiil,  or  roinnicrcini  ne<'>>t.  And  the  Hnid  niarinerH  or  acaniun  Hliall,  if  utile,  \,f 
bound  til  do  ilnty  on  lioard  mirh  Kliiim  or  vcKxelii,  accordInK  tn  their  HL'Vi^ral  iilillilii'H  :  Prueideil,'\'\\m 
no  niHHti'r  or  captain  of  any  xlilp  or  vet<?>t'l  uliall  liu  olill|«;d  to  laku  a  RreatL-r  nnnilior  than  two  nii'ii  u, 
<!vi-ry  urn-  hundred  tons  liiirdun  of  the  xaiil  Fhip  or  vesHel,  nn  any  one  voyaKe  ;  and  if  any  hiiiIi  cap. 
tain  or  niaHtur  hIuiII  refuse  the  same,  on  thir  reiinext  or  order  of  the  conHul,  vice  consul,  coiniiictcial 
u^ent,  or  vice  cuniniercial  a|;ent,  such  captain  or  niaitter  Khali  forfeit  and  pay  th«  flnni  of  one  hiinilreij 
dollars  for  each  mariner  or  M'amnn  no  refused,  lo  he  recovered,  for  the  lien<'lU  of  the  United  Stales,  ju 
any  court  of  coinpeient  Jiirisdiition.  And  the  certificate  of  any  Biich  consnl  or  coinniercinl  ainni 
(liven  under  hiH  hand  and  olhcial  seal,  shall  he  prima  facie  evidence  of  such  refusal,  in  any  court  of  law 
having  juriNiliction  fur  the  recovery  of  the  penalty  aforesaid. 

Ily  the  tilth  section  of  this  act,  the  secretary  of  statu  is  "aulhorixcd  to  reimburse  the  consuN,  vjr,. 
consuls,  commercial  aeents,  or  vice  commercial  agents,  such  reasonable  sums  as  they  may  herelni'iin. 
have  advanced  lor  the  relief  of  seamen,  thuutih  the  same  should  exceed  the  rate  uf  twelve  cents  u  luau 
per  diem." 

i  (i.  That  it  shall  and  may  lie  lawful  for  every  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  apent,  and  vice  cnm. 
inerciul  agent,  of  the  United  Stales,  to  take  and  receive,  for  every  certificate  of  discharee  4pf  any  j.-,;,. 
man  or  mariner  in  a  forcifrn  port,  lifly  cents  ;  and  for  commission  on  paying  and  receiving  tlm  ainuuiii 
of  wages  payable  on  the  discharge  ol  seamen  in  loreiuii  ports,  two  and  u  half  per  centum. 

i  7,  Tliat  if  any  consul,  vice  consul,  comiiiercial  apent,  or  vice  commercial  agent,  sliall,  fal.xel)  uimI 
knowingly,  certify  that  property  belonging  to  foreigners  is  property  belonging  to  citizens  of  the  r'iili|.,{ 
(States,  he  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  forfeit  and  pay  u  lim. 
not  e.xceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  bu  iuipriiioned  for  any  term  luii 
c.xceedine  three  years. 

)  8.  That  if  any  con.<iil,  vice  consul,  commercial  acent,  or  vice  commercial  ogont.  shall  cram  a  [mss. 
)iorl,  or  otiii'r  paper,  certifying  that  any  alien,  knowing  liim  or  her  to  lie  siicli,  is  a  citizen  of  ilie  rmti,! 
States,  h(!  shall,  on  conviition  thereof,  in  any  court  of  competent  Jurisdiction,  forfeit  and  pay  u  tin,. 
l!ol  e.ifceeflinc  one  tliousand  dollars. 

}  i*.  Tliat  all  powers  of  attorney,  executed  after  the  thirtieth  day  of  June  next,  in  a  foreii-n  cnuntrv 
fur  the  transfer  of  any  slock  of  tlie  United  States,  or  for  the  receipt  of  interest  thereon,  shall  lie  viri- 
lied  by  tlie  certificate  and  seal  of  a  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  coimueri  ial  iii'mt, 
if  any  there  be,  at  the  place  where  the  same  shall  be  executed,  for  which  tlie  person  giving  the  ctruii.' 
cate  shall  receive  lifly  cents. 

Act  of  May  \st,  1610. 

i  1.  That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  consuls  of  the  United  States,  residing  on  the  Barbarycnaii, 
or  either  of  them,  to  expend,  or  to  disliurse,  or  pay,  or  cause  lu  be  paid,  for  any  purpose,  nr  oii  uiiv 
pretence  whatever,  not  uuthori/.ed  by  law,  to  any  one  of  the  liarbary  powers,  or  to  the  ottiters  ur  siil.'. 
jecis  thereof,  a  greater  sum  than  three  thousand  dollars  in  any  one  year,  with  intent  to  cliar);i!  ijie 
li'iiited  Stales  with  the  same,  without  tirst  obtaining  a  special  approbation,  in  writing,  from  the  prcM^ 
dent  of  the  United  States,  for  that  purpose.  And  every  such  consul  who  shall,  after  notice  ofiliisuo, 
expend  or  disburse,  or  pay,  or  cause  to  be  paid,  for  any  purpose,  or  on  any  pretence  whaicvcr,  noi 
authorized  by  law,  to  any  one  of  the  Barbary  powers,  or  to  the  otlicers  or  subjects  thereof,  a  greater 
sum  than  three  thousand  dollars  in  anjr  one  year,  or  shall  be  aiding  or  assisting  therein,  willi<iul  rirsi 
obtaining  the  approbation  of  the  president  as  aforesaid,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  treasury  of  ihi 
United  States  a  gum  ei|ual  to  one  half  his  yearly  compensation  :  and  shall,  moreover,  stand  rliarcod 
with,  and  be  accountable  for,  all  moneys  so  disbursed  or  paid,  contrary  to  the  proviaioii.s  of  tiiis  int. 

i  .').  That,  from  and  af\er  the  first  day  of  November  next,  no  consul  of  the  United  States  re.MilJng 
on  the  llarliary  coast  shall  own,  in  whole  or  in  part,  any  ship  or  vessel,  to  be  concerned,  illri'cily  ui 
indirectly,  in  the  exportation  from,  or  importation  to,  any  of  the  states  on  the  coust  of  i)arb:iry,  of 
any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  on  penalty  that  every  consul  so  oHending,  and  being  tbereuf  cuu- 
vicled,  shall,  for  every  otfence,  forfeit  a  sum  nut  exceeding  one  tlioiisuud  dollars. 

i  t>.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  consuls  residing  on  the  Barbary  coast  to  transmit  to  tlie  spcrc 
tary  of  the  treasury,  annually,  an  account  of  all  moneys  received,  and  of  all  disbursements  or  expcndi. 
tiiros  made,  by  them,  respectively,  for  or  on  account  of  the  United  Stales,  and  the  particular  purpose 
to  which  the  moneys  have  been  applied,  and  the  vouchers  to  support  the  same  :  and  the  secrciiiryut' 
the  treasury  shall  transmit  to  congress,  within  two  months  after  the  commencement  of  the  lirst  session 
thereof,  in  every  year,  a  stateiiient  of  all  the  moneys  disbursed  from  the  treasury  of  the  Uniied  rtlaiis, 
for  expenses  of  iiilcrcourse  with  the  Barbary  powers  during  the  preceding  year,  therein  noting,  as  lai 
as  can  be  ascertained  at  the  treasury,  the  sums  received  by  the  respective  agciitii  or  cunsulu,  uiiii  the 
purposes  lo  which  the  same  have  been  applied. 

J9et  of  March  Uth,  1813. 
i  6.  That,  from  and  after  the  time  when  this  act  shall  take  effect,  the  consuls  or  commercial  a;cnt3 
of  any  nation  at  peace  with  the  United  ."States  shall  be  admitted  (under  such  regulations  as  maybe 
prescribed  by  the  president  of  the  United  States,)  to  stale  their  objections  to  the  proper  couininiiilei 
or  collector  as  aforesaid,  n"'iinst  the  employment  of  any  seaaian  or  seafaring  man  on  boiird  of  any 
public  or  private  vessel  of  .lie  United  Slates,  on  account  of  his  being  a  native  subject  or  clli/.en  of.sui;!i 
nation,  and  not  embraced  within  the  description  of  persons  who  may  be  lawfully  employed,  aocoriliiie 
to  the  provisions  of  this  act;  and  the  said  consuls  or  commercial  agents  shall  also  be  adniitteil,  under 
the  said  regulations,  to  be  present  at  the  time  when  the  proofs  of  cilixensbip,  of  the  persuus  a^uiiisi 
whom  such  objections  may  have  been  made,  shall  be  investigated  by  such  cummandei  or  collector. 

Act  of  March  3d,  1817. 
J  I.  Be  it  enacted,  i^e.  That  the  register  or  other  documents  in  lieu  thereof,  together  with  Iheclcnr- 
ance  and  other  papers  granted  by  the  officers  of  the  customs  lo  any  foreign  ship  or  vessel,  al  lier  de- 
parture from  the  port  or  place  from  which  she  may  have  arrived,  shall,  previous  to  entry  in  any  port 
of  the  Uniied  States,  be  produced  to  the  collector  with  whom  such  entry  is  lo  be  made.  And  it  shall 
bf  the  duly  of  the  master  or  coniniaiider,  within  forty-eight  hours  atler  such  entry,  to  dcpiisiie  llie 
said  papers  with  the  consul  or  vice  consul  of  the  nation  to  which  the  vessel  belongs,  and  to  deliver  to 
the  collector  the  certificate  of  such  consul  or  vice  consul  that  the  said  [iiipers  have  be-n  so  depiisilcil: 
and  any  master  or  commander, as  aforesaid,  w  ho  shall  fail  to  comply  with  this  regulation,  shall,  upon 
conviction  thereof  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  be  lined  in  a  sum  not  less  than  live  hun- 
dred dollars  nor  exceeding  two  thousand  dollars :  Prorirfcrf,  That  this  act  shall  not  extend  lo  the 
vessels  of  foreign  nations  in  whose  ports  American  consuls  are  not  permitted  to  have  the  cii9ln(lyan(; 
possession  of  the  register  and  other  papers  of  vessels  entering  the  ports  of  such  nation,  acciirdrnu  ti- 
the provisions  of  the  second  section  of  the  act,  suiipleuieutury  to  the  act  "concerning  ceusuls  wl 


CONTRABAND. 


473 


und  to  Homo  port  of  (hp 
III  Imaril  cil'ihuir  Kliipn  u^ 
r  vic«  roiiiniercial  nsenii 
lich  Huch  Mlii|)i>  or  vi^asi^i, 
I  may  lie  »ttr«fil  ln-iwi'cn 
si'iiiiivn  hIihII,  if  ulilp,  lie 
iilillilk'S  :  Vruniitii,  'rhni 

llllllllL'r  tllllll  two    IIK'II  to 

«  ;  iiiul  if  any  micli  fa|,. 
,  vice  ronsiil,  coiniiicrcial 
r  tlte  BMiii  of  oiiv  Inindred 
It  of  tliu  Unitfd  StuttH,  j„ 
Kill  or  i-oiiinierciiil  auint, 
fugal,  in  aiiy  cuiirtnf  law 

Inibnrse  the  consul!!,  vicv 
If*  iiH  I  hey  limy  iH'rcliifun. 
itc  of  twelve  cents  u  man 

cinl  npviit,  and  virc  mm. 
:  of  (lisicbHret!  of  uiiyfci. 
ami  receiving  tlie  amuuia 
f  per  ceiitiiiii. 
il  agent,  fliiill,  falsely  umI 
g  tu  ciliKonsof  the  l"iiii|.|| 
ion,  forfeit  ami  pay  u  tin,. 
priiioiied  fur  any  term  luii 

agent,  Khun  erniit  w  \as,f. 
i,iHa  citiziMi  of  tlie  riiiii.i 
ion,  forfeit  and  pay  u  tin, 

lext,  in  a  foreisn  tnunlry, 
est  lliereon,  shall  lii>  vtr'i' 
ir  vice  coomicnial  iiseni, 
!  person  giving  the  ccriiii.' 


ling  on  the  Ilnrhary  coast, 

for  any  pnipose,  oron  idn- 

8,  or  to  the  olliccrs  u\  siil,'. 

will!  intent  to  iliarpo  ilir 

in  writing,  from  Ilie  prcM. 

all,  after  notice  oftliisuci, 

ay  pretence  whatever,  iki 

subjects  thereof,  a  gtcaift 

itiiig  therein,  without  tiriii 

pay  to  the  treasury  nf  iln 

,  moreover,  stand  cliarEtil 

It!  provisions  of  this  int. 

United  States  resiiliiig 

he  concerned,  dirciih  ii 

the  coast  of  ilaibiiry,  ol' 

,  and  being  thereof  cun- 

llars. 

to  transmit  to  thesecre- 

islitirsenienis  or  expeiuli- 

d  the  particular  purpoi^e 

me:  and  the  secrciury  (if 

ement  of  the  lirst  .sossiun 

iiry  of  the  b'ni(edSlalt'i, 

ir,  therein  noting,  as  I'ai 

ents  or  consul.),  and  the 


iirls  or  coDimercial  ngcntj 
h  regulations  ns  may  lie 
to  the  iiroper  coniniaiulet 
ig  man  on  hoard  of  any 
subject  or  citizen  ol'siuli 
fully  employed,  accorilins 
'  also  be  admitted,  uiidtr 
ip,  of  the  persons  n|;aiiist 
)mmander  or  collector. 


r.  together  with  theclenr- 

ship  or  vessel,  at  licrde- 

ious  to  entry  in  any  pnn 

10  be  made.    And  it  shall 

ich  entry,  to  dcpiisitc  llit 

belongs,  and  to  delivrr  to 

have  lievn  so  deposiled: 

is  regulation,  shall,  u|i(iu 

not  less  than  live  liun- 

shall  not  e.xlenil  to  the 

I  to  have  the  custody  an<! 

;uch  nation,  accordiiic  li' 

concerning  consuls  wi. 


vim  fonsitls,  and  for  thp  further  protortion  of  American  seamen,"  passed  the  twenty-eighth  of  Feb- 
ruary, one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  three. 

}  2.  That  it  shall  not  lie  lawful  f^r  any  foreign  consul  to  deliver  to  the  master  or  rommander  of  any 
fiireign  vessel  the  register  and  other  papers  ilepositcd  with  him  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
until  such  master  or  comiiiander  shall  produce  to  him  a  cloarnnre,  in  due  form,  from  the  collector  of 
the  port  where  such  vessel  lias  been  entered  ;  and  any  consul  offending  against  the  provisions  of  thiil 
art,  shall  upon  conviction  thereof  before  the  supreme  court  of  the  (Jnitcd  iStates,  be  lined,  at  the  dis- 
cretion uf  tile  court,  in  a  sum  not  less  than  live  hundred  dollars  nor  exceeding  Hve  thousand  dollars. 

Jlet  uf  March  \st,  1823. 

}  7.  That  no  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  subject  to  ad  valorem  duty,  imported  as  aforesaid,  and 
hcliineing  to  a  person  or  persons  not  residing  at  the  time  in  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  liavn 
ni-tuiilly  purchased  the  same,  shall  he  admitted  to  entry,  unless  the  invoice  be  verified  by  the  oath  of 
(111'  owner,  or  one  of  the  owners,  certifying  that  the  said  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  were  actually 
niiri'hased  for  Ills  account,  or  for  account  of  himself  and  partners  >  the  said  purchase;  that  the  iii- 
viiice  annexed  t here :oc(Mita  ins  a  true  and  faitlifulaccoiint  of  the  ac  al  cost  thereof,  and  of  all  char;tf8 
(hereon;  and  that  no  discounts,  h(Mintie3,or  drawbacks,  are  contained  in  the  said  invoice,  but  such  xm 
have  been  actually  allowed  on  the  same  ;  which  said  oath  shall  be  administered  by  a  consul  or  coiii- 
iinircial  ai;ent  of  the  (Iiiited  States :  or  by  some  public  olhcer  duly  autliori/.ed  to  administer  oaths  in 
the  cniinlry  where  the  said  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  shall  have  been  purchased,  and  the  saino 
duly  cerlirfed  liy  the  said  consul,  commercial  aaent,  or  public  ofiicer ;  in  which  latter  case,  such  oth<  ial 
certificate  shall  be  authenticated  by  a  consul  or  coiiimercial  aeeiit  of  the  United  Mates:  f'roinileu, 
Xlial  if  there  hi;  no  consul  or  cuniiiiercial  agent  of  the  United  rilates  in  the  country  from  which  the 
sail!  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  shall  have  been  imported,  the  authentication  hereliy  retiuireil, 
sliall  be  executed  by  a  consul  of  a  nation  at  the  time  in  amity  with  the  United  States,  if  there  b<:  any 
buch  residing  there  :  and  if  there  he  no  such  consul  in  the  ccnintry,  the  said  aullienlication  sliall  hi; 
made  by  two  respi.'ctalile  merchants,  if  any  such  there  be,  residing  in  the  port  from  which  the  said 
craiils.  wares,  or  merchandise,  shall  have  been  imported. 

'  Ij'i.  That  no  eoods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  subject  to  ad  valorem  duty,  imported  as  aforesaid,  and 
hiloimiii?  I"  a  person  or  persons  not  residing  at  the  time  i"  the  United  States,  who  may  not  have  ac- 
ijiiireil  the  same  ill  the  ordinary  mode  of  bariiain  and  sale,  ir  belonging  to  a  person  or  persons  who 
may  be  the  manufacturer  or  manufacturers,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  the  same;,  shall  be  admitted  to 
entry,  unless  the  invoice  thereof  be  verified  by  the  oath  of  the  owner,  or  of  one  of  the  owners,  certi- 
I'ying  that  the  invoice  contains  a  true  and  faithful  account  of  the  said  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise, 
111  their  fair  market  value  at  the  time  and  place  when  and  where  the  same  were  procured  or  maiiu- 
fiirtiired,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  of  all  charires  thereon  ;  and  that  the  said  invoice  contains  no  dis- 
counts, bounties,  or  drawbacks,  but  such  as  have  been  actually  allowed ;  which  said  oath  ahall  have 
been  duly  administered  and  authenticated  in  the  mode  prescribed  in  the  seventh  section  of  thiii 
act. 

}  22.  That,  for  every  verification  and  certificate,  made  under  this  act.  before  a  consul  or  commcrrial 
aeentof  the  United  States,  such  consul  or  commercial  agent  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  and  receive, 
troin  the  person  making  the  same,  a  fee  of  two  dollars  :  Provided,  Each  shipper  shall  liavu  the  riglit 
to  include  all  articles  shipped  by  Iiim  in  the  same  invoice. 

Act  of  March  3rf,  1835. 

\  1.  Be  it  enacted,  Sft.  That  if  any  consul,  vice  consul,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  commercial  agent, 
sliall  knowingly  and  falsely  certify  to  any  invoice,  or  other  paper  to  which  his  certificate  is  by  law 
authorised  or  required,  he  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  forfeit 
and  pay  a  fine  not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  be  imprisoned  for 
a  term  not  exceeding  three  years,  at  the  like  discretion. 

See  Rentes  Commentaries  on  American  Law,  Lecture  2d. — Am.  Ed,] 

CONTR.\BAND,  in  commerce,  a  commodity  prohibited  to  be  exported  or  imported, 
bought  or  sold. 

CoxTiiAnAxn  is  also  a  term  applied  to  designate  that  class  of  commodities  which  neu- 
trals are  not  allowed  to  carry  during  war  to  a  belligerent  power. 

It  is  a  recognised  general  principle  of  the  law  of  nations,  that  ships  may  sail  to  and  trade 
with  all  kingdom^?,  countries,  and  states  in  peace  with  the  princes  or  authorities  who.se  flags 
they  bear ;  and  that  they  are  not  to  be  molested  by  the  ships  of  any  other  power  at  war  with 
the  country  with  which  they  are  trading,  unless  they  engage  in  the  conveyance  of  con fr a- 
band  goods.  But  great  dilTiculty  has  arisen  in  deciding  as  to  the  goods  compri.sed  under 
this  term.  The  reason  of  the  limitation  suggests,  however,  the  species  of  articles  to  which 
it  principally  applies.  It  is  indispensable  that  those  who  profess  to  act  upon  a  principle  of 
neutrality  should  carefully  abstain  from  doing  any  thing  that  may  discover  a  bias  in  favour 
of  either  party.  But  a  nation  who  should  furnish  one  of  the  belligerents  with  supplies  of 
warlike  stores,  or  with  supplies  of  any  article,  without  which  that  belligerent  might  not  be 
able  to  carry  on  the  contest,  would  obviously  forfeit  her  neutral  character ;  ami  the  other 
bfiligereiit  would  be  warranted  in  preventing  such  succours  from  being  sent,  and  in  confis- 
cating them  as  lawful  prize.  All  the  best  writers  on  internationtd  law  admit  this  principle  ; 
whicil,  besides  being  enforced  during  every  contest,  has  been  sanctioned  by  repeated  treaties. 
In  order  to  obviate  all  disputes  as  to  what  commodities  should  be  deemed  contraband,  they 
have  sometimes  been  specified  in  treaties  or  conventions — (Sec  the  references  in  Lampredi 
id  Commercio  rfe'  Pnpoli  NeutrnU,  %  9.)  But  this  classification  is  not  always  respected 
(luring  hostilities;  and  it  is  sufficiently  evident  that  an  article  which  might  not  be  contra- 
band at  one  time,  or  under  certain  circumstances,  may  become  contraband  at  another  time, 
or  under  different  circumstances.  It  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  even  by  M.  Hubner,  the  great 
advocate  for  the  freedom  of  neutral  commerce — (Df  la  Saisie  des  Batimens  Nenfres,  torn.  i. 
p.  193.) — that  every  thing  that  may  be  directly  available  for  hostile  purposes  is  contraband, 
as  arms,  ammunition,  horses,  timber  for  ship-building,  and  all  sorts  of  naval  stores.  The 
greatest  difficulty  has  occurred  in  deciding  as  to  provisions,  which  are  sometimes  held  to  be 

60 


11 

mi; 

iili 

.in  « 


JI'H' 


ii|i;.i 


u 


II  n  TiH 

■;li'« 


^1 

i 


III! 

■'■'■■m 
,1  '■  it^l 


-i 


li 


''^■-  •.dm;  I 


lanMl"*** 


c 


IN*'- 


.ail 


.^fM'u; 


*l» 


I 


474 


CONTRABAND. 


contrabaml,  and  sometimes  not.  Lord  Stowcll  has  shown  that  the  charnrler  of  the  pnrl  u> 
which  the  provisions  are  destined,  is  the  principal  eircumstancc  to  be  attended  (o  in  derid- 
ing whether  they  arc  to  be  looiied  upon  us  contraband.  A  cargo  of  provisions  intended  for 
an  enemy's  port,  in  which  it  was  known  that  a  warhlie  armament  was  in  preparation,  woulil 
bo  liable  to  arrest  and  confiscation ;  while,  if  the  same  cargo  were  intended  for  a  port  wlim: 
none  but  merchantmen  were  fitted  out,  the  most  that  could  be  done  would  be  to  detain  it, 
paying  the  neutral  the  same  price  for  it  he  would  have  got  from  the  enemy. 

By  the  ancient  law  of  Europe,  a  ship  conveying  any  contraband  article  was  liable  to  con- 
fiscation as  well  as  the  article.  But  in  the  modern  practice  of  the  courts  of  admiralty  ot 
this  and  other  countries,  a  milder  rule  has  been  adopted,  and  the  carriage  of  contraband 
articles  is  attended  only  with  the  loss  of  freight  and  exjicnses,  unless  when  the  ship  belongs 
to  the  owner  of  the  contraband  cargo,  or  when  the  simple  misconduct  of  conveying  such  i 
cargo  has  been  connected  with  other  malignant  and  aggravating  circumstances.  Of  these 
a  false  destination  and  false  papers  are  juUly  held  to  bo  the  worst. — (5  Hub.  Adm.  hep, 
275.) 

The  right  of  visitation  and  search  is  a  right  inherent  in  all  belligerents ;  for  it  would  be 
absurd  to  allege  that  they  had  a  right  to  prevent  the  conveyance  of  contraband  gooils  to  an 
enemy,  and  to  deny  them  the  use  of  the  only  means  by  which  they  can  give  elfect  to  such 
right. — (  Valtel,  book  iii.  c.  7.  §  1 14.)  The  object  of  the  search  is  twofold  :  first,  to  ascer- 
tain whether  the  ship  is  neutral  or  an  enemy,  for  the  circumstance  of  its  hoisting  a  neutral 
flag  affords  no  security  that  it  is  really  such ;  and,  secondly,  to  ascertain  whether  it  has  con- 
traband articles,  or  enemies'  property,  on  board.  All  neutral  ships  that  would  naviijatc 
securely  during  war  must,  consequently,  be  provided  with  passports  from  their  government, 
and  with  all  the  papers  or  documents  necessary  to  prove  the  property  of  the  ship  and  cargo 
— (see  Ship's  Papers')  ;  and  they  must  carefully  avoid  taking  any  contraband  articles  or 
belligerent  property  on  board.  And  hence,  as  Lampredi  has  observed,  a  merchant  shi[) 
which  seeks  to  avoid  a  search  by  crowding  sail,  or  by  open  force,  may  justly  be  captured  and 
subjected  to  confiscation. — (§  12.) 

It  has,  indeed,  been  often  contended  that  free  ships  make  free  ^onds  {que  le  pavilion 
cuuvre  la  marchaiidise)  and  that  a  belligerent  is  not  warranted  in  seizing  the  property  of  an 
enemy  in  a  neutral  ship,  unless  it  be  contraband.  The  discussion  of  this  important  ques- 
tion  would  lead  us  into  details  which  do  not  properly  come  within  the  scope  of  this  work. 
We  may,  however,  shortly  observe,  that  no  such  privilege  could  be  conceded  to  neutrals, 
without  taking  from  belligerents  the  right,  inseparable  from  a  state  of  war,  of  seizing  an 
enemy's  property  if  found  in  places  where  hostilities  may  be  lawfully  carried  on,  as  on  the 
high  seas.  In  fsct,  were  the  principle  in  question  admitted,  the  commerce  of  a  hcllicerent 
power  with  its  colonies,  or  other  countries  beyond  sea,  might  be  prosecuted  in  neutral  ships, 
with  as  much  security  during  war  as  in  peace ;  so  that  neutrals  would,  in  this  way,  be  au- 
thorised to  render  a  belligerent  more  important  assistance  than,  perhaps,  they  could  have 
done  had  they  supplied  him  with  troops  and  ammunition  !  But  it  is  surely  unnecessary  to 
say,  that  to  act  in  this  way  is  a  proceeding  altogether  at  variance  with  the  idea  of  neutrality. 
Neutrals  are  bound  to  conduct  themselves  in  the  spirit  of  impartiality ,-  and  must  not 
afibrd  such  aid  or  assistance  to  one  party,  as  may  the  better  enable  him  to  make  head  against 
tlie  other.  It  is  their  duty  "  nan  interponere  se  bello,  non  hoste  imminente  hostem  eripere." 
And  yet  it  is  manifest  that  the  lending  of  neutral  bottoms  to  carry  on  a  belligerent's  trade  is 
in  direct  contradiction  to  this  rule.  The  ships  or  cruisers  of  a  particular  power  may  have 
swept  those  of  its  enemy  from  the  sea,  and  reduced  him  to  a  state  of  great  ditiiculty,  by  put- 
ting a  stop  to  his  commerce  with  foreigners,  or  with  his  own  colonies ;  but  of  what  conse- 
quence would  this  be,  if  neutrals  might  step  in  to  rescue  him  from  such  difficulties,  by  cany- 
ing  on  that  intercourse  for  him  which  he  can  no  longer  carry  on  for  himself]  It  is  natural 
enough  that  such  a  privilege  should  be  coveted  by  neutrals :  but,  however  advantageous 
to  them,  it  is  wholly  subversive  of  the  universally  admitted  rights  of  belligerent  powers,  as 
well  as  of  the  principles  of  neutrality  ;  and  cannot,  therefore,  be  truly  said  to  bo  bottomed 
on  any  sound  principle. 

In  the  war  of  175G,  the  rule  was  laid  down  by  Great  Britain,  that  neutrals  are  not  to  lie 
allowed  to  carry  on  a  trade  during  war,  that  they  were  excluded  from  during  peace ;  so  that, 
supposing  a  nation  at  war  with  Groat  Britain  had,  while  at  peace,  prohibited  foreigners  from 
engaging  in  her  colonial  or  coasting  trade,  we  should  not  have  permitted  neutrals  to  engage 
in  it  during  war.  This  rule  has  been  much  complained  of;  but  the  principle  on  which  it  is 
founded  seems  a  sound  one,  and  it  may  in  most  cases  be  safely  adopted.  The  claims  of 
neutrals  cannot  surely  be  carried  further  than  that  they  should  be  allowed  to  carry  on  their 
trade  during  war,  as  they  had  been  accustomed  to  carry  it  on  during  peace,  except  with 
places  under  blockade ;  but  it  is  quite  a  difTerent  thing  when  they  claim  to  be  allowed  to 
employ  themselves,  during  war,  in  a  trade  in  which  they  had  not  previously  any  right  to  en- 
gage. To  grant  them  this,  would  not  be  to  preserve  to  them  their  former  rights,  but  to  give 
them  new  ones,  which  may  be  fairly  withheld.  Supposing,  however,  that  either  of  the  belli- 
gerfent  powers  has  force  sufficient  to  prevent  any  intercourse  between  the  other  and  its  cultt- 


CONVOY. 


475 


meter  of  the  port  io 
attended  (o  in  derid- 
)vi9ions  intended  lor 
n  preparation,  would 
idcd  for  a  port  vi\\cn 
would  be  to  detain  it, 
cmy. 

cle  was  liable  to  con- 
jurts  of  adniirally  ot 
arriage  of  contraband 
'hen  the  ship  belongs 
t  of  conveying  such  a 
imstanccs.  Of  these 
-(5  Rub.  Adm.  Rep. 

rents ;  for  it  would  be 
intraband  gootls  to  an 
an  give  elfect  to  such 
ofold  :  frsf,  to  asccr- 
its  hoisting  a  neutral 
in  whether  it  has  con- 
that  would  navigain 
fom  their  govcrnmeni, 
F  of  the  ship  and  carju 
.•ontraband  articles  or 
rved,  a  merchant  slii[i 
justly  be  captured  anil 


.  neutrals  are  not  to  Iw 
during  peace ;  so  that, 
)lubitcd  foreigners  from 
^tted  neutrals  to  engage 
principle  on  which  it  is 
ipled.  The  claims  of 
owed  to  carry  on  their 
ing  peace,  except  with 
claim  to  be  allowed  to 
■iously  any  right  to  en- 
rmer  rights,  but  to  give 
that  either  of  the  belli- 
,  the  other  and  Us  co/u- 


niM,  or  any  tnterenurse  between  different  porta  of  the  other,  she  might,  in  the  exercise  of  the 
legitimate  rights  of  a  belligerent,  exclude  ncntrnls  from  such  trade,  even  though  it  had  for- 
merly been  open  to  them;  because  otherwise  she  would  be  dc[)rived  of  the  advantage  of  her 
8ui>crior  force;  and  the  neutrals  would,  in  fact,  when  employed  in  this  way,  bo  acting  as  tho 
most  cflTicient  allies  of  her  enemy. 

For  a  full  discussion  of  this  important  and  difficult  question,  and  of  the  various  distinctions 
to  which  it  gives  rise,  see  the  work  of  Hubncr  (De  la  Saisie  de,i  HAtimens  Neutres,  8  tomes, 
12mo.  1757),  in  which  the  different  arguments  in  favour  of  the  principle  that  "  tho  flag 
covers  the  cargo"  are  stated  with  perspicuity  and  talent.  The  opposite  principle  has  been 
advocated  by  Lampredi,  in  his  very  ai)le  treatise  Del  Commerclo  de'  Popoli  Neutrali,  §  10.: 
by  Lord  Liverpool,  in  his  Discourse  on  the  Conduct  of  Great  liritain  in  respect  to  Neutrals, 
written  in  1757;  and,  above  all,  by  Lord  Stowcll,  in  his  justly  celebrated  decisions  in  tho 
Admiralty  Court.  Martens  inclines  to  Hubner's  opinion. — (See  Precis  du  Droit  dis  Gens, 
liv.  8,  c.  7.) 
[See  Rentes  Commentaries  on  American  Law,  Lecture  7th. — Am.  Ed.] 
CONVOY,  in  navigation,  tho  term  applied  to  designate  a  ship  or  ships  of  war,  appointed 
by  government,  or  by  the  commander  in  chief  on  a  particular  station,  to  escort  or  protect  tho 
merchant  ships  proceeding  to  certain  ports.  Convoys  are  mostly  appointed  during  war ;  but 
they  are  sometimes,  also,  appointed  during  peace,  for  the  security  of  ships  navigating  seas 
infested  with  pirates. 

Individuals  have  not  always  Wn  left  to  themselves  to  judge  as  to  the  expediency  of  sail- 
ing with  or  without  convoy.  The  governments  of  most  maritime  states  have  thought  pro- 
per, when  they  were  engaged  in  hostilities,  to  oblige  their  subjects  to  place  themselves  under 
an  escort  of  this  sort,  that  the  enemy  might  not  bo  enriched  by  their  capture.  Acts  to  this 
effect  were  passed  in  this  country  during  the  American  war  and  the  late  French  war.  Tho 
last  of  these  acts  (43  Geo.  3.  c.  57.)  enacted,  that  it  should  not  be  lawful  for  any  ship  be- 
longing to  ony  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  (except  as  therein  provided)  to  depart  from  any 
port  or  place  whatever,  unless  under  such  convoy  as  should  he  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  master  was  required  to  use  his  utmost  endeavours  to  continue  with  the  convoy 
during  the  whole  voyage,  or  such  part  thereof  as  it  should  be  directed  to  accompany  his  ship ; 
and  not  to  separate  therefrom  without  leave  of  the  commander,  under  very  heavy  pecuniary 
penalties.  And  in  case  of  any  ship  departing  without  convoy  contrary  to  the  act,  or  wil- 
fully separating  therefrom,  all  insurances  on  the  ship,  cargo,  or  freight,  belonging  to  the  mas- 
ter, or  to  any  other  person  directing  or  privy  to  such  departure  or  separation,  were  rendered 
null  and  void.  The  customs  officers  were  directed  not  to  allow  any  ship  that  ought  to  sail 
with  convoy  to  clear  out  from  any  place  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  foreign  parts,  without 
requiring  from  the  master,  bond  with  one  surety,  with  condition  that  the  ship  should  not  de- 
part without  convoy,  nor  afterwards  desert  or  wilfully  separate  from  it.  The  regulations  of 
this  act  did  not  extend  to  ships  not  requiring  to  be  registered,  nor  to  those  licensed  to  sail 
without  convoy,  nor  to  those  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade,  nor  to  those  belonging  to  the 
East  India  Company,  &c. 

It  is  very  common,  during  periods  of  war,  to  make  sailing  or  departing  with  c(mvoy  a 
condition  in  policies  of  insurance.  This,  like  other  warranties  in  a  policy,  must  be  strictly 
performed.  And  if  a  ship  warranted  to  sail  with  convoy,  sail  without  it,  the  policy  becomes 
void,  whether  this  be  imputable  to  any  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  insured,  or  the  refusal 
of  government  to  appoint  a  convoy. 

There  are  five  things  essential  to  sailing  with  convoy :  viz.  first,  it  must  be  with  a  regular 
convoy  under  an  officer  appointed  by  government ;  secondly,  it  must  be  from  the  place  of 
rendezvous  appointed  by  government ;  thirdly,  it  must  be  a  convoy  for  the  voyage ;  fourthly, 
them'dster  of  the  ship  must  have  sailing  instructions  from  the  commanding  officer  of  the 
convoy ;  and  fifthly,  the  ship  must  depart  and  continue  with  the  convoy  till  the  end  of  the 
voyage,  unless  separated  by  necessity. 

With  respect  to  the  third  of  these  conditions  we  may  observe,  that  a  warranty  to  sail  with 
convoy  generally  means  a  convoy  for  the  voyage  ,•  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  add  the  words 
"for  the  voyage"  to  make  it  so.  Neither  will  the  adding  of  th&se  words  in  some  instances, 
make  the  omission  of  them,  in  any  case,  the  ground  of  a  different  construction.  A  warranty 
to  sail  with  convoy  does  not,  however,  uniformly  mean  a  convoy  that  is  to  accom[>any  the 
ship  insured  the  entire  way  from  the  port  of  departure  to  her  port  of  destination ;  but  such 
convoy  as  government  may  think  fit  to  appoint  as  a  suflicient  j)rotection  for  ships  going  the 
voyage  insured,  whether  it  be  for  the  whole  or  only  a  part  of  the  voyage. 

Sailing  instructions,  referred  to  in  the  fourth  condition,  are  written  or  printed  directions 
delivered  by  the  commanding  officer  of  the  convoy  to  the  several  masters  of  the  ships  under 
his  care,  that  they  may  understand  and  answer  signals,  and  know  the  place  of  rendezvous 
appointed  for  the  fleet  in  case  of  dispersion  by  storm,  or  by  an  enemy,  &c.  These  sailing 
instructions  are  so  very  indispensable,  that  no  vessel  can  have  the  full  protection  and  benefit 
of  convoy  without  them :  hence,  when,  through  the  negligence  of  the  master,  they  are  not 
obtained,  tho  ship  is  not  said  to  have  sailed  with  convoy  ;  and  a  warranty  in  a  policy  of  in- 


Ill;,; 

'1 11, 


IM» 


I':* 

"A 


iili 


I   '         I 


476 


COPAIVA— COPENHAGEN. 


^52 


*-<r^ 


•*«'» 


N*^ 


'"ft: 
at, 


^-  ill. 


'"if.  , 


t;  •     ^  ' 


surancc  to  that  eflect  is  held  not  to  l)o  complied  with.  If,  however,  the  master  do  nil  in  hi.< 
power  to  obtain  sailing  instructionH,  hut  is  prevented  I'roni  obtaining  them  by  any  iniiuperalilv 
obstacle,  as  the  hodnesa  of  the  weather ;  or  if  they  be  refund  by  the  commander  of  the  con- 
voy ;  the  warranty  in  tlie  policy  in  held  to  be  complied  with. 

For  further  information  as  to  convoy,  see  Abltutt  im  the  Law  of  Shipping,  part  iii,  c.  3.; 
Marshall  on  Insurance,  book  i.  c.  0.  §  6.,  and  the  Act  43  Gto,  3.  c.  57,  <Vc. 

COPAIVA.     See  Balsam. 

COPAL,  improperly  called  gum  copal,  is  a  valuable  and  singular  kind  of  resin,  that  na- 
turally exudes  from  different  large  trees,  and  is  imported  partly  from  America,  and  partly 
from  the  Eaxt  Indies.  The  best  copal  is  hard  and  brittle,  in  rounded  lumps  of  a  moderate 
size,  easily  reducible  to  a  fine  powder,  of  a  light  lemon  yellow  colour,  beautifully  transpa- 
rent, but  often,  like  amber,  containing  parts  of  insects  and  other  small  extraneous  hodJiR  in 
itB  substance.  Its  specific  gravity  varies  from  1-045  to  1-139.  It  has  iieitlicr  the  solubility 
in  water  common  to  gums,  nor  the  8olui)iUty  in  alcohol  common  to  resins,  at  least  in  any 
considerable  degree.  It  may  be  dissolved  by  digestion  in  drying  linseed  oil,  and  other  volatile 
menstrua.  This  solution  forms  a  beautiful  transparent  varnish,  which,  when,  properly  aji- 
pUed,  and  slowly  dried,  is  very  hard  and  very  durable.  Copul  varnish  was  lirst  discovered 
in  France,  and  was  long  known  by  the  name  of  vernis  martin.  It  is  applied  to  snuff-boxes, 
tea-boards,  and  other  utensils.  It  preserves  and  gives  lustre  to  paintings;  and  contributes 
to  restore  the  decayed  colours  of  old  pictures,  by  fdling  up  cracks,  and  rendering  the  surface 
capable  of  reflecting  light  more  uniformly.  Copal  is  liable  to  be  confounded  with  iftim 
anime,  when  the  latter  is  very  clear  and  good.  But  it  is  of  importance  to  diKtinguish 
between  them,  as  the  anime,  though  valuable  as  a  varnish,  is  much  less  so  than  the  finest 
copal ;  the  varnish  with  the  former  being  darker  coloured,  and  not  so  hard.  Besides  the 
external  appearance  of  each,  which  is  pretty  distinct  to  a  practised  eye,  the  solubility  in 
alcohol  furnishes  a  useful  test, — the  animo  being  readily  soluble  in  this  fluid,  while  the  co- 
pal is  hardly  affected  by  it ;  copal  is  also  brittle  between  the  teetli,  whereas  animu  softens 
in  the  mouth. — (Heea^a  Cijclnpacdia  ,■  Ure'a  Dictionary,  S(C.) 

The  imports  orgumanimi'  and  copiil  are  not  diHtinguislied  in  the  custom-house  accounts.  The  entries 
of  both  fur  home  consumption  nmounted,  ut  iiii  average  of  tlie  3  years  ending  with  lb31,to  13:4,723  Ihs. 
a  year.  The  duty  has  lieen  judiciously  reduced  from  Xs.  to  6s.  a.  cwt.  Copul  futches  in  the  London 
market  from  6d.  to  Is.  Id.  per  11).,  duty  paid. 

COPENHAGEN,  the  capital  of  Denmark,  situated  on  the  east  coast  of  the  island  of  Zea- 
land, in  the  channel  of  the  Baltic  colled  the  Sound ;  in  lat.  55°  41'  N.,  Ion.  12°  35'  46"  E. 
Population  about  105,000.  It  is  a  well-built,  handsome  city.  In  going  into  Copcnlia^en, 
the  course  is  between  the  buoy  on  the  Stubbcn  Bank  to  the  left,  and  the  buoy  on  the  Middle- 
grounds,  and  those  in  advance  of  the  three  Crown  batteries  on  the  right,  W.  S.  W.  by  com- 
pass. From  the  three  crowns  to  the  roads  the  course  is  S.  S.  W.  The  water  in  the  channel 
is  from  6  to  4  fathoms  deep ;  but  it  is  narrow,  and  the  navigation  rather  dilRcult.  There  is 
no  obligation  to  take  a  pilot  on  board ;  but  if  a  vessel  wish  for  one,  she  may  heave  to  abreast 
of  the  battery,  when  he  will  come  to  her.  Vessels  not  intending  to  come  into  harbour  bring 
up  in  the  roads,  at  from  j^  to  ^  a  mile  from  shore,  in  about  4  fathoms,  the  town  bearing 
S.  S.  W.  In  the  harbour,  within  the  boom,  the  water  is  from  17  to  18  feet  deep.  Vessels 
in  harboL    load  and  unload  alongside  the  quay.    The  anchorage  in  the  roads  is  good  and  safe. 

Money. — Accounts  are  kept  in  ri.xdollars  of  6  ninrcs,  or  96  skillingg;  the  ri.\dollnr  being  formerly 
worth  ahout  4s.  Id.  sterling.  But  in  181."?,  a  new  monetary  syHtein  was  adopted,  according  to  which 
tlie  new  or  Riirsbank  dollar  is  worth  2.*.  3id..,  being  hnlf  the  value  of  the  old  specie  dollar,  and  J  of  the 
old  current  dollar.  But  the  money  generally  used  in  commercial  transactions  is  hank  nuniey,  which 
is  commonly  at  a  heavy  discount.  The  par  of  e.xchange,  estimated  by  the  lligsbunk  dollar,  would  be 
8  dollars 7'Rskillings  per  pound  sterling. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  conunerrial  weights  are,  Ifi  pounds  =  1  lispound  ;  20  lispound  =  1  ship- 
pound;  1001b.  =  llOj-  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  134  lbs.  Troy  =  101  Ibs.of  Amsterdam  =  103lbs.  of  Hamburiih. 

The  liquid  measures  are,  4  ankers  =  1  ahni  or  ohm;  U  ahin  =  1  hogshead  ;  2  hogsheads  =  1  pipe; 
2  pipes  =  1  quarter.  The  anker  =  10  (very  nearly)  English  wine  gallons.  Afuder  of  wine -=  930  pots; 
and  100  pots  =  25i  wine  gallons. 

The  dry  measures  are,  4  viertels  =  1  schefTel ;  8  schetfels  =  1  toende  or  ton  ;  12  tons  =  1  last  =  47} 
Winchester  bushels.  The  last  of  oil,  butter,  herrings,  and  other  oily  substances,  should  weigh  221 
lbs.  nett. 

The  measure  of  length  is  the  Rhineland  foot  =  12}  inches  very  nearly.  The  Danish  ell  =  2  feet ;  100 
ells  =t>S|  English  yards. 

Trade  of  Copenhagen. — ^This  is  not  very  considerable,  and  has  latterly  declined.  Anchors, 
pitch,  and  tar,  are  chiefly  imported  from  Sweden  and  Norway  ;  flax,  hemp,  masts,  sail-cloth, 
and  cordage,  from  Russia;  West  India  produce  from  the  Danish  West  India  islands;  to- 
bacco from  America ;  wines  and  brandy  from  France :  coal,  earthen-ware,  and  salt  are  the 
principal  articles  of  direct  import  from  England.  Of  coal,  we  sent  to  Denmark  (principal!; 
to  Copenhagen),  in  1830, 100,127  tons,  and  of  salt  1,272,487  bushels.  Owing  to  the  erro- 
neous  policy  of  the  Danish  government,  which  is  attempting,  at  a  great  public  loss,  to  raise 
and  bolster  up  manufactures,  the  direct  imports  of  woollens  and  cottons  are  quite  inconsi- 
derable. These  articles  are  not,  however,  absolutely  prohibited ;  but  are  admitted  on  condi- 
tion of  their  being  stamped,  and  put  up  to  auction  by  the  Custom-house,  which,  after  retain- 
ing 30  per  cent  of  the  gross  produce  of  the  sale,  pays  over  the  residue  to  the  importer,  who 


COPENHAGEN. 


4T7 


ic  master  do  nil  !n  h'm 
ini  by  ony  insuperable 
jiniimnder  of  the  con- 

tppi'ig,  part  iii.  c.  3, ; 
1  Ac- 

dnd  of  resin,  that  na> 
n  America,  and  partly 

lum[>B  of  a  moderate 
If,  beautifully  transpa- 
1  extraiirouB  bodies  in 

iifilliur  the  solubility 
rc8in!4,  at  least  in  any 
I  oil,  and  other  volatile 
h,  when,  properly  ap. 
h  WBH  first  discovered 
applied  to  snuff-boxes, 
Lings ;  and  contributes 
I  rendering  the  surface 
confounded  with  irujn 
ortanco  to  distinguish 
ess  so  than  the  finest 
so  hard.  Besides  the 
i  eye,  the  solubility  in 
:his  fluid,  while  the  co- 
vhercas  animu  softens 

ise  accounts.  Theeiitrioa 
;with  lh3i,tol2:<,723llis. 
)ul  fetches  in  the  Lonilun 

£t  of  the  island  of  Zea- 

i.,  Ion.  12°  35'  46"  E. 

>ing  into  Cojx'nhagen, 

le  buoy  on  the  Middle- 

;ht,  W.  S.  VV.  by  com- 

e  water  in  the  channel 

[ler  difficult.    There  is 

B  may  heave  to  abreast 

)me  into  harbour  bring 

)ms,  the  town  bearing 

18  feet  deep.    Vessels 

;  roads  is  good  and  safe. 

rixdollar  being  formerly 
iptcd,  according  to  which 
pecii!  dollar,  and  4  of  the 
ns  is  hank  money,  which 
tigsbank  dollar,  would  be 

md  ;  20  lisponnd  =  I  ship- 
=  lOSIhs.ofllambureh. 


in  ;  12  tons  =  1  last  =  47} 
lances,  should  weigh  2i1 

e  Danish  ell  =  2  feet  J 100 

erly  declined.  Anchors, 
hemp,  masts,  sail-cloth, 
(Vest  India  islands;  to- 
ware,  and  salt  are  the 
)  Denmark  (principally 
Is.  Owing  to  the  erro- 
reat  public  loss,  to  raise 
)ttons  are  quite  inconsi- 
t  are  admitted  on  condi- 
use,  which,  afler  retain- 
le  to  the  importer,  who 


is  gpnerally  the  purchaser.  This  oppressive  regulation  reduces  the  legitimate  importation 
of  these  articlcH  to  next  to  nothing ;  but  the  illicit  importation  u  very  eonsiderable,  princi- 
pally by  the  Elbe  nnd  the  Holstein  frontier.  The  exports  consist,  for  "the  most  part,  of  th6 
produce  of  the  soil,  as  grain,  rapcseed,  butter  and  cheese,  In-ef  and  pork,  hides,  horw-s  and 
cattle,  corn,  brandy,  bones,  &c.  In  1830,  the  imports  of  grain  into  this  country  from  Den- 
mark  were  as  follows,  viz.  wheat  88,033  quarU-rs,  barley  7.5,532  do.,  oats  118,203  do.,  ryo 
1,151  do.,  peas  and  beans  5,182  do.,  the  importation  of  rapeseed  during  the  same  year' was 
286,569  bushels.— (See  Cobm  Laws.)     We  subjoin 

Kn  Account,  extracted  from  the  Returns  published  by  the  Danish  t'ustom-housp  of  the  principal  Arti- 
cles of  Agricultural  Produce  exported  tVoni  Denmark  in  1831. 


AnidM  I'liwrtid. 

QujiiliiiM  piimrlfd.                    1 

Value  in  Stcrliof. 

D»ni«h  Wcieh'i 
and  Meuurui. 

Briliih  VVeii;lili 
and  Meaauren. 

V  tliju  ill  Kio- 
liuik  DolUra. 

Wheat  and  wheat  flour 
Rye  and  rye  flour 
barley,  flour  and  groata 

malt      ... 
Oats,  meal  and  groata  - 
Buckwheat  do.  ... 
Peas       .           .           .           _ 
Beans  and  tares 
Rapeseed           ... 
Hiittcr     -           -           .           . 
Cheese   .... 
Brandy  (corn)    ... 
Fork,  salted        ... 
smoked      ... 
Beef,  salted        ... 
smoked    ... 
Hides  and  sk'na— 

calf,  sheep,  and  lamb 

ox,  cow,  and  horse 
Wool,  sheep       ... 
Cattle— 

Horses         ... 

Oxen            ... 

Cowa           ... 

Calves         ... 

113,096  ton. 

78,100    — 
384.384    — 

19,092    — 

351, .340    — 

0,988    — 

15,995    — 

31,133    — 
113,1.54     — 

47,01)8  bar. 
872.0(H)  IIh. 

2,3191  hhd. 
1,419,787  11(9. 
.305,789    — 
091,101    — 

15,773    — 

l,112,.5821hs. 

1,741,007    — 

779,488    -- 

12,350  head 

23,013    — 

8,461    — 

6,056    — 

54,912  (ira. 

37,921  — 

282,108  — 

9,28.8  — 

109,81ft  — 

3„377  — 

7,730  — 

15,017  — 

71,008  — 

«,5!)o'cwt. ' 

115.775  palls. 

11,331  cwt. 

3.003  — 

6,808  — 

156  — 

10,960  cwt. 
10,109  — 
857,436  — 

Rbd. 

.  3,904,772 

1,390,487 

2,382,!M)0 

51,500 

■  2,885,316 

£       ».  d. 
446,036  17    0 

1.56,429  15    9 

208,076    5    0 

6,131    5    0 

321,593    1    0 

10,677,975 

£1,201,272    3    9 

We  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  proportion  shipped  from  Copenhagen,  but  it  was  very  cod- 

siderable. 

TarM.- Statement  of  the  Tares  allowed  by  the  Custom-house  nt  Copenhagen,  on  the  principal  Arti- 
cles of  Importation. 


ArlicleJ. 

Description  of  Packages. 

Tares. 

Articles. 

Description  of  Packages. 

Tarea. 

Almonds 

Linen  bags          ... 

4  per  ct. 

Pepper 

Bags  of  l.'iO  Ills,  and  under 

2  lbs. 

Omalignea   • 

All  sorts  of  packages      • 

16    - 

exceeding  150  lbs. 

4  — 

Cinnamon 

do.      . 

do. 

Linen  bags 

do. 

Cocnj  • 

In  linen  ban 

4perct. 

Pimento 

do.      .... 

do. 

CoiM 

Casks  of  400  Ills,  and  under 

16    - 

Raisina 

1-2  barrel 

IS  lbs. 

exceeding  400  lbs. 

12    — 

1-4    do.               ... 

12  — 

Malted  tags  nl'  1  jO  lbs.  and  under 

2  lbs. 

Casks  exceeding  1  -2  barrel 

10  Mr  ct. 

riceeding  150  lbs. 

4  — 

do.    under  1-2  barrel    - 

12    — 

East  India  bags,  double 

do. 

Rice     - 

Casks       .... 

10    - 

do.            single 

2  lbs. 

Barrels     .... 

24  lbs. 

Colon™,  piinlen' 

Unmixed  and  not  enumerated     > 

10  iier  ct. 

1-2  do.      .... 

18  — 

do.     and  enumerated,  and  not 

1-4  do.      .           .           -           . 

12  — 

being  ochre,  white  lead,  or  brown 

1-8  do 

8  — 

rud        .           -          .          . 

12    - 

Bags  of  100  lbs.  and  not  exceed- 

Prepared 

do. 

ing  150  lbs.      • 

4  — 

Cottoa 

Barn  or  bales 

All  sorts  of  packages     • 

4  lbs. 

150  lbs.  and  under 

2  — 

Curnnls 

16  per  ct. 

Saltpetre 

All  kinds  of  packages     ■ 

10  per  ct. 

Dtlfl  ware      • 

do 

JU     

Soap,  white     • 

do. 

14    — 

tip     ■ 

1-4  casks - 

Izibs. 

Sugar,  raw 

In  casks 

17    — 

1-2  do.    - 

18  - 

Brazil  boxes 

do. 

Casks       .... 

lOperct. 

Havannah  do.      - 

12    — 

Baskets,  or  frails 

8    - 

refined 

Casks  (transit)     • 

do. 

Glia  van     ■ 

Boxes      .... 

32    — 

Tobacco 

do.         -          -          -          - 

do. 

Bottles  in  crates  and  in  straw     • 

20    — 

Baskets  packed  in  mats  • 
Casks  Ctfiick)       - 

3    — 

do.     in  boxes  and  in  sawdust  - 

40    - 

Turpentine 

17    — 

Hardware 

In  casks  and  boxes 

12    — 

oil- 

do.        .           •          •           • 

20    — 

Packed  in  mats,  per  piece 

4  lbs. 

do.  cased 

34    - 

nopj   . 

Bags  and  pockets 

4  per  ct. 

Vitriol 

Glass  bottles  or  flasks  in  baskets 

20    - 

Inlitn  • 

All  sorts  of  packages 

20    - 

do.                        in  boxes  . 

Mustard 

Glasse^  in  boxes  and  casks 

12    — 

do.       packed  in  sawdust  . 

40    - 

flfhre  - 

All  sorts  of  packages 
In  single  and  double  casks 

10    - 

Stone  bottles 

30    — 

Olive  oil 

IS    — 

White  lead      • 

All  kinds  of  packages    - 

10    — 

Bottled,  in  baskets  and  straw     ■ 

20    - 

do.     in  boxes  and  sawdust    - 

40    — 

Crerfir— Goods  imported  into  Copenhagen  are  commonly  sold  on  credit :  3  months  is  the  term  gene- 
rally allowed  on  most  sorts  of  goods,  and  in  a  few  instances  6  months.  The  discount  for  ready  money 
is  4  per  cent.     Bankruptcy  is  of  rare  occurrence. 

SMppin^.— In  1831,  there  entered  the  port  of  Copenhagen  1,505  ships;  of  which  309  were  from  Swe- 
den, 305  from  Prussia,  208  from  Norway,  100  from  Great  Britain,  137  from  Russia,  90  from  IMnland,  29 
from  France,  &c.  The  tonnage  of  these  ships  is  not  stated ;  but  many  were  of  very  small  burden. 
Subjoined  is  an 


'"ill 


■■"  1 

"ii«i 


■  « 

)!> 

Ill 

t  » 


I 


h 
h 


''Wiiiig 
'I  4MIM 

(•■..I 


m 


^% 


478 


COPENHAGEN. 


■MM0IMM 

i 

'is;: 


■Ml-A 


cr 


<       t 


,;  I 


I,.'::, 


J       « 


Account  of  tho  Danish  Shipping  employed  In  ili"  INirnlan  and  In  the  Carrying  TrodR  of  Denmark  h 

tliu  \uitr  law. 


ConntriM  and 
I'licci. 


Ruisla    - 
I'ruiila    - 

Mecklenburgh 

Liilicck    - 

Swpilon   nndl 
Norway      J 


noinl>iirEli 
and  lireiiii'i 


N'cthurlanda    - 
Great  Britain  - 

France     - 

Spain 
Portugal  - 

Mediterranean 

Brazil 


No. 

of 

Slupa, 


833 
570 

lit 

383 

710 

555 
209 
837 

123 

76 
67 

66 

11 


40't4 


Tonutxc. 


N»ture  of  Ciffort  rvprirtrd 
rrun  Uvunuuk. 


ai.iiw 

29,830 
2,517 
7,473 

25,090 

31,154 
13,159 
43,420 

15,959 

8,451 
9,500 

0,637 

2,410 
225,354 


I  (  IlallnHt,  friilt,  lirli.ka,  } 
(     mid  pit'ci'  (loodH   -  5 


lirli.'ka, 
mid  pit'ci'  (loodH   - 
llalliiNt,    lii-rrinim, 
train  nil,  iiiidculu 
mill  priidnvo 
IlerrinXH,   train    nil, 
colonial    prodiieti 
and  provlHlciiiH  - 
f  t"orii,uiidprovir<ii)iiH,'J 

<  piiM'i!  irnodH,  her-  ?■ 
t  rhiKH,  Stc.  -  -  } 
(  Corn  and  proviitioiiH,  ) 

<  wool,  pii'ci!  (foods,  \ 
L  and  colonial  prodiicir  ' 


pr 

Corn  and  Hticdii,  l)iit-  ) 
ter, provltflonri, and  /' 
pliMT  goods  ' 

Corn, Hour  and  8('<!ds, ) 
pit'ce  KoodN,  iLK.      ^ 


r<,'orn,Ht!(;ilH,nili  ukt'fl,^ 
•?      Iioiies,  wool,  liidL'8,  r 

I     &c  -  .     -  < 

f  Corn  and  provi8iont>,  * 
■J  picct!  tfoods,  lisli,  t 
(  andlildi'H  -  -  -^ 
j  DallaHt,  piece  fioiids,  I 
\  (ImIi,  butter,  Stc.  < 
I  Ball:i!4t,  corn,  jiifce  J. 
\  KoodH,  fisli,flax,&c.  > 
rKlxli,  pitch,  and  lar,  ) 
<  tiinhcr,  train  oil,  r 
(.     piece  (.'ooils  -    ' 


WlH<nr« 
arrivail. 


101 

61 

44  > 

135 

lO'i 

12 

3fl'i 

21 

502 

IIH 

100 
OTi 

587 

31 

3 
2 

13 


I25W) 


Nalarrof  Cxnmn  im|>ort»d 
i«ui  Uciuuwk. 


Dniliit. 
linn. 


305 
173 
250 

01 

73 

65 

53 
II 


{ 


Ili'inp,    flax,    aHhm,  ^ 
tiillow,  Heedii.tlnilD.-r  ( 

Mni-n,    flax,    wood,') 
HtavcH,  nnil  tiiiilirr  j 

BallaHt,  corn,  and") 
Mci'ds,  wool,  und  [■ 
piece  (foods  -  )  ^ 
r  IMi^ce  goods,  iron,  J  1 
)  (Iralti,  and  tiinlier,  V 
I  sail,  &.C.  -  -  )| 
rlroii,  tar,  deals,  tini-'l 
}  hi'r,  (IhIi,  herrings,  V 
t  train  oil  -  -  J  | 
rliullast,  piece  goods,')  | 
I  tuliai'co,  colonial  :■ 
I  (  prodiicn  -  -  31 
I  f  llailast,  [tiece  gooils, ')| 
)  and  colonial  produce  \. 
r  llallasi,  coals,  sail,') 
/  pii'ci!  goods,  and  v 
(_     colonial  pnuliire    J  : 

f  Witin,   salt,     plnce  )  I 
'I     g<ioils  and  ballast    ji 

f  Oil  and  fruit,  wine  )  | 
'(  and  salt  -  -J; 
fVVine,  piece  goods, 
{     salt,  fruit,  &.C.    - 

J  Ballast,  fruit,  wine, 
(^     und  piece  goods  - 

Colonial  produce 


Iftl 
421 


101    13 


m 


IK 


4I| 


1  l.iS 


559  151 1 

308  5i:| 
i 

m!  i::i 
I 
I    1 

63S 

»T    851 

30 

15 


4e| 


Ml 


12711  I333| 


This  return  does  not,  however.  Include  vessels  engaged  in  the  fisheries,  or  in  the  coast  in  j  traile, 
the  latter  of  which  is  very  considerable. 

About  200  Danish  ships  are  engaged  in  the  carrying  trade  of  tho  Mediterranean.  Latterly,  how- 
ever, the  Hwedes  and  Norwegians  have  obtained  un  ascendancy  in  this  department. 

Excluding  vessels  under  20  tons,  there  belonged,  in  1830  to 

Denmark  ... 

Sleswick  ... 

Ilolstein  ... 


Shipi.. 

Tnnnnrr. 

1,563  - 

-  05,375 

1,022  . 

-  33,026 

1,100  - 

-  27,6S3 

Total 


3,696 


121,>1S» 


Colonial  TVade.— In  the  West  Indies,  tho  Danes  possess  the  island  of  St.  Croi.x,  wlilcli,  tlinm.'li  small, 
is  fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  All  the  ports  of  Ueiiniark  may  simkI  vessels  Ihltlior,  Inn  the  reliirn 
cargoes  must  be  discharged  nt  places  havins  sugar  relinerfes.  Tlie  principal  part  of  the  iraileis  jnilie 
hands  of  Copenhagen  merchants.  St.  Croix  produces  about  •25,0(l{).()00llis.  of  sugar,  and  l.llni.oiKi  sal- 
Ions  of  ruin.  In  1831,  23  ships,  of  the  aggregate  burden  of  5.772  tons,  arrived  at  Copenhagen  from 
St.  Croix.    A  good  deal  of  the  colonial  produce  brought  into  Denmark  is  again  exported. 

The  trade  to  the  settlement  of  Tranqueliar  and  Serampore,  in  India,  is  in  the  hands  of  an  exclusive 
company.  Whether  it  be  owing  to  the  deadening  inlliUMice  of  nionnpoly,  or  to  llie  real  superiority 
of  the  Americans,  who  supply  the  Continental  markets  with  lea,  &c.  at  a  cheaper  rale,  only  d/ic  sblij 
a  year  has  latterly  sailed  from  Copenhagen  for  India!  The  trade  to  the  Danish  seitlenieiilsnntlio 
African  coast  is,  if  possible,  of  still  less  importance. — (JV.  B.  For  an  account  of  the  trade  on  the  Kid 
Canal,  see  Canals.) 

Port  Charn-es  vary  according  as  the  vessel  has  come  from  this  or  the  further  side  of  Cape  Finisicrre, 
or  from  the  Indian  seas  ;  as  she  is  whfillv,  or  only  part  loaded  ;  and  as  she  clears  out  with  L'onil.i  thai 
have  been  in  transilii,  and  are  for  the  most  part  free  of  duly,  or  has  on  board  a  cargo  of  natiii.'iiroiluce 
subject  to  duty.  On  a  sliip  of  300  tons  beloUL'iiig  to  a  privileged  nation  from  this  side  (.'ape  I'inislcrri!, 
unloading  anil  loading  mixed  cargoes  in  Copenhagen,  tin;  ditt'erent  public  charges,  iijctniling  iSiinniJ 
dues,  brokerage,  &c.,  would  be  about  07/.  in.<.;  and  from  the  fiirtlier  side  of  t^afx;  Fiiiislerre,  the 
charges  would  be  about  09/.  10s.  When  a  ship  is  not  fully  loadeil,  lastage  moiipy  and  lialit  dues  are 
only  charged  in  proportion  to  the  cargo  on  board.  Lastage  money  is  not  chargeil  on  slii|w  oiilwarJ 
bound,  laden  with  transit  goods,  as  lar,  pitch,  iron,  tc.  But  nolwiihstaiiding  lliese  deductions,  it  is 
obvious  that  port  charges  at  Copenhagen  are  very  heavy,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  are  a 
material  obstacle  to  the  extension  of  trade. 

Covimission  on  purchases  is  generally  2  per  cent.,  and  on  sales,  3  per  cent.,  including  1  per  cent,  dtl 
credere. 

Citiien.ihip.— To  enable  a  foreigner  to  trade  as  a  merchant  in  Deninnrk,  he  must  become  a  burpher, 
which  costs  about  100/.,  and  it  will  recpiire  about  00/.  more  to  free  him  from  the  obligation  of  serving 
in  the  militia.  The  obstacles  in  the  way  of  a  forei(;ner  establishing  himself  in  Denmark  as  a  manu- 
facturer ore  much  greater,  on  account  of  the  exclusive  privileges  enjoyed  by  the  guilds  or  eoriwralioas 
into  which  the  principal  crafts  or  trades  are  divided. 


COrPKR. 


479 


ng  Traile  of  Denmark  h 


Ciinrnf*  tinpnrtlld 
I  Iteiuuwk. 


Driijia. 
iKin. 


rtnx,   nulifii,  \ 
Huuilii,t>iiili);r  I 

f\nx,    wood,  ■^ 
a,  mill  tiinlicr  \ 

nnd't 
urul  '■ 


1,   c-orn, 

H,   wool,    Ullll  > 

;  (IimmIs         -    J 

Ki>nil!i,     iron, 

,  nnil  tliiilicr 

tn: 

ir,  (icniK,  tini- 

IhIi,  herriiiRii 

oil 

,  jilecu  iiondH,'^ 

I'd),    cfiliiiiiiil  > 

urn      -        -  ) 

,  pierf  tfciiiils,  1 

liiiiiiil|iriiilii('i!  ] 

I!   uiinils,   !iii(i  > 
Ilia!  prixliicti    J 

siill,     |iii>r((  ■) 
i  Hiiil  bulliist    \' 

(1  fruit,  wiiu! ) 

iiilt       -        -    S 

plcro  (soodfl,  ) 

fruit,  &r.    -   y 

,  fnilt,  wiiic,  7 
:)ioce  yodds  -  5 

[il  produce 


161 
I  101 

m 


559 


li 

w 

15)) 
13 

«l 
IJl 


308  w:j 
9S  I77J 

635I  SIR' 

t 


30 
15 

8 


I 
521 

i 

561 

I 


12711  13331 


or  in  the  coaHling  trade, 

rnnenn.     Latterly,  how. 
artniunt. 


lix,  wliicli,  tlinii!.'li  small, 
thitlifr,  hill  till'  roliirn 
inrt  iif  the  Irmli'  is  intlie 
Jiicar.  ,iiiil  l.llKl.(i(l(io;ii. 
'il  at  Ci)ppnliii|;en  from 

I'xporteil. 

.  •  Imnds  of  iin  pxfliisive 

10  llic  n^al  superiority 

!!i|ier  rnio,  only  out  ship 

uiiish  scltlciiiciilK  nntlic 

of  the  trade  on  llie  Kiel 

side  of  rape  Finisterre, 
■;irs  out  with  L'liiiilmliiil 

ciireo  of  iiatiic  produce 
his  side  Ciipe  Kiiiislfrri', 

:ir;;i':),  iijcliiiline  Siiiinij 
of  ('apt!  Kiiiistcrre,  the 
)tipy  and  liirlit  dues  are 
araed  on  siiijw  outward 

llii'sc  dcihictimis,  it  is 
10  doubt  that  Kiey  are  a 

iicltidiiig  1  per  cent,  ill 

must  hernnio  a  hiirpher, 
he  ohiiaation  of  serving 
u  DenniHrli  as  a  irmiiu- 
le  guilds  or  corporations 


rMiirdwe.— Mnrlnn  Inmirnncp  U  rfTerted  on  liheral  terms,  liy  11  rnmpnny  cxtnUlitliRd  In  1710.  / 
■iKiil  many  riiikK  are,  however,  hHiired  nt   \>ii«ierilaiii  and  llainliiiriih. 

Cartrninff,  Shipn'  Slnrt^,  Jj-r.— ('openliai.''  ''  li:ir<  I'oiid  liiiildinK-vardu,  and  In  In  all  respect*  an  ellijlbli 
place  for  tlu!  repair  of  xlilpii,  and  for  iiuppl>  ink  tlieiii  with  provHliimi.     Kulijoined  la  an 

Accouiitof  the  Averugo  I'rlcu*  ofHIiipH'  Provinionat  Copi-nlmKen  In  IMI,la  Imperial  Weight!  and 

Muuiiureii,  and  Hturllng  Money. 


£$.d.      £   t.  d. 

Bifcultn.  nhipi',  lit  quality 

. 

• 

0  IS    0  per  cwt. 

Ditto        3d  ditto 

- 

- 

(1  I'i    (1  diiio. 

nutter,  lit  quHllty 

. 

• 

. 

-  9    8    0  to  9  10    0  ditto. 

Ditto,  2<l  ditto 

- 

. 

. 

9    4    0  ditto. 

Cheeso 

- 

- 

. 

-  0  13    9  to  0  17    0  ditto. 

I'eUH 

- 

. 

- 

-   1    H    U  —  1  12    0  per  Imp  qr. 

Beef,  salted 

. 

. 

. 

-   1  IS    0—11!)    0  per  2IK)  Ills. 

I'ork,  ditto 

. 

- 

. 

-  9  10    0  —  9  IH    n  ditto. 

Bacon 

- 

- 

• 

. 

-   0    0    3i—  0    0    .li  per  III. 

Spirits. 

—Rum 

.2*. 

to  a*,  fit/.    French  Brandy,  2.1.  li/.  to  X^.  \wt  gallon.                    1 

General  Remarks. — On  the  whole,  the  commerce  of  Denmark  may  be  jironounccd  to  Ims 
in  a  stationary  Htate.  But  from  her  ailvantURoous  situation  Itctwecn  the  Baltic  and  North 
Sea,  and  the  industrious,  porHcverini;  character  of  the  iiihaliitants,  tliere  can  be  little  doubt 
that  it  may  be  materially  extended.  It  in  needless,  however,  to  expect  any  considerable  im- 
provement till  the  present  system  of  domestic  policy  lie,  in  many  respects,  aitoRothcr  champed. 
The  Danish  government  has  long  been  exerting  itself  to  bolster  up  a  manufacturing  interest, 
by  laying  oppressive  duties  on  most  species  of  manufactured  articles.  Even  uniler  the  most 
favourable  circumstances,  such  conduct,  though  it  may  benefit  a  few  individuals,  is  sure  to 
lie  productive  of  great  national  loss.  But  in  the  case  of  Denmark,  the  circumstances  are 
such  as  to  render  the  restrictive  system  peculiarly  injurious.  All,  or  nearly  ail,  the  branches 
of  industry  carried  on  in  the  kingdom  are  subjected  to  the  government  of  guilds  or  corpora- 
tions ;  no  person  can  engage  in  any  line  of  business  until  ho  has  been  authorised  by  its 
peculiar  guild ;  and  as  the  sanction  of  this  body  is  rarely  obtained  without  a  considerable 
sacrifice,  the  real  effect  of  the  system  is  to  fetter  competition  and  improvement,  and  to  per- 
petuate monopoly  and  routine.  Even  the  Danish  writers  acknowledge  that  such  is  the  in- 
fluence of  the  present  regulations.  "Nus  ouvriers"  say  they,  "sunt  cliers,  travaillent  Icnfe- 
ment,  el  souvent  mal  et  sans  gniU  ,•  leur  education  est  negligee.  On  ne  les  forme  point  <i 
jimstr, et  I'apprentif  suit  macldnalement  ce  i/u'il  voitfaireuu  maltre." — {Catteau,  Tableau 
lies  Etats  Danois,  tome  ii.  p.  260.)  It  would  lie  idle  to  imagine  that  a  country  which  has 
to  import  coal,  should,  however  favourably  situated  in  other  respects,  be  able  to  manufacture 
cottons,  woollens.  Sec.  at  so  cheap  a  rate  as  they  may  bo  imported  from  others  enjoying 
greater  natural  facilities  for  their  proiluction.  But  when  to  the  physical  obstacles  in  the  way 
of  manufactures,  we  add  others,  not  less  formidable,  of  a  political  nature,  the  attempt  to 
force  them  into  existence  by  dint  of  customs  duties  and  regulations  becomes  absolutely 
ludicrous. 

The  port  charges  and  transit  duties  are  also  exceedingly  heavy ;  and  the  Sound  duties, 
being  charged  on  native  as  well  as  foreign  ships,  operate  as  an  inland  duty  on  the  trade  be- 
tween ililTerent  parts  of  the  country.  We  are  glad,  however,  to  be  able  to  state,  that  the 
more  intelligent  portion  of  the  Danish  people  are  quite  aware  of  the  mistaken  policy  on 
wliich  they  are  now  proceeding;  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  will,  at  no  distant  pe- 
riod, be  rendered  more  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  more  conducive  to  the 
improvement  of  the  people.  In  1832,  a  petition,  signed  by  almost  all  the  merchants  of 
Copenhagen,  was  addressed  to  the  king,  containing  an  able  and  distinct  exposition  of  the 
circumstances  which  de|)ress  Danish  commerce.  The  petitioners  pray  for  the  emancipation 
of  commercial  pursuits  from  all  the  restrictions  laid  upon  them  by  guilds  and  corporations, 
or,  in  other  words,  for  the  freedom  of  industry;  for  a  revision  and  reduction  of  the  transit 
duties,  and  a  change  in  the  mode  of  charging  the  Sound  duties ;  for  n  reduction  of  the  ton- 
nage duties,  and  a  remission  of  the  charge  on  account  of  light  money  on  ships  arriving  at 
Copenhagen  that  have  already  paid  for  the  lights  at  Elsineur ;  they  further  pray  for  the 
abolition  of  the  East  India  Company's  monopoly,  and  the  freedom  of  trade  to  the  East 
Indies  and  China ;  and  for  a  reduction  of  the  duties  on  several  articles  of  domestic  produce 
when  exported,  and  of  foreign  produce  when  iniiwrtpJ.  What  is  here  asked  is  so  reasonable, 
and,  if  granted,  would  add  so  much  to  the  real  prosperity  of  the  country,  that  we  trust  the 
government  will  earn  for  itself  a  new  title  to  the  public  esteem  by  honestly  endeavouring  to 
meet  the  wishes  of  the  petitioners. 

In  compiling  this  article,  wp  have  consulted  OihUj's  European  Commerce,  pp.330 — 3(19;  nicliovnaire 
iu  Commerce  (F.ncy.  Melhoiliquctoiue  II.  pp.  3 — 10.),  Calleaiu  Tableau  ties  F.lats  Danois,  tome  ii.  pp. 
292—371.;  the  Consul's  ^Answers  to  Circular  Queri^,  which  do  that  functionary  great  credit;  and 
conimunicaiioiis  from  merchants  at  Copenhagen. 

COPPER  (Ger.  Ktipfer ,-  Du.  Koper  ,•  Da.  Kobber ,-  Sw.  Kopper  .•  Fr.  Ciiiive  ,-  It. 
Ratne  ,•  Sp.  Cobre ,-  Port.  Cobre ,-  Rus,  Mjed,  Krasnoi  mjed  ,•  Pol.  Aliedz  ,-  Lat.  Cuprum  ,• 
Arab.  Neliass ;  Sans.  Tamra),  a  well-known  metal,  so  called  from  its  having  been  first  dis- 
covered, or  at  least  wrought  to  any  extent,  in  the  island  of  Cyprus.    It  is  of  a  fine  red 


''••mm- 


1WIM1 
*'<*llli 

1 


480 


COPPER. 


".'  <ii»> 


m-*  ■    '*•'• 


(■ 


f 


-ai-Mt* 


•I'J 


1: 

1  ^ 

I  • 


rnliinr,  nml  hn*  a  f(rp«t  ilrni  of  lirilliiinrv.  ItN  tii<4i«  in  »typtir  and  nKiiM*nu*  ;  an<1  thr  hini|<, 
>«hfii  rul)lH>il  tor  moiiio  time  oti  it,  un|uir<' it  |M'ciiliar  and  iliHaKrrriilili-  ixluur.  Itinhinlir 
thiiii  HilviT ;  it*  H|Mrili('  Kravily  vurica  act'oriiiiiK  to  itn  iitnto,  U'lii^,  wlicii  i|uitr  |iiiri',  lu'm 
U'OOO,  Its  niallcaliility  in  )(reat ;  it  may  Ik*  humiiicnsl  out  into  Ifavi'M  ho  tliiii  ai«  to  U'  IiI.ivsd 
ftliout  hy  tlio  Nli|{litrHt  l)rpi>/,(>.  ItH  iliictility  Im  alwo  coiixiiliTulili'.  Iim  toimcity  iM  mo  itrrat  tlmt 
B  coplHT  win^  ()()7S  of  an  inch  in  iliami'Icr  Ih  rapalilo  uf  *u|t|iortin)(  :U)U'Ut)  \\m.  avoiriliiii,,,^ 
williuut  lireakinK.  h»  liability  to  oxidation  from  fxponuro  to  uir  or  damp  in  it*  ({rvuti Nt  i!,. 
ffct.  The  rust  with  which  it  ix  thi<n  coviTpd  iH  known  by  iho  name  uf  vur<ligrii«,  and  in  un^ 
of  the  nioHt active  )ioi>*onH. — ('lliumfion'a  Chemistrif.) 

If  we  except  D;o|d  and  nijver,  copin-r  Hcemn  to  have  hern  more  early  known  than  nnyollhr 
metal.    In  the  llrst  ageH  of  the  world,  lu'foru  the  inethiNJ  of  working  iron  wan  diHcovircl,  vmy 

JHT  waH  the  principal  ingredient  in  all  domcHtic  uteuHilx  and  inMtrumentM  of  war.    K\eii  now 
t  in  a|iplied  to  ao  many  puri>oijeH,  an  to  rank  next,  in  point  of  utility,  to  iron. 

Jllliiyii  (/  Copprr  nrc  iiiniii'ri>n»  nml  uf  I'mit  vnlim.  ThiiBt-  uf  |in  art-  of  iiio«l  iinixirtniici'.  Tin  ndd. 
Pil  to  ('ci|i|ii'r  iiiiikt'ii  It  iiioff  fiiiiliili',  ImH  lliilili'  to  riii<t,  or  In  hi-  rurroilril  \<y  llii!  iilr  iiiiil  iitliiT  riiiiit|,i,^ 
miliMtiiiirc  H.  Iinriti-r,  ili-iiHcr.  iind  iiiiiri!  Honni'iiiiH.  In  iIicki!  rci<|H'rtM  thi<  nllny  Iiiin  a  ri'.il  mlviini  ic,. 
<>vi>r  iiiiiiilM'il  ni|)|)i>r  :  lint  IIoh  U  in  iiiiiiiy  riiHct  iiior)- timii  coinilRrlinliiiiri'il  liy  Itiu  ffrciil  liriMli'ni'i<« 
which  I'vi-ii  u  niiiili'tat)'  |i<irtliinof  tin  iinimru  ;  uiid  which  ijt  u  HliiKular  clmiiiintaiic*!,  cuimiUcrltiii  i|m| 
liiilh  irirliiln  lint  Hi'pnrati'ly  v<>ry  iimlli'iiMi'. 

roppcr  iilloyi'il  with  from  I  lo  S  per  rent,  nf  Hn  In  rendcrfd  harder  Ihnn  lii'fnrn  j  ltd  ctdniir  U  yi'llnw 
Willi  a  cuHt  III'  ri'd,  and  IIh  I'nii'tiiru  Kruiiiilar  :  It  Iiuh  coiiHldiTulile  inalli'Hiiillty.  TIiim  appmirH  tii  Imv,! 
liri'ii  llif  iimial  roiiipiiniliiiii  of  iimiiy  of  the  aiiclciit  <mI|[i!iI  tonlrt  and  wcapiiiin,  iMtl'iirr  thi.'  ini'iliml  ,i| 
workiiiff  Iriiii  will*  liroiiKlit  in  pt-rfccllnti.  Tluv  \iiX«<i(  nf  iIh'  (iro-kK,  and,  pi-rlinpH,  llir  u.i  nf  the  |(„. 
iiinni,  wan  iinlhina  •'ll<)^  K.vcii  tlii'lr  rnppf  r  rnliiM  riniinin  n  niixtnr)!  of  Hn,  'I'lic  aiirinntu  dlil  not.  nj 
fact,  pnvMi'H!!  (an  laiM  hititii  (il'tcii  coiiti'iidi'd)  any  pcrnliar  proccvH  fur  ha rdi-nlnucoppi-r,  except  liy»i|,li|,„ 
to  it  n  Hiiiall  iinimlily  of  tin.  An  alloy  in  which  ihi^  tin  In  from  IM  to  *  of  the  wIkiIi*  Ik  lianl,  liriiii,^ 
hilt  iitill  a  llltii'  nialli'ahit!,  clrmn  Kralncd,  and  y<-llii\visli  white.  When  tho  tin  \*  iih  inncli  an  l-ii  nf  gti,,' 
iiiaHH  it  In  ftntlrely  lirittle  ;  and  coniliiiieit  no  In  every  higher  proportion.  Tho  yullowncHN  of  ilie  nljuy 
in  not  entirely  lout  till  the  tin  uniiiiintii  to  U,")  uf  the  whole. 

f'opner  (or  xoniellineii  copper  with  a  little  /.inc),  alloyed  with  an  inuch  tin  an  will  make  from  ulnnit 
01  to  l-n  of  the  whole,  forms  an  alloy,  which  in  principally  eniplnyed  for  helJH,  liniKM  cnioiMn.  Iirnii/i. 
ilatiied,  and  varloiin  other  piirpoHeii.  Hence  It  iit  called  hmnte,  or  hrll  metal;  and  Ik  e.<cellHiii|y  iiii,.j 
for  the  iKeii  to  which  it  lit  applied,  hy  ItR  hardiie»R,  deiiHity,  soiKiriiiiHiieHg,  and  fiiHibllily.  I''iir  ciiiiiinn 
a  lower  proportion  of  tin  In  coiiiinonly  lined.  AccordiiiK  to  Dr.  Watson,  Ihe  inetui  eniployi  il  at  \V(hi|.' 
wich  conKlniB  of  KK)  parts  of  copper  and  from  H  to  12  of  tin  ;  hence  It  retains  some  little  nialjcahiliiv, 
and,  therefore,  is  toucher  than  it  would  he  with  a  larirer  portion  of  tin.  This  niloy  lielnv  iiinro  mm. 
roils  than  Iron,  lirasn  kiiiis  give  a  louder  report  than  Iron  nunn.  A  common  alloy  tor  hell  ineiiil  la  mi 
parts  of  copper  and  iO  of  tin  ;  some  artists  add  to  these  Ingredients  /.iiic,  antimony,  and  silver,  in  iua\\ 
proportions  ;  all  nf  which  add  to  the  sonorousness  of  the  coinpniind. — (Hee  Hkli.  Mktai..) 

VVhen,  In  an  alloy  nf  copper  and  tin,  Ihe  latter  metal  amonnls  to  about  1  of  the  mass,  the  result  Iad 
beaiitifiii  compound,  very  hard,  uf  the  colour  nf  steel,  uiul  suacepliblu  uf  a  very  line  pnlinli.  h  is  wiil 
adapted  for  the  reflection  of  light  for  optical  purposes  ;  and  is  therefore  called  tpenilitm  mtlal.  llcniilis 
the  above  Ingredients,  It  usually  contains  a  little  arsenic,  '/.Inc, or  silver.  The  application  of  nn  ullny 
similar  to  the  above,  to  the  construction  nf  mirrors.  Is  of  great  aiitiqiilty,  being  iiientinned  hy  Pliny; 
who  says,  that  formerly  the  best  mirrors  were  reckoned  tliusu  of  Uruiidusium,  nf  tin  unil  ciipiier 
mixed  {stannn  et  irre  mi«fi.v).— (//i.if.  JVat.  lib.  xxxiii.  J  11.) 

For  the  alloys  nf  cnp|ier  with  /.inc,  see  Hie  articles  Urasr,  Pinciireck,  see,  also,  Thornton's  CAe- 
mUtry ;  Reea'a  Cycloptrdia  ;  Dr.  fyatson's  Chemical  Kfnayii,  vnl,  iv.,  <!j-c. 

British  Copper  Trade. — (Jreat  Hritnin  has  varinns  cupper  mines.  In  Cornwall,  Uevonxhire,  Walcj, 
&c.,  but  particularly  In  the  first.  Though  knnwn  long  before,  the  Curiiisli  copper  iiiiiiiH  were  ncil 
wrought  with  much  spirit  till  last  century.  From  1720  tn  173.5.  they  prndiiced  at  an  average  nlioiit  TlHl 
tons  a  year  of  pure  copper,  Uiiring  Ihe  ten  years  from  ITtiO  to  1775,  they  produced,  at  nn  averacc, 
2,030  tons.  In  17U8  the  produce  exceeded  5,000  tuns  ;  and  It  nnw  amounts  to  about  12,(10(1  tniiH,  \v(irili| 
at  100{.  a  ton,nn  less  than  1,200,000/.  sterling!  In  1708,  the  famniis  mines  in  the  l'ar>s  iiioiiiilaiii.in'iir 
Amlwch,  In  Anglcsen,  were  discovered.  The  supplies  nf  nre  furnished  by  them  were  fur  a  long  limn 
abundant  beyond  all  precedent ;  but  for  many  years  past  the  product iveneMs  of  the  iiiiiie  Iiiih  lieea  de- 
clining, and  It  now  yields  comparatively  little  cupper.  At  present  the  mines  in  Aiiglesea,  anil  mher 
parts  of  Wales,  yield  from  1,750  to  2,000  tons  of  cupper;  those  of  Devonshire  yield  almnt  .Wnton.a;  tlie 
quantity  produced  In  the  other  parts  of  Kngland  being  quite  inconsiderable.  The  Irish  niiiiHs  prndiirn 
about  500  tons,  Thnse  of  Scotland  never  were  productive,  and  have  been  almost  entirely  nlmiiilniied. 
The  entire  produce  of  the  copper  mines  of  the  empire  may,  therefore,  be  estimated  at  present  at  trmii 
14,500  to  15,000  tons. 

In  consequence  of  the  greatly  increased  supplies  of  copper  that  were  thus  obtained,  F.npl.ind,  in- 
stead of  being,  as  formerly,  dependent  on  foreigners  for  the  greater  part  of  her  supplies  of  tliM  vuiiui- 
ble  metal,  became,  previously  to  17^3,  one  nf  the  principal  markets  for  the  supply  of  otlicrs.  And 
notwithstanding  the  vastly  increased  demand  for  copper  during  the  war  for  the  sheatliiiiL'  (ifsliips  and 
other  purposes,  the  exports  continued  to  increase  and  the  im|iort8to  diminish  :  the  greater  proiliictive- 
nesg  of  the  Cornish  mines  having  sufficed  not  only  to  balance  the  increased  demand,  but  iilsn  to  niuke 
up  fnr  the  falling  ufT  in  the  supplies  frum  Anglesea, 

Owing  to  the  want  of  coal  in  Cornwall,  the  ores  are  not  smelted  on  the  spot,  but  nrc,  fnr  the  most 
part,  sent  to  Swansea ;  it  being  found  cheaper  to  carry  the  ores  to  the  coal  than  the  contrary. 

For  the  following  details  with  respect  to  the  state  of  the  British  copper  trade  in  1830,  we  are  inilclited 
to  Mr.  Pascoe  Grenfcll,  who  is  largely  engaged  in  it,  and  on  whose  accuracy  every  reliame  may  be 
placed : — 

"The  quantity  of  copper  produced  during  Inst  year  (1S30)  in  Cornwall,  from  ores  rained  in  that 
county,  exceeded  ten  thousand  tons  of  pure  metal :  and  if  to  this  be  added  what  has  been  pnulined  in 
Wales,  in  other  parts  nf  England,  and  in  Ireland,  the  whole  (piantity  of  fiie  oi  pure  metal  jiroducedin 
the  United  Kingdom,  in  1829,  may  be  fairly  stated  at  ticelve  thousund tons. 

"  The  quantity  of  British  copper  exported  in  1829  amounts,  according  to  an  account  recently  laid  be- 
fore the  House  of  Commons,  to  7,97()  tuns  of  fine  metal ;  to  which  adding  the  exports  of  foreign  cupper, 
the  total  export  was  8.817  tons.  The  copper  imported  is  ultngether  intended  for  re-exportation.  1 
cannot  state  its  precise  quantity  in  fine  metal,  because  the  greater  part  of  it  arrives  in  a  stnte  of  ore, 
and  I  have  wt  means  of  knowing  the  produce  in  pure  metal  of  that  ore,  beyond  such  part  of  it  as  may 
come  into  my  own  possession, 

"The  value  nf  the  12,000  tons  of  copper  produced  in  the  United  Kingdom,  as  above  stated,  at  90{.per 
ton,  is  1,080,000/." 


roppKR. 


481 


\cin\H  ;  ami  thr  hind/, 
i>  Dilour.  It  14  llirdir 
vlii'ii  (|uit<>  imrc,  ii.'iii 
NO  thin  1114  til  U'  til.iuii 
imcity  i"  •••>  uri'iit  tlmi 
M'i'Zti  llm.  iivi)ir(|ii|ii,H 
liimp  ii*  itH  KriMiti Ht  >!,. 
)f  vcriligrii*,  tiiiil  is  mif 

known  tlinn  nny  otlut 
in  wiiK  tliw'ovcr»'i|,c(i|i. 
iitMdt'war.  E\uii  iiuw 
til  iron. 

m  liii|i(irtntii:c.  Tin  mid. 
ic  iilr  mill  iillwr  niniiiMin 
iiy  hiiK  II  rr.il  mlviini  iji,, 
liy  ihu  iiri'iil  liriitli'iii'M 
iiiatuiici.',  cuiiHldiriiiij  tlm 

iirn  i  lt«  rnlniir  In  yi'llmv, 
/.  TlilM  il|i|itsirii  In  Ij:iv<' 
im,  litM'iiri:  tlio  iiiiMlinihii 
TlinpH,  till?  1/1  111'  III!'  It, I. 
Till'  iiiirinnl'  iliil  not.  m 
ici>i(|irr,<'\it'i'l  liyHiMiii; 
\f  wIkiIi-  U  liiinl,  liriiili, 
I  i»  iiH  iiiiirh  till  ID  i<(  III,, 

10  ycllowncHH  dI'  ilii-niiny 

1  nR  will  innki'  friini  nlnnii 
i'IIh,  Iimkh  riiiMinn.  Iir<iii/i' 

;  anil  H  RXcvllHnily  iiii,.,| 
(I  fiiHiblllly.    l''iir  I'liiiiiiin, 

initial  riiiiiliiyi  il  at  \Vin>|. 

R   Plimi!  litlll*  llinlii'llhllity, 

ill  nlliiy  lieiliv  llinrp  khiu'i. 

11  ulliiy  I'lir  Im'II  iiiHlal  in  mi 
iiiiiliy,iiiiil  hIIvit,  iiisiiiull 
Bkll  Mktai,.) 

[if  the  iimiin.  thn  ri^milt  i^i  a 
<!ry  lino  piiliHli.  It  in  \\,{\ 
lAtptrvliim  metal.  Ik'nidis 
hi!  appliciitinn  iif  nn  allny 
■Ing  iiieiitliineil  liy  I'liiiy; 
igiuiii,  of  tin  aiiii  ciipiier 

ice,  also,  Ttiowion'i  Ckf 


(ill,  Ui'vonahiri',  VValej, 
flipper  niiniB  wete  nui 
nt  an  nvi'rn|ii!  nhoiit  TIKI 
rniliii'eil,  nl  nn  avernci', 
iliDiit  U,(IOll  liiim,  worih, 
lit'  I'arjs  iiioiiiilaiii.ni'iir 

hem  w<!ri>  fur  a  loni!  limn 

if  the  iiiiiiK  has  Ihmmi  iltf. 

ill  An^lesi'a,  ami  nllier 

,.  lelil  iiliiMit  Min  uw  :  tlie 
The  Irish  niiiins  proiliin! 

niiiBl  entirely  aliaiiiluntil. 

muted  nt  presunt  at  tVum 


U8  nhtnineil,  F.nfilnnil,  in- 
r«npplie>i  iit'lliin  valiia- 
siipply  iif  (illirrs.    And 

he  BheathiiiL'  iil"slii|)>i!iii(l 
the  irrenlir  prndiirlive- 

lenianil,  but  also  to  iimlie 

pot,  hut  nre.  for  the  most 
liin  Ihe  romrary. 
e  in  1H30,  weareinilelited 
:y  cvory  rtliaiice  may  be 

from  ores  raiseii  in  tli.it 
hat  has  been  prndiueil  in 
ir  pure  metal  proiluced  in 

ncronnt  recently  laid  lie- 
exports  of  foriMfn  Clipper, 
!d  for  re-exportation.  1 
Arrives  in  a  utate  of  i>r«, 
nd  such  part  of  it  as  may 

I  above  stated,  at  901.  per 


Arrininl  of  I'll*  Copper  prorliireil  fiom  the  Minr<  In  rnrnwnll  ninr^  IxOfl;  nlinMlng  the  Uiinnllty  of 
Ori',  of  Metal  or  l-'liii'  Copp.r,  llio  Value  iifllie  (lri»  in  Money,  ihr  uvir.iKi'  I'erieiilaue  iir  I'roilHie, 
mill  (bo  overngii  Hlsndiinl  or  Miner'*  I'rlcu  uf  I'liie  (.'iip|icr,  made  up  to  tlio  end  of  Jiiiiu  in  uaill 
\i'iir. 


Inn^ 

H<»0n«IOrm. 

MMm 

t\mCeftm. 

VdMolilMOm.         1 

rTii-tur* 
nriln* 

Avrnfr  HianilaH 

pir  rani. 

l*ri« 

|j«r  io» 

niM. 

nnn.  tvf.  ifTt.  Ihi. 

e 

«.    <f. 

C 

<•     d. 

l-O'l 

iA.lWl 

5.JH7 

0    :!      7 

ft.VI.98.^ 

1     U 

^ 

i:i3 

3   n 

l»al 

fmfilf 

iM 

IN    ■   in 

470,:M3 

1     0 

n 

117 

5     0 

|MI'2 

^3.m 

5,«!.S 

l.'i      V      5 

445.001 

4    0 

9» 

no 

IN     0 

IN  I.I 

ft(l,.W« 

5.610 

10  0  SI 

533.911) 

10    0 

n 

188 

II   n 

|Nl| 

|'>I.'V17 

i>.»U 

IS     1     20 

Mn.n-m 

II    0 

7| 

138 

5    (I 

WO 

ii« 

ii,m 

.<>    0      0 

NW.IIO 

10    0 

109 

10     0 

\'M 

7».'#'t 

fi.1^3 

in    'i    i:< 

7.tO.'*t5 

fl   rt 

Hi 

Ills 

5   n 

|MI7 

7l,iiy| 

6,710 

X'i     1    «) 

luio.iNia 

13    0 

<>i 

180 

0     0 

Hh 

(17,M)7 

•l.TUI 

13  a  u 

4ir>,:«i3 

1     0 

10 

1(H) 

7    0 

j-IKI 

IK-M 

'i.1'11 

13     1     19 

"0.(1-'* 

15    0 

:i 

143 

18    0 

IUKI 

iui,iim 

e,<>iu 

19     1     37 

570.015 

H    0 

l.« 

5    0 

IMl 

tUl.'Hd 

A.ltl 

13     3      7 

65«,783 

19    0 

«t 

180 

18    0 

\^\'i 

71.517 

5,7-.J(» 

7     'i      4 

549.t'.05 

fl  a 

9i 

111 

0    0 

I'lil 

7»,»t7 

fl,9IH 

3  0    n 

Vll,;il5 

10    0 

s 

115 

7     0 

i-n 

7»,:iw 

li.3119 

13    3      7 

(.'27.501 

III     0 

i;io 

18    0 

lll.'i 

7n,|h:i 

n,5U.\ 

t)    3    %"> 

5.Vi.M|3 

8     0 

>'i 

117 

10    0 

l«ltl 

77,3.14 

t\,m 

4    0    17 

4l7.9'i9 

17     0 

8il 

98 

13     0 

I'I7 

7tl,7(ll 

11.  IIH 

a  0   irt 

491.010 

18    0 

-1 
"if 

108 

10    0 

l^is 

WI,I74 

I1.HI9 

7    1      1 

fi»0,O(l.'i 

4    t) 

131 

15     0 

hid 

hH,73fl 

«.N(II 

a  8    7 

(laa.rio.'i 

4    0 

"H 

187 

10    0 

l'f«) 

91,473 

7,.'><W 

0    3    80 

(i08.lll 

la  01 

8 
8 

113 

15     0 

1-31 

W,ia(» 

H.sn 

19  a  la 

(105.!K1S 

10     0 

103 

0    0 

l«tt 

l(l4.5'2n 

9, 1 10 

N     3    so 

(i(i:f,0N5 

13     « 

8 

lot 

0    0         I 

i«'n 

9.V750 

7,927 

17    3     7 

fiON,0,'l3 

1    0 

8, 
7  ■ 

liltl 

IM    0 

l>i!« 

!W,7(I0 

7,h2.1 

l.'i     I      10 

,5H7,I7^ 

3    0 

110 

0    0 

|>'W 

ltr7,454 

H,a2ll 

3    0    81 

78rt,.)53 

13    0 

71 

184 

4     0 

jvtf 

m.-ioH 

9,080 

18    3     15 

7.NS.971 

15  n 

;l 

183 

3     0 

m: 

l'i(),7l() 

10,311 

14    3    l.'i 

745.I7M 

1     0 

iim 

1     0 

!'«■* 

I»0,3t'i« 

H,»ai 

1   a   11 

7,V1.174 

in  0 

118 

7    0 

l-i'.l 

I'ii.soa 

o.iisn 

lU    3      4 

717.334 

U    0 

7} 

109 

14    0          ! 

i  I'M 

I33,(KU 

10,748 

773.840 

8 

100 

5    0 

Wl 

I41.I03 

18,04 t 

HOd.OIN) 

H 

100 

0    0 

Exports  of  Drltlsh  Copper  since  1830. 


Van. 

VnwrouKhl. 

Coin. 

!<llKtl,  N>lll,&C. 

Wir*. 

Wrouiclil  Copper  of 
oinrr  Sorii. 

'l'cl«l  of  Rrili^h 
Ciipprr  inporleil. 

Citt. 

Ctrl. 

Cirt. 

Cat. 

Ctrl. 

Ctrf. 

1S20 

41,1.55 

10 

58.131 

8 

22.663 

121.!l.58 

1^81 

34,543 

155 

66,670 

21 

21.0.35 

125.431 

1883 

35,889 

— 

65.070 

40 

28,731 

113.671 

1683 

34,083 

803 

.50,140 

98 

25,387 

KKI.SIO 

1884 

19,209 

95 

62,930 

2<.I3 

23,.'.80 

1(I6,0<.I6 

1    IvM 

10 

3,1.34 

5l,4;f7 

40 

25,003 

78.024 

IHOrt 

3,601 

1,807 

65,864 

11 

26,307 

95.994 

IW 

26,583 

1,450 

74,!M3 

8 

40,439 

I43.48-1 

\^-» 

2I,.591 

1,150 

52,412 

71 

48,897 

121.121 

■  \m 

58,978 

19 

59,871 

13 

46,643 

1.59..581 

ls;io 

56,783 

flJO 

60,331 

10 

50,443 

183,1.54 

!-:il 

67,801) 

90 

70,477 

149 

32,690 

170,613 

M2 

77,497 

a 

79,914 

13 

37,1.55 

191,613 

N.  n.— The  foreign  copper  imported  Is  altogether  intended  for  ro-oxportalion.    In  18.38, 13,894 
of[ii|i|H'r  were  smelted  from  foreign  ore.    The  Eiist  Indies  iind  Chiiiii,  France  and  the  llniled  Stuies, 
iri'llie  er'Sit  markets  for  liritish  copper.    The  exports  to  these  countries,  in  18;j8,  were  respectively 
S2,mO,  3J,984,  and  31,235  cwt. 


cwf. 
led  States, 


Fiirfim  Copper.— Copper  ores  nre  nbiiiidant  in  Sweden,  Saxony,  Hnssia,  Persia., Innnn,  Chinn,  Chili, 
kt.  Near  Fahliin,  in  the  province  of  Dalecarlia.in  Sweden,  is  the  celebrated  copper  iniiie  of  the  same 
naiiii',  ioippimeil  to  have  been  wrought  nearly  1.000  years.  For  a  long  time  it  was  inie  of  the  most  pro- 
dmllve  mines  in  the  world.  Towards  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  it  yielded  an  annual 
pnidiH'e  of  about  8.000.000  lbs.  of  pure  metal :  but  it  has  since  greatly  declini'd  ;  and  it  is  most  probable 
IImI  ill  no  distant  period  il  will  bo  wholly  abnndoneil.— ('/VinHitKinV'  Travels  in  Siceilen,  p.  281.)  There 
are  still.  Iiowever,  several  productive  copper  mines  in  other  parts  of  Sweden.  The  exports  of  copper 
frniiiStnikliolin  in  18.32  amounted  to  4,3.36  skippmimis,  or  783  tons  English,  besides  tin-  exports  from 
Gollfuhnrgh  and  other  ports.  The  product  of  the  copper  mines  in  the  government  of  Olonetz,  in  Riis- 
fia.ist'stiiiiated  at  210,000  poods, or 3.375 tons  (Eng.)  a  year.— (SfA»i/:/ir,  Ksnai  U'laie  SlalUliqiii'  G(vv- 
nk.Sft..  p.  41.)  The  copper  mines  of  Chili  are  also  very  rich,  and  their  produce  is  nt  present  imported 
into  Canton  and  Calcutta  direct  from  Valparaiso.  The  copper  mines  of  Japan  are  said  to  be  among 
ihprirliest  in  the  world.  The  Dutch  annually  import  iibout  700  tons  of  their  produce  into  llatavia  ; 
imi  the  Chinese  from  800  to  1,000  tons  into  Canton  and  other  ports.  In  fact.  Japan  copper  is  spread 
over  all  the  East,  and  is  regularly  quoted  in  the  price  currents  of  Canton,  Calcutta,  and  Singapore. — 
(Seep.  308.)  It  is  purer,  and  brings  a  higher  price,  than  nny  other  species  of  bar  or  slab  copper.  It 
is  uniformly  met  witii  in  the  shape  uf  bars  or  ingots,  very  much  resembling  large  sticks  of  red  sealing 
ttax.  When  the  copper  of  South  America  is  worth  in  the  Canton  market  from  15  to  16  dollars  per 
picul,thatof  Japan  fetches  from  18  to  20.  I'rctty  considernhle  quantities  of  copper  are  imported  into 
Calcutta  from  Bushire  and  Russorah.  This  is  mostly  the  produce  of  the  Persian  mines;  but  a  little  U 
undergtond  to  come  from  the  Russian  mines  in  Georgia. 
Vol.  I.— 2  S  61 


.ill 


'  II. 

<  m 
I  III 

'I 

'!! 
!| 

l"IMi 


11 

:ii 


'■% 


482 


COPPERAS— CORAL. 


••■/(■"Ill 

.•If  Lijua 


WWW!'.:;'* 

■! 


^l 


ttlBKil 

<'  ■■■■'uni 

<''iVi»rs 


'"tt.  . 


f 

.  i 

If  -'  . 

'■  ■ 

.      ) 

'■f 


r  t 


Ctiftomi  Regvlations. — Old  copper  shcathine,  old  copper  utensils,  and  old  copper  and  pewter  utonsiH 
of  British  manufacture,  imported  frnni  Britisli  plantations,  and  also  old  copper  stripped  oif  vessris 
in  ports  in  tlie  United  Kingdom,  may  be  admitted  to  entry,  duty  free,  under  the  Ibllowing  rc<;uia. 
lions:  viz.— 

Ist.  Old  copper  sheathing  stripped  off  Drilinh  vessels  in  ports  in  the  British  possessions,  upon  prnnf 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Commissioners  of  Customs,  that  such  sheathing  was  stripped  otf  in  si-rli  ports, 
nnd  also  that  the  said  sheathing  is  the  property  of  the  owner  of  the  ship  from  which  it  was  so  stripped, 
to  Im!  delivered  to  such  owner. 

2d.  Old  copper  sheathing  stripped  off  any  ship  in  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  unon  'he  fact  bp. 
ing  ce  tied  hy  the  landing-waiter  superinti-nding  the  process  ;  the  old  copper  to  he  delivered  only  t<i 
the  cop;  r-smith  who  may  re-copper  the  vessel  from  wliich  the  copper  was  stripped,  he  niakiiigiijuoi 
to  that  fact. 

3d.  Old  worn-out  British  rnpper  nnd  pewter  utensils  to  ho  in  all  cases  delivered  when  hronght  frnm 
Dritisli  possessions  abroad  in  British  ships,  upon  the  consignee  submitting  proof  that  tliey  had  Iiomi 
used  on  a  particular  estati!,  and  are  consigned  on  account  of  the  owner  of  tliat  o.«tate,  and  lljat  In 
(the  consignee)  verily  believes  them  to  have  been  of  British  manufacture.— (..Uin.  Com.  C«,<.,15ibot 
Feb.  1833.) 

Copper  ore  may  be  taken  out  of  warehouses  to  be  smelted,  on  proper  notice  being  given  intlieciis. 
toms  ol}icers,niid  giving  sullicient  security,  by  bond,  fur  returning  the  computed  quantity  of  tine  copiitr 
In  it.— (7  &  8  Oe».  4.  c.  58.  J  23.) 

Copper  is  in  cvtensive  demand  all  over  India  ;  being  largely  used  in  the  dock-yards,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cooking  utensils,  in  alloying  spelter  and  tin,  ic.  The  funeral  of  every  Illndiu)  hrlnss  ,in 
accession  to  the  demand,  according  to  his  station  ;  the  relatives  of  the  deceased  giving  a  brass  ciiiUi. 
every  llraliinin  present  at  the  ceremony  :  so  that  5, 10,50,  100,  1,000,  and  sometimes  morethiin  lOtiiiiis 
this  last  number,  are  dispensed  upon  such  occasions. —  {BcU'.i  Commerce  of  Bengal.) 

[The  value  of  the  copper  imported  into  the  UiiitiJ  States  is  very  considerable.  It  is 
chiefly  imported  in  pigs  and  bars  from  Chili,  Peru,  and  England;  and  in  plates,  suited  to  tht 
sheathing  of  ships,  from  the  last  mentioned  country.  The  value  annually  imported  from 
Chili,  of  the  former  description  of  copper,  amounted,  on  'tn  average  of  the  ii  years  ending  on 
the  30th  of  Septcmlwr,  1838,  to  $2SS,87G ;  from  Peru,  to  ?  180,1 19;  from  England',  ti> 
$142,012.  Of  the  latter  description  of  copper,  the  average  value  imported  from  England  n> 
$715,240.     See  article  Impohts  and  Exports. — Am.  Ed.] 

COPPERAS,  a  term  employed  by  the  older  chemists,  and  popularly,  as  synotiymou.-: 
with  vitriol.  There  are  three  sorts  of  copperas:  \he green,  or  sulphate  of  iron;  thei/Hf, or 
sulphate  of  copper ;  and  the  white,  or  sulphate  of  zinc.  Of  these,  the  first  is  the  mo.st  important. 

Sulphate  of  iron  is  distinguished  in  common  by  a  variety  of  names,  as  Martial  vitriol, 
English  vitriol,  &c.  When  pure,  it  is  considerably  transparent,  of  a  fine  bright,  though 
not  very  deep,  grass  green  colour ;  and  of  a  nauseous  astringent  taste,  accompanied  with  a 
kind  of  sweetness.  Its  specific  gravity  is  1'834.  It  uniformly  reddens  the  vegetable 
blues.  This  salt  was  well  known  to  the  ancients ;  and  is  mentioned  by  Pliny,  [Hht.  N,it, 
lib.  xxxiv.  §  12.),  under  the  names  of  mist/,  sory,  and  ca/chantum.  It  is  not  made  in  the 
direct  way,  because  it  can  be  obtained  at  less  charge  from  the  decomposition  of  pyrites  on 
a  large  scale  in  the  neighbourhood  of  collieries.  It  exists  in  two  states ;  one  containins; 
oxide  of  iron,  with  0-22  of  oxygen,  which  is  of  a  pale  green,  not  altered  by  gallic  acid,  am! 
giving  a  white  precipitate  with  prussiate  of  potass.  The  other,  in  which  the  iron  is  conihincil 
with  0'30  of  oxygen,  is  red,  not  crystallisable,  and  gives  a  black  i)recipitate  with  gallic 
acid,  and  a  blue  with  prussiate  of  potass.  In  the  common  sulphate,  these  two  are  often 
mixed  in  various  proportions. 

Sulphate  of  iron  is  of  great  importance  in  the  arts.  It  is  a  principal  ingredient  in 
dyeing;  in  the  manufacture  of  ink,  and  of  Prussian  blue:  it  is  also  used  in  tannine, 
painting,  medicine,  &c.  Sulphuric  acid,  or  oil  of  vitriol,  was  formerly  maiiufacturcil 
from  sulphate  of  iron. — (See  Acins.) 

Sulphate  of  copper,  or  lilue  vitriol,  commonly  called  Roman  or  Cyprian  vitriol,  is  of  an 
elegant  sapphire  blue  colour,  hard,  compact,  and  semi-transparent ;  wlien  jwrfectly  cr)stal- 
lised,  of  a  fiattish,  rhomboidal,  decahedral  figure;  its  taste  is  extremely  nauseous,  styptic. 
and  acrid;  its  specific  gravity  is  2-1943.  It  is  used  for  various  purposes  in  the  arts, anJ 
also  in  medicine. 

Sulphate  of  zinc,  or  ivkife  vitriol,  is  found  native  in  the  mines  of  Goslar  and  other 
places.  Sometimes  it  is  met  with  in  transparent  pieces,  but  more  commonly  in  while 
efflorescences.  These  are  dissolved  in  water,  and  crystallised  into  large  irregular  niassf'!, 
somewhat  resembling  fine  sugar,  having  a  sweetish,  nauseous,  styptic  taste.  Its  specilk- 
gravity,  when  crystallised,  is  1-912;  when  in  the  state  in  which  it  commonly  occurs  in 
commerce,  it  is  1*3275.  Sulphate  of  zinc  is  prepared  in  the  large  way  from  some  varieties 
of  the  native  sulphuret.  The  ore  is  roasted,  wetted  with  water,  and  e,vpo.sed  to  llio  air. 
The  sulphur  attracts  oxygen,  and  is  converted  into  sulphuric  acid  ;  and  the  metal,  being  at 
the  bame  time  oxidized,  combines  with  the  acid.  After  some  time  the  sulphate  is  cxtracteil 
liy  solution  in  water,  and  the  solution  being  evaporated  to  drytiess,  the  mass  is  run  into 
moulds.  Thus,  the  white  vitriol  of  the  shops  generally  contains  a  small  portion  of  iron, 
and  often  of  copper  and  lead. —  (Lewis's  Mat.  Medica ,-  IWs  Dictionary!  Keen's  Cyclu- 
pwdia  ,■   Thomsmi's  Chemistry,  ^c.) 

COPYRIGHT.     See  Books. 

CORAL  (Ger.  Korallen .-  Du.  Kwnulen  ,■  Fr.  Corail;  It.  Corale,-  Sp.  and  Port.  Coral; 
Rus.  Korallil :  Lat.  Corallium  ,-  Arab.  Besed;  Vera.  Mcrjdn  ,■  Hind.  Mooiigu),  a  marine 


1 

i 

1} 

li 

1» 

a 

'II 

'ii 

'ii 

3 

n 

3i 

CORDAGE,  CORK. 


483 


production,  of  which  there  are  several  varieties.    It  was  well  known  to  the  ancients,  hut  it 

was  reserved  for  the  moderns  to  discover  its  real  nature.     It  is,  in  fact,  the  nidus  or  nest 

of  a  certain  species  of  vermes,  which  has  the  same    relation  to  coral,  that  a  snail   has 

to  its  shell.     As  an  ornament,  black  coral  is  most  esteemed  ;  but  the  red  is  also  very  highly 

prized.     Coral  is  found  in  very  great  abundance  in  the  Red  Sea,  the  Persian  Gulf,  in  various 

places  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  &c.     It  grows  on  rocks,  and  on 

any  solid    submarine  body;    and  it  is  necessary  to  its  production,  that  it  should  remain 

lixed  to  its  place.     It  has  generally  a  shrub-like  appearance.     In  tho  Straits  of  Messina, 

vt-herc  a    great  deal   is   fished  up,  it  usually  grows  to  nearly  a  foot  in  length,  and  its 

thickness  is  about  that  of  the   little  finger.    It  requires  8  or    10   years  to   arrive  at   its 

greatest  size.    The  depth  at  which  it  is  obtained  is  various — from  10  to  100  fathoms  or 

more;  but  it  seems  to  be  necessary  to  its  production  that  the  rays  of  the  sun  should  readily 

penetrate  to  the  place  of  its  habitation.     Its  value  depends  upon  its  size,  so'.i'.'ity,  and  tho 

depth  and  brilliancy  of  its  colour ;  and  is  so  very  various,  that  while  som  ',  of  tho  '^Sicilian 

coral  sells  for  8  or  10  guineas  an  ounce,  other  descriptions  of  it  will  not  1  'tch  \.i.  a  pound. 

it  is  highly  prized   by   opulent  natives  in    India,  as  well  as  by  the  fiiir  sex   throughout 

Europe.     The  inferior  or  worm-eaten  coral  is  used  in  some  parts  of  the  Madras  coast,  in 

the  celebration  of  funeral  rites.     It  is  also  used  medicinally.     Besides  the  fishery  in  the 

fitraits  of  Messina  already  alluded  to,  there  arc  valuable  fisheries  on  the  shores  of  Majorca 

and  Minorca,  and  on  the  coast  of  Provence.     A   good  deal  of  Mediterranean   coral   is 

exported  to  India,  which,   however,   draws   the  largest  portion  of  its  supplies   from   tho 

Porsian  Gulf.     The  produce  of  the  fishery  at  Messina  is  stated  by  Spallanzani,  (Travels 

in  the  Two  Sicilies,  vol.  iv.  p.  308,  &c.)  to  amount  to  12  quintals  of  250  lbs.  each. 

Tlie  manner  of  fishing  cnral  ig  nearly  the  same  every  where.  That  which  is  most  ronininnly  prac- 
tiseJ  in  the  Mediterranean  is  as  follows ; — Seven  or  e;!;lit  men  iji)  in  a  boat,  tominiintled  by  the 
jroprietor ;  the  caster  throws  his  net,  if  we  may  so  call  the  machine  which  he  uses  lo  tear  up  the 
mral  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea ;  ami  the  rest  work  the  boat,  and  help  to  draw  in  the  net.  This  is 
((imposed  of  two  beams  of  wood  tied  crosswise,  with  leads  li.xedtothem  to  sink  them  :  to  these  beams 
sfasiened  a  quantity  of  hemp,  twisted  loosely  round,  and  inlerminKled  with  some  loose  nelliiif;.  lu 
tills  condition  the  machine  is  let  down  into  the  sea  ;  and  when  the  coral  is  pretty  stroiiirly  entwined 
,n  the  hemp  and  nets,  they  draw  it  up  with  a  rope,  which  they  unwind  accordiiijr  to  the  depth,  and 
uliicli  it  sometimes  requires  half  a  dozen  boats  to  draw.  If  this  rope  happen  to  breiik,  the  lishermeii 
run  the  hazard  of  beini;  lost.  Before  the  fishers  go  to  sea,  they  a:,'ree  for  the  price  of  the  coral ;  and 
the  produce  of  the  fishery  is  divided,  at  the  end  of  the  season,  into  13  parts  ;  of  which  the  proprietor 
hjs  4,  the  caster  2,  and  the  other  0  men  1  each :  the  thirteenth  belongs  to  the  company,  for  payment 
vt  boat-hire,  &c. — (See  AinalU's  Mat.  Indica ;  Hees's  Cyclopedia  ;  ,KHcy.  Mclrop.  ;  BcU's  Com.  of 
Bengal,  f^c.) 

CORDAGE  (Ger.  Tatiwerk ;  Du.  Touwwerk  ,•  Fr.  Mnnauvres,  Cordage  ,•  It.  Caolame  ,- 
Sp.  Jarcia,  Cordaje),  a  term  used  in  general  for  all  sorts  of  cord,  whether  small,  middling, 
or  great,  made  use  of  in  the  rigging  of  ships.  The  manufacture  of  cordage  is  regulated 
by  the  act  25  Geo.  4.  c.  56.,  which  specifies  the  sort  of  materials  that  ore  to  be  employed 
in  tiie  manufacture  of  cables,  hawsers,  and  other  ropes,  the  intirks  that  are  to  be  affixed  to 
them,  and  the  penalties  for  non-compUance  with  the  respective  enactments. —  (See  Cable.) 
Masters  of  British  ships  are  obliged,  on  coming  into  any  port  in  Great  Britain  or  the 
folonies,  to  re{)ort,  under  a  penalty  of  100/.,  the  foreign  cordage,  not  being  sti<nduig  or 
.■'jnning  rigging,  in  use  on  board  such  ship.     (3  «fc  4  Will.  4.  cap.  52.  §  8.) 

The  following  table  shows  how  many  fathoms,  feet,  and  inclics,  of  a  rope  of  any  size, 
not  exceeding  14  inches,  make  1  cwt 

At  the  top  of  the  table,  marked  inches,  fathoms,  feet,  inches,  the  first  column  is  the  cir- 
cumference of  a  rope  in  inches  and  quarters;  the  second,  the  fathoms,  feet,  and  inches,  that 
make  up  1  cwt.  of  such  a  rope.     One  example  will  make  it  plain. 

Suppose  it  is  required  how  much  of  a  7-inch  rope  will  make  1  cwt. :  find  7,  in  the  3d 
column,  under  inches,  or  circumference  of  the  rope,  and  immediately  opposite  to  it  you  will 
lind  9,  5,  6 ;  which  shows  that  in  a  rope  of  7  inches,  there  will  be  9  fathoms  5  leet 
B  inches  required  to  make  1  cwt. 


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[Cordage  is  imported  into  the  United  States  almost  entirely  from  Russia;  and  is  for  tho 
most  part  again  exported  to  South  America,  and  the  East  and  West  Indies.  Sec  article 
l.\IPOKTS  AND  Exi'OUTS. — Aiit.  Ed.] 


.     1 


■I 


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'Ml:  mil 

llll'IIHH 


484 


CORN— CORN  LAWS. 


I    f 


<►  ■■■'«lf» 


CORK  (Ger.  AorA.-  Du.  Kork,  Kurk,  Vlothout ;  Tt.  Liege,-  It.  Sugftero,  Sitvero; 
Sp.  Curcho ;  Port.  Cortica  (de  Sovreiro)  ,•  Rus.  Korkowoe  derewo ;  Lat.  Suber),  the  thick 
and  spongy  bark  of  a  species  of  oak  (Qucrcus  Suher  Lin.),  abundant  in  dry  mountainous 
districts  in  the  south  of  France,  and  in  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy,  and  Barbary.  The  tree 
grows  to  the  height  of  30  feet  or  more,  has  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  Quercus  Ikx 
or  evergreen  oak,  and  attains  to  a  great  age.  After  arriving  at  a  certain  state  of  maturity, 
it  periodically  sheds  its  hark ;  but  this  valuable  product  is  found  to  be  of  a  much  better 
quality  when  it  is  artificially  removed  from  the  tree,  which  may  be  effected  without  any 
injury  to  the  latter.  After  a  tree  has  attained  to  the  age  of  from  26  to  30  years,  it  may 
be  barked;  and  the  operation  may  be  subsequently  repeated  once  every  8  or  10  years*,  the 
quality  of  the  cork  improving  with  the  increasing  age  of  tlie  tree.  The  bark  is  taken  off  in 
July  and  August;  and  trees  that  are  regularly  stripped  are  said  to  live  for  150  years, or 
more. — (Poiret,  Hist,  Philosophique  dcs  Plantes,  tom.  vii.  419.) 

Cork  is  light,  porous,  readily  compressible,  and  wonderfully  clastic.  It  may  be  cut  into 
any  sort  of  figure,  and,  notwithstanduig  its  porosity,  is  nearly  impervious  tu  any  coiniiion 
liquor.  These  qualities  make  it  superior  to  all  other  sub-staiices  for  stoppers  for  buttles,  in 
the  manufacture  of  which  it  is  principally  made  use  of.  It  is  also  employed  as  buuys  to 
float  nets,  in  the  construction  of  life-boats,  the  making  of  waterproof  shoes,  and  in  various 
other  ways.  Before  being  manufactured  into  stoppers,  the  cork  is  charred  on  each  side; 
this  makes  it  contract,  lessens  its  porosity,  and  consequently  fits  it  the  better  for  cutting 
off  all  communication  between  the  external  air  and  the  liquid  in  the  bottle.  Spanisli  Wack. 
is  made  of  calcined  cork. 

The  Greeks  and  Romans  were  both  well  acquainted  with  cork.  They  seem  also  to  have 
occasionally  used  it  as  stoppers  for  vessels  (Cadoruni  obturameiitis,  Plin.  Hist.  ISat. 
lib.  xvi.  cap.  8.) ;  but  it  was  not  extensively  employed  for  this  purpose  till  the  17th  century, 
when  glass  bottles,  of  which  no  mention  is  made  before  the  15th  century,  began  to  be 
generally  introduced. — (Becktnami's  Hist.  Invent,  vol.  ii.  pp.  114 — 127.  Eng.  ed.) 

The  'uty  on  nmniifactiired  coric  is  prohibitory  ;  and  on  tlie  rude  article  it  is  very  heavy,  being  no 
less  than  bs.  a  cwt.  or  til.  a  ton.  The  quantity  entered  for  home  eonsuinixion  amounts,  at  an  averasc, 
in  from  40,0(10  to  45,000  cwt.  Its  price,  includins  duty,  varies  with  the  variations  in  its  quality,  iVuu! 
about  Wl.  to  about  '01.  a  ton.    The  Spanish  is  the  best,  and  fetches  the  highest  price. 

CORN  (Ger.  Corn,  Getreide ,-  Du.  Graanen,  Koren  ,•  Da.  Korn  ,-  Sw.  Siid,  Spanmal,- 
Ft.  Bleds,  Grains;  It.  Blade,  Grani;  Sp.  Granos ^  Rus.  Chljeb;  Pol.  Zboze,-  Lat, 
Frumentum),  the  grain  or  seed  of  plants  separated  from  the  spica  or  ear,  and  used  for 
making  bread,  &c.    Such  are  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  maize,  pas,  &c. ;  which  see. 

CORNELIAN.    See  Cahn EtiAx. 

CORN  LAWS  Axn  CORN  TRADE.—  From  the  circumstance  of  forming,  in  thi.? 
and  most  other  countries,  the  prirKipal  part  of  the  food  of  the  people,  the  trade  in  it,  and 
thi'  laws  by  which  that  trade  is  regulated,  are  justly  looked  upon  as  of  the  highest 
imiortance.  But  this  is  not  the  only  circumstance  that  renders  it  necessary  to  enteral 
sor.ie  length  into  the  discussion  of  this  subject.  Its  difficulty  is  at  least  equal  to  its  interest, 
The  enactments  made  at  difiurent  periods  with  respect  to  the  corn  trade,  and  the  ojiinion.> 
advanced  as  to  their  policy,  have  been  so  very  various  and  contradictory,  that  it  is  indispen- 
sable to  submit  them  to  some  examination,  and,  if  possible,  to  ascertain  the  principles  which 
ought  to  pervade  tliis  department  of  commercial  legislation. 

I.  Historical  Skktcii  of  the  Corn  Laws. 

II.  Principles  of  t»e  Corn  Laws. 
III.  British  Cohx  Trade. 
ly,  FoR£ioN  Corn  Trade. 


I.    Historical  Sketch  op  the  Corw  Laws. 

For  a  long  time  the  regulations  with  respect  to  the  corn  trade  were  principally  intended 

to  promote  abundance  and  low  price.s.     But,  though  the  purpose  was  laudable,  the  means 

adopted  for  accomplisliing  it  had,  for  the  most  part,  a  directly  opposite  effect.    When 

a  country  exports  corn,  it  seems,  at  first  sight,  as  if  nothing  could  do  so  much  to  increase 

her  supplies  as  the  prevention  of  exportation :  and  even  in  countries  that  do  not  export, 

its  prohilntion  seems  to  be  a  prudent  measure,  and  calculated  to  prevent  the  supply  from 

being  diminished,  upon  any  emergency,  below  its  natural  level.     These  are  the  conclusions 

that  immediately  suggest  themselves  upon  this  subject;  and  it  requires  a  pretty  extensive 

experience,  an  attention  to  facts,  and  a  habit  of  reasoning  upon  such  topics,  to  ()erccive  tlieir 

fallacy.     These,  however,  were  altogether  wanting  when  the  regulations  affecting  ti.e  corn 

trade  began  to  be  introduced  into  Great  Britain  and  other  countries.     They  were  framed 

in  accordance  with  what  were  supposed  to  be  the  dictates  of  common  sense ;  and  tlieir 

*  lleckniann  (vol.  ii.  p.  115.  Eng.  ed.)  says,  tliat  "  wlien  the  iree  is  15  years  old,  it  may  lie  barltoil. 
and  this  can  bo  done  successively  for  eight  years."  This  erroneous  slaltMnent  liavim,'  been  ca\wi 
into  llie  article  Cork  in  Rees's  Cyclopaedia,  Ims  ;''"nco  been  transplanted  to  a  uiultUude  o(  olUct 
works. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


485 


[t.  Sughero,  Stivero ; 
Lat.  Suber),  the  thick 
it  in  dry  mountainous 
1  Barbary.  The  tree 
o  to  the  Quercus  Ilex, 
tain  state  of  maturity, 
)  be  of  a  much  better 
effected  without  any 
26  to  30  years,  it  may 
Bry  8  or  10  years*,  the 
he  bark  is  taken  off  in 
»  live  for  150  years,  or 

!.  It  may  be  cut  into 
rvious  to  any  common 
stoppers  for  bottles,  in 

employed  as  buoys  to 
'  shoes,  and  in  various 

charred  on  each  side; 

the  better  for  cuttinir 

bottle.    Spaniali  black 

rhey  seem  also  to  have 
mtis,  PUn.  Hist,  Nat, 
se  till  the  17th  century, 
ih  century,  began  to  be 
l27.Eni;.  ed.) 


vs. 

ere  principally  intended 

vas  laudable,  the  means 

opposite  elVect.    When 

do  so  much  to  increase 

■Les  that  do  not  export, 

prevent  the  sujjply  from 

liese  are  the  conclusions 

aires  a  pretty  extensive 

topics,  to  perceive  their 

itioiis  airecting  tl.e  corn 

ies.    They  were  I'raincJ 

nmon  sense  ;  and  their 

•ars  old,  it  may  be  barked, 
ment  haviii!;  been  copii'd 
1  10  a  multiiude  ol'  oUict 


object  being  to  procure  as  large  a  supply  of  the  prime  necessary  of  life  as  possible,  its 
exportation  was  either  totally  forbidden,  or  forbidden  when  the  home  prico  was  above 
certain  limits. 

The  principle  of  absolute  prohibition  seems  to  have  been  steadily  acted  upon,  as  far  as 
the  turbulence  of  the  period  would  admit,  from  the  Conquest  to  the  year  1436,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VI.  But  at  the  last  mentioned  period  an  act  was  passed,  authorising  the 
exportation  of  wheat  whenever  the  home  price  did  not  exceed  On.  8rf.  (equal  in  amount 
of  pure  silver  to  12s.  10:Jr/.  present  money)  per  quarter,  and  barley  when  the  home  prico 
did  not  exceed  3.».  id.  In  1463,  an  additional  benefit  was  intended  to  be  conferred  on 
;)«;rieiilture  by  prohibiting  importation  until  the  home  price  exceeded  that  at  which  cxpor- 
laliori  ceased.  But  the  fluctuating  policy  of  the  times  prevented  these  regulations  from 
being  carried  into  full  effect;  and,  indeed,  rendered  them  in  a  great  measure  inoperative. 

In  addition  to  the  restraints  laid  on  exportation,  it  has  been  common  in  most  countries 
tu  attempt  to  increase  the  supply  of  corn,  not  only  by  admitting  its  unrestrained  import- 
iition  from  abroad,  but  by  holding  out  extraordinary  encouragement  to  the  importers. 
This  policy  has  not,  however,  been  much  followed  in  England,  During  the  500  years 
immediately  posterior  to  tire  Conquest,  importation  was  substantially  free ;  but  it  was 
seldom  or  never  promoted  by  artificial  means :  and  during  the  last  century  and  a  half  it 
has,  for  the  most  part,  been  subjected  to  severe  restrictions. 

Besides  attempting  to  lower  prices  by  prohil)iting  exportation,  our  ancestors  attempted  to 
lower  them  by  proscribing  the  trade  carried  on  by  corn  dealers.  This  most  useful  class  of 
persons  were  looked  upon  with  suspicion  by  every  one.  The  agriculturists  concluded  that 
they  would  be  able  to  sell  their  produce  at  higher  prices  to  the  consumers,  were  the  corn 
dealers  out  of  the  way:  while  the  consumers  concluded  that  the  profits  of  the  dealers  were 
made  at  their  expense ;  and  ascribed  the  dearths  that  were  then  very  prevalent  entirely  to 
the  practices  of  the  dealers,  or  to  their  buying  up  corn  and  withholding  it  from  market. 
These  notions,  which  have  still  a  considerable  degree  of  influence,  led  to  various  enactments, 
particularly  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  by  which  the  freedom  of  the  internal  corn  trade  was 
entirely  suppressed.  The  ens;rossing  of  corn,  or  the  buying  of  it  in  one  market  with 
intent  to  sell  it  again  in  another,  was  made  an  offence  punishable  by  imprisonment  and  the 
pillory ;  and  no  one  was  allowed  to  carry  corn  from  one  part  to  another  without  a  licence, 
the  privilege  of  granting  which  was  confined,  by  a  statute  of  Elizabeth,  to  the  quarter 
sessions.  But  as  the  principles  of  commerce  came  to  be  better  understood,  the  impolicy  of 
these  restraints  gradually  grew  more  and  more  obvious.  They  were  considerably  modified 
ill  1624;  and,  in  1663,  the  engrossing  of  corn  was  declared  to  be  legal  so  long  as  the  price 
(lid  not  exceed  48s,  a  quarter — (15  Chns.  2,  c.  7.)  ;  an  act  which,  as  Dr.  Smith  has  justly 
oliserved,  has,  with  all  its  imperfections,  done  more  to  promote  plenty  than  any  other  law  in 
the  statute  book.  In  1773,  the  last  remnant  of  the  legislative  enactments  restraining  the 
freedom  of  the  internal  corn  dealers  was  entirely  repealed.  But  the  engrossing  of  corn  has, 
notwithstanding,  been  since  held  to  bean  otlence  at  common  law ;  and,  so  late  as  1800,  a  com 
dealer  was  convicted  of  this  imaginary  crime.  He  was  not,  however,  brought  up  for 
judgment;  and  it  is  not  very  likely  that  any  similar  case  will  ever  again  occupy  the 
attention  of  the  courts. 

The  acts  of  1430  and  1463,  regulating  the  prices  when  exportation  was  allowed  and 
when  importation  was  to  cease,  continued,  nominally  at  least,  in  force  till  1. "362,  when  the 
prices  at  which  exportation  might  take  place  were  extended  to  10s,  for  wheat,  and  Os.  Sd. 
lor  barley.  But  a  new  principle — that  of  imposing  duties  on  exportation — was  soon  alter 
introduced;  and,  in  1571,  it  was  enacted  that  wheat  might  be  exported,  paying  a  duty 
of  2s.  a  quarter,  and  barley  and  other  grain  a  duty  of  Is,  4f/.,  whenever  the  home  price 
of  wheat  did  not  exceed  20s,  a  quarter,  and  barley  and  malt  12s,  At  the  Restoration,  the 
limit  at  which  exportation  might  take  place  was  very  much  extended;  but  as  the  duty  on 
exportation  was,  at  the  same  time,  so  very  high  as  to  be  almost  prohibitory,  the  extensiim 
WHS  of  little  or  no  service  to  the  agriculturists.  This  view  of  the  matter  seems  to  have 
liccn speedily  taken  by  the  legislature;  for,  in  1C63,  the  high  duties  on  exportation  were 
taken  oil",  and  an  ad  valorem  duty  imposed  in  their  stead,  at  the  same  time  tiiat  the  limit  of 
exportation  was  extended.  In  1070,  a  still  more  decided  step  was  taken  in  favour  of 
agriculture;  an  act  being  then  passed  which  extended  the  exportation  price  to  53s.  4rZ.  a 
quarter  for  wheat,  and  other  grain  in  proportion,  imposing,  at  the  same  lime,  prohibitory 
(lutics  on  tlie  importation  of  wheat  till  the  price  rose  to  53s,  4(/.,  and  a  duty  of  8s,  between 
that  price  and  80s,  But  the  real  etlects  of  this  act  were  not  so  great  as  might  have  been 
anticipated.  The  extension  of  the  limit  of  exportation  was  rendered  comparatively  nugatory, 
in  consequence  of  the  continuance  of  the  duties  on  exportation  caused  by  the  necessities 
of  the  Crown ;  while  the  want  of  any  proper  method  for  the  determination  of  prices  went 
t:ir  to  nullify  the  prohibition  of  importation. 

At  the  accession  of  William  III.  a  new  system  was  adopted.     The  interests  of  agriculture 
were  then  looked  upon  as  of  paramount  importance:  and  to  promote  them,  not  only  were 
the  duties  on  exportation  totally  abolished,  but  it  was  encouraged  by  the  grant  of  a  bounty 
282 


1! 

i 


..^  >:i 


,ii. 

i        * 

111 
llllh 


till!  Hill 


<ll''IIJIN 
M'MI 


I     «■ 


•I;.     ^ 


486 


CORN  LAWS   AND  CORN  TRADE. 


uHUHi; 


"«* 


■naii.V"^, 


HM.fi       __ 


|JM>>.,llil«i, 
tiiUiMi 


■|'»»m«i 
'I      - 


,    I 


f  -        ; 


of  5s,  on  every  quarter  of  wheat  exported  while  the  price  continued  at  or  below  48^, ._ 
of  2*.  6rf.  on  every  quarter  of  barley  or  malt,  while  their  respective  prices  did  not  exceed  24s.- 
and  of  3s,  6rf.  on  every  quarter  of  rye,  when  ita  price  did  not  exceed  32«. — (1  VV///.&  jl/arw 
c.  12.)  A  bounty  of  2s.  6rf.  a  quarter  was  subsequently  given  upon  the  exportation  of  oak 
and  oatmeal,  when  the  price  of  the  former  did  not  exceed  15s.  a  quarter.  Importation 
continued  to  be  regulated  by  the  act  of  1 670. 

Much  diversity  of  opinion  has  \ieen  entertained  with  respect  to  the  policy  of  the  bonntv. 
That  it  was  intended  to  raise  the  price  of  corn  is  clear,  from  the  words  of  the  statute,  which 
states,  "  that  the  exportation  of  corn  and  grain  into  foreign  parts,  when  the  price  thereof  is 
at  a  low  rule  in  this  kingdom,  hath  been  a  great  advantage  not  only  to  the  owners  of  land 
but  to  the  trade  of  the  kingdom  in  general :  therefore,"  <Scc.  But  admitting  this  to  have 
been  its  olyect,  it  has  been  contended  that  the  low  prices  which  prevailed  during  the  first  half 
of  last  century  show  that  its  real  ellbct  had  been  precisely  the  reverse ;  and  that  it  had,  bv 
extending  tillage,  contributed  to  reduce  prices.  It  will  be  afterwards  shown  that  this  couiil 
not  really  be  the  case ;  and  the  fall  of  prices  may  be  sufficiently  accounted  for  by  the  improvej 
state  of  agriculture,  the  gradual  consolidation  of  farms,  the  diminution  of  sheep  hus- 
bandry, &c,,  combined  with  the  slow  increase  of  the  population.  In  point  of  fact,  too 
prices  had  begun  to  give  way  30  years  before  the  bounty  was  granted ;  and  the  liijl  was 
equally  great  in  France,  where,  instead  of  exportation  being  encouraged  by  a  bounty,  it  was 
almost  entirely  prohibited;  and  in  most  other  Continental  states. — (For  proofs  of  what  is 
now  stated,  see  the  article  Corn  Laws,  in  the  new  edition  of  the  Enci/.  Brit.) 

The  Tables  annexed  to  this  article  show  that,  with  some  few  exceptions,  there  was,  diirinj 
the  first  60  years  of  last  century,  a  large  export  of  corn  from  England.  In  1 750,  the  wheat 
exported  amounted  to  947,000  quarters;  and  the  total  bounties  paid  during  tlie  10  years 
from  1740  to  1751  reached  the  sum  of  1,51?,000/.  But  the  rapid  increase  of  population 
subsequently  to  1760,  and  particularly  after  the  peace  of  Paris,  in  1763,  when  the  com- 
merce and  manufactures  of  the  country  were  extended  in  an  unprecedented  degree, 
gradually  reduced  this  excess  of  exportation,  and  occasionally,  indeed,  inclined  the  balanou 
the  other  way.  This  led  to  several  suspensions  of  the  restrictions  on  importation ;  and, 
at  length,  in  1773,  a  new  act  was  framed,  by  which  foreign  wheat  was  allowed  to  he 
imported  on  paying  a  nominal  duty  of  6d.  whenever  the  home  price  was  at  or  above  48i. 
a  quarter,  and  the  bounty*  and  exportation  were  together  to  cease  when  the  price  was 
at  or  above  44s.  This  statute  also  permitted  the  importation  of  com  at  any  j)rice,  duty 
free,  in  order  to  be  again  exported,  provided  it  were  in  the  mean  time  lodged  under  the 
joint  locks  of  the  king  and  the  importer. 

The  prices  when  exportation  was  to  cease  by  this  act  seem  to  have  been  fixed  too  low ; 
and,  as  Dr.  Smith  has  observed,  there  appears  a  good  deal  of  impropriety  in  prohibitins 
exportation  altogether  the  moment  it  attained  the  hmit,  when  the  bounty  given  to  force 
it  was  withdrawn;  yet,  with  all  these  defects,  the  act  of  1773  was  a  material  improvement 
on  the  former  system,  and  ought  not  to  have  been  altered  unless  to  give  greater  freedom 
to  tlie  trade. 

The  idea  that  this  law  must,  when  enacted,  have  Iwen  injurious  to  the  agriculturists, 
seems  altogether  illusory:  the  permission  to  import  foreign  grain,  when  the  horac price 
rose  to  a  moderate  height,  certainly  prevented  their  realising  exorbitant  profits,  in  dear 
years,  at  the  expense  of  the  other  classes ;  and  prevented  an  unnatural  pro[)ort',on  of  the 
capital  of  the  country  from  being  turned  towards  agriculture.  But  as  the  limit  at  which 
importation  at  a  nominal  duty  was  allowed,  was  fixed  a  good  deal  above  the  average  price 
of  the  reign  of  George  II.,  it  cannot  be  maintained  that  it  had  any  tendency  to  reduce 
previous  prices,  which  is  the  only  thing  that  could  have  discouraged  agriculture :  and,  in 
fact,  no  such  reduction  took  place. 

It  is,  indeed,  true,  that,  but  for  this  act,  we  should  not  have  imported  so  much  forcisn  grain 
in  the  interval  between  1773  and  1791.  This  importation,  however,  was  not  a  consequence 
of  the  decline  of  agriculture ;  for  it  is  admitted  that  every  branch  of  rural  economy  was  more 
improved  in  that  period  tlian  in  the  whole  of  the  preceding  century  ;  but  arose  cntirdv  from 
a  still  more  rapid  increase  of  the  manufacturing  population,  and  hence,  of  the  etrective  de- 
mand for  corn. 

By  referring  to  the  Tables  annexed  to  this  article,  it  will  be  seen  that,  in  1772,  the  ba- 
lance on  the  side  of  wheat  imported  amounted  to  18,515  quarters;  and  in  1773,  1774  and 
1775,  all  years  of  great  prosperity,  the  balance  was  very  much  increased.  But  the  loss  of  a 
great  part  of  our  colonial  possessions,  the  stagnation  of  commerce,  and  difficulty  of  obtaining 
employment,  occasioned  by  the  American  war,  diminished  the  consumption  ;  and  this,  com- 
bined with  unusually  productive  harvests,  rendered  the  balance  high  on  the  side  of  exporta- 
tion, in  1778,  1779,  and  1789.  In  1783  and  1784,  the  crop  was  unusually  deficient,  and 
considerable  importations  took  place;  but  in  1785,  1786,  and  1787  the  exports  again  ex- 
ceeded the  imports;  and  it  was  not  till  1788,  when  the  country  had  fully  recovered  from 

♦Tlie  himnty  aninunteil  to  5s.  on  every  quarter  of  wlicnf ;  2ii.0(Z.  on  every  quarter  of  barley;  3s.U. 
on  evtiy  quarter  of  ryu ;  and  in.  lU.  on  every  quarter  of  oats. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


487 


inucd  at  or  below  48^  -. 
•ices  did  not  exceed  24s.- 
32.9^(1  W/V/.&jl/any, 
I  the  exportation  of  oats 
a  quarter.     Importation 

le  policy  of  the  bounty. 
•ds  of  the  statute,  wiiich 
hen  the  price  thereof  ,i 
'  to  the  owners  of  land, 

admitting  this  to  have 
jiled  during  the  first  half 
srse ;  and  that  it  had,  by 
is  shown  that  this  coufj 
nted  for  by  the  improved 
ninution  of  sheep  hus- 
In  point  of  fact,  too, 
anted ;  and  the  lall  was 
iged  by  a  bounty,  it  wk 
-(For  proofs  of  what  is 
ncy.  Brit.) 

options,  there  was,  durinir 
ind.  In  1750,  the  wheat 
aid  during  the  10  years 
[1  increase  of  population 
in  1763,  when  the  com- 
I  unprecedented  degree, 
Ded,  inclined  the  balance 
ons  on  importation ;  aiuj. 
'heat  was  allowed  to  be 
rice  was  at  or  above  48s. 
iase  when  the  price  was 

com  at  any  price,  duty 
san  time  lodged  under  the 

lave  been  fixed  too  low; 

ipropriety  in  prohi'jitins 

le  bounty  given  to  force 

a  material  improvement 

to  give  greater  freedom 

)U3  to  the  agriculturists, 
when  the  home  price 

[orbitant  profits,  in  dear 
atura!  proportion  of  the 

It  as  the  limit  nt  which 
above  the  average  price 
any  tendency  to  reduce 
god  agriculture:  and, in 

?d  so  much  forcisn  grain 
■r,  was  not  a  conseciuencc 
rural  economy  was  more 
hut  arose  entirely  from 
>ence,  of  the  ellective  de- 
en  that,  in  1772,  the  ba- 

and  in  177:5,  1774  and 
sased.  But  the  loss  of  a 
nd  difficulty  of  obtaining 
umption  ;  and  this,  eom- 
h  on  the  ."^ide  of  cxporta- 

unusually  deficient,  and 
7  the  exports  again  ex- 
lad  fully  recovered  from 

y(iuarter  of  barley;  3s.  U. 


the  effects  of  the  American  war,  and  when  manufacturing  improvements  were  carried  on 
with  extraordinary  spirit,  that  the  imports  permanently  overbalanced  the  exports. 

The  growing  wealth  and  commercial  prosperity  of  the  country  had  thus  by  increasing  tho 
population  and  enabling  individuals  to  consume  additional  quantities  of  food,  caused  tho 
home  supply  of  corn  to  fall  somewhat  short  of  the  demand ;  but  it  must  not,  therefore,  be 
concluded  that  agriculture  had  not  at  the  same  time  been  very  greatly  meliorated.  "  The 
average  annual  produce  of  wheat,"  says  Mr.  Comber,  "  at  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
George  III.  (1760),  was  about  3,800,000  quarters,  of  which  about  300,000  had  been  sent 
out  of  the  kingdom,  leaving  about  3,500,000  for  home  consumption.  In  1773,  the  i)roduce 
of  wheat  was  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons  to  be  4,000,000  quarters,  of  which  the  whole, 
and  above  100,000  imported,  were  consumed  in  the  kingdom.  In  1796,  the  consumption 
was  stated  by  Lord  Hawkesbury  to  be  500,000  quarters  per  month,  or  6,000,000  quarters 
annually,  of  which  about  180,000  were  imported ;  showing  an  increased  produce  in  about 
20  years  of  1,820,000  quarters.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  not  only  that  no  defalcation  of  [iro- 
duce  had  taken  place  in  consequence  of  the  cessation  of  exportation,  as  has  been  too  lightly 
assumed  from  the  occasional  necessity  of  importation,  but  that  it  had  increased  with  the 
augmentation  of  our  commerce  and  manufactures." — ( Comber  on  National  Subsistence, 
p,  180.) 

These  estimates  are,  no  doubt,  very  loose  and  unsatisfactory ;  btit  the  fact  of  a  great  in- 
crease of  produce  having  taken  place  is  unquestionable.  In  a  report  by  a  committee  of  tlie 
House  of  Commons  on  the  state  of  the  waste  lands,  drawn  up  in  1797,  the  number  of  acU 
passed  for  enclosing,  and  the  number  of  acres  enclosed,  in  the  following  reigns,  are  thus 
stated : — 


Number  of  Acts. 

Number  of  Acres 

In  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne 

2 

1,43U 

George  I. 

16 

17,(10)0 

George  II. 

226 

318,778 

George  III.  to  1797 

-      1,532 

2,804,197 

It  deserves  particular  notice,  that  from  1771  to  1791,  both  inclusive,  the  period  during 
which  the  greater  number  of  these  improvements  were  eflfectcd,  there  was  no  rise  of  prices. 

The  landholders,  however,  could  not  but  consider  the  liberty  of  importation  granted  by 
tlic  act  of  1773  as  injurious  to  their  interests,  inasmuch  as  it  prevented  prices  from  rising; 
with  the  increased  demand.  A  clamour,  therefore,  was  raised  against  that  law ;  and  in  addi- 
tion to  this  interested  feeling,  a  dread  of  becoming  habitually  dependent  on  foreign  supplies 
of  corn,  operated  on  many,  and  produced  a  pretty  general  acquiescence  in  the  act  of  1791. 
By  this  act,  the  price  when  importation  could  take  place  from  abroad  at  the  low  duty  of  6c?., 
was  raised  to  54s. ;  under  54s.  and  above  50s.  a  middle  duty  of  2s.  Gd. ;  and  under  50s.  a 
prohibiting  duty  of  24s.  3d.  was  exigible.  The  bounty  continued  as  before,  and  exporta- 
tion without  bounty  was  allowed  to  46s.  It  was  also  enacted,  that  foreign  wheat  might  be 
imported,  stored  under  the  king's  lock,  and  again  exported  free  of  duty  ;  but,  if  sold  for  home 
consumption,  it  became  liable  to  a  warehouse  duty  of  2s.  Gd.  in  addition  to  the  ordinary 
duties  payable  at  the  time  of  sale. 

In  1797,  the  Bank  of  England  obtained  an  exemption  from  paying  in  specie  ^  and  the 
consequent  facility  of  obtaining  discounts  and  getting  a  command  of  capital,  which  this 
measure  occasioned,  gave  a  fresh  stimulus  to  agriculture ;  the  efficacy  of  which  was  most 
powerfully  assisted  by  the  scarcity  and  high  prices  of  1800  and  1801.  An  agricultural 
mania  now  seized  the  nation ;  and  as  the  prices  of  1804  would  not  allow  the  cultivation  of 
the  poor  soils,  which  had  been  broken  up  in  the  dear  years,  to  be  continued,  a  new  corn  law, 
being  loudly  called  for  by  the  farmers,  was  passed  in  1804.  The  law  imposed  a  prohibitory 
duty  of  24s.  3c?.  per  quarter  on  all  wheat  imported  when  the  home  price  was  at  or  below 
63s.;  between  63s.  and  6f>s.  a  middle  duty  of  2s.  6c?.  was  paid,  and  above  66s.  a  nominal 
duty  of  6c?.  The  price  at  which  the  bounty  was  allowed  on  exportation  was  extended  to 
50v,,  and  exportation  without  bounty  to  54s.  By  the  act  of  1791,  the  niaiitime  counties  of 
England  wore  divided  into  12  districts,  importation  and  exportation  being  regulated  by  the 
particular  prices  of  each  ;  but  by  the  act  of  1804  they  were  regulated,  in  England,  by  tho 
air^e>ruie  average  of  the  maritime  districts ;  and  in  Scotland  by  the  aggregate  average  of 
the  4  maritime  districts  into  which  it  was  divided.  The  averages  were  taken  4  times  a  year, 
so  that  the  ports  could  not  be  open  or  shut  for  less  than  3  months.  This  manner  of  ascer- 
taining prices  was,  however,  modified  in  the  following  session ;  it  being  then  fixed,  that  im- 
portation, both  in  England  and  Scotland,  should  be  regulated  by  the  average  price  of  the  12 
maritime  districts  of  England. 

In  >805,  the  crop  was  very  considerably  deficient,  and  the  average  price  of  that  year  was 
about  22s.  a  (juarter  above  the  price  at  which  importation  was  allowed  by  the  act  of  1804. 
As  the  depreciation  of  paper,  compared  with  bullion,  was  at  that  time  o\\\y  four  per  cent., 
the  high  price  of  that  year  must  have  been  principally  owing  to  the  new  law  jireventing 
importation  from  abroad  till  the  home  price  was  high,  and  then  fettering  uuTcantile  opera- 
tions ;  and  to  the  formidable  obstacles  which  the  war  threw  in  the  way  of  importation.    In 


II' 

li. 

I  SI 


u . 


Il  1, 
liilllH 


f 

til 


HMIIIi 

'llllUIII 
'''''HIM 


I 


488 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


V 


I    I   :     ^■ 


JllIJi'  ■  -  fc.!Mlltt 

^.viw  . . .  >m:« 

IT**'"! 

iwMimituti'm 


^j;.,i,*,iSi 
•I'limuMi 


.4        <i. 


jp.-'f-if.* 

II    '^- 


'  *   '!■ 


•  ll 


I 


1806*,  1807,  and  1808,  the  depreciation  of  pn|)pr  wns  nearly  3  per  rent.;  and  the  price  of 
wheat  in  tliose  years  beint;  generally  from  GO.s.  i>i  75.v.,  the  iinportationa  were  but  siiiujl. 
From  autumn  1808,  to  spring  1814  the  depreciation  of  the  currency  was  unusually  i^reat;  ntij 
several  crops  in  that  interval  being  likewise  deficient,  the  price  of  corn,  iiilluencfd  by  both 
causes,  rose  to  a  surprising  height.  At  that  time  no  vessel  could  be  laden  in  any  Coutiiu-n. 
tal  port  for  England  without  purchasing  u  licnso,  and  the  freight  and  insurance  were  at 
least  5  times  as  high  as  during  peace.  But  the  destruction  of  Napoleon's  anti-coiimuircial 
Kystem,  in  the  autumn  of  181.3,  having  increased  the  facilities  of  importation,  a  large  ijuiin- 
tityofcorn  wos  poured  into  the  kingdom;  and,  in  1814,  its  bullion  price  fell  below  ilie 
price  at  which  importation  was  allowed. 

Before  this  fall  of  price,  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  had  been  aj)poiiitcd  to 
inquire  into  the  state  of  the  laws  allecting  the  corn  trade ;  and  recommended  in  their  Roport 
(dated  11th  of  May,  1813)  a  very  great  increase  of  the  prices  at  which  exportation  was 
allowable,  and  when  importation  free  of  duty  might  take  place.  This  recommendation  was 
not,  however,  adopted  by  the  House  ;  but  the  fact  of  its  having  been  made  when  the  homo 
price  was  at  least  112*.  a  quarter,  displayed  a  surprising  solicitude  to  exclude  foreigners 
from  all  competition  with  the  home  growers. 

The  wish  to  lessen  the  dependence  of  the  country  on  foreign  supplies  formed  the  sole 
ostensible  motive  by  which  the  committee  of  1813  had  been  actuated,  in  proposing  an  alte- 
ration in  the  act  of  1804.  But  after  the  fall  of  price  in  autumn  1813,  and  in  the  early  jmrt 
cf  1814,  it  became  obvious,  on  comparing  our  previous  prices  with  those  of  the  Continent, 
that  without  an  alteration  of  the  law  in  question  this  dependence  would  be  a  good  deal  in. 
creased  ;  that  a  considerable  extent  of  sucli  poor  lands  as  had  been  brought  into  cultivation 
during  the  high  prices  would  be  again  thrown  into  pasturage ;  and  tliat  rents  would  be 
considerably  reduced.  These  consequences  alarmed  the  landlords  and  occupiers ;  and  in 
the  early  part  of  the  session  of  1814,  a  series  of  resolutions  were  voted  by  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, declaring  that  it  was  expedient  to  repeal  the  bounty,  to  permit  the  free  exportation  of 
corn  whatever  might  be  the  home  price,  and  to  impose  a  graduated  scale  of  duties  on  the 
importation  of  foreign  corn.  Thus,  foreign  wheat  imported  when  the  home  price  was  at  or 
under  G4s.  was  to  pay  a  duty  of  24s. :  when  at  or  under  65s.  a  duty  of  23s. ;  and  so  on,  till 
the  home  price  should  reach  86.v.,  when  the  duty  was  reduced  to  Is.,  at  which  sum  it  beeanie 
stationary.  Corn  imported  from  Canada,  or  from  the  other  British  colonies  in  North  Ame- 
rica, was  to  pay  half  the  duties  on  other  corn.  As  soon  as  these  resolutions  had  been  agreeil 
to,  two  bills  founded  on  them — one  for  regulating  the  importation  of  foreign  corn,  and 
anotlier  for  the  repeal  of  the  bounty,  and  for  permitting  unrestricted  exportation — were  in- 
troduced. Very  little  attention  was  paid  to  the  last  of  these  bills;  but  the  one  imposing 
fresh  duties  on  importation  encountered  a  very  keen  opposition.  The  manufacturers,  and 
every  class  not  directly  supported  by  agriculture,  stigmatised  it  as  an  unjustiliable  attempt 
artificially  to  keep  up  the  price  of  food,  and  to  secure  excessive  rents  and  large  profits  to  tiie 
landholders  and  farmers  at  the  expense  of  the  consumers.  Meetings  were  very  generally 
held,  and  resolutions  entered  into  strongly  expressive  of  this  sentiment,  and  dwelling  on  the 
fatal  consequences  which,  it  was  affirmed,  a  continuance  of  the  high  prices  would  have  on 
our  manufactures  and  commerce.  This  determined  opposition,  coupled  with  the  indecision 
of  ministers,  and  perhaps,  too,  with  an  expectation  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  landholders 
that  prices  would  rise  without  any  legislative  interference,  caused  the  miscarriage  of  this  bill. 
The  other  bill,  repealing  the  bounty  and  allowing  an  unlimited  freedom  of  exportation,  was 
passed  into  a  law. 

Committees  had  been  appointed  in  1814,  by  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  to  examine  evi- 
dence and  report  on  the  state  of  the  corn  trade ;  and,  in  consequence,  a  number  of  the  most 
eminent  agriculturists  were  examined.  The  witnesses  were  unanimous  in  this  only, — that 
the  protecting  prices  in  the  act  of  1804  were  insufficient  to  enable  the  farmers  to  make  f;ood 
tlie  engagements  into  which  they  had  subsequently  entered,  and  to  continue  the  cultivation 
of  the  inferior  lands  lately  brought  under  tillage.  Some  of  them  thought  that  \'Hh.  ought  to 
be  fixed  as  the  lowest  limit  at  which  the  importation  of  wheat  free  of  duty  should  be  allowed : 
others  varied  from  90s.  to  100s. — from  80s.  to  90s. — and  a  few  from  70s.  to  8()s.  The  (,'enc- 
ral  opinion,  however,  seemed  to  be  that  SO.s.  would  sulfici;;  and  as  prices  continued  to  decline, 
a  set  of  resolutions  f(>unded  on  this  assumption  were  submitted  to  the  House  of  Connnons 
by  Mr.  Robinson,  of  the  Board  of  Trade  'now  Lord  Goderich  ,  •  and  having  been  agreed  to, 
a  bill  founded  on  them  was,  after  a  very  "!• "  -"t  op[)osition,  carried  in  both  Houses  liy  im- 
mense majorities,  and  finally  passed  in!  i  l;iw  (53  Geo.  3.  c.  2G.).  According  to  this  act, 
all  sorts  of  foreign  corn,  meal,  or  flour,  might  be  imported  at  all  times  free  of  duty  into  any 
port  of  the  United  Kingdom,  in  order  to  be  warehoused  ;  but  foreign  corn  was  not  permitted 
to  be  imported  for  home  consumption,  except  when  the  average  prices  of  the  several  sorts 

*  Several  irnpniitic  restraints  had  been  for  a  long  time  iniposnd  on  tlio  free  importation  anil  exporta- 
tion of  corn  hetWHen  fJreut  ISritnin  and  Ireland,  but  they  were  wlioliy  abolisliod  in  1800;  and  tlmact 
of  that  year  (10  Geo.  3.  c.  97.),  eslablishin(.'  a  free  trade  in  eorri  between  tile  '2  (Treat  divisions  of  the 
empire,  was  not  only  a  wise  and  proper  measure  in  Itself,  but  has  powerfully  contributed  to  promoto 
the  general  advantage. 


E. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


489 


rent. ;  and  t!io  price  of 
iitioiis  were  l>ut  small, 
as  unusuiilly  ureal;  aiul 
:orn,  intlueiicfd  by  boilj 
laden  in  any  ConiiniMi- 
t  and  insurance  were  at 
jlcon's  anti-cotmneriiil 
portation,  a  lartfc  ijuun- 
lon  price  fell  below  the 

Imd  been  a])poiiitcd  to 
iinendcd  in  their  Report 
which  exportation  was 
is  recommendation  was 
n  made  when  the  hoinu 
e  to  exclude  foreigners 

ipplies  formed  the  solo 

id,  in  proposing  an  altc- 

3,  and  in  the  early  jjart 

those  of  the  Continent, 

vould  be  a  good  deal  in. 

brought  into  cultivation 

md  that  rents  would  be 

and  occupiers ;  and  in 

\  by  the  House  of  Coni. 

t  the  free  exportation  of 

;d  scale  of  duties  on  the 

he  home  price  was  at  or 

■  of  23s. ;  and  so  on,  till 

at  which  sum  it  became 

colonies  in  North  Amc- 

)lutions  had  been  agreed 

n  of  foreign  corn,  and 

d  exportation — were  in- 

I ;  but  the  one  imposing 

rhe  manufacturers,  and 

m  unjustifiable  attempt 

and  large  profits  to  the 

rs  were  very  generally 

nt,  and  dwelling  on  the 

prices  would  have  on 

led  with  the  indecision 

omo  of  the  landholders 

miscarriage  of  tliis  bill, 

om  of  exportation,  was 

lament,  to  examine  evj. 

a  number  of  the  most 
lous  in  this  only, — that 
c  farmers  to  make  good 
;ontinue  the  eulli\alion 
ght  that  VZih.  ought  to 
luty  should  be  allowed : 
70.V.  to  80,t.  The  gene- 
cs  continued  to  decline, 
he  House  of  Commons 
having  been  agreed  to, 
11  both  Houses  by  ini- 

According  to  this  act, 
}s  free  of  duty  into  any 
;orn  was  not  permitted 
ces  of  the  several  sorts 

importation  anil  e.xpnrla- 
!li(Ml  in  ISOO;  and  the  act 
i  2  (jreat  divisiims  of  tlie 
y  contributed  to  iiromolo 


of  British  com  were  as  follows :  viz.  wheat,  SO.*,  per  quarter ;  rye,  peas,  and  beans,  53*. ; 
barley,  tear,  or  bigg,  40s. ;  and  oats,  2Gs. :  and  all  importation  of  corn  from  any  of  the 
British  plantations  in  North  America  was  forbidden,  except  when  the  average  home  prices 
were  at  or  under,  wheat,  67a.  per  quarter;  rye,  peas,  and  beans,  41s.;  barley,  bear  or  bigg, 
33s. ;  and  oaU,  22s. 

The  agriculturists  conGdently  expected  that  this  act  would  immediately  effect  a  rii<e  of 
prices,  and  render  them  steady  at  about  80s.  But,  for  reasons  which  will  be  aflrrwarda 
stated,  these  expectations  were  entirely  disappointed  ;  and  there  has  Iwcn  a  more  ruinous  fluc- 
tuation of  prices  during  the  18  years  that  have  elapsed  since  it  was  passed,  than  in  any  pre- 
vious jieriod  of  our  recent  history.  In  1821,  when  prices  had  sunk  very  low,  a  cominitteo 
of  the  House  of  Commons  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  the  depressed  state  of 
agriculture,  and  to  report  their  observations  thereupon.  This  committee,  after  examining  a 
number  of  witnesses,  drew  up  a  report,  which,  though  not  free  from  error,  is  a  very  valuable 
document.  It  contains  a  forcible  exposition  of  the  pernicious  effects  arising  from  the  law  of 
1815,  of  which  it  suggested  several  important  modifications.  These,  however,  were  not 
adopted  ;  and  as  the  low  prices,  and  consequent  distress  of  the  agriculturists,  continued,  the 
subject  was  brought  under  the  consideration  of  parliament  in  the  following  year.  After  a 
good  deal  of  discussion  a  new  act  was  then  passed  (3  Geo.  4.  c.  CO.),  which  enacted,  that 
after  prices  had  risen  to  the  limit  of  free  importation  fixed  by  the  act  of  1815,  that  act  was 
to  cease  and  the  new  statute  to  come  into  operation.  This  statute  lowered  the  prices  fixed 
iiy  the  act  of  181.5,  at  which  importation  could  take  place  for  home  consumption,  to  the  fol- 
lowing sums,  viz. — 


Wheat 

Rye,  peas,  and  beans 

Biirliy,  bear,  or  bigg 

Oats 


For  Corn  not  of  the  Briliih 
PoMt^iorn  in  Noriti  America. 

-  70,?.  per  quarter. 

-  ids.  — 

-  S5s.  — 

-  25g.  — 


For  ComoftheHrilish 
rouesnlons  in  Nnrtti  America. 
5'Js.  i)er  quarter. 
3ns. 

3ns.         — 
20i.         — 


But,  in  order  to  prevent  any  violent  oscillation  of  prices  from  a  large  supply  of  grain  being 
snddenly  thrown  into  the  market,  it  was  enacted,  that  a  duty  of  I7s.  a  quarter  should  be 
laid  on  all  wheat  imported  from  foreign  countries,  during  the  first  3  months  after  the  open- 
ing of  the  ports,  if  the  price  was  between  70s.  and  80s.  a  (juarter,  and  of  12s.  afterwards; 
that  if  the  price  was  between  80s.  and  85s.,  the  duty  should  be  10s.  for  the  first  3  months, 
and  5s.  afterwards ;  and  that  if  the  price  should  exceed  85s.,  the  duty  should  be  constant  at 
Is. ;  and  proportionally  for  other  sorts  of  grain. 

This  act,  by  preventing  importation  until  the  home  price  rose  to  70s.,  and  then  loading 
the  quantities  imported  between  that  limit  and  the  limit  of  85s.  with  heavy  duties,  was  cer- 
tainly more  favourable  to  the  views  of  the  agriculturists  than  the  act  of  1815.  But,  nn- 
luckily  for  them,  the  prices  of  no  species  of  corn,  except  barley,  were  sufficiently  high,  while 
this  act  existed,  to  bring  it  into  operation. 

In  1825,  the  first  approach  was  made  to  a  better  system,  by  permitting  the  importation 
of  wheat  from  British  North  America,  without  reference  to  the  price  at  home,  on  payment 
of  a  duty  of  5s.  a  quarter.  But  this  act  was  passed  with  ditiiculty,  and  was  limited  to  one 
year's  duration. 

Owing  to  the  drought  that  prevailed  during  the  summer  of  1826,  there  was  every  prospect 
that  there  would  be  a  great  deficiency  in  the  crops  of  that  year ;  and,  in  order  to  prevent 
the  disastrous  consequences  that  might  have  taken  place,  had  importation  been  prevented 
until  the  season  was  too  far  advanced  for  bringing  supplies  from  the  great  corn  markets  in 
the  north  of  Europe,  his  Majesty  was  authorised  to  admit  500,000  quarters  of  foreign  wheat, 
on  payment  of  such  duties  as  the  order  in  council  for  it»  importation  should  declare.  And 
when  it  was  ascertained  that  tho  crops  of  oats,  peas,  &c.  were  greatly  below  an  average, 
ministers  issued  an  order  in  council,  on  their  own  responsibility,  on  the  1st  of  September, 
authorising  the  immediate  importation  of  oats  on  payment  of  a  duty  of  2s.  2rf.  a  boll ;  and 
of  rj'c,  peas,  and  beans,  on  payment  of  a  duty  of  3s.  Gd.  a  quarter.  A  considerable  quantity 
of  oats  was  imported  under  this  order,  the  timely  appearance  of  which  had  undoubtedly  a 
very  considerable  effect  in  miagating  the  pernicious  consequences  arising  from  the  defi- 
ciency of  that  species  of  grain.  Ministers  obtained  an  indemnity  for  this  order  on  the  sub- 
sequent meeting  of  parliament. 

Nothing  could  more  strikingly  evince  the  impolicy  of  the  acts  of  1815  and  1822,  than 
the  necessity,  under  which  the  legislature  and  government  had  been  placed,  of  passing  the 
temporary  acts  and  issuing  the  orders  alluded  to.  The  more  intelligent  portion  of  tlic  agri- 
culturists began,  at  length,  to  perceive  that  the  corn  laws  were  not  really  calculated  to  pro- 
duce the  advantages  that  they  had  anticipated ;  and  a  conviction  that  increased  facilities 
should  be  given  to  importation  became  general  throughout  the  country.  The  same  convic- 
tion made  considerable  progress  in  the  House  of  Commons  ;  so  much  so,  that  several  mem- 
bers who  supported  the  meastires  adopted  in  1815  and  1822,  expressed  themselves  satisfied 
that  the  principle  of  exclusion  had  been  carried  too  far,  and  that  a  more  liberal  system  should 
be  adopted.    Ministers  having  participated  in  these  sentiments,  Mr.  Canning  moved  a  serioa 

62 


"III 

ijiiil* 

! 

*tiiiiiii 

'IwiUIII 


490 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


.1 


i 


i;  • 


am 


•^jn 


"It, 


of  rpsolutions,  ns  the  foundntion  of  a  new  com  law,  on  the  1st  of  March,  lfi27.  ^^lP(^f. 
resolutions  were  to  the  ellbct  that  foroiirn  corn  mip;ht  always  be  imported,  free  of  tloiy,  iri 
order  to  be  warehoused  ;  and  thut  it  should  always  be  admissible  for  home  consumption  ori 
payment  of  certain  duties.  Thus  in  the  instance  of  wheal,  it  was  resolved  that,  when  the 
home  price  was  at  or  above  70.s.  a  ([uarter,  the  duty  should  be  a  fixed  one  of  l.i. ;  and  that 
for  every  shilling  that  the  price  fell  below  70.v.  u  duty  of  2.v.  should  be  imposed;  so  thut 
when  the  price  was  at  09s,  the  duty  on  importation  was  to  be  Us.,  when  at  68.1.  the  duty  was 
to  be  4.».  and  so  on.  The  limit  at  which  the  constant  duty  of  Is.  a  (piarter  was  to  tiikn 
place  in  the  case  of  barley,  was  oriuinally  fixed  at  ;)7s.,  but  it  was  sulisequemly  raised  to 
40», ;  the  duty  increasing  by  Is.  dd.  for  every  Is.  which  the  price  fell  Iwlow  that  limit.  The 
limit  at  which  the  constant  duty  of  Is.  a  quarter  was  to  take  place  in  the  case  of  oats  was 
ori'Tinally  fixed  at  28s. ;  but  it  was  subsequently  raised  to  'A'As.  the  duty  increasing  at  thu 
rate  of  Is.  a  fjuarter  for  every  shilling  that  the  [irice  fell  below  that  limit.  The  duty  on  co- 
lonial wheat  was  fixed  at  firf.  the  quarter  when  the  home  price  was  above  fiSs. ;  and  when 
the  price  was  under  that  sum,  the  duty  was  (•oiistant  at  ."is. ;  the  duties  on  other  descriptions 
of  colonial  grain  were  similar.  These  resolutions  were  agreed  to  by  a  large  majority  ;  anJ 
a  bill  founded  on  them  was  subsequently  carried  through  the  House  of  Commons.  Owiin;, 
however,  to  the  change  of  ministers,  which  took  place  in  the  interim,  several  peers,  ori- 
ginally favourable  to  the  bill,  and  some,  even,  who  assisted  in  its  jireparation,  saw  reason  to 
become  amongst  its  most  violent  opponents;  and  a  chiuse  moved  by  the  Uuke  of  Wcllin^r. 
ton,  interdicting  all  importation  of  foreign  corn  until  the  home  price  exceeded  CGs.,  Imvin^- 
beeii  carried  in  the  Lords,  ministers  gave  up  the  bill,  justly  considering  that  such  a  clau* 
was  entirely  subversive  of  its  principle. 

A  new  set  of  resolutions  with  respect  to  the  corn  trade  were  brought  forward  in  ISiJS.  bv 
Mr.  Charles  Grant.  They  were  founded  on  the  same  princi[)Ies  as  those  whicii  ha:l  Wm 
rejected  during  the  previous  session.  But  the  duty  was  not  made  to  vary  equally,  as  in  Mr. 
Canning's  resolutions,  with  every  equal  variation  of  price ;  it  being  23s.  8rf.  when  the  home 
price  was  64s.  the  Imperial  quarter;  16s.  %d.  when  it  was  69s. ;  and  Is.  only  when  it  wiis 
at  or  above  73s.  After  a  good  deal  of  debate,  Mr.  Grant's  resolutions  were  carriud  in  l)oth 
Houses ;  and  the  act  embodying  them  (9  Geo.  4.  c.  60.)  is  that  by  which  the  corn  trade 
is  now  regulated.    An  abstract  of  this  act  will  be  found  in  a  subsequent  part  of  this  article. 

II.    PnixciPiES  OP  THE  Cons  Law.s. 

1.  Internal  Com  Trade. — It  is  needless  to  take  up  the  reader's  time  by  endeavouring  to 
prove  by  argument  the  advantage  of  allowing  the  free  conveyance  of  corn  from  one  province 
to  another.  Every  one  sees  that  this  is  indispensable,  not  only  to  the  equal  distribution  of 
the  supplies  of  food  over  tlie  country,  but  to  enable  the  inhabitants  of  those  districts  tliat  arc 
best  fitted  for  the  raising  and  fattening  of  cattle,  sheep,  &c.  to  addict  themselves  to  these  or 
other  necessary  occupations  not  directly  connected  with  the  production  of  corn.  Wc  shall, 
therefore,  confine  the  few  remarks  we  have  to  make,  on  this  subject,  to  the  consideration  oi' 
the  influence  of  the  speculations  of  the  corn  merchants  in  buying  up  corn  in  anticipation 
of  an  advance.  Their  proceedings  in  this  respect,  though  of  the  greatest  public  utility,  have 
been  the  principal  cause  of  that  odium  to  which  they  have  been  so  long  exposed. 

Were  the  harvests  always  equally  productive,  nothing  would  be  gained  by  storin<j  up 
supplies  of  corn  ;  and  all  that  would  be  necessary  would  be  to  distribute  the  croi)  cqnalK- 
throughout  the  country,  and  throughout  the  year.  But  such  is  not  the  order  of  nature. 
The  variations  in  the  aggregate  produce  of  a  country  in  difVerent  seasons,  though  noi 
perhaps  so  great  as  are  commonly  supposed,  arc  still  very  considerable ;  and  exiicriente  lias 
shown  that  two  or  three  unusually  luxuriant  harvests  seldom  take  place  in  succession ;  or 
that  when  they  do,  they  are  invariably  followed  by  those  that  are  deficient.  The  speculators 
in  corn  anticipate  this  result.  Whenever  prices  begin  to  give  way  in  consequence  of  an 
unusually  luxuriant  harvest,  speculation  is  at  work.  The  more  opulent  farmers  withhoiti 
either  the  whole  or  a  part  of  their  produce  from  market ;  and  the  more  opulent  dealers 
purchase  largely  of  the  corn  brought  to  market,  and  store  it  up  in  expectation  of  a  future 
advance.  And  thus,  without  intending  to  promote  any  one's  interest  but  their  own,  the 
speculators  in  corn  become  the  great  benefactors  of  the  public.  They  provide  a  relief  stock 
against  those  years  of  scarcity  which  are  sure  at  no  distant  period  to  recur:  while,  hy 
withdrawing  a  portion  of  the  redundant  supply  from  immediate  consumptiDii,  prices  are 
prevented  from  falling  so  low  as  to  be  injurious  to  the  farmers,  or  at  least  are  niitintained  at  a 
higher  level  than  they  would  otherwise  have  reached;  provident  habits  are  iimintaincd 
amongst  the  people ;  and  that  waste  and  extravagance  are  checked,  which  always  take  place 
in  plentiful  years,  but  which  would  be  carried  to  a  much  greater  extent  if  the  whole  produce 
of  an  abundant  crop  were  to  be  consumed  within  the  season. 

It  is,  however,  in  scarce  years  that  the  s))eculations  of  the  corn  merchants  are  principally 
advantageous.  Even  in  the  richest  countries,  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  individuals 
engaged  in  the  business  of  agriculture  arc  comparatively  poor,  and  are  totally  without  tha 


i       i 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


491 


March,  1827.  TIknc 
iported,  free  of  doty,  in 
home  consuinptii)!!  oti 
(•solved  thnt,  wlu'ii  tlic 
1  one  of  \s. ;  and  thnt 
Id  be  imposed ;  so  tliiu 
en  at  68.t.  the  duty  w;is 
a  (|iiarter  was  to  tiikn 
Huljseqiietitly  raised  to 
Iwlow  that  limit.  The 
in  the  rase  of  oats  was 
duty  inereasinir  at  ihu 
imit.  The  duty  on  co- 
ahovc  fiS.v. ;  and  when 
PS  on  other  descri[)tions 
f  a  larRC  majority  ;  and 
of  Commons.  Owine, 
;rim,  several  peers,  ori- 
jparation,  saw  reason  Id 
y  the  Duke  of  Welling, 
e  exceeded  Gfis.,  Imving 
ring  that  such  a  ciausir 

5ht  forward  in  IR-^S.  jiv 
IS  those  which  ha:l  huon 
vary  equally,  as  in  Mr, 
23s.  8rf.  when  the  home 
id  is.  only  when  it  was 
ns  were  carried  in  huih 
by  which  the  corn  trade 
ucnt  part  of  this  article. 


time  by  endeavouring  to 
corn  from  one  province 
he  equal  distribution  of 
f  those  districts  that  are 
t  themselves  to  tiipse  or 
ion  of  corn.    We  shall, 
to  the  consideration  of 
up  corn  in  anticipation 
itest  public  utility,  have 
g  exposed, 
gained  by  storintj  up 
ribute  the  crop  cciually 
lot  the  order  of  nature, 
seasons,  though  no: 
le ;  and  ex[)erieni;c  has 
lace  in  succession ;  or 
Icient.    The  speculators 
in  consequence  nf  an 
ulent  farmers  withhoiti 
more  opulent  dealers 
expectation  of  a  future 
rest  but  their  own,  the 
y  provide  a  relief  stock 
to  recur:    while,  by 
onsumption,  prices  are 
east  are  maintained  at  a 
habits  are   maintained 
lich  always  take  place 
it  if  the  whole  produce 

erchants  are  principally 
ion  of  the  individuals 
ire  totally  without  iha 


means  of  withholdinp;  their  produce  from  market,  in  order  to  speculate  upon  any  future 
advance.     In  consequence, the  markets  an'  always  most  abundantly  supplied  with  produce 
immediately  after  harvest;  and  in  countries  where  the  merchants  cuf^aKcd  in  the  corn  trade 
are  not  possessed  of  larf?o  capitals,  or  where  their  proceedings  ore  fettered  and  restricted, 
there  is  then,  almost  invariably,  a  heavy  fall  of  prices.     But  as  the  vast  majority  of  the 
people  buy  their  food  in  small  quantities,  or  from  day  to  day  as  they  want  it,  their  consump- 
tion is  necessarily  extended  or  contracted  according  to  its  price  at  the  time.     Their  views  do 
not  extend  to  the  future ;  they  have  no  means  of  judging  whether  the  crop  is  or  is  not 
deficient.    They  live,  as  the  (ihrasc  is,  from  hand  to  mouth ;  and  arc  satisfied  if,  in  the  mean 
time,  they  obtain  abundant  supplies  at  a  cheap  rate.     But  it  is  obvious,  that  weri-  there 
nothing  to  control  or  counteract  this  improvidence,  the  eonseciuence  would   very  often  he 
fatal  in  the  extreme.     The  crops  of  one  harvest  must  support  the  population  till  the  crop  of 
the  other   harvest    has  been  gathered  in  ;    and  if  that  crop  should   bo  deficient — if,  for 
instance,  it  should  only  be  adequate  to  afford,  at  the  usual  rate  of  consumption,  a  8U|)|>ly 
of  9  or  10  months'  provisions  instead  of  12 — it  is  plain  that,  unless  the  price  were  so  raised 
immediately  after  harvest,  as  to  enforce  economy,  and  put,  as  it  were,  the  whole  nation  on 
short  allowance,  the  most  dreadful  famine  would  be  experienced  previously  to  the  ensuing 
harvest.     Those  who   examine  the   accounts  of  the  prices  of  wheat  and   other  grain  in 
England,  collected  by  Bishop  Fleetwood  and  Sir  F.  M.  Eden,  will  meet  with  abundant 
proofs  of  the  accuracy  of  what  has  now  been  stated.     In  those  remote  periods  when  the 
farmers  were  generally  without  the  means  of  withholding  their  crops  from  market,  and  when 
the  trade  of  a  corn  dealer  was  proscribed,  the  utmost  improvidence  was  exhibited  in  the 
consumption  of  grain.     There  were  then,  indeed,  very  few  years  in  which  a  considerable 
scarcity  was  not  experienced  immediately  before  harvest,  and  many  in  which  there  was  an 
absolute  famine.    The  fluctuations  of  price  exceeded  every  thing  of  which  wo  can  now 
form  an  idea  ;  the  price  of  wheat  and  other  grain  being  4  or  5  times  as  high  in  June  and 
July,  as  in  September  and  October.     Thanks,  however,  to  the  increase  of  capital  in  the 
hands  of  the  large  farmers  and  dealers,  and  to  the  freedom  given  to  the  operations  of  the 
corn  merchants,  we  are  no  longer  exposed  to  such  ruinous  vicissitudes.     Whenever  the 
dealers,  who,  in  consequence  of  their  superior  means  of  information,  are  better  acquainted 
with  the  real  state  of  the  crops  than  any  other  class  of  persons,  find  the  harvest  likely  to  be 
deficient,  they  raise  the  price  of  the  corn  they  have  warehoused,  and  bid  against  each  other 
for  the  corn  which  the  farmers  are  bringing  to  market.    In  consequence  of  this  rise  of  prices, 
all  ranks  and  orders,  but  especially  the  lower,  who  are  the  great  consumers  of  corn,  find 
it  indispensable  to  use  greater  economy,  and  to  check  uU  improvident  and  wasteful  con- 
sumption.   Every  class  being  thus  immediately  put  upon  short  allowance,  the  pressure  of 
the  scarcity  is  distributed  equally  throughout  the  year ;  and  instead  of  indulging,  as  was 
formerly  the  case,  in  the  same  scale  of  consumption  as  in  seasons  of  plenty,  until  the 
sujiply  became  altogether  deficient,  and  then  being  exposed  without  resource  to  the  attacks 
of  famine  and  pestilence,  the  speculations  of  the  corn  merchants  warn  us  of  our  danger, 
and  compel  us  to  provide  against  it. 

It  is  not  easy  to  suppose  that  these  proceedings  of  the  corn  merchants  should  ever  be 
injurious  to  the  public.  It  has  been  said  that  in  scarce  years  they  are  not  disposed  to  bring 
the  corn  they  have  purchased  to  market  until  it  has  attained  an  exorbitant  price,  and  that 
the  pressure  of  the  scarcity  is  thus  often  very  much  aggravated  ;  but  there  is  no  real  ground 
for  any  such  statement.  The  immense  amount  of  capital  required  to  store  up  any  consider- 
able quantity  of  corn,  and  the  waste  to  which  it  is  liable,  render  most  holders  disposed  to 
sell  as  soon  as  they  can  realise  a  fair  profit.  In  every  extensive  country  in  which  the  corn 
trade  is  free,  there  are  infinitely  too  many  persons  engaged  in  it  to  enable  any  sort  of  com- 
bination or  concert  to  be  formed  amongst  them ;  and  though  it  were  formed,  it  could  not  be 
maintained  for  an  instant.  A  large  proportion  of  the  farmers  and  other  small  holders  of  corn 
are  always  in  straitened  circumstances,  more  particularly  if  a  scarce  year  has  not  occurred 
so  soon  as  they  expected  ;  and  they  are  consequently  anxious  to  relieve  themselves,  as  soon 
as  prices  rise,  of  a  portion  of  the  stock  on  their  hands.  Occasionally,  indeed,  individuals  are 
found,  who  retain  their  stocks  for  too  long  a  period,  or  until  a  reaction  takes  place,  and 
prices  begin  to  decline.  But  instead  of  joining  in  the  popular  cry  against  such  persons, 
every  one  who  takes  a  dispassionate  view  of  the  matter  will  perceive  that,  inasmuch  as  their 
miscalculation  must,  under  the  circumstances  supposed,  be  exceedingly  injurious  to  them- 
selves, we  have  the  best  security  against  its  being  carried  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be 
productive  of  any  material  injury  or  even  inconvenience  to  the  public.  It  ought  also  to  be 
borne  in  mind,  that  it  is  rarely,  if  ever,  possible  to  determine  beforehand,  when  a  scarcity  is 
to  abate  in  consequence  of  new  supplies  being  brought  to  market;  and  had  it  continued  a 
little  longer,  there  would  have  been  no  miscalculation  on  the  part  of  the  holders.  At  all 
events,  it  is  plain  that,  by  declining  to  bring  their  corn  to  market,  they  preserved  a  resource 
on  which,  in  the  event  of  the  harvest  being  longer  delayed  than  usual,  or  of  any  unfavour- 
able contingency  taking  place,  the  public  could  have  fallen  back  ;  so  that,  instead  of  deserving 
abuse,  these  speculators  are  most  justly  entitled  to  every  fair  encouragement  and  protection. 


','    t 


?  , 


'       1  1 


111, 
iilii 


iiill 


"  llUIH 
ri'iiiu 


II 


402 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


I 


( 


i^iM ""*• 

i 

^' .  <r :■!;;> 

_g0Mr>4llTMI 

•«*9t    ■■'•* 

%ik.«iiu4 

■rcxmaa 
•('■■■■"■■« 

•■%t  '  ■ 

•      'I 
I    ■ 


.  ^ 


.     I 


t  ■■       ! 


A  roiintry  m  which  thcro  is  no  riirisidcriil)!^  ntnvk  of  Rriiin  in  tlio  hnrnyarilrt  of  tho  fiirmen 
or  in  thf  wnrchoiiHOM  of  liin  incrchitntM,  Ih  in  the  in()-<t  iicriiouH  Nitiiiition  Uint  can  ciiKily  t)„ 
immjincti,  and  ninv  l)o  pxposod  to  the  severest  privation)*,  or  even  famine.  Hut  ho  Ions?  n<, 
llie  tia(i;iiritv,  the  miRcalruhitinn,  or  the  avarice  of  merchants  anil  dealers  retaiti  a  Ktock 
of  i^rain  in  the  warehouses,  this  last  extremity  cannot  take  (jlacc.  13y  refusini?  to  sell  it  tjn 
it  lias  reached  a  very  hi^h  price,  they  i)ut  an  effectual  stop  to  all  sorts  of  waste,  and  husjiaml 
for  tho  public  those  supplies  which  they  could  not  have  so  frunaliy  husbanded  for  tiicmselvcs. 
We  iiavo  already  remarked  that  tho  last  remnant  of  the  shackles  imposed  by  statuli-  oi, 
tho  freedom  of  tho  internal  corn  dealer  was  abolished  in  IITX  It  is  true  that  eiii^Dssinjf, 
forestalling,  and  regrating — (see  Enuiiossino,  «&c.) — are  still  held  to  bo  oU'encos  at  com. 
mon  law  j  but  there  is  very  little  probability  of  any  ono  being  in  future  made  to  answer  fur 
such  ideal  offences. 

2.  Exportation  to  Forei'ijii  Countries. — Tho  fallacy  of  tho  notion  so  long  cntertnineil, 
that  the  prevention  of  exportation  was  the  surest  method  of  increasing  plenty  at  home, 
is  obvious  to  every  ono  who  has  rellecled  upon  such  subjects.     Tho  markets  of  no  country 
can  ever  be  steadily  and  plentifully  supplied  with  corn,  unless  her  merchants  have  power  ti> 
export  tho  surplus  supplies  with  which  they  may   be  occasionally  furnished.     Wlieiin 
country  without  the  means  of  exporting  grows  nearly  her  own  average  supplies  of  corn,  an 
abundant  crop,  by  causing  a  great  overloading  of  the  market,  and  a  heavy  fall  of  |)ricp,  i«  as 
injurious  to  the  iiirmer  as  a  scarcity.     It  may  be  thought,  perhaps,  that  the  greater  quantity 
of  produce  in  abundant  seasons  will  compensate  for  its  lower  price ;  but  this  is  not  the  rns(.. 
It  is  uniformly  found  that  variations  in  the  quantity  of  corn  exert  a  much  greater  iiilluciui' 
over  prices,  than  equal  variations  in  the  quantity  of  almost  any  thing  else  olfored  for  sale. 
Being  the  principal  necessary  of  life,  when  the  supply  of  corn  hap[)en8  to  bo  less  than  ordj. 
nary,  the  mass  of  tho  people  make  very  great,  though  unavailing,  exertions,  by  diniinishlnir 
their  consumption   of  other  and  less  indispensable  articles,   to  obtain   their   acciistomej 
supplies  of  this  prime  necessary ;  so  that  its  pi  ice  rises  much  more  than  in  proportion  to  the 
deficiency.     On  the  other  hand,  when  tho  su'>,ily  is  unusually  large,  the  consumption  is  not 
proportionally  extended.     In  ordinary  yeara,  tj'.o  bulk  of  the  population  is  about  adciiuatclv 
fed ;  and  though  the  consumption  of  all  clussej  be  somewhat  greater  in  unusually  j)lentifu| 
years,  the  extension  is  considerable  only  among  the  lowest  classes,  and  in  the  fecdin;,'  of 
horses.    Hence  it  is,  that  the  increased  supply  at  market,  in  such  years,  goes  principally 
to  cause  a  glut,  and,  consequently,  a  ruinous  decline  of  prices.    These  statements  are 
corroborated  by  the  widest  exi>erience.     Whenever  there  is  an  inability  to  export,  from 
whatever  cause  it  may  arise,  an  unusually  luxuriant  crop  is  uniformly  accompanied  by  a 
very  heavy  fall  of  price,  and  severe  agricultural  distress  ;  and  when  two  or  three  sucii  props 
happen  to  follow  in  succession,  the  ruin  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  farmers  is  completed. 

If  the  mischiefs  resulting'  from  tho  want  of  power  to  export  stopped  here,  they  mii;ht, 
though  very  great,  be  borne  /ut  they  do  not  stop  here.  It  is  idle  to  suppose  that  a  system 
ruinous  to  the  producers  can  be  otherwise  to  the  consumers.  A  glut  of  the  market,  occa- 
sioned by  luxuriant  harvests,  and  the  want  of  power  to  export,  cannot  be  of  long  continuance: 
for,  while  it  continues,  it  can  hardly  fail,  by  distressing  all  classes  of  farmers,  and  causin? 
the  ruin  of  many,  to  give  a  check  to  every  species  of  agricultural  improvement,  and  to 
lessen  the  extent  of  land  in  tillage.  When,  therefore,  an  unfavourable  season  recurs,  the 
reaction  is,  for  the  most  part,  appalling.  The  supply,  being  lessened  not  only  by  the  badness 
of  the  season,  but  also  by  a  diminution  of  the  quantity  of  land  in  crop,  falls  very  far  below 
an  average ;  and  a  severe  scarcity,  if  not  an  absolute  famine,  is  most  commonly  expcrienccij. 
It  is,  therefore,  clear,  that  if  a  country  would  render  herself  secure  against  famine,  and 
injurious  fluctuations  of  price,  she  must  give  every  possible  facility  to  exportation  in  years 
of  unusual  plenty.  If  she  act  upon  a  dilTerent  system, —  if  her  policy  make  exportation  in 
such  year  impracticable,  or  very  difficult, — she  will  infallibly  render  the  bounty  of  Providence 
an  injury  to  her  agriculturists;  and  two  or  three  abundant  harvests  in  succession  will  he  the 
forerunners  of  scarcity  and  famine. 

3.  Bounty  on  the  Exportation  of  Com. — In  Great  Britain,  as  already  obscrvnl,  we 
have  not  only  been  allowed  to  export  for  a  long  series  of  years,  but  from  the  Uovolution 
down  to  I8I5  a  bounty  was  given  on  exportation,  whenever  the  home  [)rices  were  depressed 
below  certain  limits.  This  policy,  however,  erred  as  much  on  the  one  hand  as  a  restriction 
on  exportation  errs  on  the  other.  It  causes,  it  is  true,  an  extension  of  the  dcniaiul  for  corn; 
but  this  greater  demand  is  not  caused  by  natural,  but  by  artilicial  means;  it  is  not  a  coti- 
sequence  of  any  really  increased  demand  on  the  part  of  the  foreigner,  but  of  our  furnisliin;; 
the  exporters  of  corn  with  a  bonun,  in  order  that  they  may  sell  it  abroad  below  its  natural 
price  !  To  suppose  that  a  proceeding  of  this  sort  can  be  a  public  advantage,  is  equivalent  to 
supposing  that  a  shopkeeper  may  get  rich  by  selling  his  goods  below  what  they  cost.— 
(See  BouNTT.) 

4.  Importation  from  Eoreii^n  Countries.  —  If  a  country  were,  like  Poland  or  Russia, 
uniformly  in  the  habit  of  exporting  corn  to  other  countries,  a  restriction  on  importation 
would  be  of  no  material  consequence  ;  because  though  such  restriction  did  not  exist,  no 


G. 

rnyordif  of  tho  fiirmcrs, 
tioii  thiit  can  cusily  be 
nine.  Hut  w)  Idiih  dk 
(IcalrrH  n'tiiiti  n  Htork 
y  ri'l'usini?  to  M\  it  till 
I  of  wiisti",  and  htislinml 
Hhanilod  for  tlxcinwlvcs, 
i  imposed  by  HtiUiiic  nii 
i  truo  that  enurrosisiinr, 
to  bo  oU'enccs  at  com. 
lire  made  to  answer  for 

ion  so  loni?  pntcrtaiiml, 
•nsini;  plenty  at  hi)nie, 
markets  of  no  country 
!rchants  have  pmvcrto 
y  furnished.     Wlipiia 
ii^c  supplies  of  corn,  an 
leavy  fall  of  jiricp,  in  ^ 
lat  the  Rreatcr  quimtiiy 
b\it  this  is  not  tlic  rase. 
.  much  Rreatcr  intluence 
lUg  else  olfored  for  salo. 
ns  to  be  less  than  ordi- 
xertions,  by  diniinisliinir 
jtain   their   afc\istom(\l 
[lan  in  proportion  to  the 
,  the  consumption  is  not 
tion  is  about  adc(|imtcly 
r  in  unusually  piciiliful 
8,  and  in  the  feediii;;  of 
,  years,  goes  principally 
These  statements  are 
lability  to  export,  from 
rnily  accompanied  by  a 
two  or  three  sueii  crops 
firmers  is  completed, 
pped  here,  they  mii;ht, 
appose  that  a  system 
of  the  market,  occa- 
be  of  long  continuance: 
farmers,  and  causing 
improvement,  and  to 
able  season  recurs,  the 
not  only  by  the  badness 
op,  falls  very  far  below 
commonly  experienced, 
ii^ainst  fiunino,  and 
to  exportation  in  years 
cy  make  exportation  in 
bounty  of  Providence 
succession  will  be  the 

already  observed,  we 
it  from  the  Revolution 
prices  were  depressed 
ne  hand  as  a  restriction 
f  the  demand  for  corn; 
means ;  it  is  not  a  con- 
but  of  our  furnishing 
road  below  its  natural 
antage.  is  equivalent  to 
ow  what  they  cost.— 

ike  Poland  or  Russia, 
riction  on  importation 
tion  did  not  exist,  no 


CORN  LAWS  AND  t        \  TR.VDE. 

Ciireicrn  corn  would  be  imported,  unle.s'*  it^<  jiorf-!  were       situnt  .1  as  to  - 
,\  rentric'tion  on  importation  is  sensibly  felt  only  wli<:    it  is  cnforci 
owing  to  the  greater  density  of  its  |iiqmIiilion,  tlie  titin     \  extent  of 
other  cause,  would,  either  oeeasioiially  or  uniformly,  ini;">rt.     It  is  fu    iliar  W  tl 
tion  of  every  one,  that  a  total  failure  of  the  crops  is  a  eiilatiiity  that  bui  i  a  rely  oc 
cxteiioive  kingdom;  that  tlie  weather  which  is  unfiivonruble  to  one  dcHcripiioi 
^reiicrally  favourable  to  some  other  description ;  and  that,  except  in  anonmlod 
(oiiil  produce  is  not  very  dilferent.     Hut  what  is  thus  generally  true  of  single  , 
;ll^v;^y^^  true  of  the  world  at  large.     History  furnishes  no  single  instance  of 
jcarcily  ;  but  it  is  uniforndy  found,  that  when  the  crops  in  a  [larlicular  country  an 


408 

ve  for  an  rntrrp'il. 

n\  a  country  which, 

fn^rlile  land,  or  any 

fi  an 

■loil,  i> 

sses,  the 

olrleH,  i» 

iidiversnl 

unusually 


cficient,  they  are  proportionally  abund.nil  in  some  other  ([uarter.  It  is  clear,  however,  that 
I  restriction  on  importation  excludes  the  country  which  enacts  it  from  profiting  by  this 
liciicficent  arrangement.  !She  is  thrown  entirely  on  her  own  resources.  Under  the  eircinn- 
^lances  supposed,  she  has  nothing  to  trust  to  for  relief  but  reserves  in  her  warehouses ;  and 
jluiiild  these  be  inade(piate  to  m<'ct  the  exigency  of  the  crisis,  tliere  are  apparently  no  means 
1 V  which  she  can  escape  experiencing  all  the  evils  of  scarcity,  or,  it  may  be,  of  famine. 
A  cnuntry  deprived  of  the  power  to  import  is  unable  to  su[iply  the  deticieticies  of  her 
harvests  by  the  surplus  produce  of  other  countries;  so  that  her  inhabitants  may  starve 
amidst  surrounding  plenty,  and  sufi'er  the  extreme  of  scarcity,  when,  but  for  the  restrictions 
on  importation,  they  might  enjoy  the  greatest  abundance.  If  the  restriction  be  not  abso- 
lute, but  conditional ;  if,  instead  of  absokitely  excluding  foreign  corn  from  the  home  markets, 
it  merely  loads  it  with  a  duly;  the  degree  in  which  it  will  operate  to  increase  the  scarcity 
and  dearth  will  depend  on  the  magnitude  of  that  duty.  If  the  duty  be  constant  and  modc- 
-nto,  it  may  not  have  any  very  considerable  etVect  in  discouraging  importation;  but  if  it  be 
(luctuating  and  heavy,  it  will,  by  falsifying  the  speculations  of  the  merchants,  and  making 
I  corresponding  addition  to  the  price  of  the  corn  imported,  be  proportiotially  injurious.  In 
whatever  degree  foreign  corn  may  be  excluded  in  years  of  dcfi'-ient  crops,  to  the  same  ex- 
(iMit  must  prices  be  artificially  raised,  and  the  jiressure  of  scarcity  rendered  so  much  the 
more  severe. 

Such  would  be  the  disastrous  influence  of  a  restriction  on  importation  in  a  country 
which,  were  there  no  such  obstruction  in  the  way,  would  sometimes  import  and  sometimes 
export.  But  its  operation  would  be  infinitely  more  injurious  in  a  country  which,  under  a 
free  system,  would  uniformly  import  a  portion  of  her  sui)plics.  The  restriction,  in  this  case, 
has  a  twofold  operation.  By  preventing  importation  from  abroad,  and  forcing  the  population 
to  depend  for  subsiatence  on  corn  raised  at  home,  it  compels  recourse  to  be  had  to  compara- 
tively inferior  soils ;  and  thus,  by  increasing  the  cost  of  producing  corn  above  its  cost  in  other 
countries,  adds  proportionally  to  its  average  price.  The  causes  of  fluctuation  are,  in  this 
way,  increased  in  a  geometrical  proportion ;  for  while  the  prevention  of  importation  exposes 
the  population  to  the  pressure  of  want  whenever  the  harvest  happens  to  be  less  productive 
than  usual,  it  is  sure,  at  the  same  time,  by  raising  average  prices,  to  hinder  exportation  in  a 
year  of  unusual  plenty,  until  the  home  prices  (iill  ruinously  low.  It  is  obvious,  therefore, 
that  a  restriction  of  this  sort  nuist  be  alternately  destructive  of  the  interests  of  the  consumers 
and  producers.  It  injures  the  former  by  making  them  pay,  at  an  average,  nn  artificially 
increased  price  for  their  food,  and  by  exposing  them  to  scarcity  and  famine  whenever  the 
home  crop  proves  deficient;  and  it  injures  the  latter,  by  depriving  them  of  the  power  to 
export  in  years  of  unusual  plenty,  and  by  overloading  the  market  with  produce,  which, 
muler  a  free  system,  would  have  met  with  an  advantageous  sale  abroad. 

The  principle  thus  briefly  explained,  shows  the  impossibility  of  permanently  keeping  up 
I'le  home  prices  by  means  of  restrictions  on  importation,  at  the  same  time  that  it  alVords  a 
fku  by  which  we  may  trace  the  causes  of  most  of  that  agricultural  distress  which  has  been 
experienced  in  this  country  since  the  peace.  The  real  object  of  the  Corn  Law  of  1813  was 
10  keep  up  the  price  of  corn  to  80s.  a  quarter ;  but  to  succeed  in  this,  it  was  indispensable  not 
iiily  that  foreign  corn  should  be  excluded  when  prices  were  under  this  limit,  but  that  the 
markets  should  never  be  overloaded  with  corn  produced  at  home  :  for  it  is  clear,  according 
10  the  principle  already  explained,  that  if  the  supply  should  in  ordinary  years  be  sufticient 
loft'cd  the  population,  it  must,  in  an  unusually  abundant  year,  be  more  than  sufficient  for 
that  purpose ;  and  when,  in  such  a  ease,  the  surplus  is  thrown  upon  the  market,  it  cannot 
fail,  in  the  event  of  our  average  prices  being  consider.ibly  above  the  level  of  those  of  tho 
surrounding  countries,  to  cause  a  ruinous  depression.  Now,  this  was  tho  precise  situation 
of  this  country  .at  the  end  of  the  war.  Owing  partly  to  the  act  of  1804,  but  far  more  to  the 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  importation,  and  the  depreciation  of  the  currency,  prices  attained 
loan  extraordinary  elevation  from  1809  to  1814,  and  gave  such  a  stimulus  to  agriculture, 
ihatwe  grew,  in  1812  and  1818,  sufficient  corn  for  our  own  supply.  And,  such  being  the 
case,  it  is  clear,  though  our  i)orts  had  been  hermetically  sealed  against  importation  from 
abroad,  that  the  first  luxuriant  crop  must  have  occasioned  a  ruinous  decline  of  prices.  It 
is  the  exclusion,  not  the  introduction,  of  foreign  corn  that  has  caused  the  distress  of  the  agri- 
culturists ;  for  it  is  this  exclusion  that  had  forced  up  the  price  of  corn  in  this  country,  in 
Vol.  I.— 2  T 


i^ 


:i(ii 


Hill 
'  IIIIH 

i 


V  .  \ 


404 


CORN  LAWS  A\D  CORN  TRADE. 


cr:!;> 


•    ^;?;:::.i":3» 


ft   «*"'■  "•■ill 


't 


>  ^ 


Hcarco  o'k!  nvcroj;c  yoiirn,  to  i>n  uniiiitural  level,  nnd  timt,  foiiHC(iurnlly,  rcndcM  oxijortatiiii 
ill  fiivouraliUt  huumuiii*  iiii|ii)!ii4ili|t<,  witltmit  niicIi  ii  tltll  of  pricoM  us  iri  iiiimt  dir«astriiii-i  to  ilii 
fariiiiT,  It  iiiiiy  lu^  rncntioiicd  in  iiroot'  of  whitt  ix  now  xtiiti'd,  ticit  tlu>  avonii^i'  |iri('i>,i| 
wheat  in  liiiglaiid  and  WiiKm  in  INl  1,  wa*  Ttt.  u  i|uart(!r,  and  in  1815  it  iiad  fulleti  (Di'iiy 
Ihit  UH  tlicie  prieuH  would  not  indemnify  tlio  occupierM  (if  the  poor  lundn  iiMu^^ht  uiiilr 
tilla^^e  durini;  tiit^  pri'viouM  lii^li  pricen,  they  wurn  gradually  relini|uishini;  their  cultivatjoi, 
A  conHideralilu  portion  of  them  wa.s  converted  into  pasture  ;  renin  were  neneraliy  rediiccil 
and  wai(eH  had  liegun  to  decline:  hut  the  leufirilature  havint^  prohiliited  the  im|iortaiiiiii  ki 
foreifrn  cum,  the  operation  of  this  natural  princi|)lu  uf  adjutitinent  was  unforlui.  itely  counter- 
acted, and  the  price  of  INK!  rose  to  7r),v.  10^/.  This  rise  was,  however,  insullicienl  to  oc,  ,. 
Hioii  any  new  impruveiuent;  and  as  fon'iijii  corn  was  now  excludeil,  and  lan^e  tracts  of  I  ' 
land  had  been  thrown  out  of  cultivation,  the  supply  was  so  much  diminished,  that,  unlwiii,. 
standin;!  tliu  increase  in  the  value  of  money,  prices  rose  in  IH17,  partly,  no  doiihi,  ,. 
conse(pu'nce  of  the  hud  harvest  of  tiie  previous  year,  to  Ol.v.  9f/. ;  nnd  in  ISlS,  to  si.v.  i 
These  hiijli  prices  had  their  natural  ell'ect.  They  revived  the  drooping  spirits  of  the  fariim  . 
who  iina«iMc(l  that  the  ('orn  Law  was,  at  leuBfth,  liei^inninii  to  produce  thceUccls  anlii'i|n(;  ; 
from  it,  and  that  the  golden  ilays  of  IHl'-J,  when  wheat  sold  for  Vi^w.  a  quarter,  were  ulm,,; 
to  return!  liut  this  prosperity  carried  in  its  liooom  the  seeds  of  future  mischief.  The  Id. 
creasecl  prices  necessarily  occasioned  a  fresh  extension  of  tilhw;  capital  was  ai;ain  a(i|ilii',| 
to  the  iiiiprovenient  of  the  soil ;  anil  this  increase  of  tillaf?e,  conspirin;?  with  favouraM,. 
reasons,  and  the  impossihility  of  exportation,  »unk  prices  to  such  u  detjree,  that  tliey  fell,  Ju 
October,  IH'i'i,  HO  low  as  '38s.  lil.,  the  average  price  of  that  year  Ikmiiij  only  4U.v,  ;!(/. 

It  is  thus  demonstrably  certain,  that  the  recurrence  of  periinls  of  distress,  similar  to  th.is,' 
that  have  been  experienced  by  the  ai^riculturists  of  this  country  since  the  j)eacc,  carmni  In- 
warded  olf  by  restrietiiif;  or  prohibitinu^  importation.  A  free  corn  tnido  is  the  only  nvstom 
that  can  give  them  that  security  against  lluctuations  that  is  so  indisixMisablc.  The  iuir  ,' 
imjjortation  that  would  take  jilace,  were  the  ports  always  open,  ns  soon  as  any  coIl^i(ll'^(^ll|| 
deliciency  in  the  crops  was  a|iprchen(led,  would  prevent  prices  from  rising  to  an  o|i|)iTs,sivi' 
height ;  while  on  the  other  hand,  when  the  crops  were  unusually  luxuriant,  a  rcaily  oinlu 
would  he  found  for  the  tturplus  in  foreign  countries,  without  its  occasioning  any  very  lii'uv 
fall.  To  expect  to  combine  steadiness  of  prices  with  restrictions  on  importation,  U  f,i 
expect  to  reconcile  what  is  contradictory  and  absurd.  The  higher  the  limit  at  wliidi  the 
importation  of  foreign  corn  into  u  country  like  England  is  lixed,  the  greater  will  W  tin 
oscillation  of  prices.  If  wo  would  secure  for  ourselves  abuiulance,  and  avoid  lluitii.itiun, 
wo  must  renounce  all  attempts  at  exclusion,  and  l)e  ready  to  deal  in  corn,  as  we  ought  ii 
be  in  every  thing  else,  on  fair  and  liberal  principles. 

That  the  restrictions  imiwsed  on  the  foreign  corn  trade  during  the  last  10  years  shouM 
not  have  been  productive  of  u)oru  disastrous  consequences  than  those  that  have  actually' 
resulted  from  them,  is,  we  believe,  principally  to  be  ascribctl  to  the  very  great  iiicrwist'  that 
has  taken  place  in  the  imports  from  Ireland.  Previously  to  1800,  when  a  iierfectly  I'loo 
corn  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  for  the  first  time  established,  the  yearly 
imports  did  not  amount  to  400,000  quarters,  whereas  they  now  amount  to  S,(iOO,0()0 ;  iiml 
any  one  who  has  ever  been  in  Ireland,  or  is  aware  of  the  wretched  slate  of  agriculturo  in  i;, 
and  of  the  amazing  fertility  of  the  soil,  must  Ihj  satisfied  that  a  very  slight  iiniirovcmcm 
would  occasion  an  extraordinary  increase  in  the  imports  from  that  country  ;  and  it  is  Ix-- 
lieved  by  those  best  qualified  to  form  an  opinion  on  such  a  subject,  that  the  settleninit  of  the 
Catholic  (|ucslion,  and  the  disfranchisement  of  the  40.v.  freeholders,  by  promoting  the  puhlic 
tranciuillily,  and  taking  away  one  of  the  principal  inducements  to  the  pernicious  practice  ot 
splitting  farms,  has,  in  this  respect,  already  hud  great  influence,  and  that  it  will  eventually 
lead  to  the  most  material  improvements.  Hence  it  is  by  no  means  improbable,  tliiit  thi> 
growing  imports  from  Ireland  may,  at  no  distant  period,  reduce  our  prices  to  the  lovd  of 
those  of  the  Continent,  and  even  render  us  an  occasionally  exporting  country,  Tliise, 
however,  are  contingent  and  uncertain  results  ;  and  supposing  them  to  be  uliiinatcly  realisij, 
the  Corn  Laws  must  in  the  mean  time  be  productive  of  great  hardship,  and  must,  in  all  time 
to  come,  aggravate  to  a  frightful  extent  the  misery  inseparable  from  bad  harvests. 

Nothing  but  the  great  importance  of  the  subject  could  excuse  us  for  dwelling  so  lone;  on 
what  is  so  very  plain.  To  facilitate  production,  and  to  make  commodities  cheaiicr  anil 
more  easily  obtained,  are  the  grand  motives  which  stimulate  the  inventive  powers,  ami  which 
lead  to  the  discovery  and  improvement  of  machines  and  processes  for  saving  labour  ami 
diminishing  cost ;  and  it  is  plain  that  no  system  of  commercial  legislation  deservps  to  k 
supported,  which  does  not  conspire  to  promote  the  same  objects :  but  a  restriction  on  the 
importation  of  corn  into  a  country  like  England,  which  has  made  a  great  comi)arativt' ad- 
vance in  population  and  manufacturing  industry,  is  diametrically  opposed  to  these  priucipk'i. 
The  density  of  our  population  is  such,  that  the  exclusion  of  foreign  corn  forces  us  to  resurt 
to  soils  of  a  decidedly  less  degree  of  fertility  than  those  that  are  under  cultivation  in  the 
surrounding  countries ;   and,  in  consequence,  our  average  prices  arc  comparatively  high. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


405 


We  l»avo  rrsolvrd  that  our  pcdplc  ihoulil  not  employ  iln'ir  r;ii)itul  nnd  Inlinnr  in  tliono 
Iiriin<'l>('M  of  iniuiufurturiii);  ami  coiiiniiTriiil  imluxlry  in  uliii'h  (licy  havo  u  ilt'ciilcil  iiihiin- 
Wif  "^''f  every  other  rountry  ;  Imt  thiU  they  xhiiiilil  lie  nuule  to  I'oree  coniimnitivily  liirreii 
sDi!'*  to  yield  tliein  II  sfiinty  return  for  their  oiitliiy.  If  we  eould,  hy  liiyiiin  out  l(i(l(»/.  on 
the  in:inufiii'tur«^  of  cottoiH  or  hardware,  prodiiee  a  i|U!intity  of  thene  urtieleH  (hut  would  ex- 
.liaiifje  for  '100  i|uarti'rH  of  American  or  I'oliHh  wheat ;  anil  if  the  xaiue  mimu,  were  it  ex- 
norided  in  eiiltivution  in  thix  country,  would  not  produce  more  than  :I00  ipi:irteri4;  the  pr(<- 
vi'iition  of  iiuportatiou  occaNiouM  an  ohviouM  Hacrilice  of  100  out  of  uvery  iOO  (jUiirtiTN  cou- 
suined  in  thn  empiri; ;  or,  which  in  the  Hutne  thinfr,  jt  occaxionx  an  urlilicial  ailvance  of  «.'t 
percent,  in  iho  price  of  corn.  In  a  pulilic  point  of  view,  the  impolicy  ot'HUch  a  Hvsteni  i<t 
olivious ;  hut  it  Hcenm,  ut  first  Hii{ht,aH  if  it  were  ailvant.ii;eous  to  the  lanillonU.  'I'lie  ad- 
vuiitiiKi"  ^>*<  however,  merely  apparent :  at  liottoin  there  in  no  real  dillcreiice  lietwi'CM  tho 
lnliTCHls  of  the  landiordit  and  those  of  the  rest  of  the  connnunity.  It  would  In-  riiliculouK, 
uiilccd,  to  iinaj;irie  for  u  moment  that  the  laiuilorilH  can  he  henefited  liy  a  syntein  in  which 
'liiwe  trnmendourt  tluctuationH  of  prices,  no  nuhversive  of  all  agricultural  prosjierity,  are  in- 
herent ;  liut  though  thcMO  could  lie  t>ot  rid  of,  the  result  would  he  the  same.  'I'lie  pro-^jierily 
ol'  iiurriculture  must  always  depend  upon,  and  be  determined  hy,  the  prosperity  of  other 
liranclu'D  of  industry  ;  and  any  wystem  which,  like  thi^  corn  laws,  is  mo^t  injurious  to  tho 
Litter,  cannot  hut  he  injurious  to  the  former.  Instead  of  lieirig  pnl>licly  a(Kantau;eous,  hip;h 
|iri('e.<  are  in  rirri/  rase  distinctly  and  completely  tiio  reverse.  The  smaller  the  sai-rilice  for 
which  any  connnodity  can  he  obtained,  so  much  the  better.  When  the  labour  reipiircd  to 
[irodiice,  or  the  money  required  to  purchase,  a  sullicient  supply  of  corn  is  dimiiii-ihed,  it  is 
weleur  as  the  sun  at  noon-day  that  more  labour  or  money  must  remain  to  jiroduce  or  [iiir- 
chas«  tho  other  necessaries,  conveniencies,  and  amusements  of  human  life,  mid  thul  the  sum 
ofiwtiomd  wealth  and  comforts  nnist  be  proportionally  nut?iiieiited,  'Those  who  supposo 
that  11  rise  of  prices  can  ever  \w  a  means  of  iin])roviiijr  the  condition  of  a  country  miixht.  with 
ciliial  reason,  suppo.so  that  it  would  be  improved  by  throwini?  its  best  soils  ovit  of  cultivntion, 
nil!  destroying  its  most  powerful  machines.  The  opinions  of  such  persons  are  not  only  op- 
poseil  to  tho  plainest  and  most  obvious  seientific  princiiiles,  but  they  are  opposed  to  the  ob- 
viaiH  conclusions  of  common  sense,  and  the  universal  experience  of  mankind. 

Exprrience  of  the  injurious  enfecU  resulting  from  the  (.'orn  Laws  has  induced  many  that 
were  formerly  their  zealous  advocates  to  come  round  to  a  more  liberal  way  of  thinkin.;.  It 
would,  however,  be  unjust  not  to  mention  that  there  has  always  been  a  large  and  respectable 
party  amongst  the  landlords,  opposed  to  all  restrictions  on  the  trade  in  corn ;  and  who  have 
uniformly  thought  that  their  interests,  being  identified  with  those  of  the  public,  would  ho 
best  promoted  by  the  abolition  of  restrictions  on  importation.  A  protest  expressive  of  this 
oiiiiiion,  subscribed  by  10  peers,  was  entered  on  the  Journals  of  tho  House  of  jjords,  against 
the  corn  law  of  181,5.  This  document  is  said  to  have  been  drawn  np  by  Lord  (Jrenville, 
who  has  always  been  the  enlightened  advocate  of  sound  commercial  principles.  Its  reasoii- 
in?  is  so  clear  and  satisfactory,  that  we  are  sure  we  shall  gratify  our  readers,  as  well  as 
sltengthen  the  statements  previously  made,  by  laying  it  before  them. 

'•Visstnticnt.—l.  Heraiise  wn  are  adversn  in  priii(i|ili'  In  nil  new  restraints  on  cninnirreo.  Wo 
think  it  ecrliiiii  lliiit  imlilie  priis|)i'rity  Is  licst  priiinnlcil  liy  Iciwiii!,'  mininlriilli'il  tlie  I'ri'c  current  of 
naliiiiial  Industry  ;  and  wc;  wisli  ratlicr,  liy  well  (diijiidi.'ri'd  steps,  to  lirini;  Imclv  our  cniMiin'riial  h'liis- 
liiliiin  tn  till!  stralL'lit  and  simple  line  iit' wisdcmi,  iliuii  in  liicrisise  llie  clevi:ttii>n  l>y  siiliji'iliiii!  aildl- 
tiiinal  iind  extunsivu  brandies  of  tliu  public  iiuurusl  to  iVesli  systems  of  artlliciul  iiud  injiiiiuns 
ti'strictinns. 

"11,  liceanse  we  think  that  the  (treat  practical  rnle,  of  leavins  nil  coinmerco  unfettored,  applies 
nire  piciiliarlij,  iind  on  slit!  stroimcr  (.'rounds  of  justice  iis  well  as  jiolicy,  In  llie  corn  triuli-  than 
to;iny  oilier.  Irresistilile,  Indeed,  must  !)(■  tlnit  necessity  wliicli  coiilil,  in  our  jnd;.'iiicut,  iniiho.is;!  the 
li'lisliiture  to  tamper  with  the  sustenance  of  Ihc;  peopji.,  himI  to  impeili-  thii  free  pnrcli:isu  of  that 
;miili!on  which  depends  the  existence  of  so  larfe  n  iDrtion  of  the  communily. 

"111.  lii'ciuise  we  think  that  the  expectations  of  iiliini;iti'  Ijinetit  from  lliisniensur''  .■iri.'  loun.lfd  on 
a  ilcliisivi!  theory.  We  cannot  jiersuadi!  ourselvis  tli;it  this  l;i\v  will  ever  (onlrilniii'  to  proclucu 
lili'iity.  rlictipness,  or  steadiness  of  price.  So  lon<.'  as  it  opcrtiles  iit  all,  itse'lects  must  !)!■  the  o|iposl»(' 
iirHieae.  Jliinojinlij  i,i  the  parent  of  .icarrity,  of  ilnifi'c.<.i,  iinil  of  iiiirrrliiiiili;.  'I'o  cul  oif;inyofthn 
fiiiirccs  of  supply,  can  only  ti'iid  to  lessen  Its  aliundiiiici' ;  to  close  uL'iiinst  oursi'lv.'s  llu' (iieapest 
imrkcl  for  any  conimodily,  must  enhance!  the  price  at  which  we  piirchasi^  it  ;  and  to  c(.iirnie  the  con- 
^I'.iMi'r  of  corn  to  the  produce  of  his  own  country,  is  to  ri'f'isi' to  oursi.dves  the  hi'tielit  ol'thal  provision 
wliiili  I'rovidciice  itself  has  made  for  einialisina  to  man  llu'  varialions  of  cliniale  and  of  sfisous. 

•IV.  Hut  whatt^ver  maybe  the  fatiire  conseiiueiices  of  this  law  at  some  distuit  and  uinertain 
[iirind,  we  pee  with  pain  that  these  hopes  must  be  purchased  at  lln^  expi'iiso  of  a  '.'"lat  and  present 
evil.  To  compel  th(?  ccmsunur  to  purcliase  corn  dearer  at  home  thiin  it  miiiht  \f  impnrlL'il  from 
aliroiil.  Is  till!  ininieiliate  practical  etl'ecl  of  this  law.  In  this  way  alone  can  it  operate,  lis  pr('sent 
|initcction,  its  promised  exteiisloii  of  ai.'riculture,  must  result  (if  at  all)  from  t'le  prolii;:  which  It 
ircaU's  liy  kecplnir  up  the  price  of  corn  to  an  arliticial  Irvel.  'I'lie.-i'  fiitari-  lieiiculs  iTi' tlie  conse- 
ilUfiicos  expected,  but,  as  we  coiilideiitly  believe,  erroneously  expecteil,  from  ^'ivlny  a  bounly  to  the 
prnwcr  id' corn,  by  a  lax  levied  on  its  consumer. 

"V.  liccaiise  we  think  the  iuloption  of  any  perinanent  law  for  such  a  purpose,  ri'i|uired  the  fullest 
anil  most  lalinrioiis  invesllaatloti.  .Nor  would  it  have  been  sutluient  for  our  sali.sfaction,  coul  I  we 
have  hi'i'i,  convinced  of  lliif  ireueral  pidlcy  of  a  hazardous  experiment.  A  still  flintier  iiniuiry  would 
liave  been  necessary  to  persiiaib-  lis  that  the  present  moment  is  lit  for  Its  adoption.  In  such  an 
imiiiiry.  we  iniisl  have  hid  the  means  of  satlsl'ylii!:  ourselves  what  its  iiiimedlaii^  .iprralion  will  be, 
M  coiiiiecied  with  the  various  and  pressing  circu'iiistaiices  uf  pulilic  ililliciiliy  and  distress  with  which 


1  i 

I 
Mil 

mil 

lUlll 

i 


t 


496 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


ura.'i'r.uii'in 
IB-UK""'- •    ■■■'*■* 

'   MMiiTim-iiinn 


J,:: 


f  I 


■M'li'iMiati 


I.  ::■'! 


t        f 


.  t  ! 


'   1 


i..; 

4 


:f 


the  country  Is  surroiindnl ;  with  llio  siMte  of  our  rirciihilinti  and  cnrrnnry,  of  our  asriciiltnroatK} 
ni:inulactiirt'M,  of  our  intcriKtl  and  rrUrnul  iDUiiiicrcc,  anil,  aliovc  all,  willi  the  condition  and  a-ward 
of  th«  in(histriou8  ainl  lahiinrinj.'  cl'issc's  of  onr  lonmninily. 

"On  all  thfsi!  iiarlicuilars,  as  they  ros|ii'tl  thiit  iiiicslion,  we  think  tliat  pnrlianiptit  is  almost 
wholly  uninfurnied  ;  on  all  wo  see  reason  lor  the  utniost  anxiety  and  alarm  troin  the  o|)eration  oitluo 
law. 

"Lastly,  Because,  if  we  co\i!d  approve  of  the  principle  and  purpose  of  this  law,  we  think  that  no 
suflicient  fonndatiou  has  licen  laid  for  its  details.  The  evidence  before  us,  unsatisfictory  and  iinper- 
fi'ct  as  il  is,  soetns  to  us  rather  to  disprove;  than  to  support  the  proprii;ty  of  the  hi!;!!  price  adopiLMl  ai 
the  standard  of  importation,  and  till!  fallacious  inodi!  I)y  which  that  price  is  to  be  ascertauii  d.  AnJ 
on  all  these  (.'rounds  we  are  anxious  to  rece  >.  our  dissent  from  a  measure  bo  precipitate  in  its  cuursu, 
and,  as  we  fear,  su  injurious  in  its  cunseiiuencvs." 

Attempts  have  sometimes  been  made  to  estimate  the  pecuniary  burden  which  the  restric- 
tions on  importation  entail  in  ordinarj'  ycar.s  upon  the  country.  TiiisJ,  however,  is  a  sulijiv* 
with  respect  to  which  it  is  not  j)ossible  to  obtain  any  very  accurate  data.  But  supposing 
the  total  quantity  of  com  annually  produced  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to  amount  to 
5'.i,000,000  quarters,  every  shilling  that  is  added  to  its  price  by  the  Corn  Laws  is  rquivalont 
to  a  tax  on  corn  of  2,600,000/. ;  and  estimatins  the  average  rise  on  all  -sorts  of  grain  at  7,*.  a 
quarter,  the  total  sum  will  be  18,200,000/.  8o  great  a  quantity  of  corn  is,  however,  cnii- 
sumed  by  the  agriculturists  themselves  as  food,  in  seed,  the  keep  of  horses,  &c.  that  not  more 
than  a  half,  perhaps,  of  the  whole  (juantity  producetl  is  brought  to  market.  If  we  are  nearlv 
right  in  this  hypothesis,  and  in  the  previous  estimates,  it  will  follow  that  the  restrictions  ens', 
the  classes  not  engaged  in  agriculture  no  less  than  9,100,000/.  exclusive  of  their  own  jior- 
nicious  consequences.  Of  this  sum  a_y2/?/i,  probably,  or  1,S0(),000/.  may  go  to  the  liiiid- 
lords  as  rent ;  and  this  is  iiH  that  the  agriculturists  can  be  said  to  gain  by  the  sj'stem.  for 
the  additional  price  received  by  the  farnw-r  on  that  portion  of  the  produce  exclusive  of  rent 
is  no  more  than  the  ordinary  return  for  his  capital  and  laliour.  His  prolits,  indeed,  iiisieat] 
of  being  increased  by  this  sy.stcm,  are  really  dimini.shixl  by  it;  (for  proofs  of  this,  poothr 
note  on  Corn  Laws,  in  my  edition  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  iv.  pp.  OfVS — 3G1.;)  anj 
though  the  rents  of  the  landlords  be,  nominally  at  least,  somewhat  increased  by  it,  it  is,  not- 
withstanding, abundantly  certain  that  it  is  any  thing  but  advantageous  to  them.  It  wouIJ 
require  a  far  larger  sum  to  balance  the  injury  which  fluctuations  of  price  occasion  to  their 
tenants,  and  the  damage  done  to  their  estates  by  over-cropping  when  prices  are  high,  thaii 
ail  that  is  derived  from  the  restrictions. 

5.  Duties  on  Importation. — A  duty  may  be  equitably  imposed  on  importoil  corn,  for  two 
objects ;  that  is,  eitlier  for  the  sake  of  revenue,  or  to  balance  any  excess  of  taxes  laid  on  thc 
agriculturi.sts  over  those  laid  on  the  other  classes. — (See  my  edition  of  Wcfi!///*  ((/"iYrt/Znov, 
vol.  iv.  pp.  3C3 — 1309.)  With  respect,  however,  to  a  duty  imposed  for  the  sake  of  revenue, 
it  may  bo  douhtcd  whether  corn  be  a  proper  subject  for  taxation.  But  at  all  events  such  a 
duty  should  be  exceedingly  moderate.  It  would  be  most  inex|wdient  to  attempt  to  aJJ 
largely  to  the  revenue  by  laying  heavy  duties  on  the  prime  necessary  of  life. 

If  it  bo  really  true  that  agriculture  is  more  heavily  taxed  than  any  other  branch  of  indus- 
try, the  agriculturists  arc  entitled  to  demand  that  a  duty  be  laid  on  foreign  corn  when  im- 
norted,  corresponding  to  the  excess  of  burdens  aU'ecting  them.  It  has  been  doubted,  how- 
ever, whether  they  are  in  this  predicament.  But  though  the  question  be  by  no  means  free 
from  difiiculty,  we  should  be  disposed  to  decide  it  in  the  allirmative,  being  pretty  well  satis- 
lied  that,  owing  to  the  local  and  other  burdens  laid  on  the  land,  those  occupying  it  are  really 
subjected  to  heavier  taxes  than  any  other  class.  It  is  difficult,  or  rather,  perhaps,  imiiosaibie, 
to  estimate  with  any  degree  of  precision  what  the  excess  of  taxes  laid  on  the  agriciillurists 
beyond  those  laid  on  manufacturers  and  merchants  may  amount  to  ;  but  we  have  elsewhere 
shown,  that  if  we  estimate  it  as  making  an  addition  of  5a'.  or  6s.  to  the  quarter  of  wheat,  wc 
shall  certainly  be  beyond  the  mark. — (See  my  edition  of  the  Wealth  of  Nutionf:,  yo\,i\.\i, 
369.)  However,  we  should,  in  a  case  of  this  sort,  reckon  it  safer  to  err  on  the  side  of  too 
much  protection  than  of  too  little  ;  and  would  not,  therefore,  object  to  a  Used  duty  ofGj.  or 
7s.  a  quarter  being  laid  on  wheat,  and  a  proportional  duty  being  laid  on  other  spwies  of 
grain.  Under  such  a  system  the  ports  would  be  always  open.  'ITic  duty  would  not  be  so 
great  as  to  interpose  any  very  formidable  obstacle  to  importation.  Every  one  would  know 
beforehand  the  extent  to  which  it  would  operate ;  at  the  saii\e  time  that  the  just  niihts  anJ 
interests  of  the  agriculturists,  and  of  every  other  class,  would  bo  maintained  unimpaired. 

When  a  duty  is  laid  on  the  importation  of  foreign  coru,  for  the  equitable  purpose  of  coun- 
tervailing the  peculiar  duties  laid  on  the  corn  raised  at  home,  an  eqttivalent  drawbach  ought 
lO  be  allowed  on  its  exportation.  "  In  allowing  this  drawback,  we  are  merely  returning  to 
die  farmer  a  tax  which  he  has  already  paid,  and  which  he  must  have  to  place  him  in  a  fair 
state  of  competition  in  the  foreign  market,  not  oidy  with  the  foreign  producer,  but  with  his 
own  countrymen  who  are  producing  other  commodities.  It  is  essentially  dilVeront  from  ;i 
bounty  on  exportation,  in  the  sense  in  wliich  the  word  bounty  is  usually  understood ;  for, 
by  a  bounty,  is  generally  meant  a  tax  levied  on  the  people  for  the  purpo.se  of  rendering  corii 
unnaturally  cheap  to  the  foreign  consumer ;  whereas  what  I  propose  is  to  sell  our  corn  al 


3E. 

nry,  of  our  usriniltiirn  n.mj 
llie  coniliiii-iii  ami  reward 

tlmt  pfirliiimcnl  is  almost 
II  from  tliu  oiwration  oi'tlij^ 

this  liiw,  wo  tliiiik  thiit  no 
,  iiiis;illsl'i>tlory  and  iinper- 
iiftlu!  lii!;li  price  ii(lci|iteil  a-i 
is  to  bi;  asccrtiiiiK  il.  AnJ 
BO  precipitalu  in  ils  course, 


burden  which  the  rcstric- 
'hin,  however,  is  a  sulijcnt 
lite  (lata.  But  supposino- 
nil  Ireland  to  amount  ti> 
Corn  Laws  is  equivalput 
1  all  sorts  of  grain  at  'in.  a 
of  corn  is,  however,  con- 
liorsos,  &c.  that  not  more 
aarkct.  If  we  are  ncarlv 
r  that  the  rest  fictions  ens'. 
elusive  of  their  own  ppr- 
()/.  may  go  to  the  laml- 
;o  gain  liy  the  system,  fur 
produce  exclusive  of  roii'. 
is  j)rolits,  indeed,  iiistoad 
jr  proofs  of  this,  fob  thr 
iv.  pp.  3:178—301,;)  and 
increased  by  it,  it  is,  nnt- 
jeous  to  them.  It  would 
of  price  occasion  to  their 
'hen  prices  are  high,  thais 

)n  imported  corn,  for  two 
CC.CS3  of  taxes  laid  on  the 
on  of  Wealth  ofNutinut:, 
I  for  the  sake  of  revenue, 
But  at  all  events  such  a 
dient  to  attempt  to  adj 
•y  of  life. 

y  other  branch  of  indus- 

m  foreign  corn  when  im- 

has  been  doubted,  how- 

tion  be  by  no  moans  free 

,  being  pretty  well  satis- 

e  occupying  it  are  really 

ihcr,  perhaps,  imi)ossihle, 

laid  on  the  agricullurists 

but  we  have  elsewhere 

the  quarter  of  wheat,  wc 

llh  of  NittiiiiiR,  vol.  iv.  p. 

err  on  the  side  of  too 

to  a  lixed  duty  ofGj.  or 

laid  on  other  spwies  of 

he  duty  would  not  be  so 

Every  one  would  know 

that  the  just  ni-htsand 

lintained  unimpaired. 

ptitabic  purpose  of  eoun- 

linilent  drinvbarh  ought 

ire  merely  returning  to 

ve  to  place  him  in  a  I'air 

n  producer,  but  with  his 

sentially  dill'erent  from  a 

usually  understood;  for, 

urpo.se  of  rendering  corn 

osc  is  to  sell  our  corn  at 


CORN  L.VWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


407 


the  price  at  which  wo  can  really  nlT^ird  to  produce  it,  and  not  to  add  to  its  pries  a  tax  which 
shall  induce  the  foreigner  nither  to  [lurchase  it  from  some  other  country,  and  deprive  us  of  a 
trade  which,  under  a  system  of  free  competition,  we  might  have  selected." — (liicardo  on 
Proteetioii  la  Aij;riciilUirc,  p.  03.) 

A  duty  accompanied  with  a  drawback,  as  now  stated,  would  not  only  be  an  equitable 
arrangement,  but  it  would  be  highly  for  the  advantage  of  farmers,  without  being  injurious 
to  any  one  else.  The  radical  defect,  as  already  shown,  of  the  system  followed  from  1815 
down  to  the  |)resent  moment,  in  so  far,  at  least,  as  respects  agriculture,  is,  that  it  forces  up 
nriees  in  years  when  the  harvest  is  deficient,  while  it  leaves  the  market  to  be  glutted  when 
it  is  at)unilant.  But  while  a  constant  duty  of  6,s'.  would  secure  to  the  home  growers  all  the 
iiicrtMse  of  ])rice  which  the  regard  due  to  the  interests  of  others  should  allow  them  to  realise 
ill  a  lind  year,  the  drawback  of  (is.,  by  enabling  them  to  export  in  an  unusually  plentiful 
vear,  would  prevent  the  markets  from  being  overloaded,  and  prices  from  falling  to  the  ruin- 
ous extent  that  they  now  occasionally  do.  Such  a  plan  would  render  the  business  of  a 
(.,)rn  dealer,  and  of  agriculture,  comparatively  secure  ;  and  would,  therefore,  provide  for  tlic 
continued  prosperity  of  them  both.  We  are  astonished  that  the  agriculturists  have  not 
taken  this  view  of  the  matter.  If  they  be  really  entitled  to  a  duty  on  foreign  corn,  on  ae- 
lOiiiit  of  their  being  heavier  taxed  than  the  other  classes  of  their  fellow  citizens,  tliey  must 
also  be  entitled  to  a  corresponding  drawback.  And  il  admits  of  demonstration,  that  llidr 
interests,  as  well  as  those  of  the  community,  would  be  far  better  promoted  by  such  a  duty 
,ind  drawback  as  we  have  suggested,  than  they  can  ever  be  by  any  system  of  mere  duties, 
how  high  soever  they  may  he  carried. 

The  principal  objection  to  this  plan  is,  that  it  would  not  be  possible  to  levy  the  duty  when 
ihc  home  price  became  very  high,  and  that,  consequently,  it  would  be  every  now  and  then 
r.ecc.^sary  to  suspend  it.  But  this  objection  does  not  seem  to  be  by  any  means  so  formidable 
lis  it  has  sometimes  been  represented.  It  may,  we  think,  be  concluded  on  unassailable 
irrouiuls,  that  were  the  ports  constantly  open  under  a  moderate  fixed  duty  and  an  equivalent 
lirawback,  extreme  fluctuations  of  price  would  be  very  rare.  Supposing  it  were  enacted, 
ihat  when  the  home  price  rises  above  a  certain  high  level,  as  80s.,  the  duty  should  cease,  wo 
iK'licve  the  clause  would  very  seldom  come  into  operation  ;  and  those  who  object  that  it  is 
not  fair  to  the  farmers  to  deprive  them  of  the  full  advantage  to  be  derived  from  the  highest 
rricps,  should  recollect  that  in  matters  of  this  sort  it  is  not  always  either  possible,  or,  if  pos- 
m!i!c,  prudent,  to  carry  the  soundest  principles  to  an  extreme  ;  and  that,  generally  speaking, 
the  public  interests  will  be  better  consulted  by  guarding  against  scarcity  and  dearth,  than  by 
securing,  at  all  hazards,  a  trilling  though  just  advantage  to  a  particular  class. 

III.     British  Coux  Tiiade. 

1.  Quantity  of  Corn  consumed  in  Great  Britain. — Attempts  have  sometimes  been  made 
10  compute  the  quantity  of  corn  raised  in  a  country,  from  calculations  founded  on  the  num- 
ber of  acres  in  tillage,  and  on  the  average  produce  jier  acre  ;  but  it  is  plain  that  no  accurate 
estimate  can  ever  be  framed  of  the  extent  of  land  under  cultivation.  It  is  oerpetually  chang- 
ing from  year  to  year ;  and  the  amount  of  produce  varies  not  only  vvith  the  dilVerences  of 
seasons,  but  also  with  every  improvement  of  agriculture.  This  method,  therefore,  is  now 
rarely  resorted  to ;  and  the  growth  of  corn  is  generally  estimated  from  the  consinnption. 
The  conclusion  deduced  from  this  criterion  must  indeed  be  subject  to  error,  as  well  from 
variations  in  the  consumption,  occasioned  by  variations  in  the  price  of  corn,  as  from  the 
varying  extent  to  which  other  food  is  used.  But  supposing  the  prices  of  corn  to  be  reduced 
to  an  average,  if  the  consumption  of  a  considerable  number  of  persons,  of  all  ranks  and  orders, 
and  of  all  ages  and  sexes,  were  accurately  determined,  we  should  be  able,  supposing  the  cen- 
rasof  the  pojmlation  to  be  nearly  correct,  to  make  a  very  close  approximation  to  the  total 
consumption  of  the  country.  Mr.  Charles  Snuth,  the  well-infiu-med  and  intelligent  author 
of  the  Tracts  on  the  Corn  Trade,  made  many  curious  investigations,  with  a  view  to  discover 
llie  mean  animal  consumption  of  corn  ;  and  reducing  it  to  t/ic  .ititndard  of  wheat,  he  found 
ittolic  at  the  rate  of  about  «  r/»«r/fry;w  f«c/i  indirit/ual,  yoimt:^  and  old.  This  estimate 
has  been  confirmed  by  a  variety  of  subse(|uent  researches;  and,  among  others,  by  ini|uiries 
in.ide  during  the  scarcity  of  179.")  and  IT'Jfi,  by  the  magistrates  of  Sullolk,  in 'l".i  dill'erent 
parishes,  in  the  view  of  ascertaining  the  average  consumption  of  each  family,  which  they 
tinnul  to  correspond  very  closely  with  Mr.  Smith's  estimate.  It  is  also  worthy  of  remark, 
t!iat  M.  Paucton,  the  intelligent  author  of  the  Metroln'^ie,  estimates  the  mean  ainuial  average 
consumption  in  France,  when  reduced  to  the  standard  of  wheat,  at  about  10  bushels  for 
each  individual ;  and  as  the  French  consume  considerably  more  bread,  and  less  animal  food, 
than  the  English,  this  estimate  attbrds  a  strong  proof  of  the  correctness  of  that  of  Mr. 
Smith, 

Having  taken  the  population  of  England  and  Wales  in  17G5,  at  (1,000,000,  Mr.  Smith 
reckoned  the  consumers  of  each  kind  of  grain,  the  (juanlity  consumed  by  each  individual, 
and  hence,  the  whole  consumed  by  man,  to  be  as  follows : — 

G4 


i  } 


I? 


til. 


I  nil 

I 'Mil 

ill 


•■»    i 


t    tK 


rvi   ! 


■»= — >.»■« 

■J       «>«»■,  ..:.«!i|. 


II     '-.-m 


'"l^: 
?^l 


I        t 


1"^ 


.      f 


498 


Eslitrated  Popu- 
lation of  Enslaiid 
tna  Wales. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


Avenfft^  Con- 
sumption of 
each  Person. 


3,750,000  consumers  of  Wheat,  at  1  quarter  each  .  .  «  . 

739,000  dr.  of  barley,  all}  do.  -  .  _  .  . 

888,000  do.  of  rye,  at  1 J  do.   ------ 

623,000  do.  of  oats,  at  2^0.  - 

Consumed  by  man  ------ 

In  addition  to  this,  Mr.  8iiiith  estimated  the  wheat  distilled,  made  into  starch,  &c. 
Barley  used  in  malting,  &c.  .---.-. 

Bye  liir  hogs,  &c.  -------- 

Oats  for  horses,  &c.  -------- 

Total  of  home  consumption       -  -  -  -  - 

Add  e.\ces3  of  exports  over  imports      -  -  -  - 

Add  seed  (one  tenth)  .  .  .  -  - 

Total  growth  of  all  kinds  of  grain  in  England  and  Wales  in  1765 


Consonr! 
"yMan, 

•"..JO,(lfl() 

1,0111,12', 

y.io.oni. 

T,5or.,aif; 

!)0,(li», 

•  s.'in.m, 

3i,on(. 

■    2,461,500 

•  I,3L15,.H: 

l•'>.3ln,!^1l 


This  estimate,  it  will  be  observed,  does  not  include  cither  Scotland  or  Ireland  ;  and  later 
inquiries  have  rendered  it  probable  that  Mr.  Smith  underrated  the  population  of  England  and 
Wales  by  nearly  1 ,000,000.  The  most  eminent  agriculturists  seem  also  to  be  of  opinion 
that  the  allowance  for  seed  ought  to  be  stated  as  high  as  a  seventh. 

Mr.  Chalmers,  availing  himself  of  the  information  respecting  the  numbers  of  the  people 
furnished  under  the  population  act  oflf^OO,  estimated  the  total  consumption  of  all  the  dif. 
ferent  kinds  of  grain  in  Great  Britain  at  that  epoch  at  27,18.5,300  quarters,  whereof  wheat 
constituted  7,676,100  quarters.  The  crops  of  1800  and  1801  being  unusually  deficient,  thr 
importation  in  these  years  was  proportionally  great ;  but  excluding  those  scarcities,  the 
total  average  excess  of  all  sorts  of  grain  imported  from  Ireland  and  foreign  countries  into 
Great  Britain  over  the  exports  had  previously  amounted  to  about  1,000,000  quarters,  which 
deducted  from  27,185,300,  leaves  26,185,300,  to  which  if  we  add  o'je  seven//*  as  seed,  wo 
shall  have  29,925,057  quarters  as  the  average  growth  of  Great  Britain  in  1800. 

The  population  of  Ireland,  as  ascertained  by  the  census  of  1821,  amounted  to  verj-  near 
7,000,000,  and  probably  at  present  exceeds  8,000,000.  The  greatest  portion  of  it.s  iiihahit- 
ants  are,  it  is  true,  supported  by  the  potato,  and  seldom  or  never  taste  bread  ;  but  we  ?lial! 
perhaps  be  within  the  mark,  if  we  estimate  the  number  of  tho.se  fed  on  the  various  kinds  of 
corn  at  3,000,000,  and  the  average  quantity  of  the  different  sorts  of  grain  consumed  hv 
each  individual  at  2  quarters.  This  would  give  6,000,000  quarters  as  the  total  consumption 
of  Ireland. 

But  the  population  of  Great  Britain  increased,  from  10,942,000  in  1800,  to  16,537,000 
in  1831  ;  and  both  Mr.  Western  and  Dr.  Colquhoun  concurred  in  estimating  the  aveiafc 
consumption  of  the  whole  empire,  in  1812  and  1814,  at  about  35,000,000  quarters. 

The  following  is  Dr.  ColqvUioun's  estimate  : — 


Species  of  Grain. 

EsliniiteJ 

Aver»«e  of  the 
Population  of 
GpL-at  Hrit.iiii 
anJ  Iretanil. 

Each 

Person 

averagal. 

ConsHHied  by 

Mia 

Consumrd  by 
Aniuals. 

Used  in  Heer 

and  S|iirits. 

tJsed  in  va- 
rious Miiiu- 
factureb. 

Tol.ll  of 
fimrltrs.      | 

Wheat    -      - 
Barley     - 
Oats        -      - 
Rye  -      -      - 
Beans  and  peas 

0,000,000 

1,500,000 

4,500,000 

500,000 

500,000 

(iuarlcTt. 

1 

u 

li- 
u 

1 

Qiinrten. 
9,000,000 
1,875,000 
6,750,000 
625,(M)0 
500,000 

Qtmrtcrs, 

210,000 

10,200,000 

50,000 

1,300,000 

Quarten. 
4,250,000 

QiinrUm. 
170,000 

1,000 

o.irn.noo  | 
6,:«,Min(i 

Ifi.'.l.iO.OllO    1 
fi',').!!!!!)    i 
l,S(il),Ol)0 

Totals    - 

16,000,000 

18,750,000 

11,820,000 

4,250,000 

171,000 

35,0(10,000   ' 

Dr.  Colquhoun  has  made  no  allowance  for  seed  in  this  estimate ;  and  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  he  has  underrated  the  consumption  of  oats  by  at  least  one  half  (juarter  in  the 
consumption  of  each  of  the  4,500,000  individuals  he  supposes  fed  on  them,  or  by  2,2.50,000 
quarters.  Adding,  therefore,  to  Dr.  Colquhoun's  estimate  5,500,000  quarters  for  .seed,  and 
2,250,000  quarters  for  the  deficiency  of  oats,  it  will  bring  it  to  42,750,000  quarters;  and 
taking  the  increase  of  population  since  1813  into  account,  it  does  not  appear  to  us  that  the 
annual  average  consumption  of  the  different  kinds  of  grain  in  the  United  Kingdom  can  now 
be  estimated  at  less  than  FonTT-Korn  millions  of  quarters,  exclusive  of  seed,  and  at  fiftv- 
TWO  millions  when  it  is  included.  Assuming  this  estimate  to  be  correct,  and  the  proportion 
of  wheat  to  amount  to  twelve  millions  of  quarters,  the  progressive  consumption  will  bo  as 
follows : — 


..^i 


E. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


499 


h,  &e. 


Qri. 

-  3,:j().(ki(> 

-  l.OID.li'. 

-  9iK),nn(, 

-  i,7'Ji,a& 

-  3,417.(in(, 

Sl.OlK! 

-  2,401,501, 

-  13.55r).*-.'if) 

-  3y?,C2] 

13,954,471 

-  1,305,4-17 

-  ir),310,(h2l 


ind  or  Ireland  ;  and  later 
)pulation  of  England  and 
;cm  al&o  to  be  of  opinion 

c  numbers  of  the  people 
ansumption  of  all  tlie  dif. 
quarters,  whereof  wheat 
r  unusually  deficient,  the 
ding  these  scarcities,  the 
md  foreisrn  countries  into 
,000,000  quarters,  which 
1  one  seventh  as  seed,  we 
ain  in  1800. 
1,  amounted  to  very  near 
3st  portion  of  its  inhabit- 
fiste  bread  ;  but  we  shall 
1  on  the  various  kinds  of 
s  of  grain  consumed  by 
as  the  total  consumption 

in  1800,  to  16,537,000 
I  estimating  the  average 
00,000  quarters. 


Ufed  in  VI- 
'        rinus  Mum- 
"■        faclures. 

Tol.ll  nf      1 
(lilartcra.      ' 

1.          (jitnrtprs. 

170,000 
)0       - 

'  1,000 

9.170.000  i 

o,:«5.iino 

Ifi.'.i.iO.OllO 

fi'>.i.llllO 

l,SOO,Ul)0 

)0  1     171,000 

35,000,000 

;  and  there  can  be  no 
one  half  quarter  in  the 
on  them,  or  by  2,250,000 
00  quarters  for  seed,  and 
2,750,000  quarters;  and 
not  appear  to  us  that  the 
nited  Kingdom  can  now 
'6  of  seed,  and  at  fiftv- 
irrect,  and  the  proportion 
consumption  will  be  as 


Consnmplion  of  Wheat  and  other  (train,  in  Ihr  Uiiitnl  Kingdom,  in  a  Year,  Sit  Months,  a  Mtnth, 

a  ll'eck,  ^-c. 


Wheal. 

<)(hfr  Grain. 

To'al. 

Q>-... 

Qr.. 

Qr,. 

A  year      .       -       .       . 

12,000,000 

40,0(10  nno 

."iS.OOO.OOO 

S'w  months       ... 

0,000.000 

20,000,000 

20,000,000 

Three  ninnths  -        .        - 

3,000.000 

10,000,000 

13,000.000 

Six  weeks         -        .        . 

^.^O.^HIO 

5,000,000 

0,C(10,0(IO 

One  month        ... 

1,0(10,000 

3,33,'i,333 

4,333,333 

Two  weeks       .        -        - 

.wo.ooo 

l,()fif),(i(i0 

2,l(iH,0(ifi 

One  week         .       .        - 

850,000 

833,333 

1,0S3,333 

One  (lay    -        .        -        . 

35,714 

119,018 

154,702 

The  total  imports  of  foreign  corn  in  1831  amounted  to  3,541,809  quarters,  being  the 
largest  quantity  ever  brought  into  Great  Britain  in  any  1  year.  Now,  as  this  quantity  does 
not  amount  to  one  fourteenth  part  of  the  entire  produce,  it  would  seem  as  if  the  greatest 
importation  could  have  but  a  very  slight  influence  on  prices ;  but  it  has  been  already  shown 
that  a  very  large  proportion,  perhaps  a  half,  of  the  entire  corn  produced  in  the  empire  is 
never  brought  to  market,  but  is  partly  consumed  by  the  agriculturist,  and  partly  used  as  seed 
and  in  the  feeding  of  form  horses,  &c.  Hence,  if  we  arc  nearly  right  in  this  estimate,  it 
follows  that  an  importation  of  3,500,000  (juarters  is  really  equivalent  to  iibout  one  .levenfh 
part  of  the  entire  produce  brought  to  market  in  an  average  year,  and  must  consequently 
have  a  very  material  influence  in  alleviating  the  pressure  of  scarcity  in  a  bad  year,  and  in 
checking  the  rise  of  prices. 

2.  Regulations  under  tvhich  the  Corn  Trade  of  Great  Britain  is  at  present  conducted, — 
These  regulations  are  embodied  in  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  60.,  an  abstract  of  which  is  sub- 
joined :  — 

Sections  1.  and  2.  repeal  the  acta  S.'i  fieo.  .3.  c.  20.,  3  Geo.  4.  c.  CO.,  and  7  and  S  Oeo.  4.  r.  58.,  and  so 
much  oftlie  act  0  Gen.  4.  c.  111.  as  impi.ses  duties  on  the  imporlatinn  of  huck-wheat  and  Indian  corn. 
Forcifin  Corn  may  he  iioporteil  on  I'oiimcnt  of  the  Dvties  upecificd. — And  whereas  it  is  expedient  that 
corn,  grain,  meal,  and  flour,  the  growth,  produce,  and  manul'acture  of  any  foreign  country,  or  of  any 
British  possession  out  of  r;uro|)e,  should  he  allowed  to  he  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  for  con- 
sumption, upon  the  payment  of  d\ities  to  he  regulated  ffui  lime  to  time  according  to  the  average  price 
ol'IJritish  corn  made  np  and  puhlisln^d  in  manner  herein-after  re(|uired  ;  he  it  therefore  enacted,  that 
there  shall  be  levied  and  paid  to  his  Majesty,  upon  all  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  tlour  enteriMt  for  home 
fonsuniption  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  parts  hoyond  the  seas,  the  several  duties  specitied  and  sot 
forth  in  the  table  annexed  to  this  act ;  and  that  the  said  duties  shall  he  raised,  levied,  collected,  and 
naid  in  such  and  the  same  nnmner  in  all  respects  as  the  several  diuies  of  customs  mentioned  and 
tninnerated  in  the  table  of  duties  of  customs  inwards  anne.xed  to  the  act  0  Geo.  4.  c.  111.—$  3. 
Tiie  following  is  the  table  referred  to  :— 


If  imported  from  any  foreign  Cawitry, 
ir.'iraf:— Accnriliii?  lo  Hie  average  price  of   wlieat, 
iiu'le  up  anJ  pul>lislied  in  manner  required  by  law  ; 
vtdehcet, 

Wlu-never  sucll  price  shall  be  62f.  and  under  G3s.  the 
quarter,  \he  duty  shall  he  for  everj-  quarter 

Wlie.iev  iich  price  shall  be  63j.  and  under  &is.  Uie 
quarter,  .ue  duty  shall  be  for  every  quarter 

Whenever  such  price  shall  be  64j.  and  under  65j.  the 
quarter,  llie  duty  sliall  be  for  every  quarter 

Wlienever  such  price  shall  be  633.  and  under  66s.  tlie 
quarter,  the  liuly  shall  be  for  every  quarter 

Wlienever  such  price  shall  lie  66t.  and  under  67J.  the 
quarter,  the  duly  shall  he  for  every  quarter 

Whenever  such  price  shall  lit' 67».  and  under  6K».  the 
quarter,  the  duly  shall  he  for  every  quarter 

Whenever  such  price  shall  be  6S11.  and  under  69j.  the 
quarter,  the  duty  shall  he  for  every  iiuarter 

Whenever  such  price  shall  be  69«.  and  under  "Ol.  the 
quarter,  the  July  shall  he  for  every  quarter 

Wlienever  such  price  shill  lieTOi.  and  under  7I>.  the 
quartrr.  the  duty  shall  he  fir  every  quarter 

Whenever  such  price  shall  be  71s.  and  under  72j.  the 
quarter,  the  duty  shall  be  for  every  quarter 

Wlienever  inch  price  shall  be  lit.  and  under  73».  the 
quarter,  the  duty  shall  be  for  every  quarer 

Whenever  such  price  sl.ill  be  at  or  above  73j.  tlie  du- 
ty shall  lie  for  every  quarter 

Whenever  such  price  shal  I  be  under  62...  and  not  under 
611.  Oie  duty  shall  be  for  every  quarter 

AnI  in  respect  nf  each  iulenral  shillins,  or  any  part 
of  caL'h  integral  shilliiii!  by  which  such  price  shall 
lie  under  61.t.,  sucll  duly  shall  he  increased  by  Is. 

inr/n/.— Whenever  the  average  price  of  barley,  made 
up  Jud  published  in  manner  requited  by  law,  sli.ill 
he  33i.  and  under  34(.  the  quarter,  the  duty  shall  he 
for  ever\'  (inarter        ■*'"," 

And  in  respect  of  eve, .  inle»ral  shillin?  by  which 
luch  price  shall  be  above  3.1j,  such  duty  shall  be  de- 
ercawl  bv  It.  6/.,  until  such  price  shall  be  4I«. 

Whenever  such  price  shall  he  at  or  above  'tis,  the  du- 
ty sh.ill  be  for  every  quarter 

Wlienever  such  priee'shall  he  under  3.1>.  and  not  under 
3.'r.,  the  July  »ll.all  be  for  every  qiurler 

And  in  respect  of  each  integral  shilling,  or  any  part  of 
eich  integral  shilling,  by  which  such  price  shall  be 
iitiler  32r..  such  duty  shall  he  increaseil  by  Iv.  6d. 
Oalj;— Whenever  the' average  price  of  oats,  made  up 
and  published  in  manner  required  by  law,  shall  be 
2)1.  and  under  26s.  the  quarter,  tliB  duty  iliall  be  for 
every  quarter  .  .  .  -  . 


0    1 

0  10 


0  15    6 


0    I    0 
0  16    9 


L.  >.  d.  L.    t.d. 

And  in  respect  of  every  integral  shilling  hy  wliicti 
such  price  shall  be  above  J'lt.,  such  duly  shall  he  de- 
creased by  Is.  lirf.,  until  such  price  sbali  he  31s. 
Whenever  such  price  shall  be  at  orabive  31s.,  the  du- 
14    8  ty  shall  be  for  every  quarter  •  -  ■ 

Whenever  such  price  shall  be  uiider2if.  and  not  under 
1    3    8  24s.  the  duty  shall  be  for  every  quarter 

And  in  respect  of  each  iiitegnirshilling.  or  any  part  of 
1    2    8  each  integral  shilling,  by  which  such  price 'shall  be 

under24s.,  such  duty  sha'l  be  increased  by  Is.  6r/. 

118        i2i/e, /'fos,  auri /Jcam;— Whenever  the  average  price 

of  rj'e,  or  of  peas,  or  of  beans,  made  up  and  pub- 

10    8  lisliel  in  manner  required  by  lav/,  shall  be  36s.  and 

under  37s.  the  quarter,  the  duty  shall  be  for  evi-ry 

0  18    8  quarter  -  -  •   '        • 

And  in  respect  of  every  integral  shilling  by   which 
0  16    8  such  jirice  shall  be  above  3(is.,siiili  duly  shin  be  lie- 

creased  by  Is.  6rf..  until  such  price  shall  be  4fit. 
0  13    8        Whenever  "such  price  shall  be  at  or  above  4bs.,  the 

duty  shall  be  for  every  qnarler 
0  10    8        Whenever  such  price  shall  be  under  3f)S.  and  not  under 

3'»¥.,  the  duly  shall  be  fur  every  quarter 
0    6    8       And  in  respect  of  each  integral  shilling,  or  any  part  of 
each  integral  shilling,  by  wliicli  such  price  shall  be 
0    2    8  under  33S.,  such  duty  shall  be  iiicreasul  I  y  Is.  6(^. 

tlVtrnt   Ai't/i/   iwirf  Fli'Ur  .-—For  every  l.ariel,   being 

0  10  1(^6  lbs.,  a  duty  equal  in  amount  to  the  duty  payable 
nii3»  1-2  gallnlis  of  wheat. 

1  5  8  On(mrii(:—Foreveiy  quantity  of  ISl  1-2  lbs.,  a  duly 
equal  in  amount  lo  the  duty  payable  011  a  qnarler  of 
oats. 

Matter  Indian  Cnnl,  IJiirk-ll'litiil.  Ilcnr  nr  Fii'^  :— 
For  every  ipiarter,  a  duly  tqual  in  amouiil  to  the 
duty  pavii'.le  on  a  qnarter'of  barley. 

0  12    4        //  the  PriMlwe  nf  and  imported  /rout   mil/  Sritith 

AnsiAtiou  in  .Vorf/i  .-Imertca.  or  dscwliere  out  of 

Knrnpe. 

tr/ipn(.-— For  every qu liter      .  .  .  ■ 

l-iitil  the  price  of  Kiitish  wheal,  ni.nle  np  and  pilh. 

0    10  li«liel  in  the  manner  roquired  by  laiv,  shall  be  67s. 

per  quarter. 
0  13  10       VVhenever  such  price  shall  he  at  or  above  67s.,  Ilie 

duty  shall  be  f.r  every  quart,  r 
\  Barlc'i/;— For  every  qiiiner     .  ■  -  • 

^  I        t'nlil  Ihe  price  ol   Hrilish  Inrlev,  made  np  and  pill- 

I        lished  in  manner  required  by  law,  shall  be  34s-  pir 
I        quarter. 

I    Whenever  such  price  shall  be  at  or  above  34s.,  the 
0    0    3  1       duty  shall  be  for  every  quarter 


0    5    0 


0    0    6 


s     • 


■i ' 
5.-  ■'■' 


t  ; 


e 


"Ml 


.!.    ,h 


000 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


ir^'"i 

Saanmuwa 


I 


I    I 


'■'■Ik.  ■    ' 


,  J 


■■ ;  ■■■) 


Tahlc  of  nntli's — continued. 


Catt .'— Fnr  evrry  qnirter  .  .  .  . 

IriMI   llif  |trirV  nf  Hrilish  nits.  ma^Ie  up  anil  pub- 

li-liffl  ill  nnuner  requircil  by  law,  shall  be  2js,  per 

iiuarter. 
"VVJu-ncver  such  price  shall  he  at  or  above  25i.,  the 

tlutv  f>hall  lie  tor  every  (juarter  .  .  • 

/^/(•,  7V(iJ,  rturf  Wen/It;— For  every  quarter    • 

I'nlil  the  price  of  Hritiali  rye,  nr  of  pt'a».  nr  f>f  beans, 

muteiip.irui  publlHliCii  iu  uia^intT  required  bv  law, 

bhallbcJIj. 


/.. 

t. 

<(. 

0 

2 

0 

a 

n 

n 

0 

3 

0 

Wlifncvpr  mich  price  ilnll   hft  at  or  nlinve  4Ii.,  Dip 

limy  sli:>Il  !)'■  forrvtry  nuiiilLT 
IVIuiit  Midi  iiiul  yitttr  :—ynT  fvery  li.irrel,  brin:;  I9fi 

Itjs.,  a  duty  eqiiil  in '(niouiit  to  tlta  duly  pay.ibluou 

a^'JealiiMUiif  BhL-at. 
Oatnuill:—i'iir  every  quantity  nf  ISIJ  lbs.,  a  iliily 

equal  in  aninunt  to  tiie  duty  pay.ible  on  a  quarlcV 

nl  oals. 
MiiizcfT  Imliiijt  fYni,  Ihick-tVhcnU  Hear,  irr  B'tiZ ; — 

For  every  quarti'r,  a  duty  eciuai  in  aiju)uu[  to  tlie 

duly  payaldi^  tin  a  quarter  of  b.irley. 


L.  ,.  ,1. 
0   0  t 


liftr Illations  to  be  obfcrved  upon  shipjring  Corn  from  anij  British  possryKion  out  of  Kiiropr,  ,^t  — \  , 
corn,  priiiii,  iiiciil,  or  flour  slfill  Iip  sliipinul  from  any  port  in  any  Urilisli  possession  out  ol"  I^'.iirnpi ,  j., 
Iicini;  tiK,'  produce  ofany  such  possession,  iiiilil  tlie  owner  or  proprietor  or  sliipper  tliereof  shall  jim,. 
niadt!  and  snhsrrihed,  hi'fore  llie  ■•olleclor  or  oilier  rliiefollicer  ol'  customs  ;it  llie  port  of  sliipmoni.  •,, 
(leelaralioii  in  wriliiiii,  specifying  the  quantity  of  each  sor!  of  .«iich  corn,  priiin,  or  flour,  and  ilni  n,,! 
same  wtis  the  proiliiee  of  some  Itritisli  possession  <iut  of  Kiirop"  to  be  named  In  such  dei  laralitqi,  i,,,, 
tinlil  such  owni'r  or  proprietor  or  shipper  shiill  have  oliluine  I  from  the  cidloctor  or  olhur  cliiel'niliiT;- 

of  the  customs  tit  tlie  said  port  a  certilicate.  under  liis  simiatnrt?,  of  tint  (]tiaiitity  of  corn,  Eraiu.  i ,) 

or  iiour  so  declared  to  he  shippeil ;  and  before  any  corn,  tiraiii,  meal,  or  Hour  shall  he  eiitereil  iit  aiiv 
Jtort  or  placit  in  the  United  Kiniidom.as  lieiiii;  the  producit  ofany  liritish  possession  out  of  Ihirnii,.,  n,;', 
master  of  the  ship  importimr  the  same  shall  produce  ami  deliver  to  the  collector  or  oilur  cliiel  nilicr 
of  customs  of  llie  port  or  place  of  importation  a  copy  of  such  declaration,  cerlilied  to  lict  a  true  mni 
accurate  copy  thereof,  under  the  hiiiid  of  the  collector  or  other  cl)i<'f  olhcer  of  customs  at  tint  port  nl 
shipment  hitl'ore  whiuu  the  same  was  luaile,  toiietln^r  w  ilh  the  certilicate,  siiineil  liy  lint  saiil  collcrini 
nr  other  chief  ollicer  of  ciisttJiMs.  of  till' (iiiiiutity  of  corn  so  declared  to  he  shippeil;  and  such  miisiir 
shall  also  make  and  suhsciihe,  before  the  collecior  or  other  chief  otlicer  of  cnsloms  at  the  port  or  plare 
of  imiiortation,  a  declaration  in  writing,  that  the  several  qnaniities  of  corn,  ),'rain.  meal,  or  flour  on 
hoard  such  ship,  am!  proposed  to  be  entered  under  the  authority  of  such  declaration,  are  the  saiiiuih;,! 
were  ineiitiom'd  and  referred  to  in  the  declaration  and  certilicate  produced  by  him,  without  any  admjx. 
ftire  or  addition;  and  if  any  person  shall,  in  any  such  declaration,  wilfully  and  corruptly  iii;iI<q  anv 
false  statement  respecting'  the  place  of  which  any  such  ciu-n,  frrain,  meal,  or  Hour  was  the  proilun,  or 
respectins;  the  identity  of  any  such  corn,  trrain,  mital,  or  tlour,  such  person  shall  forfeit  ami  lioco'iuf 
liable  to  pay  to  his  Majesty  tiie  sum  of  1(10/.,  and  tlw' corn,  f.'rain.  meal,  or  Hour  to  such  per.son  bi'liiiisiuj, 
on  board  any  siiih  ship,  shall  also  be  forfeiti-il  ;  and  such  forfeitures  shall  and  may  he  sued  for,  puif" 
cnted,  recovered,  and  applied  in  such  and  the  same  manner  in  all  respects  as  any  forfeiture  iiiriirr,.,| 
tinder  and  by  virliio  of  the  said  act  0  (Jeo.  1.  c.  III. :  I'roviiled  always,  that  the  deilaralions  aloresuil 
shall  not  he  reiiuired  in  respect  ofany  corn,  irrain,  meal,  or  Hour  which  shall  have  been  shippeil  \villii;i 
;i  inoiiths  ne.\t  at'ter  the  passiii!»  of  this  act. — ij  1. 

I'ciniUij  for  import  in  if  JInIt  or  irroinul  Corn.—M  shall  not  he  lawful  to  import,  from  ptirts  beyond  llip 
seas  intii  tint  United  Kin^'ilom,  tor  coiisiimption  there,  any  malt,  or  to  import,  for  confuiiiiilinii  Jui;, 
Great  Uritain,  any  corn  };rouml,  except  wheat  meal,  wheat  llour,  and  oatmetil ;  or  to  impnit,  for  con- 
sitniption,  any  corn  sroiind  into  Ireland  ;  and  that  ifiiny  such  article  as  aforesaid  shall  be  iiii|i(iitt,i 
contrary  to  the  provisions  aforesaid,  the  same  shall  bit  forfciti'd. — J  ;'). 

Arroinit  of  Corn  and  Flour  iniportul,  i\t.  to  hi.  piililisli'il  in  the  O'lizctic  viontlihj. — The  rommissinncrsof 
Ills  .Majesty's  cnsloms  shall,  once  in  each  calendar  iiionlh,  cause  to  be  published  in  the  I.onilon  (Ji. 
zette  an  ticcnuiit  of  the  total  (|uaiitity  of  each  sort  of  corn.  L'raiii,  meal,  and  Hour  resp  clively,  »|ii,|i 
shall  have  been  imported  Into  the  United  Kiiufdom  ;  and  also  an  account  of  the  total  (ptantity  iii'eMili 
sort  of  the  corn.  Brain,  meal,  and  Hour  respectively,  upon  which  the  duties  of  importatiiui  -liiill  him, 
been  paid  in  the  United  Kingdom  durinijthe  calendar  month  iie\t  precediiii; ;  loKitlier  Willi  ,'.ti  arooint 
of  the  total  quantity  of  each  sort  of  the  said  corn,  craiii,  meal,  and  Hour  respectively  leniaiiiini' in 
warehouse  at  the  end  of  such  next  precedimj  calendar  month. — J  (>. 

Section  7.  enacts,  that  if  any  foreign  state  shall  subject  lirilish  vessels,  Broils'.  &c.,  to  any  liislior 
duties  or  charges  than  are  levied  on  the  vessels,  «Scc.  of  other  countries,  hid  Majesty  may  prol'iihit  ijie 
importation  of  corn  from  such  .state. 

H'ceklij  Ritiirn.t  of  Pnrrhnsvs  anil  Sales  of  Corn  to  hevmilc  in  the  Places  hereiv  mentioneil. — And  wlicre.is 
it  is  necessary,  for  reirnlating  the  ammint  of  such  duties,  that  etl'ecliial  provision  should  he  iiiaili'  lor 
ascertainiuj!  from  time  to  time  the  averasre  prices  of  Uritish  corn  ;  be  it  tlierefore  enacted,  that  weekly 
returns  of  the  purchases  and  sales  of  iJrilish  corn  shall  be  made  in  the  nniiner  herein-aller  ilini-lni, 
in  the  follow  iiiK  cities  and  towns  ;  (that  is  to  say.)  l.omlon,  U.\liriili'e,  Ilertl'ord,  Iloysion.  Clieltiislbnl, 
Colchester,  llumford,  Maidstone,  t'anterhiiry,  Darlford,  Chicliesler.  (iiiildt'ord,  Ueues,  Itye.  Hcill'nl, 
Windsor,  Aylesbury.  Ipswich,  Wood  bridge.  S  ml  bury,  Kiintint'diin,  ilaillei^fh.  Stow  market,  liiiry  Sum 
Edmunds,  IJecdes,  Hiiiicay,  l,owestoft,  (ambridire,  ICly.  Wisbeacli.  Norwich,  Varmoiilh,  l.ynii.  Tliet. 
ford,  Walton,  Diss.  I'iast  Dereham,  Harleston,  Holt,  .\yl-'sli:im.  P'akenliam,  North  Walsliaiii,  l.iiirojii, 
Gainsboronuh,  (Jlanford  llridire,  Uowth,  Iloston,  Sleaford,  Stamford,  SpablioL',  Oiuby.  Norlliaiii|iloii, 
Leicester,  ISottin<.'haui,  Worcester,  ('oventry,  Ileadiii!;,  Oxford.  Wakefield.  Warminslor,  liuiiiiiijliiiiii, 
Leeds,  Newark,  Vork,  UridliiiL'ton,  Heverley.  llowdeii,  SheHield,  Hull,  Whitby.  New  iMalfoit,  Diirliiiii, 
Stockton,  Darlinsiton,  Sunderlanil.  Ilarnard  Castle,  Walsiiiiiham,  lielford.  Hexham,  Newcasile-ii|ioii. 
Tyiie,  Morpeth,  Alnwick,  Uerwick-upon-'l'weed.  Carlisle,  Whitehaven,  Cockermoinji,  I'eiirilli.  Klti'. 
nionl,  Apphdiy,  Kirkby-in-Kendal,  Liverpool,  Ulverston,  Lancaster,  Preston,  Wiijin,  WarriiiL'loii, 
Manchester,  iiolton,  U'liester,  Nantwich,  Middlewicli,  I'our  l.ane  \-\\u\n,  Denhioh,  Wrexliaiii,  ('ani;ir- 
von,  Haverford  West,  Carmarthen,  Cardiff,  (iloiicester,  Cirencester,  Tedbury,  Stow-oii-tlie-Wolil, 
Tewkesbury,  Bristol,  Taunton,  Wells,  Ifrid^ewafer.  Krome.  Ch  ird.  Monmouth,  .•Vheriraveiiny.  I'lir',!- 
stow,  I'ont-y-pool,  ICxeter,  Uariistaple,  I'lymouth, 'lotness. 'ravisloi  k,  Kiii^'sbriil).'e.  1  riiro,  Itiiilmiii, 
Laiinceston,  Redruth,  Helstone,  Saint  .\ustel,  lllamlford,  liridporl.  Dorchester,  Sherliouriie.  .■>li;i<ioii, 
Warehani,  Winchester,  Andover,  HasiiiKsloke,  Karehini,  Havant,  Newport.  Ilinrwood,  SoniliaiiiptMi, 
and  I'ortsitioiith ;  and  for  the  purpose  of  duly  collectini;  and  transmitliiiK  such  weekly  retinii.-i  iis 
aforesaid,  there  shall  be  appointed  in  each  of  the  said  cities  and  towns,  in  inanner  hereiii-iilUr 
directed,  a  lit  and  proper  person  to  be  inspector  of  corn  returns. — J  .•>. 

Appoin'inir  Coniptrulirr  of  Corn  Hilurn!'.—\l  shall  he  lawful  for  his  Maje.»ty  to  appoint  a  fit  ntiil 
proper  person  to  be  comptroller  of  corn  returns,  for  the  purposer^  herein-after  mentioiir'il.  ami  m  irriim 
to  such  coinptrolhtr  of  corn  returns  such  salary  and  allowances  as  to  his  Majesty  shall  seem  iiiiii : 
Provided  always,  that  such  persons  shall  be  appointed  to  and  shall  hold  such  his  oHice  diiriiig  his 
Majesty's  pleasure,  and  not  otherwise  ;  and  shall  at  all  limes  contorm  to  and  obey  such  lawful  instmc- 
tions.tiiucliiii!.'  the  pxecnlion  of  the  duties  of  such  his  otiiie.as  shall  from  time  to  time  lie  jjiven  In  him 
by  the  l,ords  of  the  comniitiee  of  privy  council  appointed  lor  the  consideration  of  all  matters  relating 
to  trade  and  foreiftn  plantations. — i!  U. 

Sections  lU,  11, 12.  embudy  the  coiiiptroller'a  oath,  enact  that  he  shall  execute  his  office  iii  person 


t-f 


DE. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


501 


1. 1. (.'.I 

I 

0  0  c 


hn  at  or  above  41s.,  tijp 

illuT 

or  tvpry  li.irrel,  brins  IDfi 
it  lo  tlia  duty  piyaLIf  on 


Illy  nr  ISIJ  lbs,,  a  ilulv  i 

Illy  payable  mi  a  quarler  I 

■  ll'heni,  Hfnr,  nr  H'g!;  :— 

■  PMiial  in  ainuuut  t(t  tbt; 
iifbwiiy. 

."inn  nut  pf  Kiirnpr,  ^^-c,^-^^ 
i.-iscsifioii  (lilt  of  l",uropi'  '.(;, 
•  shipper  tlicrcnf  sluill  |,!,v,. 
lit  till!  pnrt  (if  sliipinciii.  ,-. 
ruin,  or  (Idiir,  unit  ilmi  t^! 
icil  in  fiiicli  (li.M  l;ir;iliiin,  ii,,| 
IlL'clnr  (ir  (ilhur  clncrniVup.- 
iiitity  oC  I'lirii.  Erujii.  in,.-,]' 
iiiir  shall  III;  (Mil^^ri'ij  iil  uiiv 
iss(!asiiin  out  ol"  Hiirnpc,  |j,;'. 
Hector  or  otlur  cliiel'  iiii|(.,,r 
111.  cerlilieil  til  lie  :i  tnii.  ;iiiil. 

■  (if  Clishiriis  lit  tliii  pr,ft  „( 
sJ!!iie(l  liy  the  saiil  ciilliicinj 

shipped  ;  iiiiil  such  iii.ifi,,,. 
riistmiis  at  tli(!  port  er  plare 
•11.  jjraiii.  meal,  or  flimr  ,,n 
M-laration,  art;  the  sanifiliii; 
!iy  him,  without  aiij  lulling, 
illy  and  cornipilv  iii;il(i;  anv 
ir  Hour  was  the  priiiliici.,,,^ 
:nn  shall  forfeit  anil  Iwro'iin. 
nr  to  such  person  lielim^rjii^^ 
iiid  may  ho  sued  lor,  \)utfZ 
1  as  any  fnrfeitiire  iiii-iirr.^il 
t  tin;  ileehiratiens  alnroin! 
ill  liuvi!  hoen  shl|ipu(l  wiihi;! 

port,  from  parts  lieyonditip 
iiport,  tor  con.--ninpii.iii  imr, 
leal ;  or  to  import,  forii.n- 
aforesaid  shall  hi;  iiiiimrlti! 

'ilii- — The  coiiimisslniiors  i.f 
ihlislied  in  the  I.iniiliin  (;a. 
id  Hour  resp  ciively,  wliiih 
f  the  total  (|iianlilv  ofeiirli 
s  of  importation  sliall  Imv,; 

together  Willi  ;;li  iir ni! 

resjiuctively  reniainiii;  i,, 

fronds,  &c.,  tn  any  liijlipr 
Majesty  may  prol'iiiiit  ihc 

n  mrnfhnri!.~.\\\i\  wlierc.is 
vision  should  iii;  mail.'  f.ir 
(■lore enact. mI,  that  weekly 
iner  herein-aOer  ilir.'.'i.M, 
nnl,  Itoysion,  CheliMSI'.inl, 
ird.  I. ewes,  Itye.  Ilcilf..|.|, 
1,  Slowiiiarkut,  IliirySami 
h.  Varniniith.  I.Mni'.  Tliri- 
North  Walshain,  I, inc. In, 
iiiL',  D.'rhy,  \orlli;uii|il,iii, 
Warininsl'.'r.  Itinniiisliam, 
tiiy.  New  M:illiiii,I)iirli:uii, 
lexhain,  \ewcastlc-ii|i..||. 
•ki'riiioiilli,  I'enrilli.  l.nre- 
<loii,  WiLMii,  WarriiiuKiji, 
iilii:;h,  Wrexham,  Carnar- 
liiiry,  Stow-on-llie-\V..lil, 
iiitli,  .\lier,!.'aveiiiiy,  ('li.|i- 
ii,'sliriil),'e.  'Iriiro,  liiuliiiiii, 
ler,  Shi'rlioiirne.  Sliaslmi, 
UiiiL-wood.  Sinnli:iiii|iii.ii, 
I  siicli  weekly  rcliinis  ;i>i 
ill  iiianii(;r  liorfii.-urt.r 

jesty  to  appoint  a  tit  .aii.l 
T  inentioiied,  and  In  ir.'uil 
Majesty  shall  seem  iiici'i ; 
such  his  otllce  iliiriii;.'  his 
ohey  such  lawful  inslnic- 
iii;  to  time  lie  ..'iveii  loliiin 
ion  of  all  matters  rclaliiig 

Kccute  ilia  office  iu  person 


nml  nnt  by  ilcp'ity,  provide  for  siipplyinir  liis  plnci;  dnrina  illness  or  ahsenrr,  nncJ  tiutliorisc  him  to 
j(nd  and  receive  letters  relatiiip  <;\clusively  to  the  duties  of  hi.s  oH'ce  tree  of  poslaue, 

Sections  m.  and  11.  aiitliorise  the  Lord  Mayor  and  aldermen  lo  appoint  an  inspector  lor  the  city  of 
I,iindnii,  who  is  to  do  tlit-  duty  in  person,  &c. 

.Sections  LI,  Hi.  and  17.  declare  that  no  person  shall  be  elipihle  to  the  otlice  of  mm  inspector  in  the 
oily  of  liOndon,  who  shall  Ik;  encaged  in  trade  as  a  miller,  maltster,  or  'oni  fictor,  or  he  anywise  con- 
cerni'd  in  the  linyiii!;  of  corn  for  sale,  or  in  the  sale  of  hreail  made  thereof ;  they  also  tiiiihudy  tho 
oatli  the  inspector  is  to  taki;,  and  provide  for  tin;  enrolment  of  his  appointment. 

Jkalers  in  Corn  in  Limdnn  lo  lUlir.er  in  a  Derlaruliun  lo  the  Lord  JUiii/or,  ifc. —  I'.very  person  who  shall 
.arry  on  trade  or  liiisiness  in  the  city  of  London,  or  within  5  miles  from  the  Uoyal  I'lxcliange  in  the 
said  city,  as  a  corn  factor,  or  as  an  a!i(;nt  employed  in  tin;  sale  of  llritish  corn,  and  every  person  wlio 
shall  pell  any  Hritish  corn  within  the  present  (drn  Ivxchaime  in  Mark  Lam;  in  the  said  city,  or  within 
any  other  hnildimr  or  place  which  now  is  or  may  hereafter  he  used  wnliin  the  city  of  London,  or 
williiii  ^  inil(;s  from  the  Uiiyul  Kxcliance  in  the  said  city,  for  such  and  the  like  purposes  for  whicli  tho 
faiil  Onrii  l'.xcliaii!!e  in  Mark  Lam;  hath  li(;en  and  is  Used,  shall,  lud'ore  he  or  they  shall  carry  on 
trailc  or  hiisiness,  or  sell  any  corn  in  iiianiii;r  afor(;said,  make  anil  deliver  to  the  Lord  Mayor,  ur  one 
ofl'io  aldermen  of  the  city  of  London,  a  declaration  in  tlie  following  wiird;< ;    (that  is  lo  say,) 

'  T  .4.  B.  do  declare,  that  the  returns  to  he  liy  mo  inadn,  conformahly  tt.  an  act  passed  in  the  ninth 
vrar  m';!""  reij.'!!  of  Kiii):  Ceorsie  the  iMUirlh,  iiitiliiled  [/uw;  felfmlh  the  liHe  oflhisact],  of  tin;  iiuan- 
iitii'S  and  pri."S  of  llritish  corn  which  henceforth  shall  he  liy  or  tor  me  sold  or  delivered,  shall,  to  the, 
hesl  of  my  kiiowledc(;  and  lielief,  contain  the  whole  (inantity,  and  no  more,  of  the  corn  huna  Jiite  sold 
anil  delivered  hy  or  for  me  within  tin;  periods  to  which  such  Vetnriis  resp  iclively  shall  refer,  with  thu 
prices  of  such  corn,  and  tin;  names  of  the  linyers  respectiv(dy,  and  of  the  persons  for  whom  such  corn 
..liall  have  heeii  sold  liy  tiie  res|)(;ctiv('ly ;  anil  to  the  liest  of  iny  judgiiient  the  said  returns  shall  in  uU 
respects  he  confornmhlu  to  the  jirovisions  of  the  said  act." 

Wliirli  declaration  shall  he  in  writinjr.  and  shall  he  siiliscrilied  with  tho  hand  of  the  person  so  making 
ilifsame;  and  the  Lord  Mayor  or  such  aldermen  as  aforesaid  of  the  city  of  London  for  the  time  lieing 
siiall  and  he  is  hereliy  required  to  deliver  a  cerliticate  tln;reof,  under  his  hand,  to  the  inspector  of  corn 
vturns  for  the  city  of  London,  to  he  hy  him  registered  in  ii  book  to  be  by  him  provided  and  kept  for 
iliat  purpose.—?  18. 

Ikalrrs  in  Corn  In  make  Kelurns  tn  Corn  /H.s/iccMr.— Hvery  such  corn  factor  and  other  person  as 
afiiresaid,  who  is  herein-liefore  reip:ired  to  make  and  who  shall  have  made  such  declaration  as  afore- 
saiil.  shall  and  he  or  she  is  herehy  r.'iinired  to  return  or  cause  to  he  returned,  on  Wedn(;silay,  in  each 
mill  every  week,  to  the  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  city  of  Loinlon,  an  account  in  writiii!:,  sisrned 
Willi  his  (ir  her  own  name,  or  the  name  of  his  or  her  aj^eiil  ("inly  authorised  in  that  liehalf,  of  the  (iiian- 
liiii'snf  each  respective  sort  of  Hritish  com  hy  him  or  her  soldiluriiiu  the  week  eiuliti!!  on  and  including 
till' next  preci;(lin!;  Tuesday,  with  the  prices  thereof,  and  tin!  aiiionnt  of  (;very  parcel,  with  the  total 
mianlily  and  value  of  each  sort  of  corn,  and  hy  what  measure  orw(;iu'ht  tin;  same  was  sold,  and  tho 
names  iil'tlie  hiiyers  thi;reof,  and  of  the  persons  for  and  on  lielialf  of  whom  such  corn  was  sold  ;  anil 
i:  sli.ill  and  may  he  lawful  for  any  such  inspector  of  corn  returns  to  deliver  to  any  person  making  or 
li'iiilerin?  any  such  returns  a  notice  in  writing,  rciiuiring  him  or  her  to  declare  and  set  forth  therein 
where  and  hy  whom  and  in  what  manner  any  such  Hritish  corn  was  delivered  to  the  purchaser  or 
purchasers  thereof;  and  (!very  person  to  whom  any  such  notice  shall  he  so  deliv(;red  shall  and  he  or 
-hi'  is  lieieliy  reipiired  to  comply  therewith,  and  to  declare  and  set  forth  in  such  his  or  her  return  the 
feveral  particulars  .it'oresaid. — j  19. 

Sections  2(1,  21,  22,  23,  and  21.  authorise  the  appointment  of  corn  inspectors  in  the  places  before- 
nientioned,  forbid  tliose  being  employed  as  such  who  have  within  the  preceding  12  months  lieen 
enjaijed  in  any  department  of  the  corn  trade,  or  as  a  miller,  or  maltster,  forliid  tliosi;  who  are  appointed 
Iroiii  en;;agiim  in  such  occupations,  prescribe  tlio  oath  tliey  are  to  take,  and  provide  for  the  enrolment 
oflheir  appoiiitnients,  &c. 

Ikakrf  in  Corn  in  Cities  and  Towns  to  vakc  Deelaratinn. — Fvery  person  who  shall  deal  in  British 
nirii  at  or  within  any  such  city  or  town  as  aforesaid,  or  who  shall  at  or  within  any  such  city  or  town 
incajie  in  or  carry  on  the  trade  or  business  of  a  corn  factor,  iniHer,  niallsler,  brewer,  or  distiller,  or 
ulio  shall  be  the  owner  or  proprietor,  or  part  owner  or  proprietor,  of  any  stage  coaches,  wagons, 
.arts,  or  other  carriages  carrying  goods  or  passengers  for  hire  to  and  t'rom  any  such  city  or  town,  ami 
•  acli  and  every  person  who,  as  a  merchant,  clerk,  agent,  or  otherwise,  shall  purchase  at  any  such 
lilynr  town  any  llritish  corn  for  sale,  or  for  the  sale  of  meal,  tliuir,  malt,  or  hread  made  or  to  he  made 
llii'rcof,  shall,  before  he  or  she  shall  so  deal  in  llritish  corn  at  any  such  city  or  town,  or  shall  engage 
ninr  carry  on  any  such  trade  or  husiness  as  aforesaid,  or  shall  |iilrcliase  any  llritish  corn  for  any  sucli 
purpose  as  afiresaid,  at  or  within  any  such  city  or  town,  make  and  deliver,  in  manner  herein-after 
uieiitioncd,  a  declaration  in  the  Ibllowing  words ;   (that  is  to  say.) 

"1 .1.  B.  do  declare,  that  the  returns  to  he  hy  me  made  conformably  to  the  act  passed  in  the  ninth 
vearoftlie  reign  of  King  (ieorge  the  rourlh.  iniiuiled  [hire  set  forth  the  title  of  this  act],  of  the  (|nanti- 
iii'saiid  prices  of  Hritish  corn  which  henceforward  shall  hy  or  for  me  he  lioiiL'ht,  sliall,  to  the  best  of 
niyknimledge  and  belief,  contain  the  whole  (luaiitity,  and  no  more,  of  the  Hritish  corn  bond  fide  bought 
f.iror  liy  me  within  the  periods  to  which  such  returns  respectively  shall  refer,  with  tin;  prices  of  siicli 
inrii.  ami  the  names  of  the  sellers  respectively;  and  to  the  best  of  my  judgment  the  said  returns  shall 
inallri'spi'cts  he  conformable  to  the  provisions  of  tiie  said  act." 

Which  declaration  shall  be  in  writing,  and  shall  be  subscribed  with  the  hand  of  the  person  so  making 
lliesaiiie,  and  shall  by  him  or  her,  or  hy  his  or  her  agent,  be  deliveied  to  the  mayor  or  cliief  magis- 
trate, or  to  some  justice  of  the  peaci;  for  such  city  or  town,  or  for  the  county,  riding,  or  division  in 
which  the  same  is  situate,  who  are  hereby  reiiiiired  to  deliver  a  certificate  tlieri;of  to  the  inspector  of 
mrii  reiiirns  for  any  such  city  or  town  us  aforesaid,  to  be  by  him  registered  in  a  book  to  bu  by  him 
proviiled  and  kept  for  that  purpose. — i)  25. 

Inspectors  empoirered  to  require  such  Declaration  from  Corn  Dealers.— Il  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for 
any  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  city  of  London,  or  for  any  such  other  city  or  town  as  aforesaid,  to 
serve  upnn  ami  deliver  to  any  ]ierson  buying  or  selling  corn  in  any  such  i  ity  or  town,  and  who  is  not 
within  the  terms  and  meaning  of  this  present  act  specially  rei|uired  to  make  any  such  declaration  as 
af.iresaid,  a  notice  In  writing  under  the  hand  ofsuch  inspector,  requiring  liini  to  make  such  declaration 
as  iiliiresaid ;  and  any  person  ii|ion  whom  such  notice  shall  be  served  as  aforesaid  shall  and  he  is 
herehy  required  to  comply  with  sm  h  notice,  and  to  make  such  declaration  in  such  and  the  same  man- 
ner in' all  respi;cts  as  if  he  or  she  had  been  specially  required  to  make  the  same  hy  the  express  provi- 
siuns  iif  this  present  act. — 1>  2li. 

Corn  Dtiiter.s  to  moke  Ueturns  iii,  H'rilinir  to  Corn  Inspector!^.— M\  persons  who  are  herein-before 
reiinireil  lo  make  and  who  shall  have  made  such  declaration  as  aforesaid,  shall  and  they  are  hereby 
reipiireil,  on  the  first  niarki!t  dav  which  shall  he  liolden  in  each  and  every  week  within  each  and  every 
binli  city  or  town  as  aforesaid  at  or  within  which  they  shall  r(S|ii;ilively  deal  in  corn,  or  engage  in  or 
carry  oii  any  such  trade  or  business  as  al'oresaid,  or  purchase  any  corn  for  any  such  purpose  as  afore- 
liaid,  to  return  or  cause  to  be  returned,  to  the  inspector  of  corn  returns  fur  sudi  city  or  town,  an 


■'      P 


'H 


11 


":J 


m- 


I       I 


502 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


It •' 


€1' .  llinn*- 


arrniint  In  writini»,  sipncd  witli  tticir  iiamnH  r.spprlivcly.  oftlm  iininiiiit  nfcncli  niul  rvprv  pnrrpjof 
each  ri'fpc'iiivc'  scirl  (if  Uritiali  rnrii  sii  hv  IliiMii  rrsin'clivcly  lumu'lil  diiriiiK  llic  wcnk  rniliii!!  im  ,iiii' 
incliulinu'  Hin  ilny  ncixt  pntccilina  siicli  lir'st  iii:irkc:l  day  as  at'nrrsaid,  willi  lli«  pricr  llicr.i.r.  and  hy 
wliat  Wdijrlit  iir  iiicasiiri!  tlii!  saino  was  so  l)iiu!.'lit  liy  ttKMii.wilh  thn  names  (it'llio  si-llcrs  ut'cacli  nr'tlil: 
said  parci'ls  rcspi'ilividy,  with  tin;  naint's  ot' llu?  ii'i'scin  nr  pcrsuns,  if  any  other  llian  llie  pirsi,;i 
iiiakinf!  sneh  relnrn,  fnV  or  on  acconni  ol' whom  tin' same  was  so  honitht  and  sidil  ;  and  it  sli  ill  juki 
may  he  hiwfnl  lor  any  such  inspector  of  corn  retnrns  to  deliver  to  any  person  inakiii!:  or  ii'iiclenn;; 
any  such  rutnrn  a  notice  in  writinc,  reqnirini!  liim  "f  I'er  to  declare  and  sut  t'orth  therein  where  anil 
bv  wlicnn  and  iti  what  manner  any  such  Hritish  corn  was  deliv(!red  to  liim  or  her;  and  every  piT-nn 
to  whom  anv  snch  notice  shall  he  delivered  shall  and  lie  or  she  is  herehy  re(|iiirod  to  comply  Ihercnviih, 
and  to  deda're  and  set  forth  in  siich  his  or  lier  return,  or  in  ii  separate  Btateinent  in  wriliii;,',  the  sevuriil 
jiarticiilars  afori'said. — }  '27. 

Inspector  not  to  incluile  Returns  nnlil  lie  has  ascerlainrd  that  the  Persons  viakinrr  them  harf  tal;ni  Ih, 
Derlnrulion  rri/Hircii.— \o  inspector  of  corn  returns  shall  include,  in  the  return  so  to  he  made  hy  tliciii 
ns  aforesaid  to  the  coniptridler  of  corn  returns,  any  account  of  sales  or  purchases  of  corn,  unless  sik  h 
inspi^ctor  shall  have  received  satisfactory  proof  that  the  pi'rson  or  persons  toiideriii!,' such  ac(i/iiii|< 
hath  made  the  decltiration  hnrein-heforc  required,  and  liatli  delivered  the  same  to  Ihi!  mayor  nr  chu.) 
nia-jistrate  or  to  some  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  city  or  town  for  which  such  iiispeclov  shall  \w  «,, 
appointi'd  to  act,  or  to  son;-!  justice  of  the  peace  for  the  county,  riiliiig,  or  division  in  which  sinh  tjiy 
or  town  is  situate. — J  2S. 

Inapnfor  to  enter  Hclnrnsinadc  tn  him  in  ii  Book,  .Vc— Evi^ry  iiisperlor  of  corn  returns  shall  didvaii,! 
regularly  enter,  in  a  hook  to  he  hy  him  provided  and  kept  for  that  purpose,  the  several  accoums  (,iUi,. 
quantities  and  prices  of  corn  returned  to  him  by  such  persons  respectively  as  aforesaid  ;  amlevcrv 
such  inspector  of  corn  n^tiirns  for  tin;  city  of  London,  and  for  the  several  other  cities  and  towns  afdr""- 
suid,  shall  in  each  and  every  week  return  to  the  complroller  of  corn  returns  an  acconni  of  ilie  wi  ■  Idv 
quantities  and  prices  of  the  several  sorts  of  British  corn  sidd  in  the  i  ily  or  town  lor  whe  li  h,.  i'. 
appointed  inspiator,  accordins!  to  tiie  returns  so  undo  to  him  as  aforesaid,  ami  in  such  fiirni  ,is  sIm;. 
be  from  time  to  tiiiio  prescrihed  and  directed  hy  the  said  comptroller  of  corn  ri!turns ;  and  the  s.ii;| 
returns  shall  he  so  made  to  the  said  comptroller  liy  the  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  city  ori.onilni; 
on  Friday  in  each  week,  and  hy  the  inspector  of  corn  returns  fur  the  several  other  cities  and  iduii^i;. 
aforesaid  within  a  days  next  after  the  first  market  day  holden  in  each  and  every  week  in  any  sii'ii 
city  or  town.—}  29. 

Jlrerajrc  I'ricc.i  to  he  made  vp  and  pnlilishcd  crcri/  JVeek. — The  averase  prices  of  all  Tiritisli  rnrn,  Iv 
which  the  rate  and  amount  of  the  said  duties  shall  he  resulati'd,  shall  In!  luaile  up  anil  roin|Miii',|  i.;, 
Thursday  in  each  and  every  week  in  manner  following';  (that  is  to  say.)  tlio  said  complrolU'r  uriirn 
returns  shall  on  such  Thursday  in  each  week,  from  the  returns  received  hy  him  duriim  ilii.  hiv!< 
iie.\t  prccedinsr,  endinjj  on  and  iiicludiii;!  thi:  .'Saturday  i|i  such  precediii!;  week,  add  toijeilier  iln'  inial 
quantities  of  each  sort  of  IJrilisli  corn  respectively  appearini;  hy  such  returns  to  have  heen  snl.l,  aii.l 
the  total  |/ric«8  for  which  the  same  shall  tlierehy  appear  to  have' heen  sold,  and  shall  divide  lln!  aiiiniiiii 
of  such  total  prices  respectively  hy  the  amount  of  such  total  (luautitios  of  each  sort  of  Hrilisli  mra 
respectively,  and  the  sum  prodiicedtlierehy  shall  ho  added  to  the  sums  in  like  manner  iirodincl  in  il,i 
6  weeks  iiiiiiiediately  precedins  the  same,  and  the  umoiint  of  such  sums  so  :idde(l  shall  lie  divjili'il  liv 
6,  and  the  sum  thereby  fiiven  shall  he  deemed  and  taken  to  be  the  aggregate  averaw  price  of  cnii 
Buch  sort  of  British  corn  respectively,  for  the  purpose  of  regulating  and  ascertaining  thontoaml 
amount  of  the  said  duties  :  and  the  said  com|ilroller  of  corn  n!lurns  shall  cause  such  agiregaie  wckt; 
averages  to  he  published  in  the  next  succeeding  (Jazette,  and  shall  on  Thursday  iii  each  week  ir  ins- 
niit  a  C(!rtificate  of  such  aggregate  average  prices  of  each  sort  of  British  corn  to  th(!  eolleilor  or  olli.  i- 
chief  officer  of  the  customs  at  each  of  the  several  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom;  and  the  rate  an  I 
amount  of  the  duties  to  be  paid  under  tin!  provisions  of  this  act  shall  from  time  to  time  li-  rei;iil:ii(>i| 
and  governed  at  each  of  the  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  respectively  by  the  aggregate  averafe  nriivs 
of  liritish  corn  at  the  time  of  the  entry  for  home  coiisiiniptiou  of  any  corn,  grain,  meal,  or  llonr  rlinrK- 
able  with  any  such  duty,  as  such  aggregate  average  jirices  shall  appear  and  be  stated  in  the  I  tst df 
such  certilicates  as  aforesaid  which  shall  have  been  received  as  afuroijaid  by  the  collector  erutlnr 
chief  officer  of  customs  at  such  port. — J  30. 

I/ow  Quantities  of  Corn  nrcto  becoinputed. — In  the  returns  so  to  ho  made  as  aforesaid  to  lli«  cnni[i- 
troUer  of  corn  returns,  and  in  the  publications  so  to  be  made  from  lime  to  time  in  the  London  (;a/i'ii.'. 
and  in  the  certilicate  so  to  bo  transmitted  hy  the  said  comptroller  of  com  returns  to  such  collertnrsi  r 
other  chief  otlicer.?  of  the  customs  as  aforesaid,  theqiruitities  of  each  sort  of  Hritish  corn  respeiajviiy 
shall  bo  computed  and  act  forth  by,  according,  and  with  reference  to  the  imperial  staiulanl  sal- 
Ion.— $  31. 

Comptroller  may  use  thsprcsent  ^i-eraircs. — Until  a  sufTicient  number  of  weekly  returns  shall  liiw 
been  received  by  the  said  comptroller  of  corn  returns  under  this  act,  to  alllird  such  .igL'ri'giiie  iivt'ia;i- 
prices  of  British  corn  ns  aforesaid,  the  weekly  average  prices  of  Hritish  corn  published  by  him  inini  • 
Uiately  before  the  passing  of  this  act  shall  by  him  be  used  and  referred  to  in  makiiig  smli  call  iilatimi; 
as  aforesaid,  in  such  and  the  same  manner  as  if  the  same  had  been  made  up  and  taken  iinilcr  ami  i.i 
pursuance  oftliis  act. — J  32. 

IVhal  shall  be  deemed  British  Corn. — All  corn  or  grain,  the  produce  of  the  United  Kingilom,  shall  br 
deemed  and  taken  to  be  British  corn  for  the  purposes  of  this  act. — J  ,'t3. 

Provisions  of  this  Jlct  o\a\\  he  applied  to  any  Toirn  in  the  Vniled  Kinsfdom. — For  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining the  average  price  of  corn  and  grain  "sold  within  the  United  Kingdom  offireat  IJritain  and  Iro- 
laiid,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  his  .Majesty,  by  any  order  or  orders  to  he  by  liini  made,  by  aiii; 
with  the  advice  of  his  privy  council,  to  diri'Ct  that  the  provisions  of  this  act,  so  far  as  re:;  rils  III 
nppniiitmeiit  of  inspectors  and  the  making  of  weekly  returns,  s!i;ill  he  .applicable  to  any  cities  m  town- 
witliin  the  United  Kingdom  of  fireat  Britain  and  Ireland  which  shall  he  named  in  aiiy  sncli  oiileinr 
orders  in  council :  Provided  always,  that  tin!  returns  so  received  from  such  towns  .shallnot  lie  ailiiiiltnt 
into  the  averages  made  up  for  the  purpose  of  rogulatiug  the  duties  payalile  upon  foreign  corn, grain. 
meal,  or  flour. — 1>  31. 

.Section  .35,  provides  for  the  continuance  in  oflico  of  the  present  comptrollers  and  inspectors. 
//  returns  are  untrue.  Comptroller  to  laifu  Statement  thereof  before  the  Commilire  of  I'ricij  Counri!.— 
If  the  said  comptroller  of  corn  returns  slnill  at  aiiy  time  see  cause  to  believe  that  any  retiirn  iJii  In  be 
made  as  aforesaid  to  any  such  inspector  of  corn  returns  for  the  citv  of  London,  or  for  any  other  ?mii 
city  or  town  as  aforesaid,  is  fraudulent  or  untrue,  the  said  complroller  shall  and  he  is  hereby  re'juiroil, 
with  all  convenient  expedition,  to  lay  before  the  Lords  of  the  .said  commitlei!  of  privy  council  a  slati- 
iiicnt  of  the  grounds  (d"  such  his  belief;  and  if.  upon  consideration  of  any  such  statenieiit,  the  s;iiil 
Lords  of  the  said  committee  shall  dire.'.t  the  said  comptroller  to  omit  any  such  return  in  the  cnnipiila- 
tion  of  such  aggregate  weekly  average  price  as  aforesaid,  tli"n  and  in  that  case,  but  not  otberwisi!, 
the  said  comptroller  of  corn  returns  shall  and  ho  is  herehy  autliorised  to  uniit  any  such  return  in  Ihu 
computation  of  such  aggregate  weekly  average  price. — 1>  30. 

Section  37,  enacts,  that  corn  dealers  having  made  thu  declaration  previous  to  this  act  shall  Itansmil 
returns  and  comply  with  the  rules  hereby  ruquircd, 


I. 


E. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


603 


f  rarli  nnrt  every  pnrcft  nf 
IK  llu^  wrok  cnciiii!;  nii  iiij(' 
li  till!  price  llirriip)',  ami  liy 
it'tliL'  sellers  iili'iK  li  (H'll,;. 
iiy  oilier  lliaii  llie  |ii'rs(i;i 
anil  sdlil ;  anil  it  >li  ill  ami 
ersiiii  iiiakinL'  nr  leinliTln;' 
jt  I'ortli  tliurein  wlicie  aiul 
I  iir  her;  ami  every  piTsun 
liiired  tiiriiinply  llierewith, 
lent  in  writing,',  llie  several 

ninkin^  ttiem  liiirr  lnl:rn  thf 
urn  BO  to  l)i>  ninile  liy  iheiii 
•liases  nfeiirii,  nnles's  siirli 
s  Irnilerini!  such  arnnnii-; 
aiiie  Id  llle  niayiir  or  chin 
I  such  inspeeliir  shall  lu' «,, 
ilivisiuii  in  which  siirli  cnv 

corn  returns  shall  duly  and 
the  several  accninus  uilii: 
ly  as  iifiiresaiil ;  ami  every 
her  cities  anil  Idvviw  afori''- 
3  ail  accDunl  of  the  weekly 
ly  or  town  tor  '.vlii'li  Im  jj 
I,  and  in  such  riirni  as  sli:i:i 
corn  returns  ;  and  the  s,ii:| 
liirns  for  the  city  iiri.iinil..,; 
il  other  cities  an.l  tiiuii-:!-, 
lid  overy  wuek  in  any  siiai 

irices  of  nil  Uritish  rnrn,l)'.- 
I  made  up  and  conipiitiNl  na 
he  said  coiiiplrolh'r  (ircfini 
d  hy  him  diiriii!;  the  \vi!.k 
eek,  add  to2;ellier  llic  tulal 
rns  to  have  heen  sn!,l,  im,! 

and  shall  divide  tin;  a m; 

of  each  sort  of  Itriiis'.i  lura 
ike  niaiuier  prodincj  imi.,. 
added  shall  he  iliviileil  |,y 
egatn  average  price  of  iMcii 

I  ascertainiii!;  thoratnaml 
luse  such  asu're!;ale  wdeklv 
iirsday  in  each  week  iniis- 
rii  to  ili('  collector  or  ollur 
vini;doiii;  and  the  rate  an  I 

II  tiiiii;  to  time  Ic  rei'iilaicil 
m  aL'gresate  averie.'e  nritr-c 
train,  meal,  or  Hour  cliar;'t.'- 
d  hi!  statiid  in  the  last  (if 
lid  hy  tile  collector  erutlifr 

0  as  aforesaid  to  tlio  cnmp- 
iiie  in  till!  London  (,'aziMi,>, 
turns  to  such  colleiiorsi  r 
f  Uritish  corn  respcitiviiy 
lio  imperial  staixinni  gal- 

woekly  returns  shall  liav.' 
ird  such  ai.'L'ri'L'ate  averai:- 
rn  piililislied  liy  him  iinni  - 
iiiakiiie  sinii  caliiiialiniii 
up  and  tiikeii  lunler  ami  i>, 

United  KiiiL'doiii,  shall  lif- 

-For  the  purpose  nfasrcr- 
II  of  Cireat  liritaln  anil  Irc- 
)  he  hy  him  iiiaile,  hy  am: 
act,  so  far  as  reyi-ils  llr.- 
ilile  to  any  cities  m  towns 
iiiieil  ill  any  such  o;ili!iiir 
towns  shall  not  hi>  aihniiliit 
ii|)oii  foreiirn  corii,t'r;iii" 

leva  and  ins|)ector:5. 
■nmiltre  nf  I'l-icij  CViiinfi'.- 
ve  that  any  retiirii  so  tub.: 
idon,  or  for  any  oilier  smii 

1  anil  he  is  hen-liy  ri'ipiiroil, 
I!  of  privy  council  a  ;!tati'- 
siich  sta"teiiienl,  the  saiil 

mil  return  in  the  oniii|inla- 
it  case,  hilt  not  ollierwise. 
mit  any  such  return  in  tin.' 

IS  to  this  act  shall  ttaiismii 


C"  I"  P ''■"•'"■  '9  »■'■""  niretlions  rr.^perlhi^r  fn.-^jirrtion  of  Biiaks  of  fiifpertnri>. — The  rnniptrollor  of  corn 
returns  Khali  and  he  is  hereliy  authorised  IV'  i  lime  to  lime,  in  piinuanci!  of  any  instructions  which 
lie  shall  receive  in  that  behalf  from  the  Lorii-  of  the  said  committee  of  privy  council  to  issue  to  the 
several  inspectors  of  corn  returns  any  ueneral  or  special  directions  respeclini;  the  inspection  hy  any 
pcrsor  or  persons  of  the  hooks  so  directed  as  aforirsaid  lo  he  kept  hy  every  such  inspector  of  corn  re- 
luriis  ;  and  no  siicli  inspector  ns  aforesaid  shall  permit  or  sillier  any  person  to  inspect  any  such  hook, 
or  to  peruse  or  trauscrihe  any  entry  therein,  except  in  conipli  nice  with  soiiie  such  general  or  special 
directions  from  the  stiiit  comptroller  of  corn  returns  us  aforesaid.—?  .If*. 

Copij  of  the  last  Return  to  be  affixed  on  Market  J^luee  on  caeli  Market  Daij. — Each  and  every  inspector 
of  corn  returns  shall  and  he  is  iierehy  rei|iiired  on  each  and  every  inafket  day  to  put  up  or  cause  to 
he  pill  n|»  in  the  market  place  of  lliii  city  or  town  for  which  he  shall  he  appointed  iiepeclor,  or  if  there 
shall  he  no  market  place  in  such  city  or  town,  then  in  some  other  conspicuous  place  therein,  a  copy 
nftlie  last  return  made  hy  him  lo  the  comptroller  of  corn  returns,  omiltiii!!  the  iiaiiies  of  the  parlies 
\ihii  may  have  sold  and  hourshl  the  said  corn  j  and  every  such  inspector  shall  also  acaiii  put  up  such 
account  on  the  market  day  imiiiediately  followiii;,'  that  on  which  it  shall  first  have  lieeii  put  up,  in  case 
the  same  shall  from  accident  or  any  other  cause  have  heen  removed,  and  shall  lake  i\\\o  care  thai  the 
same  shall  remain  up  forpuhlic  iiisiiectioii  until  a  new  account  for  the  ensuing  week  shall  have  iiueii 
jircimred  and  set  up.— J  ^i. 

•Sections  40,  and  41,  relate  to  the  payment  nf  cnnintroUers  and  inspectors. 

Penalty  on  Corn  Dealers  for  not  making  Deelarathnis  or  Hetiinis.—W  any  person  who  is  h.!rehy  re- 
quired to  make  and  deliver  the  declaration  or  declarations  liereiii-liefore  particularly  mentioned  and 
set  forth, or  either  nf  them,  shall  not  make  and  deliver  such  declaration  or  dcclarationsat  the  lime,  and 
in  llie  form  and  manner,  and  to  the  person  or  |)ersons,  lii'rein-liefori!  directed  iiiiil  prescribed  in  that 
k'half,  every  person  so  olfeiidini:  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of 'JIU.  foi  each  and  every  calender 
month  duriiiir  which  he  shall  neiilect  or  delay  to  inakeaiid  deliver  any  such  d(!claratioii  ;  and  if  any 
|itr.<nn  who  is  lierein-hefore  reiiuireil  to  make  any  relnru  lo  any  such  inspector  of  corn  returns  as 
afnrcsairt  shall  not  make  such  returns  to  such  inspector,  at  the  time  and  in  the  form  and  manner 
licrcin-belore  directed  and  prescribed,  every  such  olleiider  shall  for  such  his  otfeiice  forfeit  and  pay 
the  sum  of  •2{U.—i  42. 

Sections  43,  44,  and  45,  regard  the  recovery  and  application  of  penalties,  and  impose  a  fine,  tint  ex- 
ceeding KV.,  on  any  person,  lawfully  summoned  as  a  witness  touching  any  matter  of  fact  under  this 
act,  who  refuses  to  attend  without  reasonabli!  excuse. 

Punishment  for  viakin/r  false  Returns. — If  any  person  shall  make  any  false  and  fraudulent  statement 
in  any  such  return  as  he  is  herein-before  directed  and  reiiuired  to  make,  or  shall  falsely  and  wilfully 
inrhule,  or  procure  or  cause  to  be  included,  in  any  such  return,  any  Uritish  corn  which  was  not  truly 
and  bona  fide  sold  or  bought  to,  by,  or  on  behalf  of  the  person  or  persons  in  any  such  return  mentioned 
in  that  behalf,  in  the  quantity  and  for  the  price  therein  stated  and  set  forth,  every  such  otfunder  shall 
be  and  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. — $  40. 

.let  not  to  affect  tlie  Practice  of  measuring  or  Privilefres  of  the  City  of  London. — Nothing  in  this  act 
cnnlained  shall  extend  to  alter  the  present  practice  of  measuring  corn,  or  any  of  the  articles  afore- 
said, to  be  shipped  from  or  to  be  landed  in  the  port  of  London,  but  that  the  same  shall  be  measured  by 
tlie  sworn  meters  appointed  for  that  purpose,  by  whose  certificate  the  scarcliers  or  other  proper  ofti- 
ccrs  of  his  Majesty's  customs  are  hereby  empowered  and  reipiired  to  certify  the  (|nantity  of  corn  or 
other  articles  as  aforesaid  so  shipped  or  landed  ;  and  that  nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  extend 
tole.ssen  or  take  away  the  rights  and  privileges  of,  or  the  tolls  or  duties  due  and  payable  to,  the 
mayor  and  commonalty  and  citi/.ens  of  the  city  of  London,  or  to  the  mayor  of  the  said  city  for  the 
time  being,  or  to  take  away  the  privileges  of  any  persons  lawfully  deriving  title  from  or  under 
tliem.— J  47. 

I.imiialion  of  Jlclions. — Actions  brought  or  commenced  under  tliis  act  iiiiist  he  within  three  months 
after  till!  matter  or  thins  done.  Defendants  may  plead  the  ceiieral  issue  ;  and  if  judgment  he  given 
against  tlie;plaiiitirt',  defendants  shall  have  treble  costs. — J  48. 

We  have,  iti  the  previous  parts  of  this  article,  sufTicicntly  illustrated  the  impolicy, 
generally  speaking,  of  imposing  (liifics  on  the  importation  of  corn;  but  bcsiiles  the  objections 
that  may  be  made  to  all  duties  of  this  sort,  from  their  tendency  to  force  up  average  prices, 
ami  to  render  exportation  in  abundant  years  impossible,  the  duty  now  existing  in  this 
country  is  liable  to  some  which  may  be  looked  upon  as  peculiar  to  itself.  From  the  way 
in  which  it  is  graduated,  it  introduces  a  new  element  of  uncertainty  into  every  transaction 
connected  with  the  corn  trade ;  producing  a  disinclination  on  the  part  of  the  merchant  to 
imjiort,  and  of  the  foreigner  to  raise  corn  for  our  markets.  Suppose  a  merchant  commissions 
a  cargo  of  wheat  when  the  price  is  at  71.9.  a  quarter;  in  the  event  of  the  price  declining 
only  a.f.,  or  to  68s.,  the  duty  will  rise  from  6s.  8(/.  to  16,?.  8f/. ;  so  that  if  the  merchant 
brings  the  grain  to  market,  he  will  reali.se  13,9.  8f/.  a  quarter  less  than  he  expected,  and  10s. 
less  than  he  would  have  done  had  there  been  no  duty,  or  the  duty  been  constant ! 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  said  that  if,  on  the  one  hand,  the  present  scale  of  duties  is  injurious 
to  the  merchant  when  prices  arc  falling,  and  when  importation  is  consequently  either 
unnecessary  or  of  less  advantage,  it  is,  on  the  other  hand,  equally  advantageous  to  him 
wlien  prices  are  rising,  and  when  the  public  interests  require  that  importation  should  be 
encouraged :  but  the  prices  in  the  view  of  the  merchant  when  he  gives  an  order,  are  usually 
such  as  he  sup|)oses  will  yield  a  fiiir  profit;  and  if  they  rise,  this  rise  would,  supposing  the 
duty  to  be  constant,  yield  such  an  extra  profit  as  would  of  itself  induce  him  to  increase  his 
importation  to  the  utmost.  If  it  were  possible  to  devise  a  system  that  would  diminish  the 
losses  of  the  merchants  engaged  in  unfavourable  speculations,  by  making  a  proportional 
deduction  from  the  extraordinary  gains  of  those  whose  speculations  turn  out  to  be  unusually 
successful,  something,  perhaps,  might  be  found  to  say  in  its  favour.  But  the  system  we 
have  been  considering  proceeds  on  quite  opposite  principles :  its  effect  is  not  to  diminish 
risks,  but  to  increase  them ;  it  adds  to  the  loss  resulting  from  an  unsuccessful,  and  to 
the  profit  resulting  from  a  successful,  speculation  ! 

It  would,  therefore,  seem,  that  if  a  duty  is  to  be  imposed,  one  that  is  constant  is  preferable 
to  one  that  fluctuates.  When  the  duty  is  constant,  all  classes,  farmers  as  well  as  merchants, 
are  aware  of  its  amount,  and  can  previously  calculate  the  extent  of  its  influence.     But  the 


1^ 


I' 


till  ^ 


# 


504 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


.^0-i~.  ■JMrl 


elTept  of  a  duty  that  fluctuates  with  tho  fluctuations  of  price,  can  never  be  apprecia(c<i 
bt'fori'hiind.  Its  magnituilc  depends  on  contingent  and  accidental  circumstances ;  and  it  must 

therefore,  of  necessity,  prejudice  tlic  interests  of  tho  farmer  as  well  as  of  the  corn  dealer 

[See  page  508.] 

3.  Tables  suowiva  the  Parens  of  tub  niFFKnETrr  Sorts  of  GnAiv  ix  Gukat  Bni- 
TAix,  TiiF.  Quantities  iMPOiiTEn  and  EXPonTKi),&c. 

I.  Account  of  the  rricea  of  MidilliiiR  or  Mfnlinp  Wlieiit  per  Qiinrtor  at  Windsor  Market,  na  ascer- 
tained by  tlie  Audit-Hoolts  of  Eton  College. 


Avcrwo 

Arerap) 

Averaji 

PricM  of 

Prices  of 

ofT,^n 

Prices  of 

Prices  of 

of  Ten 

Prices  of 

Prices  of 

;.f  Im 

Wlirat  at 

Wheal  re- 

V>ir«  ac- 

Wheat  at 

Wheat  re 

Years  ac- 

Wlu-.at  at 

Wheal  re- 

Venn ac 

Wiiiilsor, 

duceil  lo  Ihe 

conlini;  to 

Windsor, 

liucel  to  the;  cording  lo 

Win.isor, 

duced  to  tlu 

coriliiiKin 

Vein. 

OGilloiM 

Witiclmitur 

the  Win- 

Venn. 

9  Ga'loiis 

Wiiichcjler  1  the  Win- 

Vean. 

9  Gall 

HIS 

Winchester 

llie  Will. 

10  Ihe 

nmhfl  of 

cheder 

to  Ihe 

ninlii-l  of 

Chester 

lo  tlie 

Biisliel  of 

clies'fr 

Diuhel. 

8  Ualloni. 

Bushel  of 

Biisliel. 

b  Cialloiis, 

Bushel  of 

Bushtl. 

&  Gatlonl. 

H.nl*l  ,Y 

8  Uallnns. 

|8  Galioim. 

S  Cllll,,,,,, 

£    s.   d. 

£    8.  d. 

£   s.  d. 

£   s.   d. 

£   s.   d.  \e   s.   d. 

£    S. 

r'. 

£      8.     d. 

£  s.  ll. 

1040  2    8    0 

2    2    H 

1707 

1     8    6 

1    5    4 

1707 

3    4 

0 

2  17    4 

)0>7   .3  13    8 

3    5    6J 

1708 

2    1    6 

1   10  10? 

170H 

3    0 

0 

2  13    (11 

UUS   4    5    0 

3  15    6J 

1709 

3  IH    6 

3    9    91 

1709 

2    5 

8 

2    0    7 

1040 

4    0    0 

3  11    H 

1710 

3  18    0 

3    9    4 

1770 

2    9 

0 

2    3    (ij 

1650 

3  16    8 

3    8    1} 

1711 

2  14    0 

2    8    0 

1771 

2  17 

0 

2  10    8 

lOil 

3  13    4 

3    5    2i 

1712 

2    6    4 

2    1    21 

1772 

3    6 

0 

2  18    8 

ir)52 

2    9    6 

2    4    0 

1713 

2  11     0 

2    5    4 

1773 

3    6 

6 

2  19    U 

1653 

1  15    0 

1  11     6) 

1714 

2  10    4 

2    4    9 

1774 

3    2 

0 

2  15    ]i 

1054 

16    0 

1    3     U 

1715 

2    3    0 

1  18    2} 

2    4    2} 

1775 

2  17 

8 

2  11     3J 

2  11   3J 

1655 

1  13    4 

1    9    7i 

2  11    7} 

1716 

2    8    0 

2    2    8 

1770 

2    8 

0 

2    2    8 

1656 

2    3    0 

1  18    n 

1717 

2    5    8 

2    0    71 

1777 

2  15 

0 

2   8  in; 

1057 

2    6    8 

2    1    5J 

1718 

1  18  10 

1  14    Ol 

1778 

2    9 

0 

2    4    0 

10,18 

3    5    0 

2  17    9i 

1719 

1  15    0 

1  11     ll 

1779 

2    0 

8 

1  10    u 

165!) 

3    6    0 

2  18    8 

1720 

1  17    0 

1  12  10} 

il7H0 

2    8 

6 

2    3    11 

1000 

2  16    6 

2  10    2} 

1721 

1  17    6 

1  13    4 

1781 

2  19 

0 

2  12    Si 

1601 

3  10    0 

3    2    2} 

1722 

1  16    0 

1  12    0 

1782 

3    0 

6 

2  13    91 

1002 

3  14    0 

3    5    9i 

1723 

1  14    8 

1  10  10} 

1783 

3    1 

0 

2  14    23 

1663   2  17    0 

2  10    8 

1721 

1  17    0 

1  12  10} 

1784 

3    0 

6 

2  13    91 

1601   2    0    0 

1  16    0 

1725 

2    8    6 

2    3    U 

1  15    4} 

1785 

2  14 

0 

2    8    0 

2   7  8i 

1065   2    9    4 

2    3  lOi 

2  10    5} 

1726 

2    6    0 

2    0  10} 

1786 

2    7 

6 

2    2    2? 

16<i6    I  15    0 

1  12    0 

1727 

2    2    0 

1  17    4 

1787 

2  11 

6 

2    5    9} 

1067    1  16    0 

1  12    0 

1728 

2  14    6 

2    8    5i 

1788 

2  15 

6 

2    9    4 

1668  2    0    0 

1  15    Of 

1729 

2    6  10 

2    1    7J 

1789 

3    3 

2 

2  16    1} 

1669  2    4    4 

1  19    5 

1730 

1  16    6 

1  12    5i 

1790 

3    3 

2 

2  16    IJ 

1670   2    1    8 

1  17    Oi 

1731 

1  12  10    1     9    2i 

1791 

2  15 

6 

2    9    4 

1671    2    2    0 

1  17    4 

1732 

1    6    8 

1    3    8} 

1792* 

— 

2  13    0 

1672  2    1    0 

1  16    5^^ 

2  1    51 

1V33 

1    8    4 

1     5    2i 

1793 

— 

2  15    8 

1673   2    6    8 

17.14 

1  18  10 

1  14    Oi 

1794 

— 

2  14    0 

1674  3    8    8 

3    1    Oi 

ir.'u 

2    3    0 

1   18    2} 

1  IS    2 

1795 

— 

4    1    (r 

2  14  3J 

1675   3    4    8 

2  17    5} 

2    0  11} 

17315 

2    0    4 

1  15  101 

1796 

— 

4    0    2 

1676    1  18    0 

1  13    9i 

173r 

1  18    0 

1  13    9i 

1797 

— 

3    2    0 

1677   2    2    0 

1  17    4 

1738 

1  15    0 

1  11     0} 

1798 

— 

2  14    0 

1078   2  19    0 

2  12    5i 

1739 

1  18    6 

1  14    2} 

1799 

— 

3  15    8 

1679 

3    0    0 

2  13    4 

1740 

2  10    8 

2    5    11 

1800 

— 

6    7    0 

1660 

2    5    0 

2    0    0 

1741 

2    6    8 

2    1    5} 

1801 

— 

(•)    8    0 

1681 

2    6    8 

2    1    5* 

1742 

1  14    0 

1  10    2} 

1802 

— 

3    7    2 

1682 

2    4    0 

I  19    U 

1743 

1    4  10 

1     2    1 

1803 

— 

3    0    0 

1683 

2    0    0 

1  15    OJ 

1744 

1    4  10 

1     2    1 

1804 

— 

3    9    0 

1684 

2    4    0 

1 19  n 

1745 

1    7    6    1     4    5i 

1  12    1 

1805 

— 

4    8    0 

4    1   2J 

1685 

2    6    8 

2    1    5» 

2    1    41 

1746 

1  19    0    1  14    8 

1800 

— 

4    3    0 

1686 

1  14    0 

1  10    2} 

1747 

1  14  10 

1  10  III 

1807 

— 

3  IS    0 

16S7 

1    5    2 

1     2    4^ 

1748 

1  17    0 

1  12  10} 

1808 

— 

3  19    2 

1688 

2    6    0 

2    0  10» 

1749 

1  17    0 

1   12  10} 

1S09 

— 

5    0    0 

16-9 

1  10    0 

1    0    8 

1750 

1  12    6 

1     8  10} 

1810 

— 

5  12    0 

1690 

1  14    8 

1  10    9} 

1751 

1  18    0 

1  14    2} 

1811 



5    8    0 

1691 

1  14    0 

I  10    2} 

1752 

2    1  10 

1  17    21 

1812 

— 

0     8    0 

1692 

2    0    8 

2    1    5} 

1753 

2    4    8    1  19    81 

1813 

— 

0    0    0 

1693 

3    7    8 

3    0    H 

1754 

1  14    8    1  10    9} 

1814 

— 

■i     5    0 

1694 

3    4    0 

2  16  10} 

1755 

1  13  10  !  1  10    1 

1    1    2} 

1815 

— 

3  10    0 

1  17   6 

1695 

2  13    0 

2    7    U 

1  19    6} 

1750 

2    5    2,2    0    1} 

1810 

— 

4    2    (1 

1696 

3  11    0 

3    3    U 

1757 

3    0    0    2  13    4 

1817 

— 

5  10    0 

1697 

3    0    0 

2  13    4 

1758 

2  10    0  i  2    4    5i 

1818 

— 

4  IS    0 

1698 

3    8    4 

3    0    9 

1759 

1  19    8  ;i  15    3 

1819 

— 

3  18    n 

1699 

3    4    0 

2  16  10} 

1700 

1  16    6  1 1  12    bi 

1820 

— 

3  10    0 

1700 

2    0    0 

1  15    6} 

1701 

1  10    2    1     6    9} 

1821 

— 

3  110 

1701 

1  17    8 

1  13    5} 

1762 

1  19    Oil  14    8 

1S22 

— 

2  13    0 

1702 

1    9    6 

1    6    2} 

1703 

2    0    8  |1  16    1} 

1823 



2  17    0 

1703 

1  16    0 

1  12    0 

1764 

2    6    8    2    1     5} 

1S24 



3  12    0 

1704 

2    6    6 

2    1    4 

1765 

2  14    0    2    8    0    :i  19    3} 

18» 

— 

4    4    0 

3  19   f  J 

1705 

1  10    0 

1    6    8 

2    2  11 

1706 

2    8    6    2    3    U 

1820 

— 

3  13    0 

1706 

1    6    0    1    3    U  1 

' 

The  Eton  Account  of  Prices  commenced  in  1595 ;  tlin  accuracy  of  the  returns  in  the  first  years  i:an- 
not,  however,  be  so  itnplicitly  relied  on,  as  those  quoted  above.— Bishop  Fleetwood  and  Sir  i'.  M.  Eden 
have  collected,  with  great  industry,  almost  all  the  existing  information  respecting  the  state  of  prices 
in  England  during  the  last  siz  hundred  years. 


•  From  this  year,  inclusive,  the  account  at  Eton  Collese  has  been  kept  according  to  the  bushel  of  8 
gallons  under  the  provision  of  the  act  31  Geo.  3.  c.  30.  i  82. 


E. 

1  never  be  approciatci' 
jmstancos ;  uikI  it  must, 
Id  of  the  corn  dealer,— 


tn.viv  IN  GuKAT  Bni, 
11,  &c. 

indsor  Miirket,  na  asccr- 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


505 


'ricnnf  I  PricM  of 
Vhivit  .-il  I  Whnl  re- 
Vin-isor,    (Iticnl  to  llic 


t(i  (he 
DushL'l. 


I  4 
I     0 

S  5 
!  9 
!  17 
t  6 
)    6 

1  2 

2  17 
2    8 

1  15 
i    9 

2  0 
2    8 

2  19 

3  0 
3  1 
3  0 
2  14 
2  7 
2  11 

2  15 

3  3 
S  3 
2  15 


WiiicliMlcr 
nu»hpl  of 
S  Galloni. 


£      8.  ./. 

2  17  4 

2  13  Oi 

2    0  7 

0  12    3  (ii 

0    2  10  8 


Aversat 

ronlinx  'o 
llic  WiD.  j 
clic»'pr    , 

H  (lllloi,,. 


£  s.l 


2  18  8 

2  19  U 

2  15  li 

2  11  3J 

2    2  8 

2    8  10? 

2    4  0 

1  Ifi  ]J 

2  3  U 
2  12  5i 
2  13  9} 
2  14  2  J 


2  11    3) 


6    2  13    91 


81 


2  14  3J 


4  1  s;- 


2    8  0 

2    2  2} 

2    5  9} 

2    9  4 

2  16  1} 

2  16  U 

2    9  4 

2  13  0 

2  15  8 

2  14  0 
4  1  «r 
4    0  2 

3  2  0 

2  14  0 

3  15  8 
6  7  0 
0  8  fi 
3  7  2 
3    0  0 

3  9  0 

4  8  0 

4  3  0 
3  18  0 

3  19  2 

5  6  0 
5  12  0 

5  8  0 

6  8  0 
0    0  0 

4  5  0 

3  16  0 

4  2  0 

5  10  0 
4  IS  0 
3  IS  0 
3  16  0 
3  U  0 
2  13  0 

2  IT  0 

3  12  0   , 

4  4    0    3  19    8{ 
3  13    0 


1  IT   6 


Irns  in  the  first  yi'iirs  can- 
Itwoiid  mid  Sir  V.  M.  Eden 
lecliiig  llie  state  of  pricea 


Lording  to  the  bushel  of  8 


XI.  Acconnt  of  the  Averngo  Prices  of  Dritisli  Com  per  Winrliestor  Qiiiirter,  In  England  and  Wales, 
since  1771,  ub  asccrtaiiiud  liy  the  Rticciver  of  Corn  Uoturna. 


YcAn. 

When 

R)«. 

1 

Fiirky.         1 

Ojli. 

Bt-MU.                j 

'i 
roM.        1 

£ 

». 

rf. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

£ 

g.     d. 

£ 

». 

d. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

£    a. 

d.    1 

\         1771 

2 

V 

2 

14 

4 

5      8 

0 

16 

8 

8 

6      ■ 

1 

1774 

2 

10 

8 

16 

8 

5      4 

0 

16 

2 

10 

0 

1^ 

177S 

2 

11 

0 

13 

4 

8      4 

0 

17 

2 

13 

0 

1         1774 

2 

12 

8 

14 

4 

8     6 

0 

17 

10 

11 

2 

1775 

2 

8 

4 

12 

10 

6      0 

0 

16 

6 

8 

8 

o 

1776 

1 

18 

2 

6 

10 

0      2 

0 

15 

0 

0 

6 

2 

1777 

2 

5 

6 

8 

0 

0      6 

0 

15 

8 

8 

6 

1778 

2 

2 

0 

8 

4 

2     8 

0 

15 

2 

7 

8 

1779 

1 

13 

8 

3 

4 

19      6 

0 

14 

0 

4 

2 

0) 

1786 

1 

15 

8 

2 

2 

17      0 

0 

12 

10 

2 

2 

-8 

1781 

2 

4 

8 

0 

10 

17      2 

0 

13 

8 

3 

0 

1782 

2 

7 

10 

8 

10 

2     6 

0 

15 

2 

0 

0 

tiS 

1783 

2 

12 

8 

15 

8 

10      4 

0 

19 

10 

14 

10 

&•= 

1784 

S 

8 

10 

12 

2 

7    10 

0 

18 

4 

12 

2 

■M 

1785 

2 

11 

10 

8 

0 

4      0 

0 

17 

2 

10 

8 

3 

1786 

1 

18 

10 

7 

2 

4      4 

0 

18 

0 

13 

2 

9 

1787 

2 

1 

2 

7 

8 

2      8 

0 

10 

8 

11 

10 

u 

1768 

2 

S 

0 

7 

8 

2     0 

0 

15 

8 

7 

2 

a 

1789 

2 

11 

2 

9 

10 

2    10 

0 

16 

0 

7 

2 

o 

1790 

2 

13 

2 

14 

0 

5      6 

0 

18 

10 

11 

0 

•<e, 

1791 

S 

7 

2 

11 

4 

5    10 

0 

18 

2 

10 

6 

1792 

2 

2 

11 

10 

8 

6      9 

0 

17 

10 

11 

7 

1    12 

8 

1793 

2 

8 

11 

15 

11 

11      9 

1 

3 

17 

8 

1    18 

4 

1791 

2 

11 

8 

17 

9 

12    10 

2 

0 

2 

6 

2      6 

8 

1795 

3 

14 

2 

2 

8 

5 

17      8 

4 

9 

0 

8 

2    13 

4 

1796 

3 

17 

1 

2 

7 

0 

15      7 

1 

9 

18 

10 

2      3 

6 

1797 

2 

13 

1 

11 

11 

7      9 

16 

9 

7 

(I 

1     13 

5 

1793 

2 

10 

3 

10 

11 

9      1 

19 

10 

10 

1 

1     13 

U 

1799 

3 

7 

6 

2 

3 

9 

16      0 

7 

7 

4 

7 

2      5 

2 

1600 

5 

13 

7 

3 

16 

11 

0      0 

19 

10 

9 

3 

3     7 

S 

1801 

5 

18 

3 

3 

19 

9 

7      9 

16 

6 

2 

8 

3     7 

8 

1804 

3 

7 

5 

2 

3 

3 

13      1 

0 

7 

16 

4 

1    19 

6 

1803 

2 

16 

6 

1 

16 

11 

4    10 

1 

S 

14 

8 

1    18 

6 

1804 

3 

0 

1 

1 

17 

1 

10      4 

3 

9 

18 

7 

2      U 

10 

1805 

4 

7 

10 

2 

14 

4 

2 

4      8 

8 

0 

2 

7 

5 

2      8 

4 

1806 

3 

19 

0 

2 

7 

4 

18      B 

5 

8 

2 

3 

9 

2      3 

6 

1807 

3 

13 

3 

2 

7 

6 

18      4 

8 

1 

2 

7 

3 

2    15 

11 

1808 

3 

19 

0 

2 

12 

4 

2 

2      1 

13 

8 

3 

0 

8 

3      6 

7 

1809 

4 

15 

7 

3 

0 

9 

2 

7      3 

12 

8 

3 

0 

9 

3      0 

2 

1810 

5 

6 

i 

2 

19 

0 

2 

7    11 

9 

4 

2 

13 

7 

2    15 

9 

1911 

4 

14 

6 

2 

9 

11 

2 

1    10 

7 

11 

2 

7 

10 

S    11 

6 

1814 

6 

5 

5 

3 

15 

11 

3 

6      6 

2 

4 

0 

3 

12 

8 

3    13 

7 

1813 

5 

8 

9 

3 

10 

7 

2 

18      4 

19 

5 

3 

16 

5 

3    18 

6 

1814 

S 

14 

0 

2 

4 

0 

1 

17      4 

6 

6 

2 

6 

7 

2    10 

0 

1815 

3 

4 

4 

1 

17 

10 

1 

10      3 

3 

10 

1 

16 

1 

1     18 

10 

1816 

3 

15 

10 

2 

3 

2 

1 

13      5 

3 

6 

1 

18 

4 

1    IS 

4 

1817 

4 

14 

9 

3 

16 

6 

2 

8      3 

12 

1 

2 

12 

0 

2    11 

5 

1818 

4 

4 

1 

2 

14 

10 

2 

13      6 

12 

11 

3 

3 

1 

2    19 

11 

1       1819 

3 

13 

0 

2 

» 

0 

2 

6      8 

9 

4 

2 

15 

5 

2    16 

0 

III  Account  of  the  Average  Prices  of  British  Corn  per  Imperial  Quarter,  in  England  and  Wales,  since 
1820,  as  ascertained  by  the  Receiver  of  Corn  Returns. 


Year!. 

WhM 

Rye. 

B»rley. 

Uati. 

Beans. 

Pea..          1 

£ 

.1. 

rf. 

£ 

S. 

d. 

£ 

s. 

rf. 

£    s. 

rf. 

£ 

S. 

d. 

£ 

s. 

ri. 

1820 

3 

7 

11 

2 

2 

0 

13 

10 

1      4 

9 

2 

3 

4 

2 

5 

11 

1^21 

2 

16 

2 

1 

12 

1 

6 

0 

0    19 

6 

1 

10 

11 

I 

12 

9 

1822 

2 

4 

7 

1 

0 

11 

1 

11 

0    18 

2 

1 

4 

6 

1 

6 

5 

1823 

2 

13 

5 

1 

11 

11 

11 

7 

1      2 

11 

1 

13 

1 

1 

15 

0 

1824 

3 

4 

0 

2 

1 

5 

16 

5 

1      4 

10 

2 

0 

1 

2 

0 

8 

1825 

3 

8 

7 

2 

2 

4 

0 

1 

1      5 

8 

2 

2 

10 

2 

5 

5 

1626 

2 

18 

9 

2 

1 

2 

14 

5 

1      6 

9 

2 

4 

3 

2 

7 

8 

1       1827 

2 

16 

9 

1 

19 

0 

16 

6 

1      7 

4 

2 

7 

7 

2 

7 

7 

1829 

3 

0 

5 

1 

14 

2 

12 

10 

1      2 

6 

18 

4 

2 

0 

6 

1829 

3 

6 

3 

1 

14 

10 

12 

6 

1      2 

9 

16 

8 

1 

16 

8 

,        1830 

3 

4 

3 

1 

15 

10 

12 

7 

1      4 

5 

16 

1 

1 

19 

2 

'        1831 

3 

6 

4 

2 

0 

0 

18 

0 

1      5 

4 

10 

10 

2 

1 

11 

1832 

2 

18 

8 

1 

li 

7 

13 

1 

1      0 

5 

15 

4 

1 

17 

0 

!       1833 

2 

12 

11 

1 

12 

11 

7 

6 

0    18 

5 

13 

2 

1 

16 

5 

i        1834 

2 

6 

2 

1 

12 

9 

9 

0 

1      0 

11 

15 

3 

1 

19 

4 

i       1835 

1 

19 

4 

1 

10 

4 

9 

11 

1      2 

0 

16 

11 

1 

16 

6 

.V.  B.— The  Winchester  bushel  contains  2150-42  cubic  inches,  while  the  Imperial  bushel  contains 
3318192  cubic  inches,  being  about  one  tbirty-secondtb  part  larger  than  the  former.— (See  Bushel,  and 
Weiohts  AMD  Measures.) 

The  following  account  of  the  current  prices  of  all  sorts  of  corn  in  the  London  market,  7th  of  October, 
li33,  is  interesting,  from  its  showing  their  comparative  values,  and  the  estimation  in  which  they  are 
held;— 

Vol.  I.-2  U  64 


'■% 


%:i 


•tl  ^    ' 


•I't 


t  ( 


60B 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


IV.— Current  Prices  of  Grain,  Seedi,  ic.  per  ImperinI  Quarter.    London,  7th  of  October,  IS33. 


tf  tfi  *#»  iMxrttt 

gj0n>  iiiiiir 
iwnsi  to  "«  «• 


€":'*:> 
•*--1«-l 


•■?»!:■■"""■ 

,_r  -r. '  .    *• 


I     .t 


I 


BrllMi. 


Wheat,  Emm,  Kent,  anit  SuOblk,  old  ml      • 
<lo.  dn.  white 

do.  do.  new  ml    • 

do.  do,  while 

Nurfnlk  and  Liiicnlmhirr,  old 
Nnrthulijl>erl.ind,  Rrrwirk,  and  Scotch,  do. 
Oilwiy  anil  Limerick,  while  and  rel 
Cork  and  YouKhal  do, 

Dublin,  WaterronI,  and  Cloiiniel.do. 
njre,  New  .  . 

Barley,  Kent,  E>«i,  NorWk,  and  Suffolk,  new 
Lincolnshire,  and  Yorkshire  do. 

•tained  and  grinding  ■  •         do. 

Scotch  .... 

Mall,  EssFX,  Norfolk,  and  SuHblk      • 

Kinnton  and  Ware 
Oats,  Norlnik,  Canibridirefhire,  Lincolmhlre, }  r,^, 
and  Yorkshire  ■'         •  •j''*' 

do.         •  •  •  •    Poland 

Northufnt)eriand,  Berwick,  and  Hootch     iM>tato 
do.  ...    feed 

Dfvnnahire.  and  Weit  Country  feed,  or  black 
Diindalk,   Newry,  and  Belfast,  iwlalo,  21a.  to 

22:  ed.  ■  ■  ■         ••    feed 

Limerick,  Sligo,  and  Weatport,  •    feed 

do.        •  -  .  .    potato 

Cork,  Waterford,  Doblin,  }  black         -  • 

Vnu|hal,and  Clonmel    )  while 
Oahvay   ...... 

Beans,  tick,  new         ..... 

old 

barrow  and  imall,  new 

do  old  ... 

Feai,  boiling     •■■... 

hog,  grejr,  and  maple     .... 

Tares    ....... 

Flour,  English,  per  sack  of  2S0  Iba,    • 
do.       fine        do.    • 
Scotch  and  North  Country 
Irish      ...... 

Linseed,  crushing,  per  quarter 
sowing,         do.         • 

cake,  per  1,000  of  3  Ibi.  each.  111,  to  III.  lOi. 
Clovcraeed,  old  English  while,  per  cwl, 

do.        red         do.  .  • 

foreign  white     do. 
do.      reil         do. 
new  English  while,  do.  .  • 

do.  red      do. 

Trefoil,  new     .  .  .     do. 

Hapi'seed,  crushing,  new,  per  last,  221.  lo  251. 
c.ike,  per  ton,  ■!/.  10*.  to  51. 


Per  Qutr 
ler. 


I.        I, 

54  to  5A 

eo  -  ei 

51  —  53 
65-60 

47—54 
50  —  54 
46  —  48 
46  —  48 

40  -  4H 
M  -  M 
32—  35 

0-0 
27-30 

0-0 
50  —  60 
63  —  U> 

19-21 
30—  22 
24  —  25 
23-24 
18-20 

19  —  21 

18  -  IfO 
20-  21 
17-  19 

19  —  21 
IK  —  20 
29  —  32 
34  —  36 
33  —  35 
37  —  .19 
44  —  46 
3H  —  42 
40—  44 
42  —  45 
46-80 
41  —  43 

41  —44 
0—0 
0-0 

58  -  62 
46  —  56 
56-  66 
52  —  64 
56-66 
40-58 
24  —  30 


roreign. 


VVbett,    Ihntale  and   Konlgabarg,  Snett 
high  niiied 
dn.  giHxl  miaid    • 
do.  rrd  roiled 
Sleltin 
Danish      • 

Ifaiiiliurgh  and  f\)meranixD 
Zt*aland  and  Brabant 
Otmsa,  soft 
Higa,    Feteraburgh,    and    Liebau, 

soft       . 
Archangel 
Tuscan,  red 
Canada 
.Sp.iiiiBli,  soft 
Biirk  or  brank 
Indian  corn 
Hye,  Baltic,  dried 

do.        undried 
Barley,  Ilamhiirgh,  Danttic,  Konigsberg, 
and  Riga,  malting 
do.  grinding 
IXinisli    do. 
Oats,  Hutch  brew  and  thick 
D.inish 

Krirsland  brew  and  thick 
Russian 
Beans,  lick 
small 

Mrditerraiiean 
Peas,  while,  l)Otling 

grey  or  hog 
Tarn,  (duty  IDs.) 
Flour,  Daiitzic,  per  barrel 
American,  soar  do, 
do.        sweet,  do. 


Fret. 
Per  qr. 


66  to  68 
56  —  58 
62  —  a« 
0-  » 
0-  « 
52  -r  M 
0  -  n 
46-  41 

4.5  —  4« 

38  —  VI 

m  —  (111 

68-61 
56  —  »l 
32  -  31 
J2  -  36 
SO-  32 
31  -33 

0-0 

0-0 

0  -    * 

2\  -2i 

16  -  19 

ao  -21 

20-21 

S2-3I 

0-0 

0-0 

48-  41 

0-    • 

0-0 

0-    (1 

0-    0 

0-0 


In  Bnnj. 
P"  (|r. 


■•      I 

«  lo  V, 

>"  -41 
0  —   , 

r-,j 
n  -  ( 
«_ 

■B--.'; 

Izt 

•B  _  V 
0  _  , 
0-  „ 
0_  ,  , 
0-  ( 

;_  f, 
2-  ' 

0-  n 
H-IS 
II  _  I.. 

0-  f, 

0-  In 
«  -    f.  . 

a-;; 

0_   ,, 

*-J-, 

0-  I, 
0-  ,1 
0-  I 

21  -2i 

23 -A 


Unseed,  Russian,  crashing  (duty  l>.  per  quarter; 
per  quarter         .... 
do.       sowing,  per  barrel     • 
Mediterranean,  per  quarter 
Rapeaeed  (duly  If.  per  ijr.),  crushing,  new,  per 

quarter  .  .  .  - 

l.in^eeil  cake  (dutv  2d.  per  c^vt ),  per  ton 
liipe  cake  (duly  id.  per  cwl.),  do, 
Cluverseeil,  red  (duty  20i.  per  cwi.l,  per  toia 
white  (duty  20«.  per  cwl,)  do. 


L-  I.     L  1 


Z  0 
(I   0 

2   8 

22   0 

7  n 

4  10 
2  10 
2U 


to  2  . 

-  0  i; 

-  21.' 

-2i  0 

-  (  0 

-  4  i: 

-  3  h 

-  3li' 


v.— Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Wheat  and  Wheat  FInur  exported,  and  of  Foreign  Wheat  and  Wheat 
Flour  imported,  in  the  following  Years  (Wincliestcr  Measure). 


Years. 

Wheat  and 
Flour 

Foreign 
Wheal  and 

FInur 
imported. 

Years. 

Wheat  and 
Flour 

Foreign 
Whe:ii  and 

Flour 
imported. 

Years. 

Wheat  and 
Flour 

Fnrrieii 
Wl«l  111! 

eiiwrted. 

eiporled. 

eiporled. 

,  Flinir 
ilDfflrliii. 

Encland. 

Qt.. 

(Jr.. 

Enuland. 

Qr,. 

Gl.  Britain. 

<?rj. 

W. 

1697 

14,699 

400 

1732 

202,058 

1766 

164,939 

Il.O-iil 

ifise 

6,8.57 

845 

1733 

427,199 

7 

1767 

5,071 

4(C,!«I5 

1699 

557 

486 

1734 

498,196 

6 

1768 

7,4.33 

34!l,JI* 

1700 

49.056 

5 

1735 

15.3,343 

9 

1769 

49,892 

4,3:- 

1701 

98,324 

1 

1736 

118,170 

16 

1770 

75,449 

,TI 

1702 

90,230 

1737 

461.602 

32 

1771 

10,089 

2,5|ii 

1703 

166,615 

50 

1738 

580,596 

2 

1772 

6.959 

2i,4n 

1704 

90,313 

2 

1739 

279,542 

5,423 

1773 

7,fi.S7 

5li,M: 

1705 

96,185 

1740 

54,390 

7,568 

1774 

15.928 

aw.n!) 

1706 

188,332 

77 

1741 

45,417 

40 

1775 

91.037 

,5i:o.si«> 

1707 

74,155 

1742 

293,260 

1 

1776 

210.664 

m> 

1708 

83,406 

86 

1743 

371,431 

2 

1777 

87,686 

233,35,1 

1709 

169,680 

1,552 

1744 

231,984 

2 

1778 

141,070 

lOC.IWI 

1710 

13,924 

400 

1745 

324,839 

6 

1779 

222.2(i| 

S.O.'i'.i 

1711 

76,949 

1746 

130,616 

1780 

224.0.59 

3,'.i|.i 

1712 

145,191 

1747 

266,907 

17H1 

103.021 

ISH.-tVi 

1713 

176,227 

1748 

543,.387 

385 

1782 

14.5,1.52 

80,riM 

1714 

174,821 

16 

1749 

629,049 

382 

17N3 

51,943 

,5SI,IM 

1715 

166,490 

1750 

947,602 

279 

1784 

89,2.'>S 

216,!H: 

1716 

74,926 

1751 

061,416 

3 

1785 

1,S2.6W 

iin.Mis 

1717 

22,954 

1752 

429,279 

1786 

SO.i.-lCd) 

Sl.liiS 

1718 

71,800 

1753 

299,609 

1787 

12fl..5,?6 

,5!l.33!l 

1719 

127,762 

20 

1754 

356,270 

201 

1788 

82,971 

MS.TIO 

1720 

83,084 

Gl.  Britain. 

I7S9 

140.014 

112,iljll 

1721 

81,6,33 

1755 

237,466 

1790 

30,892 

223,5,i: 

1722 

178,880 

1736 

102.7,52 

5 

1791 

70,620 

4P!l,l),M'i  ' 

1723 

157,720 

1757 

11,545 

141,562 

1792 

300,278 

Ii22.4i: 

1724 

245,865 

148 

17,58 

9,234 

20,.353 

1793 

7li,()'29 

4ito,;«i> 

172.5 

204,413 

12 

17.59 

227,641 

162 

1794 

1.55,048 

.•)2;,!i(ii 

1726 

142,183 

I7(iO 

39,3,614 

3 

1795 

18.8.19 

,11.3,:!l.T 

1727 

30,315 

1761 

441.956 

1790 

24,679 

f;7!l,2IIO 

1728 

3,817 

74,,574 

1702 

295,385 

56 

1797 

54,525 

4tii,:ti: 

1729 

18,993 

40,315 

1763 

429.538 

72 

1798 

59.782 

.w.:2i 

\-30 

93,971 

76 

1764 

396.857 

1 

1799 

39„'?62 

463.l^5 

1731 

130,025 

4 

1705 

167,126 

104,547 

1800 

22,013 

1,204,520  i 

I 


idon,  7th  of  October,  IM3 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


507 


* 


ll(>ti<rK,   Snnt 


.mntni 
t 


and    Lietxu, 


\r.,  KoniplMrg, 

ig      • 


liiek 


Frf« 
Per  tlr. 


06  lo  68 

/ifi  —  m 

bi  -  56 
0  -  » 
0—0 


I"  B.mJ. 
I'tr  ((r. 


hi  -r  M 

n-; 

0  —   n 

0  -  i 

.16-  4) 

■o-.i 

4S  —  4» 

t-  0 

3»  —  40 

0-  I 

SM  —  CO 

0-  I 

58  -n 

«-•/, 

16  -  61 

0-  |r 

3i  -  31 

0-  ,1 

H  -  30 

0_  ,1 

39 -3i 

0-  r 

31  -31 

ai-ji 

0-    0 

0-  0 

0-0 

0- 

0  -    # 

0-  0 

21  -  2J 

U-16 

16  -  19 

11 -l. 

30-21 

0-  i 

W  -21 

0-  1, 

S2-3I 

«-  fl 

0-    0 

J3-21 

0-    0 

0-  (< 

42-4-, 

«-V, 

0-    t 

0-  1, 

0-0 

0-  ,. 

0-    0 

0-   (; 

0-    0 

2>-ll 

0-0 

S-  i. 

(July  1».  per  quwler), 

,  per  barrel  • 
•r  quarter  • 
.),  cruihing,  WW,  per 

cwt ),  per  ton 
vt.),  do. 

per  cwt. ),  per  ton      • 
«,  per  cwt.)  do. 


!■■  I-     L  : 


0  to  2  » 

(1  -  0  n  i 
8-  21i 


7    0-  J  0 

4 10  -  4 1; 

2  10  -  3  h 

2  12  -  3  III 


I 


of  Foreign  Wheat  and  Wheat 
Measure). 


itiin. 
16 
07 
08 
69 
P70 

1 
f72 

3 
■74 
75 
|76 
•77 
-78 
■79 
'80 
M 
■82 
>3 
■84 

'5 
■SO 
,>7 
■88 
■S9 
■90 

01 

92 
■93 

04 
■05 

90 

97 
'08 

99 

100 


Wheat  and 

Flour 
eiporled. 


Fnrfljii 
fftouiii 

Fl.*r 
itlifflrlit!. 


Qr,. 

164,9.39 

5,071 

7,433 

49,892 

75.449 

10,08<J 

6,959 

7,037 

15,928 

91.037 

210,004 

87,080 

141,070 

222,201 

221.0.')9 

103.021 

14.'i,l52 

51,943 

89,2'"S 

132.685 

20.1.400 

120.5.V) 

82,<r71 

140,014 

30,802 

70,020 

300.278 

70,029 

ir)5,018 

18,8.39 

24,079 

.54,525 

.'iO,782 

39,302 

22,013 


Il,02il 

4<C,!i(lS 

311i,il* 

4,3;« 

31 

2.,ilii 

2i,4:4 

5ii,m: 

280.  IW 
5('(l,!l»^ 

20.,".:< 

233,323 

IOC.31.H 

6.03'J 

3,1)1.1 

KV.m 

80,0W 
.Wl.lfJ 
216.!H: 
IIO.H'.S 

5l.lii3 

.W.33!i 
M8.710 
I12,i;5ti 
222.5.1: 

■iPWi.m 

()22.4i: 
41«l,3!i> 
327.(Hf; 
313'.7!0 
g:!l,2IHI 

4tii,:i>: 

3!)«,;21 

4()3.l^5 

1,204,520  i 


VI.— AtcoHnt  spfolfylnu  Iho  Total  Uiiaiitilii'H  ofall  Sorts  ofnruin  iiiiporlpil  Into  fircat  Dritain,  from 
tlitl'ereiit  (^oiiiilriea.  In  vacli  Year,  Crciin  |h(l|  to  1825,  holli  liii'liiHJve  ;  llii!  Avt'rai'e  Uiiantlty  nf  all 
iliirls  of  firaln,  anil  the  Av«raK"  Uiiantlty  nt'uach  |mrtlciilar  r<|iiH'i<'s  iir(iraiii,  an  Wlicul,  Uyu,  Hur- 
ley, Sec,  iiiiportuJ  In  each  of  tin.'  uliovi!  VuarH,  from  eacli  iliU'eriMit  fimiitry,  in  W  inclirMlcr  (itiarlers. 


Yon. 

Ruuii. 

Swed«R 

and 
Norway 

n«n- 

iiurk. 

Pruuia, 

Ger- 

Dunjr. 

The 

Ni'iher- 
laiidi. 

France 

and 
.Sniilh  of 
Kurope. 

I'niled 
Stain  of 
Anierjca. 

nrlllah 

North 

.AiiieriL'.iii 

Coloriirs. 

Oihrr 

Fort  1  jri 

Couiitriei, 

I.  01  .Mjii, 

and  I'rizf 

Corn. 

10,074 

850 

1,78'. 

4,570 

8,511 

.5,013 

18,006 

12,230 

20,848 

28,405 

15,034 

17,970 

10,112 

7,470 

6,000 

4,077 

8,016 

8,740 

0,484 

9,869 

12,103 

5,000 

10,303 

9,1,54 

15,2'27 

Ireland. 

1      ISfll 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 

i6oa 

1807 
1809 
18U9 
1810 
1811 
1813 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
182S 

201,056 

12,870 

10,448 

8,215 

17.3,874 

57,410 

6,183 

3,004 

14,089 

06,809 

49,597 

128,437 

64,038 

9,760 

1,443 

21,108 

405,933 

670,793 

54.3,551 

372,109 

28,445 

22,010 

14,568 

14,500 

26,895 

26,.T75 
10,901 
540 
19,931 
25,859 

110 

195 

2,318 

87,001 

40,391 

14,019 

71,629 

30,926 

620 

60(1 

1,100 

2,455 

2,255 

13,492 

2,858 
4,284 

7,088 

3,882 

8,619 

31,029 

52,837 

10,284 

74,019 

1,800 

9,027 

1.32,287 

45,127 

52,302 

58,872 

18,3.56 

9,250 

14,874 

140,012 

342,213 

123,038 

147,505 

20,778 

15,045 

0,!  48 

100,098 

248,282 

663,584 
377,984 
171,001 
531,304 
702,005 
1M1,040 
22,800 

2,015 

310,224 

97,880 

0,00.3 

133,907 

180,241 

19,428 

91,791 

414,947 

820,640 

323,350 

.350,288 

30,258 

28,745 

8,743 

70,780 

217,^30 

099,310  ,351,330 

15I..303   103,191 

101,147     81,758 

I.38,M10   170,'.C7 

120,140     72,510 

108,581     20,040 

141,537  237,-523 

20,908     18,137 

100,055  .328,.5H2 

255,475  430,280 

2,120       — 

(110              2 

125,1.50       — 

116,861   420,(»00 

.35,270  1.35,778 

54,1571  118,018 

2.53,403,  101,141 

571,S(«I  701,874 

235,070  103,020 

218,711'    78,813 

51,540     10,904 

21,5281     3,024 

4,0.35       3,8!H1 

231,430  132,100 

372,830 ;    03,954 

3,223 

2,032 

1,505 

108 

2.791 

3,790 

.32,113 

11,7.30 

30,848 

241,345 

5,107 

454 

170,590 

79,051 

1,180 

35,372 

92,891 

218,215 

12,917 

102 

741 

102 

1,305 

499 

372,151 

80,M20 

109,832 

4,351 

13,475 

79,900 

250,860 

13,206 

172,878 

98,301 

18,()'.»7 

11,524 

1,093 

2 

45,580 

7,209 

310,364 

187, .570 

47,654 

91,008 

38,488 

6,242 

4,237 

33,872 

12,903 

67,721 

75,172 

4.3,215 

21,214 

2,250 

9,801 

27,003 

21, .500 

23,737 

85,938 

440 

23,774 

1 

3 

25 

3 

25.870 

.50,017 

14,2,57 

40,898 

40,916 

23,439 

2(10 

801 

95,059 

900 

407,007 

343,548 

310,9:i8 

300,923 

400,917 

403.400 

050,770 

933,(»8 

032,819 

430,|r<0 

000,268 

977.104 

812,805 

821,102 

873,805 

609,800 

1,207,851 

907,861 

1,417,120 

1,822,810 

1,003,089 

1,, 528, 1.53 

1,034,024 

2,203,902 

Annual     ") 
avtrage  of  1 
ilie  above  ( 
•2j  years    J 
Annual     "1 
average  of  1 
Jillo  for     ( 

1)0.  rye 
:Do.  barley 
lUo.  oats 
IDo.  peas    1 
iinil  beans  j 
jUo.Iiiilian  ) 
icorn          i 

117,902 

53,377 

0,968 

7,112 

46,652 

785 
8 

14,397 

9,570 

960 

987 

2,446 

428 

67,847 

16,324 

1,123 

18,808 
30,072 

823 
97 

228,584 

157,359 

5,689 
18,718 
39,209 

7,609 

171,103 

58,103 

5,189 
24,839 

75,828 

7,144 

158,078 

56,817 

1,690 

9,500 

84,269 

5,802 

37,932 

24,649 

293 
1,097 
1,953 

9,124 

816 

80,712 

74,021 

2,341 

31 

3 

201 
4,022 

25,627 

24,863 

51 
1 

697 
15 

10,363 

4,836 

1,4.38 
2,194 
1,703 

151 
41 

665,908 

187,438 

253 

3.3,331 

639,857 

4,922 
167 

VII.— Account  of  the  Imports  into  Great  Dritain  of  all  Descriptions  of  Foreign  Corn  in  1831 ;  specify- 
ing the  Countries  whence  they  were  imported,  and  the  Uuantities  brouglil  from  each.— PuW.  Paper, 
No.  426.  Sess.  1832.) 


Barlev  aikl 

Indian 

Rve  and 

Wheat  and 

(>)iinlri««  from  which 
Imported. 

Harley 
Meal. 

Beans. 

Corn  and 
■Meal. 

(Jatnieil. 

reai. 

Kye 

M.!al. 

Wtieat 
Flour. 

Wheat. 

Total. 

Qrn,  lu. 

(trt.  bu. 

Qr».  tu. 

Qrf'  lAt. 

qrt.  Im. 

Qrt.  lot. 

liri.  tu. 

Qrl.  lu. 

Qrr.  I,H 

Russia    .       -       - 

42,.568  2 

— 

3166  300,608  1 

6,3727 

53,9115 

464,584  1 

20 

937.303  0 

.■iweden  .       -       - 

1,7187 

— 

— 

20.063  5 

34  3 

00  6 

712 

— 

22,548  7 

Denmark 

115,058  1 

1,299  4 

— 

90,9(H5  5 

2,667  2 

5,832  2 

55,907  0 

— 

278,421  4 

I'russia   .       -       - 

60,778  6 

1,157  5 

— 

70,115  4 

35,2110 

18,447  3 

290,280  5 

— 

481,000  7 

fiermany 

116,928  3 

7,004  4 

— 

31,4501 

13,9027 

7,103  5 

218,507  4 

01 

305,017  1 

rhe  Netherlands    - 

12,2810 

7,070  3 

— 

15,220  0 

4710 

4,205  2 

30,249  41     — 

09,500  1 

France    .       .       - 

18,737  7 

1,454  0 

17,8032 

7,936  0 

122  5 

137  4 

103,7(10  5'6,691  4 

150,673  3 

The  Azores     - 
Spain      ... 
—  ilie  Canary  Isl. 

— 

04 

2,049  3 

— 

— 

— 

22  2 

— 

2,072  1 

2,318  3 

04 

1,598  5 

30  0 

44 

— 

154,671  1 

— 

158,023  1 

418  6 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1,082  4 

— 

1,.501  2 

Italy 

3,003 1 

3,091  4 

47  6 

10 

— 

— 

253,295  5 

— 

200,030  0 

.Malta      -       - 

— 

1,031  3 

— 

— 

— 

— 

13,339  7 

— 

14,371  2 

Ionian  Islands 

. 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

219  3 

— 

240  3 

Turkey    .       .       - 

6210 

01 

— 

— 

02 

— 

6,215  4 

— 

6,839  7 

Caoe  of  Good  Hope 

10 

— 

— 

10 

— 

— 

2,183  4 

— 

2,185  4 

Mauritius 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

00      — 

06 

V.UI  India  Compa- 

ny's territories 

151 

— 

— 

— 

1.360 

— 

5,490  4 

— 

5,641  5 

Van  Dieman's  Land 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

45  5 

— 

43  5 

BritisU  North  Ameri- 

can colonies  - 

240  3 

— 

04 

6,902  6 

461  6 

2.366 

218,327  2 

— 

226.106  3 

British  West  Indies 

— 

— 

04 

— 

01 

— 

3  4 

— 

4  1 

U.  Stales  of  America 

— 

01 

22,195  3 

599  4 

— 

1,887  3 

403,418  7 

— 

488,101  2 

Chili  and  Peru 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

140  7 

— 

140  7 

Isles  of  Guern-'i  g^S 

1,1282 

— 

— 

— 

925 

— 

9,242  1 

— 

10,463  0 

sey,Jersey,Al-  Vg^ 
derney&Manj.2a 

5,4986 

185 

— 

2,831 2 

22  0 

— 

14,265  5 

— 

22,636  2 

Total    - 

.381,922  0 

23,3886 

44,702  1 

022,361  4 

59,559  2 

01,8104 

2,311.302  2 

6,093  5 

3,.541,8n9  0 

hi 


i^ 


% 


(|.!l 


508 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


-i.-"l 


ir 


^^1 


i  ,♦ 


.! 


V 

HI.  Anniint  1 

rnport*  nf  rorn.  Flour, 

mill  !Vk<nl,  frimi  Irvlanil  InloOrpat  Dritivin,  ilnea  1607, 

1 

VVIuit  .inil 

n.irlt>y  iiri'l 

Oill.iri'l 

ll.<li;.il 

1 

1   Vfir,. 

WhMl  KIcmr 

IUpl.'y  MiMl. 

Rvi'. 

IMtllir:)!. 

ti.rn. 

B«n«.      1       Pmu. 

Tnlil,          1 

'  1S(I7 

IVlllVrj. 

a3,()IM,;ra, 

43|i/r.v, 

380,0  l()</rf. 



5,107  or». 

403,4(1(1  ,,„  , 
(150.770 ' 

1^^(W 

4:1,1117 

no.sHrt 

573 

57i).ll74 

— 

a,iiu 

lld'J 

<W,l'i» 

10.1)11) 

425 

845,783 

— 

2,708 

033,(l5'i       ' 

1^1(1 

l'i7,51(> 

H,3ai 

20 

4113,231 

10,;r». 

3,7.57 

fl:t2,N|o 

l-'ll 

117,5(17 

8,713 

21 

275,757 

4,131 

4:10,1  V) 

Wi 

1(1(I,«I3 

43,atl9 

178 

3IIO,!)2fl 

— 

8,051) 

000,2t,-t        1 

1  MA 

217,  U» 

03,fttlO 

420 

im,m 

— 

4,.5,fJ 

077,1(11       . 

I   I«14 

s-is,Mai 

10,77!) 

4 

.501,010 

— 

«.1!H 

8I2.MI5       ' 

HIS 

IH!»,.')H 

87,  KM 

207 

5!l7.537 

— 

(1.7116 

821,1110 

iNKl 

r2i.(i3i 

(ia,a.')4 

43 

(183.714 

— 

0,223 

873,>'i;s       1 

HIT 

r»!t,()25 

ao,70o 

A14 

011,117 

— 

2,287 

«ll!I.M|i) 

MM 

uw,a;«) 

2'i,;iN7 

4 

l,0fp!»,385 

— 

4,M5 

I,2(I7.V,1       ' 

IHIII 

I.M,(»31 

20,311 

a 

780,(113 

— 

3,004 

0()7,N(il       ' 

1S-J() 

4(M,747 

N7,0!>5 

131 

010.25(1 

1 

8,803 

l,4l7,i;!n     ' 

IN'21 

StH»,70() 

M.Hnl 

550 

1,102,211) 

— 

7,433 

1,822.^111 

IH-i-i 

4(>;t,()()» 

aj,r>;u 

353 

fl(l!l,2:r7 

— 

7,W13 

I.OIW.II*!) 

\t"i.i 

4l)li,0IH 

10,274 

l!H 

1,102,187 

— 

0,120 

I,52M:,.') 

1^21 

3SI),)()8 

45,W7a 

na 

1,225,085 

— 

(1,547 

1.(131,(121 

IM'iS 

3W),UI4 

ins.OM'i 

S20 

I,((20,h5«i 

— 

12,786 

2,203.i)i;a 

LSitl 

3I4,M51 

«l,Hrtft 

77 

1,303,734 

— 

7,1110  ,yr«. 

1.4.52  ,M-». 

l,(l!»2,l«!)       , 

!    IN'27 

4().'),a.M 

07,7!)l 

250 

1.31.3,2(17 

1,705 

10,0.37 

I,.379 

1,8*1.713 

l8iH 

(IS2.584 

H  1,204 

1,424 

2,075.031 

280 

7,008 

I.1M4 

2.82(1,  ):!5 

Hail 

5H),4U3 

1)7,11() 

6«rt 

l,ti73.(i2H 

.30 

10,414 

4.503 

2.30ri.'0fi 

isao 

sau,7i7 

lHy,7l5 

414 

1,471,252 

as 

10,053 

2,520 

2.2I'.'.T'J!)       ' 

lan 

S57,52() 

185,4(1!) 

515 

l,0'i5,()34 

503 

15,030 

1,(;*»3 

2.ll!'.il|:i       ' 

is:)-j 

S72.,W« 

123.0fiH 

204 

1,800,321 

3,0:17 

11,512 

1,016 

8,i)0.').7;ii     ' 

1H33 

N4 1,31)1 

107,510 

107 

1,702,51!) 

117        1 

10,103 

a,tvi5 

2.7:i(i,2S       j 

IMJ 

77!),S(>1 

217,51i« 

'.)^i 

1,747,!IW) 

75 

18,770 

2,17rt 

2.7ti(i,y^:)     ' 

1835 

tidl,77tt 

150, 17« 

014 

1.822,7(Ht 

1 

21.234 

3,117 

2.'j(lit.(l|,1      i 

IX.  Account  of  the  Foreign  and  ColnninI  Corn,  Flour,  anil  Mral,  enfireil  fnr  Jfomt  Cov$um-ptinn\rnhi: 
IJniteil  KinK(lniii§lncH  1815;  opucityini!  tho  total  Aiiitiiiiit  of  Uiily  riMTived  tlu'riiiiii,  iiiiil  the  Rates 
of  Duty  ;  in  Imperial  (^uurtcrs. — (Ajipcndii  to  nccund  Agrkullural  lUjtort  of  1830,  p.  282.) 


1 
1 

e 
t 

>• 

I 

Corn,  &c.  cDlercd  for  H  )ini  Consui»i<tlon,  Iniperiil  IJu^rlcn. 

Duly  re- 

Avi'raRB  rain  of  Duly  piir  liii|>.  Umirltr. 

Wheat 

FIciur. 

Barky 
mill 
Meal. 

JiKlhn 
Corn. 

RtAns 
■ml 
I'ea* 

Totil, 

WIieM. 
J.    d. 

OalD. 

Inilian 
Corn. 

mi 

PtM. 

».  17 

Tol.Al. 

L. 

Barley. 
1.    d. 

Bye. 

1 

1 

,.    d. 

:    d. 

».    d. 

iisis 

.. 

\eo 

I4R          2M 

.. 

1 

523 

MSIfi 

22-.,26:» 

l4,giH 

10,2.191     7G.21I4 

-. 

— 

326,7.34 

1 

'iHi: 

l,ft!0.94!l 

133.13N 

13.>,221 

473,S13 

1,57 

17,122 

l,777,7(H) 

IHIS 

l,0«.'),1IH 

eos.Rji 

79,221 

1)90,947 

1,411 

I77,HJ0|3,.-.3K,,16« 

ISlfl 

lii.m 

3114,012 

17,293 

6A515 

2e,73S 

199,716 

1,253,407 

'<.*iO 

34,274 

— 

— 

72ti.84i< 

— 

3 

761,125 

,1*11 

i 

— 

— 

^ 

— 

— 

2 

'|SM 

I2,IS7 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

1?,137 

10,310 

16  113.4 

II-24 

1S.777 

3!),26» 

_ 

619,340 

MIS 

_ 

673.629 

I7K,:1KI 

11  111-2 

S    «,3-» 

— 

4  93.) 

9   I 

1821 

M'i'iM 

270.679 

3,.14J 

1.1 

91 

30,767 

xm.iv, 

296.121 

8    634 

4    4  3-4 

0  6 

4   0 

4  10 

6  r,34: 

JMifi 

aii.SKi 

3:)2.b'll 

67,241  l,iai,214|     6,222 

lSH,h94l2.0'»7,104 

4I2,59> 

11     3  3.4 

5    2  14 

2   91-» 

2    3 

311 

3  5 

iisi; 

672,7;l:l 

2n6.!ifll 

2I,|.R7  l,ii3l,24H  14i.'i42 

1.57,854  2,9;<6,-6,5 

71)2,9:14 

21     4  1.4 

1    0 

6   2 

1    3  3-1 

2   9  1.2 

i  6  .;• 

']H>H 

Wi.riSO 

217,343 

4119:      14.3741  2.',747 

119,7S2,l,2IG,!l.S7 

1»<,4I2    1     9  H 

5    1 

3   6 

8   0  1-2 

2    4  |.4 

<  2|.| 

IWll 

l,.'W4,?.20 

■2O2.406 

65,331      I!W,H90 

22,U-t. 

96,514  1,944,U.W 

9fi<',20Si  9    23  4 

9   0  3.4 

2    1  1-2 

11    134 

9   7  1.1 

in  s    1 

i.inn 

1,701 ,»")') 

r.2.107 

19,121 

906,319 

4,100 

61,614  2.741,176 

7»',(m   6    41-2 

9    5  3-4 

12    6 

4   2.14 

12   7  |.' 

7  *U' 

18111 

l.4')l,61l 

522.709 

56,S«S 

355,120 

6n,42> 

K(,444  2,.5««,9S3 

55 -1.1 5-^;  4    H 

1    7 

2    7  3-4 

7    3  1.4    1    2  3^ 

.1 10  l-.i 

Kli 

3i:..t35 

72.ii« 

61 

2,l<(i3 

1,024 

21,ISI 

123,229 

309,676  16    2 

9   6  1.2 

17    0  1-2 

2    6  1-4    9   4  |..' 

1(1  4     ■ 

isai 

M.Jlfi 

1.208 

1 

97C 

6 

24,077 

lflK6l4 

36.119'  5    6 

1311 

JO    0 

6  10         Hi   S 

10  4|.2' 

im 

6l,6-.3 

11.032           21 

55,6231        207 

102,0MI 

23.3,412 

99,!)70    5    7 

13    7 

-M  11 

10    1           2   .x 

9  1      j 

1833 

28,413 

137,374            3'    I7fl,l42|     1,430 

94,540 

'137,902 

236,692    5    6 

13    S 

26    8 

10   2         12   4 

9  9     1 

It  appears,  from  No.  IX.  of  the  preceding  accounts,  that  in  1828,  842,000  ([uarters  of 
wheat  were  entered  for  home  consumption,  at  an  average  duty  of  only  Li.  S^rf.  per  quarlcrf 
In  1929  the  imports  were  1,364,000  quarters,  and  the  duty  9s,  2^(1.  In  ISIiO  the 
imports  rose  to  1,702,000  quarters,  and  the  duty  fell  to  0,?.  4A(/. ;  and  in  1831  the  importi 
were  1,491,000  quarters,  and  the  duty  As,  8d.  Had  the  duty  been  a  constant  one  of  6s,  or 
7,v.,  the  interests  of  all  parties  would  have  been  materially  promoted.  But  there  arc 
obviously  very  slender  grounds  for  thinking  that  the  quantity  imported  would  have  been 
considerably  increased  ;  for  though  the  jirescnt  system  of  duties  frequently  checks  iniporla- 
tion  for  a  lengthened  period,  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  when  prices  rise,  and  the  duties  are 
reduced,  every  bushel  in  the  warehouses  is  immediately  entered  for  home  consumption ;  and 
the  chance,  which  is  every  now  and  then  occurring,  of  getting  grain  entered  under  the 
nominal  duty  of  Is.,  probably  tempts  the  merchants  to  speculate  more  largely,  though  at  a 
greater  risk  to  themselves,  than  they  would  do  under  a  dilierent  system.  A  moderate  duty, 
accompanied  by  an  equal  drawback,  besides  giving  a  greater*  degree  of  security  t6  the  corn 
trade,  would,  in  this  respect,  be  particularly  beneficial  to  the  farmer.  Under  the  [ircseut 
system  it  is  not  possible  to  foretell,  witli  any  thing  approaching  to  accuracy,  what  may  be 
the  range  of  prices  during  any  future  period,  however  near  :  so  that  the  trade  of  a  fanner, 
which  is  naturally  one  of  the  most  stable,  has  been  rendered  almost  a  species  of  gambling. 
But  were  the  ports  always  open  under  the  plan  previously  suggested,  every  one  would  bo 
aware  that  variations  of  price  would  be  confined  within  comparatively  narrow  limits :  and 


)E 

• 

»nt 

DrltMn,  ilnce  1807. 

1     P«     J 

Toljl.        1 

Ifl7 
110 

in. 

•lll.t.tW,;rj  1 
<lSli,77() ' 

7(H 

imMH 

7.'.7 

fl:i2,Ni!) 

1.11 

4.11),  b!)       1 

0M» 

(Wm.'jtii     1 

fl.ta 

1177,1(14       1 

11)1 

^«I'J,M15       ' 

7!'« 

MMlin 

223 

h7.1,>'ti3      1 

aN7 

H'.m.MI')       1 

M5 

i.am.KM 

IKM 

ll»17,««l 

HdS 

1,417, 1'jn 

•l.'t.l 

l,N2-i,Mi)      1 

(H):i 

^od.i.n-i)     , 

12(1 

l„VJM,',.i      I 

.vn 

1, ('31,(124      [ 

,7h( 

2,2(0,l»i2      1 

r». 

l,«2,|r». 

l,(it(2,l«!)      i 

1,379 

I,f'2'.l,7l3      : 

l.iMl 

2,^2(i,l35 

4..'503 

a.KKVCOS 

2,520 

2,212,723      1 

l.fiM 

2.411i,(;43 

i.uie 

2,(1(15,7:11 

2,(V|5 

2,73(i,2N| 

2,I7« 

2,7(i(i,<J\'i      ' 

»,4n 

2,(i(ilMII,1      t 

CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


500 


'nr  Home  Contumythn  In  Ihp 
vinl  lluriMiii,  iiiiii  lilt  RalM 
rt  of  IKtfi,  |>.  2^2.) 


nor  Duly  per  lni|i.  Itunrler, 


Rye. 


<.    d. 


Oats. 


Iniliin 
Corn. 


6 
914 

2 
I) 
I  1-2 
C, 

7  3-.t 

ni-J 

0 

11 

8 


\  93-1 

4  0 

2  3 

I  3  3-t 

»  0  1-2 

1 1  I  3-1 


9   I 
4  10 
311 
2   9  1-2 
2    I  II 
9   7  II 


)nl 


4   2  3-4.12  7  I 

7   3  1-4    I  2W 

2    (1  1-4'  9  4  I-.! 

6  10       jKi  S 

10    1        \  2  X 

10   2       hi  4 


5M 

6  ■;■ 
a  1-1 

8     I 

>w 

10  l-.i 
4  I 
41-2' 


828,  842,000  (juarters  of 

mly  !.•».  Q^d.  per  quarter^ 

K.  2^rf.      In   \S:W  the 

md  in  1831  the  imports 

a  confstant  one  of  Gs,  or 

)moted.      But  there  arc 

iportcd  would  have  been 

eijueutly  checkH  iraporta- 

rise,  and  the  duties  are 

home  consumption ;  and 

grain  entered  under  the 

more  largely,  though  at  a 

Item.     A  moderate  duty, 

of  security  tl>  the  corn 

ncr.     Under  the  j)rcseiit 

accuracy,  whfit  may  be 

at  the  trade  of  a  farmer, 

St  a  species  of  gambling. 

stcd,  every  one  would  bo 

ively  narrow  limits :  and 


». 

<i- 

.  2H 

0 

-   (1 

» 

-    r> 

(1 

-     3 

(1 

-     2 

0 

-     t 

n 

-   a 

u 

the  hufiincM  of  fiirminj?  would  nciiuirc  th;»t  nccurity,  of  which  it  in,  nt  prcwnt,  to  cotnpluU^ly 
ilcatitutc,  and  which  in  no  inditfjwuaulilo  tu  itH  lUcceM. 

TV.  Foniioif  Conif  Tradk. 

PnUsh  Corn  Trnih,  —  Dnntzic  ia  tho  port  whence  wn  have  nlwnyii  licon  accuntompd  to 
Iniport  the  liirKCiit  iiupplie:<  of  cum  ;  and  it  would  Hccni  fully  ciitahliiihfd  hy  the  data  coljcftcd 
|«v  -Vf  r.  .Iac4)li,  iti  hiH  tourn,  that  28.y.  or  'A(h,  a  iiuartcr  w  the  lowext  price  for  which  any  cuti- 
>iiliTitlilc  ()uaiility  uf  wheat  for  exiiortatiun  can  ho  permanently  raiHiHl  in  the  curn-i{rowini; 
iiroviiicftH  ill  the  vicinity  of  Wurxaw  :  its  minimum  cost  price,  when  brought  to  Lomloii, 
■u'CorJiny;  to  the  data  furniHhed  by  Mr.  Jacob,  would  bo  as  under:  — 

I'osl  of  wlient  at  Wnrmiw,  per  c]UiirlRr    --...-. 
roiivi'V-iiin-  to  thfi  lioiitH,  and  (.hurKeii  for  luaillnK  anil  Htnwin;,  and  ivcuring  it  by  niati 
I'ri'mlit  to  D.iiil/.le  --....... 

i,iiiu<  nil  till!  |ini<8ii)(i'  l>y  pilferliiB,  iind  rnin  rnimiiiK  it  to  grow  ... 

Ktii^iix**"  It*  I'^iii'-ii'  in  tiiriiini!,  ilryins,  Hrrecnlnit,  iiiul  wiireliniifilnR,  and  Iohi  of  menaura 
I'riilll  or  iwniiiiiHHiiin,  an  tliii  riixu  iii.'iy  lie,  to  tin*  iiii'rcliiiiit  ut  l)aiit/,ic 
FrKik'lit,  prliiiuge,  inHiiriinco,  and  Hliippiiig  clmrueH,  nt  Uunlxic  uiid  in  London 

CMC  of  tlie  wheat  to  the  Engllah  incrcliant         -  -  •  .  -  -  -48    0 

It  ought,  however,  to  bo  observed  that  the  premium  paid  the  underwriters  docs  not  cover 
the  risk  attending  damage  from  heating  or  otherwise  on  the  voyage  ;  and  it  ought  further  to 
W  observed,  that  the  freight  from  Warsaw  to  Dantzic,  and  from  Dantzic  homo,  is  hero 
charged  at  the  lowest  rate.  Mr,  Jacob  supposes  that  on  extraordinary  demand  for  as  much 
'vhcatas  would  l)e  equal  to  six  days'  consumption  of  that  grain  in  England,  or  for  216,000 
iiimrlcrH,  would  raise  the  cost  of  freight  on  the  Vistula  from  20  to  40  per  cent. :  and  as  such 
:i  demand  could  hardly  lie  supplied  without  resorting  to  the  markets  in  the  provinces  to  tho 
south  of  Warsaw,  its  minimum  coat  to  the  London  merchants  could  not,  under  such  cir- 
cumstances, amount,  even  suppo.sing  some  of  these  statements  to  be  a  little  exaggerated,  to 
kw  than  from  60*.  to  53.».  or  .5.0*.  a  quarter. 

.Mr.  Grade,  of  Dantzic,  furnished  the  committee  of  1831  with  the  following  Table  of  tho 
.average  prices  uf  corn  at  that  city,  free  on  board,  in  decennial  periods,  from  1770  to  1820. 

Average  price,  from  Ten  to  Ten  Ycnrs,  of  the  different  Species  of  Corn,  fl-ee  on  board,  per  Quarter, 

in  tiiturling  Money,  at  Uuntzic, 


! 

Wheat. 

Ilye. 

Barley. 

Oala. 

1 

a.     d. 

.?,     d. 

S.     d. 

g.     d. 

From  1770  to  1779       .           -           - 

33    U 

21     8 

16    1 

11     1 

17Sn  -  178a 

33  10 

22     1 

17  11 

12    4{ 

1           '7Stn— 1799 

43    8 

26     3 

I'J    3 

12    6 

1           18(H)— 1809        .            .           - 

60    0 

3t  10 

25     1 

n    1  ■ 

1810-1819       - 

55    4 

31     1 

26    0 

20    4 

Atgregate  Average  Price  of  49  Years 

45    4 

27    2 

20  10 

13  10 

In  1823, 1824, 1825,  and  1826,  prices,  owing  to  the  cessation  of  the  demand  from  England, 
were  very  much  depressed  ;  but  they  have  since  attained  to  near  their  former  elevation. 
We  subjoin  a  statement,  furnished  by  the  British  consul,  of  the 

Average  Trices  of  Grain,  bought  from  fJranary,  in  sterling  Money,  at  Dantzic,  per  Imperial  Qnarter. 


Ynn. 

WIlMl. 

S.       ,1. 

\<ii 

30    3 

\m 

27    9 

m\ 

'23    8 

1V25 

21    2 

\m 

25    1 

1S27 

2rt  11 

Rye. 


,?.  rf. 

18  4' 

18  6J 

11  21 

11  4 

15  3J 

18  2 


Barley. 

s.     d. 
12    5' 


Oali. 


10  115 

u  unl  II  0,; 

8  ll-ji     7  7 

10    5        8  1 

13     5i    12  .5,; 

16     <»      13  10 


White  and 
Veilnw 


.f.  d. 
15  7 
18  2} 
11  lU 
14  7 
23  1,V 
31  11 


Ycari. 


182S 
1829 
1830 
1831 


Average 


Wheal 


17  10 


Birley. 


Oili. 


n.  d,     s.    d 

14  3     11     3 
13  8  110  11 

15  0     11    2 
21  3     15    8 


White  and 
Yfllovv 
Teas. 


0.  (/. 

28  4 

18  8 

20  8 

27  7 


14     1     11     3,1     21     03 


The  shipping  charges  may,  we  believe,  be  taken  at  8(f,  or  9d,  a  quarter ;  and  this,  added 
to  the  above,  gives  34,».  Id.  or  34s.  2d.  for  the  average  price  of  wheat,  free  on  board,  at  Dantzic, 
during  the  10  years  ending  with  1831.  The  charges  on  importation  into  England,  ware- 
housing here,  and  then  delivering  to  the  consumer,  exclusive  of  duty  and  profit,  would 
amount  to  about  10s.  a  quarter.  This  appears  from  the  following 
2u2 


,'";l".   '  ^  f 


liii 


510 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


Account  of  the  Ord 
and 


€!MII**><  I'liWI 
0k^M*  V.illMt 


tfir"'*'^ 


••%r1 


c:. 


If 


::;j:   .Ji 


a.- 


1  t 


Ordinary  Charges  on  100  Quarters  of  Wheat,  shipped  from  Dantzic  on  Consignment 
landed  under  Bond  in  London.— (/'uW.  Paper,  No.  333.  Sens.  1S27.  p.  28.)  ' 


1 

a     a.     d. 

£ 

s.    d. 

One  hundred  quarters,  supposed  cost  at  Dantzic,  free  on  board,  30«. 

— 

150 

0    0 

Freight  at  5».  per  quarter,  and  10  per  cent. 

.          .          -          - 

27    10     0 

Metage  ex  ship,  &c.,  6g.  fid.  per  last  - 

.... 

3      S      0 

Lighterage  and  landing,  9ii.  per  quarter 

-          .          -          . 

3    15      0 

Insurance  on  180/.,  including  10  per  cent,  imaginary  profit,  at  80s.  ^ 

7    14      0 

per  cent. ;  policy  5».  per  cent. 

S 

Granary  rent  and  insurance  for  one  weelc 

.... 

0      5      0 

Turning  and  trimming,  about 

.          .          _          - 

0      2      0 

Delivering  from  granary,  M.  per  quarter 

-          .          .          - 

1      5      0 

Metage,  &c.  ex  granary,  2a.  per  last  - 

.... 

1      0      0 

Commission  on  sale.  Is.  per  quarter   - 

.... 

5      0      0 

Del  credere,  1  percent,  on,  suppose, 40s. 

Total  coat  to  importer 

2      0      0 

51 

IC   0 

if  sold  in  bond 

201 

10    0 

Imaginary  prutit  10  per  cent. 
Would  prodijce,  at  44s.  Ad.  per  quarter 

20 

3    6 

221 

19   6   i 

JE221 

13   4   , 

N.  B.— Loss  on  remeasuring  not  con.sidercd. 

Freight  and  insurance  are  taken  in  this  statement  at  an  average,  being  sometimes  higlier  and  some- 
times lower. 

Nothing,  therefore,  can  be  more  perfectly  unfounded,  tlwn  the  notions  so  prevalent  in  this 
country  as  to  the  extreme  cheapness  of  corn  at  Dantzic.  When  there  is  little  or  no  forei:n 
demand,  and  all  that  is  brought  to  the  city  is  thrown  upon  the  home  market,  prices  arc,  nl' 
course,  very  much  depressed  ;  but  when  there  is  a  moderate  demand  for  exi>ortation,  thcv 
immediately  rise  to  something  like  the  average  level  of  the  European  market.  During  the 
greater  number  of  the  years  embraced  in  the  consular  return,  the  Polish  corn  trade  wa.s  very 
much  depressed  ;  and  in  some  seasons  the  exports  were  extremely  limited.  But  notnilli- 
standing  these  unfavourable  circumstances,  the  price  of  wheat,  free  on  board,  at  an  avi'ras;c 
of  the  whole  period,  was  3is,  Id.  a  quarter.  Now,  if  we  add  to  this  10.9.  a  quarter  for 
freight  and  other  charges  attending  its  importation  into  England,  and  delivery  to  the  con- 
sumer, it  could  not,  in  the  event  of  its  being  charged  with  a  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.  a  quarter  on 
importation,  be  sold  so  as  to  indemnify  the  importer  for  his  outlay,  without  yielding  him  any 
profit,  for  less  than  50s.  or  51s.  a  quarter.  And  there  are  really  no  very  satisfactory  reasons 
for  supposing  that  it  could  be  disposed  of  for  so  little ;  for  whenever  it  has  been  aJinitleJ 
into  the  British  ports  under  any  thing  like  reasonable  duties,  prices  at  Dantzic  have  uni- 
formly been  above  40s.  a  quarter.  Supposing,  however,  that,  in  the  event  of  our  ports  being 
always  open,  the  growth  of  corn  in  Poland  would  be  so  much  increased  as  to  admit  of  wheat 
being  shipped  in  ordinary  seasons  for  34s.,  still  it  is  quite  plain  it  could  not  be  sold  in 
London  under  a  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.,  for  less  than  5.3s.  or  54s.  a  quarter. 

It  is  dilhcult  to  draw  any  conclusions  on  which  it  would  be  safe  to  place  much  reliance 
as  to  the  suppUes  of  corn  that  might  be  obtained  from  Dantzic,  were  our  ports  constantly 
open  under  a  reasonable  duty.     Mr.  Jacob  gives  the  following 


Account  of  the  Total  annual  Averaee  Quantity  of  Wheat  and  Rvo  exported  from  Dantzic,  in  Periods 

of  25  Years  each,  for  tlie  Iflli  Years  ending  with  1S23, 

Veirs. 

Wlieat.     Qu.irters. 

Hye.     Quarters. 

Total,     tjinrleri. 

Ifi5l  to  1675 

81,775 

225.312 

307,(li7            ; 

1670  —  1700 

124,807 

227.482 

3.'i2,')7!) 

1701  —  1725 

50.705 

170.100 

22!t.>l».} 

1726  —  1750 

80.021 

110,771 

2()0,3!t.) 

1751  —  1775 

141,080 

208,110 

3l!).'2il) 

1770  —  lf-00 

150.299 

103,045 

2,1.1,311 

1801  —  1S25 

200,330 

67.511 

2(i7,>4l 

"  The  average  of  the  whole  period,"  Mr.  Jacob  observes,  "  gives  an  annual  quantity  of 
wheat  and  rye,  of  279,794  quarters ;  and  this  surplus  may  be  fairly  consid  'red  as  the 
nearest  approach  that  can  bo  made,  with  existing  materials,  to  what  is  the  usupI  cxce.ss  of 
the  produce  of  bread  corn  above  the  consumption  of  the  inhabitant.-^,  when  no  jxtraordinary 
circumstances  occur  to  excite  or  check  cultivation." — (Rp,j),irt,  p.  19.)  , 

We  have,  however,  been  assured  by  gentlemen  intimately  acquaintc'  with  the  countrifs 
traversed  by  the  Vistula,  the  Bug,  &c.,  that  Mr.  Jacob  has  very  much  underrated  liicir 
capabilities  of  improvement ;  and  that  were  our  ports  opened  under  a  fixed  duty  of  6.s.  or 
7.9.  a  quarter  on  wheat,  and  other  grain  in  proportion,  we  might  reckon  upon  getting  from 
Dantzic  an  annual  supply  of  from  350,000  to  450,000  ([uarters.  We  incline  to  think  thiit 
this  is  a  very  moderate  estimate.  Hitherto,  owing  to  the  fluctuating  and  capriciou.s  nature 
of  our  demand,  it  has  proved  of  little  advantage  to  the  cultivators;  and  but  little  corn  lias 
been  raised  in  the  expectation  of  its  finding  its  way  to  England.  But  it  would  be  quite 
another  thing  were  our  ports  always  open.    The  supply  of  the  English  markets  woulJ  then 


i\ 


3E. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


511 


I  Dantzie  on  Consignmnit, 
13.  1827.  p.  28.) 


10  0 

S  0 

15  0 

14  0 


0      0 
0      0 


lid  in  bond 
lit. 


or  quarter 


£      s.    d. 
150     0   U 


51    10  0 


201    1«   0 
20     3   6 


221    19   6 


JE221    13   4 


sometimes  higher  and  soiiie- 

tions  so  prevalent  in  tlii^i 
liere  is  little  or  no  foreign 
lie  market,  prices  are,  of 
iind  for  exjxirtation,  tliev 
can  market.  During  the 
'olish  corn  trade  was  very 
ly  limited.  But  notnilh- 
3  on  board,  at  an  average 
to  this  lO.v.  a  quarter  for 
and  delivery  to  tlie  con- 
of  6s.  or  7s.  a  quarter  on 
without  yielding  him  any 
3  very  satistactory  reasuns 
ver  it  has  been  adinitlej 
•es  at  Dantzic  have  uiii- 
e  event  of  our  ports  being 
ased  as  to  admit  of  wlieat 
in  it  could  not  be  sold  in 
rter. 

to  place  much  reliance 
fere  our  ports  constantly 


d  from  Dantzic,  in  PerioJs 
825. 


Tot:iI.     tjmrteri. 


307,()1* 
3S2.')T!) 
22i).>l(.5 
2()0,.'!n') 

2.i.Ull 

2iir.>n 


■s  an  annual  quantity  of 
fairly  consid  'rod  as  the 
t  is  the  usupI  excess  of 
1,  when  no  j.xtrajrdinary 
19.) 

inte''  with  the  countries 
much  underrated  their 
■r  a  fixed  duty  of  6.s.  or 
:kon  upon  getting  from 
A'c  incline  to  think  thiit 
g  and  capricious  nature 
and  but  little  corn  has 
But  it  would  be  quite 
dish  markets  would  then 


be  an  object  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  Polish  agriculturists,  who,  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  would  both  extend  and  improve  their  tillage.     We  subjoin  an 

Account  of  the  exports  of  Corn  from  Dantzic  during  the  Three  Years  ending  with  1831,  specifying  the 
Quantities  sent  to  different  Countries,  reclconcd  in  Quarters  of  lOi-  to  the  Last. 


Specie!  of  Com. 

1820.                     1 

1830. 

1831. 

Britain 
and  lier 
Poaes. 

sious. 

France. 

Holland. 

Other 

Coun. 
tri«. 

BrilaiD 
and  her 
Posses- 
sions. 

France. 

Holland. 

Other 
Coun- 
tries. 

Britain 
and  titr 
Posat-s. 
sion*. 

France. 

Hol- 
land. 

Other 
Coun- 

tries. 

Wheat  • 
Rye      ■ 
Barley  - 
Chls      • 
tea     • 

ToUIorCoro    - 

Flmir,    iMirrels    of  ) 

196  lbs.              •  1 

Biicuils,  hup  of  1  cwt. 

Qr.. 
214,933 
8,980 
3,648 
8,923 
2,444 

24,169 

9,455 

237 

274 

(Jr.. 
6-1.594 
30,>i66 

2,118 

217 

Qr,. 

3,070 
28.974 

672 

181 

Qri. 
328.982 
8,453 
4,128 
20,997 
14,312 

Qrt. 
21,473 
62 

Qn. 
43.970 
28,753 

788 

1/768 

Qri. 

4,163 
47,816 

2,452 
465 
836 

125,330 
2,510 

11,380 
2,2iO 

14,780 

156,220 

— 

Qr). 

7,908 

4,560 

560 

.562 

6,456 

300 

SIO 

239,123 

34,135 

97,795 

32,897 

376,672 

21,525 

75,279 

55,732 

- 

13,032 

6,828 

2,C1G 
3,224 

8,926 

io,2s:i 



2,776 

108 

72 

10 
6,732 

_ 

_ 

2 
200 

Quality  of  Dantzic  Wheat. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  subjoined  accounts,  that  the  price 
of  wheat  at  Dantzic,  during  the  10  years  ending  with  1831,  was  very  near  7s.  a  quarter 
above  its  average  price  at  Hamburgh  during  the  same  period,  and  about  2s.  above  the  average 
of  Amsterdam.  This  difference  is  entirely  owing  to  the  superior  quality  of  the  Dantzic 
wheat.  Though  small  grained,  and  not  so  heavy  as  several  other  sorts,  it  is  remarkably 
thin-skinned,  and  yields  the  finest  flour.  Some  of  the  best  white,  or,  as  it  is  technically 
termed,  "  high  mixed"  Dantzic  wheat,  is  superior  to  the  very  best  English ;  but  the  quantity 
of  this  sort  is  but  limited,  and  the  average  quality  of  all  that  is  exported  from  Dantaicis 
believed  to  approach  very  nearly  to  the  average  quality  of  English  wheat.  Allowing"for 
its  superior  quality,  it  will  be  found  that  wheat  is,  speaking  generally,  always  cheaper  .4n 
Dantzic  than  in  any  of  the  Continental  ports  nearer  to  London.  There  are  but  few  season?, 
indeed,  in  which  Dantzic  wheat  is  not  largely  imported  into  Amsterdam ;  and  it  frequently, 
also,  finds  it  way  into  Hamburgh.  But  it  is  quite  impossible  that  such  should  be  the  case, 
unless,  taking  quality  and  other  modifying  circumstances  into  account,  it  were  really 
cheaper  than  the  native  and  other  wheats  met  with  in  these  markets.  When  there  is  any 
considerable  importation  into  England,  it  is  of  every  day  occurrence  for  merchants  to  order 
Dantzic  wheat  in  preference  to  that  of  Holstein,  or  of  the  Lower  Elbe,  though  the  latter 
might  frequently  be  put  into  warehouse  here  for  20s.  a  quarter  less  than  the  former !  It  is, 
therefore,  quite  indispensable,  in  attempting  to  draw  any  inferences  as  to  the  comparative 
prices  of  corn  in  different  countries,  to  make  the  requisite  allowances  for  differences  of 
quality.  Unless  this  be  done,  whatever  conclusions  may  be  come  to  can  hardly  fail  of 
being  false  and  misleading ;  and  when  they  happen  to  be  right,  they  can  only  be  so  through 
the  merest  accident. 

Dantzic  being  by  far  the  greatest  port  for  the  exportation  of  com  in  the  north  of  Europe, 
its  price  may  be  assumed  as  the  general  measure  of  the  price  in  other  shipping  ports.  At 
all  events,  it  is  certain  that  when  Dantzic  is  exporting,  wheat  cannot  be  shipped,  taking 
quality  into  account,  at  a  cheaper  rate  from  any  other  place.  The  importer  invariably 
resorts  to  what  he  believes  to  be,  all  things  considered,  the  cheapest  market ;  and  it  is  a  con-^ 
tradiction  and  an  absurdity  to  suppose  that  he  should  burden  himself  with  a  comparatively 
high  freight,  and  pay  34s.  \d.  for  wheat  at  Dantzic,  provided  he  could  buy  an  equally  good 
article  in  so  convenient  a  port  n-.  Hamburgh  for  26s.  6|(/. 

If,  therefore,  we  are  right  in  estimating  the  price  at  which  wheat  could  be  imported  from 
Dantzic  under  a  duty  of  6s.  or  7."!.,  at  from  53s.  to  54s.,  we  may  be  assured  thcl  this  is  the  lowest 
importation  price.  The  greater  cheapness  of  the  imports  from  other  places  is  apparent 
only ;  and  is  uniformly  countervailed  by  a  corresponding  inferiority  of  quality. — (For 
further  details  as  to  the  PolLsh  corn  trade,  see  D.\m'zic,  Komosbkho,  &c.) 

Russian  Corn  Trade. — Russia  exports  large  (juantities  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  meal. 
The  wheat  is  of  vorious  qualities ;  but  the  greater  portion  of  it  is  small  grained,  coarse, 
brown,  and  very  Ijadly  dressed.  The  hard,  or  Kubanka,  is  the  best ;  it  keeps  well,  and  is  in 
considerable  demand  for  mixing  with  other  wheats  that  are  old  or  stale.  Russian  oats  are 
very  thin ;  but.  being  dried  in  the  straw,  they  weigh  better  than  could  be  expected  from 
their  appearance,  and  are  reckoned  wholesome  food.  Our  imports  from  Russia,  in  1831, 
were  extraordinarily  large,  she  having  supplied  us  with  no  fewer  than  464,000  quarters 
nf  wheat  and  wht^at  flour,  369,000  quarters  of  oats  and  oatmeal,  54,000  quarters  of  rye  and 
rye  meal,  42,000  quarters  of  barley  and  barley  meal,  &c.,  making  a  grand  total  of  937,000 
quarters!  Generally,  however,  our  imports  do  not  exceed  a  fifth  part  of  this  quantity. 
The  quarter  of  hard  wheat  was  worth,  free  on  Ixoard,  at  Petersburgh,  in  November,  1832, 
when  there  was  no  demand  for  exportation,  from  2Ss.  to  28,9.  Gd. — (The  reader  will  find 
notices  of  the  Russian  corn  trade  under  the  articles  Antii.ixiiKL,  PKTKiisiiinfiii,  and  Rioa. 
For  an  account  of  the  corn  trade  by  the  Black  Sea,  sec  post,  and  the  article  Ohessa.) 


1 


),     " 

i- 

I 


012 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


mmti  inn 


MHti-W  I: «  « 


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•  iii4tl 


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M 

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i    •! 


Danish  Com  Trade, — The  export  of  wheat  from  Denmark  Proper,  that  is,  from  JiitJani] 
and  the  islands,  is  but  inconsiderable.  I'hcre  is,  however,  a  pretty  large  exportation  of  wlteat 
and  other  grain,  as  well  as  of  butter,  cheese,  beef,  &c,,  from  Sleswick  and  Hulstcin,  A^ 
already  stated,  the  quality  of  the  wheat  is  inferior ;  for,  though  it  looks  plump,  it  is  coarse 
and  damp.  The  chief  shipping  port  for  Danish  corn  is  Kiel ;  but  owing  to  the  superior 
facilities  enjoyed  by  Hamburgh,  the  greater  portion  of  it  is  consigned  to  that  city.  In  1831 
we  imported  from  Denmark  55,960  quarters  of  wheat,  1 15,658  do.  of  barley,  96,996  do.  of 
oats,  with  some  small  quantities  of  rye  and  beans. — (For  an  account  of  the  exports  of  raw 
produce  from  Denmark  in  1831,  see  Copeshaqew.) 

Corn  Trade  of  the  Elbe,  <SfC. — Next  to  Dantzic,  Hamburgh  is,  perhaps,  the  greater-t 
corn  market  in  the  north  of  Europe,  being  a  depot  for  large  quantities  of  ]3altic  corn,  ami 
for  the  produce  of  the  extensive  countries  traversed  by  the  Elbe.  But  the  excess  of  the 
exports  of  wheat  from  Hamburgh  over  the  imports,  is  less  than  might  have  been,  expected, 
and  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  10  years  ending  with  1825,  to  only  48,S63  quarters  a  year. 
It  appears  from  the  subjoined  table  that  the  average  price  of  wheat  at  Hamburgh,  during 
the  10  years  ending  with  1831,  was  only  26s.  Sj^d.  a  quarter,  being  about  7s.  a  quarter  under 
the  level  of  Dantzic ;  but  this  extreme  lowness  of  price  is  altogether  ascribable  to  the  infe. 
riority  of  the  Holstein  and  Hanover  wheats,  which  are  generally  met  with  in  great  abundance 
at  Hamburgh.  Wheat  from  the  Upper  Elbe  is  of  a  better  quality.  Bohemian  wheat  U 
occasionally  forwarded  by  the  river  to  Hamburgh ;  but  the  charges  attending  its  conveyance 
from  Prague  amount,  according  to  Mr.  Jacob,  to  full  17s.  a  quarter,  and  prevent  its  being 
sent  down,  except  when  the  price  is  comparatively  high.  In  1830,  there  was  shipped  from 
Hamburgh  for  British  ports,  217,700  quarters  of  wheat,  1,900  of  rye,  18,800  of  barley,  and 
2,800  of  oats.  Perhaps  we  might  be  able,  did  our  prices  average  about  55s.,  to  import  in 
ordinary  years  from  250,000  to  300,000  quarters  of  wheat  from  Denmark  and  the  countries 
intersected  by  the  Weser  and  the  Elbe. 

Average  Prices  of  Corn  at  Hamburgh,  during  tlin  Ten  Years  ending  with  1831,  in  Sterling  Money,  per 

Imperial  Quarter. 


Veirs. 

Wheat. 

Bye. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Years. 

Wheat. 

Hye. 

Barley. 

OlU. 

s.     d. 

S.     d. 

S.     d. 

S.     d. 

s,    d. 

s.     d. 

S.     f' 

S.     ll. 

1822 

27    6 

15     5 

13     0 

9     4 

1S28 

27  10 

20    8 

13     . 

10  i 

1823 

27    6 

18    4 

14     6 

11    0 

1829 

34    5 

IS    8 

13   :< 

;>  4 

1824 

24    0 

13    0 

12     6 

8    0 

1830 

25  10 

21     3 

14 

>  ' 

1825 

20    6 

12    9 

13   10 

8    6 

1831 

33    4 

26    8 

19 

HI         1 

1826 

18    4 

17    1 

13    3 

17    7 

12    4 
16    9 

1827 

26    3 

23  10 

Ave  rape 

26    fiL 

18    9 

14    I... 

10   Ti 

Amsterdam  is  an  important  depot  for  foreign  corn,  every  variety  of  which  may  be  found 
there.  Only  a  small  part  of  its  own  consumption  is  supplied  by  corn  of  native  growth;  so 
that  the  prices  in  it  are  for  the  most  part  dependent  on  the  prices  at  which  corn  can  be 
brought  from  Dantzic,  Kiel,  Hamburgh,  and  other  shipping  ports.  Rotterdam  is  a  very 
advantageous  port  for  warehousing  foreign  corn ;  being  conveniently  situated,  and  the  ware- 
house rent  low,  not  exceeding  2d.  or  2id.  per  quarter  per  month.  We  subjoin  an  account  of  the 

Average  Prices,  per  Imperial  Quarter,  of  Wlient,  Rye,  Barlcv,  and  Oats  grown  within  the  Consulship 
of  Amsterdam,  during  the  Ten  Yeurs'ending  with  1831. 


Yean. 

Wheal. 

Rye. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Years. 

Wheal. 

Rye. 

Farley. 

(Mli.      j 

«.     d. 

s.    d. 

s.     rf. 

S.     d. 

S.     rf. 

s.     d. 

s.     d. 

.«.     ll.    1 

1822 

25    0 

16    8 

13     0 

9    4 

1828 

31    6 

21    0 

19    (1 

12  10 

1823 

21     1 

20    6 

16     1 

8    0 

1829 

4(i  10 

25    7 

19    5 

i;i  10 

1824 

20    3 

17    4 

14    2 

9    8 

1830 

41     9 

27    4 

20    0 

IS    I 

1825 

23    4 

16    5 

15     9 

12    0 

1831 

42    8 

30    0 

22    4 

IS   6 

1826 
1827 

25    0 
33    2 

19    3 
29    0 

17    7 
21    0 

16    4 
21     8 

Average 

31     4A 

23    7i 

17      9::- 

14  ni 

Previously  to  the  late  revolution  in  the  Netherlands,  there  used  to  be  a  considerable  trade 
in  corn  from  Antwerp  to  England.  Wheats,  both  white  and  red,  are  among  tiie  finest  wc 
receive  f'om  the  Continent,  and  arc,  of  course,  pretty  high  priced.  Beans  and  peas  are  also 
fine.  Antwerp  buck-wheat  is  the  best  in  Europe.  According  to  Mr.  Jacob,  the  cost  (if 
storing  and  turning  wheat  per  month  at  Antwerp  does  not  exceed  1  ^d.  a  quarter,  or  about 
half  what  it  costs  in  London. 

French  Corn  Trade. — It  appears,  from  the  accounts  given  by  the  Marquis  Gamier  in  the 
last  «dition  of  his  translation  of  ihc  WeaUh  of  Nations,  that  the  price  of  the  hectnlUnd 
wheal  at  the  market  of  Paris  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  1 9  years  beginning  with 
1801  and  ending  with  1819,  to  20  fr.  53  cent. ;  which  is  equal  to  30  fr.  80  cent,  the  scptior; 
or,  taking  the  exchange  at  25  fr.,  to  4.5s.  6rf.  the  quarter.  Count  Chaptal,  in  his  valuable 
work,  Sur  I' Industrie  Frangaise  (tom.  i.  p.  280.),  published  in  1819,  estimates  the  onlinary 
average  price  of  wheat  throughout  France  at  18  fr.  the  hectolitre,  or  42,s.  lOrf.  the  quarter. 
The  various  expenses  attending  the  importation  of  a  quarter  of  French  wheat  into  London 
may  be  taken,  at  a  medium,  at  about  6s.  a  quarter.    France,  however,  has  very  little  surplus 


E. 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


513 


•r,  that  is,  from  Jiithml 
ge  exportation  of  wtkeat 
ick  and  Holstcin.  As 
)k9  plump,  it  is  coarse 
t  owing  to  the  superior 
1  to  that  city.  In  1831 
f  barley,  96,996  do.  of 
it  of  the  exports  of  raw 

a,  perhaps,  the  gveatest 

ities  of  i3altif;  corn,  and 

But  the  cTLcess  of  the 

ght  have  been,  expected, 

48,263  quarters  a  year. 
at  at  Hamburgh,  during 
ibout  7s.  a  quarter  under 

ascribable  to  the  infe- 
with  in  great  abundance 
y.  Bohemian  wheat  Is 
ittending  its  conveyance 
r,  and  prevent  its  being 

there  was  shipped  from 
e,  18,200  of  barley,  and 
!  about  55s.,  to  import  in 
nmark  and  the  countries 

831,  in  Sterling  Money,  per 


Bye. 

narky. 

(hi!. 

.     d. 

S.     >' 

S.      d. 

!0    8 

13     . 

10  i 

S    8 

13  :< 

O   4 

21    3 

14 

'    ' 

26    8 

19 

iO         1 

18    9 

14    t.. 

,    10   71 

of  which  may  be  found 
)rn  of  native  growth;  so 
ces  at  which  corn  can  be 
Rotterdam  is  a  very 
situated,  and  the  ware- 
subjoin  an  account  of  the 

iwn  within  the  Consulship 
1831. 


Rye. 

Harley. 

Oil!. 

s.     d. 

n   0 

25    7 
27    4 
HO    0 

a3  Tr 

S.     d. 
11)     0 

19  .') 

20  0 
2-2    4 

17    9} 

12  10 

i;iio 

18    1 
18   6 

M   01 

o  be  a  considerable  trade 

are  among  tiie  f;nest  we 

Beans  and  peas  are  also 

,0  Mr.  Jacob,  the  cost  nf 

l^rf.  a  quarter,  or  about 

e  Marquis  Gamier  in  the 
price  of  the  hectolitre  of 
19  years  beginning  with 
0  fr.  80  cent,  the  septier; 
Chaptal,  in  his  valuable 
9,  estimates  the  ordinary 
or  42,v.  lOrf.  the  (luarter. 
mch  wheat  into  London 
er,  has  very  little  surplus 


produce  to  dispose  of;  so  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  us  to  import  any  considerable 
quantity  of  French  corn  without  occasioning  a  great  advance  of  price ;  and  in  point  of  fact, 
our  imports  from  France  have  been  at  all  times  quite  inconsiderable. 

The  mean  of  the  different  estimates  framed  by  Vauban,  Quesnay,  Expilly,  Lavoisier, 
and  Arthur  Young,  gives  61,519,673  septiers,  or  32,810,000  quarters,  as  the  total  average 
growth  of  the  different  kinds  of  grain  in  France. — (Peucliet,  Slaiistique  EUmentaire, 
p.  290.)  We,  however,  took  occasion  formerly  to  observe  (Supp.  to  Enq/c.  Brit.  art. 
Corn  Laws)  that  there  could  not  be  a  doubt  that  this  estimate  was  a  great  deal  too  low  ; 
and  the  more  careful  investigations  of  late  French  statisticians  fully  confirm  this  remark. 
It  is  said  that  the  mean  annual  produce  of  the  harvests  of  France,  at  an  average  of  the  4 
years  ending  with  1828,  amounted  to  60,633,000  hectolitres  of  wheat,  and  114,738,000 
ditto  of  otlier  sorts  of  grain;  making  in  all  175,271,000  hectoUtres,  or  62,221,205  Winch, 
([uarters.  Of  this  quantity  it  is  supposed  that  16  per  cent,  is  consumed  as  seed,  19  per 
cent,  in  the  feeding  of  different  species  of  animals,  and  2  per  cent,  in  distilleries  and  brew- 
cries. — {Bulletin  des  Sciences  Gcographiques,  torn.  xxv.  p.  34.)  This  estimate  is  believed 
to  be  pretty  nearly  accurate  ;    perhaps,  however,  it  is  still  rather  under  the  mark. 

The  foreign  corn  tiade  of  France  was  regulated  down  to  a  very  late  period  by  a  law  which 
forbade  exportation,  except  when  the  home  prices  were  below  certain  limits ;  and  which 
restrained  and  absolutely  forbade  importation  except  when  they  were  above  certain  other 
limits.  The  prices  regulating  importation  and  exportation  differed  in  the  different  districts 
into  which  the  kingdom  was  divided ;  and  it  has  not  unfrequently  happened  that  corn 
warehoused  in  a  particular  port,  where  it  was  either  not  admissible  at  all,  or  not  admissible 
except  under  payment  of  a  high  duty,  has  been  carried  to  another  port  in  another  district, 
jnd  admitted  duty  free !  But  during  the  last  2  years  importation  has  been  at  all  times 
allowed  under  graduated  duties,  which,  however,  like  those  of  this  country,  become  prohibi- 
tory when  the  prices  sink  to  a  certain  level.  The  division  of  the  kingdom  into  separate 
districts  is  still  kept  up;  and  in  June,  1833,  whilo  the  duties  ou  wheat  imported  into  some 
of  the  departments  were  only  4  fr.  75  cent.,  they  were,  in  others,  as  high  as  12  fr.  25  cent. 
An  official  announcement  is  issued  on  the  last  day  of  each  month,  of  what  the  duties  arc  to 
he  in  that  district  during  the  succeeding  month.  These  depend,  with  certain  modifications,  on 
the  average  prices  of  the  districts. 

Spanish  Com  Trade. — The  exportation  of  com  from  Spain  was  formerly  prohibited 
under  the  severest  penalties.  But  in  1820,  grain  and  flour  were  both  allowed  to  be  freely 
exported ;  and  in  1823,  this  privilege  was  extended  to  all  productions  (frutos)  the  growth  of 
the  soil.  There  is  now,  in  fact,  no  obstacle  whatever,  except  the  expense  of  carriage,  to  the 
conveyance  of  corn  to  the  sea-ports,  and  thence  to  the  foreigner.  Owing,  however,  to  the 
corn  growing  provinces  being  principally  situated  in  the  interior,  and  to  the  extreme  badness 
of  the  roads,  which  renders  carriage  to  the  coast  both  expensive  and  diflicult,  the  exports 
are  reduced  within  comparatively  narrow  limits ;  the  same  difficulty  of  carriage  frequently 
gives  rise  to  very  great  differences  in  the  prices  of  places,  in  oil  parts  of  the  country,  only  a 
few  leagues  distant.  Were  the  means  of  communication  improved,  and  any  thing  like 
security  given  to  the  husbandman,  Spain  would,  in  no  long  time,  become  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal exporting  countries  of  Europe.  Old  Castile,  Leon,  Estremadura,  and  that  part  of  Anda- 
lusia to  the  south  and  east  of  Seville,  are  amongst  the  finest  corn  countries  of  Europe  ;  and 
might  be  made  to  yield  immense  supplies.  But  owing  to  the  disturbed  state  of  the  country, 
and  the  want  of  a  market  for  their  produce,  they  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  at  all  cultivated. 
And  yet  such  is  their  natural  fertility,  that  in  good  seasons  the  peasants  only  reap  those  fields 
nearest  to  the  villages !  Latterly  we  have  began  to  import  corn  from  Bilbao,  Santander, 
and  other  ports  in  the  north  of  Spain;  and  in  1831,  she  supplied  us  with  no  fewer  than 
158,000  quarters. — (See  Bilbao.) 

Corn  Trade  of  Odessa, — Odessa,  on  the  Black  Sea,  is  the  only  port  in  Southern 
Europe  from  which  any  considerable  quantity  of  grain  is  exported.  We  believe,  indeed,  that 
the  fertility  of  the  soil  in  its  vicinity  has  been  much  exaggerated ;  but  the  wheat  shipped  at 
Odessa  is  principally  brought  from  Volhynia  and  the  Polish  prov.^ices  to  the  south  of  Cracow, 
the  supplies  from  which  are  susceptible  of  an  indefinite  increase.  Owing  to  the  cataracts  in 
the  Dnieper,  and  the  Dniester  having  a  great  number  of  shallows,  most  part  of  the  com 
brought  to  Odessa  comes  by  land  carriage.  The  expense  of  tliis  mode  of  conveyance  is  not, 
however,  nearly  so  great  as  might  be  supposed.  The  carts  with  corn  are  often  in  parties 
of  150 ;  the  oxen  are  pastured  during  the  night,  and  they  take  advantage  of  the  period 
when  the  peasantry  are  not  occupied  with  the  harvest,  so  that  the  charge  on  account  of 
conveyance  is  comparatively  trifling. 

Both  soft  and  hard  wheat  is  exported  from  Odessa;  but  the  former,  which  is  by  far  the 
most  abundant,  is  only  brought  to  England.  Supposing  British  wheat  to  sell  at  about  60s., 
Odessa  wheat,  in  good  order,  woulil  not  be  worth  more  than  52s.  in  the  London  market ; 
but  it  is  a  curious  fact,  that  in  the  Mediterranean  the  estimation  in  which  they  are  held  is 
quite  the  reverse ;  at  Malta,  Marseilles,  Leghorn,  &c,,  Odessa  wheat  fetches  a  decidedly 
higher  price  than  British  wheat. 

65 


614 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


(B/V»^- ■>■-'*« 


"iw" '  3j 


II 


'^'m 


■I 


1 1 


.1 


The  hard  wheat  brought  from  the  Black  Sea  comes  principally  from  Taganrof.  It  jg  a 
very  fine  species  of  grain ;  it  is  full  10  per  cent,  heavier  than  British  wheat,  and  has  less  than 
half  the  bran.  It  is  used  in  Italy  for  making  macaroni  and  vermicelli,  and  things  of  that 
sort ;  very  little  of  it  has  found  its  way  to  England. 

The  voyage  from  Odessa  to  Britain  is  of  uncertain  duration,  but  generally  very  long. 
It  is  essential  to  the  importation  of  the  wheat  in  a  good  condition,  that  it  should  be  made 
during  the  winter  months.  When  the  voyage  is  made  in  summer,  unless  the  wheat  be  very 
superior,  and  be  shipped  in  exceedingly  good  order,  it  is  almost  sure  to  heat ;  and  has  some- 
times, indeed,  been  injured  to  such  a  degree  as  to  require  to  be  dug  from  the  hold  with 
pickaxes.  Unless,  therefore,  means  be  devised  for  lessening  the  risk  of  damage  during  the 
voyage,  there  is  little  reason  to  think  that  Odessa  wheat  will  ever  be  largely  imported  into 
Britain. — (See  the  evidence  of  J.  H.  Lander,  Esq.  and  J.  Schneider,  Esq.  before  the  Lords' 
Committee  of  1 827,  on  the  price  of  foreign  corn.) 

It  appears  from  the  report  of  the  British  consul,  dated  Odessa,  31st  of  December,  1630, 
that  the  prices  of  wheat  during  the  quarter  then  terminated  varied  from  22s.  4d.  to  'Ms.  6(/. 
a  quarter.     During  the  summer  quarter,  149,029  quarters  of  wheat  were  exported. 

We  copy  the  following  account  from  the  evidence  of  J.  H.  Lander,  Esq.  referred  to 
above :  — 

Account  of  the  uverage  Prices  of  Wheat  at  Odessa,  with  the  ShippinK  Charges,  rodnced  into  British 
Measure  und  Currency;  tlie  Rate  of  E.\change  (the  wliole  taken  Quurteriy  for  tlie  Years  1814 to 
1824,  inclusive);  and  the  Quantities  annually  exported. 


(Quarter  ending 


1814. 


1815. 


1816. 


1817. 


1818. 


1819. 


1820. 


1821. 


1822. 


1823. 


1824. 


March  31. 

June    30. 

Sept.    30. 

Dec.     31. 

March  31. 

June    30. 

Sept.    30. 

Dec.     31. 

March  31. 

June    30. 

Sept.    30. 

Dec.     31. 

March  31. 

June    30. 

Sept.    30. 

Dec.     31. 

March  31. 

June    30. 

Sept.    30. 

Dec.     31. 

March  31. 

June    30. 

Sept.    30. 

Dec.     31. 

March  31. 

June    30. 

Sept.    30. 

Dec.     31. 

March  31. 
June  30. 
Sept.  30. 
Dec.  31. 
March  31. 
June  30. 
Sept.  30. 
Dec.  31. 
March  31. 
June  30. 
Sept.  30. 
Dec.  31. 
March  31. 
June  .30. 
Sept.  30. 
Dec.     31. 


ObKrvations. 


Tlie  present  price 
of  wheat  i.s  le.ss  than 
the  cost  of  cullivii- 
tion.  Tliu  char!.'e  on 
warehousinsr  wheal 
at  Ode.ssH  does  not 
exceed  2i/.  per  (jiiar- 
ter  per  luontli. 


The  entire  expense  of  importing  a  quarter  of  wheat  from  Odessa  to  London  may  be  esti- 
mated at  from  16*.  to  19s.  We  borrow,  from  the  valuable  evidence  of  J.  Schneider,  Esq. 
already  referred  to,  the  following  account,  which  states  in  detail  the  various  items  of  expense 
— (See  Table,  next  page.) 

The  price  free  on  board  is  estimated,  in  this  Table,  at  under  16s.,  being  no  less  thon  12.?. 
below  the  average  price  of  October  and  December,  1830,  as  returned  by  the  consul ;  but  not- 
withstanding, if  we  add  to  the  cost  of  the  wheat  in  London,  as  given  in  this  statement,  6*. 
of  duty,  and  allow  10*.  for  its  supposed  inferiority  to  English  wheat,  its  price  here,  wiwn 
tliiu  reduced  to  the  standard  of  the  latter,  would  be  about  50s.  Ci.    At  present  (7th  of 


a 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


515 


m  Taganrog.  It  is  a 
heat,  and  has  less  than 
li,  and  things  of  that 

it  generally  very  long, 
that  it  should  be  made 
iless  the  wheat  be  very 
a  heat ;  and  has  some- 
g  from  the  hold  with 
of  damage  during  the 
!  largely  imported  into 
Esq.  before  the  Lords' 

St  of  December,  1830, 
am  22s.  id.  to  34s.  Grf, 
vere  exported, 
inder,  Esq.  referred  to 


rges,  reduced  into  British 
eriy  for  tlie  Yesirs  1814  to 


observations. 


The  present  price 
of  vvliftiitislcsstlmn 
the  cost  of  ciihiva- 
tion.  The  char;re  on 
wnrehoiisiim  wheal 
at  Odessii  docs  not 
exceed  2(1,  per  quar- 
ter per  month. 


;o  liondon  may  be  csti- 
0  of  J.  Schneider,  Esq. 
irious  items  of  expense 

being  no  less  than  12.?. 
by  the  consul ;  but  not- 
a  in  this  statement,  6*. 
t,  its  price  here,  when 
'.    At  present  (7th  oi' 


Octolter,  1633),  Odessa  wheat,  entered  for  home  consumption,  is  worth  in  the  London  mar* 
Uct  from  43s.  to  469. ;  being  about  10s.  below  the  average  of  English  wheat. 


Pro  forma  Invoice  of  2,000  Chctwert«  of  Wheat  shippud  at  Odessa  for  London. 


S,000  chetwerti  wheat,  at  12  rs.  per  chet.     - 

Charget. 
Measuring  when  received,  at  5  cops,  per  chet. 
Ditto  when  sliipped  0  — 

Duty  T7  — 

Carriage  to  the  mole  18  — 

lighterage  15  — 

Use  of  bags  10  — 

Brokerage,  i  per  cent.       ... 


Commission,  3  per  cent. 


Rs.  100 
180 
1,540 
,160 
300 
200 
120 


Exchange  at  24  rs.  per  £  sterling 


. 

. 

871    10 

0 

87      3 

7 

10    10 

0 

Would  produce  1,450  Imperial  quarters,  to  cost  per  quarter  i 

Charges  in  London,  £     s,     d. 

Policy  duty  on  l,200i.  at  i  per  cent;         -  -  3     0     0 

Insurance  on  1,1502.  at  22.  is.  per  cent.    -  -        24      3     0 

Commission  do.  t 

Freight  on  1,453  quarters  wheat,  ut  13«.  per  quarter 
Primage,  10  per  cent.         .... 
Gratification  ..... 

Charterparty,  U. ;  Custom-house  entries,  10s.    - 

Metage  on  ship,  at  4«.  3id.  per  last 

Lastage        ..-.-- 

Lighterage  of  1.453  quarters  at  4d. 

Landing,  wharfage,  housing,  and  delivering,  at  9d. 

Rent,  4  weeks,  at  5s.  per  100  quarters  per  week 

Metage,  &c.  ex  granary     .... 


Estimated  charge  for  probable  damage  on  the  voyage 
Factorage  in  London  .  .  .  - 

Del  credere,  1  per  cent. 


d. 


27     3     0 
9    15     0 


969      9 
1    10 


31 
1 

24 
54 


14    10 

7      5 


Rs.  24,000 


2,800 


Rs.  26,800 
804 


Rs.  27,600 


£1,150      3      4 


£     s.     d. 
0    15    10 


£1,136    15     0 


Or  per  quarter 


0    15     8 


1 

11 

6 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

£1     14      6 


American  Com  Trade, — The  prices  of  wheat  at  New  York  and  Philadelphia  may  be 
taken,  on  an  average,  at  from  37s.  to  40s.  a  quarter ;  and  as  the  cost  of  importing  a  quarter 
of  wheat  from  the  United  States  into  England  amounts  to  from  10s.  to  12s.,  it  is  seen  that 
no  considerable  supply  could  be  obtained  from  that  quarter,  were  our  prices  under  50s.  or 
i)2s,  It  ought  also  to  be  remarked,  that  the  prices  in  America  are  usually  higher  than  in 
the  Baltic;  so  that  but  little  can  be  brought  from  the  former,  except  when  the  demand  is 
suficient  previously  to  take  off  the  cheaper  wheats  of  the  northern  ports. 

The  exports  of  wheat  from  the  United  States  are,  however,  comparatively  trifling ;  it  be- 
ing in  the  shape  of  flour  that  almost  all  their  exports  of  corn  are  made.  The  shipments  of 
this  important  article  from  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  New  York,  New  Orleans,  and  other 
ports,  arc  usually  very  large.  The  British  West  Indies,  Cuba,  Mexico,  Brazil,  England, 
and  France,  are  the  principal  markets  to  which  it  is  sent.  All  sorts  of  flour,  whether  made 
of  wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn,  &c.  exported  from  the  United  States,  must  previously  be  submit- 
ted to  the  inspection  of  officers  appointed  for  that  purpose.  The  law  further  directs,  that 
the  barrels,  in  which  it  is  shipped,  shall  be  of  certain  dimensions,  and  that  each  barrel  shall 
contain  196  lbs.  of  flour,  and  each  half  barrel  98  lbs.  The  inspector  having  ascertained  that 
tlie  barrels  correspond  with  the  regulations  as  to  size,  weight,  &c.,  decides  as  to  the  quality 
of  the  flour ;  the  first,  or  best  sort,  being  branded  Superfine  ,•  the  second.  Fine  ,■  the  third. 
Fine  Middlings ;  and  the  fourth,  or  lowest  quality.  Middlings.  Such  barrels  as  are  not 
merchantable  are  marked  Bad  ,•  and  their  exportation  as  well  as  the  exportation  of  those 
deficient  in  weight,  is  prohiMted.  Rye  flour  is  divided  into  2  sorts,  being  either  branded 
Superfine  Rye  Flour,  or  Fine  Rye  Flour,  Maize  flour  is  branded  Indian  Meal ;  flour 
made  from  buck-wheat  is  branded  B,  Meal,  Indian  meal  may  be  exported  in  hhds.  or  800 
lbs.  Flour  for  home  consumption  is  not  subjected  to  inspection.  The  inspection  must  take 
place  at  the  time  and  place  of  exportation,  under  a  penalty  of  .5  dollars  per  barrel.  Persons 
altering  or  counterfeiting  marks  or  brands  forfeit  100  dollars;  and  persons  putting  fresh 


% 


li 


t 

.#  ■ 

\ 

*i, 

,1 

K 

■    .  • 

i. 

516 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


•aotrai 
|il«IHr« 


"""J^""'"ffl« 


»»V.I' 


IS  -m 
;;    I 


J< 


I  r 


.f 


flour  into  barrels  already  marked  or  branded,  or  offering  adulterated  wheatcn  flour  for  gale, 
forfeit  in  either  case  6  dollars  for  each  barrel. 

The  fees  of  branding  were  reduced  in  1832.  They  amount,  in  New  York,  to  3  cents  foi 
each  hogshead,  and  1  cent  for  each  barrel  and  half  barrel  of  full  weight.  A  line  of  30  cents 
is  levied  on  every  barrel  or  half  barrel  below  the  standard  weight,  exclusive  of  20  cents  for 
every  pound  that  it  is  deficient. 

The  act  9  Geo.  4.  c.  60.  enacts,  that  every  barrel  of  wheaten  flour  imported,  shall  be 
deemed  equivalent  to  38^  gallons  of  wheat,  and  shall  be  charged  with  a  corresponding  duty 
(rtTi/c,  p.  500).  Hence,  when  the  price  of  British  wheat  per  quarter  is  between  52s.  and 
63s.,  the  duty  on  the  barrel  of  flour  is  20s.  lO^rf. ;  when  wheat  is  between  60«.  and  6I«.,  the 
duty  on  flour  is  168.  0  jd ;  and  when  wheat  is  between  695.  and  70s.,  the  duty  on  flour  is 
8s.  2|rf.» 

The  following  Tables,  derived  principally  from  private  but  authentic  sources,  give  a  veiy 
complete  view  of  the  foreign  corn  trade  of  the  United  States  during  the  last  10  years. 

I.— Account  nf  the  Qimntitieg  of  Flour  and  Grain  exported  from  the  United  States,  from  October  Ist 
1821,  to  tSepteniber  30th,  1831,  with  the  Prices  of  Flour  at  Philadelphia,  and  of  Wheat  and  liidiuu 
Corn  at  New  York. 


Yean. 

Whett  Flour. 

Rye  Flour. 

Corn  Meal. 

Wheat. 

Indian  Com. 

Price  of  Wheat 

Fh>ur  per 

Barrel  at  Phi- 

ladelpliU. 

Price  of  Wheal 

tH'T  Bu.hel  at 

New  York. 

Price  nt  Imlian 

Corii  per 

Uushd  M 

New  Viitk. 

BarrtU. 

BamU. 

BatrtU. 

ButhtU. 

BxaMs. 

IMh.  ctnli. 

Colli,  cenlt. 

IhlU,  tcnii. 

1831 

1,805,205 

19,040 

204,206 

405,.384 

566,761 

- 

1     19 

0    7(1 

1830 

1,225,881 

26,298 

145,301 

45,289 

444,107 

4    08 

0    98 

0    57 

1829 

837,385 

34,191 

173,775 

4,007 

897,656 

6    35 

1    38 

0    5(j 

1828 

860,809 

22,214 

174,639 

8,906 

704,902 

5    60 

1       8 

0    53 

1827 

865,491 

13,345 

131,041 

22,182 

978,064 

5    23 

0    97 

0    05 

1826 

857,820 

14,472 

158,025 

45,166 

505,381 

4    65 

0    90 

0    79 

1825 

813,906 

29,545 

187,285 

17,900 

869,644 

5    10 

1      4 

0    50 

1H24 

096,792 

31,879 

152,723 

20,373 

779,297 

5    62 

1    15 

0    47 

1823 

756,702 

25,065 

141,501 

4,272 

749,034 

6    82 

1      5 

0    53 

1822 

827,865 

19,971 

148,288 

4,418 

509,098 

6    58 

0    90 

0    49 

1821 

1,056,119 

23,523 

131,669 

25,812 

607,277 

4    78 

0    89 

0    5,1 

II. 


-Account  of  the  Quantity  and  Destination  of  Wheat  Flour  exported  from  the  United  States,  cum- 
mencing  Ist  of  October,  1821,  and  ending  30th  of  September,  1831. 


Yean. 

1831 
18.S0 
1829 
1828 
1827 
1826 
1825 
1824 
1823 
1822 
1821 

Anieric.1. 

Europe. 

Africa. 

Asia. 

Total. 

Britisli 

N.  Ainer. 

Prov. 

West 
Indies. 

South 
Amer. 

Gr.  FriUin 

and 

Ireland. 

France. 

Spain 
and  Por- 
tugal. 

Madeira. 

other 
Parts  of 

Europe. 

All 
Parti. 

All 
Partt. 

BitTtls. 

150,645 

149,966 
91,088 
80,680 

107,420 
72,901 
30,780 
.39,191 
29,681 
89,810 

131,035 

Barrels. 
371,876 
281,256 
248,236 
370,371 
.362,674 
433,094 
429,760 
424,.359 
442,468 
436,849 
551,396 

BarreU. 
319,616 
347,290 
235,591 
308,110 
271,524 
285,563 
252,786 
357,372 
198,256 
211,039 
156,888 

Barrels. 

879,430 

320,182 

221,176 

23,258 

53,129 

18,357 

27,272 

70,873 

4,252 

12,096 

91,541 

Barrels. 

23,991 

56,590 

17,404 

6,266 

19 

275 

102 

426 

51 

228 

1,175 

Barrels. 

364 

10,222 

509 

294 

4,293 

501 

730 

939 

62,387 

25,104 

71,958 

Barreh. 

12,811 
9,628 
3,779 
4,061 
5,171 
6,119 
3,597 

25,851 
4,752 

21,375 

26,572 

Barrels. 
35,416 
36.924 
14,959 
54,371 
52,114 
27.716 
55,818 
47,449 

2,088 
976 

9,074 

Barrels. 

2,751 

2,609 

221 
1,737 
4,909 
5,403 
7,023 
3,883 

903 
3,929 
3,123 

Barren. 

8,305 

5,214 

4,362 

5,602 

7,238 

7,885 

15,438 

0,439 

ll,8t)4 

2(),42» 

10,357 

Barrets. 

1.805,205 

l,225,t«l 

837,31*5 

SOO.SO!) 

805,491 

857,820 

61,3,906 

(H)6,7!« 

750,702 

827,S05 

1,050,1111 

Owing  to  the  diminished  demand  in  England,  the  .xoorts  in  the  yearendini?  30lh  of  Septonibcr, 
1832,  fell  considerably  under  the  level  of  the  2  precedii.i;  years,  being  only  864,91!)  barrels,  valued  ui 
4,880,623  dollars.  There  were  exported,  during  the  satne  year,  88,304  bushels  of  wheat,  and  451,230 
bushels  of  Indian  corn.— (Paners  laid  before  Conpress,  15th  of  February,  1833.) 

Mr.  Keuss  givKS  (p.  120.)  the  following  pro /«rma  account  of  the  expenses  attending  the  iniportatinu 
of  a  cargo  of  5,000  bushels  of  wheat  from  New  York,  supposing  it  to  cost  1  doll.  12  cents  a  bushel, 
which  is  about  its  average  price. 


6,000  bushels,  at  I  dol,  12  cents  per  bushel 
WInnowiniF,  measuring,  and  delivery  on 

boird        .  -  .  •  •    150-00 

Brokerage,  1*2  per  cent.     -  •  ■     28'00 

luturauce,  6,000  dolt,  at  I  1-2  per  cent     •     90-00 


Commisiioni  5  per  cent. 


Exchange,  110  per  cent.       L. 
L.  t.  d.  I..  I.  d. 
Freight,  125  torn  at  ISt.  per 
ton     -  •  ■  .    93  1.5    0 

Primage,  S  per  cent.         -     4  13    9 

98    8    9 

Entry,  officer's  fees,  and  city  duet  .    1  10    0 


Metage  from  the  ship  at  2i.  8d.  per  last  of 
10  qn.     -  •  -  •  -6  18 


4 
7     1 


Dollars. 
6,600-00 


268-00 


6,868  00 
293-40 


6,161-10 


1,260    1    8 


/.    «. 

117    7 
2  12 


19  10    0 


2    2 
0  10 


10    8    0 


Brought  forward 
Petty  chai,;is,  at  li.  per  last  of  10  qra. 
Lighterage  and  porterage  to  granary,  9rf. 

Iter  quarter      .... 
Grinary  rent  and  fire  insurance,  say  4 

weeks,  al2t.  per  100  qrb.  per  week 
Turning,  at  2i.  per  100  quarters 
Metage  and  porterage  to  the  granary,  at 

4i.  per  100  ((uartt-rs  •  >  •  lu  o 
Do.  do.  from  the  do.  at  5».  per  qr.  1116  8 
Pns'age  and  stamps  •  *  -17  0 
Factorage,  Ij.  per  quarter  ■  -  26  0  0 
Commission, 2  l-2per  cent. ) 
Guarantee,  1  —  S- 4 1-2 per ct.  63  Oil 
Interest,         1  —       )  


In  London. 

103-06  quarters  Wincheeter  measure,  equal  to  100 

quarters  Imperial. 
6,000  bushels  Winchester  measure,  equal  to  604 

quarters  Imperial  measure,  costing  49r.  9  \-2d. 


244   4  2| 


1,504    5  10  I 


per  quarter  \n  Itoud 


i    l,M3  14   2 


*  There  is  a  Table  of  the  duties  on  flour,  according  to  the  variations  in  the  price  of  British  wheat,  in 
the  valuable  work  of  Mr.  Reuss  (p,  117.)  relating  to  the  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  America, 


CORN  LAWS  AND  CORN  TRADE. 


617 


t|         V 


heatcn  flour  for  sale, 

V  York,  to  3  cents  foi 
t,  A  line  of  30  cents 
lusivc  of  20  cents  for 

nir  imported,  shall  be 
a  corresponding  duty 
3r  is  between  52s.  and 
een  GOs.  and  6  Is.,  the 
I.,  the  duty  on  flour  is 

;ic  sources,  give  a  very 
e  lost  10  years. 

Jtutea,  from  Octoher  Ist, 
id  of  Whuut  and  Iiidiuu 


Price  of  Wheat 

per  Du«liel  at 

New  York, 

Price  (if  Inilijn 

Cdni  ptr 

Uusliel  nt 

New  Votk. 

^— 

Doll3.  antt. 

DotU,  fnilj. 

1     19 

0     70 

0    U8 

0    57 

1    38 

0    68 

1       H 

0    53 

0    97 

0    0.) 

0    90 

0    79 

1      4 

(1    50 

1    15 

0    47 

1      5 

0    53 

0    00 

0    19 

0    89 


0  5:t 


1  tlic  United  Stales,  com- 
r,  1831. 


Africa.     Asia. 


All 
Parti. 

Bamls. 

2,751 

2,609 

221 
1,737 
4,90'J 
5,403 
7,023 
3,883 

903 

3,929 

,3,123 


All 
Farli. 


Barrett. 

8,305 

5,214 

4,302 

5,tifi2 

7,238 

7,SH5 

15,43!^ 

0,439 

11,804 

!  20,429 

1 10,35' 


ToUl. 


liarrdt, 

1.805,205 

l,2'i5,881 

837,385 

860,809 

81)5,491 

857,820 

8i:t,«()6 

996,792 

756,' 

827,805 

l,050,ll«.l 


iidini;  SOtli  of  Seplnmhor, 
i64,919  b:irri;l(=.  valued  ill 
■Is  of  wheat,  and  451,230 

.) 

itteiidin)!  the  importation 
1  doll.  12  cents  a  bushel, 


/.    ..  d. 
-    117    7     1 
lore.       2  U    0 
■y,9rf. 

■    19  10    0 

■.  d. 

say  4 

eck          2    2    0 
.     0  10    6 

iry,  at 

.    10    8    0 

erqr.    U  16    S 

'  .      17    0 

.    2G    0    0 

perct.  63   0  11 

244    4   2  1 

1,504   3  10 

ure,  equal  to  100 

re,  equal  1"  6W 
itins  49».  9  l-Zrf 

],W3  14   2 

irice  of  Briti 
Britain  and 

sh  wheat,  in 
America. 

The  iwnal  price  of  wheat  In  Canada,  wticii  llicre  is  a  di'mand  fur  the  rncli^h  market,  ii  nlinnt  40*. 
1  quarter;  hut  takiii),'  it  an  low  as  35,t.,  if  we  ailil  to  this  12;*.  a  ipnrter  as  tin;  expenses  of  carriage  and 
ivurohousliig,  it  will  nialce  il.s  price  In  l.lverpixil,  when  dilivcreil  lo  the  conHiiiuer,  47s. ;  and  being 
-prini!  wheat,  It  is  not  so  valiialile,  l)y  ahont  tv.  a  nnarter,  ».•<  Iwi^lisli  wlirat.  The  duty  on  inrii  iiii- 
porled  from  a  llritinh  colony  hrinu,  wlicn  thu  home  pricp  is  under  07.''.,  only  ^t.^.,  it  is  suspected  that  a 
^(Kiil  d';al  of  the  tlonr  broii);lit  from  Canada  lias  lieen  really  furnislied  by  the  United  iStates.  It  is  cer- 
nin,  too,  that  in  the  present  year  (18;!3)  wlicat  has  been  sent  from  Arthan(,'el  to  Canada,  in  the  vii.'W 
(as  is  alleged)  of  its  being  re-sliipped,  under  the  low  ililly,  to  liritlsh  ports;  the  savinu  if  i'"')'  beiiiR 
^iipjiosed  siitllcient  to  countervail  the  cost  of  a  double  voyage  across  the  Atlantic!  Hut  yrain  from 
ilic  colonies  is  not  admitted  into  England  at  the  low  duty,  witlioiit  the  cvporters  sulmcriliiiig  u  declara- 
tion that  it  is  the  produce  of  ench  colonies  ;  any  wilful  inaccuracy  in  such  document  being  punished 
iivtlic!  forfeiture  of  the  corn  so  imported,  and  of  100/.  of  penalty ;  and  in  addition  to  this,  the  corn, 
illiur.  tc.  must  .also  be  accompanied  by  a  cirlijiaite  oforifrin  subscribed  by  the  collector  or  comptroller 
al  tlie  port  of  shipment.  It  Is,  therefore,  dillicnlt  lo  see  how  the  importers  of  Unssiaii  corn  into 
I'anada  are  to  succeed  in  getting  It  shipiicd  for  England  as  colonial  cum ;  and  wu  believu  that  uiotit 
ol'it  will  go  to  the  West  Indies. 

.Ucount  of  all  Corn  and  Flotir  Imported  into  Great  Britain  from  Canada,  during  the  Five  Years  ending 
with  1832;  Bpecifying  the  Quantities  in  each  Year.— (/'uW.  Paper,  No.  2(i;i.  siuss.  1832.) 


Cora  and  Flour. 

1828. 

1629. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

<^«.      Inu. 

<JM.        tin. 

<irs.       bits. 

Qra.      Lw. 

(^J.      iiu. 

1  Wheat 

14,415    4 

4,055    5 

58,903    6 

189,885    1 

88,680    6 

1  Barley 

— 

— 

— 

209    5 

i  Oats 

580    0 

01    4 

1,223     1 

3,7.50    2 

0    2 

1 1'eas           ... 

1,868    3 

1,610    2 

1,421    0 

401    6 

8    0 

.  Indian  com 

1         Total  of  corn    - 

5    0 

7    0 

10,868    7 

5,740    3 

01,611    5 

194,300    0 

88,095    0 

Cwl.      qri.  ».i. 

Cwl.      qrl.  lit. 

Cwt,      an.  lUi, 

Cut.      ipt.  III. 

CiL't.        <JM.   //,. 

'  Wheat  meal  or  flour  - 

10,571    0  27 

0,579     1     0 

61,904    3  13 

96,039     1   14 

48,809    2  27 

(latmeal     ... 

— 

— 

519    1  13 

142    0  24 

1    2  13 

Indian  meal 

— 

I    3    6 

:  Byi!  meal 

— 

— 

— 

885    0  15 

Total  of  meal  and  flonr 

16,571    0  27 

5,581    0    0 

02,421    0  20 

97,0()6    2  25 

4S,8U     1  12 

Inferences  from  the  above  Review  of  I'r'iccH, — We  may,  wo  think,  satisfactorily  conclude, 
from  this  pretty  lengthened  review  of  the  state  of  the  foreign  corn  trade,  that  in  the  event  of 
ill  restrictions  on  the  importation  of  corn  into  our  markets  being  abi)lishod,  it  could  not,  in 
ordinary  years,  be  imported  for  less  than  4Gs.  or  47s.  a  quarter.  But  taking  it  so  low  as 
il'.,  it  is  plain  it  could  not,  in  the  event  of  its  being  charged  with  a  duty  of  6s.  or  Is,,  be 
sold  for  less  than  50,?.  or  5 Is. 

Xow,  it  appears,  from  the  account  No.  III.  page  506.,  that  the  average  price  of  wheat  in 
England  and  Wales  for  the  ten  years  ending  with  1832,  amounted  to  61,s.  %ld.  a  quarter; 
and  it  will  be  observed  that  the  crops  from  1826  to  1831  were  very  deficient,  and  that  the 
importations  in  those  years  were  unusually  large.  But  without  taking  this  circumstance 
into  account,  it  is  clear,  from  the  previous  statements,  that  the  opening  of  the  ports  under  a 
axed  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.  could  not  occasion  a  reduction  of  more  than  9,9.  or  lO.v.  a  quarter 
in  the  prices  of  the  last  10  years;  and  not  more  than  75.  or  8s.  on  the  prices  of  last  year 
(1832). 

We  feel  pretty  confident  that  these  statements  cannot  be  controverted  ;  and  they  show, 
conclusively,  how  erroneous  it  is  to  suppose  that  the  repeal  of  the  existing  corn  laws,  and 
ihc  opening  of  the  ports  for  importation,  under  a  duty  of  6s.  or  7s.  would  throw  a  large  pro- 
portion of  our  cultivated  lands  into  pasture,  and  cause  a  ruinous  decline  in  the  price  of  corn. 
The  average  price  of  wheat  in  England  and  Wales,  in  1802,  1803,  and  1801, — vj>*fs  of 
JecidcJ  agricultural  improvement, — was  exactly  61s.  a  quarter,  being  almost  idiMitical  with 
its  price  (luring  the  last  10  years  ;  while  the  reduction  of  taxation,  the  greater  cheapness  of 
liiboiir,  and  the  various  improvements  that  have  been  made  in  agriculture  since  1804,  must 
enable  corn  to  be  raised  from  the  same  soils  at  a  less  expense  now  than  in  that  year.  It 
c.mnot  be  justly  said  that  1823  was  by  any  means  an  unfavourable  year  for  the  liirmers ;  and 
yet  the  average  price  of  ^vheat  was  then  only  51s.  Sid.,  being  rather  /(.«  than  its  probable 
average  price  under  the  system  we  have  ventured  to  propose.  The  landlords  and  fanners 
may,  therefore,  take  courage.  Their  prosperity  docs  not  doiicnd  on  restrictive  regulations ; 
but  is  the  elVect  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil  which  belongs  to  them,  of  the  absence  of  all  opjircs- 
Mve  feudal  privileges,  and  of  the  number  and  wealth  of  the  consumers  of  their  produce.  The 
unbounded  freedom  of  the  corn  trade  would  not  render  it  necessary  to  abandon  any  but  the 
most  worthless  soils,  which  ought  never  to  have  been  broken  up  ;  and  would,  consequently, 
liave  but  a  very  slight  eftect  on  rent ;  while  it  would  be  in  other  respects  sui)reuiely  ad* 
vantageous  to  the  landlords,  whose  interests  are  closely  identified  witli  those  of  tlic  other 


(CoR\  (Price  of). — The  average  prices  of  British  corn  during  the  six  years  ending 
with  1838  have  been:— 
Vol.  I.-2  X 


r. 


■1 


";i' 


11 


618 


COTTON. 


||Ui>'..::Uiiai 


■fr 

^■;;  "J 


Tear*. 

Whnt. 

Rye. 

Hirley. 

Oati. 

PrJt. 

Brain. 

1 

>.       d. 

1.       d. 

«.       d. 

f.       It. 

t.        d. 

»        d. 

1833 

S3    11 

32    11 

27      6 

18      5 

36      9 

33     2 

1834 

46      2 

32      9 

21)      0 

20     11 

39      4 

35      3 

1N35 

3U      4 

30      4 

29    11 

22      0 

36      0 

3«    11 

1836 

48      0 

33      4 

32    10 

23      1 

39      1 

38     4 

1837 

65    10 

34     g 

3U      4 

23      1 

38      7 

37     6 

1838 

04      7 

35      1 

31      5 

22      S 

36      8 

37     3 

The  average  prices  of  whuRt,  bnrlny,  nnil  nnt«,  in  Englnnil  nnil  Wales,  during  the  sevon  years  ctxlins 
the  Slst  of  Dect'iiiht.'r,  1835,  were,  wheal,  50».  3(/. ;  bnrley,  31«.  9(/. ;  and  outs,  22».  These  pricpn  aru 
iniportuiit,  being  those  by  which  tlie  titlic-coniniutntion§  under  the  late  act  arc  to  he  dcturnilneij. 

Coiix  (Isle  of  Man). — All  foreign  corn  imported  into  the  lele  of  Man  is  now  eiibject  to 
the  same  duties  as  in  the  United  Kingdom. — (.5  «&  6  Will.  4.  c.  13.) 

Conx  (PmcE  of  in  FnANCE). — We  copy  from  the  Times  the  following 

Table  of  the  average  Prices  of  Wheat  in  France  at  the  End  of  October  of  each  Year,  from  lS19tol83C 
both  inclusive,  according  to  the  olflcial  Returns,  with  their  Equivalents  in  English  Measure  and' 
Money : — 


Yan. 

Per  hect. 

Per  qr. 

Yrars. 

Per  hect. 

Per  qr. 

fr.      r. 

1.       d. 

r.      f. 

»       J. 

1819 

15    29 

35      0 

1828 

21    69 

49      8 

1820 

19    56 

44      9 

1829 

21    60 

49      5 

1821 

15    99 

36      8 

1830 

23    29 

53      4 

1822 

15    55 

35      7 

1831 

22    88 

52     5 

i«''3 

15    72 

35    11 

1832 

18    67 

42     9 

1824 

14    46 

33      0 

1833 

15    42 

35     4 

1825 

15    24 

34    11 

1834 

14    ."iO 

33     4 

1826 

15    55 

35      7 

1835 

13    »5 

.32     0 

1827 

18    77 

43      8 

1836 

17      3 

39     0 

The  nveriigo  of  the  whole  period  is  17/r.  Sic.  per  hectolitre,  eipial  to  40.?.  Id.  per  quarter;  ami  it  will 
be  re?narl«ed  that  the  average  of  last  year  is  tlie  lowest  of  the  whole  period. 

The  average  price  of  British  wheat  during  llie  second  week  of  October,  1835,  was  37s.  a  quarter 
being  lower  than  it  has  been  at  any  time  since  1780. — Sup.)  ' 

[For  farther  information  concerning  the  American  corn  trade,  see  articles  Flour,  arj 
Impoht.s  and  Expohts, — Am.  Ed.] 

COTTON  {(jot.  Baumwolk  ,■  Da.  Katoen,  Boomwol ,•  Da.  Bnmtild ,-  Sw.Bomull-  Fr. 
Culuu  ;  It.  Cotone,  Bambagia ,-  Sp.  Algudon  ,■  Port.  Algoduo  ,•  Rus.  Chloblsehataja  bnmu- 
ga ;  Pol.  Bawelna !  Lat.  Gos.si/pium,  Bombax  ;  Arab.  Kulun  ,•  Sana.  Kapasa ,-  Hind. 
Jiiihi ;  Malay,  Kaptvi),  a  species  of  vegetable  wool,  the  produce  of  the  Go.ssi/pium  herbanum, 
or  cotton  shrub,  of  which  there  are  many  varieties.  It  is  found  growing  naturally  in  all 
the  tropical  regions  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  whence  it  has  been  transplanted,  and  has 
become  an  important  object  of'cultivation,  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  to 
some  extent  also  in  Europe. 

Cotton  is  distinguished  in  commerce  by  its  colour,  and  the  length,  strength,  and  fineness 
of  its  fibre.  White  is  usually  considered  as  characteristic  of  secondary  quality.  V\'llow,or 
a  yellowish  tinge,  when  not  the  elTect  of  accidental  wetting  or  inclement  seasons,  is  con- 
sidered as  indicating  greater  fineness. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  raw  cotton  in  the  market,  their  names  being  principally  de- 
rived from  the  places  whence  they  are  brought.  They  are  usually  classed  under  the  denomi- 
nations of  Aw^^  atid short  stapled.  The  best  of  the  first  is  the  sea-inland  cotton, ortliat 
brought  from  the  shores  of  Georgia  ;  but  its  qualities  differ  so  much,  that  the  price  of  the 
finest  specimens  is  often  four  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  inferior.  The  superior  samples  of 
Brazil  cotton  are  reckoned  among  the  long  stapled.  The  iipland  or  bowed  Georgia  coim 
forms  the  largest  and  best  portion  of  the  short  stapled  class.  All  the  cottons  of  India  are 
short  stapled. 

The  estimation  in  which  the  different  kinds  of  cotton  wool  are  held  may  be  learned  from 
the  following  statement  of  their  prices  in  Liverpool,  on  the  1st  of  November,  1833. 
Prices  of  Cotton  in  Liverpool,  Ist  November,  1833. 


d. 

d. 

d.       d.   ' 

Sea-island,  st:iined  and  saw-ginn'd 

8    to 

12 

Alabama  and  Mobile,  good  fair    - 

81  -  -il* 

interior 

12J  - 

13 

good 

9i  -  v>\ : 

middling 

13    — 

13i 

Upland,  inferior     ... 

n-  *>  \ 

fair,  clean,  not  fine 

13;  — 

14 

middling  ... 

8J-   8!| 

good, clean, &  rather  fine 

IH- 

I.H 

fair 

tii-   6j, 

tine  and  cle;in    - 

10    — 

20 

good  fair  -           -           . 

9    -   (i;  1 

New  Orleans,  infi-rior 

7J- 

H 

pood         -           .           - 

nj  -  in'r ' 

middling 

H«  - 

bj 

Egyptian     -           .           -          . 

u  -  W: ; 

fair      -           -           - 

8J  - 

^k 

Pernainbuco             ... 

9}  -  Hi  1 

good  fair 

n- 

!)J 

Huhia           .... 

9  -n\ 

gllOll      -                -                . 

n- 

10} 

Mar.'inham  .... 

9J-I1 

verv  choice  gin  marks 

11  — 

12 

Demerara    .            .            .            - 

Si-lljl 

Alabama  and  Mobile,  inferior 

n  - 

'i 

We.n  India              ... 

8  -  m 

middling 

8    — 

«l 

Ciirthagena             ... 

7    -/8 

fair    - 

^- 

SJ 

Sural 

4}-   7i 

I  ! 


COTTON. 


610 


Pe.1t. 

Brans. 

..       d. 

..       d. 

36      9 

33     2 

39     4 

35      3 

3U     e 

36    n 

39      1 

38     4 

38      7 

37     6 

36      8 

37     3 

ing  the  seven  yenrB  cnilinq 
Its,  22«.  These  prices  aru 
arc  to  be  dclerniiiieil. 

f  Man  is  now  subject  to 

) 

bllowing 

ich  Year,  from  lSt9to  183C, 
8  in  Eiiglisli  Muasure  ami 


hect. 

Per  qr. 

e. 

•        d. 

69 

49     8 

60 

49     5 

29 

53     4 

!    88 

92     5 

i    67 

42     9 

)    42 

35     4 

t    S6 

33     4 

{    95 

an    0 

7      3 

39     0 

,  \d.  per  quarter;  and  it  will 
)er,  1835,  was  STs.  a  quarter, 

B,  see  articles  Flocii,  aril 

miild  ,•  Sw.  Bomull  ,■  Fr. 
tus.  Chloblsehataja  buma- 
I ;  Sans.  Kapasa ,-  Himl. 
le  Gossf/pium  herbiictiM, 
\  growing  naturally  in  all 
ecn  transplanted,  and  has 
the  United  States,  and  to 

th,  strength,  and  fineness 
idary  quality.  Yellow,  or 
inclement  seasons,  is  con- 

imes  being  principally  dc- 

lassed  under  the  denoini- 

mi-ixland  cotton,  or  that 

luch,  that  the  price  of  the 

The  superior  samples  of 

or  bowed  Georgia  cotton 

the  cottons  of  India  are 


held  may 

be  learned  from 

of  November,  1833. 

33. 

Id.       d.   1 

,  gnnii  fair 

- 

8j  -  -«» ; 

good 

- 

9i  -  10,^ : 

. 

* 

78-  ^  ! 

_ 

-  i    81  -  w  ! 

. 

-  1   t'i  -  "-^ ! 

_ 

.       9    -   O;  ; 

_ 

.       ilj  -  Ifl';  ' 

^ 

.   13  -  i:n ; 

.       9}-lU| 

.    9  -  m  \ 

■    »<-", 

. 

-  !    8i  -  lU  1 

_ 

8   -  Hi 

. 

7   -/8 

- 

- 

41-  n 

The  inferiority  of  Bengal  and  Surat  cotton  is  sonietimra  ascribed  to  the  defective  mode  in 
which  it  is  prepared  ;  but  Mr.  Horace  H,  Wilson  doubts  whether  it  can  be  grown  in  India  of 
a  better  kind.  The  raw  cotton  of  the  Indian  islands  has  hitherto  been  ahnost  entirely  con- 
sumed on  the  spot. 
A  small  quantity  of  very  superior  cotton  has  been  imported  from  New  South  Wales. 
The  manufacture  of  cotton  has  been  carried  on  in  Hindostan  from  the  remotest  antiquity. 
Herodotus  mentions  (lib.  iii.  c.  106.)  that  in  India  there  are  wild  trees  that  produce  a  sort 
of  wool  superior  to  that  of  sheep,  and  that  the  natives  dress  themselves  in  cloth  made  of  it. 
—(See,  to  the  same  effect,  Arrian  Indie,  c.  16.  p.  582.)  The  manufacture  obtained  no  foot- 
ing worth  mentioning  in  Europe  till  last  century. 

1.  Kise  and  Progress  of  the  British  Cotton  Mmmfitcture. — The  rapid  growth  and  pro- 
digious magnitude  of  the  cotton  manufacture  of  Great  Britain  arc  beyond  all  question  the 
most  extraordinary  phenomena  in  the  history  of  industry.     Our  command  of  the  finest  wool 
naturally  attracted  our  attention  to  the  woollen  manufacture,  and  paved  the  way  for  that 
superiority  in  it  to  which  we  have  long  since  attained  :  but  when  we  undertook  the  cotton 
manufacture,  we  had  comparatively  few  facilities  for  its  prosecution,  and   had  to  struggle 
with  the  greatest  difficulties.     The  raw  material  was  produced  at  an  immense  distance  from 
our  shores;  and  in  Hindostan  and  China  the  inhabitants  had  arrived  at  such  perfection  in 
the  arts  of  spinning  and  weaving,  that  the  lightness  and  delicacy  of  their  finest  cloths  emu- 
lated the  web  of  the  gossamer,  and  seemed  to  set  competition  at  defiance.     Such,  however, 
has  been  the  influence  of  the  stupendous  discoveries  and  inventions  of  Hargraves,  Arkwright, 
Crompton,  Cartwright,  and  others,  that  we  have  overcome  all  these  dilficulties — that  neither 
the  extreme  cheapness  of  labour  in  Hindostan,  nor  the  excellence  to  which  the  nutives  had 
attained,  has  enabled  them  to  withstand  the  competition  of  those  who  buy  their  cotton  ;  and 
who,  after  carrying  it  5,000  miles  to  be  manufactured,  carry  back  the  goods  to  thein.     This 
is  the  greatest  triumph  of  mechanical  genius  :  and  what  perhaps  is  most  extraordinary,  our 
superiority  is  not  the  late  result  of  a  long  series  of  successive  discoveries  and  inventions;  on 
the  contrary,  it  has  been  accomplished  in  a  very  few  years.     I.ittlc  more  than  half  a  century 
has  elapsed  since  the  British  cotton  manufactory  was  in  its  infancy ;  and  it  now  forms  the 
principal  business  carried  on  in  the  country, — affording  an  advantageous  field  for  the  accu- 
mulation and  employment  of  millions  upon  millions  of  capital,  and  ot  thousands  upon  thou- 
sands of  workmen !     The  skill  and  genius  by  which  these  astonishing  results  have  been 
achieved,  have  been  one  of  the  main  sources  of  our  power :  they  have  contributed  in  no 
common  degree  to  raise  the  British  nation  to  the  high  and  conspicuous  place  she  now  occu- 
pies.   Nor  is  it  too  much  to  say  that  it  was  the  wealth  and  etiergy  derived  from  the  cotton 
manufacture  that  bore  us  triumphantly  through  the  late  dreaiH'iil  contest,  at  the  same  time 
that  it  gives  us  strength  to  sustain  burdens  that  would  have  crushed  our  fathers,  and  could 
not  be  supported  by  any  other  people. 

The  precise  period  when  the  manufacture  was  introduced  into  Englana  is  not  known ; 
but  it  is  most  probable  that  it  was  some  time  in  the  eady  part  of  the  17th  century.  Tho 
first  authentic  mention  is  made  of  it  by  Lewis  Roberts,  in  his  Treasure  of  Truffle,  [lublishcd 
in  1641,  where  it  is  stated,  "The  town  of  Manchester,  in  Lancashire,  must  be  also  herein 
remembered,  and  worthily  for  their  encouragement  commended,  who  buy  the  yarnc  of  the 
Irish  in  great  quantity,  and  weaving  it,  returne  the  same  again  into  Ireland  to  sell.  Neither 
Jolh  their  industry  rest  here ;  for  they  buy  cotton  wool  in  London  that  comes  first  from 
Cyprus  and  Smyrna,  and  at  home  worke  the  same,  and  perfect  it  into  fustians,  verniillions, 
dimities,  and  other  such  stuffes,  and  then  return  it  to  London,  where  llio  s:»tno  is  vented  and 
sold,  and  not  seldom  sent  into  forrain  parts,  who  have  means,  at  far  easier  tcrines,  to  provide 
themselves  of  the  said  first  materials. — (Orig.  ed.  j).  33.)  It  is  true,  indeed,  that  mention  is 
frequently  made  by  previous  writers,  and  in  acts  of  the  legislature  passed  at  a  much  earlier 
period,*  of  "  Manchester  cottons,"  "  cotton  velvets,"  "fustians,"  Arc. ;  but  it  is  certain  that 
these  articles  were  wholly  composed  of  wool,  and  had  most  probably  been  denominated  cot- 
tons from  their  having  been  prepared  in  imitation  of  some  of  the  cotton  fabrics  imported  from 
India  and  Italy. 

From  the  first  introduction  of  the  cotton  manufacture  into  Great  Britain  down  to  the  com- 
paratively late  period  of  1773,  the  weft  or  transverse  threads  of  the  web,  only,  were  of  cot- 
Ion;  the  warp,  or  longitudinal  threads,  consisting  wholly  of  linen  yarn,  principally  im- 
ported from  Germany  and  Ireland.  In  the  first  stage  of  the  manufacture,  tho  weavers  (iis[)ersed 
in  cottages  throughout  the  country,  furnished  themselves,  as  well  as  they  could  with  tho 
warp  and  weft  for  their  webs,  and  carried  them  to  market  when  they  were  finished :  but 
about  1760.  a  new  system  was  introduced.  The  Manchester  merchants  began  about  that 
time  to  send  agents  into  the  country,  who  employed  weavers,  whom  they  su|iplicd  with 
foreign  or  Irish  linen  yarn  for  warp,  and  with  raw  cotton,  which  being  caviled  and  spun,  by 

*  111  an  act  of  5  &  6  Edw.  6.  (' J52),  entitled,  for  tho  trim  niakinjr  oi'  woom.fn  cloth,  it  la  ordered, 
"TViiit  all  cottons  called  Mmcheater,  Lancashire,  and  Chet^hirecnllon.-'.  full  wrouL'lit  fur  sale,  shall  lie  in 
length,"  4tc.  This  proves  incontcstably,  tliut  what  were  then  called  cottons  were  made  wlmlly  of 
wool. 


,„^ 


'■^/■■J  *i 


fi20 


COTTON. 


>««i»a 


01"' ■   ''•■# 


•a 


I 


means  of  a  common  Bpindlo  or  distalT,  in  the  weaver's  own  family,  was  then  used  for  wrfi. 
A  xystem  of  donu'stic  manufacture  was  thus  estaMlHhcd ;  the  junior  branches  of  the  family 
being  employed  in  the  curdint;  aod  hpiniiinaf  of  tlio  cotton,  wliile  its  head  waw  enn-li))cd  in 
weaving,  or  in  converting  the  linen  and  cotton  yarn  into  cloth.  'J'his  KyHtcm,  by  rvliiviiir 
the  weaver  from  the  neeetisity  of  )>roviding  himnelf  with  linen  yarn  for  warp  and  raw  cotton 
for  weft,  and  of  ticekinij  cuHtomcrs  for  hiij  cloth  when  finiHhed,and  enabiinf;  him  to  prDscriito 
hiH  employment  wiili  jjreater  regularity,  wan  an  obviuun  improvement  on  the  Kysicm  ilint 
had  been  previously  followed  ;  but  it  is  at  the  same  time  clear  that  tho  imposnibility  of  mak- 
ing any  connidcrabio  division  among  the  dillercnt  liranchen  cf  a  manufacture  bo  condiKtcil, 
or  of  prosecuting  them  on  a  largo  scale,  added  to  the  interruption  given  to  the  jiroper  biisinrs^; 
of  tho  weavers,  by  tho  ncre:<sity  of  attending  to  the  cultivation  of  the  patches  of  grouiul 
which  they  generally  occupied,  opposed  invincible  obstacles  to  its  progress,  so  long  as  it  was 
conducted  in  this  mode. 

It  appears  from  the  Custom-house  returns,  that  the  total  quantity  of  cotton  wool  anniiallv 
itnported  into  CJreat  Britain,  at  an  average  of  i\]cjivr  years  ending  with  1705,  amouiitcd  lii 
only  1,170,881  lbs.  The  accounts  of  the  imjiorls  of  cotton  from  1720  to  1770  hive  not 
been  preserved ;  but  until  the  last  'J  or  3  years  of  that  period  the  manufacture  incrra:ed  verv 
slowly,  and  was  of  very  trifling  amount.  Dr.  Percival,  of  Manchest  r,  who  had  the  l\o,st 
means  of  being  accurately  informed  on  the  ubject,  states  that  the  entire  value  of  all  the  cut- 
ton  goods  manufactured  in  Great  Britain,  at  the  accession  of  George  III.  in  17G0,  was  oii. 
mated  to  amount  to  only  200,000/.  a  year,  and  the  number  of  persons  employed  was  (|ui!o 
inconsiderable:  but  in  17C7,  a  most  ingonioUM  person,  James  llargraves,  a  carjieiitcr  at 
Blackburn  in  Lancashire,  invented  the  t,j)in)i!n!^j(>uii/.  At  its  first  invention,  this  admira- 
ble machine  enabled  ti'i^/it  threads  to  be  spun  with  the  same  facility  as  one ;  and  it  was 
HUbsecjucntly  brought  to  such  jierfection,  that  a  little  girl  was  able  to  work  no  fewer  tliaii 
from  clffhif/  to  one  humlnd  and  twhiti/  spindles. 

The  jenny  was  ajiplicable  only  to  the  spinning  of  cotton  for  weft,  being  unable  to  give  to 
the  yarn  that  degree  of  firmness  and  hardness  which  is  recjuired  in  the  longitudinal  tlircail^; 
or  warp:  but  this  deliciency  was  soon  after  supjilicd  by  the  introduction  of  tlie  Ay)(j»i/)i;r. 
frame, — that  wonderful  jiicce  of  machinery  whicli  spins  a  vast  numbiT  of  threads  of  aiiv 
degree  of  fineness  and  hardness,  leaving  to  man  merely  to  feed  the  machine  v^ith  cotton, an'l 
to  join  the  threads  when  they  happen  to  break.  It  is  not  diflicult  to  understand  the  princi- 
ple on  which  this  machine  is  constructed,  and  the  mode  of  hs  operation.  It  consists  of  two 
pairs  of  rollers,  turned  by  means  of  machinery.  The  lov.er  roller  of  each  pair  is  furrowed  or 
lluted  longitudinally,  and  the  upper  one  is  covered  with  leather,  to  make  them  take  a  hold. 
of  the  cotton.  If  there  were  only  one  pair  of  rollers,  it  is  clear  that  a  carding  of  cotton 
passed  between  them  would  be  drawn  forward  by  the  revolution  of  tlie  rollers,  but  it  woiili] 
Jii'M'ely  undergo  a  certain  degree  of  compression  from  their  action.  No  sooner,  hdwcvor, 
has  the  carding,  or  nu'i'/^i,'-,  as  it  is  technically  termed,  begun  to  pass  through  the  first  pair 
of  rollers,  than  it  is  received  by  the  second  pair,  which  arc  made  to  revolve  with  (as  the  case 
may  be)  3,  4,  or  5  times  the  velocity  of  the  first  pair.  By  this  admirable  contrivance,  the 
roving  is  drawn  out  into  a  thread  of  the  desired  degree  of  tenuity  ;  a  twist  being  given  to  it 
by  the  adaptation  of  the  spindle  and  fly  of  tho  common  flax-wheel  to  the  machinery. 

Such  is  the  principle  on  which  Sir  Kichard  Arkwright  constructed  his  famous  spinning 
frame.  It  is  obvious  that  it  is  radically  and  completely  difterent  from  the  previous  nicthoils 
of  spinning,  either  by  tho  common  hand-wheel  or  distalf,  or  by  the  jenny,  which  is  only  a 
modification  of  the  common  wheel.  Spinning  by  rollers  was  an  entirely  original  idea;  and 
it  is  dill'icult  which  to  admire  most — the  profound  and  fortunate  sagacity  which  led  to  so 
great  a  discovery,  or  the  consummate  skill  and  address  by  which  it  was  so  speedily  perfected, 
and  reduced  to  practice.* 

Since  the  dissolution  of  Sir  Richard  Arkwright's  patent,  in  1785,  the  progress  of  discovery 
and  improvement  in  every  department  of  the  manufacture  has  been  most  rapid.  The  muk' 
jcnm/ — so  called  from  its  being  a  compound  of  the  jenny  and  the  spinning  frame — invpnted 
by  Mr.  Crompton,  and  thu  poiver-looiii,  invented  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cartvvright,  arc  machines 
that  have  had  the  most  powerfid  influence  on  the  manufacture  ;  and  in  conse(pience  of  their 
introduction,  and  of  innumerable  other  inventions  and  improvements,  ^hc  prices  of  cotton 

♦  Tlicro  is.  in  Hie  new  edition  of  llio  KnriiclnpinUa  Brilunnico,  a  pretty  full  arcoiuit  of  tlie  liO'of  Sit 
Riciiard  Arliwriglif.  Tho  iiucslioii  as  to  liis  iiiurit  as  an  orijiiiial  (liscovcri-r  is  still  undocidtil.  Ut- 
conlly,  liowcvor,  it  lias  bi'cii  asccrtaiiii'd  that  a  iiateiit  for  s|pinniii).'  liy  rollors,  rov<dvlhf!  williditrcrciir 
decrees  of  velocity,  was  taken  out  liy  Messrs.  Wyatt  and  I'liiil,  so  early  as  ITHS.— (See  tlie  t'.vfciienl 
Account,  of  the  Cotton  Jilajiiifacliirf.  Iiy  Kdward  IJaiiies,  juii.,  Ksq.)  lint  it  docs  not  iippear  I'jiit  tin 
inventors  liad  lieeii  aide  to  fiive  ellVct  to  their  liappy  idea,  and  all  traces  of  the  invention  sceiii  to  have 
been  lost.  The  statements  in  the  ease  printed  liy  Sir  Kichard  Arkwrijrht  and  his  partners  in  l>i. 
show,  that  he  was  aware  of  the  attempts  made  in  the  reign  of  (.'eorse  11.  to  spin  hy  vnachiiicry ;  liii'. 
there  is  no  evidence  to  prove  that  he  was  uciinainted  with  tlic  principle  on  which  these  a;;''Uiiilsliii(' 
lieen  made,  or  that  lie  had  seen  the  patent  referred  to.  lliidonhtedly,  however,  the  prohaliilily  .-icni.-; 
to  111!  that  he  had.  lint  adiiiittins  this  to  he  the  case,  it  detracts  Iml  little  fnmi  the  siitistantial  iiiiriis 
of  Sir  Hichard  Arkwright  If  the  idea  of  spiiininji  hy  rcdiers  did  not  sprini;  up  spoiilaneoiisly  in  ni': 
mind,  he  was,  at  all  events,  the  first  who  made  it  available  in  practice  j  and  showed  how  it  uiigh'.  t'j 
rendered  a  most  prolific  source  of  wealth. 


COTTON. 


521 


W!iH  thrn  used  for  wrfi. 

brnnclu's  of  the  family 
1  hraJ  was  cnn-lojcd  in 
his  Hyutcin,  by  relii'viii;r 
)r  warp  and  raw  cotton 
lablinK  him  to  prosrciitn 
niMit  on  ihf  fy.-<ti'm  lliat 
10  impossibility  ofinak- 
iiuf;»i'turi'  Ko  c'oiiiUictpil, 
in  to  tlic  jirojicr  btisinrw 

the  pnti'hos  t)f  ground 
jgrcsn,  so  long  as  it  was 

of  cotton  wool  annually 
with  1705,  ninoiuittil  tn 
1720  to  1 770  hi  VI' not 
nnfai'ture  incnaM-il very 
est  'r,  who  had  tlir  In-st 
iitii«!  value  of  nil  llic  cul- 
10  III.  in  17G0,  wascsii- 
ons  employed  was  (niiio 
ar,T;ravcs,  a  carpenttr  at 
,t  invention,  this  adinira- 
:ility  ns  one ;  and  it  was 
le  to  work  no  fewer  than 

;,  brint;  unablfi  to  give  tci 

I  the  longitudinal  thrcails 

iduction  of  the  spinjiini;- 

luniber  of  threads  of  any 

machine  with  cotton,  ami 

to  underxtand  the  princi- 

ation.    It  consists  of  twii 

f  each  pair  is  furrowed  or 

0  make  them  take  a  hold 

that  a  carding  of  cotton 

f  the  rollers,  but  it  wmili] 

No  sooner,  however, 

)a¥s  through  the  first  pair 

revolve  with  (as  the  ease 

mirable  contrivance,  tlie 

a  twist  being  given  to  it 

the  machinery, 
ctcd  his  famous  spinning 
oni  the  previous  nictiioik 
he  jenny,  v.hieh  is  only  a 
irely  original  idea ;  ami 
sa,i;acity  which  led  to  so 
was  so  speedily  perfected, 


0 


(he  progress  of  discovery 
most  ra\)id.  The  mule- 
pinning  frame — invented 
Carlv.-right,  arc  machines 
in  consequence  of  their 
ents,  ;he  prices  of  cotton 

illU'-coHiit  of  tlie  lifi'of  ^'i! 
ri-r  IS  still  uiidcciileil.  Ut- 
!rs.  revdlvii.K  willi  ilitrcR'n; 
s  ITiif^.— (*<ee  tlie  excelltiil 
it  ('.lies  not  r.ppcartliiil  tin- 
'tlio  i-.iveuliou  seem  to  have 

I  anil  his  iiartiinrs  in  1>2. 
ID  spin  liy  ■.nacliine/y;  Im'. 

II  wliieli  tlifsc  alf'jililsliai! 
iTver.  till!  prolialiilily  jutiiis 
from  llie  sntistantial  niiTits 
in"  up  spoiila-.ieoiisly  in  ni^ 
nd  sliowcd  !>uw  it  migl''  '^■•» 


cloth  and  ynrn  have  gone  on  progressively  diminishing.  But  ns  the  demand  fir  cottons  Inm 
lieeit,  owing  to  their  extraordinary  cheapness,  extended  in  n  still  greater  degree,  the  value  of 
ihc  goods  produced,  and  the  number  of  persons  employed  in  iho  manufacture,  are  now  de- 
cidedly greater  than  at  any  previous  period. 

2.  linpiirh  of  Cotton  Wool.  Countries  whence  it  is  imported.  Prices,  Duties,  i\r. 
The  following  Tables  have  been  partly  taken  from  official  documenla,  and  partly  from  tho 
accounts  of  merchants  of  great  experience.  We  believe  they  may  be  relied  on  as  approach- 
in;  ns  near  to  accuracy  as  't  is  possible  to  attain  to  in  such  matters. 

Ai'diuiit  of  tlie  Iiiipiirts  ami  KxporlH  of  Cotton  Wool  to  and  from  (ireat  lirltaln,  frnin  1781  to  1812. 

both  Inclnslvc, 


Y«iri. 

lliiporlefl. 

Export^!. 

Venn. 

Imported. 

K«iHirtcil. 

I.h.^. 

Lhn. 

Us. 

I.h,. 

1        17H1 

r>,l'.W,778 

!M'i,7S8 

1797 

23,354,371 

1109,058 

I7vi 

1 1  .''•iS.Oltd 

421,229 

1798 

3I,8H0,fi41 

('01.139 

17H3 

!t,73S.fia 

177,t)2<l 

17(t9 

43„379,278 

811.071 

1        17HI 

ll,l8'J,lh;i 

201,81,'. 

IHdO 

50,010,7:12 

4,110.010 

'        17H4 

lti,40()„lh4 

407,190 

1801 

60,004,305 

1,8(10,872 

1       I7h6 

19,175,020 

32:t,l,53 

1X02 

00,345,000 

3,730,180 

1       17H7 

2,1,2.')0,atW 

1.073,381 

1893 

.53,812,284 

1,501.0,',3 

178S 

20,l(i7,4.1fi 

8,M,14« 

1804 

OI,H07,.32y 

.503.171 

17H9 

32,57fi,023 

297.S.t7 

1805 

61t,082,400 

801.213 

1790 

.1l,417,r.<)5 

814,154 

iNOn 

58,170,283 

(151,807 

,       1791 

2H,70«,t)75 

303,412 

1807 

74,925,,300 

2,170.913 

1       I7it'i 

34,907,497 

'1,485,405 

1808 

43,005,982 

1.014.807 

1793 

19,0t0,i)2tf 

1,171,500 

1809 

92,812,282 

4.351,105 

1791 

21,r)8,5l)7 

l.SIO.O.'iO 

1810 

I;i2,ls8,935 

8,7s7,109 

I79S 

2(1,401.340 

1,193,7.37 

1811 

91,,570,,535 

1,200,807 

179tf 

32,120,357 

091,902 

1812 

03,025.930 

1.710,912 

Acciiiint  of  the  Imports  of  Cotton  Wool  Into  (treat  Drilain,  of  llie  rttoclis  on  hand  on  the  3lHt  of 
DucemhHr,  of  lilt!  Annual  ami  Wei^kly  Delivery  for  Consumption,  tho  Amoniit  of  tin;  Crops  of 
(.'(ittoii  in  North  America,  nti<l  tho  AveriiKo  price  of  Hiilamls,  each  Year  from  1814  to  1832,  both  in- 
clusive.—(Furnished  by  Mr.  Cook,  of  Mincing  I.ano  ) 


ToUl  Imporli 

Slock  ill  Ihe 

Tnl,il  Oeliveries 

E^tiiii.ltel 

Amount  of 

AvtTue 

iii'o  (ire;U 

I'lirts, 

for  Cniuuuip* 

wtrfltly 

Crop  ill 

Price  of 

Dllllin. 

31sl  of  l)tcenil)Pr. 

(inn. 

Cnliioilnpljon. 

North  Aitivrica. 

t'plai")"- 
Per  lb. 

Us. 

U.i. 

J.b.t. 

/.6.». 

Us. 

1111 

73.728,000 

22,272.000 

80,010,000 

1,001,000 

28,/. 

1815 

96,200.000 

22,300.000 

85,800,000 

1,012,000 

20'('. 

i  \m 

97,310.000 

22.315,000 

88,031,000 

1,709,,500 

No  correct 

18],/. 

;  1x17 

120,210,000 

31,031,000 

108,350,000 

2,051,400 

20,/. 

1818 

173,910,000 

85,800.000 

111,8(10,000 

2,132.000 

20J. 

:  1X19 

137,.592,O0O 

88,1.52,000 

108,864,000 

2,110.800 

13.i</. 

:    18'29 

117,570,000 

103,158,000 

125,016,000 

2,322,000 

lU(i. 

1N2I 

120,120.000 

100,800,000 

120,420,000 

2,176,800 

110,040,000 

U.S(i. 

;   Mi 

111,510,000 

70,302,000 

141,180,000 

2,750,100 

121,48,5,000 

H'l. 

1    1823 

183.700.000 

105,875.000 

147,125,000 

3.025.000 

130.125.000 

8>rf. 

1    1821 

147.120.01)0 

04, 128.0(10 

174,174,000 

3,106,800 

1.52.880,000 

81rf. 

1    18-25 

211.300.000 

123,(M1S,000 

109.201,001) 

3,156,000 

11)9.8(10,01)0 

ii.;«. 

1826 

170,520,000 

100.,548,000 

101,040,000 

3,110.100 

211.080  000 

(1,?,/. 

1827 

2fll,,3,30.000 

131.214.000 

211,167,000 

3,801,000 

28,-),  120,000 

OAJ. 

1    ISM 

222,750.000 

12(),.58-2,0l)0 

217,701.000 

4,1.58.000 

2l3,s  10,000 

t\id. 

1829 

218,321.000 

81.900.01)0 

221,070,0110 

4.2(l;t,()()0 

255,780,000 

5i,l. 

1830 

259,850,000 

95,300.000 

212.000,000 

4,708,000 

292,010,000 

njrf. 

1831 

280,0x0,000 

81,090,000 

2.57,500,000 

5,0 17,700 

311.055,000 

5S(/. 

1832 

270,090,000 

73,,500,000 

259,980,000 

5,330.500 

290,215,000 

(>id. 

In  1786,  the  supplies  of  cotton  wool  were  derived  from  the  following  sources: — 

lb!<. 
From  the  Uritish  West  Indies  ....  5,800,000 

French  and  Spanish  colonics         -  .  -  5,500.000 

Dutch  colonies 1.000.000 

I'orttisuese  colonioa  ....  2,000.000 

Smyrna  and  Turkey  ...  -  5,000,000 

19.900.000  11)=. 

Previously  to  1790,  North  America  did  not  supply  us  with  a  single  pound  weight  of  raw 
cotton.  A  little  had,  inileed,  been  raised  in  some  of  the  Southern  States,  for  domestic  use, 
liefore  the  revolutionary  war,  but  the  quantity  was  ((uitc  inconsiderable.  In  1791,  it  began, 
fortiie  first  time,  to  be  exported;  the  trilling  quantity  of  189,316  lbs.  having  been  shi|)ped 
ill  the  courj*  of  thiit  year,  and  138,328  lbs.  in  1792.  Such  was  the  late  and  feeble  begiii- 
nin','of  the  American  cotton  trade.  There  is  nothing  in  the  history  of  industry  to  compare 
with  its  subsequent  increase,  unless  it  be  the  growth  of  the  manufacture  in  this  country, 

American  cotton  is  generally  known  by  tho  names  of  sea-island  and  upland.  The  first, 
which  is  the  finest  cotton  imported  into  Britain,  grows  on  the  small  sandy  islands,  and  along 
ttie  low  sandy  shores  of  Carolina  and  Georgia.  It  is  long  in  the  staple,  of  an  even  silky 
Icxtuie,  and  is  easily  separated  from  the  seed.  Unlu  kily,  however,  it  can  be  raised  only  in 
certain  situations ;  so  that  its  quantity  is  limited,  and  has  not,  in  fact,  been  increased  since 
180,5.  'J'he  upland,  of  which  the  siipjily  may  be  considered  as  unlimited,  though  of  vary- 
iflg  qualities,  is  all  short  stapled ;  and  its  separation  from  the  seed  is  so  very  difficult,  that  if 
2x2  06 


4 ' 


*' 


t 


528 


COTTON. 


rCkMP 


ir 

I 


I' 


,i 


it  be  (loiio  hy  the  hand,  tho  cotton  i^  lianlly  worth  tlic  Inbour.  Thin,  Iiowcvrr,  won  tl«?  oiilr 
way  ill  whiili  it  could  bo  muilc  iivailiililc  ti>r  l\i>mc  use,  or  ccporliitioii,  |iri!vii)UNly  to  l7'J:i'; 
and  liiul  liny  mic  tlicii  vfiitiirnl  Id  |irrili(t  llmt  ll),()()(t,O()0  ll.s.  of  uiiliiml  crlti.ii  wou|,l  ,.\v, 
bo  ox|Piirlt(l,  h(!  WdiiKl  liuvc  Ihcii  IokUciI  U|ic)ii  ih  a  vinioniiry  (Irfumcr.  IJiit  tlio  K«iiius  nt 
Mr.  I)li  Wliiliuy  did  lor  tiio  plimtiTH  of  tim  Soulhrrii  Hiatcn  wlmt  the  gniiiiM  of  Arkvvri,'!i- 
and  Walt  did  f.ir  tliu  mainifacturcrH  of  Kiigluiid.  Ho  iiivciiU-d  ii  miuliiiiP  by  wliicli  tlw 
wool  of  llic  ujilaiid  cotton  ii*  m'juirutod  from  tho  m-cd  with  ihi-  lirratcKt  facility  oiid  i'x|K',li. 
tioii,  and  by  m)  doiii^  laid  the  fouiidiilioiiH  of  a  now  and  numl  iuiiKirUint  braiuh  of  industry, 
and  doulili'd  tho  wraith  and  niran.'*  of  (Mn[)loyin('nt  of  his  couiilryim-n  !— (/'///cm'.i  S.'nlU. 
ticunflhc  Vniteil  SliilvK,  \t.  jO'J.  cd.  isaf).)  Whitney's  invention  came  into  oiwatiuii  in 
179.1,  and  in  I7'.tl,  1,1)1)1,700  11m.,  and,  in  17!».'),  .VJ7«,HtJ()  llw.  of  cotton  wcro  exportd. 
And  .Mo  astonishing  ha.s  been  tlie  >,'ro\vtli  of  cotton  in  the  intervul,  that  tho  ox;iortH  from  tin. 
United  Slates  in  1S:I7  amounted  to  tho  prodigious  (juantity  of  441,^1 1,537  ll>.«*. !  of  wbich 
438,l)a'l,r)(i(i  lbs.  were  ujiland  ! 

Account  dl"  iho  (iMiiiilllli'H  of  (iilKin  Wnnliinportrd  Into  llic  ITnlled  Kiriffilntn  itiirlni?  th«  Hl\  Vcnrfi 
eniliiiu  Willi  I":);,  n|ii'(ir>lii||  Uh-  (iiianlllloH  liruUKJit  I'miii  dillVri'iit  ('ininirliii,  llie  'I'lUal  Umuitilici 
cxpurlLcl,  anil  llie  (Maiitllius  left  Cor  (J.iiiHiiinpliiiii.— ((:<iiii|>iliul  Iroiii  Varl.  I'upert.) 


Counlricf. 


L'i>t(t<rt  u-(M>l  fniiii  rnri'iKn  cuuiitriei,  vlf.— 

I'lilliil  Milei  u(  America 

llnail  •  • 

Turkfy  .i?i  i  Knypt 

Oilier  fnrrinii  cniintrlpi 
CiitiiMi  niHil  (mill  llriiiiili  poiwuionf,  viz.— 

Kilt  liKiii-^  .III  1  ,M.iuritiii4 

llri'nli  Will  lii.liM,  thi.  urnivlh  of    - 
M  to,       •IiiIm,        ini[inrlu.l  frum 

OihiT  llrititli  |H)S8«»eiuiis 

Tiilal  i|iniitilic9  Importei] 
Quantitit-i  ex|if)rteJ 

t.ef(  f'lr  mniumptinn 


IKM 


IKtI. 


I'«l. 


lU.  «t. 

i!  Jir,',  li.T'is'  2f.i,.'ii i.OT'i 

."•.M.,!,".'!!  llt,J'll,1''li 

!l-7..'i:i  HvVlliT 

l,lj!l(i,IUS  VtiO.S'li 

l,H'i;i,i(i6>  l,wi.in 

lU.MJ.  47,64.^ 


iliS.SOl,^^ 


nia,6ifi,Hi7  s^ii.HTi.-U'i 
n.atiS.i-ci    ii,itii.<xii) 


2'W,2<i3,9r>5' 302,114.40.! 


IfOS. 


IfKi 


I  SIT.      I 

ii't.      I      II".      I     a,.     I 
i24.«-6,40!)    -ij.rmjii    jiiciiii.i,  ' 

6,7:lMiWll     fi,42t),72l       7.^.l,•,n  [ 
6,i07,;tii!)|      11,731,413      4,lile,<.'<l  | 


4l,l74,0m'  7:;.'I>7,P»' 

i,4%.'n  i,3i/.wi« 

3I»,7;V)  4UI,VU 

ai,20S  K73>' 


JI.ITT.li; 
S'l'vilO  I 


rini,7n2,!iiil  4n(i,!i-n,(i'i7,  .lo.vjMir.i' 

3A7:».714      3l£3!i,T0l!    3il,:jJ,ull  [ 
330,!»23,J.'U  37VJI!).J!M'  Slj^TuTy  I 


It  has  been  the  jiraetice  for  many  years  jiast  to  levy  n  duty  on  cotton  woni,  wlirn  jnij/ori- 
cd.  Tho  policy  of  such  a  duty  is  very  (juestionable  ;  and  it  would  be  iiuite  iiitoleriili!c,\verc 
it  not  kept  at  a  low  rate.  For  a  numlier  of  years  previously  to  18;!l,it  amouMtnl  (i,n 
foreign  cotton)  to  fi  per  cent,  ml  valorrm  ,-  but,  in  order  to  inako  tip,  in  purl,  at  \c-:lM.  for  ihe 
loss  of  revenue  caused  by  the  repeal  of  tho  duty  on  printed  cottoiiH — (see  Calico),  it  was 
raised  in  that  ye;\r  to  5.s\  10^/.  a  cwt.  Such  a  duty  would  have  mateiially  allected  the  iin- 
poit.4  of  till?  inferior  species  of  cotton,  and  the  jirico  of  coarse  goods  ;  and  being,  in  consc- 
(lucnre,  justly  olijceted  to,  it  was  reduced  in  I  S3:)  to  "■».  ll(f.  a  cwt.  The  duty  on  cjllon 
from  a  Uritish  possession  is  little  more  than  nominal,  being  only  4(/.  a  cwt.  At  a;i  averagi; 
of  183()  and  1837,  the  duties  on  cotton  produced  'H(),33'J/.  a  year. 

The  subjoined  statement  is  taken  from  tho  circular  of  George  Holt  and  Co.,  eminent  cot- 
ton broliprs  at  Liveriiool,  dated  31st  of  December,  1838.  It  contains  some  additiuiial  and  in- 
structive details.  Its  near  agreement  with  the  previous  statements  affords  a  strong  proof  of 
their  and  its  accuracy. 

Stateiutiiit  of  ttic  OonHiiiiiiiticin,  Expnrljilion,  fcr.  of  llir  ilifTiTcnf  Sorts  of  fnttoii  Wuol,  in  and  froir. 
Gri'iil  llritaiii,  in  iliirurt'iil  Vear-i,  t'roni  Hid  to  18:W,  liotli  inclusive. 


Average  weekly  consuuij" 
Itdii. 

rpiiiij 

iBie. 

IS20. 
2,9  IS 

182.5. 

3,713 

ism 

5,4'i2 

IMl. 

183-.. 

1836. 

18)7. 

IH5.     1 

5,-|2 

B.siiii 

4.7S7 

4.118 

5.-,0i  1 

( irle.iii^  and  Tennessee 

990 

1,192 

2,112 

4,7 -.6 

7,3-2 

7,S'J.l 

9  -"11 

IU,2.'t 

ii.Ti: 

Sea-islaiiil 

Total  United  States 

— 

409 

360 

■\W 

•I'lS 

■Jit 

379 

31(1 

317' 

4,03B 

.|..|9 

(i..'>li 

10,l.(.S 

13.-.92 

14.073 

M,.170 

M.'iTI 

i7.'«4  ' 

Brazil     - 

i,r>«D 

J.IOS 

2,Vi2 

3,'iii2 

2,(;6i 

2,:!.  19 

2.  "ills 

2.4-1 

2.4W  1 

K,-y|.e    . 

_ 

^- 

yi| 

,MIH 

131 

416 

•ill 

77'* 

7-1  1 

R:ut  Iii'lia 

;!n7 

i,:.i8 

l,0lltj 

nto 

1,033 

1,01.9 

1.192 

1.11  if 

l,W  1 

Deiiierara,  West  InJia,  &c. 
Tdlal    - 

656 

534 

fi27 

2*4 

J46 

421 

43M 

41.1 
20,111 

U9i 

6,4S8 

P,9-9 

ll,r.3i 

16,002 

17,667 

18,318 

19,452 

23.201  1 

Packages  aninially   con- } 
stiiiie<1               -            - ) 

337,400 

46(i,900 

599,000 

832,100 

9I>|,700 

954,100 

1,011, .503 

1.!  37,3011 

1,206.6011 

Average  wt.  rf  packages  > 
coniuiiic.1.  ill  lin.            J 

263 

2JS 

27;; 

298 

330 

333 

343 

3411 

JIO 

W*eekly  cfiii.Hiiiiij.linn  in  i 

liacka^o,   lvtra,<e  34li  > 

5,122 

G,945 

9,634 

14,320 

17,508 

19,348 

19,283 

20,113 

2,),2W  ; 

Average  wi.  of  packages  ) 
iiiiji'irled,  ill  Ills.          -  ) 

2-6 

249 

270 

300 

337 

,131 

342 

317 

3-.)! 

P'lcka^is  expiirte'l 

29,300 

28,400 

72,'00 

3,1,400 

66,800 

1(H,«00 

105,900 

121.100 

103,300 

Lbs.  ueiL'tit  aiiiiiiallv  iin-^ 

porteti  ill  luillitnis  anil  > 

93-9 

:43-9 

2224 

2S1-2 

320-6 

361-7 

410-8 

40S-2 

501 -C 

tenths            -            -     ) 

Llis,  wt.  colisuinfft,  iln. 

fS'? 

120-3 

166-S 

247-6 

303-1 

318-1 

»l7-4 

363-7 

4ic: 

Ltis.  weiglit  ill  ports,  31st  ? 
of  Dec.                     ciii.  J 

I0'2 

llO'S 

107-0 

91-4 

63-2 

733 

92.0 

t2-l 

IIO'! 

Lli,.  weiglit  ill  Greit  Rri- 1 

_ 

127'0 

113-5 

118'S 

82-3 

89  6 

116-3 

1156 

1CC-! 

Avernyp  prire  per  Iti.  of? 
liptlll'N  ill  Liverpool      J 

IS  l-4d. 

11  \id. 

U6d. 

C'9J. 

6&i. 

10  l-4ii. 

9-,S5(;. 

7(1. 

7J. 

2M. 

15  1  ill. 

IVId. 

8  \-U. 

11 -9^. 

141r(. 

12S5rf- 

1     9  3  4.;. 

93T;./. 

Dn.        do.        Siir.its      • 

13  1-4J. 

8  I -III. 

S-9rf. 

M. 

Ubrf. 

7  l-2rf. 

6  3-4.f. 

1      4-8V(. 

N.  H.  Mc.-isrs.  Holt  and  Cn.  estiiimti.'  tho  averau'c  wciirlit  of  llin  piKl(a;.'fs  inip.iricd  in  1*^'^  ,il  3.12  Ife 
ppr  tiiis  I'pl.md;  tOfi  llis.  Orleans  and  .Maliania  ;  320  lbs.  Sea-islaud;  174  llis.  liiazil ;  SOiMbs.  Egyp- 
tian; \i'jO  lbs.  Kast  liidiau;  and  liG  lbs.  \Ve::l  Indian. 


COTTON. 


623 


in,  liowcvrr,  won  tlu  oii'v 
tioii,  pruviouttly  to  \TJ\i; 
l|iliiiul  crttiiu  vvouM  I'vt", 
incr.  Uul  tliti  Kt'iiiuit  nt 
llu'  BPiiiiiH  i)f  Arkwri,'!i' 
II  iniu-irmr  by  whicli  llio 
nutcHt  lucility  mill  ('\|Hili. 
irlimt  lifiiiich  III'  iiuluHtry, 
men  '.—{l'il/:iit'.i  SUifis. 
I  cumo  into  o;K'nuiuu  in 
>f  cotton  wpro  fxiiortd, 
timt  till'  pxporlH  IVimi  till' 
l,*Jll,537lli.s.!  of  which 

tiffilnm  (Inrlnff  ttio  Hlx  Ypum 
tiirlrit,  the  Tdtiil  Uuuiitltici 
rl.  I'uprrs.) 

1(05.      I       If-a.      I      IK)7,      I 

SM>t,«ii  U'l.uii.G'vj'  a^-Mi'ii.'ic 

/l,U-«,4l)l)     27,-VM.i7Jl    J(i,M),|r, 

BjiiMifiii; 

6,207,:)h'J| 


Mib'i\\  :,^.|,■,|,|| 

ti,73l,413  4,lill),«.«i  I 

41,l7.|,liOn'    7'>.M)7,W  Jl.',:-,i'.; ' 

1,1%,  in;      l,:ilis<)«  1,1'Hi.i,.' 

ai»,7iJ         4U1,'k1i!  3'ii,,-,|,j 

UWOS            K73V  a,(,-,|| 


1(1  unj.!!'.!  4n(|,!r,nn^7|  .in;.:-!,:.) ' 

a-',7T'*.714      3l,7!J|i,':B1j    3!l,:jJ,ul| 

i3(i,!i2i, ijo  37'p.:i!).:9-r  ai.vTi"  i 

attori  wool,  when  iniiiorl- 
1  litMiuite  iiitoliT:ili!c,\vere 
o  is:  J  I,  it  atnouutid  (i,m 
11),  ill  part,  nt  IcdA,  for  t!iu 
IS — (see  Calico),  it  was 
iiitciiiilly  alVcctc'il  the  iiii- 
lods  ;  ami  being,  in  consi.- 
wt.  The  duty  on  collon 
id.  a  csvt.     At  a;i  averagi: 

[olt  anJ  Co.,  cminciu  coi- 
ns some  aililitioiml  jiiJ  in- 
affords  a  strong  proof  of 


f  rntlon  Wool,  in  and  from 
iiiclunive. 


1) 
.1 
I 

;i 

9 
(i 

1) 
1 

IS3C. 

.17. 

IMS.    1 

0  i'll 
.179 

4,13'i 

1U,.VI 

31(1 

II.-.; 

31: 

11,370 
2.'>IIS 

111! 
I.l'li 

43!i 

ll.'17l 

iA-.\ 

77** 

l,|il!> 

17.W  ' 

2.W1 

7-1  1 

1,7'<I  : 

8 

1'J,4'.2 

2(1,3:11 

:).»! 

0 

1,011, MO 

l.(37,3l«i 

I.iWi.KKi . 

3 

343 

341; 

Dliil 

H 

1!I,2S3 

20,333 

23.2(fl| 

1 

34J 

347 

3-.): 

0 

lft'),!K10 

12).  100 

103,300. 

•  7 

4I0'S 

40S-2 

501-C 

I'l 

3-17-4 

k;- 

4ic: 

13 

»2>0 

^•1 

no-! 

16 


IIG'3 

9'SW.     I 

12SW.     i 
(i3.4'f.  ! 


Id. 

fl  3.4i(. 
.1-Svf. 


li:.'-S 

■d. 
i)375J. 


•s  inipnrKMi  in  I^S^  al  3.t21te 
7.J  Ills,  lirii/.il ;  aW  lbs.  Efc-vf- 


Wo  Bwbjoin,  from  Rums*  Glance,  a  fulmlnr  utatcmpnt,  nnjumily  publinhrd  nt  Miinchr<i|pr, 
and  ndmiltcd  to  bo  drawn  \\\>  with  (jrcut  cure,  iin  iiccounl  of  tho  cotton  Hpuii  in  (ircnt 
Uritiiin  and  Ireland  in  IHDH,  and  liow  that  xpun  in  linylund  was  dif*poHcdof,  with  nuvcral 
other  intcrcMtinft  particiilarH. 

Htatuiuont  of  Collon  ti|iiiM  In  rnsliuiil.  Hrntlnml,  ninl  Irel.inil,  In  1N3H,  Nhnwlnir  thi)  Quantity  of  Yarn 
proiliii'.i'd,  and  Imw  Unit  niiiiii  In  llnvlnnil  wiiit  illNpimi'il  nt'. 


Unal  //nfaui. 


NiMiilier  of 
rniuitiiifHi. 


(M«,I«H 
1 17,  l''2 
4»,27.) 
Ul,  IM 
1 11, '1 13 


l,23(l,H2U 


AvBr.iffr 

Wriithi  nr  nan 

iu  Ibf. 


373 
171 

2N4 

3IH 


346 


Amcrlonn  fnllon      .... 
ilrt/il  iliito  .... 

r.oi'ii^'i '"""       .... 

Ki.l  liiUii  ilillo        .... 
VVnl  III  111  ilitio      .... 

TiiUl  nuiiilirr  nf  bap  comumol    • 

AiloweJ  fiir  ton  in  npimiiiiK  1  3-4  01.  per  lt>. 

Tfit^l  quantity  t]nin  In  Kni(t.in<t  And  ScotLtod 
Uclurl  iiil.llilll>'  •|iuii  iu  b;;utlaiiil 

TouWiuanlilyipuninEDlluid  in  IB3S     • 

//ijto  diipoitd  of, 
E«portod  in  pni  iliirinj  llio  yeaf 

llillii      ill  fhrrlcl  .... 

ilittti     ill  nnniifirturwt  giwU    ... 

Kilimi'i'il  ipian'ity  itf  yini  .*fiit  to  Scnlhntt  1:..   Irdinil  -  .  •  «      ^ 

Ei|Mtrifil  in  niiirwl  niiniif.irMiri'«,  mi   Ni.itt.j  In  llii-  .iMve-narr  '  srtlclei,  \.  r.' .mul  t.i  i 

ci.twMi  IliiiiIiik,  linliU,  Miiilli'  mil  I  iiiin  wirk,  wirU    »«,  (liicki,  caland' ;  Ik  V  it,  b^iki,  i 

iinilir<-lli%  lull,  .inJ  ln<)n  in  in.iimraci..'     mikiU  •.»..' 

Bilince  l«ll  (or  liuiue  Cduiuinptiou  anJ  itu;:!!,  Ill  J.ti'.i.ir.    1 3.13 

niita 

IJldS 

Dilto 

fiilnml. 
Gnww«>lit  of  rolton  ivun  In  Irrhnd  in  IS3f. 
All.iwcd  liir  link  ill  ipiiiiiiuK  I  3-4  ut.  per  lb. 

Tot.iI  qiLintity  of  vim  spiinin  Irri.ind  in  IMS 


Tohl  Weljht  in  lb.. 


Wirlily  i;<iii4iiniptii)n 

of  IU|»,  .liirriliiul 

nth  iiirl. 


i4n.mn.mt 

2i,2'l|,l.12 

1 1,4.17.  .;ii 

34,J'll.'<-4 
6,220,1104 

4211,1100,1  Itt 

4(i.f/KI,G0« 


dlllo 

dill' 

I83R 

ditto 

dlito 

(to- 

ditto 

dill? 

I'.Hi 

T13.:.V1,H)7 
2,1II2,0M 

1211,7X4,029 
6,»7J,0,U 


10,713,000 

((i,i;i.i,2i.i 

(i3,ir.7,!l02 
41.  ■■.i;"( 
49,').;-' '.■00 


<i, 112.1.0 
4>'.!  fc  S 

\0IO.!(\( 


IK.0II.3A 
^,".34-24 

77 1  2'i 

1,"  III  10 

3l7'3i 


*»,7'-!i 


370,l«8,St0 
3.|,Hi3,4li<> 


3.U,(i(i3,044 


3l4,crJ,o.u 


In  1HT2  tlin  (inaiitity  Hinin  wfin  5"?,;i;M,')":  it-*,  «lvl»>jj  .j  i^veMy  m.pply  of  l,aK0,7(i'  >.i  t,,  ''rtr.  nnrnH 
estiiiiaten  the  iiniintity  Npitn  pn  i;)iiiilli',  imr  ^^ '  <!k  .itH^n;.,  ii>.i!ii  n  )[!>  hAu  nii<c.,'ii'  ci' iininilii's 
pinplii.vi'il  ill  EtiKliitiil  .'inil  Wiili.s,  In  )'-'l'2,  I.C'i. •,?()'<,  Tf\ii>i.'  fnipl  r.  ci!  in  .^-u'l,,!)  .  .'i.rmc  U'v  wuiii! 
year,  iirii  t'sliiiiiilcd.  In  the  Hiiinc  u;./,  at  'l,C.2('  Mr.  'ii;.  in  fiiittiw  ^1/1  uiMt'f  t'.ie  i  iiiihi  r  if  li.i  i.m 
ciii|ilnyi;il  In  i;tr,'liiiiil  and  Wall'!!.  111  IS.W,  ;U  id.t.TOS.  v  lu'  ciiwiinpti  i|i  mi'  (V.'.r  1,1  i(.c  inarint'iiiliirc  ^t 
iniirliKroaliT  tliiin  any  one  nov  pretty  well  i'ii|i)iii;i  J '■.in,  ,  \v/ 1,|.|  ri'iolil.  ■.iiinion.  V'lO  i' "ratio 
(|iiiiitiiv  rciiniii'il  for  earli  Iniim  U  e«lii!c:ied  at  t  llw,  iier  •/■<;)■,  j  i.iakln .- 1 ,1-'  t<:i,il  iitmwai  c  liKii.xplip'i 
in  Kiii-land  and  Wales,  In  ISM,  ■l'2,3()l,.Wt  ',l..;  ,  i,r  ^l3,S2•'  ImrreU  ..('  IIH)  il.,,  each  I 

Arcniint  nf  the  ri)n»nniplinn  of  the  vathuts  IJosc  ipiiorv  >'  ."'oi'i.,'  In  i!i,.  iiiilern-enlionri^  fuee'rieii 
in  lKt7,  and  iil'  the  Stocks  01,  hand  on  itio  Is',  of  Jniu'-iry,  IS'M,  i  i  B(>(t;i.--(l''U'iii  I''?  Cirt..l,M  .-l" 
MesifH.  (.'olinaii  and  Stultethoft,  Liverpool,,^ 


CoBSiimplioD  in  firent  Itritiin 

U.  SI.1I1.1. 

Hruii. 

W   V,li«. 
20  2:1:1 

E.  Im'iw. 

E.ypt. 

53.079 

•••olll. 
I,'i'-!t4«3 

Wi.GLS 

IM.S.V, 

Di'ln          Fr.iiK'i! 

2i".,.-ll-. 

.,!.r,63.' 

::..4.7 

— 

M\":n 

.1  ■■7.(i>ft 

Ddio          It.ilhind    • 

Ih,709 

4011 

3,70  1 

.T..,G-. 

1  Olil 

.i(i.-OI 

Ditto          nrlcmni  > 

22.73s 

l,li) 

Z.blll 

17  Olu 

40 

41,V-,0 

llitlo          flirrn.iiiy 

27,''!>2 

3,010 

11.1.0-1 

;;',:m3 

O.'i 

02,731 

llitto          Trieste     - 

1!<,332 

917 

_ 

l..-)B 

•  T         », 

9-i,.'VI3 

Shippivl  from  (,.vil  BriU'n  lOpbces 

Botnitnlioned     • 

Tnl.al  Consumplion,  1937     . 
.VOif*  III  Jan.  1S3S<. 

11,400 

2,700 

■xK) 

r,r.o 

■- 

2:-.,M0 

t,l(»,524 

161), .U"i 

0.".,  VH 

132,  .0 

i;2,'i34 

1,715,727 

Greit  Britain 

f-i.ICO 

.■»:,.1f.O 

'4.  jr 

100.210 

is.ono 

210,3.10 

Fmnce        .... 

i:)(,B.ts 

2,217 

ii,w;'i 

.. 

20, Ml  I 

03. -.12 

Ilnlland      .           .           .           ■ 

jsr. 

6.VI 

3,1,12 

s,,-.io 

.17  '> 

l7.tiK,1 

Hrll^iuui      .             .             .             - 

!  i  C 

1:  t 

1,1.1 

a.roji 

2110 

4,722 

dernnny    .           .           -           - 

fi.-2(i? 

?.l'  ' 

■  •..IS' 

4. 7  00 

13 

an.iWJ 

Irieile       .... 
Tol»t    . 

..,105 

71! 
3'.,2'.6 

ii.T.fii 

112 

14,2.0 

'JO.2.10 

13i,<;i3 

I24.ri4n 

.'».:-12 

3«1,6n4 

3.  Value  of  the  Br!  fhh  Coltoyi  M/t  -nfcdhre  in  1833.  Amount  nf  Capiful,  and  Numher 
of  Persons  cinploi/rd  '  i  ';'. — It  \v mid  be  very  dcxiraiilc  to  be  able  to  form  a  tolerably  accu- 
rate p.slimate  o'"  tlu' present  value  of  the  cotton  tnanufacturc,  and  of  the  number  of  persons 
employed  in  ,t.-  difi'erent  departments ;  but  the  data  on  which  such  estimate.?  arc  founded 
..ei.ig  necessarily  very  loose,  it  is  impossible  to  arrive  at  any  thing  like  i)recision.  Perhaps, 
liowever,  the  following  calculations  are  not  very  wide  of  the  mark. 

In  1817,  Mr.  Kennedy,  one  of  the  best  informed  cotton  manufacturers  in  the  cmpin'.  in  n 
paper  published  in  the  Manchester  Transactions,  estimated  the  number  of  persons  emiiloyed 
in  the  ,'!/)t/;ri(/)i)'  of  cotton  in  CSreat  Britain  at  110,763;  tlu;  aid  they  derived  fit>m  steam 
enijines  as  eipial  to  the  power  of  20,768  horses ;  and  the  number  of  spindles  in  motion  nt 
6,64.5,833,  M.  Kennedy  further  estimated  the  number  of  hiinJcs  of  yarn  annually  produceil 
at  3,987,.50O,00O ;  and"  the  quantity  of  coal  cnsuined  in  their  production  at  fOiVlli) 
tons.   We  subjoin  Mr.  Kennedy's  statement  for  the  year  1817 : — 


m.. 


624 


COTTON. 


.\rr.  m^m 


!   I 


■"■ft' ►"!«»» 


•nviwuifcus 


'  ^11  ■in 


,1  I  ■ 


'i  )    ' 


.1 


,1 


J?«w  cotton  converted  Into  jram  In  the  UiiKed  Kingdom  .....    110,000,000  Ibt, 

i.os8  in  spinning  estimated  at  1  I':i  oz.  per  lb.     ..,..-•      IO,312,;»0O 

IJu.intily  of  yarn  produced 99,0S7,500  Ita. 

Numtwr  of  hanln,  tatting  the  average  at  40  per  lb.           .........  3,987,')00.IX)0 

Number  of  ipiudlea  cnipioyeil,  each  spindle  being  supposed  to  produce  2  hanks  per  day,  at  300  working  days  in  (he 

year 6,6I5,<)33 

Number  of  persons  employed  in  spinning,  supposing  each  to  produce  120  hanks  per  day          ....  ]  I0,7ti3 

JHorse  power  employed,  equal  in  number  to           *--••-•■-           •  20,7(y 
Four  ounces  and  a  lialf  of  coal  estimated  to  produce  one  hank  of  No.  40 ;  anil  130  lbs.  of  coal  (jer  day  equal  to  one  horse  power. 

But  the  cotton  manufacture  has  increased  rapidly  since  1817.  Mr.  Huskisson  stated,  in 
his  place  in  the  House  of  Commons,  in  March,  1824,  that  he  believed  the  total  vakie  of  the 
cotton  goods  then  annually  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  amounted  to  the  prodigious  sum 
of  thirty-three  and  a  half  millions ;  and  we  believe  we  shall  be  about  the  mark,  if  we 
estimate  their  present  value  at  thirty-four  millions !  If,  indeetl,  we  took  the  increase  in  the 
imports  of  the  raw  material  as  a  test  of  the  increa.se  in  the  value  of  the  manufacture,  we 
should  estimate  it  a  great  deal  higher.  But  it  will  be  afterwards  seen  that  the  improvements 
that  have  been  made  in  the  different  processes,  and  the  fall  in  the  price  of  raw  cotton,  have 
had  so  powerful  an  influence  in  reducing  the  price  of  the  goods  brought  to  market,  that,  not- 
withstanding  the  increase  of  their  quantity,  their  total  value  must  have  remained  nearly  constant. 

The  a.erage  annual  quantity  of  cotton  wool  imported,  afler  deducting  the  exports,  may 
be  taken  at  about  260,000,000  lbs.  weight.  It  is  supposed,  that  of  this  quantity  atwut 
20,000,000  lbs.  are  used  in  a  raw  or  half  manufactured  state,  leaving  a  balance  of  240,000,000 
for  the  purposes  of  manufacturing,  the  cost  of  which  may  be  taken,  on  an  average,  at  Id. 
per  lb.  Deducting,  therefore,  from  the  total  value  of  the  manufactured  goods,  or  34,000,000/, 
the  value  of  the  raw  material,  amounting  to  7,000,000/.,  there  remains  27,000,000/. ;  which 
of  course,  forms  the  fund  whence  the  wages  of  the  persons  employed  in  the  various  depart- 
ments of  the  manufacture,  the  prolits  of  the  capitalists,  the  sums  required  to  repair  the  wear 
and  tear  of  buildings,  machinery,  &c.,  the  expense  of  coals,  &c.  &c.,  must  all  be  derived, 
If,  then,  we  had  any  means  of  ascertaining  how  this  fund  is  distributed,  we  should  be  able 
by  taking  the  average  of  wages  and  profits,  to  form  a  firetty  accurate  estimate  of  the  number 
of  labourers,  and  the  quantity  of  capital  employed.  But  here,  unfortunately,  we  have  only 
probabilities  and  analogies  to  guide  us.  It  may,  however,  be  confidently  assumed,  in  the 
first  place,  that  in  consequence  of  the  extensive  employment  of  highly  valuable  machinery  in 
all  the  departments  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  the  proportion  which  the  profits  of  capita!, 
and  the  sum  to  be  set  aside  to  replace  its  wear  and  tear,  bears  to  the  whole  value  of  the 
manufacture,  must  be  much  larger  than  in  any  other  department  of  industry.  We  have 
heard  this  proportion  variously  estimated,  at  from  a  fourth  to  a  half  of  the  total  value  of  the 
manufactured  goods,  exclu.sive  of  the  raw  material ;  and  as  the  weight  of  authority  seems  to 
be  pretty  much  divided  on  the  subject,  we  shall  take  an  intermediate  proportion.  Assuming, 
therefore,  that  the  profits  of  the  capital  employed  in  the  cotton  manufacture,  the  wages  of 
superintendence,  &c.,  the  sum  required  to  replace  the  wear  and  tear  of  machinery,  buildings, 
&c.,  and  to  furnish  coals,  &c.,  amount  together  to  one  third  of  the  value  of  the  manufactured 
goods,  exclusive  of  the  raw  material,  or  to  9,000,000/.,  a  sum  of  1^,000,000/.  will  remain 
as  the  wages  of  the  spinners,  weavers,  bleachers,  &c.  engaged  in  the  manufacture;  and 
taking,  inasmuch  as  a  large  proportion  of  children  under  16  years  of  age  are  eir.ploycd,  the 
average  rate  of  wages  at  only  22/.  10s.  a  year,  we  shall  have  (ilividins  18,000,000  by  22'3), 
800,000  as  the  total  number  of  persons  directly  employed  in  the  difibrent  departments  of 
the  manufacture. 

We  should  mistake,  however,  if  we  supposed  that  this  number,  great  as  it  certainly  is, 
comprised  the  whole  number  of  persons  to  whom  the  cott  -ti  luanufacture  furnishes  sub- 
sistence, exclusive  of  the  capitalists.  Of  the  sum  of  9,000,000/.  set  apart  as  the  profit  of 
the  capitalists,  and  the  sum  required  to  furnish  coal,  and  to  defray  the  wear  and  tear  of 
machinery,  &c.,  a  large  proportion  must  annually  be  laid  out  in  paying  the  wages  of  en- 
gineers, machine-makers,  iron-founders,  smiths,  joiners,  masons,  bricklayers,  itc.  It  i.s  not 
ca.sy  to  say  what  this  proportion  may  amount  to;  but  taking  it  at  a  third,  or  3,000,000/,, 
and  supposing  the  rate  of  wages  of  each  individual  to  average  30/,  a  year,  the  total  niiiiiber 
employed  in  the  various  capacities  alluded  to  will  be  (3,000,000  divided  by  30)  100,000; 
and  a  sum  of  6,000,000/.  will  remain  to  cover  the  profits  of  the  capital  emiiloyed  in  the 
various  branches  of  the  manufacture,  to  repair  the  dillerent  parts  of  the  machinery  and 
buildings  as  they  wear  out,  and  to  buy  coal,  flour,  &c.  The  account  will,  therefore,  stand 
as  under :  — 
Total  value  of  every  description  of  cotton  goods  annually  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  £34,000,000* 

Raw  material,  240,000,00011)8.  at  "(/.  per  It).  .  -  .  .  -X  7.000,000 

Wages  of  800,001)  weavers,  spinners,  hleacliers,  &c.  at  'Bl.  20,,-.  a  year  each  -  1S,000,000 
Wiiees  of  100,000  engineers,  inacliinc-inakera,  smillis,  masons,  joiners,  &c.  at 

30/.  a  year  each .1,000,000 

Profits  of  the  iiiannfacturers,  wages  of  superintendence,  sums  to  purchase  tlie 

materials  of  macliinery,  coals,  &c.         --....      6,000,000 


.•?4,oon,noo 


♦  Mr.  Kennedy,  to  «  hose  opinion,  on  n  matter  of  this  sort,  the  greatest  deference  is  due,  considers 
this  estimate  as  a  great  deal  too  high.    We  cannot,  however,  bring  ourselves  to  believe  that  such  is 


COTTON. 


B2» 


100  ite. 

-.00 

99,0S7,500Ita, 
•   3,987,500.000 
HI  da)  t  in  the 

6,615,133 
110,763 
20,76(J 
ii\m\  to  one  hone  power. 

[r.  Huskisson  stated,  in 
(1  the  total  value  of  the 

I  to  the  prodigious  sum 
about  the  mark,  if  we 

ook  the  increase  in  the 
of  the  manufacture,  we 

II  that  the  improvements 
•ice  of  raw  cotton,  have 
ight  to  market,  that,  not- 
sinaiiied  nearly  constant, 
lucting  the  exports,  may 

of  this  quantity  alwut 
I  balance  of  240,000,008 
I,  on  an  averasre,  at  7(/, 
1  goods,  or  34,000,000/., 
is  27,000,000/. ;  which, 
ed  in  the  various  depart- 
uired  to  repair  the  wear 
c,  must  all  be  derived, 
uted,  we  should  be  ahle, 
I  estimate  of  the  number 
irtunately,  we  have  only 
fidently  assumed,  in  the 
y  valuable  maehincry  in 
:h  the  profits  of  cajiital, 
the  whole  value  of  the 
of  industry.  We  have 
of  the  total  value  of  the 
:ht  of  authority  seems  to 

proportion.  Assuminj, 
mufacture,  the  wages  of 
:>f  machinery,  buildings, 
Ine  of  the  manufactured 
^i.000,000/.  will  remain 

iho  manufacture;  and 
)f  age  are  employed,  the 

- 18,000,000  by  22-,i), 
lifibrent  departments  of 

great  as  it  certainly  is, 
lufacture  furnishes  sub- 
t  apart  as  the  profit  of 
y  the  wear  and  tear  of 
ying  the  wages  of  en- 
klayers,  A,c.  It  i.s  not 
a  /'/lird,  or  3,000,000/., 
year,  the  total  nuniiier 
videdby  SO)  100,000; 
iipital  employed  in  the 
of  the  machinery  and 
it  will,  therefore,  stand 


Jreat  Britain  £34,nno,000* 


'  The  capital  employed  may  lie  estimated  as  folInwH  :— 
Capital  einployeil  in  tlie  pnrclmsc  ol'lliu  raw  material 
Capital  cmplnyotl  in  payniunl  of  wages 


Capital  vested  in  Hpinning-mllls,  power  and  liaiid  looms,  workshopg,  warehouses,  utockg 


4,onn,ono 
-   io,t;oo,floo 


-£  7.000,000 
-     18,000,000 

It 

,"1,000,000 

10 

0,000,000 


.•)4,ofln,nno 


on  band,  &c. 


-    20,000,000 
£31.000,000 


frrenee  is  due,  ronsidcra 
d  to  believe  that  such  is 


Now,  this  sum  of  34,000,000/.,  supposing  the  interest  of  capital,  inclusive  of  the  wages 
of  superintendence,  &c.,  to  amount  to  10  per  cent.,  will  yield  a  sum  of  3,400,000/.;  which 
being  deducted  from  the  6,000,000/.  profits,  fee,  leaves  2,000,000/.  to  purchase  nwtorials  to 
repair  the  waste  of  cai)ital,  the  flour  required  for  dre:;sing,  the  coals  necessary  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  steam  engines,  to  elfoct  insurances,  and  to  meet  all  other  outgoing^?. 

The  aggregate  amount  of  wages,  according  to  the  above  estiinatr.  i  i  21,000,000/. ;  but 
there  ai'e  iiot  many  departinents  of  the  business  in  which  wages  liav  d  be  advanced  more 
than  6  months  before  the  article  is  sold.  We,  therefore,  incline  to  k  that  10,000,000/.  is 
a  sufficient  (perhaps  too  great)  allowance  for  the  ca])iti'.l  employed  ir.  the  payment  of  wages. 
If  we  arc  nearly  right  in  these  estimates,  it  will  follow — allowance  being  made  for  old 
and  infirm  persons,  childivn,&;c.  dependent  on  thos '.  actually  employed  in  the  various  depart- 
ments i."  I  ic  cotton  manufacture,  and  in  the  construction,  repair,  dtc.  of  'he  machinery  and 
huiklings  equired  to  carry  it  on — tliat  it  must  furnisli,  on  the  most  moderate  computation, 
sulisi-stcncc  for  from  1,200,000  to  1.400,000  pcr-jons !  And  for  this  new  and  most  prolifin 
source  of  wealth  wc  are  indebted  jjartly  and  principally,  as  already  shown,  to  the  extraordi- 
nary genius  and  talent  of  a  fev?  individuals  ;  Imt,  in  a  great  degree,  also,  to  that  security  of 
property  and  freedom  of  industry  which  give  confidoiice  and  energy  to  all  who  embark  in 
industrious  undert.ikings,  and  to  that  universal  dill'usion  of  intelligence  which  enables  those 
who  carry  on  any  work  to  press  every  power  of  nature  into  their  service,  and  to  avail  them- 
selves of  productive  capacities  of  which  a  less  instructed  people  would  be  wholly  ignorant. 

The  eliect  that  the  .sudden  opening  of  so  vast  and  profitable  a  tield  for  the  employment 
of  capital  and  labour  has  had  on  the  population  of  the  dilVcrcnt  towns  of  Lancashire  and 
lianarkshire,  the  districts  where  the  cotton  manufacture  is  principally  carried  on — has  been 
most  striking.  In  1774,  for  example,  the  parish  of  Manchester  is  estimated  to  have  con- 
t.iined  41,032  inhabitants — a  number  which  was  swelled,  in  1831,  to  187,019,  having  more 
than  quadrupled  in  the  space  of  57  years  !  The  population  of  Preston,  in  1780,  is  said  not 
to  have  exceeded  6,000  ;  whereas  it  amounts,  at  present,  to  33,112.  In  like  manner,  the 
population  of  Blackburn  has  inweased  from  11,980  in  1801,  to  27,091,  in  1831  ;  that  of 
Bolton  has  increased  in  the  same  peri  1,  from  17,416  to  41,195;  that  of  Wigan,  from 
10,989  to  20,774,  &c.  But  the  progress  of  Liverpool  is  most  extraordinary,  and  can  be 
matched  only  by  the  progress  of  one  or  two  cities  in  the  United  States.  Liverpool  is  not 
properly  one  of  the  seats  of  the  cotton  manufacture ;  but  it  is.  notwithstanding,  mainly  in- 
debted to  it  for  the  uiiparallelled  rapidity  of  its  growth.  It  is  the  grand  emporium  of  the 
cotton  district — the  port  where  almost  all  the  raw  cotton,  and  the  various  foreign  articles 
req'  'a'd  for  the  employment  and  subsistence  of  the  persons  engaged  in  the  manufacture,  are 
imported,  and  whence  the  finished  goods  are  exported  to  other  countries.  It  has,  therefore, 
become  a  place  of  vast  trad'?,  and  is  now,  in  that  respect,  second  only  to  London.  In  1700, 
according  to  the  best  accounts  that  can  be  obtained,  the  population  of  Liverpool  amounted 
to  only  5,145  ;  in  1750,  it  had  increased  to' 18,450  ;  in  1770,  it  amounted  to  34.050.  The 
cotton  manufacture  now  began  rapidly  to  extend,  and,  in  consequence,  the  population  of 
Liverpool  increased,  in  1801,  to  77,653 ;  in  1821,  to  118,972  ;  and,  in  1831,  it  amounted 
to  165,175.  The  progress  of  population  in  Lanarkshire  and  KeniVewshire  has  been  equally 
striking.  In  1780,  the  city  of  Glasgow  contained  only  42,832  inhabitants;  in  1801,  that 
number  had  increased  to  83,769 ;  and,  in  1831,  it  amounted  to  nearly  203,000.  The  growth 
of  Paisley  is  similar.  In  1782,  it  contained,  inclusive  of  the  Abbey  Pari.sh,  only  17,700  in- 
habitants ;  in  1801,  it  contained  30,722  ;  in  1821,  it  contained  about  47,000 ;  and,  in  1831, 
S7,466. 

Since  the  repeal  of  tho  absurd  system  of  Irish  protecting  duties,  in  1823,  the  cotton  ma- 
nufacture has  begun  to  make  considerable  progress  in  Ireland.  This  is  [iroved  by  a  state- 
really  the  case.  It  appears  from  the  odirial  accounts,  that  the  real  or  declared  value  of  the  cotton 
falirirs  exported  in  1^3*2  amounted  to  12,t>-2'2,HM)/.,  ami  tliiit  of  the  twist  to  .l,T'JO,T'.)(i/.  Now  it  appears 
Iroiatlie  stati'iiieiits  in  Jiiini.i'  Oluiicr.  Jiiiil  oilier  t:ood  aiitliorilics,  that  the  wcitilit  of  the  colliin  yarn 
rvlained  at  home  to  he  wrmmht  up  into  lalirii^  for  doinestie  use  is  ahiMit  HI  or  1'2  per  cent,  fir'atcr  than 
lilt!  weislit  of  Mie  yarn  exported  in  thi'  shape  of  niannfactiircd  fiooils.  Hut  williimt  takim;  tliia 
gri'alt!r  weight  into  accoiiiil,  il  wo  suppose  that  the  f;ihrics  ri'tiiiiicd  at  hniiic  ure  nearly  eiiual  in  pipint 
(ifipialilv  to  those  exported,  the  value  of  tho  manufacture  must  he  at  least  HO.IKHI.OdO/.,  viz.  tUhrics 
i'sporli!d"l2,fr2'i,00l).'.,  twist  exporteil  ■1,721.000/. .and  fahrics  consiimiMl  at  liume  I'i.li'i'i.OOO/.  lint  a  very 
latire  pnipoitioii  of  our  exports  consist  of  comparatively  coarse  fabrics  dcistined  lur  the  West  Indies, 
Brazil,  il'.;  ayd  ve  have  been  assured  hy  tlm^e  well  iiitiuaiiited  wi'h  the  trade,  that  the  value,  of  Iho 
falirirs  made  use  of  at  home  eaiinol  he  less,  at  an  average,  than  from  30  to  10  per  cent,  nliove  the  value 
of  lliiMc  exported ;  hut  taking  it  at  onlv  30  per  cent.,  it  will  make  llie  total  value  of  the  manufacturo 
34,0(ll),iloO/.  W'l!  do  not  well  see  liow  this  statement  can  he  shaken.  The  exporters  have  no  motive 
tocxa;');erate  the  real  value  of  the  (.mikIs  and  yarn  sent  ahniad  ;  hut  unless  lUey  liuvt)  done  BO  to  a 
very  great  extent,  it  will  bu  diilicult  to  impeach  ilic  uliuvu  conclusions. 


*S 


i' 


'If: 

'i  I  i' 


526 


COTTON. 


•K»'t9'''"1|| 


I 


•r." 


:.§ 


i:  • 


mcnt  laid  before  the  House  of  Commons,  which  shows  that  the  number  of  yards  of  cotton 
goods,  manufactured  chiefly  from  yarn  sent  from  England,  exported  from  Ireland  to  Great 
Britain,  in  1828,  amounted  to  406,687  ;  in  1823,  to  556,646  ;  in  1824,  to  3,840,699  ;  and 
in  1825,  it  amounted  to  no  less  than  6,418,645  ;— having  increased  in  nearly  a  Itvelvefnld 
proportion  in  2  years,  by  the  abolition  of  duties  that  were  intended  to  protect  the  industrv 
of  Ireland  !  But  the  unsettled  state  of  the  country  and  the  want  of  coal  are  insuperable 
obstacles  to  the  continued  increase  of  the  manufacture. 

Exports  of  Cotton  Goods  and  Yam.  Fall  of  Prices,  SfC. — For  a  very  long  period  the 
woollen  manufacture  was  the  great  staple  of  the  country.  But  the  progress  of  improvement 
in  the  spinning  and  manufacturing  of  cotton,  since  1770,  being  so  much  more  rapid  than 
any  that  has  taken  place  in  the  woollen  manufacture,  the  value  of  the  former  is  now  vastly 
greater  than  that  of  the  latter.  It  appears,  from  the  accounts  of  the  declared  or  real  values 
of  the  dilVerent  sorts  of  exported  commodities  given  by  the  Custom-house,  that  the  exports 
of  cotton  goods,  including  yarn,  amount  at  an  average,  to  about  17,000,000/.  sterling,  ht'mir 
about  half  the  value  of  the  whole  manufacture  ;  and  form  of  themselves  about  two  thirds  ol 
the  total  value  of  all  the  wove  fabrics  exported  from  the  empire.  We  subjoin  a  statement, 
compiled  from  the  Annual  Finance  Accounts,  of  the  olHcial  and  the  declared  or  real  values 
of  the  cotton  manufactured  goods,  cotton  yarn,  woollen  and  silk  manufactures,  and  the  totals 
of  all  other  articles  of  British  produce  and  manufacture,  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  all 
parts  of  the  world  (except  Ireland)  annually  since  1816. 


Manufactures. 

1 

Vean. 

Cot  Ion 
Manufactures. 

Cotton  Yarn. 

Tulal  of  Wove 
Fabrics. 

Total  of  all  other 
Aiticlfs. 

Woollen. 

Linen. 

Silk. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

ri8i6 

16,335,124 

1,380,486 

5,586,364 

1,559.367 

161,874 

25,023,215 

9,751,305 

1817 

20,357,147 

1,125,257 

5,676,920 

1,94.3,191 

152,734 

29,255,253 

9.'>0,1.U 

1818 

21,627,936 

1,296,776 

6,.344,100 

2,153,309 

167,559 

31,5N9,683 

10,373,S14 

181!) 

16,876,206 

1,585,753 

4,602,270 

1,547,.352 

126,809 

24,738,390 

8,lS,'-,,|t:5 

1820 

20,704,600 

2,022,1.53 

4,363,973 

1,9.3,5,186 

118,.370 

29,144,283 

8,(17,1,71)3 

oi 

0) 

1821 

21,630,493 

1,898.695 

5,500,922 

2,303,443 

136,402 

31,478,955 

8,71o,ii:i« 

s 

1822 

24,566,920 

2,353,217 

5,943,612 

2,591,783 

141,007 

35,599,539 

7,9.5f>,(i,00 

yi 

1823 

24,117,549 

2,425,419 

5,539,789 

2,654,098 

141, .320 

34,878,175 

8,2t'ii;,2iil 

'*'  -i 

1824 

27,170,107 

2,981,329 

6,136,092 

3,283,403 

159,648 

39,7.33,579 

8,29ti,^.■i■ 

rt 

1825 

26,597,574 

2,897,706 

5,929.342 

2,709,772 

150,815 

38,285,209 

8.1(i7,M2 

1820 

21,445,565 

3,748,526 

5,041,585 

2,056,760 

106,738 

32,399,174 

7,1132,^,'iO 

^3 

o 

1827 

29,203,138 

3,979,759 

5,979,701 

2,808,081 

173,334 

42,144,013 

9,i;i2,4,'!5 

1828 

28,989,976 

4,485,841 

5,720,079 

3.118,270 

178,871 

42,493,0.37 

0..'):fti,113 

182'J 

31,810,436 

5,458,985 

5,361,997 

3,003,394 

220,436 

45,855,248 

9,6111,175 

1830 

35,395,400 

5,655,569 

5.551,644 

.3,101,031 

435,015 

50,148,689 

10.3l3,il|8 

1831 

33,682,475 

5,674,600 

187,979 

3,662,945 

469,076 

49,704,075 

9.3Ni.018 

L 1832 

37,060,750 

0,795,006 

6.666,700 

2,649,343 

474.509 

53,576,607 

n,ao5,u30 

r}8i6 

13.072,757 

2,623,448 

7,844,8.55 

1,452,667 

480,522 

25,479,252 

M,8«.(i90 

1817 

14,178,022 

2,014,182 

7,163,472 

1,703,6.32 

408,523 

25.467,827 

M,Ni(l,-i!i!! 

1818 

16,643,579 

2,38.5,305 

8,14.3,193 

1,(M9,815 

499,175 

29,621,067 

15,5(57,  ll>'> 

1819 

12,388,833 

2,516,783 

5,986,807 

1,.391,245 

376,798 

22,660,467 

ll.Sh'^.O'i!) 

» 

1820 

13,843,569 

2,826,643 

5,583,430 

1,653,804 

.374,114 

24,278,570 

ll,2!IU,in() 

o 

1821 

13,786,957 

2,,307,8.30 

6,461,567 

1,981,465 

.373,938 

24,911,759 

10,!114,2-23 

•^ 

1822 

14,534,253 

2,700,437 

6,488,.523 

2,192,772 

381,455 

26.297.429 

9,879,4lW 

> 

1823 

13,751,415 

2,625,947 

5,634, lo7 

2,095,574 

3.)0.880 

24,457,952 

10,2;i3,!;'2 

1B21 

15,240,006 

3,135,496 

6,011,5,34 

2,442,440 

442,.582 

27,272,0.59 

in,;ioi,35'J 

s 

1823 

1.5.034,1.38 

3,206.729 

6,193,775 

2,1.10,705 

296,677 

26,862,024 

11,221,71!) 

a 

1826 

10,522.357 

3,491,268 

4,982,898 

1,489,647 

168,453 

20,652.623 

in,i(),'i,ni5 

1827 

13,956,825 

3,545,568 

5,277,861 

1,89.5,186 

23(),0!)2 

24,911,5.32 

ll,4S4.Ni; 

R 

1828 

13,545,638 

3,594,945 

.5,120,226 

2,000,033 

255,753 

21,516,6i7 

ll.(i.3(l,l.il 

1829 

13,420.544 

3,974,039 

4,656,809 

1,'^85,831 

267,192 

24,204,415 

ll.nilS,-!,i,S 

1830 

15,203,713 

4,132,2,')8 

4,847,398 

1,920,2.56 

519,919 

26,629,544 

ii,nt)i,75'i 

1631 

13,207,947 

3,974,989 

5,385,811 

2,301,603 

578.260 

25,448,810 

11.203.K»4 

1832 

12,622,680 

4,721,796 

5,475,298 

1,655,178 

529,808 

25,005,200 

ll,n4(),7(iT 

It  will  be  observed  from  the  above  Table,  that  while  the  official  value  of  the  cotton  goods 
exported  has  been  rapidly  increasing,  their  declared  or  real  value  has  been  about  stitionary, 
or  has  rather  diminished.  This  circum.stance  ha.s  given  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  irrelevant  dis- 
cussion ;  and  has  even  been  referred  to  as  proving  that  the  manufacture  is  in  a  declinini!; 
state!  But  it  proves  precisely  the  contrary.  It  shows  that  the  decline  in  the  price  of  the 
raw  material,  and  the  improvements  in  the  machinery  and  processes  used  in  the  manufac. 
turc  have  been  so  great,  that  we  are  now  able  to  export  and  sell  with  a  profit,  (for,  unless 
such  were  the  case,  the  exportation  would  very  speedily  cease,)  nearly  double  the  quan;ily 
of  cotton  goods  we  exported  in  1816,  for  about  the  same  price.  Had  the  Table  been  car- 
ried further  back,  the  result  would  have  been  still  more  striking. 

In  illustration  of  this  view  of  the  matter,  we  beg  to  subjoin  the  following  statement  of  tlio 
production  and  cost  of  the  different  species  of  cotton  yarn  in  England,  in  1812  and  1830, 
It  was  furnished  by  Mr.  Kennedy,  of  Manchester,  to  the  committee  on  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's aifairs,  so  that  no  doubt  can  be  entertained  of  itx  accuracy. 


mber  of  yaris  of  cotton 
;(]  from  Ireland  to  Great 
824,  to  3,840,699  ;  and 
ed  in  nearly  a  twelvefnld 
d  to  protect  the  industry 
It  of  coal  are  insuperable 

:  a  very  long  period  the 
progreps  of  improvement 
o  much  more  rapid  than 

the  former  is  now  vastly 
lie  declared  or  real  value;! 
m-house,  that  the  exports 
,000,000/.  sterling,  boin? 
elves  about  tivo  thirds  of 

We  subjoin  a  statement, 
;he  declared  or  real  values 
inufactures,  and  the  totals 

from  Great  Britain  to  all 


Total  of  Wove 

rolalotalloiher 

Fabrics. 

Alticli'S. 

£ 

i 

£ 

25,023,215 

0,751,305 

29,255,253 

y.ilfO.Ml 

31,589,083 

10,3T3,KI4 

21,738,390 

8,1S5,1^5 

29,144,283 

8,6:3,7,13 

31,478,955 

8,715,ii:iH 

35,599,539 

7,!l58,!ia0 

34,878,175 

8,2t'.IV2lil 

39,733,579 

8,Ut)«,4.'i7 

38,285,209 

8.lli7.('12 

32,399,174 

7.1t32,>30 

42,114,013 

9,132,435 

42,493,037 

0.536,113 

45,855,248 

9,tilO,475 

50,148,689 

10,313,1143 

49,704,075 

!l.38ti.048 

53,576,807 

11,005,230 

25,470,252 

14,840.(190 

25,467,827 

M.i'tiO.Siia 

29,621,067 

15,5(17,ll«2 

22,660,467 

11,58^,023 

24,278.570 

11,2(10,10!) 

24,911,759 

10,014,22,S 

26,297.429 

9,879,408 

24,457,952 

10,233,172 

27,272,059 

10,301,350 

26,862,024 

11,221,749 

20,(i52,623 

10,105,015 

24,911,532 

11,4S4.M)7 

2 1,516,6  i7 

11.0,30,151 

24,204,415 

11.00S,4,i,S 

26,629,544 

11,061,75't 

25,448,810 

ll,203.hM 

25,005,260 

11,040,707 

n 


value  of  the  cotton  goods 
has  been  about  stationary, 
rcat  deal  of  irrelevant  ilis- 

ufacture  is  in  a  dectinins; 
decline  in  the  price  of  the 
sscs  used  in  the  manufac- 

with  a  profit,  (for,  unless 
early  double  the  quanJIy 
iad  the  Table  been  car- 

bllowing  statement  of  tho 
[;land,  in  1812  and  1830. 
on  the  East  India  Cm- 


COTTON. 

527 

Hanln 

per  Day,  per  Spindln, 

Price  of  Cotton,  .and  Waste  ,            Labour 
per  lb. 

per  11>.» 

Coat  per  lb. 

DracriplioB 
of  yarn. 

1812. 

1830. 

1812. 

IKiO. 

1812. 

1830. 

1812. 

1830. 

JVk. 

'.    d. 

..    d. 

1.    d. 

f.    d. 

1.    d. 

J.    d. 

40 

2- 

275 

1     6 

0    7 

1    0 

0    li 

2    6 

1      'A 

60 

15 

2-5 

2    0 

0  10 

1    6 

1    0,i 

3    6 

1    10  i- 

80 

1-5 

2- 

3    2 

0  11^ 

1  U 

2    2 

1    7i 

4    4 

2   «i 

100 

1-4 

1-8 

2    4 

2  10 

2    2i 

5    2 

3    4i- 

120 

1-25 

1-65 

2    0 

1    4 

3    6 

2    8 

0    0 

4    0 

1.50 

1- 

133 

2  10 

1    8 

6    6 

4  11 

9    4 

6    7 

200 

0-75 

090 

3    4 

3    0 

16    8 

11    0 

20    0 

14    0 

250 

0  05 

006 

4    « 

3    8 

31    0 

24    6 

35    0 

28    2 

The  following  Table  is  'nter^sting,  from  its  exhibiting  the  state  of  our  trade  in  wrought 
cottons  with  the  different  couiitrias  of  the  world.  It  sets  the  importance  of  the  markets  of 
Brazil,  Chili,  and  the  other  Si,aies  of  South  America,  as  outlets  for  our  cottons,  in  a  very 
striking  point  of  view. 

,  Accounl  of  the  Exports  of  Cotton  Goods  and  Yarn  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  1837  ;  specifying  the 
Quantity  and  declared  Value  of  those  shipped  for  each  Country. 


White  or  Plain 
Cottons. 

Printeil  nr  Dyed 
Cottons. 

Hosiery 

ind  Small 

Wares. 

Twist  an' 

Yarn. 

Total 

Declared 

V.ilue. 

Coantries  to  which  exported. 

Declared 
Value. 

Yards. 

Declared 
Value. 

Yards. 

Declared 
Value. 

I. 

Pounds. 

Derlared 
Value. 

L. 

L. 

t. 

I.. 

Russia            .... 

980.779 

40,203 

145,760 

7,590 

9,106 

24,108,593 

1,612,9-6 

I,669,a35 

Sweden         .... 

ei,939 

1,717 

48,552 

1,850 

70^ 

734,336 

5,5,(160 

69..335 

Noriiay         .... 

164,634 

4,1181 

3-17,S09 

9,964 

1,682 

197,700 

10,474 

26,201 

Denmark        .           .           -           - 

45,9!U 

1,033 

71,569 

1,369 

88 

37.470 

2,x70 

5,357 

Prussia           .... 

— 

_ 

— 

_ 



4,924 

502 

,302 

Germany       .... 

14,203,855 

294,378 

28,967,374 

713,771 

162.263 

34.272.607 

2,177.823 

3.34  ■'.235 

Holland          .... 

16,3S2,5SI 

341,448 

11,58S,24I 

322,400 

.50,203 

15,993,0:2 

1 ,386.3S« 

2,100,411 

Belsium         .... 

86 -.,339 

32,271 

1,99!<,160 

72,52S 

102,233 

67,397 

8,752 

21,5,781 

France           .... 

1,169,753 

23,6S3 

1,269,924 

35,529 

91,768 

94.707 

31,361 

184,344 

Portujal,  Proper 

15,966,118 

268,189 

15,74'<,2I6 

369.712 

21,0-4 

323,262 

23,612 

6S2„597 

Azores 

641,603 

11,769 

731,946 

18,740 

838 

17,i>)0 

786 

32,153 

Madeira     • 

519,315 

8,255 

&t9,954 

12,767 

1,068 

1,358 

7s 

23,168 

Spain  and  the  Balearic  Islandi 

151,350 

4,047 

20i,9-6 

5,694 

221 

687 

43 

10,(1117 

1          Canaries 

471,917 

10,763 

435.599 

12,234 

924 

1,071 

SI 

23,984 

,  Gibraltar        .... 

13,956,830 

310,777 

12,681,183 

375,367 

17,271 

225,939 

14,729 

718.144 

.  Iiair  and  the  Italian  Islands  • 

24,976,414 

526,881 

17,61)1,057 

481,913 

40.910 

8,773,028 

477.h82 

1,327.3'-K 

Malta             .... 

1,108,032 

21,6.38 

562,773 

17,364 

2,208 

176,260 

9,729 

50,9.19 

••nian  Islands 

1,497,280 

26,314 

84l,6?6 

19,955 

790 

297.980 

14,303 

61.3(i> 

'  Morea  and  Greek  Islands 

9,0V4 

256 

67,791 

2.661 

33 

1.800 

KlO 

3,053 

1  Turkey          .... 

23,727.090 

482,438 

9,423,139 

289,230 

2,297 

3,527,338 

180,225 

953.  IM 

1  Svrij  and  Palestine    • 

5,140 

330 

— 

— 

^ 

— 

— 

3'iO 

Ejypt          .... 

5,559,900 

107,125 

693,2(0 

23,207 

349 

660,700 

41,372 

172.0vt 

Tripoli,  Tunis,  Aljiers,  and  Morocco 

2,928,580 

41, -.52 

253.009 

4,892 

407 

— 

_ 

46,s31 

1  Wtsiern  1  oast  of  Alrica 

607.843 

15,783 

4,365,569 

119,540 

391 

2,9*2 

393 

I.36.II19 

1  Cjpe  n(  Good  Hope 

2,293,943 

54,567 

3,136,936 

80,483 

9,3S9 

9,314 

899 

145,3.18 

:  S'.  Helena      .... 

1H,H16 

519 

5,326 

141 

19 

— 

679 

I  Mauritius       .... 

3,053,808 

78,395 

2,237,689 

73,356 

7,749 

10,400 

46S 

160,108 

'  EMt  India  Company's  territoriea  and 

'     Ceylnn        -           •           • 

46,366,175 

1,040,018 

17,847,458 

438,231 

30,444 

9,479,021 

602,293 

2,160,986 

'  Suniatn,  Java,  and  other  Islands  of  the 

i     In'liaii  Sea              ... 

5,952.818 

144.962 

2,620,300 

97,620 

5.931 

127,620 

7,858 

2,36,371 

Pliilippiue  Islands      • 

473,370 

10.075 

613,421 

17,693 

1,115 



— 

2S.-^85 

i  Cliina            .... 

8,5I9,:45 

193,075 

2,443,178 

79,300 

1,012 

1,973,965 

103,908 

.377,293 

New  South  Wales.  Van  Diemen's  Land, 

and  nlher  Australian  Settlements 

1.275,348 

36,561 

1,335,325 

44,8=9 

1.5.S09 

13.1125 

781 

98.040 

Rritiih  North  American  Colonies     - 

6,319,8ti4 

161  39.' 

7,950,  ^81 

222.001 

39.06- 

260.732 

14.307 

4.16,768 

Briliih  West  Indies    - 

19,695.492 

417,580 

17,998,432 

4tx->.449 

43,812 

55,549 

4,487 

931,32.8 

:  Hayti              .... 

l,246,4ti3 

28,421 

1,612,897 

63,270 

2,751 



._ 

84,442 

1  Cula  and  other  foreign  Weal  Indian 

;     Colnnies      .... 

6,79«,703 

14^,024 

11,966.302 

293.S63 

II. 60S 

6.250 

309 

451.806 

,  I'nilel  Stales  of  America 

5,471,7X8 

187,585 

12,010.067 

407,237 

117,372 

219,712 

13,339 

72,3,753 

Slates  of  Central  and  South  America: 

\            Mexico 

2,7I3.<K)I 

55,631 

4,227.063 

143,803 

13.3.39 

2,6-,4,S(57 

144,4S9 

357,284 

i            C')lumbia 

1,136,553 

.32,630 

2.673.164 

58.136 

4.0S5 

188,283 

12,488 

107,339 

Bnril 

25,3'<7.iyi 

436,19! 

23.3>.0,427 

551.233 

26.987 

560 

43 

1,014.485 

Slates  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata 

10,923.196 

207,714 

9,260.2>8 

237.537 

18.818 

5,7.14 

364 

461,473 

Chili 

7.825,718 

130.402 

9.356.806 

240.2li7 

18.217 

_ 

— 

408.970 

Peru 

3,635,774 

88,013 

5,641,331 

165,804 

14,300 

— 

— 

268,117 

Isles  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Aldeniey, 

Man,«:c 

1                         Totals 

833,701 

38,975 

159,360 
^,209.407 

4,334 
6.642,200 

21,323 
912,19J 

7.2J-1 
101,133,13^ 

376 
G.935.912 

63,003 
20.- 9(1. 12.1 

286,164.256 

6,085,789 

Such  being  the  vast  extent  ami  importance  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  the  probability  of 
our  preserving  our  ascendancy  in  it  becomes  a  very  interesting  topic  of  inquiry.  But  it  is 
obvious,  that  a  great  deal  of  conjecture  mu.3t  always  insinuate  itself  into  our  reasonings  with 
rc.=pect  to  the  future  state  of  any  branch  of  manufacturing  industry.  They  are  all  liable  to 
lie  affected  by  so  many  contingent  and  unforeseen  circumstances,  that  it  is  impossible  to 
predicate,  with  any  thing  like  certainty,  what  may  be  their  coiiditian  a  few  years  hence. 
But  abstMcting  from  the  elfect  of  national  struggles  and  commotions,  which  ctm  neither  be 
foreseen  nor  calculated,  we  do  not  think  that  there  is  any  thing  in  our  state,  or  in  that  of  the 
different  commercial  and  manufacturing  countries  of  the  world,  that  should  lead  us  to  antici- 
pate that  the  gloomy  forebodings  of  those  who  contend  that  the  cotton  manufacture  of  Eng- 
land has  reached  its  zenith,  and  that  it  mu.st  now  begin  to  decline,  will  be  riralised.  The 
natural  capabilities  we  possess  for  carrying  on  the  business  of  manufacturing  are,  all  things 

♦  Wages  are  entiinated  at  the  same  rate,  or  at  20r/.  a  day,  for  ,'very  person  employed,  men,  women, 
and  children,  in  1813  and  1830;  the  saving  being  entirely  in  tlie  better  application  of  the  labour. 


i  •      <»■ 


'4i 


538 


COTTON. 


i    V 


r'' 


run 


I       ~      ,      ■rt»>!«inaiwk 


■0:' 


■    "     ''1 


consitlcreJ,  JcciJctlly  superior  to  those  of  any  other  people.  But  the  superiority  to  whicli 
wc  have  already  arrived  is,  perhaps,  the  greatest  advantage  in  our  favour.  Our  master 
Jiiauufucturers,  engineers,  and  artisans,  are  more  inteljii^cnt,  skilful,  and  enterprising,  lima 
those  of  any  other  country  ;  and  the  extraordinary  inventions  they  have  already  made,  ami 
their  familiarity  with  all  the  principles  and  details  of  the  business,  will  not  only  enable  tlicin 
to  perfect  the  processes  already  in  use,  hut  can  hardly  fail  to  lead  to  the  discovery  of  others, 
Our  estidilishments  for  spinning,  weaving,  printing,  bleaching,  &c.  are  infmitely  move  com- 
pletc  and  [)erfect  than  any  that  exist  elsewhere  ,  the  division  of  labour  in  them  is  earricij  to 
an  incomparably  greater  extent ;  the  workmen  are  trained  from  infancy  to  industrious  ha- 
bits  and  have  attained  that  peculiar  dexterity  and  sleight  of  hand  in  the  performance  of  tluir 
separate  tasks,  that  can  only  be  acquired  by  long  and  unremitting  application  to  tiic  saino 
employment.  Why,  then,  having  all  these  advantages  on  our  side,  should  we  not  keep  tlie 
start  we  have  already  gained  !  Every  other  people  that  attempt  to  set  up  manufactures  must 
obviously  labour  under  the  greatest  dilficulties  as  compared  with  us.  Their  CHtahlishiiient*- 
cannot,  at  first,  he  sufficiently  large  to  enable  the  division  of  employments  to  be  carried  to 
any  considerable  extent,  at  the  same  time  that  expertness  in  manipulation,  and  in  the  details 
of  the  various  j)rocesscs,  can  only  be  attained  by  slow  degrees.  It  appears,  therefore,  reason- 
able to  conclude  that  such  new  beginners,  having  to  withstand  the  competition  of  those  who 
have  already  arrived  at  a  very  high  degree  of  perfection  in  the  art,  must  be  immediately 
driven  out  of  every  market  equally  accessible  to  both  parties ;  and  that  nothing  but  the  aij 
derived  from  restrictive  r-~uIations  and  prohibitions  will  be  effectual  to  prevent  the  total  de- 
struciio.i  of  their  establisl.inents  in  the  countries  where  they  are  set  up. 

4.  Pros;ress  iif  the  Manufacture  in  other  Cinintricti. — But  notwithstanding  what  has  now 
been  stated,  a  notion  seems  to  be  spreading  abroad,  that  wo  shall  have  no  little  diihculty  in 
maintaining  our  ground  against  the  competition  of  the  Americans,  Swiss,  Austrians,  French, 
&c,,  and  a  good  deal  of  evidence  upon  this  subject  was  taken  before  the  committee  of  the 
House  of  Commons  appointed  in  1833  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  manufactures,  commerce, 
and  shipping.  Such  apprehensions  a^-,  Mr  to  us  to  be  quite  destitute  of  any  real  foundation. 
Provided  we  have  no  agitation,  that  public  tranquillity  and  security  in  fact  and  opinion  be 
maintained  unimpaired,  we  need  be  under  no  sort  of  uneasiness  as  to  any  competition  ta 
which  we  can  be  exposed.  The  tariff  forced  cotton,  woollen,  iron,  and  other  manufactures, 
into  a  premature  existence  in  the  United  States;  but  we  have  little  doubt  that,  except  inthe 
coarser  flibries,  and  those  where  it  is  necessary  to  use  large  quantities  of  the  raw  material, 
the  late  modilloations  of  the  tariff  have  given  a  death-blow  to  the  American  mauuflicturin" 
system.  Independent,  however,  of  this,  there  was  nothing  whatever  to  fear  from  that  quar- 
ter. During  the  year  ended  the  30th  of  Septeml)er,  1829,  the  exports  of  all  sorts  of  cotton 
goods  from  America  amounted  to  1,259,4.'J7  dollars  ;  while  during  the  year  ended  the  yoth 
of  September,  1832,  they  amounted  to  1,239,574  dollars. — (Papers  laid  before  Cun<'nss, 
5th  of  February,  1830,  and  l.'5th  of  February,  1833.)  It  is  plain,  therefore,  notwitlistanding 
the  protection  of  the  tariff,  that  the  exjjorts  of  manufactured  cottons  from  America  have  not 
increased  any  thing  during  the  last  3  years  ;  and  it  is  very  unlikely  that  even  the  trillinn- 
quantity  now  exported  will  be  maintained.  They  have  been  exported  only  because  the 
fabrics  contained  a  great  deal  of  the  best  cotton,  which  made  them  more  durable  and  heavy 
than  those  manufactured  here.  But  goods  of  this  sort  arc  in  very  limited  demand  ;  and  the 
Manchester  manufacturers  have  already  produced  a.i  article  similar  to  and  cheaper  than  the 
American  "  domestics,"  which  will  go  far  to  ex[)el  them  from  the  market. 

Among  the  singular  statements  that  have  been  put  forth  as  to  the  cotton  manufactures  of 
America,  one  is,  that  the  wages  of  labour  are  lower  there  than  here  !  'i'o  dwell  on  the  ab- 
surdity of  such  a  statement  would  be  an  insult  to  our  readers.  But  though  it  were  true  that 
Wages  are  as  low  in  Massachusetts  as  in  England,  that  would  afford  no  real  ground  for  ami- 
ci[iating  any  formidable  competition  from  America  in  this  department.  The  jiriee  of  cottons 
depends  more  on  the  profits  of  stock  than  on  the  wages  of  labour ;  and,  so  far  as  we  know, 
it  has  not  yet  been  alleged  that  they  are  lower  in  America  than  here.  Su[)pos(!  an  English 
and  an  American  manufacturer  have  each  100,000/.  vested  in  cotton  mills  and  in  the  float- 
ing stock  required  to  carry  on  the  business  ;  if  profits  in  Englr.nd  be  1  |ier  cent,  less  than  in 
America,  the  English  manufiicturer  can  afford,  casteris  paribus,  to  sell  his  goods  lor  l,OU0/,  less 
than  the  American.  We  are  very  far  from  insinuating  or  believing  that  this  lowness  of 
profit  is  an  advantage;  but  whatever  may  be  its  influence  in  other  respects,  so  long  as  it 
continues,  it  gives  our  manufacturers  a  decided  superiority  over  those  of  every  other  coun- 
try where  profits  are  higher,  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  all  articles,  such  as  cotton  yarn 
and  stuli's,  principally  produced  by  machinery.  It  is  ludicrous,  indeed,  to  sujipose  that  a 
half-peopled  country  like  America,  possessed  of  boundless  tracts  of  unoccupied  laud  of  the 
highest  degree  of  fertility,  should  be  iible  successfully  to  contend  in  manufacturing  industry, 
with  an  old  settled,  fully  peopled,  and  very  rich  country  like  Great  Britain.  The  ^rovern- 
ment  which  encourages  such  a  misdirection  of  the  public  capital  and  industry,  and  those 
who  su[)pose  it  can  end  in  any  thing  else  tlian  ruin  to  the  parties,  are  ignorant  of  the  merest 
elements  uf  the  science  of  wealth. 


COTTON. 


529 


iie  superiority  to  whicli 
ir  fiivour.  Our  master 
I,  and  cntorprisiriff,  than 
havo  aheaily  rna<le,  ami 
ill  not  only  enable  them 
the  discovery  of  others, 
are  infinitely  move  cnm- 
)ur  in  them  is  eiirricil  to 
ifancy  to  industrious  ha- 
the  performance  of  their 
application  to  the  saino 
,  should  we  not  keep  the 
Dt  up  manufactures  must 
3.  Their  cMtablishnicntf, 
loymcnts  to  be  carried  to 
ilation,  and  in  the  details 
ppears,  therefore,  reason- 
competition  of  those  who 
rt,  must  be  immediately 
that  nothing  but  the  aid 
il  to  prevent  the  total  de- 
up. 

thstanding  what  has  now 

lave  no  little  diiriculty  in 

Swiss,  Austrians,  French, 

ore  the  committee  of  the 

manufactures,  commerce, 

ite  of  any  real  foundation. 

y  in  fact  and  opinion  be 

as  to  any  competition  to 

,  and  other  manufiiclures, 

!  doubt  that,  except  in  the 

itities  of  the  raw  material, 

American  manufacturing 

fcr  to  fear  from  that  quar- 

orts  of  all  sorts  of  cotton 

the  year  ended  the  30th 

laid  before  Cun<^nss, 

herefore,  notwithstanding 

from  America  have  not 

ly  that  even  the  trifling 

ported  only  because  the 

more  durable  and  hea\y 

niited  demand;  and  the 

to  and  cheaper  than  the 

irket. 

cotton  manufactures  of 
'I'o  dwell  on  the  ab- 
thousli  it  were  true  that 
no  real  ground  lor  anti- 
nt.   The  price  of  cottons 
and,  so  far  as  we  know, 
lSup|)ose  an  English 
mills  and  in  the  lioat- 
c  1  per  cent,  less  than  in 
his  Koods  for  1,000/.  less 
in;?  that  this  lowness  of 
or  ruspccts,  so  long  as  it 
lose  of  every  other  coun- 
cles,  such  as  cotton  yarn 
nileed,  to  suppose  that  a 
unoi'cujiied  land  of  the 
nmnufarturing  industry, 
t  Britain.     The  govern- 
and  industry,  and  those 
[c  ignorant  of  the  merest 


The  followmg  rosiilta  ns  to  the  slatn  of  iho  Ampriran  cotton  manufacture  In  1831  have  been  deduced 
from  the  Beport  of  a  Coininitlce  of  Conpross  in  1832:— 

In  12  states  they  had,  niilJH  .....  705 

—  spindles      .....    l,2t6.S03 

,—  looms  .....         33,506 


The  wciplit  of  cotton  consumed 
Allowing  2  oz.  per  lb.  for  loss 

Total  weight  of  yarn  produced 
Weekly  aiiioimt 
Averaging  IHJ  oz.  per  spindle  weekly. 


-  77,5.')7,316  lbs. 

-  9,t)',M,60t 

-  67,!»()2,652 

-  1,305,051 


If  the  33,506  looms  were  employed,  and  the  whole  1,305,051  lbs.  of  yarn  manufactured,  each  loom 
niust  have  consumed  at  an  average  S9  llis.  weekly,  showing  that  the  goods  manufactured  were  of  a 
very  heavy  description.    It  also  appears  from  statements  made  by  the  same  committee,  that 

The  number  of  males  employed  were          ....    18,539 
—  females 38,927 


Total  number  employed  in  spinning  and  manufacturing 


-    57,468 


The  amount  paid  for  wages  in  the  year  was  10,291,444  dollars,  or  2,144,760^.,  being  42,895i.  per  week; 
averaging  lis.  UiZ.  for  each  person  employed. 

They  state  that  the  consumption  of  flour  in  their  manufacture  was  1,641,253  lbs.,  or  8,374  barrels 
(liHillis.  each),  averaging  weekly  31,.W2  lbs.,  or  nearly  1  lb.  for  each  loom. 

Xiilc—Hy  the  new  American  tariff,  plain  calicoes,  &c.  imporied,  not  exceeding  in  value  Is.  3tl.  the 
square  yard,  to  pay  3irf.  per  yard  duty.  Printed  or  coloured  calicoes,  &c.,  not  exceeding  Is.  5ir/-  the 
square  yard,  to  pay  43(/.  per  yard  duty.  Cotton  yarn,  unbleuctUMl  and  uncoloured,  not  exceeding  in 
valiio  2,«.  6(i.  per  II).  to  pay  lid.  per  lb.  duty,  if  bleached  or  coloured,  not  e.\ceeding  3s.  U(i.  per  lb. 
lopayOJfi.  peril),  duty. 

Little  as  we  have  to  fear  from  American,  we  have  still  less  to  fear  from  Swiss  or  Austrian 
competition.  America  has  some  advantage  over  England  in  the  greater  cheapness  of  the 
raw  material ;  but  Switzerland  and  Austria,  situated  almost  in  the  very  centre  of  Europe, 
can  only  draw  their  supplies  of  raw  cotton  by  a  distant  land  carriage  by  way  of  Marseilles, 
Genoa,  and  Trieste  ;  or  by  a  lengthened  navigation  up  the  Rhine  or  the  Elbe  ;  and  we  have 
the  best  authority  for  affirming,  that  a  bale  of  cotton  may  be  conveyed  at  a  less  expense 
from  Charleston  to  Manchester,  than  from  Genoa  or  Trieste,  Amsterdam  or  Hamburgh,  to 
.Switzerland  or  Austria.  Switzerland  is  altogether  destitute  of  coal ;  all  that  she  does  is  done 
by  water  power,  and  that  is  already  pretty  well  exhausted.  It  is  not,  however,  to  be  won- 
dered at  that  the  Swiss  and  Austrians  should  have  succeeded  in  supplying  their  own  markets, 
and  some  of  those  immediately  contiguous,  with  certain  species  of  yarn ;  but  it  seems  to  us 
quite  visionary  to  suppose  that  they  will  ever  do  much  more  than  this. 

It  was  stated  before  the  committee  of  1833,  that  the  French  cotton  manufacture  had  in. 
creased,  between  1812  and  1836,  in  the  ralioof  310  per  cent.,  while  in  England  its  increase 
was  only  270  per  cent  This  statement  is,  we  believe,  accurate  as  far  as  it  goes  ;  and  yet  it 
is  eminently  calculated,  although,  no  doubt,  without  being  so  intended,  to  mislead.  In  1812, 
ani)  for  some  years  previously,  it  was  hardly  possible  to  import  cotton  wool  into  France,  and 
its  price  was  quite  excessive.  When,  therefore,  the  manufacturers  got  wool  after  the  return 
of  peace  at  an  ordinary  price,  it  was  impossible,  seeing  that  foreign  cottons  are  excluded 
from  France,  but  that  the  manufacture  should  increase  with  extraordinary  rapidity,  until  the 
home  demand  was  pretty  well  supplied.  An  advance  of  this  sort  is  assuredly  no  proof  of 
the  capacity  of  France  to  prosecute  the  manufacture  with  advantage,  or  to  export  cottons 
without  the  aid  of  a  bounty.  Had  the  manufacture  gone  on  increasing  in  the  above,  or  even 
in  a  very  inferior  ratio,  down  to  the  present  time,  the  circumstance  might  have  justly  excited 
aCcntion ;  but  such  has  not  been  the  case ;  on  the  contrary,  it  has  been  nearly  stationary 
from  1S22  down  to  the  present  time.  In  proof  of  this,  we  beg  to  refer  to  the  following  ac- 
count, published  by  the  merchants  of  Havre,  of  the  imports  of  cotton  into  France,  the  deli- 
veries from  the  warehouses,  and  the  stocks  on  hand,  in  each  year  from  1S22  : — 


Yrars. 

Imitorts. 

lleliverics. 

Slocks,  :llsi.l)i'c 

Yeire. 

liiijKirts. 

Dfliveritw. 

Stocks,  31st  Dec. 

n  ■ 

mia. 

Hales. 

Bnle.i. 

ratn. 

flnVt. 

1822 

205,861 

215,190 

42,545 

1829 

2 '2.2.30 

261,750 

29,292 

162.) 

160,815 

172,312 

40.078 

1830 

282,752 

250,781 

61,260 

b2t 

251,071 

213,958 

47,194 

IS.-Jl 

218,303 

243.813 

3,5,810 

1S2.) 

201,,'i72 

216,460 

35,306 

18.32 

2.W,1.59 

272.463 

22,.'i06 

1826 

320,174 

281,001 

74,170 

1833 

305,633 

276,387 

51,7.53 

1827 

200,017 

279,693 

85,403 

1834 

271,307 

301.6.52 

21,407 

1828 

206,132 

239,723 

54,812 

1835 

.324,425 

308,736 

40,096 

It  is  supposed  by  some,  that  the  competition  we  have  to  fear  from  the  Continent  does  not 
consist  so  much  in  the  spinning  as  in  the  weaving  of  cottons ;  and  that  the  probability  is, 
that  our  exports  of  yarn  will  increase,  and  our  exports  of  manufactured  goods  diminish. 
We  do  not,  however,  imagine  there  is  much  in  this.  Our  power  looms  are  superior  to  those 
of  any  other  country  :  and  it  is  unhappily  true,  that  the  wages  of  hand  loom  weavers  here 
are  sunk  below  the  general  level  of  Europe.*     There  is  not,  in  fact,  with  the  exception  of 

♦  For  an  account  of  the  circumstances  which  have  occasioned  this  depression,  we  beg  to  refer  the 
reader  to  an  article  on  manufactures,  comn:erce.  Sec.  in  the  117tti  No.  of  the  Edinburgh  Review.  Soma 
oftlie  above  gtatements  are  taken  from  that  article. 

Vol.  I.-2  Y  67 


^^ 


630 


COTTON. 


■:  uoana 
t 


ir'i^i 


(l',r.::i-IMI| 


muhmP 

<.-,.;:»«5| 


fpi'!i>iiaiKijii 
I 


II:  ■::^ 


.■■•«. 


"I 


'  t  ■" 


J 


the  (lyes,  a  single  particular  connected  with  the  cotton  manufacture  in  which  wc  have  not  ;i 
manifest  superiority  over  the  Swiss,  Auatrians,  French,  Prussians,  and  every  Continental 
nation.  Certainly,  however,  we  are  inferior  to  some  of  them  in  the  brilliancy  and  durability 
of  their  dyes ;  and  this  circumstance  occasioned  a  considerable  demand  for  Germun  anil 
Swiss  printed  cottons  in  many  parts  of  the  East,  where  vivid  colours  are  held  in  the  highrst 
estimation.  But  even  there,  the  greater  cheapness  of  our  goods  is  proving  an  overmatch  fur 
the  greater  brilliancy  of  those  of  our  rivals. 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  we  see  no  reason  to  think  that  the  British  cotton  manufacture 
has  reached,  much  less  passed,  its  zenith.  At  the  same  time,  however,  it  can  hardly  bo 
necessary  to  observe,  considering  the  vast  importance  of  the  trade,  that  while,  on  the  one 
hand,  nothing  should  be  left  undone  that  may  serve  to  widen  its  foundations,  and  to  pronioic 
its  prosperity,  on  the  other,  nothing  should  be  attempted  that  may,  by  prssibility,  have  an 
opposite  effect.  The  subsistence  of  1,400,000  people  is  not  to  be  endangered  on  slight 
grounds.  The  abuses  even  of  such  a  business  must  be  cautiously  dealt  with,  lest,  in  eradi- 
cating them,  we  shake  or  disorder  the  whole  fabric.  We  admit,  however,  that  the  case  of 
children  employed  in  the  cotton  factories  is  one  of  those  that  call  fairly  fur  legislative  regu- 
lation.  But  it  may  be  questioned  whether  the  plan  for  having  relays  of  children  is  the  best 
that  might  be  devised.  The  general  opinion  seems  to  be,  that  it  will,  in  most  instances,  be 
impossible  to  carry  it  into  effect.  The  whole  subject,  as  to  the  limitation  of  hours,  is  con- 
fessedly one  of  great  diiliculty;  and  it  would  perhaps  be  better,  before  taking  any  very 
decisive  steps  in  the  matter,  to  try  the  effect  of  the  system  of  inspection,  and  of  the  publication 
of  the  inspectors'  reports  as  to  the  condition  of  the  children  employed. 

6.  Statutory  Rgovlations  as  to  the  Employment  of  Children  in  Factories. 

No  stntiitory  restrictinns  respecting  tlie  employment  of  children  in  the  mills  and  factoriea  nfthe 
United  Kingdom  existed  until  the  year  1803,  when  an  act  of  parliament  wiis  passed  (42  Geo.  3.)  („t  Hn. 
preservation  of  the  health  and  morals  of  apprentices  and  others  employed  in  cotton  and  other  I'uclories] 
and  directing  the  local  magistrates  to  report  whether  the  factories  were  conducted  according  to  law! 
and  to  adopt  such  sanitary  regulations  na  they  might  think  fit.  This  act  was  followed,  in  ISlfi,  by  an 
act,  generally  called  Sir  Robert  Peel's  Act,  imposing  various  regulations  on  the  einployuient  of 
children  in  cotton  mills. 

Both  of  these  nets  were  repealed  in  1831,  by  an  act  1  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  39.,  commonly  called  Sir  John 
Ilobhnuse's  Act,  which  provided,  that  in  cotton  factories,  to  which  alone  it  related,  no  child  rouM 
legally  be  employed  till  it  had  attained  the  age  of  9  years;  and  that  no  person  under  18  years  of  a;e 
conld  be  suffered  to  remain  in  the  factories  more  than  12  hours  in  one  day;  and  that  on  Hututdays 
they  should  only  be  employed  in  the  factories  for  9  hours. 

Sir  John  Ilobhouse's  Act  was  repealed  in  1833,  by  the  act  act  3  &:  4  Will.  4.  c.  103.,  which  contains 
the  following  provisions,  comprehending  the  whole  statutory  regulations  at  present  applicable  to 
cotton  anrl  other  factories  in  the  United  Kingdom : — 

1.  That  after  the  Ist  of  January,  1834,  no  person  under  18  years  of  age  shall  be  allowed  to  work  in 
the  night,  that  is,  between  i  past  8  p.  m.  ond  i  past  )  a.  m.,  in  any  cotton  or  other  factory  in  which 
steam  or  water,  or  any  other  mechanical  power,  is  or  shall  be  used  to  propel  the  machinery,  excepting 
in  lace  factories. 

2.  That  no  person  under  18  shall  be  employed  more  than  12  hours  in  one  day,  nor  more  than  69 
hours  in  one  week. 

3.  That  there  shall  be  allowed,  in  the  course  of  every  day,  not  less  than  li  hour  for  meals  to  every 
person  restricted  to  the  performance  of  12  hours'  work. 

4.  That  after  the  lot  of  January,  1834,  no  child,  except  in  silk  mills,  shall  be  employed,  who  shall  not 
be  9  vears  old. 

5.  "That  after  the  1st  of  March,  1834,  no  child,  except  in  silk  mills,  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory 
more  than  48  hours  in  any  one  week,  nor  more  than  9  hours  in  any  day,  who  shall  not  lie  II  yp.nj 
old ;  nor  after  the  1st  of  March,  1835,  who  shall  not  be  12  years  old ;  nor  after  the  1st  of  Mnrrh.  IMrt, 
who  shall  not  be  13  years  old;  and  that  these  hours  of  work  shall  not  be  exceeded,  even  ifthccliill 
has  worked  during  the  day  in  more  fhctories  than  one. 

6.  That  children  and  young  persons,  whose  hours  of  work  are  regulated,  shall  be  entitled  to  2  holi- 
days and  8  half  holidays  in  every  year. 

7.  That  children,  whose  hours  of  work  .ire  restricted  to  9  hours  a  day,  are  not  to  be  employed 
without  obtaining  a  certificate  from  a  physician  or  surgeon,  certifying  that  they  are  of  the  ordinary 
strength  and  appearance  of  children  of  the  age  before  mentioned,  which  certificate  is  to  he  coun- 
tersigned by  some  inspector  or  justice. 

8.  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty  to  appoint,  during  pleasure,  4  persons  to  be  in<inerti.|.inr 
factories,  with  extensive  powers  as  magistrates,  to  examine  the  children  employed  in  the  lactorii.'s, 
and  to  inquire  respecting  their  condition,  employment,  and  education ;  and  that  one  of  the  senctaries 
of  state  shall  have  power,  on  the  application  of  an  inspector,  to  appoint  superintendents  to  supir- 
intend  the  execution  of  the  act. 

9.  That  those  inspectors  are  to  make  all  rules  necessary  for  the  execution  of  the  art,  and  to  enforce 
the  attendance  at  school,  for  at  least  2  hours  daily  out  of  6  days  in  the  week,  of  chllilreii  (Mii|iliiyedin 
factories,  from  whose  weekly  wages  a  deduction,  not  e.xceeding  1  penny  in  every  shilling,  for  schooling 
shall  be  made. 

10.  That  no  child  shall  be  employed,  who  shall  not,  on  Monday  of  every  week,  give  to  the  factory 
master  a  certificate  of  his  or  her  attendance  at  school  for  the  previous  week. 

11.  That  the  interior  walls  of  every  mill  shall  be  whitewashed  every  year. 

12.  That  a  copy  or  abstract  of  the  act  shall  be  hung  up  in  a  conspicimiia  part  of  every  mill. 

13.  That  the  inspectors  shall  regularly,  once  a  year,  report  their  proceedings  to  one  of  the  secretaries 
of  slate. 

The  act  also  contains  regulatinna  extending  the  hours  of  work  where  time  shall  he  lust  by  the  want 
of,  or  an  excess  of,  water,  in  mills  situated  upon  a  stream  of  water ;  respecting  the  steps  to  lie  taki'n 
in  order  to  obtain  regular  certificates  of  age  for  the  children  requiring  them ;  respecting  the  erection 
of  schools,  where  necessary;  and  respecting  the  proceedings  to  be  had  before  inspectors  and  inagis- 
tratea  for  enforcing  the  act,  and  the  right  to  appeal  from  their  decisions. 

[The  following  tables,  relating  to  the  cultivation,  manufacture,  and  foreign  trade  of  cotton, 

were  ccmmunicated  to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  the  session  of  1835-36. 


ire  in  which  wc  have  not  a 
ns,  and  every  Continental 
le  brilliancy  and  durability 

I  demand  fi>r  German  ami 
irs  are  held  in  the  highrst 
)  proving  an  overmatch  for 

British  cotton  manufacture 
however,  it  can  hardly  bo 
le,  that  while,  on  the  one 
)undation8,  and  to  promote 
lay,  by  prssibility,  have  an 
;o  be  endangered  on  slight 
ly  dealt  with,  lest,  in  eradi- 
liowever,  that  the  case  of 

II  fairly  for  legislative  regii- 
elays  of  children  is  the  best 

will,  in  most  instances,  be 
limitation  of  hours,  is  con- 
5r,  before  taking  any  very 
:tion,  and  of  the  publication 
oyed. 

ILDREN  IN  Factories. 

itic  mills  and  factoriei  of  the 
iviig  passed  (42  Geo.  3.)  for  ihu 
1  in  cotton  and  ottier  raciories, 
R  conducted  accordins  ui  law, 
t  was  followed,  in  ISlfi,  by  an 
itioiis  on  the  employment  of 

39.,  commonly  called  Sir  John 

one  it  related,  no  child  mulil 

person  under  18  years  of  ase 

)  day ;  and  that  on  Saturdays 

^fill.  4.  c.  103.,  which  cnntains 
ions  at  present  applicable  to 

ge  shall  be  allowed  to  work  in 

^on  or  other  factory  in  which 

opel  the  machinery,  excepting 

one  day,  nor  more  than  69 

jn  li  hour  for  meals  to  every 

all  be  employed,  who  shall  not 

be  employed  in  any  factory 
ly,  who  shall  not  be  U  yni> 

after  the  1st  of  March.  Md, 
be  exceeded,  even  if  the  chill 

ed,  shall  be  entitled  to  i  holi- 
day, are  not  to  bR  employed 
that  they  are  of  the  onlinary 
hicli  certiticatu  is  to  be  cuun- 

4  persons  to  be  insncrti,nni' 
en  employed  in  the  I'actoriis 
ind  that  ono  of  the  secu'taribs 
int  superintendents  to  supir- 

lion  of  the  art,  and  lo  enfone 

eek,  of  chililren  eniploycil  in 

in  every  shilling,  for  sthoollni; 

■ry  week,  give  to  the  factory 

/eek. 

vear. 

iia  part  of  every  mill. 

dings  lo  one  of  the  secretaries 

time  shall  he  Inst  hy  the  want 

specting  the  steps  In  lie  taken 

hem';  respecting  the  erection 

before  inspectors  iiiid  magis- 

and  foreign  trade  of  cotton, 
in  the  session  of  1835-36. 


Tewi. 


1789 

1790 

1791 

1792 

1793 

1794 

1795 

1796 

1797 

1798 

1799 

1800 

1801 

1803 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1806 

1807 

1808 

1809 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 


COTTON. 

I.    Raw  Cotton.— Quantity  grown  In 


531 


Von. 

The 
World. 

U.  Statet. 

Brazil. 

Wat 

Indin. 

Egypt 

of 
Afriu. 

India. 

Rait 

of 
Alia* 

VIezico  aniJ 

S.  America 

eicept 

Braiil. 

Elnwhwt. 

MinioDi 

Millioni 

Milliou 

Milliou 

Milliou 

Milliou 

Milliou 

MilliODI 

.Milliou 

Millioni 

Ibi. 

Ibt. 

llM. 

llx. 

Ibi. 

Iba. 

Ibi. 

Ibt. 

Ibi. 

Ibi. 

1789 

~ 

1 

1790 

— 

11-3 

1791 

490 

9 

39 

13 

^ 

46 

130 

190 

68 

1798 

— 

3 

1793 

— 

9 

1794 

— 

8 

1795 

— 

8 

1796 

— 

10 

1797 

— 

11 

1798 

— 

15 

1799 

— 

30 

1800 

— 

39 

1801 

520 

48 

30 

10 

— 

49 

160 

160 

S6 

15 

1802 

— 

59 

1803 

— 

60 

1S04 

— 

65 

1805 

— 

70 

1806 

— 

80 

1807 

— 

80 

1808 

— 

75 

1809 

— 

82 

1810 

— 

89 

1611 

555 

80 

39 

12 

1-13 

44 

170 

146 

57 

11 

1813 

— 

79 

1813 

— 

79 

1814 

— 

70 

1815 

— 

100 

1816 

— 

124 

1817 

— 

130 

1818 

— 

125 

1819 

— 

167 

1820 

— 

160 

1821 

630 

180 

39 

10 

6 

40 

179 

139 

44 

8 

1822 

— 

210 

1823 

— 

189 

1824 

— 

219 

1825 

— 

359 

1826 

— 

350 

1827 

— 

270 

1828 

— 

329 

1829 

— 

369 

1630 

— 

350 

1831 

820 

389 

38 

9 

18 

36 

180 

119 

35 

4 

1832 

— 

390 

■1833 

— 

449 

1834 

900 

460 

30 

8 

25  1-3 

34 

185 

110 

39 

13 

1835 

II.    Raw  Cotton.— Quantity  grown  in 


Virs. 


Milliou 
Ibi. 


N.C. 


Milliou 
lbs. 


S.  C. 


Milliou 
Iba. 


11-2 


20 


Georgia.       Florida.      Alabama.     Tennessee.  Mississippi    Louisiana.     Arkansas, 


Millions 
Ibi. 


1-3 


10 


Millions 
lbs. 


Millions 
lbs. 


Millions 
lbs. 


Millions 
Ibi. 


40 


30 


Millions 
lbs. 


Milliou 
lbs. 


n;  ■   I" 


''!::    . 


I  ;^l'  I      • 

%^   '-  «i 


^ 


COTTON. 


II.— coR(inu«(I.— Quantity  grown  In 


I      . 


Ymh. 

Vii». 

N.C. 

S.C. 

Oeorfia. 

riorida. 

Alalunu. 

Tenn«M«. 

MiiiiMippi. 

touiiiuix 

ArluriMj.    )' 

Milliow 

MillloM 

MillioDt 

MilliOM 

Million! 

Millinut 

Millloni 

Milliou 

Millloui 

Mlllii,!,! 

1817 
1818 

lU. 

Ibt. 

lU. 

Ibt. 

lU. 

Itii. 

Ibi. 

lb*. 

Ibi. 

11* 

1819 

1820 

1821 
1823 
1833 

13 

10 

50 

45 

—  • 

20 

20 

10 

10 

1834 

1839 

1826 

25 

18 

70 

75 

3 

45 

43 

30 

38 

1-4 

1827 

182S 

1829 

1830 

1831 

1832 

1833 

13 

10 

73 

88 

IS 

65 

50 

70 

55 

3-4 

1834 

10 

01-2 

651-3 

75 

20 

85 

45 

85 

62 

1-2 

1833 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  states  that  he  has  "not  been  able  to  find  any  official  returns,  of 
either  the  general  or  the  state  governments,  which  give  the  crops  of  cotton  in  each  state;"  anjihal 
"tlie  present  table  has  tlierefore  been  compiled  from  the  best  data  in  his  power." 

111.  Raw  Cotton. 


I..'*! 


"'>■'!  r.:3w 


"'HI 

Huiki^siyMii 


vr-'iwMii 


•1^ 


ii  f 


Prlcci 

per  lb. 

Capital  employed  in  couneiion 

Persons  employed  in 

Value  of  whole  cup 

with  growiiij 

growing,  and  dependent 

in          ' 

Vean. 

United  Statu. 

England. 

United 
Stales. 

Egypt. 

Brazil, 

United 
Slates. 

Elsewhere. 

United 
Stales, 

Elicwhere, 

Millions 

Millions 

Million* 

Millions 

Milliou 

Centi. 

Pence. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Millions. 

Millions. 

Dollars, 

DolUn, 

1769 



12  to  22 

1790 

14  1-3 

12  —  21 

1791 

26 

13  —  30 

3  1-2 

33 

1-20 

1 

1-3 

401-2 

1792 

29 

20  —  30 

1793 

32 

13  —  22 

1794 

33 

12—  18 

1795 

36  1-2 

15  —  27 

1796 

36  1-2 

12  —  29 

1797 

34 

12  —  37 

1798 

39 

22  —  45 

1799 

44 

17  —  60 

1800 

28 

16  —  36 

1801 

44 

17  —  38 

80 

— 

SO 

I-IO 

7-8 

8 

391.3 

1802 

19 

12—  38 

1803 

19 

8—15 

1804 

20 

10  —  18 

1605 

23 

14—  19 

1806 

22 

12—  15 

1807 

21  1-2 

10—  14 

1808 

19 

9—30 

1809 

16 

10—  18 

1810 

16 

10—  19 

1811 

15  1-2 

7—14 

134 

1-10 

58 

1-7 

7-8 

121-2 

37 

1812 

10  1-2 

11  —  14 

1813 

12 

16  —  26 

1814 

13 

28  average 

1815 

21 

20  1-2  — 

1816 

29  1-2 

18  1-4  — 

# 

1817 

26  1-2 

20        — 

1818 

34 

20        — 

1819 

24 

13  1-2  — 

1820 

17 

11  1-2  — 

1821 

16 

9  1-2- 

300 

31-3 

83 

1-3 

7-8 

29  3-4 

37 

1822 

16  1-2 

8  1-4  — 

1823 

10  &  12 

8  1-4  — 

1824 

13 

8  1-2  — 

1825 

21 

11  1-2  — 

1826 

11 

6  3-4  — 

1827 

9  1-2 

61-2  — 

1828 

10  1-4 

6  3-4  — 

1829 

10 

5  3-4  — 

1830 

10 

6  7-8  — 

1831 

9  1-4 

5  5-8  — 

650 

30 

S& 

3-4 

4-5 

381-2 

S91-4 

1832 

10 

6  5-8  — 

1833 

11 

7  3-8  - 

1834 

13 

8  1-2  — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

76 

361-3 

1835 

16  1-2 

12  1-2  — 

800 

31 

50 

1 

4-5  to  1 

1 

"The  prices,  given  for  the  United  (States,  are  those  at  the  places  of  exportation,  and  are  the  average 
during  the  year,  and  including  all  kinds  of  cotton  :  but  the  sea-island  cotton  is  worth  usually  twi> 
hundred  and  fifty  per  cent,  more  than  the  other  kinds  ;  and  formerly  tlio  dilference  was  etill  greater, 
wlien  the  amount  grown  elsewhere  WU3  not  ao  large." 


COTTON. 


Louliiana.  |    Arlumu, 


)  find  any  official  returns,  of 
tton  in  euch  state ;"  and  thai 
I  power." 


I  employed  in 
,  and  [tepemleut 


Vilue  of  whole  crep 
in  I 


srtation,  and  are  the  average 

cotton  is  wortli  usually  two 

i  difference  was  still  grealer. 


IV 

—Raw  Cotton.— Export! 

Prom 

Tean. 

United  SUtei. 

""■FSi:^ 

Rnzil. 

India, 

Wmt  Indlet. 

Spaniih 
America. 

Elsewhan. 

1770 

3,000  Ibi. 

Milliona 

Milllou 

Milliou 

Million* 

Milliou 

Milliona 

llM. 

Ibi. 

lU. 

lU. 

Ibi. 

Ibi. 

Mllllnni 

1799 

ll». 

1790 

4-16 

1791 

1-5 

— 

90 

19 

s. 

9 

1793 

1-7 
1-3 

1791 

1  2-3 

— 

— 

— 

_ 

1 

1795 

6  1-4 

— 

— 

30 

1796 

6  1-10 

1797 

3  4-5 

1798 

9  1-3 

1799 

9  1-3 

1800 

17  4-S 

1801 

20  9-10 

— 

24 

30 

T7 

7 

1602 
1803 

27  1-8 
41  1-10 

— 

— 

22  1-2 

1804 

38  1-10 

1805 

40  1-3 

— 

— - 

41J-2 

1806 

37  1-2 

1807 

fi6  1-5 

1808 

12 

1809 

53  1-5 

1810 

03  9-10 

1811 

62  1-5 

— 

31 

^^ 

7 

1813 

29 

■"* 

13 

1813 

'  19  2-5 

1814 

D  17  4-5 

1815 

83 

1816 

81  4-5 

1817 

95  2-3 

1818 

92  1-2 

1819 

88 

1820 

127  4-5 

1821 

124  9-10 

5  1-2 

28 

50 

9 



0 

1822 

144  7-10 

4  1-2 

1823 

173  7-10 

11 

1824 

142  2-5 

14 

1825 

176  1-2 

_ 

75 

1826 

204  1-2 

1827 

294 

1828 

310 

1829 

264  3-4 

18.10 

298  1-3 

19 

3 

68 

10 



4 

1831 

277 

20  1-3 

37 

70 

12 



4 

18M 

.^22  1-4 

1833 

324  1-2 

1834 

381  3-4 

23 

30 

80 

8 

7 

3 

1835 

I 

386  1-2 

ill 


"The  exports  of  cotton,  or,  in  other  words,  the  foreign  trade  in  raw  cotton,  in  the  whole  world,  is 
small  compared  with  the  whole  growth,  manufacture,  and  consumption  of  that  arliclB.  It  probably 
iw.i  not  exceed  535  millions  of  pounds,  and  of  that  the  United  States  export  about  384  millions  of 
pnuiids,  or  almost  three  fourths.  Our  exports  each  year  have  not  always  corresponded  with  that 
part  of  the  crop  of  the  previous  year  not  consumed  at  home,  as  in  1808,  1812,  &c.  commercial  restric- 
tions anil  war  caused  the  stocks  on  hand  to  accumulate,  and  the  high  prices  in  some  other  years  have 
left  much  less  on  hand  here  than  usual." 

V,— Raw  Cotton.— Exports  from 


Teara. 

Louisiana. 

S.  Carolina. 

Alabama. 

GeorKia. 

New  York. 

N.  Carolina 
and  Virjjini:!. 

Real  of  llip 

United  S;.Vi\.. 

Whole  valne. 

Millioni 

Millioni 

Millions 

MillioDS 

Millioni 

Mil'if>ns 

Uollan, 

Itu. 

Ihi. 

Iba. 

Ibi. 

lbs. 

lb>. 

lbs. 

1789 

f' 

1790 

i 

- 

. 

- 

- 

- 

48,285 

1791 

. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

52,000 

1792 

. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

. 

51,470 

1793 

1  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

160,000 
Millions. 

1794 

. 

. 

. 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

1-2 

1795 

_ 

_ 

. 

_ 

- 

. 

. 

2  1-4 

1796 

, 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

a  2-10 

1797 

_ 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

1  1-4 

1798 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

. 

• 

• 

3  1-2 

1790 

_ 

_ 

. 

_ 

« 

_ 

_ 

4  1-10 

1800 

_ 

10 

. 

3 

• 

5 

. 

5 

1801 

_ 

_ 

_ 

„ 

_ 

. 

_ 

9  1-10 

1802 

„ 

_ 

. 

_ 

. 

_ 

• 

5  1-4 

1803 

_ 

_ 

. 

_ 

« 

_ 

. 

7  3-4 

1801 

„ 

_ 

_ 

. 

_ 

. 

7  3-4 

1805 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

• 

• 

9  1-2 

1806 

_ 

^ 

„ 

. 

_ 

. 

. 

8  1-4 

1807 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

14  MJ 

2tS 


i 


:t 


c:3  ^ 


■•'1     '-»1|V 


fi84 

COTTON. 

V. 

Rnw  Cotton— fundwued.—Eximrlt  from 

Vean. 

Louliiina. 

S,  Carolim. 

Alaliani.1. 

(lenrKia. 

New  York. 

N.  Camlint 
•nd  Viriinia. 

Rnlofthi 
L'liileil  StilM, 

Whole  mlue 

Million* 

MlllioDI 

Millioiia 

Mlllliiut 

Millloui 

Millioiu. 

Million! 

Million. 

Ibi. 

ll«. 

Ibt. 

Ita. 

lb). 

Ibt. 

Ita. 

ilnlUn. 

IHIM 

• 

. 

. 

. 

• 

- 

- 

2  1-4 

1S09 

. 

. 

• 

. 

. 

- 

. 

8  1-2 

1810 

3 

40 

. 

30 

10 

13 

4 

15  1-4 

INIl 

• 

. 

. 

. 

- 

- 

- 

9  1-2 

1813 

. 

• 

. 

. 

. 

- 

• 

3 

1813 

. 

. 

. 

. 

• 

. 

- 

2  14   , 

1614 

. 

. 

. 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

3  1-2   1 

1815 

. 

• 

_ 

. 

- 

. 

- 

17  l.J   1 

INlf) 

. 

• 

. 

. 

. 

• 

- 

24  1-4  ; 

1817 

. 

• 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

22  1-2  ; 

IHIH 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

- 

31  1-4   1 

18m 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

- 

21 

1820 

30 

37 

8 

35 

38 

6 

3 

22  1-4   ( 

1821 

. 

. 

. 

• 

• 

- 

20  l-i   i 

1822 

. 

• 

. 

. 

. 

. 

• 

24         1 

1823 

. 

. 

. 

- 

. 

. 

23  1.2 

lh24 

- 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

- 

21  3-4 

1825 

. 

. 

. 

. 

• 

. 

. 

38  3-4   1 

182fl 

- 

. 

. 

m 

. 

. 

. 

25         i 

1827 

. 

. 

_ 

_ 

_ 

. 

. 

811  l-.t   j 

1828 

. 

. 

. 

• 

. 

. 

. 

22  1-2 

1829 

. 

. 

. 

• 

. 

. 

- 

20  1-2   i 

1830 

120  1-3 

53  1-3 

24 

40 

37  3-10 

11  1-3 

3 

29  2-3   1 

1831 

- 

. 

. 

. 

. 

25  1.4    1 

1832 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

31  3-1 

1833 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

3(1 

1834 

164 

67  3-4 

51  1-2 

56  1-3 

30  2-8 

11  1-3 

3 

4!)  1-2 

1835 

- 

- 

- 

-          ■       -         1 

- 

- 

CI  1-2 

_ 

"The  Hxporta  from  each  Stiito  arc  the  foreign  oiici",  and  for  1830  and  1831,  from  official  data ;  but 
prior  to  that  they  are  estiinaleH  from  the  crop,  conHiimption  at  honio,&c. 

"The  portion  exported  of  sea  island  cotton,  was,  in  1834,  8,0S5,U35  pounds,  and  in  1835, was 
7,752,736 ;  and  was  chiefly  from  South  Hnrolina  and  fieorgia." 

"The  value  has  been  computed  from  the  quantity  and  average  price  tlirough  each  year,  so  far  ai 
obtainable  from  otHciul  data." 


h* 


.■'"»i 


HP"" 

^»SI 
di.ttliklS' 


VI. 

Ilaw  Cotton.— E.Tports. 

i 

U.  statu  tn 

U.  Slilea  to 

U.  Slalei  tn 
other  pl.icei 
than  Great 

India  to 

India  to 

Drazil  to 

West  In- 

Brazil  and 
West  In- 

Egypt  and 
Turkey  to 

anil  Tur- 
key to 
France. 

1 

1 

All  other 

ritacrf  to 

Engliii'!. 

tH 

Gnglanil, 

France. 

Britain  and 
France. 

England. 

China. 

England. 

England, 

France. 

England. 

■"■"    ■ 

Ibi. 

Millious 

Million! 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millious 

MillJOQJ 

lb5. 

lbs. 

Ibi. 

llw. 

Ibi. 

lb*. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Ui>. 

Ibr. 

1770 

2,000 

1787 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

2  1-2 

6  2-3 

. 

5  2-3 

. 

7  3-4 

1789 

R-itio  of 

, 

Ratiiu>rher 

Hatio. 

1790 

her  imixirU 
from  U.  S. 

' 

intnorts 
frumBrazil. 

1791 

1-IOOf) 

. 

. 

_ 

_ 

1-2 

1-3 

1792 

1-126 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

1-2 

1-3 

1793 

1-225 

. 

. 

. 

. 

1-4 

1-2 

1 

ITOl 

1-110 

. 

. 

1-3 

- 

2-5 

1-2 

ITO.I 

1-25 

. 

. 

1-3 

. 

2-5 

1-2 

17(16 

1-11 

. 

. 

3-4 

- 

1-2 

2-5 

1797 

1-11 

. 

- 

iri   1-3 

- 

1-2 

1-3 

1798 

1-6 

« 

. 

2 

- 

2-5 

1-3 

1799 

1-9 

_ 

. 

7 

. 

3-7 

3-7 

1800 

16 

. 

. 

6  1-3 

- 

1-5 

1-3 

1801 

19 

3-4 

- 

4  1-4 

. 

1-4 

2-7 

1802 

23  1-2 

2 

• 

3 

• 

1-3 

1-6 

1803 

27  3-4 

4 

. 

1  3-4 

. 

1-3 

i-10 

1804 

25  3-4 

6 

. 

2  1-2 

. 

2-9 

1-12 

1805 

32  1-2 

4  1-2 

. 

1-4 

. 

2-9 

1-10 

1806 

24  I-l 

7 

. 

2  2-3 

. 

2-9 

1-9 

1807 

53  1-4 

6 

. 

3  1-2 

. 

1-18 

1-11 

1808 

8 

2 

. 

.5  1-2 

. 

1-11 

2-9 

1809 

13  1-3 

- 

. 

6  1-2 

. 

1-3 

1-11 

1810 

36 

. 

. 

. 

- 

1-4 

1-18 

1811 

46  3-4 

. 

. 

. 

. 

2-7 

1-29 

1812 

26 

- 

. 

. 

. 

2-5 

1-23 

1813 

. 

10  1-4 

. 

_ 

_ 

3-5 

1-12 

1814 

. 

1  3-4 

. 

_ 

. 

3-5 

1-11 

1815 

45  2-3 

20 

- 

_ 

, 

1-4 

1-24 

1816 

57  3-4 

18 

• 

. 

« 

1-3 

1-35 

1817 

51 

. 

. 

36 

« 

1-3 

1-26 

1818 

58  1-3 

. 

. 

„ 

_ 

1-3 

1-52 

1819 

51  3-4 

. 

. 

. 

_ 

1-3 

1-.52 

1820 

90 

- 

- 

23 

. 

29 

6  8-10 

^ 

1-4 

_ 

2  1-4 

1821    93  1-2  1 

2r  i-z 

9  3-4 

9 

. 

19  1-2 

7 

_ 

3-4 

_ 

2  3-4 

1822 

101 

21  1-2 

8  2-3 

4  1-2 

_ 

24  3-4 

10  1-4 

^ 

4-10 

^ 

2 

1823 

142  1-2 

25 

8  1-2 

15 

_ 

23  1-2 

7 

^ 

1  1-3 

m 

2 

1824 

92 

40  1-2 

1  1-2 

16  1-2 

- 

25 

6  1-4 

. 

7  7-10 

-      t 

2 

POliM 

Rnl  or  Iht 

riiiiia. 

L-iill»l  SUtm. 

Whole  vtlue 

K)IU. 

Millioiu 

Millioni 

i. 

lU. 

■Inllan. 

- 

a  1-4 

• 

H  1-2 

J 

4 

15  1-4 

- 

0  I-D 

- 

3 

. 

8  1-4 

- 

a  I.J 

- 

17  H  1 

• 

a4  1-4   1 

- 

as  I.J 

- 

31  1-4   1 

. 

ai 

3 

aa  1-4 

. 

20  1-4 

. 

a4 

. 

a3  i.j 

- 

81  3-4 

- 

38  3-4 

- 

25         i 

- 

2«  1-3 

- 

82  I-J 

- 

2fl  1-2 

11-3 

3 

JiJ  2-3 

- 

85  1-4 

- 

31  3-4 

. 

3t) 

1  1-2 

3 

4»  1-2 

- 

01  1-2 

I83I,  from  official  data ;  bui 
i  pounds,  and  in  ISSS.was 
hroiigh  each  year,  so  far  ai 


Kgypt  and 
Turkey  to 
England. 


Millions 
Ibi. 

5  2-3 


Millioni 
lb). 


All  olbn  I 
Liiglin^ 


Million] 
Ibr. 

7  3-1 


1-4 

3-4 
4-10 
1  1-3 

7  7-10 


2  1-4 
8  3-4 
2 
2 
8 


COTTON. 

VI.    Raw  Cattnn—fonUnyed.—r.xpottn 


686 


""" 

l<.  Slilei  In 

i 

V.  Statn  to 

V.  .Slain  lo 

olhar  placM 
than  Onal 

Inlla  to 

Braxil  to 

W«i  In. 

Drariland 
Wealln. 

Kml  iii'l 
'lurKey  to 
EngUnd. 

Mr. 

All  olhrr 

(M 

Eufllod. 

Fraucs. 

Rrilain  and 
France. 

Cn(land. 

Chiaa. 

EuiLud. 

Griiland. 

<lin  lo 
France. 

key  to 
France. 

placaa  In 
LuglaiMl. 

Millinm 

Mllliou 

Milliuu 

Millioni 

Millioiu 

lilt. 

Il«. 

Milliona 

Millioni 

MJtIifW 

Millioni 

llM. 

Ibi. 

ilia. 

lla. 

lU. 

Hallo. 

lUllo. 

Ibi. 

Ibi. 

lU. 

Ibi. 

1825 

140 

30 

2  3-4 

20  1-4 

33 

8 

19 

7  1-3 

lH2fl 

131 

08  1-3 

8  I -a 

21 

_ 

9  4-5 

4  3-4 

• 

10 

^ 

1 

IH27 

217 

70  1-8 

11  1-4 

20 

_ 

20  3-4 

7 

. 

3 

^ 

1  1-3 

\tfirt 

151  3-4 

53  1-8 

10  M 

32  1-4 

23 

89 

6 

• 

7 

_ 

1  3-4 

[m 

157 

07  1-2 

23 

25 

(1) 

89 

4  1-8 

• 

6 

. 

1  1-10 

1830 

211 

75 

13  1-2 

12  1-8 

33 

3  1-8 

7 

3  4-10 

6 

3-4 

1831 

305  l-a  46 or  50 

9 

20 

08  1-8 

31  1-3 

8  1-3 

3  1-3 

8 

7  1-3 

I  1-4 

1832 

217  1-4 

73  or  77  J 

10 

.15 

58 

80 

3 

3  2-3 

9 

8  1-8 

8  3-4 

18,33 

287  3-4 

70  3-4 

0  1-2 

32  1-4 

2H  1-2 

8 

1 

1  3-4 

1834 

206  8-3 

79  9-15 

20 

38 

40 

IS 

4 

4 

1  1-8 

7 

1835 

253 

100  1-3 

10  3-4     42  1-2  1 

0) 

25 

5  1-4 

9  1-3 

Sialemcnt  of  the  qunntlly  of  Cotton  Exported  from  the  United  Htntcs  to  other  places  than  Great  Britain 
and  France,  in  the  year  ending  Hepleniber  30,  1881,  to  1835,  inclusive. 


Yean. 


1831 
1823 
1823 
1834 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1833 
1833 
1834 
1835 


ToRoiiit. 


Ibi. 
304,080 
713,789 
309,078 
501,045 
133,934 
15,203 
147,101 
049,791 
227,883 
111,370 
701,735 
838,951 
1,447,405 
1,300,494 
Sr74,801 


Holland  an  I 
Dflgiuin. 


Ibi. 

4,180,000 
1,970,358 
4,650,548 

4.33,070 
l,43l),835 
4,593,439 
5,Htl  1,400 
3,780,988 
9,595,3,'17 
8„'Mil,193 

972,059 
3,920,016 
3,073,853 
6,090,468 
5,091,358 


.Spain. 


Ibi. 

384,833 


7,990 


.32,810 

555,098 
3,283,875 
7,W,216 
893,967 
878,319 


TriMte. 


Ilm. 

34,976 
210, 1S8 

177,789 


.33.311 
183,304 
9hO,354 
4.071,247 
8,814,477 
8,778,8,58 
1,654,775 
1,107,600 
3,805,312 
4,943.061 


ftanie  tuwni. 


Ibi. 
748,110 
a,9.')5,581 
2,3.56,594 
21»3,853 
577,109 
2,012,679 
3,389,514 
3,386,108 
6,857.796 
4,123.047 
3,416,765 
4,075,182 
1.870,620 
6,612,895 
3,788,147 


Italy  and  Malta. 


Ibi. 
897,801 
1,956,353 
217,663 

'  980 

148,170 
407,068 
1,0.56,387 
235,265 
305,095 
680,974 

190,842 
12,952 


All  oilier  plana. 


I  In. 

3,506,777 

450,768 

833,332 

227,529 

609,031 

1,820,116 

1,440,547 

1,072,448 

1,301.935 

638,877 

2,243,741 

2,250,190 

1,759,615 

1,153,382 

1,493,760 


VII.- 

-Raw  Cotton. 

Importa  of 

Where  from.                                                                         | 

Tean. 

Into  Ent;1and. 

Vniled  Statea. 

Br.wil. 

Demerara  and 
Berbice. 

West  Indiel. 

EKvptand 
Turkey. 

India. 

Olher  places. 

Millioni. 

Millioni 

Millions 

Millioni 

Millioni 

Ibi. 

Ibi. 

Ibi. 

Ibi. 

Ibl. 

Ibi. 

1701 

11-10  or  9-10 

1710 

7-10 

1720 

2 

1730 

1  1-2 

1741 

1  6-10 

1751 

3 

1764 

3  8-10 

1766 

3 

1780 

S 

1784 

11 

r67 

22 

— 

21  1-2 

1  3-4 

6  2-3 

5  2-3 

_ 

6 

1789 

32  1-2 

1790 

31  1-3 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

1791 

28  3-4 

1-1000 

1-2 

. 

1-3 

- 

_ 

1-8 

1792 

35 

1-126 

1-2 

. 

1-3 

- 

. 

1-10 

1793 

19 

1-235 

1-4 

. 

1-3 

- 

125 

1-8 

1794 

34  1-3 

I-IIO 

2-5 

- 

1-2 

- 

1-100 

1-13 

1795 

36  1-3 

1-35 

2-5 

- 

1-8 

- 

1-100 

1-42 

1796 

33 

1-11 

1-2 

1-37 

2-5 

- 

1-44 

1-50 

1797 

83  1-3 

1-U 

1-2 

1-19 

1-3 

- 

1-17 

1-28 

1798 

31  3-4 

1-0 

2-5 

1-14 

1-3 

• 

1-15 

1-385 

1799 

43  1-3 

1-9 

2-7 

1-U 

3-7 

. 

1-6 

1-50 

1800 

56 

1-4 

1-5 

1-9 

1-3 

. 

1-9 

1-18 

1801 

50 

1-3 

1-4 

1-12 

2-7 

- 

1-13 

1-33 

1802 

60  1-3 

3-7 

1-3 

1-17 

1-6 

1-20 

1-1.35 

1803 

53  3-4 

1-2 

1-3 

1-70 

MO 

. 

1-30 

1-70 

1804 

61  3-4 

1-2 

2-9 

1-6 

1-12 

. 

1-26 

1-167 

Mi 

59  8-3 

3-5 

2-9 

1-11 

1-10 

. 

1-210 

1-38 

1800 

58  1-4 

3-5 

2-9 

1-10 

1-9 

. 

1-22 

1-87 

1807 

75 

3-4 

1-18 

1-9 

1-11 

. 

1-20 

1-116 

1808 

43  1-2 

2-5 

1-11 

1-14 

2-9 

. 

1-8 

1-24 

1809 

92  3-4 

1-3 

1-3 

1-18 

Ml 

. 

1-15 

1-38 

1810 

132  1-2 

2-3 

1-4 

1-15 

1-18 

. 

1-46 

1811 

91  1-2 

6-9 

2-7 

1-9 

1-29 

• 

1-76 

1812 

63 

4-9 

2-5 

1-9 

1-22 

- 

1-25 

>-^ 


:|(i' 


% 


::,K-.'( 


^- 


536 


COTTON. 


VII. — etnliniird. 


iHlwrtaof 

Wh.r.  from, 

Vhii. 

Into  EnfltiKl. 

UnllKl  Stall!. 

Brull. 

Denmnin  ami 
BtIhci. 

Wfrt 

IikIim. 

■^i-r 

Imlla. 

Olhar  |.Uc« 
lUiki. 

Mllllnw  ll». 

Rallo. 

lUlIn, 

Hallo. 

Hallo. 

iUllo, 

HaiM. 

1HI3 

SI 

1-8 

3-5 

1-10 

1-13 

• 

1-21) 

IHll 

73  8-3 

3-0 

3-» 

1-19 

Ml 

• 

1  -.'10 

1HI5 

UA  1-4 

4-7 

1-4 

1-19 

1-34 

• 

1-31 

INIO 

Vn  1-3 

1-3 

1-3 

1-11 

1-39 

^ 

1-24 

inn 

1311  1-4 

1-9 

1-3 

l-»t 

1-96 

. 

1-14 

1HI8 

174 

3-7 

1-3 

1-40 

1-98 

. 

1-9 

IHKI 

137  1-3 

1-3 

1-3 

1-40 

1-93 

• 

1-9 

\K%) 

147  1-3 

4-7 

1-5 

1-49 

1-78 

1-930 

1-7 

l.fl5 

1841 

mi-9 

5-7 

l-« 

1-48 

1-39 

1-179 

1-14 

1-1.18 

IH'il 

141  1-3 

4-7 

1-9 

1-33 

1-49 

1-390 

1-39 

1-228 

WXi 

mat 

183  1-3 
117  1-3 

S-9 
3-5 

1-8 
1-8 

1-73 

1-93 

1-143 
1-10 

1-13 
I-M 

1-72 
1-13 

1-94 

Ihl'i 

944  1-3 

3-9 

1-7 

1-20 

1-17 

1-10 

1-7 

\H'm 

170  1-9 

9-3 

1-17 

1-40 

1-18 

1-0 

1-11 

1827 

2H4  1-3 

3-4 

1-11 

1-38 

1-96 

1-13 

1-23 

IH'28 

929  3-4 

9-3 

1-7 

1-48 

1-97 

1-h 

1-17 

1H21» 

918  1-3 

9-3 

1-7 

1-39 

1-30 

1-U 

1S30 

95U  3-4 

9-3  to  3-4 

1-7  to  1-8 

1-60 

1-80 

1-99 

1H3I 

380 

3-3  to  3-4 

1-0 

_ 

1-39 

1-13 

IHM 

970  2-3 

3-4 

1-13 

. 

1-30 

1-8 

1833 

988 

7-8 

1-10 

. 

1-300 

1-0 

183t 

320  1-3 

0-7 

1-17 

1-900 

1-900 

1-0 

1833 

3til  1-9 

3-4 

1-12 

- 

1-8 

An 


> 

1 


tvnmm 


r 

II       ■  m 


VIII 

.    Raw  Cotton. 

Ini|»rti. 

Whore  from.                       1 

Imports.                                      1 

Tmh. 

Into  Fnnct. 

UDited  SltlM. 

Enplawl 
Turkey. 

nnzi)  and 

the  Won 

Iiidiel. 

IiiioHAinny, 
FruMiaf 

Triftte,  and 
Huuia. 

Into  HwiU 
uriand. 

Into  Spain. 

Into  Chiai. 

Into  Iht 
l'njt^l 
iillln. 

MiliiODi 

MilliODI 

Millioiu 

Millioni 

MilliODI 

Milliou 

Miltioni 

Millions 

Iht. 

Ibi. 

Ibi. 

llM. 

Ibi. 

Ibt. 

lU. 

lbs. 

Ilx. 

1780 

- 

- 

- 

- 

97,357 

.Mill.  Ibi 

1791 

. 

^ 

^ 

^ 

. 

. 

_ 

1-4 

1793 

. 

. 

. 

^ 

_ 

. 

_ 

1-3 

1703 

. 

. 

. 

_ 

« 

. 

. 

22-3 

1704 

. 

^ 

^ 

^ 

. 

_ 

_ 

21-2 

1709 

. 

, 

^ 

^ 

, 

_ 

_ 

4 

1796 

• 

« 

_ 

„ 

. 

. 

_ 

41-4 

1797 

• 

« 

. 

m 

. 

. 

„ 

3  1-2 

1798 

_ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

. 

■ 

. 

^ 

3  2-3 

1790 

. 

. 

^ 

^ 

. 

. 

_ 

3  1-2 

1800 

. 

. 

_ 

^ 

_ 

. 

_ 

_ 

41-4 

1801 

. 

3-4 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

_ 

41-4 

1802 

« 

3 

. 

„ 

. 

_ 

_ 

_ 

31-2 

1803 

. 

4 

_ 

_ 

. 

_ 

3  1-3 

_ 

3 

1804 

. 

6 

. 

. 

• 

• 

_ 

31-4 

1809 

. 

41-2 

. 

_ 

_ 

• 

_ 

21-4 

1808 

21  7-10 

7 

• 

« 

. 

• 

_ 

25 

21-4 

1807 

_ 

6 

_ 

. 

. 

« 

_ 

31-3 

1808 

_ 

2 

. 

. 

_ 

. 

_ 

_ 

41-2 

1800 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

. 

. 

_ 

1-2 

1810 

25 

_ 

^ 

^ 

. 

^ 

_ 

_ 

1-3 

1811 

. 

^ 

^ 

. 

. 

_ 

^ 

1-3 

1813 

. 

. 

^ 

^ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

1-2 

1813 

_ 

10  1-4 

, 

^ 

. 

. 

_ 

_ 

12-3 

1814 

_ 

13-4 

^ 

^ 

. 

, 

^ 

, 

1-ti 

1819 

_ 

20 

^ 

^ 

_ 

. 

^ 

_ 

1-6 

1816 

« 

18 

^ 

^ 

. 

„ 

_ 

_ 

1-3 

1817 

_ 

_ 

^ 

_ 

. 

_ 

_ 

3 

1818 

_ 

_ 

_ 

^ 

. 

. 

_ 

^ 

11 1-2 

1810 

. 

. 

. 

^ 

_ 

. 

_ 

_ 

15 

1830 

44  1-9 

« 

. 

^ 

_ 

6 

_ 

_ 

1 

1821 

47  1-3 

27  1-8 

. 

_ 

. 

_ 

_ 

2-3 

1823 

81 

21  1-2 

. 

_ 

. 

. 

. 

. 

1-4 

1823 

51 

29 

^ 

. 

. 

^ 

. 

1-8 

1824 

79  1-2 

401-2 

. 

. 

. 

, 

_ 

2-3 

1829 

811-3 

30 

. 

^ 

• 

„ 

_ 

_ 

1-2 

1826 

06 

62  1-3 

_ 

^ 

. 

_ 

_ 

301 

1-4 

1827 

87 

70  1-3 

^ 

. 

_ 

, 

1-6 

1898 

612-3 

53  1-3 

_ 

^ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

« 

1-2 

1890 

72  1-2 

67  1-2 

_ 

^ 

_ 

. 

_ 

_ 

1-2 

1830 

84  2-3  to  91 

75 

6 

7 

38 

17  1-2 

_ 

. 

1-2 

1831 

65  1-2  to  61 

46  to  50 

71-2 

3  1-2 

39 

18  4-5 

« 

38lo6S 

1-3 

1833 

77  to  85 

73  to  77  1-3 

8  1-2 

3  2-3 

48 

191-3 

. 

60 

1-2 

1833 

91 

76  3-4 

. 

36 

19 

_ 

. 

1-2 

1834 

83  to  94  1-2 

78  to  81  3-4 

7 

4" 

19  1-3 

2 

451 

1-2 

1839 

04  1-4 

91 

I 

12-3 

COTTON. 


637 


1 

luid 

lujr. 

Iwlli. 

1 
0(h*r  yUm. 

H.IMO. 

lio. 

Mtio. 

. 

|.«) 

. 

i-;i() 

• 

i-at 

^ 

l-ti4 

. 

1-14 

. 

1-S 

. 

1-5 

ft30 

1-7 

1.05 

175 

M4 

1-1.18 

.330 

1-35 

\-m 

.143 

1-13 

1-711 

-10 

l-M 

1-IJ 

-17 

1-10 

1-7 

-IH 

1-U 

1-U 

.1« 

1-13 

\-n 

-Vt 

1-8 

1-17 

-30 

1-0 

-flO 

1-9S 

-35 

1-13 

-30 

1-8 

-3()0 

1-0 

-iiOO 

1-0 

— 

1-8 

Import!. 

Into  lite 

Into  Spain.  | 

Into  Chiiw. 

I'nilpl 

iltln. 

Million*    1 

Millinoi 

Ibi. 

Ibi. 

Ik 

97,357 

Mill.  Ibi 

. 

. 

1-4 

. 

« 

1-2 

. 

• 

22-3 

_ 

_ 

21-2 

. 

_ 

4 

_ 

, 

41-4 

. 

_ 

31-2 

. 

. 

3  2-3 

_ 

« 

3  1-2 

^ 

^ 

41-4 

^ 

_ 

4  1-4 

_ 

_ 

31-2 

9  1-2 

« 

3 

. 

31-4 

. 

21-4 

_ 

515 

21-4 

^ 

31-3 

_ 

_ 

41-2 

_ 

^ 

1-2 

^ 

^ 

1-3 

_ 

1-3 

. 

_ 

1-2 

_ 

_ 

12-3 

. 

. 

l-ti 

, 

^ 

1-0 

_ 

1-3 

_ 

. 

3 

. 

, 

11  1-2 

. 

_ 

15 

_ 

1 

_ 

2-3 

1-4 

1-8 

2-3 

1-2 

30) 

1-4 

1-6 

_ 

1-2 

_ 

1-2 

_ 

1-2 

38lo6S 

1-3 

60 

1-2 

1-2 

2 

4S1 

1-2 

12-3 

"Tti*  Import!  Into  th«  ITnlt«i1  Hintci  nrn  tnkcn  from  oindal  rptttrn>,nn(l  havo  been  reryfliietiiailng 
In  miiniint  i  thry  hnve  rnnin  ctilolly  I'rnni  liiiliii." 

"Olhor  cnuiitrlt'D  of  riiropti  Ihnii  ihciii*  i-iiiiiii)'ritli'il,  Import  rnnnldrralilu  ijiiantlllpi  nfruM'  mtlnn  i 
,.  ||.  lliilliiiiil  mill  lli'iKiiini,  tthoiit  III  or  12  iiilllliiiiii  nl'  poiimlii,  iil  whlrli  ii  piirt  |iiiHH<-a  into  (Icrniunv, 
iind  ')<>r  (i  inillloiiH  oI'ikmiiiiIh  iiru  I'roiii  thn  riiliiMl  Htiifit.  Ho  Inin  tii'riiiiiiiy  illriTt  iirc  liii|i<>rtiMl  at  Trl<  •(« 
iilDii)^.  from  tliL'  lliillvil  Htnli'K,  ul)oiit  4  to  5  iiiIIIIoiih,  iiiiiI  Ruiiif  I'roiii  Kiiypt  niiil  'I'lirkKy ;  In  nil,  iniikiiit 
III  IKM),  Vli  imIIIIoiih  of  poiiiiila  i  1H3I,  111)  niillloim  I  iinil  IM.tU,  Vt\  irilllioiin  ol'  |h>iiihIii.  Into  tin-  lluiiiia 
tnwiK  iiri)  iinpurtflil  from  lii>r«  '.I  to  II  milllonN  ofiioiindii  itioru  vviirly,  unil  iklmiit  I  million  of  poiiniU  to 
Hiitiiia,  It''. '^i'.  Iliiiialn  lin|M)rt(>il  Into  I'utcmbiirit,  Iti  nil,  Ih,1(),  'li  mllllonii  of  poiinila  i  IHIII,  7-10 
liiljlloii  of  poiinilc  IH3*i,  1  N-iu  nillllun  of  poinuU  In  1^*34,  liclRliini  li  iiilil,  by  Mr.  Aliv.xnniler,  to  linvo 
iiii|i<irt)'il  12)  inlllloiiH  ol  poiindN  of  riiw  cotton.  It  la  aiilil,  In  the  Wi'ntnilimtvr  Uvvlew,  fur  April,  1H35, 
that  Lumbarily  nliinu  cuniinnci  4  inllllonii  of  pouiiili  of  raw  cotton  yearly.' 
IX.    Raw  Cotton,— .Quantity  mnniinictured  In 


rvn. 

Enfltml. 

MillioiM 

rrue*. 

Unilid  MUIM. 

Chin*  inil 
India. 

K.  Amtrira 

It  Mtiico, 

Inrluiling 

Bnill. 

0«mitny, 

Turkey 

^tlKl 

Atrlct. 

■pain. 

FruNU. 

ElMwhira. 

Milliaw 

Millioui 

Milliniu 

Milliou 

Millioni 

Mlllk)ni 

Millinitf 

Milllou 

Mlllinm 

lln. 

ll«. 

lh<. 

Ibb 

ll». 

Ibt. 

Ibi. 

llM. 

lU. 

lU. 

1780 

13  1-3 

n  the  3  cuuntrlei. 

1784 

11  1-4 

1789 

1790 

.10  1-3 

— 

s 

1791 

!M 

10 

Sl-3 

385 

SO 

15 

63 

3 

3 

60 

1792 

33  1-2 

1793 

17  3-4 

17M 

33 

1795 

33 

1790 

31 

1797 

23  1-4 

1798 

31 

IS 

1799 

43 

10  1-4 

ISflO 

31 

0  3-4 

8  [1.10] 

ll<01 

53  3-4 

11 

0 

380 

45 

33 

SO 

3 

S 

SO 

IH09 

30  1-2 

15  1-10 

1803 

31  ,3-4 

15  3-4 



— 



— 

— 

3 

lh04 

60  3-4 

17  1-4 

1805 

38  3-4 

IN  1-3 

11  [1-8] 

180« 

57  1-4 

313-4 

1807 

72  1-2 

1808 

41  1-2 

1809 

87  1-3 

1810 

136 

35 

16  [3  1-3] 

1811 

80  2-3 

33 

17 

370 

48 

S3 

48 

S 

e 

80 

1812 

30  3-4 

31 

1813 

1814 

931.3 

1815 

03 



311-3 

1916 

861-3 

1817 

116  1-3 

30  or  26 

1818 

173 

1819 

132  3-4 

1820 

142 

44 

1821 

114 

47 

SO 

360 

43 

SO 

45 

8 

7 

4S 

1822 

120  1-3 

61 

1823 

177 

30  1-3 

1824 

131 

75 

— 

— . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

7  7-10 

1825 

206 

60 

1826 

1501-4 

90 

18*7 

250  1-2 

87 

1828 

208  1-4 

61 

60 

1829 

100  3-4 

711-2 

1830 

255 

87  1-3 

1831 

257 

651-2 

771-3 

1832 

260 

78 

1833 

384  1-3 

87 

80  to  85 

343 

35 

se 

43 

10 

20 

40 

1834 

297 

80 

1835 

320  1-4 

— 

100 

X. 

Manufactures  of  Cotton. 

Whole  valUB  of,  yearly,  in 

Capital  employed  in  Man\.fa«turing  by  Machinery  in         | 

Ttin. 

1 

England. 

France. 

United  Slalea. 

England. 

France. 

Dniled  StalM. 

Milliona 

Milliona 

Millioni 

Millioni 

Mllioni 

Millioni 

Uollan. 

Dollara. 

Dollara. 

Uollan. 

dollan. 

Dollan. 

1815 

951 

34 

— 

— 

40 

1816 

1817 



36 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1822 

72 

1823 

155 

1824 

148  to  100 

1825 

1826 

68 


^■■A 


i* 


t    .      I 


538 


■t^^  •.KM 


■mill 

!     'S 
! »  t  '" 


COTTON. 

X.    Manufactures  of  Cotton— eon(in««rf. 


Teaiii 

Whole  nine  of,  yearly,  In 

Capital  employed  in  Manuractnrinf;  by  Machinery  ig 

Eagland. 

Fnnce. 

United  States. 

England. 

France. 

Unitol  Slates. 

1837 
1838 
1839 

1830 

1831 
1833 

1833 

1834 
1835 

Millions 

Dollan. 

171 

144 

C  178  \ 
X  (149)  1 
160  1-3 

Millions 
Dollan. 

40 

54 
63 

Millions 
DoUan. 

f  36  1 
t(40)X 

45  to  50 

Millions 
Dollars. 
3001 

3351 

216 

160 
C3601 
1168/ 

3S0 

185 

Millions 
Dollar*. 

115 

MillioQs 
Dollan. 

40  3-4  or  62 
441-8 

80 

"The  value  of  manufactured  cottons,  when  the  quantity  of  raw  cotton  in  them  is  the  8amc,  differs 
greatly  according  to  different  periods  of  time  in  the  same  country,  and  according  to  the  quality  of  the 
raw  material,  and  the  machinery  used,  and  the  skill  employed.  Thus,  in  England,  in  20  years  at^icr 
Arkwright's  invention  in  spinning,  manufactured  cottons  fell  nearly  eight  ninths  of  their  former  price. 
Every  ten  years  since,  some  have  computed  their  fall  in  price  as  eqiial  to  50  per  cent.  In  the  American 
Encyclopedia,  article  Cotton,  it  is  said  thot,  from  1S15  to  182!),  the  coarse  cloths  fell  twothird.s." 

"The  best  cotton  goods  are  supposed  to  be  made  in  Switzerland,  where  the  skill  and  machinery  are 
good,  and  the  climate  congenial.  But  the  raw  material,  being  carried  so  far  by  land,  is  (>xpenBlve,  and 
the  manufacturer  cannot  compete  with  England,  thougli  20  per  cent,  cheaper  than  in  I'rance." 

"In  France  many  fine  goods  are  made  by  skill  and  experience;  but  the  machinery  is  poorer,  and  costs 
more.  Hence  the  prices  in  those  two  countries,  of  the  cloth  made  from  a  pound  of  raw  cotton,  exceed 
on  an  average  50  cents,  while  in  England  they  are  about  50  cents,  and  in  the  United  States  are  now 
somewhat  less.  In  1806  the  cotton  was  made  chiefly  into  velveteens,  nankeens,  crapes,  muslins,  &c " 

"  In  1810  our  cotton  cloths  made  in  houses  and  manufactories,  on  an  average,  were  estimated  at  33 
cents  per  yard  in  Coxe's  tables,  page  10.  The  prices  are  now  lower,  notwithstanding  the  introduction 
80  extensively  of  finer  cloths  and  of  printing  calicoes." 

"  We  make  more  coarse  and  substantial  cloths  of  cotton  now  than  England,  and  they  can  he  afforded 
cheaper  by  2  or  3  cents  per  yard.  They  are  in  greater  demand  abroail.  We  put  more  staple  into 
them,  the  raw  material  being  cheaper  here.  But  the  English  laces,  being  made  chiefly  of  sea-island 
cotton,  with  a  very  Utile  silk,  enhance  the  value  of  each  pound  to  over  $5;  and  tlie  whole  manufac- 
ture of  it  equals  Otnillions  of  dollars  per  annum,  and  30}  millions  of  yards." 

"The  coarse  India  co.tong  are  made  of  the  worst  materials  and  less  smooth,  being  chiefly  spun  by 
band,  and  the  raw  material  poorer.    But  the  thread  so  spun  is  softer  and  the  cloth  more  durable." 

XI.    Manufactures  of  Cotton. 


Fenons  employed,  connected  with  factories,  chiefly,  number  of 

Spindles  employed  in 

factories,  number  of 

Yean. 

In  England.    '    ITniled  States. 

France. 

In  England. 

ITniled  SUtes. 

France. 

Swilzerlaiid. 

1750 

30,0001 

1760 

16,0001 

1770 

30,0001 

1784 

80,0001 

1787} 

163,000  to 
360,0001 

1789 



— 

— 

49,500 

1790 

_ 

— 

— 

— 

70 

1791 

1792 

1793 

1794 

1795 

1790 

1797 

1798 

1709 

1800 

1801 

1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 

„_ 

— 

— 

— 

4,500 

1806 



— 

120,000 

— 

— 

81,000 

1807 

_ 

— 

_ 

— 

8,000 

1808 

1809 

800,0001 

— 

— 

— 

31,000 

1810 

— 

— 

— 

Millions. 

87,000 

1811 

— 

— 

— 

5 

60,000 

Millions. 

1813 

.«. 



_ 

41-31 

— 

1 

1813 

1814 

, 

._ 

... 



123,646 

1815 

-V 

100,000 

_ 

— 

130,000 

1816 

— M 



_ 

6  2-3 

1817 

_,_ 

^^ 

.^, 

6  3-3 

1818 

, 

__ 

.._ 

— 

13-10 

1819 

1820 

— 

— , 

■  — 

— 

220,000 

.!' 


COTTON. 


539 


lanufacturing  by  Machinery  io 

rrance. 

Unite*  Slain, 

Vlillioni 
Dollan. 

Milliniu 
UoUui. 

— 

40  3-4  or  62 



441-8 

119 

— 

80 

in  lliem  ia  the  same,  differs 
online  to  the  (jiiality  of  tlie 
I  En);lan(l,  in  20  years  after 
nintlia  of  their  former  price. 
)  per  cent.  In  the  Aniericuii 
loths  fell  two  thirds." 
the  skill  anil  machinery  are 
r  by  land,  is  ijxpensive,  and 
ler  than  in  Trance." 
ichinery  is  poorer,  anil  costs 
]ound  of  raw  cotton,  e.xcecd 
1  the  United  States  are  now 
eena,  crapes,  muslins,  &c " 
jrage,  were  estimated  at  33 
tba'tanding  the  iiitroductiun 

•nd,  and  they  can  he  afforded 

We  put  more  ataple  into 

g  made  chiefly  of  sea-island 

5 ;  und  the  whole  nianufac- 

looth,  being  chiefly  spun  by 
the  cloth  more  durable," 


D  factories,  nun)t}er  of 


France, 


Switiertiad. 


81,000 


Millions. 
1 


13-10 


XI.    Manufactiirea  of  Cotton. — continued. 

Spindles  employed  in  factories,  numlier  of                      ' 

Tean. 

In  England. 

United  Stales. 

France. 

In  England. 

United  Slates. 

France.       |      Swilicrland.     • 

I8il 





„ 



230,000 

182'J 

427,000 

1633 

1824 

— 

— 

— 

6T 

— 

— 

259,900 

1823 

— 

— 

— 

1 

800.000 

1826 

1827^ 

705,000  to 

1,000,000 

Mlllioni. 

1828 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Utol 

1829 

— 

— 

— 

7 

1830 

— 

C  179,000  ■) 
175,1465 

— 

U 

1831 

— 

200,000 

200,000 

7i  to  Si 

1832 

1,200,000 

— 

— 

— 

— 

H 

1833 

1,500,000 

1834 

— 

— 

600,000 

9} 

1835 

— 

— 

— 

U 

There  was  "  very  little  spinning  by  machinery  in  France  till  after  1785. — And  the  cotton  cloths  were 
chiefly  made  from  thread  or  yarn  imported  from  England,  Switzerland,  and  the  Levant.  There  were 
large  numbers  of  cotton  pocket  handkerchiefs  made  at  Rouen,  Montpelier,  &c.  aa  early  aa  1789. 

"  The  change  of  late  yeara  in  some  places  in  England,  from  the  hand  to  the  power  loom,  haa  caused 
some  distress,  and  the  employment  of  a  larger  portion  of  females  and  children ;  now  about  one  fifth 
there  are  men,  one  third  women,  and  the  rest  children.  The  number  of  hand  looms  in  England,  in 
1620  and  1830,  waa  about  the  same,  viz. :  240,000,  but  that  of  power  looms  had  increased  from  14,000 
to  55,000.  Each  of  the  latter  performs  as  much  as  three  of  the  former.  In  1834,  ths  power  looms  had 
become  100,000." 

XII.— Manufactures  of  Cotton.— Values  of  Exports  of  their  own,  from 


Years. 

England. 

France. 

Germany. 

Spain. 
Millions 

Turkey  and 
Africa. 

India. 

United  States.  \    China. 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

DolUrs. 

Dollars. 

Dalian. 

DolUrs. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

OIBciil  Value. 

1789 

6 

1790 

8 

1791 

9 

1792 

9» 

1793 

8i 

1794 

lU 

1795 

11* 

1796 

15i 

1797 

17 

1798 

17 

1799 

28 

!M0 

m 

1801 

33 

1802 

37 

— 

— 



— 

20 

1803 

34 

— 

— 

s 

1804 

41 

IS05 

45 

b06 

50 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

-" 

4 

1807 

48 

IS08 

61 

1809 

92 

1810 

90 

1811 

68 

«I812 

78 

1   1613 

Keal  or 

declared 

value. 

18 

1814 

84             95 

1815 

1U6            98 

1816 

86             74 

1817 

101             76 

1M8 

98             89* 

!   1819 

88i           70 

3 

'   1820 

107*           79 



— 

— 

— 

— 

■— 

'   1821 

113             77 

1    1822 

128             82 

1    1823 

137             82i 

4* 

IS24 

143            86 

6* 

182S 
1826 

135             86 
119            7U 

__ 



— 

— 

1  1-10 
1  1-10 
1  1-10 
1  1-4 
1  1-3 
1  1-10 

1  2-10 

2  1-2 

If 

1827 

157             83i 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1828 

159i           81 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

i    1829 

197             83i 

4i 

— 

— 

— 

— 

i    1830 

188             81 

10 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1831 

208            83 

10* 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1832 

209             63} 

10* 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1833 

222            88 

11 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1834 

98* 

10 

— 

— 

— 

— 

2  2-10 

1835 

88i 

^ 1 

.«M 


640 


COTTON. 


"1    u 
1 


in 


I 


:i-  i\ 


i 


|pi>*«iiiau, 


"The  exports  of  English  (cotton)  manufactures.  In  18.S3  and  4,  were  about  one  third  in  valut  In 
yarn.    Some  years  yarn  constitutes  one-half  in  weight." 

"  From  1814  to  1823  inclusive,  the  value  of  yarn  e.\|ii)rted  compared  with  the  value  of  other  cottoji 
goods,  increased  slowly  from  behig  about  one  seventh  and  one  sixth,  to  be  about  one  fifth.  The  pro- 
portional  increase  of  yarn  has  been  even  greater  since.  The  yarn  exported  is  understood  to  be  ge- 
nerally coarse." 

"The  declared,  or  what  is  sometimes  called  tlie  real  value,  in  the  2d  column  (of  the  above  table)  jj 
still  usually  from  2^  to  5  per  cent,  uiuler  the  actual  market  value.  The  ojficial  value  is  founded  un 
the  quantity,  computing  the  price  as  it  was  at  the  close  of  the  17th  century,  or  A.  O.  1680." 

"The  exports  of  cotton  manufactures  from  England  are  now,  and  for  gome  years  liuve  been,  nearly 
equal  to  one  half  of  her  exports  of  every  kind." 

XIII.    Manufactures  of  Cotton.— Value  of  exports  from 


England  to 

Enjland  to 

F,ni;laiid  to 

England  to 

Eni;hnd  to  In- 

England tn 
SoutliAinerica 

I    Various 
places  to 
Spain. 

Varioui 
phct-j  to 
Russia. 

Enj;land  to 

Yean. 

Unitod  Stales. 

France, 

Germany. 

Netberlands. 

dia  and  China. 

and  Mexico, 
except  Brazil. 

Brazil. 

.Millions 

Dollars. 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millioni 

Millions 

Millions 

Millioni 

DoUan, 
Real 
Olli.  or  dec. 

Uollan. 

Uullars. 

Dollars. 

Dollara. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

DolltB. 

Whole  snm. 

1820 

8,700 

20 

5 

4 

- 

4  8-10 

1821 

6  6-10 

8,500 

18 

5 

5  1-4 

1832 

8  2-10 

18,000 

19 

5  1-2 

5  1-2 

1823 

7 

22,000 

14  1-2 

7 

6 

1824 

7  6-10 

55,000 

13  1-2 

6  1-2 

5  3-4 

- 

. 

2  7-10 

1825 

11 

57,000 

15  1-2 

7 

5  1-2 

1836 

6  1-2 

119,000 

14 

6 

5  3-4 

189.7 

8 

122,000 

14  3-4 

6  3-4 

0  1-2 

5  1-2 

1828 

8  3-4 

110,000 

13  3-4 

6  3-4 

- 

6  3-4 

1820 

6  1-2 

122,000 

14  1-2 

6  3  4 

_ 

7  1-4 

18.30 

6  2-10 

50,000 

14 

6 

. 

8  1-4 

1831 

13 

240,000 

11  1-4 

6  1-2 

9  1-4 

7^  7i] 

. 

. 

3  1-3 

1832 

8  1-10 

318,000 

15  .3-4 

8  1-3 

8  2-3 

6  1-3 

- 

6 

Bl-3 

1833 

C6  3-10  or 
18  3-10 

450,000 

14  1-2 

9  1-10 

8 

6  1-2 

" 

6  1-2 

8*        ■ 

1834 

8  2-10 

730,000 

15  3-4 

10 

7  1-3 

8 

6 

7  1-4 

XIV. 

Manufactures  of  Cotton.— Value  of  exports  from 

France  to  the 

France  to 

France  to  her 

Germanv  to 

V.  states  to 

U.  Slates  to  In- 

United States  to 

United  S'.»te«  In 

United  Slates. 

England. 

Colonies. 

tlie  U.  States. 

and  .Mexico. 

dia  and  Africa. 

China. 

the  West  InJi-,. 

1 

Millions 

jMillions 

Millions 

Millions 

Millions 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollar!. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

1821 

1-25 

- 

1-30 

1822 

1-7 

, 

. 

1-20 

1823 

1-7 

_ 

. 

1-20 

1824 

1-3 

« 

. 

1-18 

1825 

1-6 

. 

- 

4-10 

Whole 

turn 

slateil. 

1826 

1-2 

. 

- 

1-3 

9-10 

10,000 

14,000 

Oil.llflO 

1827 

1-3 

. 

. 

3-10 

9-10 

13,000 

9,000 

fifi.OOO 

1828 

1-2 

_ 

. 

1-2 

8-10 

22,000 

14,900 

4fi.oun 

1829 

1-2 

. 

. 

4-10 

I  8-10 

37,000 

26,000 

•lo.noo 

18.30 

2-.1 

- 

. 

1-3 

1 

75,000 

56,000 

47,000 

1831 

1  1-2 

1-20 

- 

9-10 

9-10 

66,000 

49,000 

41,000    i 

1832 

I  1-4 

9-10 

. 

1-2 

9-10 

83,000 

8X,000 

,'i3,oon 

1833 

3-4 

_ 

1  i-4 

1-6 

1  9-10 

120.000 

215,000 

sii.odo    ' 

1834 

1  1-10 

. 

I  to  3 

3-10 

1  5-10 

186  000 

152,000 

127,000    ! 

1835 

.-J 

The  raw  cotton  exported  from  the  United  States  amounted,  in  1836,  to  423,631,307 
#71,284,925;  in  1837,  to  444,211,537  lbs,,  valued  at  »63,240,102 ;  in  1838,  to  505,9.52,2,)7 
#61,556,811, 

In  1836,  there  were  exported  to  Great  Britain  (including  Ireland)  202,518,707  llw. 
101,363,189  lbs. ;  in  1837,  to  Great  Britain  321,.570„368  lbs.,  and  to  France  99,3(^,11^7  1 
Great  Britain  441,857,943  lbs.,  and  to  France  120,324,425  lbs. 

Export  of  Cotton  to  Foreign  Ports,  from  1st  October,  1837,  to  30th  September 


lbs.,  v.tIii^.I  lit 
lbs.,  valrcd  at 

and  tn  Fran* 
bs. ;  iu  183S,  lo 


,  1S.33. 


FROM 

New  Orleans             .... 
Mississippi,  (Natchez)         .           .           - 
Alabama        .           .           -           .           - 

Florida 

Georgia  (Savannah  and  Darien)    - 
South  Carolina          .... 
North  Carolina          .... 
Virginia          ..... 
Baltimore       .           .           -           -           . 
Philadelphia  ..... 
New  York      ..... 
Boston            ..... 

Grand  total    -           .           .           . 
Total  last  year          ... 

Increase         .... 
Decrease        .... 

To  Gre.it 
Britain. 

To  France, 

To  North  of 
Knnipe. 

Odier  Foreign 
rorls. 

Total. 
Knht. 

631.437 
1.1.210 

2'2.'),0tVl 

.34.1.14 

2'29,70S 

216,407 

4,CT 

10.4.".-  1 

2,3  IS 

4.600 

161,050 

676 

I, ,575,620 
1,1 68,42-. 

407,204 

Ilnln. 

48l„501 

15.216 

158,09,9 

31,002 

201, ,582 

158.212 

4,270 

12,205 

2,210 

2.054 

97,005 

Unk.t. 
127,828 

61,123 

2.210 

27.021 

55,6s5 

4' 136 

'4'-.5 

4'",020 

50 

JSnlf. 
7,580 

.3,088 

560 
28,853 

2,446 

78 

OO.-i 

18. ion 

483 

}lnlr.f. 
14,528 

12 

632 
3,717 

'651 

2.^2 

4'^3 

1,16,5,155 
850,786 

.321,480 
260,722 

63,090 
26,437 

25,890 
30,480 

4.585 

3M,.369 

60,758 

36,662 

r-!  <■' 


COTTON. 


541 


30Ut  onn  third  in  valui  In 

1  tlK!  value  of  other  cotoa 
about  one  (iftli.  The  pro- 
Rct  ia  understood  to  be  e,e- 

nmn  (of  the  above  table)  is 
Metal  value  is  founded  un 
■forA.D.  1080." 
ne  years  Imve  been,  nearly 


rom 


V.uious 
pUccit  to 
Spain. 


Various 
])Iices  to 
Russia. 


England  to , 
firuil. 


Millions 
Dollars. 


Millions 
IJollars. 


4  8-10 


2  7-10 


Millioni 
llullus. 


6 

6  1-2 
6 


3  1-S 
6  1-3 


7  1-4 


i  from 


[n-    United  States  to 
a.  China. 


Dollars. 


Unitei)  States  In  | 
ihe  West  Iniiiss. 


Dollars. 


sum 

slated. 

14,000 

fK),OflO 

9,000 

fifi.OOO 

14,901) 

46,oun 

20,000 

49.000 

6(i.(ino 

47,000 

40,000 

41,000    1 

8-1,1)00 

,'i:i,ooo 

215,000 

sii.OdO 

152,000 

127,000 

1(1  42S,(';U,S07  l!is.,  vnliif.1  lit 
|tu  5U5,9.V2,-J',)7  lbs.,  valued  at 

J  518,707  lbs  .and  to  Fran* 
tc  99,;!!)'^,  1'. '7  lbs.;  in  1838, to 

Ith  Scptenibf!r,  1S3.S. 


nrttior  ,0;lier  I'rircijn 
iiipe.      1        I'orls. 

ToUl. 

— 



l...        1 

Hale 

7hlii. 

,580    ! 

U,KS 

031,437 

p>'<"     1 

1.5.2  It) 

01^8 

1,010 

2-15,0li'l 

12 

34,154 

500 

032 

2'i9,7i)S 

,853 

3,717 

240,46: 

. 

4,'270 

140 

051 

19,43- 

78 

_ 

2,31^ 

005 

2.^2 

4,606 

.190 

3.'*20 

101.950 

483 

483 

676 

25,890 

090 

1,. 575,62'.) 

.437 

30,480 

1,168.42.1 

,662 

407,20-1 

1       4. .585 

— 

The  imports  of  ravy  cotton  from  abroad, inihc  thren  years  of  which  we  speak,  amounted  respectively 
to  1,617,  390— 1,298,385— and  1,529,500  lbs.  Those  were  chictly  from  Ti!.\as,  and  were  for  the  most  part 
ie-e.\pnrted. 

Ofcollim  manufactures  genoraJly  there  were  imporli'd  into  the  country  in  1''30,  to  the  value  of 
517,870,087—^14,092,477  of  which  were  imported  from  (Jreat  liritaiii,  and  JS2',321,0(iS  frdin  Franci- ;— in 
1-37,  to  the  value  of  .911,1.50,841,— .8^,118.175  of  which  «  rru  from  (Jreat  Britain,  and  .Sl,791,0.'>0  from 
France  ;— in  lft3;<,  to  the  value  of  $0,599,330, — .$4,&00,Uy5  of  which  were  from  Great  llriiaiii,  and 
iiUl.fl?!  from  France. 

,j-2,7')5.076,  $2,0^3,418,  and  ^1,153,500  of  the  cotton  manufactures  imported,  in  the  several  years  1836, 
Ig;i7,  a'ld  1.'.'38,  were  re-e.xported,  chiclly  to  Mexico,  Cuba,  and  South  America. 

The  exports  of  domestic  lottou  (roods  were,  in  these  years,  §2,255,734.  $'2,b31, 173,  and  $3,758,755  re- 
.ipi'Ctivi'ly  ;  and  chiefly  to  Cuba,  Soiiili  America,  and   Africa. 

The  imports  into  the  country  of  cottnn  bajzainS-  diirin-,'  the  same  period,  amounted  to  .^1,701,451, 
$4i9.2Jl,  and  .^173,235,- almost  exclusively  from  Great  lirilain  and  the  Ilanse  towns.  A  very  incon- 
sidf  ruble  quantity  only  of  the  article  was  ve-exporttMl. 

Sec  articles  Imports  and  E  vpoiits,  and  Taiiiff. — Am.  Ed.] 

COVVH.\GE,  on  COWITCH  (Hind.  Kiwach),  the  fruit  or  bean  of  a  perennial  climb- 
iiiK  I'lmit  {Doliclw.  pruricns  Lin.).  It  is  a  native  of  India,  as  well  as  of  .several  other  eastern 
fouii'^ies,  and  of  America.  The  pod  is  about  4  or  5  inches  long,  a  little  curved,  and  con- 
tjins  from  3  to  fj  oval  and  flattish  seeds;  the  outsidd  is  thickly  covered  with  short,  bristly, 
i.rown  hairs,  which,  if  ifK.iiitiotisly  touched,  stick  to  the  skin,  and  occasion  intolerable  itch- 
iiic.  Syrup  tiiickenod  with  the  hairs  is  prescribed  in  certain  complaints. — {Ainsllc's  Materia 
Indicu.) 

COWRIES  (Ger.  Kauris ;  Du.  Kaurin  ,•  Fr.  Coris,  Cauris,  Boui^es  ,•  It.  Cori,  Pored- 
lane ;  Sp.  Bucios  Zimhon)  are  small  shells  brought  from  the  Maldives,  which  ))ass  current 
as  coin  in  smaller  payments  in  Hindostan.  and  throiurhout  extensive  districts  in  Africa. 
They  used  to  \w.  imported  into  England  previous  to  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  in  which 
ihcv  were  subsequontly  employed.  They  are  an  article  of  trade  at  Bombay.  The  best  are 
f\m\\,  clean,  and  white,  having  a  beautiful  gloss ;  those  that  arc  yellow,  larp;c,  and  without 
lustre,  shijuld  be  rejected.  The  freight  is  calculated  at  20  cwt.  to  the  ton. — {Milburii's 
Orient.  Com.) 

CRANBERRIES,  on  RED  WHORTLEBERRIES,  the  fruit  of  a  moss  plant,  the 
Yaccinium  oxycocctis  of  Liniiffius.  The  berries  are  globular,  about  the  size  of  currants;  arc 
llmnd  in  mossy  bogs  in  dift'erent  parts  of  Scotland,  but  not  in  great  numbers  :  they  were 
once  common  in  Lincolnshire,  and  the  northern  parts  of  Norfolk  ;  but  since  the  bogs  have 
been  drained  and  cultivated,  they  arc  rarely  met  with.  Cranberries  have  a  peculiar  flavour, 
and  a  sharp,  acid,  agreeable  taste ;  they  are  easily  preserved,  and  are  extensively  used  in 
nuking  tarts.  They  are  very  abundant  in  North  America,  and  in  the  northern  parts  of 
Kussia;  the  latter  being  of  a  superior  qualify.  We  import  from  30,000  to  3.') ,000  gallons 
annually.  It  is  said  that  some  very  line  ones  have  recently  been  brought  from  New  South 
Wales. 

CRAPE  (Fr.  Crepe;  Ger.  Flohr,  Krau^Jlohr ;  It.  Espumilla,  Soplillo ,-  Rus.  Flior ; 
8p.  Crespu7i),  a  light  transparent  stull",  in  manner  of  gauze,  made  of  raw  silk,  gummed  and 
twisted  on  the  mill  and  woven  without  crossing.  It  is  principally  used  in  mourning.  Crape 
was  originally  miinifactured  in  Bologna ;  but  that  made  in  this  country  is  now  deemed 
superior  to  any  made  in  Italy. 
CREAM  OF  TARTAR.     Seo  Auoal. 

CREDIT,  the  term  used  to  express  the  trust  or  confidence  placed  by  one  individual  in 
another,  when  he  assigns  him  money,  or  other  property  in  loan,  or  without  stipulating  for 
iis  immediate  payment.  The  party  who  lends  is  said  to  give  credit,  and  tlie  parly  who  bor- 
rows to  obtain  credit. 

Orii^iii  and  Nature  af  Credit. — In  the  earlier  stages  of  society,  credit  is  in  a  great 
measure  unknown.  This  arises  partly  from  the  circumstance  of  very  little  capital  being 
ilien  accumulated,  and  partly  from  government  not  having  the  means,  or  not  being  suffi- 
ciently careful,  to  enforce  that  punctual  attention  to  engagements  so  indispen  'ble  to  the 
existence  of  confidence  or  credit.  But  as  society  advances,  ca[)ital  is  gradually  ai-ciiiuulated, 
and  the  observance  of  contracts  is  enforced  by  public  authority.  Credit  then  begins  to  grow 
up.  On  the  one  hand,  those  individuals  who  have  more  cajiital  than  they  can  conveniently 
employ,  or  who  are  desirous  of  withdrawing  fioin  business,  arc  disposed  to  lend,  or  to  trans- 
fer, a  part  or  the  whole  of  their  capital  to  others,  on  condition  of  their  obtaining  a  certain 
stipulated  premium  or  interest  for  its  use,  and  what  they  consider  sullicient  security  for  its 
repwmi'nt ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  there  are  always  individuals  to  be  met  with,  di-;[)osed  to 
borrow,  partly  (and  among  merchants  principally)  in  order  to  extend  their  busine.-ss  beyond 
the  limits  to  which  they  can  carry  it  by  means  of  their  own  capital,  or  to  purchase  commo- 
dities on  speculation,  and  partly  to  defray  debts  already  contracted.  These  dill'orciit  classes 
of  individuals  mutually  accommodate  each  other.  Those  desirous  of  being  relieved  from  the 
fatigues  of  business,  find  it  very  convenient  tii  lend  their  capital  to  others ;  while  such  as 
are  anxious  to  enlarge  their  businesses,  obtain  the  means  of  prosecuting  them  to  a  greater 
extent. 
It  is  plain,  that  to  whatever  extent  the  power  of  ihe  borrower  of  a  quantity  of  produce,  or 
Vol.  I.-.2  Z 


X 


642 


CREDIT. 


mm 

'Ml  HtM 


1 


IM«S>>  "'H 


IH 


'1i 


a  sum  of  money,  to  cxtond  his  business  may  be  increased,  that  of  the  lender  must  be  equallv 
diminished.  The  same  portion  of  capita!  cannot  be  employed  by  two  individuals  at  the  same 
time.  If  A.  transfer  his  capital  to  B.,  he  necessarily,  by  so  doing,  deprives  himself  of  a  power 
or  capacity  of  production  which  B.  acquires.  It  is  most  probal)le,  indeed,  that  this  capita) 
will  he  more  productively  employed  in  the  hands  of  B.  than  of  A  ;  for  the  fact  of  A.  haviiiL- 
lent  it  shows  that  he  either  had  no  means  of  employing  it  advantageously,  or  was  disinclimij 
to  take  the  trouble ;  while  the  fact  of  B.  having  borrowed  it  shows  that  he  conceives  he  ciui 
advantageously  employ  it,  or  that  he  can  invest  it  so  as  to  make  it  yield  an  interest  to  the 
lender,  and  a  profit  to  '  irnself  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  except  in  so  for  as  credit  contri- 
butes  in  the  way  now  mentioned,  to  brinr;  Ci  uital  into  the  possession  of  those  who,  it  mav 
be  fairly  presumed,  will  employ  it  most  benefit  lally,  it  conduces  nothing  to  the  increase  oi 
wealth. 

The  most  common  method  of  making  a  loan  is  by  selling  commodities  on  credit,  or  or 
condition  that  they  shall  be  paid  at  some  future  period.  The  price  is  increased  proportion 
ally  to  the  length  of  credit  given ;  and  if  any  doubt  be  entertained  with  respect  to  the  pimr. 
ti  aKfy  or  solvency  of  the  buyer,  a  further  sum  is  added  to  the  price,  in  order  to  cover  tlio 
risk  that  the  seller  or  lender  runs  of  not  receiving  payment,  or  of  not  receiving  it  at  tin 
.stipulated  period.  This  is  the  usual  method  of  transacting  where  capital  is  abundant,  aiiu 
conli<lence  general ;  and  there  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt  that  the  amcimt  of  property  leir, 
in  Great  Britain,  the  Netherlands,  and  mj.st  other  commercial  coimtries,  in  this  way,  is 
infmitely  greater  than  all  that  is  lent  in  every  other  way. 

When  produce  is  sold  in  the  way  now  described,  it  is  usual  for  the  buyers  to  give  their 
hills  to  the  sellers  for  the  price,  payable  at  the  period  when  the  credit  is  to  expire  ;  and  it  is 
in  the  etfects  consequent  to  the  negocialion  of  such  bills  that  much  of  that  magical  inllucncp 
that  has  sotnetiines  been  ascribed  to  credit  is  believed  to  consist.  Suppose,  to  illustrate  tlii'j, 
that  a  paper-maker,  A.,  sells  to  a  printer,  B.,  a  quantity  of  paper,  and  that  he  gets  his  lull 
for  the  sum,  payable  at  12  months  after  date :  B.  could  not  have  entered  into  the  transactiDu 
had  he  been  obliged  to  pay  ready  money ;  but  A.,  notwithstanding  he  has  occasion  foi  the 
money,  is  enabled,  by  the  facility  of  negociating  or  discounting  bills,  to  give  the  rei|uisite 
credit,  without  disabling  himself  frv-m  prosecuting  his  businc -s.  In  a  case  like  this,  huh 
parties  are  said  to  be  supported  by  credit ;  and  as  cases  of  this  sort  are  exceedingly  cimiinon, 
it  is  contended  that  half  of  the  business  of  the  eoiintry  is  carried  on  by  its  means,  All,  linw- 
ever,  that  such  statements  really  amount  to  is,  that  a  large  proportion  of  those  enga;;eii  in 
industrious  undertakings  do  not  employ  their  own  capital,  but  that  of  others.  In  the  case  in 
question,  the  printer  employs  the  capital  of  the  paper-maker,  and  the  latter  employs  that  of 
the  banker  or  broker  who  discounted  the  bill.  Tliis  person  had  most  likely  the  amount  in 
spare  cash  lying  beside  him,  which  he  might  not  well  know  what  to  make  of;  but  the  indi- 
vidual into  whose  hands  it  has  now  come,  will  immediately  apply  it  to  useful  purposes,  or 
to  the  purchase  of  the  materials,  or  the  payment  of  the  wages  of  the  workmen  emiiluyeii 
in  his  estaidishment.  It  is  next  to  certain,  therefore,  that  th  •  transaction  will  have  ken 
advantageous.  But  still  it  is  es.sential  to  bear  in  mind  that  it  will  have  been  so,  not 
because  credit  is  of  itself  a  means  of  production,  or  because  it  can  give  birlh  to  capital  not 
already  in  existence ;  but  because,  through  its  agency,  capital  finds  its  way  itito  I'.ose  ela;'- 
ncls  in  which  it  has  the  best  chance  of  being  profitably  employed. 

The  real  advantage  derived  from  the  use  of  bills  and  bank  notes  as  money  consists,  ai  has 
been  already  shown,  in  their  sukstituting  so  cheap  a  medium  of  exchange  as  pa[)er,  in  the 
place  of  one  so  expensive  as  gold,  and  in  the  facilities  which  they  give  to  the  traiisactinijof 
commercial  affairs.  If  a  banker  lend  A.  a  note  for  100/.  or  1,000/.,  the  latter  will  lie  able  to 
obtain  an  equivalent  portion  of  the  land  or  produce  of  the  country  in  exchange  for  it:  hut 
that  land  or  produce  was  already  in  existence.  The  issue  of  the  note  did  not  •j.'.vc  it  hirlh. 
It  was  previously  in  some  one's  possession  ;  and  it  will  depend  wholly  on  the  (irciinisiance 
of  A.'s  employiiiLr  it  more  or  less  advantageously  than  it  was  previously  emiiloycd,  v.lieihev 
the  transaction  wdl,  in  a  public  point  of  view,  be  profitable  or  not.  On  analysing  any  e.be 
of  this  kind,  we  shall  invariably  find  that  all  that  the  highest  degree  of  credit  or  conlidenco 
can  do,  is  merely  to  change  the  distribution  of  capital — to  transfer  it  from  one  class  to 
another.  These  transfers  are  occasionally,  too,  productive  of  injurious  results,  liy  brin^'inT 
capital  into  the  hands  of  spendthrifts :  this,  however,  is  not,  exce|)t  in  the  '-ase  ot'  the  cieilit 
given  by  shopkeepers,  a  very  common  efl'eet;  and  there  can  be  n>  doubt  that  the  va>t 
majority  of  regidar  loans  are  decidedly  beneficial. 

A/iitsfs  of  t/w pre,si:nt  Cndit  Si/steiuin  Great  Britain.  Me/im^  of  olmntitvj,  llicm. — The 
previous  observations  refer  ra'her  to  the  credit  given  to  individuals  engaged  in  business,  who 
mean  to  employ  the  capital  which  they  borrow  in  industridus  undertakings,  than  to  that 
V  iiicli  ts  given  to  individuals  not  so  entfaged,  and  who  employ  the  advances  made  to  them 
in  su[iporting  themselves  and  their  families.  In  neither  ease  is  credit  of  advanlau'i',  unh'-s 
it  'jC  granted  with  due  'iscrimination,  and  with  reference  to  the  character,  coniiition,  a:m 
/rosjiects  of  those  receiving  it.  In  this  coiuitry,  however,  thes(>  considerations  have  lieeii  in 
a  great  measure  lost  sight  of,  in  the  granting  of  credit  by  shopkeepers  and  tradesman  ot  all 


CREDIT. 


543 


e  lender  must  be  pqually 

0  indiviilualH  at  thu  same 
prives  himself  of  a  power 
,  indeed,  that  this  capitiil 
for  the  fact  of  A.  havin- 
eously,  or  was  disincliiieil 
that  he  conceives  he  caii 
it  yield  an  interest  to  the 
;  in  so  far  as  credit  conlri- 
sion  of  those  who,  it  may 
ithing  to  the  increase  o; 

modities  on  credit,  or  oi: 
:e  is  increased  proportion 
with  reajiect  to  the  punr- 
l;o,  in  order  to  cover  the 
:  of  not  receivins;  it  at  tin 
;  capital  is  abundant,  aiin 
c  amount  of  property  kii! 
countries,  in  this  way,  is 

r  the  buyers  to  give  their 
•edit  is  to  expire ;  and  it  is 

1  of  that  magical  inlluencc 
Suppose,  to  illustrate  tlii^, 

r,  and  that  he  gets  his  bill 
•ntered  into  the  transactii)u 
g  he  has  occasion  foi  tiie 
;  hills,  to  give  the  rniuisitc 

In  a  case  like  this,  both 
•t  are  cxceeditigly  cmiiinim, 
an  by  its  means.  All,  Imw- 
irtion  of  those  engagcil  in 
it  of  others.  In  the  case  in 
the  latter  employs  that  of 
most  likely  the  amount  in 
it  to  make  of;  but  theindi- 
[v  it  to  useful  purposes,  or 
of  the  workmen  omjjloyed 
itransaction  will  have  been 

it  will  have  been  so,  not 
•an  give  birth  to  oiipital  not 

is  its  way  into  t'lose  chap- 

s  as  money  consist?,  -r,  has 

"  exchange  as  paper,  in  the 

,  give  to  the  transactiniiof 

i/.,  the  latter  will  be  able  to 

Itry  in  exchange  for  it:  but 

|e  note  did  not  'jve  it  birth, 

/holly  on  the  i  ii-ciinistaiioi) 

■viously  employed,  wheiher 

:.     On  analysin;^  any  ea^o 

[ee  of  credit  or  conlii'.enre 

Insfer  it  from  one  rlas.s  to 

lurious  res\ilti,  by  brin:{iiiT 

Ipt  ill  the  case  of  the  creilil 

jc  n>  doubt  t!vat  the  va>t 

1.9  nfnhnathvj.  ///fw.— The 
Is  engaged  in  business,  wli'i 
lunaertakiniis.  than  to  that 

he  advaufcs  made  to  them 
[credit  of  advanla-e,  unless 
L  (character,  eonduion,  and 
Tonsideruti.ins  bave  been  m 

Lpcrs  and  trade.-^man  ot  all 


descriptions.    Owing  to  tho  competition  of  such  persons,  their  extreme  eagerness  to  secure 

customers,  and  the  general  indolence  of  opulent  persons,  which  disinclines  them  to  satisfy 

every  small  debt  when  it  is  contracted,  the  system  of     iling  u[)on  credit  has  become  almost 

universal.     Few  among  us  think  of  paying  ready  mo  ey  for  any  thing ;  seven  ♦enths  of  the 

community  are  in  the  constant  practice  of  anticipat.g  their  income.;;  and  tnere  is  hardly 

one  so  bankrupt  in  character  and  fortune  as  to  be  unible  to  find  grocers,  bakers,  butchers, 

tailors,  &c.  ready  to  furnish  him  upon  credit  with  supplies  of  the  articles  in  which  they 

respectively  deal.     We  look  upon  this  facility  of  obtaining  accommodations  as  a  very  great 

evil.    They  are  not,  in  one  case  out  of  five,  of  any  real  advantage  to  the  parties  receiving 

them,  while  they  ure  productive  of  very  pernicious  results.  The  system  tempts  very  many,  and 

sometimes  even  the  most  considerate  individuals,  to  indulge  in  expenses  beyond  their  means; 

and  thus  becomes  the  most  fruitful  source  of  bankruptcy,  insolvency,  and  bad  faith.     To 

guarantee  themselves  from  the  extraordinary  risk  to  which  such  proceedings  exj)ose  them, 

tradesmen  are  obliged  to  advance  the  price  of  their  goods  to  a  most  exorbitant  height ;  so 

that  those  who  are  able,  and  who  really  mean  to  pay  the  debts  they  contract,  are,  in  fact, 

obliged  to  pay  those  of  the  hosts  of  insolvents  and  swindlers  maintained  by  the  present 

svstcm.     Many  tradesmen  consider  themselves  as  fortunate,  if  they  recovci  from  two  thirds 

to  three  fourths  of  the  sums  standing  in  their  books,  at  the  distance  of  several  years. 

The  extraordinary  extent  to  which  the  credit  practice  is  carried  may  be  learned  from  the 
inquiries  of  the  Parliamentary  Committee  on  Small  Debts.  It  appears  from  them,  that  hat- 
tors,  shoemakers,  &c.  in  the  metropolis,  have  often  4,000/.  and  upwards  on  their  books  in 
debts  below  ?0/.,  and  that^we  nixfhs  'if  their  book  debts  are  bt/ow  t'lat  sum  !  A  large  pro- 
portion of  these  debts  are  irrecoverable ;  but  owing  to  the  artificial  eniianceinent  of  prices, 
those  that  are  good  are  sufficient  to  indemnify  the  traders  for  the  loss  of  the  bad. 

It  is  not  easy,  we  think,  to  imagine  any  system  better  fitted  to  generate  improvidence  and 
liaud.  '''he  vast  majority  of  those  who  become  insolvent,  or  arc  imprisoned  for  debt,  consist 
ol'  labourers,  artisans,  half-pay  officers,  clerks  in  public  and  other  offices,  annuitants,  &c., — 
persons  whom  no  prudent  shopkeeper  would  ever  allow  to  get  permanently  into  his  debt. 
The  following  table  exhibits  some  of  the  effects  resulting  from  this  system  : — 

Number  of  Persons  committed  for  Debt  to  the  several  Prisons  of  the  Metropolis  in  the  Year  1S2",  anil 
Ilie  tjunia  for  whicli  tliuy  were  coiniriilteil. — (Purl.  I'aper,  iNo.  70.  Sess.  1S'2S,) 


i 

For  Sums 
above  1001 

For  Sums 

hetweuii 

50i.  and  lOOJ. 

For  Sums 

betwfi'ii 

BOi.  anil  20(. 

For  Sums 
under  2UZ. 

Total. 

111  C'uslody,   J 
J.iituirv  1, 

1.-;-'. 

Kinii'a  Bench  prison 
Fleet  prison  -        -        -        - 
Whiteeross  Street  prison 
Marshalsea  prison 
.  Uotsemouger  Lane  prison     - 

200 

206 

20 

57 

354 
141 

273 
30 

,18 

550 
223 
81rt 
IfiO 
131 

213 
113 
fiOO 
411 
0'23 

l,5rtl 
(it's 

1.893 
(BO 

'  172 

t)74 

2:)3 

h78 
102 
lOJ        j 

1                                  Total    - 

003       1        850 

1,880 

2,203 

5,909 

1,512        1 

It  Is  time,  certainly,  that  something  effectual  were  done  to  put  an  end  to  such  flagrant 
abuses — to  a  .system  that  sends  923  persons  to  a  single  prison  for  debts  under  20/. !  We 
uo  not  mean  to  say  or  insinuate  that  credit  may  not  frequently  be  given  to  the  labouring 
classes  with  the  best  eli'ects:  but  it  is  of  its  abuse  that  we  comidain, — of  its  being  iiidis- 
criminatc'y  granted  to  every  one ;  to  those  whom  it  encourages  to  continue  in  a  course  of 
idleness  and  profligacy,  as  well  as  to  those  industrious  and  deserving  persons  to  whom  it 
may  occasionally  be  of  the  greatest  service.  To  secure  the  advantages  of  credit  to  the  public, 
free  from  the  enormous  evils  that  result  from  its  abuse,  is  an  object  of  the  highest  importance  ; 
and  few  things,  we  believe,  would  do  so  much  to  secure  it,  as  to  take  from  creditors  tho 
power  to  arrest  and  imprison  for  debt. — (See  3.\>-Kiiue-icr.) 

It  was  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons,  (I'Jth  of  February,  1827,)  that  in  the  space  of 
2j  years,  70,000  persons  were  arrested  in  and  about  London,  at  an  expense  to  the  parties, 
iti.ay  be  estimated,  of  between  1.50,000/.  and  200,000/. !  In  18-.;7,  in  the  metropolis  and 
two  adjoining  counties,  23,51,'j  warrants  to  arrest  were  granted,  and  1 1,;J17  bailable  processes 
were  executed.  Hence  it  may  be  concluded,  that  in  this  single  year,  within  the  aliovc 
limits,  no  fewer  than  12,000  persons  were  deprived  of  their  liberty,  on  the  m(>re  allegation 
of  others,  without  any  proof  that  they  owed  them  a  farthing  !  Well  might  1  lOrd  El  Jon  say 
"that  the  law  of  arrest  is  a  permission  to  commit  acts  of  greater  oppression  and  iiihuinan- 
ilij  t/uin  are  to  be  met  with  in  slavery  itself,  and  that  the  redress  of  such  a  grievance  wouKi 
not  be  attended  with  any  fatal  consefjuences  to  the  country." 

The  following  Table,  which  shows  ihat  1,120  persons  were  conu^iilted  to  Hfirsnmongi^r 
Lane  prison,  in  18:31,  for  debts  amounting,  in  all,  to  only  2.417/.  7.<.  or/.,  being  at  an 
average  no  more  than  2/.  3s.  2d.  each,  proves  that  the  discussions  which  have  taken  place 
with  u>pcct  fo  the  law  of  arrest  and  imprisonment,  have  not,  in  any  degree,  less.'ned  its 
mischievua-  operation.  Whatever  else  may  be  dear  in  ICiiglaiid,  the  fact  tliat  thr)usauds  of 
people  are  annually  imprisoned  for  such  miserable  trifles,  sliowj  that  personal  liberty  is,  at  nil 
jvonts,  abundantly  cheap. 


t    ■* 


5:«:;:::i., 


I)-' 


i        1 

f 


f 


i 

i- 


544 


CREDIT. 


A  Hotiirn  of  the  Niimher  of  'PeMnrs  cominilfrd  to  IFnrspnionirer  T,nr(>  Prison,  on  Prnrpss  ont  of  t^• 
Court  ot'  RiMiiiijsta,  (luring  tlit^  Ycirs  eiidiii;;  Ist  of"  .lanuiiry,  1H32  unci  1833;  BtnlinR  tliu  aKunHviii. 
Animnit  ol'UobtH  and  <,'ostH,  si'|mr:iltdy,  in  oatli  Year;  sliowinif,  in  ('lassi;a,  the  Niinilipr  coiHini,.,! 
Iroin  Ono  tolesH  than  Ton  Days,  for  Ten  Days  and  lens  than  Thirty,  Fifty,  Seventy,  ami  one  ilim. 
dred  Dayn  ;  statinc.  also,  the  Amount  paid  ont  nf  the  County  or  otlier  rates  for  the  Maintenance  ;iiiil 
Support  of  such  Prisoners,  as  accurately  as  possible. 


1831. 

1832. 

Number  coinmittcil  in  the  year         .... 

1,120 

945 

Agsrregate  amount  of  debts     .           -           -           -           - 
costs     -           -           -           -           - 

£      s.   d. 

2,417    7    5 

696    2    7 

£     »,  d 

2.039  14    <) 

566  18    2 

Number  confined  from  1  to  less  than  10  days 
for  10  and-       -    •"'O 

30         -       -    50        - 
50         -        -    70        - 
70         -        -  100        - 
100  days  and  more       -           -           . 

610 
336 
77 
47 
26 
24 

394 
317 
110 

65 
2!) 

30 

Amount  paid  out  of  the  county  or  other  rates  for  the  ^^ 
maintenance  and  support  of  such  prisoners           -           -» 

£ 

208 

226            1 

We  defy  any  one  to  show  that  the  law  ofarrc.  ♦  and  imprisonmont  has  a  single  c;ond  con- 
.^cquence  to  be  placed  as  a  sot-off  against  the  iiitolpralilc  evils  of  which  it  is  pnninctive. 
Tradesmen  depend,  as  is  clearly  evinced  by  the  above  statements,  upon  the  despotical  ixnvcr 
which  it  puts  in  their  hands,  to  get  them  out  of  scrapes ;  and  believe  that  the  fear  of  ln-jn.r 
subjected  to  arrest  will  stimulate  even  the  most  sus[)icious  jmrtion  of  their  debtors  to  make 
payment  of  their  accounts.  The  records  of  our  jjrisons,  and  of  our  insolvent  and  otiiiT 
courts,  show  how  miserably  these  expectations  are  disappointed.  We  believe,  iiulwil,  thai 
we  arc  warranted  in  atfirming  that  the  more  respectable  classes  of  shopkeepers  and  trridps- 
tnen  are  now  generally  satisfied  tliat  the  present  system  requires  some  very  material  nioiljii- 
eation-s.  The  law  of  arrest  and  imprisomnent  is,  in  fact,  advantageous  to  none  init  kiimv 
atid  swindlers,  and  the  lowest  class  of  attorneys,  who  frequently  buy  up  small  accounts  ainl 
hills,  that  they  may  bring  actions  upon  them,  and  enrich  themselves  at  the  expense  of  tiio 
poor,  by  the  magnitude  of  their  charges.  Such  oppressive  proceedings  are  a  disgrace  to  l( 
civilised  country.  Were  the  law  in  question  repealed,  credit  would  be  granted  to  those  onlv 
who  deserved  it ;  for,  generally  speaking,  tradesmen,  supposing  they  had  nothing  to  trust  t) 
but  their  own  discretion,  would  not  deal,  except  for  ready  money,  with  those  «f  whn.so  ohi- 
racter  and  situation  they  were  not  perfectly  informed  ;  and  the  difficulty  under  whicli  nil 
idle  and  improvident  persons  would  thus  be  placed  of  obtaining  loans,  would  do  iiuicii  to 
wean  them  from  their  vicious  courses,  and  to  render  them  industrious  and  honest.  "  Those," 
says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  who  have  made  the  laws,  have  apparently  considered  that  every  ilcl'i- 
ciency  of  payment  is  the  crime  of  the  debtor.  But  the  truth  is,  that  the  creditor  iilwuys 
sliares  the  act,  and  often  more  than  shares  the  guilt  of  iniproper  trust.  It  seldom  ha)i|iens 
that  any  man  imprisons  another  hut  for  debts  which  he  sutrered  to  be  contracted  in  hope  of 
advantage  to  himself,  and  for  bargains  in  which  he  proportioned  his  prolit  to  his  own  opinion 
of  the  hazard ;  and  there  is  no  reason  why  one  should  punish  another  for  a  contract  in 
which  both  concurred." 

The  power  of  taking  goods  in  execution  for  debts  is  also  one  that  requires  to  be  materially 
modified.  At  present,  the  household  furniture  of  every  man,  and  even  the  impkinmh  mtd 
in  his  trade,  should  there  be  nothing  else  to  lay  hold  of,  may  be  seized  and  sold  in  satisfac- 
tion of  any  petty  claim.  It  seems  to  us  quite  clear  that  some  limits  should  be  set  to  this 
power;  and  that  such  articles  as  are  indispensable  either  to  the  subsistence  or  the  business 
of  any  poor  niau  ought  to  be  exempted  from  execution,  and,  perhaps,  distress.  The  )]resrat 
practice,  by  stripjjing  its  victims  of  the  means  of  support  and  employment,  drives  them  to 
despair,  and  is  productive  only  of  crimes  and  disorders. 

We  are  glad  to  observe  that  there  seems  to  be  a  growing  conviction  among  mercantile 
men,  of  the  inconveniences  arising  frcii  ;he  [iresent  practice.  A  petition  against  imprison- 
ment, for  small  debts,  sub.scribed  by  iiviijy  of  the  most  eminent  merchants,  manufacturers, 
bankers,  &c.  of  the  city  of  Glasgow,  was  presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  183:).  I; 
contains  so  brief,  and  at  the  same  time  so  forcible,  an  exposition  of  tho  evils  resulting  from 
the  present  system,  that  we  shall  take  the  liberty  of  laying  it  before  our  readers. 

"  Your  petitioners  have  been  lone  and  seriously  impressed  with  the  belieCthat  very  2;i>!U  evils  have 
arisen  and  ilo  arise  from  tin'  iinprisoninent  of  debtors  in  Sc(Ulan;l,  espi'clnlly  for  sm:\\\  sums. 

•■  'I'lie  petitioners  wdl  not  here  question  the  policy  of  tlie  existing;  laws  w  Inch  anllmrise  the  inipri- 
sonnieMl  of  (Ic'lilors  for  considerable  stuns,  nor  do  lin^y  intend  to  object  lo  the  creditor  retMiniii;  ill'; 
t'i)lb:sl  power  over  the  properly  and  ell'ects  of  his  deiitor;  bill  they  are  humbly  of  opinion  tlnl.  in  si 
far  as  these  laws  siive  crediiors  the  power  to  imprison  dc^blors  for  small  sums,  mmIi  as  >•/.  ami  iinilrr, 
they  are  not  only  nijurious  lo  tlie  public,  and  ruinous  lo  tlie  debtor,  but  even  hiiiifiil  to  the  crcilitur 
himself. 

"  It  wrrihl  be  a  waste  of  lime  tn  dwell  upon  the  li.iri!?hip  of  snbjertinc  debtors  to  imprisoiiuieiu  fi" 
small  debls.  coiitr;irled  soinelinifs  crrlniii'v  iiiidiu'  ciri'iiriisl;uii-es  of  n;al  distress,  but  more  l'riM|iii'ii!l\ 
from  the  improiH-r  use  of  credit,  wiiii  wluch  they  are  loo  readily  supplied.    TUe  creditor  tukjscntv 


CREDIT. 


545 


'rison,  on  Prncfss  inn  of  th" 
I8;i;i;  HtiiliiiR  till!  a^uriMMi,. 
lasHUH,  tliu  Niiiiil)cr  coriHiii'ii 
it'ty,  Sevunly,  and  oiu'  llim. 
lies  for  lilt'  MttiiiKMiance  ■.\\u\ 


1. 

1832. 

20 

945 

».   d. 

£      «,  d. 

7    5 

2,039  14    0 

2    7 

see  18    2 

0 

SOI 

6 

317 

7 

110 

7 

115 

!0 

2i) 

i4 

30 

e 

£ 

18 

221) 

iMit  has  a  single  good  con- 
of  which  it  is  productive, 
,  upon  the  despotic:)!  jiowcr 
evo  that  the  four  ot'  boin.^p 
m  of  their  debtors  In  miikp 
if  our  hipolveiit  and  othor 
We  believe,  indeed,  tiut 
of  shopkeepers  and  trrulfs- 
soine  very  material  ninili!]- 
ageous  to  none  lint  kimvo>: 
)ny  up  small  aeconnts  ami 
elves  at  the  expenne  of  t!ic 
eedings  are  a  disfrracc  to  a 
dd  bo  granted  to  tlm.sc  onlv 
liey  had  nothing  to  trust  to 
y,  with  tho.se  </f  whose  ch;i- 
[  difficulty  under  which  all 
loan.s,  would  do  much  to 
ons  and  honest.  "  Those,'' 
onsidered  that  every  ilcli- 
that  the  creditor  always 
trust.  It  seldom  hajipens 
)e  contracted  in  hope  of 
■i  profit  to  hi.-i  own  ojmiiou 
another  for  a  contract  in 

nt  requires  to  he  materially 
en  the  l/npknu/itK  mal 
seized  and  sold  in  satisl'ac- 
imits  should  be  set  to  this 
ubsistcncc  or  the  business 
ips,  distress.  The  jiresent 
nployment,  drives  them  to 

viction  among  mercantile 
petition  against  imprison- 
inerchants,  manutacturfrs, 
of  Commons  in  ls:5:!.  I; 
of  the  evils  resulting  from 
e  our  readers, 

i^Clliat  vcvy  !.vi>at  evil.s  Imve 
ally  fur  siiiiill  sniii,<. 
vvliith  inillinrise  ll'.i'  inii)ti- 

0  the  ercdildi-  retaiiiiui  tlif 
liiinilily  of  iiiMiiiiiii  ilial.  iiisi. 
SIMMS,  ;-n(|i  as  '•/,  ami  umlrr. 

1  I'vuri  luiilfol  to  llic  ereililur 

(lelitor.s  to  iniprisoiiuiont  f.i': 
listrc'ss.  t)iit  more  frefiiieiith 
i.il,    TUe  crcJitof  lukJdCftrv 


l!\,it  bi^  profit  sliall  be  ronimoiisurnli'  with  Ills  risk  ;  and  the  delitor  is  iiidiired  to  purohfisn  frenly,  and 
:,l  iiny  price,  lliat  wliltli  In.'  i.s  imt  imnieilialely  c  ullwd  upon  lo  pay  ;  tin,'  cri'dilor  ciiollv  and  rrueliy  nil- 
fiilaks  upon  lln;  power  wliicli  tlnr  law  has  uraiited  him  over  the  pc;r,soii  of  his  delitor  if  In^  fail  to  din- 
cliarirc  his  delit  lo  liini,  while  llie  debtor  torsrets  that,  by  the  credit  so  iinpriidi'iitly  all'urded  him,  ho 
,s  preparinK  the  way  for  his  own  ruin,  and  thai  of  all  who  have  any  dependence  upon  him. 

'■  riie  total  number  of  diditors  imprisoned  in  the  gaol  of  (ilassow  aliuie,  for  dcbLs  of  (>/,  and  under 
was.  ill  the  year  l>3n,  .'iriH ;  in  lH,tl,  11(1,  and  in  183-2,  1.37;  vvliilti  the  whole  nuniber  of  Incarcerations 
,11  that  (.'a<d  for  siiniii  of  every  description  were,  in  the  year  18,30,  557  ;  in  1831,  ti.30  ;  and  in  1832.  tillt!  ; 
ilie  proportion  of  kuuih  of  82.  and  under  being  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  whole  on  tlie  average  of  llu;sc 
3  years. 

■"To  remedy  these  evils,  your  petitioners  humbly  submit  that  means  should  be  adojilod  for  the  repeal 
nf  the  laws  at  present  in  force,  in  so  far  as  tlicv  sanctiiui  the  riH'overy  of  small  debts  liy  iniprisuiimi'iit, 
reserviii!.'  their  I'lVccI  in  every  other  n^spoct;  the  result  of  whiclnvonld  be,  that  credit  for  small  sunus 
vviiiild  lie  urt'ally  limited,  if  not  entirely  e.Miiignislied,  and  the  poorer  classes  rendered  more  pmvidi  nt ; 
ami  liy  purchasiiiR  with  money  at  a  cheaper  rate  what  tliey  now  buy  at  an  e.vlravagaiit  price,  they 
wniiUl  be  enabled  to  procure  for  themselves  additional  comforts,  from  the  more  economical  employ- 
liieiit  of  their  small  incomes. 

'•  May  it  tlier(^fore  jilense  your  Tlonourablo  TIcuiso  to  take  this  matter  into  your  consideratiiui,  and 
tn  adopt  su'li  means  as  you  in  your  wisibun  shall  ,s(!e  proper,  to  prcnent  the  incarceration  uf  ileluors 
for  Slims  under  82,,  and  thereby  remove  or  qrcatly  uiitiitate  the  evils  of  improvidence  on  the  part  of  the 
,lehtor,  and  of  ojipreasion  on  the  part  of  ilie  creditor,  which  necessarily  arise  under  the  present 
pysleni." 

So  reasonable  a  proposal,  supported  by  such  conclusive  statements,  could  not  fail  to  make 
a  deep  impression;  and  a  bill  was  consequently  introduced  by  the  solicitor  general,  taking 
away  the  power  to  arrest  and  imprison  for  potty  debts.  This  bill  was  afterwards  withdrawn  ; 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  will  be  brought  forward  again,  unless  it  be  resolved  to 
apply  a  still  more  radical  cure  to  the  abuses  complained  of. 

Propriety  nf  placing  all  small  Debla  bei/(i)>d  the  I'ak  of  the  Law. — The  taking  away  the 
power  of  arrest  and  imprisonment,  except  in  the  case  of  fraudulent  bankruptcy,  would  cer- 
tainly be  a  material  improvement  upon  the  existing  system.  Hut  wo  are  satisfied  that  it 
Joe's  not  go  far  enough ;  and  that  by  far  the  most  desirable  and  beneficial  reform  that  could 
;«  etrectcd  in  this  department  would  be  to  take  awni/  all  arfianfor  debts  under  a  ic'iven  sum, 
'(,<  ,50/.  or  100/.  The  only  exception  to  this  rule  should  bo  in  the  case  of  claims  for  icai^ex, 
ut  labour  done  under  executory  contracts.  To  prevent  the  measure  from  being  defeated, 
no  action  should  be  granted  on  bills  under  50/.  or  100/.;  except  upon  those  drawn  by  or 
upon  regular  bankers.  This  would  be  a  radical  change  certainly  ;  but  we  are  fully  satistied 
that  it  would  be  highly  advantageous  to  every  class  of  the  community,  and  most  of  all  to 
iahouicrs,  retail  dealers,  and  sm-dU  tradesmen.  It  would  protect  the  former  from  ojipres- 
sion,  at  the  same  time  that  it  would  tend  powerfully  to  render  them  more  ^irovideiit  and 
considerate;  it  would  teach  the  latter  to  exercise  that  discretion  in  the  granting  of  credit 
which  is  so  very  indi.'.pensable ;  and  it  would  be  publicly  beneficial,  by  str-'ngthening  the 
moral  principle,  and  making  the  contraction  of  debts  for  small  sums,  without  the  means  of 
paying  them,  at  once  dillicult  and  disgraceful. 

We  attree  entirely  in  opinion  with  those  who  think  that  it  is  to  no  purpose  to  attempt 
to  remedy  the  defects  now  pointed  out,  by  multiplying  courts  and  other  devices  for  facili- 
tatiii;;  the  speedy  recovery  of  small  debts.  This  is  beginning  at  the  wrong  end  ;  or  rather  it 
is  attemjiting  to  obviate  the  influence  of  one  abuse  by  instituting  another.  Ps  o  wise  states- 
man will  ever  be  easily  jiersuaded  to  fill  Iho  country  with  jietty  local  courts  ;  for  these,  when 
not  absolutely  necessary, are  the  merest  nuisances  imaginable;  and  he  would,  at  all  events, 
e.\crt  himself,  in  the  first  instance  to  do  away,  in  ,';o  far  as  possible,  with  the  circumstances 
that  make  i.'idividuals  resort  to  thorn.  But  it  is  certain  that  nine  tenths  of  the  cases  in 
county  courts  originate  in  (juestions  as  to  the  simple  contract  debts  under  .")0/. ;  and  were 
such  debts  placed,  as  they  ought  to  be,  beyond  the  pale  of  the  law,  the  courts  wovild  be 
wholly  unnecessary.  Our  'ject  ought  not  to  bo  to  provide  means  for  enforcinur  payment 
(if  trilling  debts,  but  to  prevent  their  conf ruction.  We  believe,  imleed,  that,  instead  of  les- 
sening, the  mMlti;,i!ication  of  district  courts  will  materially  aggravate,  all  the  evils  of  the  yire- 
scnt  credit  system.  The  belief  that  they  may  readily  enforce  their  claims  by  resorting  to 
tlieiii  will  make  sho])keepcrs  and  tradesmen  still  more  disposed  than  at  present  to  >;ive  credit, 
while  the  unprincipled,  the  incimsiderate,  and  the  necessitous  will  ea'j;orly  grasp  at  this  in- 
creased facility.  What  there  is  of  cautiiui  amongst  our  retail  dealers  is  in  no  inciuisiderubb^ 
(leaice  owing  to  the  want  of  those  petty  tribunals  so  many  are  anxious  to  have  tiniversal'iy 
rsialilished.  The  n  ore  they  are  increased,  the  less  will  caution  prevail.  But  inste.ul  of 
diminishing  this  virtue, — for  such  it  really  is, — it  cannot  be  too  much  increased.  Nothing 
will  ever  deter  thos.i  who  ought  not  to  obtain  credit  from  taking  it  while  in  their  power;  but 
tlio.se  who  give  it  may  be  made  to  exercise  greater  discretion  ;  tliey  may  be  made  to  know 
that  it  is  a  jirivate  transaction  between  themselves  and  those  to  whom  they  grant  it ;  and 
that  in  the  case  of  petty  debts  they  have  only  their  own  sniiacity  to  look  to.  such  transac- 
tions not  being  cognizable  by  law.  A  measure  of  the  sort  here  proposed  would  not.  as  siune 
appear  lo  imagine,  annihilate  credit.  It  would,  no  doubt,  annihilate  that  s]iurioiis  indiscri- 
niinatiug  species  of  credit,  that  is  as  readily  granted  to  the  s]iendthrift  and  prodigid,  as  to  the 
frugal  and  industrious  individual ;  but  to  the  same  extent  that  it  deprived  the  former  of  the 
nibaiis  of  obtaining  accoinmodalion,  it  would  extend  those  of  the  laUor.  Nothing  short  of 
2  z  3  69 


mT      i 


,'* 


)' 


vl 


S4e 


CREW— CUDDEAK. 


trm 


;•»"*• 


IW 


,1.        ta' 
'I       f- 

IT 


!■!' 


this — nothing  but  the  placinR  nil  «mnll  debfa  bpyond  the  pain  of  tho  law — wiil  ever  fulf? 
impress  triidi'sii"'P  ■>"i{\\  a  conviction  of  the  vast  advaiitancH  that  uoiild  result  to  thcinsclvc;) 
from  their  withJravvinK  their  confiilciicc  from  courts  and  prisons,  and  preventing  every  otiu 
from  getting  upon  their  hooks,  of  whose  situation  and  circumstanccH  they  are  not  fu||v 
aware  ;  nor  will  any  thing  else  he  ahle  completely  to  eradicate  the  llaiirant  almses  inherent 
in  the  present  credit  system,  and  which  have  gone  far  to  render  it  a  puMie  nuisance. 

One  of  the  worst  conHeciucnce.s  of  the  present  system  is  the  sort  of  thraldom  in  which  it 
keeps  thousands  of  labourers  and  other  individuals,  whom  the  impro[>er  facilities  for  ohiain- 
ing  credit  originally  led  into  debt.  Such  persons  dare  not  leave  the  shops  to  which  thnv 
owe  accounts  ;  and  they  dare  neither  ol)jcct  to  the  cpiality  of  the  go(<ds  olVerrd  to  them,  nor 
to  the  prices  charged.  Dr.  Johnson  has  truly  observed,  that  "  he  that  once  owes  morn  than 
he  can  pay,  is  often  obliged  to  bribe  his  creditor  to  patience  by  increasinc;  his  debt.  Worse 
and  worse  commodities  at  a  higher  and  higher  price  are  forced  upon  him  ;  he  is  impover- 
ished by  compulsive  traffic  ;  and  at  last  overwhelmed  in  the  common  rccejitacles  of  iniscrv 
by  deiits,  which,  without  his  own  consent,  were  accumnlatctl  on  his  head."  By  taking 
away  all  right  of  action  upon  small  debts,  this  system  of  invisible  but  substantial  ((.ercion 
ivouM  be  put  an  end  to.  The  tradesman  would  take  care  who  got,  in  the  first  instance, 
upon  his  books ;  and  instead  of  forcing  articles  upon  him,  would  cease  to  furnish  him  with 
any  unless  ho  found  he  was  regular  in  making  his  payments  ;  while  the  customer,  to  whom 
credit  was  of  importance,  would  know  that  his  only  chance  of  obtaining  it  would  deprnd 
upon  his  character  and  reputation  for  punctuality.  The  abuses  of  the  set  now  iilluilcd  to, 
that  grew  out  of  what  has  been  denominated  the  truck  system,  justly  occasioned  its  abulition; 
hut  these  were  triding  compared  with  those  that  originate  in  the  bringing  of  petty  debts 
within  the  pale  of  the  law. 

Wlioii  the  former  edition  of  this  wnrl<  was  pnblislicd,  wo  were  not  aware  that  it  lind  liccn  pre- 
viously propfisfid  to  tal<e  away  all  aotiiiii  I'cir  di>hts  under  50/.  or  Ifin/. ;  luit  wo  liavi'  since  iiii'i  with  u 
pauiplilut,  entitled  Crnlil  Pcniiriinis,  piililislied  in  l^2:^,  in  which  this  plan  is  propositi  and  alily  sup. 
ported.  There  are  also  some  valualile  remarks  atnl  oliservations  ou  liii!  topics  imw  treated  el',  in  tile 
7>f(i/i.«e  on  the  Pulice,  J^-c.  of  the  Mttrupalis,  by  the  author  of  the  "Cahiuel  Lawyer,"  pp.  111—134. 

CREW,  tho  company  of  sailors  belonging  to  any  ship  or  vessel.  No  ship  is  admitloJti) 
be  a  Uritish  ship,  uides.s  duly  registered  and  navigated  as  such  by  a  crew,  Ifiree  fai/rtlinoi 
which  are  British  subjects,  besides  the  master. — (3  «&  4  If'ill.  4.  c.  54.  §  12.)  The  master 
or  owners  of  any  British  ship  having  a  foreign  seaman  on  board  not  allowed  by  law,  shall 
for  every  such  seaman  forfeit  10/.;  unless  they  can  show,  by  the  certificate  of  the  Uritish 
consul,  or  of  two  British  merchants,  or  ishall  satisfactorily  prove,  that  the  requisite  number 
of  British  seamen  could  not  be  obtained  at  the  place  where  the  foreign  seaman  was  t.'konon 
board.  It  is  also  ordered  that  the  master  of  every  Briti-sh  vessel  arriving  from  the  West 
Indies  shall  <leliver,  within  10  days  after  arrival,  to  the  Custom-house,  a  list  of  the  rrcw  on 
board  at  the  time  of  clearing  out  from  the  United  Kingdom,  and  of  arrival  in  the  West  Indies, 
atid  of  every  seaman  who  has  deserted  or  died  during  tho  voyage,  and  the  amount  of  w-^a 
due  to  each  so  dying,  under  a  penalty  of  50/. — (3  &,  4.  Will,  4.  c.  54.  ^  19. ;  3  &4  Will. I 
c.  .52.  §  1 6.) 

CUBEBW  (Ger.  Kiibeben  ;  Yt.  Cuhehes ;  It.  Ciihcbl,-  f^p.  Cubelm .-  Tlu^. Kuhdri : 
Lat.  I'ipir  f'ubvbd  ;  Arab.  Kcbdbth  ;  Javan,  Kiununlins ,-  Hind.  Cubah-chinie),  the  pro- 
duce of  a  vine  or  climber,  the  growth  of  which  is  conlincd  exclusively  to  Java.  It  is  a  smull 
dried  fruit,  like  a  pepi)er  corn,  but  somewhat  longer.  Cubebs  have  a  hot,  pungent,  aionwlic, 
slightly  bitter  taste  ;  and  a  fragrant,  agreeable  odour.  They  should  be  chosen  large,  fro.sii, 
sound,  and  the  heaviest  that  can  be  procured.  The  quantity  entered  for  home  consumption, 
in  1830,  amounted  to  18,540  lbs.,  producing  a  nett  revenue  of  1,854/.  6s.  Their  price  in 
the  London  market,  in  bond,  varies  from  2/.  10s.  to  4/.  4.v.  per  cwt. 

CUCUMBER,  a  tropical  plant,  of  which  there  are  many  varieties,  largely  cultivated  in 
hothouses  in  England. 

CUDBE.\R,  a  purple  or  violet  coloured  powder  used  in  dyeing  violet,  purple,  and  crim- 
son, prepared  from  a  .species  of  Hchen  {Lichen  tarfarcu.s  Lin.),  or  crustaceous  moss,  grow- 
ing commonly  on  limestone  rocks  in  Sweden,  Scotland,  the  north  of  England,  \'c.  .\boat 
130  tons  of  this  lichen  arc  annually  exported  from  Sweden.  It  commonly  sells  in  the  port 
of  Lonilon  for  about  20/.  per  ton  ;  but  to  prepare  it  for  use  it  nuist  be  washed  and  dried; 
and  by  these  operations  the  weight  is  commonly  diminished  a  half,  and  the  price,  in  efieet. 
doubled.  Though  possessing  great  beauty  and  lustre  at  first,  the  colours  obtaincii  from  cuii- 
bear  are  so  very  fugacious,  that  they  ought  never  to  be  e.nployed  but  in  aid  of  some  other 
more  iierinanent  dye,  to  which  they  may  give  body  and  vivacity.  In  this  country  it  ischielly 
used  to  give  strength  and  brilliancy  to  the  blues  dyed  with  indigo,  and  to  jiroduce  a  savni^ 
of  that  article  ;  it  is  also  used  as  a  s;r()und  for  madder  reds,  which  commonly  incline  too 
much  to  yellow,  and  are  made  rosy  by  this  addition.  The  name  cudbear  was  given  to  this 
powder  by  Dr.  Cuthbcrt  Gordon,  who.  having  obtained  a  patent  for  the  preparation,  chose 
in  this  way  to  connect  it  with  his  own  name. — (Bancnifl,  Philosuphij  of  Permanent  Ciiluiirs, 
vol.  i.  pp.  300—304.) 


CUMMIX  SEED,  CURRANTS. 


647 


the  law — will  ever  fulfr 
Diild  rrsiilt  to  ihcinsclvM 
iiiil  i)rcvfntiiiff  every  nii(! 
lancPK  they  are  noi  fully 

flanrniit  aini.ses  inliireiit 
1  j)ul)lie  niiiHaiicc. 
t  of  thraldom  in  whirh  it 
iroprr  fai-ilities  for  ohlain- 
1!  the  shoim  to  which  they 
TOLils  otVereil  to  them,  nor 
hat  once  owes  more  than 
^reaisint;  his  Jeht.     Worse 
Lii»)ii  him  ;  he  is  imiiovcr- 
inion  recei>tacles  of  misery 
)n  his  head."     By  lakini; 
le  hut  Bulwtantial  ft/trrion 
I  (rot,  in  the  fir^'t  instance, 
cease  to  furnish  liim  with 
lilc  the  customer,  to  whom 
ohtainiuK  it  would  eloprnd 
of  the  so't  now  alUulcd  to, 
llv  occasioned  its  ahulitiou; 
the  bringing  of  petty  debts 

awarr;  lliat  it  linil  l"'''n  pro- 
tit  we  liavi'  since  incl  wiiti  a 
an  is  prnimsiMl  and  alily  sup- 
r  tupics  imw  trcutt!il  ill',  in  llie 
(;t  I/awjLi,"  pp.  Ul-134. 

icl.     No  8^'P  '^  adn\itloJ  to 
by  a  crew,  three  fourllmof 

.  0.  5'1.  §  12-)  'I'^i^'  '"''^'" 
j  not  allowed  by  law,  slwll 
;hc  certificate  of  the  liriti-h 
re,  that  the  lenuisite  number 
jr'eign  seaman  was  tMicii  on 
cl  arriviu'j;  from  the  West 
■house,  a  list  of  the  crew  on 
,f  arrival  in  the  West  hiilies, 
p  and  the  amount  of  w  aires 
C.54.U9.;  3&4Vn//,4. 

■^.  Cuhehas;  lln^. Kukhn ; 
ind.  Cubah-chink),  the  pro- 
isivelv  to  Java.  It  is  a  small 
live  a'hot,  pungent,  aromiilic, 
juld  be  chosen  lar;,'P,  Ircsh, 
ti-red  for  home  consumption, 
1,854/.  6s.     Their  price  in 

wt.  .       ,  . 

arietics,  largely  cultivated  in 

■ing  violet,  purple,  and  crim- 

or  crustaceous  moss,  jirow- 

■th  of  England,  &c.    About 

t  commonlv  soils  m  the  port 

must  be  washed  and  dried; 
half,  ami  the  price,  in  ellcct, 
e  colours  obtained  from  cud- 

1  but  in  aid  of  some  olbn 
In  this  country  itischicliy 
iigo,  and  to  produce  a  saviii;' 

hich  commonly  inctm'''  too 
ic  cudbear  was  given  to  this 
It  for  the  preparation,  chose 
vpliij  of  Permanent  Culuurs, 


CTTMMIN  SEED  (Ger. /iTunim ,.  Vr.CHinin,-  \i.  Cnminn,  Cnmmo :  fip.Cnminof 
Arab.  Kernun),  the  seeds  of  an  annual  plant  (Cumlmtiii  Ci/mlnnm  Lin.),  a  native  of  Eijypt, 
but  extensively  cultivated  in  Nicily  and  Malta.  They  have  a  Htrong,  peculiar,  heavy  odour, 
and  a  warm,  bitterish,  disagrerabie  taste.    They  are  long  and  slender. 

CURRANTS  {Ft.  Haininn  (te  Corlnthe  ,•  iirr.  Kurinthen  ,•  It.  Uve  pause  (U  Cnrinto  ,- 
Lat.  Passnlx  Corinthlucm ;  Rus.  Koriri/m,  Opoek  ;  Sp.  P(Lsas  de  Cor/zi/o),  a  small  species 
of  grape,  lar(j[p|y  cultivated  in  Zante,  Cephalonia,  and  Ithaca,  of  which  islands  they  form 
the  staple  produce  ;  and  in  the  Morea,  in  the  vicinity  of  Patras.  The  plant  is  delicate  ;  and 
as  6  or  7  years  nuist  elapse,  after  a  plantation  has  been  formed,  before  it  begins  to  produce, 
its  cultivation  reijuires  a  considerable  outlay  of  capital.  Tho  crop  is  particularly  liable  to 
injury  from  rains  in  harvest,  and  is  altogether  of  a  very  precarious  dcscrii)tion.  After  being 
dried  in  the  sun,  the  currants  are  exported  packed  in  large  butts.  They  are  in  extensive 
demand  in  this  country  ;  and,  when  mixed  with  flour  and  suet,  make  a  dish  that  is  pecu- 
liarly acceptable  to  the  lower  classes.  But,  as  if  it  were  intended  to  put  them  beyond  tlio 
reach  of  all  but  the  richest  individuals,  they  are  burdened  with  the  enormous  duty  of  44,s'.  Uf. 
a  cvvt. !  The  fact,  that  in  despite  of  this  anti-consumption  impost,  tho  entries  of  currants 
for  home  consumption  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  18131,  to  127,084 
cwt.  a  year,  producing  an  annual  revenue  of  281,787/,,  shows  that  the  taste  for  them  is  both 
deeply  rooted  and  widely  ditVused.  With  one  or  two  exceptions,  they  arc  the  most  grossly 
over-taxed  article  in  the  British  tarilT.  Their  price  in  bond,  in  London,  varies  from  20.v.  to 
27s.  a  cwt. ;  so  that  the  duty  amounts  to  more  than  200  per  cent,  on  the  importation 
price!  So  exorbitant  a  lax  admits  of  no  justification.  It  is  highly  injurious  to  the  con- 
sumers in  Great  Britain,  to  the  merchants  engaged  in  the  Mediterranean  trade,  to  the  produ- 
cers in  the  Ionian  Islands  and  Greece,  and,  wo  may  add,  to  the  revenue  :  for,  considering 
how  highly  esteemed  the  article  is  by  all  classes,  and  that  it  might  be  imported  in  much 
larger  quantities  without  any  considerable  rise  of  price,  there  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt 
that  were  the  duty  reiluced  to  lOs.  or  I2.s'.  a  cwt.  the  consumption  would  be  so  much  increas- 
ed, that  in  a  few  years  the  revenue  would  be  materially  greater  than  at  present. 

By  referring  to  the  article  Ioniav  Islands,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  duty  has  been  pecu- 
liarly hostile  to  their  interests.  It  has,  in  fact,  gone  far  to  countervail  all  the  advantages 
they  have,  in  other  respects,  derived  from  our  protection  ;  and  has  done  much  to  estrange 
the  allections  of  the  inhabitants,  and  to  excite  and  keep  alive  a  jealousy  of  this  country. 

The  Mediterranean  merchants,  in  a  petition  presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  last  ses- 
sion, prayed  for  the  repeal  of  the  duty  imposed  since  1806,  being  16.«.  'id.  a  cwt.  leaving  a 
duly  of  28,s'.  a  cwt.  A  reduction  to  this  extent  would,  no  doubt,  be  a  considerable  relief  to 
the  growers  and  importers  ;  but  it  would  be  quite  inadequate  to  bring  tho  article  fairly  into 
consumption  among  the  mass  of  the  people.  To  accomplish  this  most  desirable  object,  the 
duty  ought  not  to  exceed  10s.  or  12.';. ;  and  we  are  well  convinced  it  would  yield  more 
revenue  at  this  rate  than  at  28s.  A  duty  of  50  per  cent,  is  surely  high  enough  upon  an 
article  fitted  to  enter  largely  into  the  consumption  of  the  labouring  classes. 

No  al)afement  of  duties  ia  made  on  accomit  of  any  damacR  received  liy  currants. 
Currants,  tlie  produce  of  Europe,  arc  not  to  lie  imported  for  lionie  use  except  in  Itritisli  ships,  or  in 
ships  of  tlie  country  of  wliicli  tliey  are  tlie  produce,  or  of  tlie  country  wlienco  tliey  are  imported. — (3& 
4;™.i.  c.  51.  HD-lii.) 

A  Treasury  letter  oftlio  30th  of  ■\rarch,  1810,  directs  tlie  followinc  lares  to  he  allowed,  with  liherty 
iotlie  merchant  and  officers  to  take  the  actual  tare  when  either  party  is  dissatisfied. 
Currants  in  casks  from  Zante     -        -    i:t  per  cunt. 
Leghorn         -    10     — 
Trieste  -    10      — 

(The  exorbitant  duty  of  44s.  M.  a  cwt.  on  currants  was  reduced,  in  1834,  to  half  that 
amount,  or  to  22s.  2rf.  a  cwt, — (4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  89.  •§  15.)  But  this  reduction,  consider- 
able as  it  is,  is  not  enough.  The  duty  ought  not  to  exceed  10s.,  or  .it  most  12s.  The  price 
of  currants  in  bond  usually  varies  from  2()s.  to  25s. ;  so  that  the  duty,  as  fixed  by  the  4  &  5 
Will.  4,  c.  8!).,  is  equal  to  about  100  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  But  such  a  duty  is  obviously 
oppressive ;  the  more  especially  as  currants,  if  low-priced,  would  bo  largely  consumed  by  all 
classes  in  this  country;  and  as  they  form  the  principal  eipiivalent  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Ionian  Islands  and  of  the  Morea  have  to  otter  in  exchange  for  foreign  product-s.  We  are 
satisfied,  too,  that  had  the  duty  been  reduced  to  10s.  a  cwt.,  it  would,  in  a  few  years,  have 
yielded  more  revenue  than  it  will  ever  yield  at  its  present  rate.  Such  a  rfduction  would 
have  brought  currants  within  the  command  of  a  much  greater  number  of  persons ;  and 
would,  in  fact,  have  gone  far  to  render  them  ait  article  of  general  consumption ;  whereas, 
the  duty  of  22s.  2c?.  will  still  conline  their  use  to  the  wealthier  classes. 

It  has  been  said,  that  a  reduction  of  the  duty  from  41.«.  4(7.  to  lO.?.  a  cwt.  would  not  have  made  a 
cnrrcspondiiit;  reiluclion  in  the  price  of  the  article  ;  and  that  the  measure  would  liave  rodounded  morii 
totlieadv  mtage  of  the  irrowers  of  currants  than  of  the  consumers  in  this  country.  That  such  might 
Iwyi!  lieiMi  in  some  dearee  the  case,  at  the  outset,  we  admit  :  hut  \\f  iireiiter  advanlasres  di-rived  hy  the 
misers  of  currants  would  havt!  made  thiMii  lie  produced  iii  miirli  lar;;er  iiuanlities,  so  that  at  no  ilis- 
liint  period  we  should  have  reape<l  the  full  advantaiie  of  the  reduction  in  tiie  rate  of  duty,  at  the  same 
lime  that  our  trade  with  the  Ionian  Islands  and  the  Morea  would  have  increased  proportionally  to  tho 


548 


CUSTOM-IIOUSK,    CUSTOMS. 


;Sinlu» 


I   1 
I  I 


"•**'  ""''9 

«r««>'..:*|| 


•  (.■■■IH4WI 


'\' 


A- 


I     1 


■>,  f 

• 

^.*  _        t 

t 

1 

i    1 

i 

1  ,' 

liirroa»(<  111  ilir>  Imports  nfciirmiitx.  IIuvovit,  wn  iiri' lthIi'I'iiI  fcir  wimi  linn  ti(!Pn  duno}  nnd  it  rn 'v 
lii>  iMiily  pri'Munii'il  that  Hid  lii;:iutlclul  jll'vct  uf  Cllu  rvduclinii*  ulriiiuly  iiiuilu  will  Iciiil  to  oiIilt;!  uii  a 
still  Kfiilrr  H(:ili'.— ««;».) 

ClIfHTOM-HOr'HK,  tliP  hoiiso  or  olfirc  \v)irrc>  ronitnoilitirs  iiro  piitrrcd  for  im|iort;i(iiiii 
or  exportation  ;  where  tlio  duties,  liduiitien,  or  (Irnwbiick.s  jmynble  or  rreeiviiblc  u|>iiii  hik'Ii 
iin)iortatioii  or  exportnlioii  are  iiaiil  or  received  ;  nnd  wliere  M\in  am  cleared  out,  &c. 

For  iiiforinntiiiti  aH  to  the  iiroceediiiRM  iircessary  at  the  ('ustoni-hou.so  on  importing  ores- 
porting  coininiiditief*,  hco  tlic  iirticlo  iMPoirrATiox  ami  ExeoiiTATiov. 

'riie  principal  British  (Justom-house  in  in  London ;  liut  thcro  arc  Custom-houses  sulior- 
dinate  to  the  latter  in  all  considerable  sea-port  towns. 

CliSTOMS,  lire  duties  chnricd  upon  commodities  on  their  being  imported  into  or  ex- 
ported from  a  coiuitty. 

Custom  duties  seem  to  have  cisttd  in  every  commercial  country.  Tho  Athenians  laid  a 
tax  of  a  fifth  on  the  corn  and  other  nierclinndise  imported  from  foreign  countries,  and  :i|ho 
on  several  of  the  commodities  exported  from  Attica.  The  porluria,  or  customs  payalilo  on 
the  commodities  imported  into,  and  exporteil  from  the  diflerciit  ports  in  the  Kotnaii  cMipiri', 
foniicd  a  very  ancient  and  important  jiart  of  the  public  r{^veiiue.  The  rates  at  which  tlicy 
were  charged  were  lIuctuatinR  and  various,  and  little  is  now  known  respecting  them,  ('iccrn 
informs  us,  (hat  the  duties  on  corn  exported  from  the  ports  of  (Sicily  were,  in  his  time,  ."> 
percent.  I'nder  tho  Imperial  government,  tho  amount  of  the  ywr/^rw  depended  as  mucli 
on  tho  caprice  of  the  prince  us  on  the  real  exigencies  of  the  state.  Though  siJinctiinprf 
diminished,  they  were  never  entirely  remitted,  and  were  much  more  frc'|uently  incrcascil. 
I'nder  the  JJyzantinc  emperors,  they  were  as  liigh  as  I'JJ  per  cent. — {Supp,  to Enci/c, Brit, 
art.  Tii.mfloii.) 

Customs  seems  to  have  existed  in  England  before  the  (/onquest;  but  the  king's  claim  to 
them  was  first  established  by  stat.  3  Edw.  1.  Tiiese  duties  were,  at  first,  principally  laid  on 
wool,  woolfels  (sheei)-skiiis),  and  leather  when  exported.  There  wen'  also  extraoidinarv 
duties  paid  by  aliens,  which  were  diMiominatcd  parvu  cufluma,  to  distinguish  them  froni  tin: 
former,  or  >itit!i;nac(ifitti ma.  The  duties  of  tonnage  and  poundage,  of  which  mention  i-  i 
fre(iuently  made  in  English  history,  were  custom  duties;  the  first  being  paid  on  wine  iiy  thf 
tun,  and  the  latter  being  i\n  nd  viihircm  duty  of  so  much  a  jiound  on  all  other  merchamiisi'. 
When  these  duties  were  granted  to  the  Crown,  they  were  denominated  xuhsidics ,-  and  as 
the  duty  of  poundage  had  continued  for  a  lengthened  period  at  the  rate  of  Is.  a  jxmmuI,  or 
!y  jier  cent.,  u  subsidy  came,  in  the  language  of  the  customs,  to  denote  an  ndiHili'nni  ilutv 
of  5  per  cent.  The  new  sulisidi/  granted  in  the  nngn  of  William  III.  was  an  adJitiuu  ut 
!S  per  cent,  to  the  duties  on  most  imported  commodities. 

The  various  custom  duties  were  collected,  for  the  fir.st  time,  in  a  book  of  rates  published 
in  the  reign  of  ('harles  11.;  a  new  book  of  rates  being  air. i in  published  in  the  reign  of  (foorio 
I.  liut,  exclusive  of  the  duties  entered  iu  these  two  Imoks,  many  more  have  been  iin[)ospd 
at  diMcrent  times;  so  that  the  accumulation  of  the  duties,  and  the  complicated  regulations  to 
which  they  gave  rise,  were  productive  of  the  greatest  (Mnbarrassincnt.  The  evil  was  in- 
creased by  the  careless  manner  in  which  new  duties  were  added  to  the  old;  a  percentage 
being  sometimes  added  to  the  original  tax  ;  while  at  other  times  tho  oommodity  was  esti- 
mated by  a  new  standard  of  bulk,  weight,  number,  or  value,  and  charged  with  an  additional 
impost,  without  any  reference  to  the  duties  formerly  ini[)osed.  'I'he  confusion  arising  from 
these  sources  was  still  further  augmented  by  the  special  appropriation  of  each  of  the  duties, 
and  the  consequent  necessity  of  a  separate  calculation  for  each.  The  intricacy  anil  con- 
fusion inseparable  froin  such  a  state  of  thinj^s  proved  u  serious  injury  to  commerce,  aiiJ  led 
to  many  frauds  and  abuses. 

The  Customs  Consolidation  Act,  introdv;ccd  by  Mr.  Pitt  in  1787,  did  much  to  remedy 
these  inconveniences.  The  method  adopted  was,  to  abolish  the  existing  duties  on  all  arti- 
cles, and  to  substitute  in  their  stead  one  single  duty  on  each  article,  cijuivalent  to  the  wi^k- 
gate  of  the  various  duties  by  which  it  had  previously  been  loaded.  The  resolutions  mi  wliicli 
the  act  was  founded  amounted  to  about  .3,000.  A  more  simple  and  uniform  systeirrwas,  at 
the  same  time,  introduced  into  the  business  of  the  Custom-house.  These  alterations  were 
productive  of  the  very  best  eflects;  and  several  similar  consolidations  have  since  been 
effected;  particularly  in  1825,  when  the  various  statutes  their  existing  relative  to  the  cus- 
toms, amounting,  including  parts  of  statutes,  to  about  450,  were  consolidated  nnd  compressed 
into  only  11  statutes  of  a  reasonable  bulk,  and  drawn  U[)  with  great  perspicuity.  Sinre 
then,  a  few  statutes  were  passed,  amending  and  changing  s(jme  of  the  provisions  in  the  con- 
solidated statutes ;  and  these  have  been  again  embodied  in  consolidated  ads  passed  last 
session.* 

The  Board  of  Customs  is  not  to  consist  of  more  than  13  commissioners,  and  they  arc  to 
be  reduced  to  11  as  vacancies  occur.  Tho  Treasury  may  appoint  1  commissioner,  and  2 
assistant  commissioners,  to  act  for  Scotland  and  Ireland. 

Oflicers  of  customs  taking  any  fee  or  reward,  whether  pecuniary  or  of  any  other  sort,  on 

*  3  &  4  Will.  cap.  51,  52.  56.  and  58. 


I' 


CUSTOMS. 


849 


inn  licoii  (Innci  nnd  If  in  v 
4(li.'  will  Irail  til  iillii  I  I  iia  „ 

c  niitornl  for  importalion 
or  rrci'ival'lc  iipDri  kiii'Ii 
n  cli'aral  out,  i*tc. 
ouso  on  importing  or  ex- 
■iitx. 

0  Cuslom-houscB  sulior- 

nng  imported  into  or  ex- 

.  The  Athenians  laid  u 
eign  countries,  and  also 
7,  or  eustonis  jmyalilo  or. 
rtM  in  tlie  Kolnan  einpiri-. 
'l'h(^  rates  at  which  they 

1  respectini?  llieni.  ('icpro 
icily  were,  in  his  time,  fi 
•/uria  (lepeiided  as  muih 
»te.  Though  soiiictiiiips 
lore  i'n'i|ucntiy  increaswl. 
— (^Stipp.  to  Encijc.  lint, 

;  hut  the  king's  claim  to 
t  first,  principally  laid  on 

were  also  extraoi(lin;irv 
listiiiifuish  them  from  thu 

of  which  mention  i,<  - . 
ein^  paid  on  wine  liy  ilu' 
.in  all  other  mevchamlisi'. 
nated  nultKidif.s  ,■  aiul  as 
le  rate  of  is.  a  pcniul,  oi 
LMiote  an  advalin in  lUity 
n  III.  was  an  addition  ut 

L  book  of  rates  pnlilishcil 
ed  ill  the  reign  of  (ioorcii' 
norc  have  been  iinpospii 
mplicated  regulations  to 
nent.     The  evil  was  in- 

the  old  ;  a  pcrcciitiipo 
the  oommodity  was  csti- 
irgcd  with  an  additional 

confusion  arising  from 
on  of  each  of  the  duties, 

The  intricacy  and  con- 
ry  to  commerce,  and  led 

7,  did  much  to  remedy 

xisting  duties  on  all  aiti- 
eijuivalent  to  the  acrijio- 

The  resolutions  on  which 
uniform  systcnrwas,  ut 
These  alterations  wore 

latioiiii  have  since  been 
ting  relative!  to  the  cus- 
olidated  and  eoinpressol 
leat  perspicuity.  Since 
le  provisions  in  the  con- 
lidated  acts  passed  last 

ssioncrs,  and  they  arc  to 
1  commissioner,  and  '» 

or  of  any  other  sort,  on 


,0 


nccount  of  any  thing  (lone,  or  to  bo  done,  by  them  in  the  exereisn  of  their  duty,  from  nny 
one,  except  by  the  order  or  jjrrmissioii  of  the  coiiirnii*siiiiiers  of  the  cuhIohh,  shall  Ihi  diw- 
niissed  their  ollice ;  iind  the  pernoii  giving,  olVering,  or  proiniming  hucIi  gratuity,  fee,  <Si.c. 
nhall  forfeit  I  ()()/. 

Any  ollicer  of  cimtomfl  who  shall  accept  of  any  bribe,  recom[)enee,  or  reward,  to  iiulnco 
hini  to  neglect  his  duty,  or  to  do,  ci  oceal.  or  connive  at  any  act  wliercby  any  of  the  provi- 
sions of  the  cubtoms  lawn  shall  be  r'vaded,  hhall  he  dismissed  the  srrviri',  and  be  reiulercd 
inca[)able  of  serving  his  Majesty  in  future  in  any  capacity  whatever;  and  the  person  olfetiiig 
such  brihe,  reeompeiice,  «Ve.  shall,  whether  the  olVer  be  accepted  or  iiot,  forleit  MH)/. 

Custom  duties,  like  nil  duties  on  particular  eonnnodities,  though  advanced  in  the  first 
instance  by  the  merchant,  are  ultimately  paid  by  those;  by  whom  they  are  consumed.  When 
a  Rovernment  lays  a  duty  on  the  foreign  commodities  which  enter  its  ports,  the  duty  liill-i 
entirely  on  such  of  its  own  subjects  as  purchase  these  conimodiiies ;  for  the  fureii^iii  rs  would 
cease  supplying  its  markets  with  them,  if  they  did  not  get  the  t'lill  [iriee  of  the  comiiiodities, 
exclusive  of  the  tax  ;  and,  for  the;  same  reason,  when  a  government  lays  a  duty  on  the  com- 
modities which  its  subjects  are  about  to  I'Xport,  the  duty  does  not  fall  on  them,  but  on  fho 
foreigners  by  whoni  they  are  binight.  If,  theieforc,  it  were  possible  for  a  country  to  raise  .1 
sufficient  revenue  by  laying  duties  on  exported  eommodilies,  such  revenue  would  be  wholly 
derived  iVom  others,  and  it  woidd  be  totally  relieved  from  the  burden  of  taxation,  except  iu 
so  far  as  duties  might  be  imjiosed  by  foreigners  on  the  goods  it  inijiorts  frotn  them.  Care, 
liovvever,  must  be  taken,  in  imiiosing  duties  on  exiiorlatioii.  not  to  lay  them  on  commoditieB 
that  may  he  produced  at  the  same,  or  nearly  the  ;-.;uiie,  cost  by  foreigners;  for  the  etl'eet  of 
the  duty  would  then  be  to  cause  the  market  to  be  supplied  liy  others,  and  to  put  an  entire 
stop  to  their  exportation.  lint  in  the  event  of  a  eiumtry  possessing  any  decided  natural  or 
icquired  advantage  in  the  production  of  any  sort  of  commodities,  a  duty  on  their  exportation 
would  seem  to  bo  the  most  unexceptionable  of  all  taxes.  If  the  ('hinese  chose  to  act  on  this 
principle,  they  might  derive  a  considerable  revenue  from  a  duty  on  exported  teas,  which 
would  fall  entirely  on  the  English  and  other  foreigners  who  i  iiy  them.  The  coal  and  tin, 
and  perhaps,  also,  some  of  the  manufactured  goods  produced  in  this  country,  seem  to  be  iti 
this  predicament. 

The  revenue  derived  from  the  custom  ihities  in  1.500,  in  the  reign  of  Eli/abcth,  amounted 
to  no  more  than  .')0,0()0/.  In  1613,  it  had  increased  to  148,07'iJ/. ;  of  which  no  less  than 
in!l,r'7ii/.  were  collected  in  London.  In  KKiO,  at  the  Restoration,  the  customs  produced 
43!,.')8'J/. ;  and  at  the  Revolution,  in  1688,  they  produced  781,987/.  During  the  reigns  of 
William  III.  and  Anne,  the  customs  revenue  was  considerably  augmented,  the  nett  pay- 
ments into  the  exchecpier  in  1712  being  1, '5 1.5,423/.  During  the  war  teiininated  by  the 
peace  of  Paris  in  1703,  the  nett  produce  of  the  customs  revenue  of  fJreat  Britain  amounted 
linearly  2,000,000/.  In  1732,  it  amounted  to  4,407,000/.  In  1815,  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  it  amounted  to  1 1,300,000/. ;  and  last  year  (1832)  it  amounted  to  about  17,000,000/., 
and,  including  Ireland,  to  about  18,500,000/. ! 

Astonishing,  however,  as  the  increase  of  the  customs  revenue  has  certainly  been,  it  is  not 
quite  so  great  as  it  appeirs.  Formerly  the  duties  on  some  considerable  articles,  such  as 
sugar,  brandy,  wine,  &c.  imported  from  abroad,  were  divided  jiartly  into  customs  duties 
charged  on  their  importation,  and  partly  into  excise  duties  on  their  being  taken  into  con- 
sumption. Uut  these  duties  have  now,  with  the  exception  of  tea*,  been  transferred  wholly 
to  the  customs ;  the  facilities  atVorded,  by  means  of  tlie  warehousing  system,  for  paying  the 
duties  in  the  way  most  convenient  for  the  merchant,  having  obviated  the  necessity  of  dividing 
them  into  dilferent  portions. 

It  will  be  seen  from  various  articles  in  this  work — (.see  BnAJfnv,  Gknf.va,  SMrooLiNo, 
Tka,  Tobacco,  &c.) — that  the  exorbitant  amount  of  the  duties  laid  on  many  articles  im- 
ported from  abroad  leads  to  much  smuggling  and  fraud ;  and  requires,  besides,  an  extraor- 
dinary expense  in  many  departntents  of  the  customs  service,  which  might  be  totally  avoided 
were  these  duties  reduced  within  reasonable  limits.  This,  however,  is  the  business  of  govern- 
ment, and  not  of  those  entrusted  with  the  management  of  the  customs ;  and  it  would  be 
unjust  to  the  latter  not  to  mention  that  this  department  has  been  essentially  improved,  during; 
the  last  few  years,  both  as  respects  economy  and  efficiency.  The  following  extracts  from  a 
letter  to  the  Right  Hon.  H.  (Joulhurn,  ascribed  to  the  present  chairman  of  the  Hoard  of  Cus- 
toms (R.  B.  Dean,  Esq.),  give  a  brief  but  satisfactory  view  of  the  improvements  that  have 
been  effected : — 

"As  regards  the  department  of  customs  in  17'J2,  the  principal  ofTicers  engaged  in  the 
receipt  of  the  duties  in  the  port  of  London  were  patent  oUicers. 
"The  first  Earl  of  Liverpool  was  collector  inwards. 
"The  late  Duke  of  Manchester,  collector  outwards. 

"The  Duke  of  Newcastle,  and  afterwards  the  Earl  of  Guilford,  comptroller  inwards  and 
outwards. 

*  From  tlin  22il  of  /Vpril,  l^.tt,  tlic  coUiM-ilon  of  the  tci',  duties  by  tlio  excise  is  to  cease;  and  they  are 
to  be  trausl'errea  to  the  customs.— (See  Tka.) 


r 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


// 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


■  50     •^" 


1.4 


|Z2 
12.0 

1.6 


-^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  US80 

(716)  •72-4503 


'^°^*^    ^ 
^.V^ 


'^ 


550 


CUSTOMS. 


^f'.    '. 


"HI 


•  f 


•'"Ik I 


J 


"  Tjonl  Stowrll,  mirvpyor  of  subsidies  and  potty  cuntoms. 

"  Theso  nolilemen  took  no  part  in  the  olllcinl  duties,  but  merely  cxoTcisod  the  right  of 
appointinq;  deputies  and  clerits. 

"  Both  priiicijiais  and  deputies  were  remunerated  by  fees.  The  patentees  received  ilic 
fees  denominated  patent,  and  the  deputies  retained  ti\e  fees  called  the  fees  of  iisiiije  for  (lair 
own  use.     In  addition  to  these  fees,  Iwth  deputies  and  clerits  received  fees  for  despatch. 

"The  same  system  prevailed  throughout  the  whole  department.  The  salaries  of  tlip 
oflicers  were  nominal;  and  the  principal  proportion  of  all  ollicial  income  was  derived  frniii 
fees.  These  fees  were  constantly  varying  both  in  rate  and  amount,  and  formed  a  contiauul 
source  of  dispute  and  complaint  between  the  merchant  and  the  otficer. 

"  This  system  (after  having  been  repeatedly  objected  to  by  various  commisnions  of  inipiin,-, 
and  fmally  by  the  committee  of  finance  in  1797)  was  i)Ut  an  end  to  in  the  year  IHlv;,  |i\ 
the  act  .51  (ico.  c.  71.,  by  which  all  patent  oflices  and  fees  were  almlished,  and  coiupensatioh 
allowances  granted  to  the  patent  oflicers,  and  fixed  salaries  established. 

"  The  additional  salaries  granted  under  this  arrangement  amounted  to  about  200,000/., 
and  the  temporary  compensation  allowances  to  about  40.000/.  per  annum. 

"'I'he  fees  abolished,  and  from  which  the  public  were  relieved,  amounted  to  about 
160,000/.  i>er  annum. 

"  In  addition  to  the  amount  of  fees  from  which  the  public  were  relieved,  various  allowaiirps 
made  by  the  Crown  to  oificers  for  quarantine,  coal  poundage,  jioundage  on  seizures,  ami 
many  other  incidental  allowances,  which  did  not  appear  on  the  esta!)lishment,  were  also 
abolished,  and  the  salaries  of  every  ollicer  placed  at  one  view  upon  the  establishment. 

"  The  elfect  of  these  salutary  measures  has  been  to  give  a  great  apparent  iiu-r<;asc  to 
officers'  salaries  since  1792  ;  and,  upon  a  mere  comparison  of  the  estalilishnient  of  liO'^i  with 
1830,  without  the  above  explanation,  it  would  appear  tiiat  the  jniy  of  the  oHicers  had  luin 
most  materially  augmented,  whereas,  in  point  of  fact,  the  dillerence  is  in  the  mode  >>(  [jay- 
mcnt :  and  the  incomes  of  the  olHcers  at  the  present  period  (as  conii)ared  with  179C)  arc  in 
general  less ;  and,  consequently,  the  public  ore  less  taxed  lor  the  performance  of  the  same 
duty  now  than  in  1792, 

"In  the  year  1792,  the  warehousing  system  had  not  been  established.  Oflicers  were  ad- 
mitted at  all  ages,  and  there  was  no  system  of  classification  or  promotion.  The  otlicers  :i; 
the  out-ports  and  in  London  were  generally  appointed  through  local  influence;  and  were  i  ■) 
often  persons  who  had  failed  in  trade,  or  had  been  in  menial  service,  and  VN-ho  regani.'d  iliiir 
situations  rather  as  a  comfortable  provision  for  their  families  than  as  offices  for  which  eirkiint 
services  were  required.  The  superintendence  and  powers  of  the  Doard  were  craiiii'cd  nml 
interfered  with  by  circumstances  and  considerations  which  prevented  the  enforceini'iilof 
wholesome  regulation.  The  whole  system  was  so  imperfect,  so  far  back  only  as  is  IS.  tliut 
a  special  commission  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  de|iartment;  and,  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  that  commission,  various  regulations  have  been  adoptcil. 

"The  age  of  admission  has  been  limited;  a  system  of  classification  and  promotion  ot" 
oflicers,  and  a  graduated  scale  of  salaries,  established  throughout  the  whole  department ;  uiiil. 
by  this  means,  local  interference  in  the  promotion  of  officers  has  been  abolished  ;  the  aiiim!- 
ance  of  officers  increased,  regulated,  and  strictly  enforced  ;  holidays  reduced  from  4tl  in  tiu' 
year  to  3;  viz.  Good  Friday,  the  King's  birthday,  and  Chrisimas-day;  useless  oaths,  mid 
bonds,  and  forms  of  documents  of  various  kinds,  discontinued ;  increased  facility  and  dcsjiatdi 
afforded  to  the  merchant's  business;  the  accounts  kept  in  the  dilli'rent  offices,  and  rclurib 
of  all  kinds  revised,  simplified,  and  reduced ;  and  various  minor  regulations  of  ilctail  t^a- 
blished  ;  the  whole  machinery  of  the  department  remodelled,  and  adapted  to  the  trade  and 
commerce  of  the  country, 

"  In  Ireland,  the  number  of  officers  employed  at  all  the  ports,  in  the  year  ended  the  .'itli 
of  January,  1830,  and  the  salaries  and  charges,  did  not  much  exceed  the  number  and  ex|Hii,'e 
at  the  port  of  Dublin  alone  in  1818 :  and,  within  the  space  of  11  years,  nearly  two  iliird-^ 
of  the  officers  employed  at  the  ports  in  Ireland  have  been  discontinued ;  the  number  hiiviiiir 
been,  in  1818,  17.'}.');  in  1829,  544;  and  an  annual  reduction  in  salaries  and  charges  lias 
been  etiected  to  the  extent  of  173,724/. ;  the  amount  having  Ijeen,  in  1818,28.3,11.")/.;  in 
1829,  11 1,391/.  (103,813/.  of  that  amount  having  been  reduced  between  the  years  lK'.;;j  and 
1828),  ujion  an  expenditure  of  285,115/.;  and  the  receipts  were  nearly  equal,  in  1827,  U> 
those  of  1818  and  1823,  notwithstanding  the  total  repeal  of  the  cross  Channel  duties, 
amounting  to  about  340,000/.  per  annum,  subsccjuent  to  the  la;  ar  period. 

"Already  has  government  refinquished,  it  may  be  said,  any  interference  with  promotion  in 
the  department  of  the  customs,  and  the  road  is  open  to  advancement  to  the  meriiorioub 
officer. 

"  Influence  is  no  longer  allowed  to  prevail ;  and  in  many  ca.ses  which  have  recentl;. 
occurred,  and  in  which  the  patronage  of  government  might  have  been  fairly  exercised.it  has 
been  at  once  abandoned,  in  order  to  give  way  to  arrangements  by  which  the  services  of  some 
very  intelligent  and  highly  respectable  officers,  whose  offices  had  been  abolished,  could  hi 
again  rendered  available,  with  a  material  saving  to  the  public. 


f 


CUSTOMS. 


sn 


ely  cxcTcisod  the  riglu  of 

1)0  palcnti'cs  rccpivfd  tlir 
ihi-  fees  (if  iisiis;o  tor  llii'ii 
Vfd  I'tTH  lor  (les|i;»li'li. 
■nt.  The  siiluiif^i  of  tlip 
income  was  ilorivcd  frtmi 
it,  and  forme<l  a  continuul 

eor. 

us  commissions  of  impiin-, 

(id  to  in  thwyi-ar  IK1-J,li\ 

olished,  and  coiniicnsatiou 

ihcd. 

uuntfd  to  about  200,000/,, 

■  annum. 

iL'Vcd,  amounted  to  about 

•clieved,  various  allowances 
loundnsc  on  sci/.uii-s.  ami 
e  cstatilislimont,  wert>  also 
m  the  establishnuMit. 
great  apparent  inrreasc  to 
estalili^ihrnent  of  170U  Willi 
luv  of  the  ollicrrs  had  Ih'ih 
nee  is  in  the  mode  ><(  \i:\\- 
onipared  with  ITDC)  are  in 
e  performance  of  the  same 

iblishcd.  Oflicers  were  ad- 
)romotion.  The  oiluers  ,i; 
icttl  inlUience;  and  wcri' t  > 
,-icc,  and  who  ret;anl.'(l  tin i; 
as  otfices  for  which  elliiiiMit 
e  Board  were  cramped  ami 
•vented  the  enforccnii'iil  i>l' 
far  back  only  as  IslS.  tluU 
lent;  and,  upon  the  rccoin- 
opted. 

isilication  and  promotion  of 
the  whole  deitartinent ;  ami, 
been  abolished  ;  the  attcml- 
ays  reduced  from  411  in  tiie 
las-day;  useless  oaths,  ami 
creased  facility  and  despatch 
ditVercnt  oilices,  and  ntuiiis 
r  letrulations  of  detail  c.-ta- 
adapted  to  the  trade  ami 


.,,  in  the  year  ended  the  .''jth 
ued  the  number  and  e.\|KMise 
1 1  years,  nearly  twi)  tliircN 
linued ;  the  number  havimr 
in  salaries  and  charges  has 
■cen,  in  1818,285,115/.;  in 
letween  the  years  lSv::3  aiiJ 
re  nearly  enual,  in  18'27,t» 
the  cross  Channel  dutb, 
!r  period. 

i-rfcrence  with  promotion  m 
incemenl  to  the  incrilorious 

cases  which  have  recently 
!  inen  fairly  exercised,  it  luu- 
^  which  the  services  of  soim' 
,d  been  abolished,  could  bo 


"By  a  recent  order  from  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury,  of  llic  20th  of  February,  1830,  tho 
salnrief)  of  the  commisaionprs,  and  of  other  ollicers,  have  been  prospectively  reduced,  and 
directions  p;iveii  to  revi.«e  the  whole  cst;t!ilishment  in  the  spirit  of  that  order,  with  a  view  to 
every  possible  reduction." 

These  are  very  great  improvements,  certainly,  and  reflect  much  credit  on  the  government, 
and  on  the  Board  by  whom  its  etTorts  have  been  renlously  seconded  ;  but  we  are,  notwith- 
standing, satisfied  that  very  great  reductions  may  still  be  mailc  in  the  cost  i)f  the  establisli- 
mcnt.  These,  however,  arc  not  to  be  cfFccted  by  reducing  the  salaries  of  the  oflicers,  which, 
if  any  thing,  arc  now  too  low;  but  by  lessening  the  demand  for  their  services,  by  reducing 
and  simplifying  the  duties.  The  coast  guard  and  const  blockade  (the  latter  is  uiuler  tho 
orders  of  the  Admiralty),  costing  together  about  400,000/,  a  year,  might  be  wholly  dispensed 
with,  were  it  not  for  the  exorbitant  duties  on  brandy,  gin,  and  tobacco — duties  which  seem 
to  be  intended  only  to  encourage  smuggling;  and  which  it  is  quite  certain  would  be  3  tinic^ 
as  productive  as  they  are  at  this  moment,  were  they  re<luced  to  one  third  of  their  present 
amount.  The  duties  on  a  great  variety  of  small  articles  might  also  be  entirely  repealed, 
without  any  sen.siblu  loss  of  revenue,  and  with  great  advantage  to  CDinmcrce :  and  were 
these  alterations  elFected,  and  the  proceedings  with  respect  to  the  entry  and  clearing  out  of 
ships  and  goods  adequately  simplified,  a  rcry  <<•««/ ,wi-/«i,'- might  In*  made  in  this  dejiort- 
mcnt,  and  the  services  of  a  large  number  of  those  now  employed  in  it  might  be  dispensed 
with. 

In  Scotland,  separate  Custom-houses  seem  to  be  multiplied  to  an  absurd  extent. 
Within  these  few  years,  indeed,  a  very  considerable  change  for  the  better  was  elVected  in  tho 
.Scotch  Custom-house ;  but  it  is  still  susceptible  of,  and  ought  to  be  subjected  to,  great 
curtailment. 

The  reader  will  find,  in  the  accounts  of  most  imported  articles  of  any  consequence  given 
in  this  work,  statements  of  the  customs  duty  paid  on  their  importation.  It  may  be  gratify- 
itiff,  however,  to  liavo  them  all  brought  together  in  one  point  of  view,  as  in  the  following 
Table:— 

.Vn  Account  of  tlie  Gross  Rccnipt  and  Nelt  Produce  of  tlin  Revenue  of  Customs  in  firnat  Britain  in 
lliu  Year  ending  llin  ."itli  of  .lanuary,  tH;!3;  distinguisliing  tliu  Amount  colluctcd  on  eucli  Article 
Ui-ually  producing  1,U0U^  or  more  pur  Annum, 


OroM  Receipt. 

Nelt  Pr»Kluce. 

Llilof  Artifles. 

1 

England, 
L.       I  d. 

ikdiland. 

Great  Rrilain. 
/,.       1.  d. 

England. 
/..       ».  rf. 

Scotl.-.nd. 
/..       1.  d. 

(ire.it  Dritiin. 
/..       ..  rf. 

JMui  inwards. 

L.       1. 

I 

AclJ,  boricic  • 

4,IS3    0    0 

4,IS1    0    0 

4,183     0    0 

— 

4,1-3    0    0 

.Uk-iiKl  root  • 

1,73.1  18    0 

ll  13 

% 

1,791  16    8 

1,729    6    0 

57  18    8 

I,7S7    4    8 

AlUlOQilS 

10,973  16    7 

497     1 

11 

11,470  18    6 

10,771  10    8 

478    5    0 

11.253  15    9 

A:.«-(  • 

2,1S4    5    5 



2,IS4    5    5 

I,S10     1    2 

— 

I,S10    3    2 

Anjelici 

2TS    2  10 

_ 

27.>    2  10 

275    2  10 

» 

275    2  10 

lAutidili) 

671     0     1 

„ 

671     0     1 

671     0     1 

— 

671     0     1 

Aif  Im,  Dnt  driP't 

2,9M  12    S 

299  11 

0 

3,296    7    8 

2.912   19    7 

298    2    0 

3,211     1    7 

:Ariol 

67S  IS    r. 

8    0 

I 

6V6  IS    6 

670    3    6 

8    0     1 

678    3    7 

A'roK  root  rr  powiler 

7S7  19    9 

64  19 

4 

8V2  |9     1 

7S7  12    4 

61   1"     8 

S|9  II     0 

A'liM,  piarl  ami  jtot  • 

1,«H7  14    4 

163    2 

2,0-.0  16  11 

I,S77    0  II 

163    2    7 

2,040    3    6 

R^r-in  iiid  iiaiiis 

I.7BJ  IS     5 

IW    3 

6 

1,960  18  11 

1.701    I.I     1 

19s    3    6 

1,959  16    7 

I'llMiiii 

2,HI0  14  II 

57    2 

7 

2,.147  17    6 

2,.1S3    6    4 

57    2     7 

2,440    8  11 

iBinlla  am!  alkali 

15,166  16    7 

174    4 

9 

15,341     1    4 

1.1,1,56  16     7 

172  11    7 

15,329    8    2 

jhirk  I'T  tanner*'  or  tly- 

T,'  u« 

19,001    0    0 

3,3-10  13 

10 

22..34I  13  10 

18,970     2    8 

3,2!-0  17    9 

22,251     0    5 

iPirkvl! 

l,Ol;l    9    -' 

1     1 

7 

1,044  10    9 

1.04 1     6    2 

1     1     7 

1,044    7    9 

l-nf,  Hl'eJ     . 

3(10  in    4 

11   12 

3 

312  II     7 

300  19    4 

II   12    3 

.112  II     7 

Rf .T,  .|irnre   • 

.'>,H-.6    6    3 

fil2    9 

10 

6,S4S  16     1 

.I.OW  17     0 

690    6  1 1 

P.S4I     3  11 

IWrrirttif  ail  Bort«     - 

3,037  II   11 

2i    0 

f, 

3,0(i2  12     4 

3.017   11   II 

25    0    1 

3.1  t,2  12    4 

,Kv.k! 

8,S43    4    7 

86    5 

4 

»,9-29    9  11 

8,824     1  10 

83    S    5 

8,1109  10    3 

!lv'''!,  ihoti,    »U(1    ca- 

lulin 

3,74'*  16    0 

3    0 

6 

3,751   16    6 

3,743    4    0 

3    0    6 

3.746    4    6 

:Binj 

(>:■.   6    1 

7    9 

0 

SS2  11     1 

875     6     1 

7    9    0 

8>.2  15     1 

11  lrr^  nf  all  snrli 

3,.142    1     g 

36    7 

0 

3.37'*    8    9 

3,321     4    9 

36    7     0 

,1,357  II     9 

iRniiistniie 

6,.>-,(i    6    5 

1,136    8 

4 

7,792  14     9 

6.2VI  18    .1 

1,'vlO  II   10 

7,7«4  10    3 

U\\\t.i 

2-.,lNi  16     I 

42S    R 

3 

2>,614     4     4 

25,l'-4  14     7 

4JS    8    1 

25.613    2  10 

;Bii<l-5 

3,07S    2    0 

0    4 

0 

3.07-.     6    0 

3.042  16    0 

0     4    0 

3.011    0    0 

■K.i'T 

127.773  19  10 

5 -16    9 

10 

I28,:l:l0     9    >< 

127,739  16    7 

553  19  10 

I2S293  16    5 

|ririn(ifjllsortl 

3.->90    8    2 

40  16 

4 

3.6:n    4   6 

3,169  17     7 

40  16    4 

3.610  13  II 

*  iii'hiriJes    ■ 

I.W)  IS    0 

12    9 

0 

1,SS>     7    0 

l,M8  19    4 

12    9    0 

l.«7l     8    4 

r\|*r) 

l,-.34    4    4 

19     1 

0 

l,5-,3     1    4 

1,1,14     4     4 

19     1     1 

l.-.Vl     5    4 

,1  wia  lijnea 

\,tm  1  10 

144     1 

0 

l,S07     2  10 

t.Htl     1   10 

Ml    1    0 

1.-07    2  10 

1  hiTW 

62,367    2  11 

6,S08  13 

69,173  16    6 

62,248  19    7 

6,794  13  11 

6",041  13    6 

\y.M\\  ware,  porcelain, 

m1e,wllien«arf     ■ 

4,.169  l«    5 

12    1 

3 

4,381    19    8 

4,_'00  17    7 

12     1    3 

4.212  IS  10 

X'tinanion 

416  16  10 

416  16  10 

416  16  10 

— 

416  16  10 

iflnckl 

S.03X    7  11 

ir>4  13 

9 

6.093     1     8 

,1,''6S  14     fi 

154  13    9 

6,023     8    2 

H'lnvei 

7,613  13    !) 

66    2 

0 

7,709  15    9 

7,314  16    9 

66    2     0 

7,1-0  18    9 

Kiiohii»al,  rranilla,  ami 

'      iMl 

4,217  IS    5 

_ 

4,217  18    5 

4,195  15    1 

<— 

4,195  15     1 

l>f.j,(vicna  mil  hiiska, 

i   'h(  lis  and  chonilaie 

U.W\  19    9 

44     1 

- 

14,146    1    4 

14,185  11  10 

40     8     1 

14.126    3  II 

CnllV. 

54?  .092    »  II 

2R,I63    1 

9 

676,247  10    8 

647,106  13     8 

2.8. 158    5    0 

575.264  18    8 

H'iulliradi    . 

2,140  18    1 

2,140  19     1 

2,140  IS     1 

2,110  18     1 

IC^Hifeanil  cahli'«    • 

ii  IS    4 

~l  16 

3 

24  14    7 

22  IS    4 

~l    16    :l 

24  14    7 

1'  "tk.  unnt;tnnfaoliire*J 

I2,<><lfl  14    3 

2,S7li  16 

1 

15,«67  10    4 

12,988  18    7 

2,^69  11    9 

n.'is  14    4 

|i;>iks  ri'ady  made    . 

264  19    0 

9    9 

0 

274    8    0 

264  19    0 

9    9    0 

274    8    0 

t'^ni,  cram,  meal,  ar.d 

1    fl"ur.incliidini!  Imck- 

1    "liai,       . 
jCn"'Ninarmfaoliir«(not 

279,9>t    7    4 

29,956    5 

S 

309,910  13    0 

278,005    9    4 

29,910    5    2 

307,915  14    6 

i    nlherwiiede.chbed) 

2.930  11    9 

6  13 

10 

2.937    5    7 

2,903    1    9 

6  13  10 

2,r09  15    7 

ilw-im  of  tartar 

1,374  12    2 

291  10 

3 

1,666    2    f. 

l.3-,4  18    9 

291  IC    3 

1,646    9    0 

>CuL(1ji 

1,20S  18    « 

33    6 

0 

1,244    4    6 

1,208  18    b 

35    6    0 

1.244    4    6 

I  i^* 


CUSTOMS. 


1  - 
■  1 


«>  ■  ■''ii'wi^ 


11 
It 


H 


Gross  Ucceipts, 

Nell  PriKhicf. 

f 

1 

I,i.|  of  Articltt. 

Enilaod. 

Scotland, 

Great  litilain. 

England. 

Scutlan,l, 

Great  Biiuin.    ! 

htilief  /fm«r<if— colli 

/,.        I.  d 

/.       i.d 

/,.       ».  ./ 

~     /..  ""i.  rf 

/..       .  rf 

t~   J.  d: 

Tumri't 

312,749  17    i[           S,3W  la    4|       31.),iaj    b    o|       3I1,'J48    2    b|          2;.m  u    4|       314,a24  14  llj 

l)\c:iu<llbir(hvo<Hli{  viz 

HuXWOlhl 

l,86S  IS    7|              — 

1,868  15    7|           1,868  15    7 1 (Excess  of  repay 

1,867  17   4 

nirnis.) 

1 

Ccdi'",  under  8  in 

a()iiare 

2,\V  10    0                 IS    9    2            2,549  19  1 

2,531  10    9|              18    9    I 

2,.549  19  II 

Fustic      • 

9111    7    2                    s  17    2                9ii    4    4l               lldi  IS    fl|                  S  12     3|              HH  11    (, 

I.OXWOT<! 

2,:«7  li    0                1.17    S  10            2.4  IS    4    : 

1             2,302  19    0                136    0    0            2,13s  p>    (i. 

M:ihoi:.-iiiy 

39,>W  17 

5,923  11     6|         45,407     8    7|          31).r.0l     7    5|           6,9(3  19    6|         43,405    1,  111 

Nicaninia 

Hl-i  12    t 

— 

815  12    >                8il6  li    J 

- 

boij  12    i' 

Ri'sewooJ 

P,0i7  11  10                331     4    6|           H,37!<  IB    4|            f,027  11   10|              34S  14    t 

8,J76    b    4 

Rtn  . 

2l,'«i     1    2               — 

21,565    1    21         2I„W    2    01             — 

21,337    2    o' 

Kliiilnnts'tiwth 

2,700  12    3                11  14 

3,712    6    ,. 

2,070  18    0|               10    4  10 

2,0'JU    2  10: 

Euil^niiclery  anJ  iicwlle 

1 

work 

5,300  12  1 

1  13    C 

5,302    5  1 

6,195  19    4 

1  13    C 

6,197  12    4 

Easfnce  of  bereanint  ntw 

leiliOTts,     {Sre    LiKU 

ti.ll  oils.) 

Feathers  for  Iwtis 

4,121  13    9 

.580  14    C 

4,702    7    2 

4,116  15    I 

572    7    C 

4,0^9    2    7 

ostrich 

(jJli    S    i 

— 

6J6    5    i 

026    6    2 

— 

b2«    3    2; 

Fin    • 

22,371  15  IC 

270  18    5 

22,ti42  14    a 

22,131     8    5 

270  18    6 

22,41-2    6  10 

Fish,  anrliuviefl 

W7    2    f 

2    3    (J 

829    5    S 

815     6    C 

1   13     1 

s|7    I     1 

rels        . 

940  10    C 

— 

910  10    C 

940  10    f 

9411  10    0 

oysti-r*  • 

5,t46    6    8 

— 

6,846    6    6 

5,816    5    S 

^ 

5,81U    5    p' 

Ft.ix, .111(1  tow,  or  coditin 

of  hemp  and  flix    ■ 

1,412    1    2 

2,703  17   a 

4,115  18    6 

1,405  12    6 

2,669  16    9 

4,075    9   3 

Flowers,   artificial  (no 

of  silk) 

filS    7    9 

0  18    3 

616    6    0 

614    7    S 

0  IB    3 

615    6   C 

Furs    • 

34,331  19    2 

8    3    9 

34,.1I0    2  11 

34,071     6    3 

8  3  ; 

31,079  10   C 

(linger,  dry    • 

3,450  12    7 

63    7    5 

3,514    0    0 

3,428  13    7 

63    7    5 

3,4!r2    1    I' 

(iUss;  viz.'bottles,sreen 

or  coiiinion 

9,156  19  10 

633  12    3 

9,790  12     1 

9,145  11    2 

631     2    7 

9,776  13    0 

of  all  other  sorts 

4,6'.0  11    7 

83  16    b 

4,7b4    8     1 

4,674     1     3 

S3  16    3 

4,7,57  17    u. 

Grains,  Guinea 

I,b33  10    0 

— 

1,63:1  10    0 

1,6,13  10    0 

1,033  10   o) 

(trapes 

l.i»0    R     1 

102  14    7 

l.bs:!    2    8 

1,539    8     1 

102  14    7 

1.002    2    ^^ 

Guiij,  ininii  and  copal 

I..',C8  15    8 

— 

1.308  13    8 

1,496    3    3 

— 

1,490    J   J| 

Arahic  • 

2.6-.7  12    2 

114    4    9 

2,771  16  11 

2,630  13    b 

114    4    9 

2,75C  is    3 

^eneinl 

6,78S    0    3 

— 

5,788    0    3 

6,633  11     5 

5,1  JJ  II    ■,• 

lac  dye 

1,447    4     8 

— 

1,447    4     8 

1,447    4    8 

— . 

1.447    4    H 

shellac  ■ 

2,046    3    8 

— . 

2,046    3    8 

2,046    3    8 

_ 

2,146    3   b 

tra<icanth 

1,066    0    9 

_ 

1.066    0    9 

986  14    9 

_ 

8SU  14    9 

Hair,  home     • 

243  18    6 

3  12    I 

217  10    7 

243  18    6 

3  12    1 

247  10   : 

jliiliian  • 

701  15    9 

— 

701  15    9 

700    3    9 

70U    J    l' 

Hair  or  ?cMts'  wool,  ma» 

1 

ijut.iclurrs  of 

2,482  Ij    5 

31  13    0 

2,514    8    5 

2.474  19    6 

31  13    0 

2.506  12    5 

Il.its  of  chip  and  straw 

10,707    3    2 

— 

16,707    3    2 

16.707    3    2 

1B,7U7    3    I 

Ilenip 

28,427  19    4 

4,325    2    7 

32,738     1   11 

23.3M     4     7 

3,181     7  10 

2b,5li2  12    :i! 

Hide;,,  not  tanned 

21,!jh8    0    7 

1,984    7    9 

23,972    8    4 

21,794    6    8 

1,903  15    9 

23,73S    2   5; 

taiinetl 

1,164  13    2 

6    0    0 

1,170  13    2 

1,1(>I  13    2 

6    0    0 

1,170  13   .' 

Horns,    horn    lips,  and 

pirces 

1,715    1     5 

64  12    3 

1,769  13    8 

1,705  12  11 

63    3    2 

1,75S  16    I; 

Horses 

945    0    0 

67    0    0 

l,(X)2    0    0 

937    0    0 

67    0    0 

9U4    0   0, 

Jalap   - 

2,5,3a    4    3 

71    5    6 

2,607    R    9 

2,511     1    7 

71    6    6 

2,t)IU    7    1 

India  nihbers  • 

772  16    3 

~- 

772  16    3 

7(i5    0  10 

705    0  lO' 

Indiffo 

,'!0,597  13  10 

140    9    6 

30,738    3    4 

3fl.5;i9  17    4 

1,10  17    6 

30,0:0  It  |.' 

Iron,  in  har«   • 

20,338  17    0 

1,011  12    0 

21,350    9    0 

20,233    9    2 

1,010  19    0 

21,244    8   i] 

of  all  other  sorii 

707  10    4 

33    3    0 

740  13    4 

704    2     I 

32  18    3 

737    0   4 

Isini^lass 

3,838    0    9 

12    9    6 

3,850  10    3 

3,836    5    2 

12    9    6 

3,SJS  14    t 

Juice  of  lemons,  limes, 

and  oran^rt 

1,041  13    4 

114  10    0 

1,156    3    4 

1,011  13    4 

114  10    0 

1,156   3  4 

Juniper   berriei.      {Ste 

lleiries.) 

I,ice  thread     • 

358  10    2 

2    9    6 

360  19    8 

358  10    2 

2    9    6 

3ti0  1!)    f 

Lacipierel  ware 

1,008    2    0 

8  17    0 

1,016  19    0 

997    8    3 

8  17     0 

i.(m  3  3 

ILead,  liLick     ■ 

2,347     1     9 

5    6    0 

2.352    7    9 

2,292    8    5 

4  14    0 

2,2117    2   i 

Leather  glovi-s 

27,220    0    6 

— 

27,220    0    5 

27,105  16    3 

27,IUj  Hi    J' 

manufactures  of, 

1 

except     hoots, 

1 

shoes,  &  gloves 

1,050  11    8 

13  11    2 

1,061    2  10 

1,0.50  11     8 

13  11     2 

i,«ii  2  ic; 

I.emons  and  oraiiget  • 

50,2,55  11    9 

2,315    o    4 

62.570  17    1 

49.852  17    9 

2,.10',  13    4 

52.I,-.S  13    l! 

Linens.  forei|[n 

17,429  11    7 

43  19  10 

17,473  11     5 

17,190    2     1 

43  19  10 

17.2)4     III 

ijiluorice  juice 

19,924    7    4 

1,888    7    0 

21,812  14    4 

19,924    7     4 

l.SS.')    2     4 

2I.S1.'    9    >: 

Mace 

2,613    8  11 

~- 

2,613    8  11 

2.613    8  II 

2,0lJ    |i  II: 

Madder  and  madder  root 

18,976    8    2 

2,754    5    3 

21,730  13    5 

18,856    8    2 

2,723  13    6 

2l.5'0    J    8! 

Manna 

605    6    6 

— 

.505    6    8 

4S0    8    7 

4'-0    8    -1 

Mats  of  Russia 

4,1  IS    2  10 

700  17    9 

4,«20    0    7 

3,9C7  17    2 

(KiS    3    1 

4,0.0    0   ai 

other  sorts     - 

815  11    2 

23     I     5 

838  12    7 

814    6    9 

23     1     ,5 

:-,)7    s   2\ 

Melasscs 

128,216    5    8 

126,439    5  11 

254,655  11    7 

128,0^9  16    3 

123.841  15    3 

253,i«il  II    Ol 

.Musical  instruments  - 

1,,t08  14    9 

3    9    6 

1,512    4    3 

1,493    3  11 

3    9b 

1,4115  13    5i 

Myrrh 

663  17  10 

_ 

663  17  10 

495    4  11 

4''3    4  III 

Nutmen 
Nuls,  chesnuts 

14.51)5     8    3 

60    2    6 

14.553  10    9 

14,502    8    3 

7o    2     0 

1 1.3 ,2  If    »> 

2,333    8  10 

12  18    0 

2.346    6  10 

2.310  14  10 

10  IS     0 

2.121  12  IC| 

small    • 

12.679  19    7 

57    I    6 

12,737     1     1 

12,610    5    7 

.52  17     6 

li!,Oi.J    3    1; 

walnuts 

1,454  12  10 

49    5    4 

1,503  IS    2 

1,437    9    4 

48  IS    4 

I.4S6    7    SI 

Oil,  castor 

2,422    6  10 

127    7    b 

2,549  14    4 

2,412     1     I 

127    7    6 

2,3J9    8    li 

chemical,  essential. 

1 

and  perfumed  of 

all  sorts 

9,061  18    6 

91     6  10 

9,153    5    3 

9.000  13    5 

91    6  10 

!).0f2    0    3 

olive 

42.5!-0     I  10 

384    2    5 

42,964    4    3 

42,505     1     0 

383  14     1 

4-2.>V<  13    1 

palm 

27,.5,59    2    0 

0    6    0 

27,559    7    0 

27,541    7    3 

0    3    4 

27,341  10    7 

train,  S|ierm»ceti  k 

blubber 

2.277  15    4 

429    2    I 

2,706  17    5 

2,272    5    5 

427    2  10 

2,6D9    8    3 

Oker 

507  17    4 

I    4    8 

.509    2    0 

.507  17    4 

1     4     8 

609    2    0 

Opium 

5,933    7    6 

62    0    0 

6,965    7    6 

5,929      '    6 

62    0    0 

s.psi  (1  o; 

Orchal  and  orchella  • 

28S  10    6 

0    4    9 

2''S  15    3 

283    2  11 

0    4    9 

2f3    7    8l 

Paper 

801   15    7 

— 

801  15    7 

801     8     1 

SOI    S    1' 

of  the  Isle  of  Man 

9<i9    0    0 

_ 

969    0    0 

969    0    0 

_ 

POO  0  o: 

for  hanirings    - 

851  10  10 



851   10  10 

851   10  10 

,_ 

831  10  ICj 

Pepper  of  all  sorts     ■ 

91,995  14    4 

8,227    8    8 

100,223    3    0 

91.844    7    2 

8,227    8    8 

100,071   15  IC' 

Piciures 

2,011     2    1 

53  15    7 

2,0<i4  17    8 

2,010  1 1     1 

.53  15    7 

2.110,1    0    6' 

Pimento  . 

5,769  11     4 

296  14    7 

6,066    5  1 1 

6,707    9    8 

287    0  10 

6,1)54  10    li; 

Pilch 

368  13    3 

93  17    7 

462  10  10 

368  13    3 

89  18    7 

438  II  Wl 

Plattini;  (if  chip  or  straw 

15,209    7    9 

— 

15,209    7    9 

15,198    6    9 

13,I!I8    6    3| 

Pliiiiis,  dried  • 

470  19    1 

1  12    5 

472  11    6 

470    9    6 

t  II     3 

472    0    9 

Prints  and  drawings  • 

1,309  15    6 

9  12    3 

1.319    7    9 

1.;KI2     I   11 

9  12    3 

l,:)ll  14    i!: 

Pnines 

fi.730  14    2 

361     7    8 

6,092     1  10 

5,718  16    0 

356    4    9 

6.075    0    !'l 

(Quicksilver    • 

2,678    2    S 

0  12     7 

2,6-8  15    0 

2,674    5  11 

0  12     7 

2.074  IS    O 

(^ills,  goose  • 

3,609  14    7 

692  16    7 

4,2(>2  11    2 

3,609  14    7 

592  16    7 

4,202  II    i 

9C6    2  11 

— 

986    2  11 

977    6  II 

— 

977   6  II 

CUSTOMS. 


563 


(Kxcfss  of  n'pay 
iiiiiiiB.) 

S  I.!    3 
13(1    0    II 
5,ilt3  19    «i 


GreAl  Hiitiia.    ! 

314,324  U  llj 
I,S07  17    -1 


572    7    C 


270  18    6 
I   13     1 


2,669  16    9  4,0- 


6,197  12   4 


C31    2    7 
83  lU    3 


3  12    I 


31  13    0 


71    6    6 


114  10    0 


2    9    6 

!•  17     0 
4  U    0 


13  11  2 

2,30  ■.  l:i  4 

43  19  10 

l.Stb    2  4 

2,723  15  6 

WIS    3  1 

il     I  S 

125.MI  li  3 

3    9  (i 


91  6  1(1 

3iO  14  I 

0  3  4 

427  2  10 

1  4  » 
52  0  n 

0  4  9 


f,227    S  SI 

•)3  li  7] 

287    0  10 

b9  1»  7 

1  11  3 

9  12  3 

356    4  9 

n  12  7, 

592  16  71 


I,7')S  16    1 

994    I)   0 

2,Wt:    7    1, 

7W    0  I0| 

30,liT0  II  I'', 

21,244    !>   i\ 

-■y,    0  4| 

S.S'JS  14    M 

1,IJ6    3    4 


9,or2  n  3 

4i.>l"<  15    I 
27,341  10    7_ 


Gross  Receipts. 

Nett  Produce. 

Liil  of  Article*. 
nutia  lnuMTdi—tnn\. 

Enrland. 

Sculland. 

Great  Brilaio. 

/,.       t.  d. 

England. 
/..       «.  d. 

Scotland. 
l'.'  ~i.  d 

Great  Britain. 
L.        1.  d. 

L.       t.  d. 

/,.       :  d. 

jRiA,  fcc.  U.t  |'«|«r   . 

1,401     0    7 

318  15  10 

1,710  Ifl    5 

1.375    4    8 

318    4     1 

1,693    8    9 

|K.1I>IIIB 

141,5.17  17    2 

4,177    8    u 

145,715    i    2 

140,285    2  10 

4,057  17    9 

144,343    0    7 

Mncti  »iKl  »lh«r  oil 

1   cUa 

3.232  17    9 

388  13  10 

3.621   11     7 

3,221    0    0 

386    1     3 

3,607     1    3 

RliuMrb 

4..'I3  17  10 

_ 

4,213  17  10 

4.2'i7    2  10 

— 

4.  O:    2  10 

IK.«  • 

CWt  12    5 

237  13    8 

6.740    8     1 

6.417    2  11 

237  13    0 

6.6-14  15  11 

1       in  the  huik 

Z^W    7  11 

28,187    7  11 

20.095    9    8 

20,095    9    8 

[mCo   • 

9t3    7    4 

~3    9    8 

916  17    0 

913    7    4 

~3    9    8 

9:6  17    0 

'Mjipelpe         •           • 

5,144  18    4 

9  10    >< 

5.154    9    0 

5.123  Ifl    5 

9  10     8 

5  1X1     1     1 

•jmiarill*    • 

4,275    4    H 

54    4     9 

4,329    9    5 

4.i'fl7    2    4 

.54     4     !i 

4.(»j|     7     1 

yairiltinny     - 

1,477  lit  10 

3  14     u 

1,481   13    3 

1,384  19    6 

3  14     5 

1,388  13  11 

«rMi  tfM  cnrtt  (iacluil- 

m^  lira)     • 

93.244    6    2 

9,987  11     1 

103.131   16    3 

92,723    4    6 

0,839  13    8 

102.561   18    2 

?*tiiia 

6,t3l    0  11 

175  16    6 

U,8C6  17    6 

6,503  13    3 

176  10    6 

6,679  11     9 

sniir.'  hulli  anii  mtteri- 

ill  - 

726    7    7 

203     1     9 

929    9    4 

637  10    6 

179     1     9 

816  12     3 

>i.'jm*c 

SMI    6    ii 

656  15    5 

6,218    2     1 

6,311   12  111 

622    3    « 

5.933  16    4 

l>,lk,  raw 

14,202    2    2 

_ 

14,202    2    2 

14,159    5    3 

— 

14,159    5    3 

waile,   knubs  an! 

hu-ks 

294    4    3 

_ 

294    4    3 

293  19    3 

„_ 

293  18    3 

thmwn  • 

52,013    1    5 

~- 

.52,013    1     5 

14,032    6    7 

(Excess  of 

12,097  18     1 

guQufactum,  East 

drawlui.k>.J 

ludiail 

19,296  15    f) 

_ 

19.296  15    8 

19,262  17  10 

19.262  17  10 

not  do. 

149.079  11     4 

9    4    5 

149.0M8  15    0 

14s,f,fi7    5  10 

9    4    5 

148.676  10    3 

1  >kiM  (not  being  (uiT) 

16,2S9  IS  11 

2,104    0    t. 

18,193  16    5 

16.ai7  17    7 

2,0.:  3  15  11 

18.1193  13    « 

IsnillU 

6,033    3    6 

612    4    6 

5,563    8     0 

5,ail    7  10 

312    4    6 

5,363  12    4 

l>»p,  hanl  and  loft,  fo- 
1    rtiro 

1.277  10    6 

33    7    9 

1,310  IS     3 

1.277  10    6 

33    7    9 

1,110  18    3 

*pe'.tpr 

5,578  17    6 

125    0    5 

5,-03  17  11 

f.,5-3  17    6 

125    0    5 

5,698  17  11 

l>pinti,roreisii,  vii.iimi 

1,520,102     1  II 

1)0,411   14    2 

1,570,513  16     1 

l,518.iliH     8     1 

50,408    2    2 

1,569.402  10    3 

bninly 

I,t97,444  16    5 

6«,:99    0    4 

l,:6li,2l3  lU    9 

1,«97.(>95     7    2 

68,791    2  10 

1,705,8-9  10    0 

Gi'iiera 

15,577    9     1 

7,956  16    9 

■23,334    4  10 

15,367     fl    8 

7,946  lb    U 

A514    8    5 

of  all  oilier 

•orts- 

9,126  16    1 

734    2  10 

9,S60  19  11 

9,020     1   11 

721  1'  II 

9,741  17  10 

of  lh«  nianufac* 

tiire  of  Guern- 

Ky  and  Jeney 

21,071  IS    1 

— 

21,071  18    1 

21.054    0    7 



21,054    0    7 

spnrce          - 

2,147  II    7 

-*. 

2,147  11     7 

2.f«7    4     1 

-« 

2,097    4     1 

MOM*,  »!«.    biirta  for 

mil'stoiie^ 

1,315    0    9 

31  12    4 

1.316  IS    1 

1,309  15    2 

31  12    4 

1,341     7    6 

Burble  blocks 

6^9    4  11 

50  15    r. 

739    0    4 

6t-5    7     5 

.50    6     1 

715  13    6 

-TiccaJei 

ti99    8    8 

62  14    2 

91:2    2  10 

8^9    4  II 

62  14     2 

951  19     1 

i<inr 

4,437.812    6    2 

50«,660  15    4 

4,946,473     1     6 

3,571.449  11     1 

415,0(9     1     7 

3.9S6.5I8  12    8 

Iii;o» 

n.5,M-<  11   II 

9,151   10  11 

183,000    2  10 

175,484    7    2 

9,111   18     5 

1^4.■.96    5    7 

^isiihods     - 

679    0  11 

114     8    0 

793     8  11 

676  12     8 

112    0     2 

7»-8  12  10 

fir    . 

5,539    6    1 

1,130  II     1 

6,669  17    2 

5,506    5    8 

1,094    4     0 

C,fcU0    9     8 

limber;  via. 

Bilki  ami  ufera.  under 

5  inches  wjuare    - 

1,230    5    7 

113    2    0 

1,343    7    7 

1,230    6    7 

113    2    0 

1,343    7    7 

Biiieiii    and     batten 

crtd* 

81.366    9  11 

28,362    7    4 

109,728  17    3 

80,140  15    5 

28,347     8  10 

108.488    4    3 

\  nnli  ind  deal  ends 

479,819  19    8 

9,683  11     0 

469,503  10    8 

473,595  16    fc 

9,664    9    0 

4.<'3.2bO    5    6 

1  l'ire«ood    - 

4,518    3     1 

39    8    5 

4,5.7  II     6 

4.475  12    9 

38     4    6 

4,513  17    3 

,  l';r  quirterj 

3.429    0    2 

14  12    7 

3,443  12    9 

3.3<fl    9    8 

14  12    7 

3,184    2    3 

1  Kuanloak 

I.3-.6    9    9 

618  H     1 

1,875    6  10 

1,354  13    6 

515    5     8 

1.869  19     1 

Ulh'.vnoJ   • 

2    -.10    2    3 

2.191   13    4 

27,891   15    7 

24,263  11     6 

2,346    6  il 

26.609  18    6 

Masts  are!  spara      - 

I;„9I7  19  10 

1,199  11     0 

1,5,117  Ifl  10 

13.868    6     2 

1,177  15     5 

15.046     1     7 

OikpUDk  - 

3,658  12    e 

3,594     7    9 

7,253    0    3 

3.656  10    5 

3,549  16    9 

7.206    7    2 

lan 

780  16    1 

101   19    7 

882  15    9 

771     5    0 

101    19    7 

873    4     7 

Nrires 

43.930    4    2 

2,943  13  11 

46,873  18     1 

43.886  17  10 

2,9,19  15  11 

45.-25  13    9 

Teak 

6,b96    3    6 

663    5    9 

7,361    9    3 

6,K>5    3    6 

662    9    3 

7,317  12  II 

Tin,ter,  6r,  8  inches 

iquart,  or  upwards 
1         oak       dn. 

362.417    1     2 

61.047  11     9 

42.3.494  12  11 

314.2.18  15    0 

60,671   II     7 

374.910    6    7 

29,999  10    7 

8.174  11     3 

38,174     1   10 

29.966    7  10 

8,012     1     4 

S.t.otS    9    2 

of  other  soHs,da. 

5.944  12    5 

1,5^7    3    6 

7.r,31    15  11 

5.903    4  10 

l,.56l     0    6 

7,404    6    4 

Wainscot  lo^s.  Jii. 

7,4  ■■3    4  10 

353    7     1 

7,806  II  II 

7.191  17    9 

353     1     1 

7.744  19  10 

Hiacco  ind  sijulf     • 

2,146.442    0    9 

291,392    5    0 

2,437,834    5    9 

2,137,242  10     1 

291,289  17    6 

2,428,512    7     7 

i'lronesliell 

459  10    7 

0    8    6 

458  19     1 

457  13     I 

,       0    8    6 

458     1     7 

Tyi  ■ 

3.4^6  19    6 

50    5    3 

3,50-    4     9 

3.41S  16    4 

60    5    3 

3.469     1     7 

Turj^ntinc,  common 

73.707  M     2 

_ 

73.707  II     2 

7.1.558  14     3 

•|3  558  14    3 

iW..itiii 

11.909     2  10 

30    0    0 

6  9,18    2  10 

6.907    7  10 

30    0     0 

6.' 37    7  10 

IWriicris 

2,463     4    0 

38    9    0 

2,506  13    0 

2,457    0    0 

38    9    0 

2,495    9    0 

Itruiicelli  and  macci' 

rmi 

1,407    7    2 

79    4    6 

l,4«6  11     8 

1,401  13  10 

76  15    C 

1,479    9    4 

;'|'w,;ar 

216  13    0 

123    9    0 

340    2  0 

216  10    6 

121  16    0 

337    6    6 

j          o(  the  manufac- 

'             turenftiueni- 

1^            sty  \  JiMsey 

16    0    6 

0  14    4 

16  14  10 

16    0    6 

0  14    4 

16  14  in 

■  •Vi!pr,C(>li)ine,in  flasks 

4.012  11     2 

112    7    0 

4,144  18    2 

4.031     5    '2 

109  19    0 

4.141    4    2 

' 'Vu.  Usa',  \c. 

77'*    6    9 

49    1     1 

827    7  10 

774     1     7 

49     1      1 

823    2    8 

;»■;«»(  111  „rtl      -i 

1,331.5«.|  16     5 

104.259    8    6 

1,435,844    4  11 

1.277.196  15    5 

99,829    2    9 

1.377.1125  18     1 

H26I3    4    7 

— 

142.613     4    7 

142.613    4    7 

_ 

14J.6I3    4     7 

vV:*!.  cotton  . 

591.135  17     1 

37,834  13  10 

029.270  10  II 

68>..4t9  11     1 

37,303     1     7 

62-..7>4  12     8 

shcc:)>*s  anil  Unihs' 

102,276  19    1 

Oil 

102,277    0    2 

102,027  19    4 

(Encessof 

202,027    2  11 

''Vtv)H(n  niaimfactures. 

repayments,) 

t'l'    other  .lite     dm- 

'  "ibtd,  includini  ca>- 

L.K' 

11.907  18    9 

1     1    9 

11,909    0    6 

11,879    1  10 

1     1    9 

11,880    3    7 

>ini,  cotton  • 

4H9  12    5 

.103  15    2 

803    7    7 

4''9  12    5 

303  15    2 

803    7    7 

1,       linen,  raw 

634    8    0 

118  14    9 

633    2    9 

634    8    0 

US    6    7 

652  14    7 

>!l.m    berriei.      (See 

i  Brnies.) 

7j8rt 

416  12  10 



416  12  10 

416  12  10 

_ 

416  12  10 

i'l'«h»rir;icle«       • 
Td'aldutes,  inwards  ) 
earned  forward       j 

C'llsanilnilijieiportel 

9n.>-.33    2    4 

3,194  17  It 

94.028    0    3 

88,852    4    4 

3,178    5    9 

92.030  10    1 

16.419,716    6    2 

1,467,803    6    6 

17,887,599  12     8 

15.l'6,1.788    2     9 

~,364,0O2in0 

16.727.7'fl  14    7 

61,0.12    8    0 

6,673  14  10 

56,616    2  10 

48,y23    0    5 

5,407  14  11 

a4,3''0  15    4 

iBnnilllbeep and  laniln 

1  '"fl.  noollen  yarn, 

'   tc.eiported 

2,905  16    3 

38  17    0 

2,944  13    3 

2,827    4    9 

38  17    0 

2,866    1     9 

■»."l.dr). 

15    2    7 

^ 

13    2    7 

15    2    7 

— 

13    2    7 

i^^centa^edulyonBpi. 

1   I'ili  foods  e«|»,rted 

;T«ii duties ogtnaids,  > 
j  tarried  forwanl       \ 

59.697    6    2 
113,660  12    0 

2,553  IS    3 
8,166    7    1 

62,251    0    5 
121.826  19    1 

53,513    6    6 
105,278  14    5 

2,523    6    9 

56,036  12    3 

7,969  17    8 

113,248  II  11 

I 

70 


664 


CUSTOMS. 


;=«..  -i 


cr::> 


fi"* 

;1 

.:i 

r- 

-MkM 

c:v3 

€:,:> 

■rc««wnii 

•I" 

WCM 

li 

-.Tl 

1 

1 

a 

■f - 

LiitorArticlet. 

Grmi  Receipts. 

Nrtt  Pmdurr. 

KncUn'l. 
L.       1.  d. 
IC.4i<>,'n)6    6    3 

iiu.oeo  12  0 

Scotland. 

Oreal  Dri  ain. 

L.       1.  d. 

l7,»<-','i99  12    f 
I2I,H26  19    1 

KriKUn'l. 

Scollaiil. 

/,.       ».  d 

1,364.002  r,  10 
7,%9  17    » 

('•'<■''  IliilJIn.    ; 

Otitif^  inwanli,  brnuthl 
forwanl 

outwardt,  do. 

Canal    and   dnck  duty, 
NlenrManiliilir*,  renr 
of    fiuays   KiKhli  Kild 
for  duty,  &c. 

Tcilal,  Omt  nritain 
Ireland 

Total  llnilel  Kin^doni 

/..        ..  d. 

l,467,Hn3    6    6 
H.I66    7     1 

/..        ..  d. 

l5,36.1.-««    2    9 
I05,27H  14    .1 

16.737.790  'Ci   .' 
'I'l,248ll  1, 

lli,:>33,lJ6  18    2 

156,294  15    2 
I6,U»9,75I  13    4 

1,47J,!IB9  13    7 

1,944    1    9 

1,477,913  15    4 

l«,009,426  11    9 

I5!),23R  le  1 1 

lH,l67,>i6-.    8    S 
l,il8.9S»(  16    i 

15,469,0116  17    2 
117.910    6    2 

1,371,972  13    6 
1,618  17    G 

It',»l0,433  10  . 

! 

\2n.m  3  ., 

I5,5»7,nii    3    4 

1,373,016  II     0 

lii.ntin,(tii  14  ,j 

i.w,.M9iiii: 

- 

- 

I9,(>HI,6>4    4  10 

- 

- 

lSI67,Mtl    t,    1, 

Inippctnr  Oonornt'g  Office,  Ciifitnin  House, 
London,  2Stli  of  Murcli,  1833. 


Wn.I.IAM  IRVINO, 

Inspector  General  of  Iiiiporls  anil  Exports. 


Oitat  Drilain. 

£           5.     ll. 

-  731,7'.»3  10  II J 

.M87  17     1 

-  13.%9I4    3    2J 

-  22<l.78!»  12    li 

-  18.358    0    8 

Ireland. 

£            K. 

130,014  in 

233  12 

9,*«ti0    6 

112,1»<J    1 

rf. 

7 
« 
fi 
3| 

£1,121,0.37    4     1 

JE2.',2,:«7  19 

n 

The  rhurges  of  collection  on  the  customs  revenue  of  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  snmc 
year  were — 


Civil  'lepartment 

Ilnrliniir  vessels 

(bruisers 

Provi'ntivR  water  guard 

Land  guard 


In^ipediir  General  of  Imports  and  Exports.  Miserable  Al tempt  at  Economy  in  H,;, 
Department. — The  omoe  of  inspector  general  of  imports  and  exports  was  r>.tiiiilislip,|  in 
1606,  The  accounts  of  the  trade  and  navigation  of  the  country,  annually  laid  In-I'iirp  par. 
liament,  are  furnished  by  this  oflTice  ;  and,  owing  to  the  aiiility  of  the  olficerH,  the  iiiiiirnvcd 
manner  in  which  these  accounts  arc  now  made  out,  and  the  practice  of  giving  stati'iiicnts  nf 
the  quantities  of  the  princifial  articles  exported  and  imported,  and  the  declared  or  real  n\w 
of  the  former,  they  have  Itecome  of  great  public  importance.  It  is  singiilur,  li.iwpvpr.  ihit 
after  having  existed  for  about  13.5  years,  and  being  gradually  brought  to  a  hii;li  pitch  otpr- 
fcction,  this  office  was.  in  18U0,  rendered  nearly  useless  by  a  pitiful  attempt  to  siim  ih 
aalari/  of  a  couple  of  clerks .'  Previously  to  that  year,  the  accounts  of  the  trmlc  iiiul  ri'vtinic 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  empire  weie  exhii)ited  separately  and  jointly  ;  .ko  llmt  if 
any  one,  for  example,  wished  to  know  the  quantity  of  sugar  entered  for  home  con-itim]itiin 
in  1829,  in  Great  13ritain  and  in  Ireland,  he  would  have  found  the  results  separately  siu'ol; 
and  in  the  same  way  for  the  produce  of  any  article  or  tax.  Nothing,  it  is  ))lain,  conll  !ip 
more  desirable  than  an  arrangement  of  this  sort ;  which,  indeed,  considering  tht;  riitinly 
dilferent  situation  of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  empire,  is  the  only  one  capable  nlairni- 
ing  the  means  of  drawing  any  ui^cful  conclusions.  But  in  1830,  ministers,  in  order  Ux- 
complish  the  miserable  object  already  alluded  to,  had  all  the  accounts  con.snlidatcd  into  nno 
mass  (ruds  rt  Indifresla  nmks)  ;  so  that  it  became  imimssibic  to  tell  what  wiisthe  coii- 
fiumption  of  any  article,  or  the  produce  of  any  tax,  cither  in  Great  Uritain  or  in  Ireland,— the 
only  information  communicated  being  the  general  result  as  to  the  United  Kinsjiloiii !  N,)- 
thing  more  absurd  was  ever  imagined.  On  the  principle  that  Ireland  is  taken  inli)  tho  sanip 
average  with  Great  Britain,  we  might  take  in  Canada ;  for  there  is  dociiledly  less  liill'orena' 
between  the  condition  and  habits  of  the  people  of  Canada  and  those  of  Britain,  than  iliinis 
biJtwoen  those  of  the  British  and  Irish.  But  this  measure  was  not  olijcctionublc  meri'lv  I'rn:!! 
its  confounding  such  dissimilar  elements,  and  laying  a  basis  for  the  most  a'isiird  luul  un- 
founded inferences:  it  rendered  all  the  previous  accounts  in  a  great  measurt-  us"li'ss;  niiil 
would,  had  it  l)een  pirsfvered  in,  have  eirectually  deprived  statesmen  anti  slatisiiciaiis  ul' 
some  of  the  very  best  means  of  instituting  a  comparison  beiween  the  past  niu!  I'liliirf  sia!' 
of  both  ilivisions  of  the  empire.  Happily,  however,  this  almrlive  iiltcin]it  at  ccomdiiiv  Iim 
been  relin(]uished.  'I'lie  moment  Mr.  Foulett  Thomson  attained  to  (.(nee.  he  took  nicusurH 
for  the  restoration  of  that  system  which  had  been  so  unwisely  abandoned  ;  ami  every  one  in 
any  degree  conversant  with  matters  of  finance,  commerce,  or  statistics,  wdl  a-ircc  wiili  nsiii 
thinking  that  the  Uight  Hon.  GentliMiian  could  have  rendered  few  more  acceplalilc  scrvin'?. 
The  public  accounts  fi>r  1830,  the  only  ones  made  out  on  the  new  system,  were  a  ilisgrace 
to  the  country.  We  are  glad,  however,  to  have  to  add  that  they  have  been  withdrawn,  and 
replaced  by  others. 


CUSTOMS. 


555 


Nell  Prmlurn. 


Scollaii'l. 
I.       t.d 

Orn'  RiiUin. 

..  d. 

/..       ..  i. 

2    9 
1    » 

7    2 

1,361.002  r.  in 

7,%9  17    » 
1,371,972  13    6 

I6,73:,T!I0  'S    - 
ll'l,248  II  1, 

lt,SlO,433  10  ■ 

6    2 

1,648  17    G 

UO.Ii!*   3   . 

i    4 

1,373,010  II    0 

Ili,!)(i0,(tll  14    , 
t,W,J4!)l!  p 

_ 

3I87,5S1   (,  ,1 

(An  Account  of  the  Orosi  and  Nfitt  Amount  of  Duly  recelvnd  at  ouch  Cuntom-Itnuiin  of  the  IT.  Kinf- 
doni,  iluring  ihe  Yvar  viulitiK  .'Mh  Jitnuarv.  i'^'IH,  coui|iaru(l  witli  siiiiilar  Kcceipu  during  the 
preceding  Veur.— (/luurii  uf  Trade  I'uper.i,  VII.  p.  'it.) 


XIAM  TRVINO. 

ral  uf  Iiiipcirls  and  Exportn. 


ted  Kingdom  during  the  same 


riUin. 

Irflanil. 

>.    d. 

£        .'.    d. 

10  11) 

130,011  IS    7 

17     1 

233  12    9 

3    2} 

Q.tifiO    6    fl 

12    li 

112,1B»     1    3i 

0    8 

4    1 

jE2r.2,:w7  I'j  u 

Mtcmpt  at  Econntin/  in  Una 
nd  exports  wa^  pstalilishfil  in 
ntry,  annually  laiil  lu'lorc  par- 
y  of  the  oHicprH,  the  imiirovcd 
■actice  of  giving  slati'int'iits  nf 
and  the  declared  or  real  value 
It  is  singular,  h.iwevpr,  thit 
jirought  to  a  hi^h  iiitch  of[i('c- 
a  pitiful   attempt  to  sure  thr 
lunts  of  the  traile  iiiul  revi  imp 
irately  and  jointly  ;  so  that  il 
ntered  for  home  con^iimptini 
the  results  separately  staled ; 
Nothing,  it  is  iilain,  coiil.l  !* 
leed,  considering  the  riitirily 
ip  only  one  cnpal'le  ol'ail()'ii- 
830,  ministers,  in  order  li  ar- 
iccounls  consolidated  into  one 
le  to  tell  what  was  the  cmi- 
■at  Hrilain  or  in  Ireiuml,— the 
the  United  Kinsjdmn!   Ni> 
reland  is  taken  into  the  same 
re  is  decidedly  less  ililVi-rtnic 
those  of  Hritain.  than  ihirc i> 
not  olijectionalile  merely  iVi'm 
for  the  most  a'lsiird  and  i;n- 
great  measure  us'dess ;  a'ld 
utesmen  and  statislieiaiis  >A 
pen  the  past  and  future  siai- 
tive  attempt  at  eeonoiny  ha* 
■il  to  (iffiee,  he  took  iiicasuri'i 
nliaiuloned  ;  and  every  oiic  m 
.alisties,  will  a-^ree  with  iisiii 
few  more  aeeeptalile  sl■^vi(•('^■. 
new  system,  were  a  disgraii' 
sy  have  been  withdrawn,  and 


Cnm  R  criiit  in 
IS3b. 

OroH  Rrrciijt  in 
Ib37. 

Nell  Rec<-ipl  in  IMS.    1 

Nell  RMcipl  in  IH37.    j 

Poili. 

KxliiljitiiiK  Prfwliicr,  il.^urtinf  Kr|taymrnl 

(pf  'I'm  le  Voiichert.  Olficc  kipeiiMai,  4c. 

England. 

£      a.  it. 

£       ».    rf. 

£      a.   rf. 

£      1.  d. 

London 

12,l5fi,279  14    6 

11,188,036    8  11 

11,088,207    8    6 

10,190,006    6    4 

Al)Hry8twilh 

1,«37  iH    3 

1,007  10    4 

633  11    0 

Aldliro' 

155  1.^    2 

32    7    4 

Arundel 

2,405    0    2 

1,990    5    5 

1 

llarnataplc  - 

12,005  IW    7 

10,480    2    6 

10,125  10    8 

8,923  18     1 

i 

Hcaiiiiiuria  - 

3,230  10    5 

3,.327    4    5 

llerwicli 

7,H51     0    8 

10,678     8  10 

— 

2.357    3    4 

Ilulelord      - 

3,(i«3  1!)  11 

6.490  10    9 

060  15    5 

3,734    0  10 

Ulackney  and  Clay 

1,225    2    6 

1,252  12    2 

Hiwlon 

10,5.35    6    2 

17,265    7     H 

6,171   19    7 

12,929  10    8 

\ 

llriilKi'watcr 

8,3Si)    3    y 

9,001    7     8 

6,627  14    9 

8,131  11     3 

' 

IlriilliiiKtun 

51   I!)    1 

130  13     0>- 

llridport 

5,821     «    9 

6,207     7     6 

2.617    9    2 

3,880  16    8 

llrislol 

1,112,H12    U    U 

1,154,817  11     0 

1,073.099  11  11 

1,114,591   18    7 

, 

farditr 

7,6.')0    H  11 

10,843    6     5 

5,927  10    7 

9.101   17  11 

Cariliiran     - 

809  17    t> 

2,232    3    6 

— 

652  13     2 

Carlisile 

31,003  15  10 

27.433     1     8 

29,771     0    8 

26.112  18    5 

Clit'pstow    - 

517    6    9 

1,003    5     6 

6    9    0 

511  12    8 

Clitster 

68,334    9    7 

82,1.57  13    3 

67,008    3    0 

80,788  17     1 

i  Cliichester  - 

1,031   15     1 

971     8    6 

C'oklifster  - 

lO.S-W    3    7 

17,518    8    0 

12,335    1    5 

12,992    4    8 

Cowes 

2,151  17    7 

2,839  12    7 

Durlniouth 

3,135  12    3 

5,422    6    9 

Di'iil 

1.50  1!)     N 

621    0    5 

Udvcr 

47,137  11    7 

39,101   17  10 

18,798    2  11 

11,282  15  10 

Kseler 

7i),8(r7    8    2 

82,8'.l3  15    8 

69,569  18     9 

72.063    5    9 

Kalmouth    - 

23,524    3    0 

22,883     9    5 

11,325  18  10 

10,515    7    2i 

Fcversham 

3,075    9    5 

3.185  14     3 

Kowey 

25,.549    2  10 

8,882     0  10 

.5,017     8    0 

filoiiccster 

160,187     I    2 

132,879     9     1 

160,093  11     3 

126.538  17  11 

(iticile 

00,317    8    a 

77,033     1     6 

58,6.39  12    9 

75.201   11     8 

(irimsliy 

11,6.^3    2    3 

10,027  12  11 

.5,910  lb    9 

4,247    1     4 

(iweek 

25,080  16     6 

2,828     4     8 

7,827  11     3 

Harwich     - 

1,078     1     2 

2,231  17    6 

Hull 

801,628  12  10 

741,600  17  10 

768,448  11    7 

705,300    1     4 

Ilfraoombe 

104    7    5 

.376    0    2 

Ipswicli 

37,881  17    6 

36,871    9    2 

35.9,36  16  10 

34,837  14    6 

Lancaster   - 

42,313  17    3 

40,031  12  11 

38,226  16    1 

36.169  11     9 

Llaiinelly    - 

1,834    7    2 

2,844  10    4 

407  17  10 

1,266    5    3 

Liverpool    - 

4,450,425    3    6 

4,351,496    6    8 

4,221,798    6    2 

4,136,624    3     1 

Lyme        ,  - 

1,467  19  10 

1,795  15    6 

Lynn 

52,470  16  10 

59,518"   9    2 

48,483  16    2 

55,502    1  11 

Maldon 

5,152    4  11 

5,131  19    1 

Milfurd 

4,073    4    2 

4,989    9    2 

Newcastle 

307,274  19    3 

413,796  17    0 

293,087    7    7 

396,533    2    6 

Newliavcn 

13,2.50  13    9 

13,806  11    2 

3,707    0    5 

4.027  16    1 

Newport     - 

11,183    4    2 

13,5.35    2    0 

10,270    8    9 

12,563  19    5 

1   I'adstow 

1,410    5    5 

1,013  10    2 

',   Penzance    - 

30,558  11   11 

16,818    8  10 

8,291    0    8 

I'ly  mouth 

103,423    7    4 

105,495    3    5 

78,066    8    8 

80,896    2    9 

I'oole 

12.000  17  11 

10,30 t  11    4 

1.S43    9    2 

1    I'ertsmouth 

46,873     1     2 

47,259    3    4 

27,313    0  11 

28,436  12  10 

;    Itamsgate   - 

10,262  17     1 

9,972  16    7 

,   Rniliester  - 

17,096  13  11 

20,478    7    8 

— 

1,131  19    3 

.   Hye 

8,564  15    4 

7,.304  17  11 

'.   !Si.  Ives 

4,.521  11     5 

4,701  18    1 



496  10  11 

!   Scarliorough 

2,1.39    8  10 

2,117    2    0 

— 

195  10    6 

1   .Stilly 

82    4    8 

134    2    6J 

!   Slioreham   - 

22,920  10    9 

20,701     1     1 

11,290    9    4 

9..507  10    0 

i   .Soiitlianipton 

49,13!)  17     1 

45,427    9    7 

30,126    9    7 

24,525    4    4 

Soutliwold 

22    7    5 

219    5    2 

'   Hiockton     - 

54,497  17    4 

61.515  13    1 

49.765    8    8 

.56,598  13    2 

:   Sunderland 

78,126  15    8 

86,912    2    6 

71,637    3    9 

80,072    4     1 

Swansea     - 

3,448  13  10 

4,879  14    4 

— 

1,173  19     5 

:   Truro 

48,552  13    7 

25,469    3    0 

18,381  14    2 

703    0    7 

Wells 

252  13  10 

877    3    9 

1   Wevniouth 

13,120    0    8 

11,384    3  11 

,    Whitliy 

1,106  II    7 

1,427  13    4 

1   Whiteliavcn 

88,291     9  11 

100,628  10    7 

83,3.'.0    9    6 

95.895    0    3 

Wisl)each   - 

8,917  15    9 

6,728    2    2 

7,624  11     0 

5,549  16    0 

Woodliridge 

2.001    9  10 

3,280  14  11 

— 

1.312  13    8 

1   Yannoulli  - 

63,783    7    9 

66,1,59  10    3 

50,713  15    4 

52.711  IS    5 

!   Douglas 

j 

24,429    6    6 

28,606  18    7 

15,561    1     8 

18,944  16     1 

1      Total  of  England 
Scotland. 

20,327,057  11    9 

19,321,324  15    2 

18,390,550  19    5 

17,471,469  10    5^ 

Aberdeen    - 

58,673    9    4 

65,330    6  11 

50,081    2    7 

50,767    4    9 

Avr 

1,518    2    8 

1,037  18    2 

385     1    8 

68    3    7 

llantr 

870  15    9 

1,104    1    9 

1   Borrowstoness 

3,232  11     1 

3,102  18    0 

1,531    5    6 

1,591    7    a 

I  • 


S56 


!["•**' 


■f'"T 


J 


m 


CUSTOMS. 

CuRtonii — conlinueH. 


Gmu  HiTpint 
IHM. 

Q 

Ort>«  ttrrejpt  io 
1K17. 

NetlReniptinlMS. 

Nttt  Rnetpt  in  IJ07. 

ttikt 

Elhihillnn  Pmlurr,. 

rilurliiif  Rriaimiriil 

oClnJa  Voucheri,  Otliii!  tt^tmri,  »c. 

Scotland. 

£       9. 

(/. 

£      s.    d. 

£      3.   d. 

iC      «.  i. 

rniii|ilii'lt()wn 

.•W9  17 

11 

002  15     4 

niiiiil'rics    - 

4,218    5 

2 

7.928  17  11 

6lfl  10    4 

4,317    8    s 

buiidce 

70,(W'i    5 

3 

76,189  15    8 

63,951    9  11 

69,161    8    B 

(lIUSIIDW 

2W>.7()2    2 

lU 

391,152     9    8 

r5,395  18     0 

372,086    2    7 

(iriiM)(i'nioiith 

25,728  11 

I 

30,267  19     1 

3.3.0.'>0  13    0 

27,589    0    !l 

tiretiiiock    - 

371,t(>7  14 

0 

360,703  13     1 

385,206    0    1 

278,485  19    1 

Invi'rrifsa    - 

1,(1115  17 

0 

3,201     1     9 

Irvinp 

2,:.h5  14 

2 

a,7;8    0    9 

725    2    3 

SOS  IS  10 

Kirk'ilily     - 

7,5f.l   12 

4 

4,191   17    9J 

3,289    H  11 

98  13    N 

Kirkwall      - 

«5I   19 

1 

814  10  11 

1 

l.cilh 

514,974    3 

5 

525,40-J  19    3 

393,143    6    2 

491,852    4  11) 

l.crwirk 

052  19 

11 

:i96    0    5 

MiiiilnisB     - 

21,575    9 

2 

.3.1,217  13    1 

19,294     I  11 

27,796    0    4 

I'lirt  (.'laxeow 

104,J92    (i 

0 

91,161   14    4 

90,215  17    5 

87,440    9   5   j 

Wlornoway 

1(17    9 

1 

434  16    4 

1 

Hiriniruet    - 

IIH)    2 

9 

426  11     1 

1 

Wick 
Total  of  finotlnnd 
Irgi.ano. 

937  It) 

1 

695  18    7 

1 
1 

1,587,489    7 

« 

1,626,291   19  101 

1,288,170    4     1 

1,102,920    B    e    1 

1 

naltiMKiru    - 

1.408    .1 

0 

1.078    a    2 

lli'll'ast 

3f)ti,7l8     5 

4 

.32l,Ni9  17     1 

333,414    8    0 

295,770   9   1 

CiilHruino    - 

4,(>h9  17 

3 

5,784  11     7 

Cork 

230,9(14    2 

9 

221,110  15    3 

W.851  11   10 

186,013  14   5 

Droglivda    - 

13.3V2  13 

3 

13,105  11    4 

9.6N)    0    7 

9,395    fi    Ji 

Oiililiii 

898,fi3()    5 

1 

859,7.'i.'l  12    6 

8.32,355    7     2 

793,.',4i  la  o' ; 

Diiiiilalk      ■ 

4,514    5 

10 

15,058  16    81 

161     6  11 

10.-ti2  U   0'  ! 

tialway 

31,7(i9    2 

5 

2H,6tl     4     6 

21, ,554  15  10 

1H.5S3    7    i    1 

Mtni-rii'k     - 

14(;,222  17 

U 

111.174  10    9 

126,290  15     1 

120.928    2    i    1 

l.onilciiulerry 

99,052    3 

7 

1()((,057     4     0 

HS.H.-iO  18     0 

86,158    2    5    ' 

Nrwry 

58,800    2 

6 

49,292     0  10 

43,867  14     6 

.35,191  If,    n    , 

WliK.. 

35,8(i3  18 

2 

.32,120     4     6 

19.:t85     3     8 

1.5,643    3    S    1 

Watcrfnrd  - 

137,126    7 

9 

145,()69  19  11 

124,706  13     l 

133,001  19   5    1 

W(!Hl|Mirt      - 

577    H 

4 

1,778  11     2 

Wexford     - 

Total  of  Ireland 

6,306  10 

9 

6,0  >'J     0  11 

2,036,572    5 

9 

l,m5.819    3    2i 

1,770,020    6    3 

20,556,559    4   8) 

ABSTRACT  OF  THE  ABOVE  ACCOUNT. 


CouDtrio. 

England 
Scotland 
Ireland 

Grand  totals    - 

OroB  Receipt  ia 
I83(i. 

Gn«  Rroeipt  in 
1S37. 

Ncit  Recript  ill  IS36.    |    Nell  Rfceipl  in  IM". 

fihil'itioe  Produre,  ilnliTliriR  Rtpajmrm     . 
(if  TiaJe  Vnucden,  Otiice  ExpeiiMra,  .U.       | 

£     >.  d. 

20.327,057  11    9 

1,587,489    7    7 

2,036,572    5    9 

£      s.   d. 
19,.321,.324  15    2 
1,626,291   19  lOi 
1,915,819    3    2; 

£      s.   d. 

18,391.5.50  19     5 

l,a.v-,170    4     1 

1,770,020    6    3 

£     s.  d. 
17,471,469  10   ,1; 
1,402,<.»20    6   fi   : 
1,1182.169    7   9 

23,951,719    5    1 

22,893,460  18    3 

21,448,741     9    9 

20.556,559    4   fj 

[For  customs  in  the  United  Slates,  sec  article  Taiiiff. — Am,  Ed.] 
CUTLERY,  u  term  used  to  desifrtiatc  all  maniirr  of  sharp  and  cutting  instruments  madf 
of  iron  or  steel,  as  knives,  forks,  .scisaors,  razors,  shears,  scythes,  &c.     yheindil  is  the  prin- 
cipal seat  of  the  cutlery  manufacture  ;  hut  the  knives  and  other  articles  made  in  London  arc 
said  to  be  of  superior  quality. 

The  act  59  Oeo.  3.  c.  7.  gives  the  nianiifnctnrers  of  cutlery  made  of  wrought  oteel,  the  privilege  of 
markins  or  stanipiiiB  thoiii  with  the  tiiiiire  of  a  haiiinier;  and  prohibits  the  niaiiiifainirt'rsoi'any 
articles  of  ciitl.jry,  eilne  tools,  or  hardvvari",  cdfl  orfnnnrd  in  a  muiilil,  or  iiiaiiiifaftiin'il  otherwise  llian 
hy  mean."  of  a  haniiner,  from  markiiii;  or  iiiipressinK  upon  tlicm  the  liunrc  of  a  haiiiiiii'r.  or  any  sym- 
bol or  device  resenihlinf!  it,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  all  such  articles,  and  5/.  for  every  dozen.  .\  penalty 
of  10/.  per  dozen,  exclusive  of  forfeiture,  is  also  imposed  upon  every  |ierA)n  haviiu;  arlicles  ol'iullory 
in  his  |Kisscssion  for  the  purpose  of  sale,  niarkiMl  with  the  words  l.ondun,  or  l.ondim  nuuie,  uiiliissliio 
articles  so  marked  have  been  really  manufactured  within  the  city  of  London,  or  a  distance  ofiUiiiilt:; 
from  it. 

CYPRESS,  a  forest  tree  of  which  there  are  many  varieties,  the  species  <]enominated  the 
evergreen  cypress  (Ciipressus  senipcrvirens)  and  the  white  cedar  {Cttjjreifsus  Thyoiden) 
being  the  most  celebrated. 

The  cypress  is  indigenous  to  the  southern  parts  of  Europe,  to  several  parts  of  .Asia,  and 
to  America.  It  grows  to  a  great  size,  and  is  a  mo.st  valuable  species  of  timber.  It  is  nevor 
attacked  by  worms  ;  and  exceeds  all  other  trees,  even  the  cedar,  in  durability.  Hence  the 
Athenians,  when  desirous  to  preserve  the  remains  of  their  heroes  and  other  great  men,  hai'. 
them  enclosed  in  cypress  coffins ;  and  hence,  also,  the  externd  covering  of  the  Egypliaa 


DAMACED  r.OODS— DANTZIC. 


557 


ceipt  in  IMS.    I    Net!  Riceipt  in  ISIT. 

iilinn  I'mlurp,  .IriliirliiiK  Rr|i.l)>inriil 
nje  Vouchert,  lllliic  Kipmun,  hn. 


e    $.  d. 

fllA  10    4 

<.)r>i   0  II 
.mb  IS   0 

O.'iO  13    u 
,20ti    0    1 


T^S 

a 

n 

'*9 

H  11 

,115 

6 

2 

,2!M 

1 

11 

,215 

17 

5 

£     ».  i. 
4.317    8    a 

379,nfrt  a  7  I 
';7..'>N«  0  II  I 

278,485  19    1 

8(W  18  10    ' 
1)8  13    H 

491,H52    4  10 

27,7<lfl    0    1 
87,440    a    5 


,170    4     1 

l,40'2,<»iO    6    f 

,414    8    0 

2a.'i,770    9    1 

.851  11  10 

180,013  n   5 

t.tixO     0    7 

0,3!t.-(    fi    2' 

!,:t55    7     2 

7>.)3,.')4l  Vi   0 

Itil     f>  11 

10,'M  13    01 

,5S4  15  10 

lw.r)N3    7    5 

i.a'.K)  15     1 

120.928    2    •, 

j.MO  18     0 

8«,I.'>S    a   s 

1,8f.7  14     6 

.3.'>,l!tl  Ifi    X 

»,:iH5     3     8 

15.ti43    3    •* 

1,706  13    4 

133,001  1»   5 

0,020    6    3 

20,556,559    4   f-\ 

NT. 


tcct'ipl  ill  l^lSti.     I    NttI  Rrteipt  la  Is)'. 

liliitio^  Prndure,  (leditrling  Rfpaynifnt 
TikJe  Vouchers,  (iflicv  Expeui«::>,  kc. 


£      s.  d. 

rm  19  5 

170    4  J 

020    6  3 


^741     9    9 


£     I.  d.   \ 

17.471,469  10  Si  ! 

1,402,'.»20    6  fi 

l,li82,l('>9    7  9 


20,!)5e,559    4   fl 


Ed.'i 
nd  cutting  instruments  madf 
i,  6ic.     Sh<'iriL'lil  is  the  prin- 

articles  made  in  London  are 


irroHgltt  stocl,  the  privilege  of 
liibils  lilt-  iiianiiradnriTsoi'any 
r  iiiuiintarlnicil  ollierwise  lliaii 
iirurc  ot'  n  Immnu'r.  nr  iiny  syiii- 
o;.  for  every  dii/.en.  A  penally 
|i.'r*<)n  luiviiii!  arlitles  nt' cutlery 
nduK.  (It  iMmliin  made,  milepsllic 
Lumloii,  or  n  distance  ol'iOiiiilt: 


,  the  species  denominat«l  the 
cedar  {Cupmsus  Thyoidts) 

to  several  parts  of  Asia,  and 
pecies  of  timber.  It  is  never 
lar,  in  dural>ility.  Hence  the 
oes  and  other  great  men,  haf. 
nal  covering  of  the  Egyptian 


mtimmios  w  made  of  the  same  ernhuinu:  material.  The  cypres*  u  said  to  live  to  n  pfreat  aire  ; 
anil  tliis  circumstance,  c>iml)iniii  witii  itn  thick  dark  Rreen  foliage,  has  made  it  be  regarded 
08  (he  emblem  of  death  and  the  grave. 

In  his  Geiitrmphi/  and  Hlntt)ri/  af  the  Western  Stafe.<>  of  America,  Mr.  Timothy  Flint 
has  given  the  following  account  of  the  cyprenH  trees  found  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  valley 
of  the  Miasinsippi : — "  These  noi)|e  trees  rear  their  straight  colunms  from  a  laruM-  cone-shiipeil 
Imttress,  whoso  circumference  at  the  ground  is,  jvrhaps,  3  limes  that  of  the  regular  Hhiift  of 
the  tree.  This  cone  rises  from  (>  to  10  feet,  with  a  regular  and  sharp  tajs-r,  and  from  the 
a|H'X  of  the  cone  towers  the  iterpendicular  column,  with  little  taper  after  it  has  left  the  cone, 
from  CO  to  80  feet  clear  shaft.  Very  near  the  top  it  begins  to  throw  out  multitudes  of  hori- 
/(iiital  brandies,  which  interlace  with  those  of  the  adjoining  trees,  and,  when  bare  of  leaves, 
liave  an  air  of  desolation  and  death,  more  easily  felt  than  described.  In  the  season  of  vegc- 
latioii  the  leaves  are  short,  fine,  and  of  a  verdure  so  deep  as  almost  to  seem  brown,  ^i^'ing  an 
imlescribabie  air  of  funereal  solemnity  to  this  singular  tree.  A  cypress  forest,  when  viewed 
t'foiu  the  niljacent  hills,  with  its  numberless  interlaced  arms  covered  with  this  dark  brown 
tolia:?e,  has  the  aspect  of  a  scallolditig  of  verdure  in  the  air.  It  grows,  too,  in  deeji  and  sickly 
uwainps,  the  haunts  of  fever,  mosquitoes,  moecassin  snakes,  alligators,  and  all  loathsome  and 
ferocious  animals,  that  consjregato  far  from  the  abode  of  man,  and  seem  to  make  common 
lause  with  nature  against  him.  The  cypress  loves  the  deepest,  most  gloomy,  inaccessible 
swamps ;  and,  south  of  3:5°,  is  generally  found  covered  with  sable  festoons  of  long  moss, 
hanging,  like  shrouds  of  mourning  wreaths,  almost  to  the  ground.  It  seems  to  flourish  beat 
when  water  covers  its  roots  for  half  the  year,  l/'npromising  as  are  the  places  and  circuin- 
staiipes  of  its  growth,  no  tree  of  the  country  where  it  is  foumi  is  so  extensively  useful.  It  is 
free  from  knots,  is  easily  wrought,  and  makes  excellent  planks,  shingles,  and  timber  of  all 
unrts.  It  is  very  durable,  and  incomparably  the  most  valuable  trco  in  the  southern  country 
uf  this  valley."— (Vol.  i.  p.  02.) 


D. 


D.\MAGED  GOODS,  in  the  language  of  the  customs,  are  goods,  subject  to  duties,  that 
have  received  some  injury  either  in  the  voyage  home  or  in  the  bonded  warehouses. 

It  is  enacted  by  thi;  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  .52.,  that  if  any  goods  rated  to  pay  diUy  arcnrdini;  to  the  niiin- 
iwr.  nicasiire,  or  wi-iglit  therfMif  (except  thosi;  after  nienlioncd),  shall  receive  daniai?es  dnrinij  the 
v.iyaue,  an  ahateinenl  of  diich  duties  shall  he  allowi'd  proportionally  to  the  daniauu  so  received  ;  pro- 
viiied  priinf  he  made  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  eominissioiiers  of  customs,  or  of  ollicers  actiim  iinilcr 
llieir  ilirectiiin,  that  such  daiiia&e  was  ri^ceived  after  the  (.'ooils  were  Hhipped  iiliroad  in  thi!  liliip  ini- 
piirliiij;  till!  sanii!,  and  hetbri^  they  were  lanited  in  thu  rnited  Kinciloiii ;  and  provideil  elaiin  to  sacll 
abalemeiit  of  duties  l)o  niaiU;  at  tin;  time  of  the  tirst  examination  of  such  {roods.— J  30. 

It  is  further  I'liacted,  that  the  olheers  ofriistoms  shall  e.xamine  such  goods,  and  may  state  the  damage 
wlili  li.  in  tlieir  opinion,  tliey  have  so  nu'eived,  and  may  make  a  proportionate  Hhat<Miieiil  of  duties  ; 
hilt  if  till-  ollicers  of  customs  lie  incompetent  to  estiinatt?  suih  damage,  or  if  the  importer  he  not  satis- 
fied with  the  ahalement  made  by  them,  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  choose  2  indiU'erent  mer- 
rliants  e.xperieiii'ed  in  th<!  nature  ami  value  of  sue  h  goods,  who  shall  examine  thi'  same,  and  shall 
make  anil  subscrilie  a  declaration,  stating  in  what  proportion,  ateordi''  r  \n  their  .juilgment,  the  goods 
are  lesseni^d  in  value  hy  such  damagi!,  ami  the  oilic  rs  of  customs  mav  i  .>!  e  an  abali.'ment  uf  the  du- 
ties according  to  till!  proportion  of  damage  declareil  hy  such  mereliants    •(  ;'!. 

I'niviileil  alv/ays,  that  no  ahatenient  of  diuies  shall  be  made  on  aceouiu  !'  any  damage  received  by 
any  of  the  sorts  of  goods  herein  enumerated;  vi/..  cocoa,  cufTee,  oranges,  pepper,  currants,  raisins, 
tigs,  tobacco,  lemons,  and  wine.  — J  32. 

[Sec  article  Ahatkmknt. — Am.  Ed.] 

DAVfAR,  a  kind  of  indurated  pitch  or  turpentine  exuding  spontaneously  from  various 
trees  indigenous  to  most  of  the  Indiati  islands.  UilVerent  trees  produce  dillerent  species  of 
resin,  which  aro  designated  according  to  their  colour  and  consistence.  "  One  is  called 
Ddinar-lintu  in  Malay,  or  Diiinar-nelo  in  Javanese,  which  means  hard  or  stony  rosin  ;  sind 
another  iti  common  use  Damar-puteh,  or  white  rosin,  which  is  softer.  The  trees  which 
produce  the  damar  yield  it  in  amazing  quantity,  and  generally  without  the  necessity  of  mak- 
ing ineisiotis.  It  exudes  through  the  bark ;  and  is  either  found  adhering  to  the  trunk  or 
liraiiches  in  large  lumps,  or  in  masses  on  the  ground  under  the  trees.  As  these  often  grow 
near  the  sea-side,  or  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  the  damar  is  fre<iucntly  lloatod  away,  and  collected 
in  distant  places  as  drift.  It  is  exported  in  large  quantities  to  Hengal  atiJ  China  ;  and  is 
used  fur  all  the  purpo.ses  to  which  we  apply  pitch,  but  principally  in  fiaying  the  bottoms  of 
ship.s.  By  a  previous  arrangement,  altnost  any  (juantity  may  be  procured  at  Horneo,  at 
the  low  rate  of  J  dollar  per  picul." — {Crawfurd,  East.  Archip.  vol.  i.  p.  43.').,  vol.  iii. 
P.42U.) 

D.\MASK  {GcT.  Dnmnstcn  Tajeheug ;  "Dw.  Damaskwerh ;  Tt.  Vew.se,  Daman  ;  It. 
Tela  damaschina ;  Sp.  Tela  adamascada  ,■  Ilus.  Kaintuchatnilil  sulfftki),  a  species  of  table 
linen.— (See  Linex.) 

DANTZIC,  one  of  the  principal  emporiums  of  the  north  of  Europe,  in  West  Prussia,  in 
lat.  54°  20'  43"  N.,  Ion.  18°  38'  E.  Populatioii  about  56,000.  It  is  situated  on  the  left 
3a2 


698 


DANTZIC. 


I     . 


r':::> 


iivwaa 


^Krrai 


I      E^ 


m T* 


j 


,1 


or  wrutfrn  Imnk  of  tlio  ViHtuIn,  about  4  nvIi-M  from  wlicro  it  fullH  into  tho  nn.   Thf  hnrhntj- 

18  at  till*  mouth  of  the  river,  iiiul  in  ilcft'iulcil  on  carli  hkIi!  Iiy  prrtty  KtronK  fortH,     'V\w  Um\i 

Ih  trnvrrhcil  l)y  the  niiiuII  rivur  Mutluu,  which  hiu  lievu  rundurcd  naviguhlo  for  vosnetH  JruM 

ing  8  or  9  ft'ct  wntrr. 

Rnailii.  Purl,  l^•r.— Tlift  rnnil  nr  Imynf  Dnnt/ir  in  rnvrrt'il  on  Iho  wp«t  *U\e  hy  n  lonir,  nnrrnw,  \n\\ 
inntlv  ti>riviii'  nl' liiml.  c^lriiilini;  I'roiii  Kmcrliol'i  Pciim  (mi  wliicli  i'4  ii  lialit-liiiiioc),  in  lal.  M '  .'>();' 
Ion.  I""'  'i'.i'  [:>".  niiwiirilH  nf  'J(l  miIIi'h,  in  iiii  K.  Iiy  H.  itirt'ilion,  Iiuviiik  the  Htmill  imvii  unti'ilii,  nr  llc'i 
near  ilK  tiTMiiniitiDn.  A  liBlit-lioiiHi',  I'W'vnti'il  l'j;i  IVrl  (l''.iig.)  iilmvi'  tliu  Icvrl  of  iln-  iti>ii,  jmii  Ihth 
cdmIimI  williin  atioiit  |  ii  iiillr  of  tlio  ivxtrpniity  i>(  Ihi!  point.  Tlii>  hanlii'n  iil'  ilio  llirlit,  wliiih  in  ii  ri'. 
volvinu  one.  Hiicicffil  caili  oiIht  i-vitv  i  iiiiniitc.  I)nnl/.ii-  II«h  iiImiiiI  H.  J  W.  Iniiii  llip  lli'i'l ;  iin  pun, 
ili'iiiiiiiliiati'il  lhi>  I'liirwaliT,  licine  illMant  ulioiit  1  Iimikiich,  'I'Imtc  Ih  K"'"!  aiirlioraiii!  In  lliu  rnait»  inr 
liiil|)ii  ol'  liny  hiinlc'M  ;  liiil  llicy  ari'  ivvpimcil.  )'\i')>|M  liiinn-ijiali'ly  iindi'r  llic  llt'i'l,  to  llii-  norlli  niul 
norlli-ruHtiTly  wlniJH.  'I'Iiitc  art'  liarlionr  IIkIiIk  at  tin- rnirancc  In  tlii' jiort.  All  Mlilpii  rntcrliii;  iii,. 
VlHtnIa  niiixl  linnvr  tn  iiIhiiiI  ii  iiiili'  nil'  tlir  port,  ami  lakr  a  pilot  on  lioaril ;  anil  pilots!  niiiHl  alwiui  |j,. 
eniplnyi'il  in  inovinc  Hliipn  in  llir  liarlmiir.nr  in  (.'niiiu  up  ami  down  llir  rlviT.  Tin'  iiHiial  ilrptli  nt  u:i 
ti'r  at  IJM-  inijiitli  of  tin*  river  in  I'mni  \'i  to  l.'l  fiit  (Knir.)  ;  In  tin-  liarliniir,  froin  l:<  tn  1 1  Tret  ;  al  ih. 
roiitliii'iii'i!  nl' till!  Mntlaii  with  tlii'  Vi.'<tiila,  I'rnni  f  tn  [t[  fri't ;  anil  in  town  froiii  H  tu  U  tVct.  Molr., 
havi!  Immui  (Ti'i'KmI  on  lioth  Niilrn  tlii>  iMilranct!  to  tin-  liarlionr:  that  on  tin;  I'anti-rii  Hiilr,  wliiili  ii<  iii<i>i 
expotiMl,  in  cuiiHtructud  ot'  ^raiiiti^  liut  in  not  yet  cuniplutud  ;  tliu  iithur  In  partly  orBtont!  iiiiU  purllydf 
(liiibur. 

Trade  af  Diinfzi'c. — Next  to  Potrrsburfr,  Dant/.ic  is  tho  most  important  conimrrcial  ritv 
in  llic  iiorlii  of  EuroiK!.  It  owes  itH  ilixtinction  in  this  rp.^jiect  to  itH  Hiliiation  ;  tho  Vistula 
with  it^^  important  tril)ut;>rifs  the  U»g,  IS'arow,  &e.  giving  it  the  commanil  of  a  groat  inter- 
nal navigation,  and  rendering  it  the  entrepot  wiicro  the  »urphiH  jiroducts  of  West  Priissjii, 
Poland  as  far  as  Hungary,  and  part  of  Lithuania,  arc  exehungrd  for  thono  imported  from  thi 
foreigner.  The  exports  of  wheat  from  Dantzic  are  greater  than  from  any  port  in  the  world. 
There  are  four  sorts  of  wheat  distinguished  here;  \h.  vhite,  filg/i-niixid,  mixed,  iiui]  rtd 
according  as  the  white  or  red  predominates.  The  quality  of  the  Dantzic  wheat  is  for  the 
most  part  excellent ;  for,  though  small  in  the  berry,  and  not  so  heavy  as  many  other  sort.^,  it 
is  remarkably  thin  skinned,  and  yields  the  finest  flour.  Tho  white  Polish  wheat  exportfn 
here  is  the  best  in  the  Baltic.  Rye  is  also  very  superior,  being  both  clean  and  heavy  ;  ani! 
the  exports  are  very  large.  The  exports  of  barley  and  oats  are  comparatively  iueoti.sjdcra. 
ble,  and  tho  qualities  but  inditferent.  Very  fine  white  jjoas  arc  exported.  Next  to  grain, 
timber  is  the  most  important  article  of  export  from  Uantzic.  The  principal  supply  ot  lir 
timlM-r,  masts,  &c.  is  brought  by  the  River  Narew,  which,  with  its  branches,  rise  in  Oldl'rii.^sia 
and  Jiithitanin,  and  falls  into  the  Dug  near  the  confluence  of  the  latter  with  the  Mstula. 
Oak  jilaiik,  staves,  Ac.  are  brought  down  from  the  higher  parts  of  the  Vistula,  and  the  tri- 
butary streams  of  Dunnjetz,  Wieprez,  &c.  Weed  ashes,  pearl-ashes,  bones,  zinc,  wool, 
spruce  beer,  feathers,  &c.  arc  also  exported. 

Munty. — AccnnntH  nscd  fnrinorly  tn  lie  wholly  knpt  in  (tnldcna,  (Tilildcrs,  or  florins  of  30  trrnsrhiii 
The  ri.\'ilnllar  .'.i  florins  =110  irroschen^  270  schillin^H  =  1,020  pfeniiiiii(s.  The  florin  or  guililer-.  ua. 
alerllnir,  ami  the  rixdollar-  %i.  'M. 

\  new  .-ivsieiii  was,  however,  introdiired  into  all  parts  of  the  I'russinn  doniininns,  cnnfiprniahlytu 
the  decrees  ni  llie  HOth  of  Seplemher,  18'Jl,  and  nf  the  22d  of  June,  1»2J;  but  il  has  not  hilhtTlo'en- 
tirely  superseded  the  inetlind  of  accniiiilin)!  previously  in  use. 

The  folniiiie  mark  (coniainiiiB  H,0()'.)  F.n«.  (jrains)  is  the  weight  at  present  used  In  the  Prussian  mint 
in  weluhiii!;  the  preeioiis  metals.  The  tineness  of  the  mins  is  not  deterinined,  as  previniislv,  Ijy 
rarats  or  Intlis,  lint  the  mark  is  divided  fnr  this  pnrpnse  into  2.>H  grains.  Arconnis  are  now  ki>|ii  m 
the  piililic  otiices  in  thalura  or  dollars  (R.),  silver  groschen,  and  pfennings:  1  dot.  ^  30sil.  f;r. ;  hll 
}!r.    .  12  pf. 

The  only  silver  monies  now  coined  are  dollars  and  1-0  dollar  pieces  ;  but  smaller  coins  are  in  circu- 
lation, of  former  rninaites. 

'I'lic  Prussian  silver  coins  have  }  of  alloy  ;  and  as  the  mark  is  coined  into  14  dollars,  each  shniild  rnn- 
taiii  2,')T  OS  Kii;;.  i>rains  pure  silver,  and  he  worth  ahuut  2«.  ll'^U.  sterling  ;  hut  tile  assays  dunutaiwu)s 
strictly  cnimidc!  with  the  mint  valuation. 

The  until  coins  are  Krederick  d'ors,  ilniilile,  sinsle,  and  half  pieces.  The  mark  of  288  prains.  havjii; 
2fi0  crains  nf  line  pnid,  is  cnined  into  M  Kred.  d'ors.  'J'lie  I''red.  dor  is  worth  from  5  dol.  15 sil.  gr. iC 
9  dol.  2'i  sil.  gr.,  according  to  the  demand. 

H'eiffhts  and  Measures. — The  commercial  weights  are, 

.12   I.olhs  =     1  Ounce.  20  Pounds    =     1  Small  stone. 

10    Ounces        =     1   Pound.  33  I'ounds    =     1  Large  stone. 

lt>!  I'ounds       =     I  Mspnund. 
linihs.r-  1  centner ;  ,3ceniners-  1  shippnund  (330 Ihs.)  ;  100  lbs.  of  Dantzic-  103'3  lbs. avoirdupois  = 
4b'83  kilne.  =  '.M'7  Ills,  of  AmsterdHiii  -  90  0  lbs.  of  Hamburgh. 
The  liquid  mea.sures  are,  for  beer. 


5    Quarts    -     1  Anker 
4    Ankers    =     1  Ahiii. 
Ii  Ahm        ^     1  Hhd. 


'     1 


2  Ilhds.    =     1  Both. 

2  lioth      =     I  Fuller. 

2  Kuder    =-    1  Last  =  0204  Eng.  wine  gallons. 

In  wine  measure,  which  is  less  than  beer  measure,  ihe  ahm  =  .fUJ  Eng.  gallons.    The  pipe  ^  2  alima. 

The  last  of  corn  =  33  mailers  -  tiO  sclietTds  ^  210  viertels  =  Ot'fl  nietzen  ;  and  weighs  l,IW0  llis.  Danl- 
zie  weight  in  rye.  The  schelfel  -  M*  of  a  hectolitre  -  r.W2  Winchester  bushel.  Hence  the  last  of 
fiO  schelfels  =  11  quarters  3  bushel ;  the  last  of  .Wi.^  HihelTels  -=  10  quarters  7  bushels. 

The  Dantzic  font  ^113  Eng,  inches,  or  100  Dantzic  teet  ^  OIK'  Eng.  feet.  The  ell  is  2foct  Dantzic 
measure.  The  Ithineland  or  Prussian  fnnt  =  •313H  French  metres,  or  12-,W)  Eng.  inches :  licnci' ItH) 
Prussian  =  102'8  English  feet.  The  Prussian  nr  Berlin  ell  has  2.'i.i  Prussian  inches  =  20'2M  Ens.  ilillo. 
100  Berlin  ells  =  7293  Eng.  yards  ;  and  137112  Berlin  ells  =--  100  Eng.  yards.  Hi  Prussian  miles  arc 
equal  to  l.'i  geoeraphical  miles. 

0:ik  planks,  deals,  and  pipe  staves,  are  sold  hy  the  shock  of  fiO  pieces  ;  wheat,  rye,  &C.  are  sold  liy 
the  last  of  &bi  sctietiels. — (Kelly's  Cambut  ,*  JVelkenbrecker,  Manuel  Universel.) 


DANTZIC. 


B9d 


into  the  nm.  Thf  hnrhnir 
ly  ittronu  tortii.  Tlir  town 
imvigublo  for  vosiieU  tlruw- 

t  hIiIp  by  n  Innir,  nurrnw,  low 

II  liiilit-liiMiii').  I"  lilt  •'>l   •''<i'/. 

Hlllllll  lllWIKPf  lli'ilii.or  lllll 
lie  level  of  llic  sell,  lliiH  hri  i, 
ii'H  III'  llio  lllllil,  whirl)  \*  u  r>'. 
i  W.  Iriiiii  llio  llt'i'l ;  iln  iiiiri, 
mil  iiiiiliiiriiKi!  Ill  llio  riiiiili.  Int 
r  till'  ll'.'i'l.  til  the  iiiirlli  mul 
le  port.  All  iilil|i»enleriiii{lhi- 
ril  ;  mill  pilot!"  niiinl  iilwiiyH  lie 
Ivcr.  The  iiHiliil  ileptll  111  wn. 
loiir,  from  IH  to  11  feel  ;  ill  lli.' 
lowii  from  «  to  9  feel.  Mnlc, 
he  eaDtern  Hide,  whiili  li<  iiiii>i 
Ik  partly  of  Htoiiu  unit  purtly  nf 

important  conimprcial  rity 
0  its  Hituation  ;  the  VistuLi. 
0  coinmiinil  of  a  ^rpiit  iiitir- 
s  proiUicts  of  West  Prussiu, 

for  tlioso  imported  from  Ihi 

from  any  port  in  the  world. 
hlgk-tnixrrf,  mixed,  tuiil  rtd, 
the  Dantzic  wheat  ia  for  the 
leavy  as  nmny  other  sorl.s  it 
white  Polish  wheat  exportm 

both  clean  and  heavy  ;  nml 
re  comparatively  iiiconsidirii- 
iro  exported.     Next  to  grain, 

The  principal  supply  ot  lir 
a  branches,  rise  in  Old  Prussia 
f  the  latter  with  the  Visiul.. 
ts  of  the  Vistula,  and  the  tri- 
larl-ashcs,  bones,  zinc,  wool, 

ilders,  or  florina  of  30  ernschcii 
The  ttoriii  or  guilder  =  llj. 

inn  (loniinions,  cnnfornialily  tu 
i-ii;  but  it  luia  not  iiilliurUi  tii- 

esenl  iiseil  In  the  Priiiisian  iiiliit 

iletfrmineil,  aa  previmisly,  liy 

ilia.     Aetouiila  lire  now  kt'iil  in 

iiiiiigs:  1  dol.^aOsil.  gr. ;  Isil. 

;  but  smaller  coins  arc  in  circu- 

nto  lldolliirs.  each  should  rnn- 
;  hut  the  usaaya  do  not  ulwajs 

The  mark  of  iW8  prnins.  Imvins: 
worth  fromSdul.  Ib8il.gr.  lu 


1  Small  stone. 
1  Large  stone. 

intzic  =  103-3  lbs.  avoirdupois  = 


Entr.  wine  gallons. 

giillons.    The  pipe  ^2alima, 
n;  and  weighs  l,l»l)  lb".  Pant- 
ter  hiishel.     Hence  the  hist  ol 
rs7  hUHliels.  „     . 

feet.    The  oil  ia  2  feci  Dantzic 

lasrifl  Kng.  inrheB  :  lienci'  100 
sian  inches  =  26-250  Ena.  ditto. 

ards.    HJ  Prussian  miles  ate 

la  ;  wheat,  rye,  &c.  ate  sold  by 
mierscl.) 


Imporh, — Wo  ret^et  <  .•  inability  to  Iny  before  iho  reader  any  nrrnunt  of  the  qunntiti«ii 
of  the  dilfcrent  articles  usually  imported  iiiln  Uantzic,  They  consiHl  of  siinnr,  colli-e,  wine, 
oil,  brandy,  spices,  copper,  lead,  furs,  cotloa  Htullii  and  cotton  yarn,  woollens,  hardware,  »lka, 
indigo,  dyo  woods,  &.c. 

VVe  Rulijoin  an 


Account  of  the  prim 

ipnl  Art 

irl^n  py 

ported  frnin  Dnnt/.lr 

diirlnir  enrh  of  the  Three  Years  c 

ndins  with 

IMI,  with  t 

leir  Price*  and  Values  In  Ml 

urIiiiR  Money, 

ArtlrlM. 

18W. 

18.10. 

1S3I. 

Aytn^r 

Avi*ra(r 

1  Avrnar 

Qiian- 
Illy. 

Vr\m  111 
SltrliiiK 

Valua. 

Quan. 
tity. 

Frier*  Ml 
Mfrtiii|( 

ValiM. 

Quan*   I'rirt^  m 
Illy.    ,.Sifrliii« 

V.ilua. 

Moiwjr. 

Miififv, 

1  Mnli,,. 

L.   1.  d. 

Z.       1.  d. 

L.   1.  d. 

L.       1,  d. 

\L   ,.  <i. 

/..       f   d. 

trhmi,  Imp.  qr,  at  10  13 

1 

[M-r  l.\it 

306,705 

2    7    1 

m.tn  f.  10 

3!»«,'."<8 

2    2    2 

84n,.'Vl6    7    4 

1,13.  «flO    2  10    2 

:n\cii  0  0 

Ryr,  ilillo 

0  17    4 

(i7,<IH    a    N 

»<-.,074 

1    0    3 

«(,l.17    8    (1 

I2,i;in    1    H    li 

I7,C5    ri    (1 

Bwlrv,  illllo       • 

(j,l>7-. 

n  i:l   « 

4,'><ii    .^   n 

7,:l6'' 

0  1-1     0 

r.,i2«    0    0 

11,11X1  1    1   a 

12,410  n  0 

(hll,  111110 

0,107 

0  in  11 

ft.1120    0    7 

21.4«2 

0  112 

\\,»>2  19    0 

.',22(1   0  r.    «• 

1,719    0    0 

|V,%.,  dilln         •            ■ 

i,<m 

0  IH    H 

2.l>'>2  to    N 

IU.9IH 

1     0    N 

17,479  17     4 

l>,.,0    1    7    7 

21,8-,9  li  10 

rl.mr,  liarreli  of  198  Ihi. 

2.0  Hi 

1    3    0 

2,3iM  1  n 

ll.KIO 

1     1     8 

I2,«9-,  li    0 

1.'    1     2    0 

13  4   n 

BiKUiKbiKiof  1  cvH. 

3.1U 

U  10    0 

l.lili    0    0 

I0.3in5 

0  10    0 

R,1T9  li    0 

B,9ai  nil    (1 

3,812  12     (1 

Firlinit*r,«|U«rfJ,  pifrr^ 

61,704 

1     0    0 

01,-1)4    0    0 

47,VIH 

1    0    0 

47,'>4H    «    0 

'7,40:   1   0   e 

37,497    0    0 

rir  jKili,  luMf,  >horl,  aii'l 

1 

CT1'«,  cliltii 

290,J'.S 

0    4    0 

&K,0-il   12    0 

2711,300 

0    4    0 

r>4,IVl|  18    n 

179.166    0    4    0 

Vi.-Xi    4    0 

MuH.iud  ipan,  dillo     • 

1,001 

1   15    0 

I.T'il    \f,    0 

2.7(17 

1   10    0 

4.(l«l  10    0 

.113    2    0    0 

Kili    0    (1 

Oik  pl^ink,  tljlio 

I2.m9 

0    0    0 

n.7oi    1   0 

1I1,-'IW 

0    (-  10 

4, VIS    i    tl 

11,7116    0  in    iJ 

5,3V)    U    (1 

iillllKT,  'fiHO 

2,041 

1    3    0 

2,318    S    0 

1,W."> 

1    3    0 

1,926    S    0 

1,197     1     3    0 

1,. 376  11     0 

lUVCT,   iliocli    of    00 

1 

ptffM 

17,464 

t  I.'!  r. 

30.00S  12    0 

11,0IK 

2    0    0 

22,038    0    0 

li,2in    2  14    6 

16,!>22    ft    0 

flipb'wtnl*,  ditto 

Trtmaili,  liilto  • 

J'^ 

sou 

A--,    0    0 

21 

5    0    0 

140    0    0 

•,'   '>  0  n 

260    0    0 

6,Ctil  J 

0     1    6 

424  12    :l 

2,!IV'> 

0    1    6 

214    2    t, 

.'i,12ll    0     1     6 

408  10    0 

Ulhuiioil,  rehiinn 

933 

2    0    0 

1,1*6    0    0 

1,102) 

2    0    0 

2,'206    0    0 

916    2    0    0 

l,v;2    0    0 

W«d..t«liM,  larrel  of  »b«ut 

3ci»t. 

s,a'in 

t   13    0 

13,714  10    0 

6/,<<l 

t  13    0 

to,*!'  II     0 

S.OTS     1   13    0 

8,378  14    0 

PnrluliM.  ewt. 

I3,>70 

1     2    (I 

l4.ilJ7     0    0 

2,4>e-. 

1     2    0 

«,7;13  10    0 

369    1     3    0 

424    7    0 

B..Dlt,  ditto 

S,-|ti3J 

2    5    (1 

12.-.I7   17     8 

4,il2 

2    S    0 

10,.'17',    4    0 

2,-67    2  in    0 

9,ti67  10    (1 

7.M,  ditto 

2H,M0 

0  12    S 

li-.OiS     6    S 

29,707 

0  12    S 

l8,H->2    H     1. 

2,940    0  12     4 

1.HI6  14    0 

Wodl,  dillo 

l.iwj 

T  13    fl 

!1,'<43     4    0 

l,M> 

7  ir.   2 

14,238  in  in 

.l.M,  8    8    0 

3,!'I3  12    0 

rniihrn,  pniin.li           • 

30,010 

0    1    2 

2,100  tl     8 

22,sii 

0    1     2 

1,331     0    2 

l.3,!>30    0     1     2 

780    S    0 

jiltH  |inivifliun>,  barrel  of 

iix)  jHimids     • 

l'.7 

2    4    0 

,t4i    8    0 

378 

2    4    0 

827    4    n 

45    2    4    0 

99    0    0 

S|itu«l)Mr,ke«i 
T<i1al  valiio 

2.-.,  460 

0    6    6 

8,J74  10    0 

30,039 

0    U    6 

9,762  13    6 

26,191    0    6    6 

8,r>l2    1    6 

l,0',2,Jlt     2  10 

1,183,08,  12    6 

526,952  10    4 

.\ccount,  shnwinir  the  Countries  for  which  the  prinripal  Artirlea  oTportcd  from  O'lntzic  during  the 
Three  Vears  ending  with  1H31  were  Hhljipuil,  and  the  ((iiantitica  shipped  for  each. 


isaa. 

1830. 

1«3I.                 1 

Articica. 

Ilritiin 
anil  her 

^ 

1 

mhrr 

Ilril-iin 
and  her 

i 

i 

Othor 

Brit.-tin 
:uid  lirr 

g 

■^ 

n 

other 
Cnim* 
trirs. 

i'nHSet- 

1 

3 

Couulrles. 

FlMSfS- 

1 

Cimiitries. 

I'mids. 

Q 

Slims. 

b. 

a 

sinna. 

u> 

X 

linns. 

b 

* 

rt'hfii.  Imp.   i|r.    at 

lOKIprrlait     • 

214,933 

24,169 

61,591 

3,070 

328,9'>2 

21,473 

■I3,97n 

d.lSt 

I25,3nn 

— . 

7.908 

S62 

Rvf.  Jiltn    . 

x.SSO 

9455 

.10,866 

28,974 

8,453 

h2 

28,7,53 

47.810 

2,Mn 

— 

4, aw 

5.4'i6 

Hukv,  ditto 

3,64S 

2,17 

2,118 

672 

4,128 

— 

788 

2,152 

ll,:tsn 

— 

— 

300 

lllll,  ditlo  • 

8,923 

274 



20,997 

_ 

465 

2.Jin 

rn>,('i!to  - 

2,444 

— 

217 

18t 

14,312 

— 

1,768 

^36 

ll,7>.0 

— 

5fi0 

510 

FLnir,  barrrli  of  198 

!  ibi       - 

2,016 

^ 

— 

_ 

8  928 

— 

2,776 

108 

10 

— 

— 

2 

B.mili.li.m'ifl  cwt. 

3,224 

_ 

— 



1U,2»7  1-2 

_ 



72 

6,732 

— 

— 

200 

Fir  tiriitier,  xiuar&l. 

pifCfl       • 

31,232 

24,013 

7,P,i2 

1,697 

26,639 

10,379 

8,622 

1,908 

33,612 

2.152 

1,115 

588 

Fir  dfiK  lone,  short. 

anlciitB.  di  to     • 

98,609 

9'2,09O 

60,724 

3S,<«.5 

85,664 

«H.nM 

48,738 

46,994 

111,31- 

11,005 

18,292 

38,5iH 

iM»I,  aii'l  s)An,  ditto 

111 

7-.0 

40 

IIX) 

132 

2,32:1 

171 

SI 

Kfl 

60 

18 

66 

IIU  lilink,  ditin     - 

8,128 

2,273 

— 

2,268 

4,718 

2.:ji7 

3,2:15 

8,7  M 

2,  .3 

— 

1,719 

Iinit)er,diMo    - 

1,170 

872 

— 

-_ 

97 

1,227 

— . 

351 

311 

238 

— 

648 

lUvM,  «hcick  of 

60  pieret      • 
irlipbreirls.  ditto    • 

7,873 

7,786  1-2 

H&1 

940  1-2 

4,388 

3,366 

807 

2,457 

.5,4112 

366 

34 

348 

107  1-2 

._ 

i) 

4  1-2 

22 

— 

2 

4 

11 

8 

TreJiad,,  ditto      - 

5.2ii  1-2 

— 

— 

370 

2.2'I8 

_ 

_ 

.567 

4,71.' 

— 

708 

I.iltiivnot,  fattinmn 

929 

_ 



4 

1,096  1-2 

— 

6 

— 

'.ijt; 

|Wff,l.i,IiM,  tiirrel  of 

iti«it3c«'t. 

2,073 

^ 

6.21-, 

12 

2,720 

— 

3,«67 



2.5-1 

— 

1,987 

510 

'IVirUiiips,  cwt.     • 



•_ 

10,436 

3,13.4 

21  12 

— 

2,251 

'212  1-2 

— 

— 

3G9 

iB'ii«,dit-o 

.5,=;r»  1-2 

_ 

— 

— 

4,323 

— 

— 

— 

3.M57 

Z'lif,  dil'o  - 

24.629 

_ 

^ 

3,881 

25.6-19 

— 

_ 

4,073 

l.9fi 

— 

— . 

1,000 

«'wl,  ditto 

1.219  1-2 



37 

26 

1.769 

— 

66 

— 

154 

Ff\:ti.'r?,  pnutwl 

30,810 

» 

6,100 

100 

21,093 

— 

1,41)2 

330 

i3,5i;o 

^il',-l  prnvi,miis,l)ar. 

rfl  nf  20O  lliv      • 

1.57 

_ 

^ 

-— 

370 

— 

— 

_ 

4 

•^pnicp  twer,  ke^  • 

24,950 

— 

80 

4.30 

29,320 

— 

— 

719 

25.818 

— 

— 

34S 

Rtimrkf  nn  Tariff  .—The  followin?  Table  affords  a  pretty  siifficient  specimen  of  the  sort  of  tariff 
whirli  the  Prussian  eovernnient  are  so  anxious  to  extend  all  over  fJerniaiiy  ;  iiiiil  in  furtherance 
nf  which  object  thcv  have  displayed  eiinal  iidilress  and  perseveriince.  Some  of  the  iliitiea  tire  ahiin- 
il.nnlly  moderate  ;  hut  those  on  cotton  goods,  wroimht  iron,  and  woollen  gomls.  are  ipiite  exorbitant. 
It  isiiliviiiiH  loo.  Hint  from  their  beini:  impnsed  accurding  to  Ihe  wei'.'ht,  they  fill  priiiciptilly  on  tlio 
riarser  fabrics,  or  those  worn  by  the  mass  of  the  people.  The  lilali  dtilies  on  wroitu'lit  iron  are  par- 
liiiilarly  objectioiiuble.  If  Prussia  wish  to  become  a  maniifacttiritiir  cniinlrv.  she  otmlit  to  open  her 
imrH  f I'r  the  reception  of  all  articles  made  of  iron,  from  wherever  they  m.iy  btt  had  clietipest.  They 
lire  the  principal  instruments  by  which  nitiniifactiires  are  carried  on;  and  if  one  were  Id  set  about 
Cinitrivintj  methods  for  depressinc  the  latter,  they  would  not  easily  find  one  belter  filled  to  effect  their 
(ibipci  than  by  confining  the  manufacturers  in  their  choice  of  tools  and  iiislriiments.  and  making  them 
adopt  iliiidc  ilm  were  bad  and  dear,  because  they  happened  to  be  mtiile  at  hume.  The  duties  on  sii- 
car  and  cotfee  tire  also,  in  the  circumstances  of  Prussia,  quite  excessive.  We  are,  indeed,  astonished 
tliat  so  liberal  and  intellieent  a  eovemment  as  that  of  Berlin  should,  at  this  late  period,  become  the 
patron  of  the  exploded  errors  and  absurdities  of  the  tncrcantile  system. 


,',! 


000 


DANTZIC. 


BilM  of  Piity  nn  Ihofhiff  Aritrlri  liiipiTii'il  fur  lii'iii-  ron«iitnptlon  Into  the  Frmtprn  PriU'l.in 

I'lovincni  III  ma-i. 


■  ffOlMMNi 


•»«" 


11  -ia 


B 


VbkH  in 

U4kr>  III           1 

irticlM. 

Pnialia 

Krltnh  Mnnn'i 

Artle'n. 

rniMi«n 

Rrllitli  Monr)r,     | 

Lurrtuc)', 

—  -  — . 

C'urrrii'7, 

■"" 

— -- 

R.  i.f .  ff. 

P" 

•IniuI 
ll  1.   d.'~ 

H.  M,  rf' 

\Tt 

•l.iMl 

t.  t.  li 

" 

Aniv  tn>il.  |i»r  nnlMr  of 

(Ill,  rrnirinrr.  In 

niaki,  p<f 

III)  Ibi.  fruamn  • 

1    0    A 

cwl. 

n  i  mii 

I'WI,  nl  llUlbfc  1 

'ruHiau 

1   0  a 

cwl. 

0   9  in  1  ; 

Alolli             iln.           ita,     • 

1  lU    II 

0  ;l  lu 

«rfi-M 

on,     . 

1   n  0 

— 

n    J  m  1  .'  1 

AliiDii'la      do.         dn.    • 

4  H    U 

^ 

11  M    0 

firaimr  |>mI 

dn,     • 

4  n   0 

^ 

0  U  III       ' 

llrMii«iiia«    do.         do.    ■ 

0    It    0 

.M 

0   0   ^:14 

I'lniriitn 

.\n.     ■ 

7  Ml    0 

— 

1    1    Hi 

Cndff            do,          do.     . 

e  I/I  0 

_ 

0  11    D 

IV|i|i.T 

d'l,     ■ 

7  10    0 

— 

1    1    1  1 ; 

(  l(',t<l              dr),             d'K     ■ 

e  i.t  n 

^ 

U  IN    II 

I'nni  r  itiiil  aI« 

dn.     • 

i  W    0 

— 

0    7    ilj. 

<  at«u            <lii,          do.     • 

7  10  n 

^ 

1   1   m 

lliiMni 

(In.     • 

4  11  n 

— 

0  13    0       i 

Ciirriintt       dn.           ilo.     • 

■1  n  0 

^ 

0  y.\  0 

ll>.ii 

do,     ■ 

3  n  0 

— 

n  It  «      1 

I't'ttoii  iI'KmU  dn.         dn.     . 

5.-.  n  0 



7    IH     0 

ll'ini  :ind  linindy 

dn,     • 

N  n  0 

— 

1     ■'    0  1  J' 

vim,  i«*kim(,  do.  ilo. 
iwKt    dn.         dn,     ■ 

«    I)    0 

_ 

n  17  :i 

^U|(4r,  niiiiuUcturrd,  dn,  • 

II     0    0 

— • 

Ml    n       j 

1    U    0 

_ 

(1  ii  II 

riw 

dn,     . 

fi    U    (1 

^ 

0  1)    -i 

Cnali             ,|<>.           dn,     • 

0    1    3 

_ 

n  n    II  1 

Syrii|i 

dn.     • 

(SOU 

— 

II  II    \ 

Kirtlimwirr  do,       dn,    . 

n  10  0 

_ 

0  II  II  I-; 

^iMl.elrd 

iln.     . 

II  10    II 

•- 

0    1/  II  l-i 

ItltM             dn.          do.    . 

»    0    0 

^ 

0    h     H 

Mini 

dn,     . 

i  0  0 

^ 

II    j'l   1) 

(•ni<rr           dn.          dn.    • 

7  10    0 

— 

1    1    1 1 J 

Mwl,  unwrnili(ht 

dn,     . 

1    n  II 

— 

II    .'  Ill  |.J 

llirnim,  per  tarrel 

1    0    0 

brk 

0    J  II 

urnuchi 

iln.      , 

li  0  n 

— 

II  17    3 

Ilir.Uirr.  |ii-rcwl.nr  IIOIU. 

.Silk  (no.li 

dn,      . 

no  II  u 

— 

l>  17    t 

I'riltllill   • 

CJ    0    0 

cwl. 

7  U    » 

!>.. 

dn,     . 

II     0    0 

^ 

1   II     H 

Inili^'i           dn,           dn.     , 

0  IS    0 

0    1    » 

Till,  in  lirtn 

.In.      , 

inn 

,— 

0     -.    M 

Inpn,  >ihwmu<ht,  (in  )i4rt)do. 

1    0    0 

_ 

0    i  10  |,|2 

III  pLlIM 

dn,      ■ 

;i  .11  0 

— 

0  111    7 

wrniKlil              tin,     ■ 

H    U    0 

^ 

0  17     1 

Vilrinl 

dn,     . 

0    0    7  1  } 

,— 

0    0    Dli 

I/^KWiHNi                        i\n,     • 

0    »    0 

— . 

0    «    ^>3-4 

Willie  l>ld 

dn,     ■ 

J    0    0 

— 

n  't  ii 

lA:\i                                    i)n,     , 

0  I'l    0 

_ 

0    1     f> 

NViMillrii  cnojf 

dr.,      . 

33    n    0 

— 

4  i>  n 

Linf-n                              dn,     • 

II     (1    0 

w 

1  II     N 

Wiiie 

do. 

8    0    0 

,— 

1    1  uii: 

l)d,  l^vrnri'.  iiillA%k«,Ar.dci, 

NODI 

— _ 

1     3     0  |.J 

With  tho  exception  of  wool  nnil  boncn,  aliiiOHt  nil  nrtlclri  of  export  iiru  duty  frco. 

Corn  Tniilf  of  Dnntzie.—The  reiiiler  will  tliiil,  iiniler  llio  lienil  CiinM  I,*wh  and  f'onN  TRAns  (pp 
50(1 — 5li.).  a  pri'lty  (iill  iirriiiiiil  of  llir  I'djinli  inrii  Iriiili-.  Iliil  llie  iiii|iorliiiir'n  (if  llii'  Hiih|i(l  u  ill  ex. 
riiHi!  niir  vlviiie  »  fi'W  iiilililiiiiial  iIi'IiiIIh.  tirainii)  nliiiiiKt  wlinlly  lirniiulll  l<>  Danl/.ii'  liy  water,  in  ilm. 
Iinllonioil  liiialH,  Hiiiteil  to  the  iiavliialliiii  nf  the  ViKtiila,  Itiiu,  &(■  Mr.  CdiihiiI  tiilMnii  ckIiiii  ilcn  ijn, 
exiienne  of  the  cdiiveyniicu  ol'  wheal  iiii^l  rye  thillier,  liiiliiiliiii;  the  duty  iit  Thurii  uiid  the  cliarinK ui' 
turning  on  tUc  rlvur,  till  put  into  tliu  gruniiry,  um  I'ullowii : — 

Ttr.  Imr,.  v. 
>.  d.    ',.d. 

I    i  U,i   ' 


Fmm  Ihf  npprr  prntinceton  Ihe  Duf,  a  diilancis  nfi 

IpiIII  tiki  In  iim  Mill'1  ! 

Frniii  111,,  iirnviiict-K  i  f  Cracfiw,  Sfudoinir,  and  l,iib-  j 

llM,    Vlll  l.lllVI  Mill' 


Per  Imp,  qr,  | 
f.  d,      t,  d,  I 


2  lo  7  10 
6  —  ,1    4 


Fmiii  Winaw  jud  ill  iici;hbourhood,  about  240  j,    .      »  ,, 
uiilea  j'*    "  ~  -^  " 


From  WacUwufli  and  lU  Dflghbmirhood,  about  1 10  ) 


iiiilfA 
Frolii  (Intiidfiitz,    a  dinlanro   nf    atxiiit    TO  iiiilf 
Iln  duty  at   I'linni,  and  when  nnl  turned  un 
river 


It,,.; 


U  10  _  0   > 


JV,  B.— Theie  are  the  ordinary  chnrgeg.  They  are  liiglior  when  there  l«  any  unuiiial  demnnil  (ot 
cxportaliDii. 

The  lliiu  liaH  ninny  wliiilhiCH,  niid  its  naviKatioii,  wliirli  Is  todlniiH  and  iincertniii,  onii  only  lie  at- 
tcni|ileil  III  the  i^prini!,  when  llie  water  is  hi|.'h.  It  Ih  lite  M,'iiiie,  thniiuli  in  i>  lens  ili'Kree,  with  hiiih'  mI 
the  rivern  that  tall  iiiln  lite  ViHiiila  hefure  it  reaclieH  Warsaw  anil  luwiiriU  Crai'iiw  Ilie  Vi^tlllil  ii^iir 
is  l'rei)iieiilly  iiiiiiavisaiile,  csperlally  ill  ilry  seasiiiis,  i'.\i'e|it  in  spriiii.',aiiil  after  the  iiiiilsiniiiiiir  riiiii.. 
when  lite  siiiiw  melts  (III  the  Cariialhiaii  iiiniiiitaiiis  The  n.'iviu'iiidn  nf  the  Polish  rivers  in  lyi'2 
was  mure  than  usually  had.  The  mrii  I'roin  llie  upper  prnviiiies  iliil  nut  reach  Daiil/.ic  till  rreiii'ilu  I 
iiHinths  later  than  usual,  and  was  hiirdeneil  with  a  very  heavy  ailililliiiial  expense.  In  fait,  tliisiiii- 
plies  nf  ur.'iiii  at  l)aiil/.ic  depend  (|iiiti>  as  niiit'li  on  the  aliiiniiance  of  water  in  the  rivers,  nr  uii  liieir 
euny  naviuatiiiii  in  Hiiiiimer,  as  un  tlie  uiuilness  iif  the  harvests, 

"  There,  are,"  says  Mr.  Jaruli,  "iwu  niiiiles  of  eiinveyint,'  wheat  In  naiitzir  hy  the  Vistula.  Tli;it 
which  uriiws  near  the  luwer  parts  of  llie  river.  I'limpreheiidiii!;  I',ilish  itiissia.anil  part  uf  the  jini- 
Viiire  iif  I'liM'k,  and  of  Masiiviu.  in  the  kiii){iliiiii  of  I'ulaiid,  wlilcli  is  ci^iierally  i<(  an  liit'irinr  qn  ilit\, 
in  conveyed  in  cuvereil  liiials,  with  shifting  hiianls  thai  protect  the  rargu  from  the  rain,  hiii  imi  iVnin 
pilfering.  These  vessels  are  luiig.aiid  draw  ahiiiit  l,'i  inches  water,  and  lirliii;  alMiiil  I.Ml  i|iiaiiers  ni 
wheat.  They  are  nut.  however,  su  well  cak'iilaled  fur  the  upper  parts  of  Hie  river,  (■'ruin  trannv. 
Where  the  Vistula  first  lieconiea  navigable,  to  lieluw  the  Jiincliun  uf  the  Iliiif  with  that  stniiiii, 
the  wheat  is  muslly  cuiiveyed  lo  l)aiil/,ic  in  open  llats.  'I'liese  are  coiistriicted  un  the  liaiiks,  in 
seasuns  of  leisure,  on  spots  far  fruiii  the  urdiiiary  reach  of  the  water,  hut  which,  when  llie  riiiii; 
of  uiiluinii,  or  the  melted  enow  of  the  Carpathian  mountains  in  the  spring,  fill  and  overlluw  lliu  river, 
are  easily  floated, 

"  Harites  uf  this  description  are  about  75  feet  long,  and  21)  broad,  with  a  depth  of  21  feet.  They  ari' 
made  of  lir,  rudely  put  toitether.  fastened  with  wooden  treenails,  the  curnors  dovetailed  and  suiaicil 
with  slight  iruii  ciainps.— the  only  iron  iMiiployed  in  their  cunstriictiuii. 

"  A  large  tree,  the  leniith  uf  the  vessel,  runs  aluiig  the  hottoni,  lo  which  the  limliers  ar:' seciiri'il 
Thi.s  ruiiulily  cut  keelsun  rises ',)  or  10  inches  fruiii  the  tluur,  and  hiirdles  are  laid  un  it,  wliii  h  evtiiul 
to  the  sides.  They  are  cuvered  with  mats  made  of  rye  straw,  and  serve  the  piirpuse  uf  ihiiiiiii.'i'; 
leaving  beluw  a  space  in  which  the  water  that  leaks  tliioni.'li  the  sides  and  hultuiii  is  reieiveil.  'Iln. 
bulk  is  kept  frum  the  sides  and  ends  uf  the  barge  by  a  similar  plan.  The  water  which  llii'si'  ill- 
cnnstriicted  and  imperfectly  caulked  vesseU  receive,  is  dipped  out  at  the  end  and  Hides  uf  the  iiiilk  of 
wheat, 

"  Vessels  of  this  description  draw  from  10  to  12  inches  water,  and  yet  they  frequently  got  agroilinl 
in  descending  the  river.     TIk!  cargoes  usually  consist  uf  from  IM)  lu  2(111  niiarlers  of  wlieat. 

"  The  wheat  is  thrown  un  the  mats,  piled  as  hiuh  as  the  gunwale,  and  left  iincuvereil.  expiisei!  Inall 
the  inclemencies  uf  the  weather,  and  to  the  pilferini!  of  the  crew.  During  the  passace,  llie  harpe  i* 
carried  along  by  the  force  of  tlie  stream,  oars  beiiii!  merely  used  at  tin;  head  and  stern,  tu  steer  clar 
of  the  sand  banks,  which  arc  numerous  uiid  shifting,  and  tu  direct  the  vessel  iu  passing  under  tlir 

♦  A  cask,  or  li  barrel,  weighs  about  5i  cwt. 

+  A  puncheon  of  iH)  lo  100  gallons  weighs  8  to  9  cwt,,  according  to  the  degree  of  strength, 

t  A  hogshead  weighs  about  if  cwt. 


DANTZIC. 


561 


Inin  the  r:iatprn  rnm^lnn 


M<kr>  in 

|'pi«lin 

Friluli  Mnnt-y. 

Curl«li«7> 

"i 

|i.r 

•UhiI 

" 

It.Ti.ri 

/..  «.  ,i,  1 

ir 

1    0    0 

c«l. 

n  9  i<i  1 .' 

1   n  0 

— 

0    i  ml  j  1 

4  It    0 

— 

n  IJ  10     1 

7  1(1    0 

— 

1    1    1 1 J 

7  10    0 

— 

1    1    II.' 

I  \\    0 

— 

0    7    iW 

4  n  n 

— 

0  la  0     , 

3    0    11 

— 

0    H    «        I 

N  n  0 

^ 

1      1    OIJ- 

II     ()    0 

— 

1    II      K 

A    U    II 

^ 

II  w   ; 

«    0    II 

•- 

0  II    \ 

0  10    II 

— 

n  i<  II  \i 

i  0  •> 

^ 

0    h    W 

1   n  II 



0    i  10  \i 

«   0    i> 

_ 

n  17   i 

110    II    u 

— 

|-p  17    8 

II     U    0 

— 

1  II   ll 

ion 

— 

0    5    H 

:l  .HI    0 

— . 

0  10    7 

0    0    7  13 

— 

0    0    II  12 

i    0    0 

_ 

0    t    9 

K\  n  0 

■~ 

4  l>    0 

8    U    0 

*~ 

1    :)   Oli; 

ro  iliiiy  frfo. 

»  I.AWM  Ann  Corn  Tr^di!  (pp 
inriaiirr  nl'  lln'  xiiMii  I  w  ill  <\ 
111  to  Diiiil/io  liy  waliT.  iiilliil- 

r,  CollHlll  <illMIIII  rSllll|:lU'!tllU 

y  111  'i'liurii  uiitl  lliu  rli^riics  m' 


Per.  Imi,.  <f. 

I.  i.     I.  it. 

I  neijtibourhood,  iboul  HO  K    2  to  J  '■ 

.llirc    nf    nlmiil    "0  liiili»,» 

I   wlicn  linl  lurucil  cll  lli.>0  10—0   t 


re  in  nny  iiniisiml  ili'iininil  I'nr 

luiil  iiiiiMTlniii.  i-nii  (inly  bo  al- 

iii  a  li'ss  ili'LTci',  Willi  yoiiii'  III' 

irils  Criu'DW  till'  Vl>liil;t  iliill' 

III  :ifli'r  till'  iiiiil^iiiiiiniT  tiiih'i, 

)f  ilio   Polish  rivers  in  l>:ii 

ri'iuli  Diint/.ic  nil  rnoicilii  I 

ml  ivvpi'iiitc.     Ill  fad,  lln'  "iip- 

altT  ill  llie  rivorii,  or  uii  ilnir 

llaiit/.lr  hy  till"  Vi«tiilii.  Tli;il 
■  ll  RiiHsia,  mill  pan  of  llii'  prn- 
ciu'rally  of  an  iiifirmr  iimliu. 
run  from  the  rain,  liul  iml  Iniiii 
ll  hriii)'  alviiiit  l.'ill  i|ii!iiliTsiii 
IH  of  Ilii-  river,     brmii  Irannv, 

if  lliu    Hub  Willi  thai  slniiin, 

conslriiili'd  (>"  "n'  h^ik*.  in 
,  r,  hilt  wlvii  ll.  whin  111''  r;lill^ 

iig,  fill  ami  overllow  llie  nviT, 

ladiMilliof  2i  fi'i'l.  Thi'V.iri' 
iiriiers  (loVL'taili;il  ami  suniirl 

wliicli  IIk-  linihi'rH  iir;,'  Hi'ivireil 
•s  are  laiil  on  il,  wliii  li  I'.Mi'iiil 
.  the  |iiir|iiise  of  iliiiinu.'i'i 
1  anil  hottimi  is  rei  eiveil.  Tlii. 
The  water  which  tlii"<i' ill- 
I  end  and  Hides  of  the  hulk  of 

et  they  freiiiiently  set  aproiiml 
lliliiarlers  of  wheat. 
il  li-fl  um'overed,  exjiiHi'ino'ill 
irinK  the  passate,  llie  harfi'  u 
e  head  and  stern,  to  sleeriliiir 
llio  vessel  in  passiiifr  iindtr  llif 


he  degree  of  strength. 


ncvernl  lirhlBen.    Thcn^  *pii*ptii  tiro  rondiirtrd  hy  r  or  7  m»>n.     A  unmll  hnnt  prorirrln  » llli  a  man  In 

11,  who  I*  enipioyril  noiinilinii.  in  urilir  to  iivoiil  tju'  >liitiinK  ntioiiU       I  In Ir  ul'  na\  iiiMlihU  id  ni'ica- 

«iirily  vi'ry  kIow  ;  .mil  iliiriiiii  the  progreitii  ol  it.ulinli  la^iK  hi'IituI  u  i  iIik,  mihI  even  iiioiiIIik,  ilii> 
ruin.  If  liny  fall,  nooii  railnei  the  M  lie.il  In  Kfow,  mid  the  vi'uKel  imniinif^  ihi'  iip|.i'.iritiii  e  of  a  lloiilliig 
nil  allow,  i'lie  nhootinc  III  the  lllire*  noiiii  foriiiK  a  lliirk  iiiiil,  and  (iievi  nU  tin  rain  Iruii  ;>•  tiitraliiiK 
iiinre  lli.lli  an  1,11  h  or  two.  The  imiin  hulk  l*  prolerlud  hy  IIiIk  kind  of  (overiiiK,  ninl,  w  lull  that  m 
throw  11  loiil",  1.  foiiiiil  ill  toleruhle  roiidllloii. 

■'  The  viiHiiel'*  are  liroken  up  at  l>unl/lr,  uiiil  iliiinlly  iiill  for  ulioiit  ]  uf  their  orllimnl  nml.  Thn  ini'll 
hIiii  rondiii'l  lliein  ri'liifii  on  fixit. 

■■  When  the  eartfii  nrrive*  at  llant/li:  or  Klhlnii,  all  hut  the  vrown  mirfare  U  thrown  on  the  Inmt, 
spread  nhroail,  <'\pi»ii'i|  to  the  Kiin,  iiiid  l'rei|iii'Mll>  liirneil  ovir.  till  any  Hliuhl  iii<>i>liiri'  it  iiuiy  have 
linhilieil  l<  drieil.  ||  a  hIiowi  r  of  ram  fiilln,  mm  will  an  iliirlnB  the  nlvht,  the  heapii  I'T  w  Inat  oil  the 
.(linre  are  thrown  toiiether  in  the  form  of  ii  ulecp  root' ol'ii  Iioiiki,  that  the  rain  iiriy  run  oil.  and  ore 

riivereil  Willi  a  I ill  loth      |i  ih  ihiiK  lrei|iii'nlly  a  loiiK  lime  ufler  the  wheat  liaH  reurhed  |)»nl/.ir, 

tii'l'nre  It  Ik  III  to  lie  plueeil  In  the  w  ari'lioiiNi-K. 

••'i'he  wiirelioiiBi'H  (.•/idf^ff..)  are  verv  well  adnpteil  for  HloriiiR  mm.  They  ronnlut  iienernlly  of  7 
■tnriei, '<  of  whli'h  are  in  the  roof  The  lloorH  are  uhniit  tl  feel  iiH.inder.  I'iai  li  of  them  I*  divided  hy 
lierpeiidii  iilar  parlitloiiH,  the  whole  Ii'IikiIi,  .ilmnt  I  feet  lii|,'h,  h)  w  lin  h  iliirereni  paneln  are  kept  di«- 
tiiM't  from  I'Hi'h  other.  Thiix  tin-  lloirx  have 'i  div  IdIhiii*,  eai  h  of  llieiii  (iipalde  nl  f>|i>rinu  Innii  riltu 
iml  ipiartern  of  whi'at,  niiil  li'uvin|(  xiiHii  lent  spaie  tor  liirniii)(  and  Kiri'i'iiliiK  it.  There  are  alniiiihimii 
otvviniliiwn  on  each  Moor,  which  are  iiIwii>m  Ihrnwii  open  in  dry  weather  In  ventihite  the  lorii.  It  u 
u^iiiillv  tiiriieil  over  :i  timei  a  week.  The  men  who  perforin  the  ope  rat  ion  throw  it  w  iih  their  nIiumIh 
.m  hilfh  n*  they  can,  and  thim  the  uralini  are  reparated  Iroiii  each  other,  and  exposed  to  the  dryiiiv  iii- 
liiiciice  of  the  air. 

"The  whole  of  the  rom  wnrelioiiBen  now  left  (for  iiinwy  were  hiirnt  diirlnit  the  sieije  of  Ihi  ii,  am 
mpalile  of  Hlorini(SlK).IHlOi|mirterH  of  wheat,  KiippiMiiiK  the  i|iiarteri>  to  he  liirue  enoii|(li  to  till  each  of 
till' 'i  divisions  of  the  tloiirs  with  a  separale  heap;  hiit  as  ul'  late  years  il  has  come  ilotvii  from  I'li- 
luiiil  in  smaller  parcels  than  formerly,  and  of  more  varimis  i|iialities,  which  innsi  nt  necessity  he  kept 
ilHlilicl.  the  present  slock  of  alHiiij  'Xl.dlHI  i|ii:iriers  is  foiiiid  to  oicii|>>  nearly  the  »  hole' of  thoMii 
wirclionses  which  are  in  repair,  or  are  adviniaueonsly  silnated  for  loadiiiulhe  ships.  Khips  are  loail- 
I'll  liy  i;aii|!s  ot' porters,  w  Itli  great  despatch,  who  w  ill  eoiiiplete  a  lurgo  of  M)  i|uarti:rri  in  ahoiit  ^  ur  4 
lioiirs."— (*'!"'  Hrpiirl.) 

\Vi'  extract  from  llie  work  of  Mr.  Oddy,  thn  followlnu  ndditional  InforniHtlon  with  renpert  to  tho 
ll;int/ic  warelioiiseH :— "  The  warehouses  for  lineiis,  ashes,  hemp,  jic,  and  the  extensive  uranaries, 
,iti'  situated  in  an  island  t'oriiied  hy  the  iMollaii.  To  Kiiiird  these  warehouses,  I'rom  'U^  to  III)  l'erociiiii« 
iliiUs  nf  a  larire  Ki/.e,  amoni.'st  which  aie  hlooil-honiiils,  an*  let  loose  at  1 1  o'l  lock  at  niitlit.  To  keep 
ilie  ilnirs  within  their  districts,  as  well  as  to  protect  the  passencers,  larue  hiuli  itates  run  ncross  tliti 
mil  of  each  of  the  si  reels  lendliiKln  the  main  one  :  no  liKlit  is  allowed,  nor  any  person  sii  tiered  lo  livu 
en  tills  island.  These  dous  prowl  ahoni  the  whole  night,  iiiul  create  great  terror.  It  would  he  iiii' 
pimnihle  otherwise  to  keep  property  secure  ainoii|!st  the  hordi  s  of  Totes,  Jews.,  Ace.  met  willi  here  ; 
nil  iiiinishinent  would  have  half  the  etVect  that  the  driMid  of  the  dous  produces.  In  winter,  when 
till-  wilier  is  fro/.eii  uver,  there  are  keepern  placed  ut  particular  avenues,  w  itli  w  hips,  to  keep  the  ilogH 
in  their  ran«e. 

".>i)  lire  or  rohhery  wan  ever  known  ;  nnd  the  oxpenHO  to  each  hiiildiiig,  with  the  Iniiiii  use  pro- 
perly they  niiilain,  is  very  reasoiiahle.  Vessels,  either  iVom  the  inti^rior,  or  other  unarli  rs,  lying 
nlonitside  these  warehouses,  are  not  alloxved  to  have  a  lire,  or  livlit  of  any  kind,  iin  hoard,  nor  is  u 
!iuilor  or  any  other  person  siifTercd  even  to  miioke.  These  reguhitinns  partly  i  xtond  to  all  shipping 
lyinK  in  the  linrboiir." — (f'.urupean  Cumuierre,  p.  2iy.) 

Y'lmlicr  VVoi/r,  AriirAr.— Kir  tiniher  is  usually  brought  down  in  ilR  natural  state,  and  is  gi|iinred  hito 
\nf«,  (ir  sawn  inln  planks,  in  winter,  when  tlie  labourers  cannot  he  otherwise  emphiyeU,  The  Htavi'S 
iiliipiieii  here  are  carefully  assurted,  and  are  reckoned  superior  to  tiiuHe  of  America. 

The  cxpenica  of  the  water  conveyance  of  •quared  timber,  including  duty  at  Thorn,  are— 

s.  d.         I.  d. 
From  the  Bug  -  -  from  alioiit  ti    0  to  5    «  per  piece. 

—  Wieprez  (above  Warsaw)     -      —      4     6-44         do. 

—  Vistula    (above        do.    )-      —      30-24         do. 

Being  higher  when  the  demand  ia  unusually  great,  or  when  hands  are  «riirr>>. 

At  Pantzie,  an  well  n«  nt  Petersburgh  (which  see),  Riga,  and  several  other  Ballir  ports,  sworn  in- 
npi-clors  (AnirAcM)  are  appointed  by  authority  to  examine  certain  articles  intended  for  exportation, 
and  In  classify  llieiii  according  to  their  (|iialilies.  Staves  and  limber  of  all  sorts,  w  illi  the  exception 
of  pine  wood,' is  BUhjected  to  the  brack,  rrinie  nuality  is  branded  Kmhn  or  Crvirii ;  second  i|iiality, 
Itrark  ;  and  the  tliird  or  lowest  i|iiality.  Bracks  Brark.  All  unmerchantable  articles  are  rejected 
liv  tlie  brackers,  and  arc  not  allowed  to  be  exported. 

The  gaiiiie  for  crown  pipe  staves,  which  the  hracker  has  always  in  his  hand,  is  45  inches  broad,  U 
iliick,  and  lil  inches  in  length,  which  tliey  must  be  at  least;  but  they  are  expected  lo  bo  larger  in 
every  resjiect.  -  ,     ,. 

I'ipc  stavea  are  from  (W  to  68  inches  long  ;  6,  5,  and  41,  at  least,  broad  ;  and  from  U  to  3  inches 
thick. 

Hrandy  staves  are  at  least  54  to  .^S  inches  long,  as  thick  nnd  broad  as  pipe  staves. 

Ilnpshead  staves  are  M  to  45  inches  loiii.',  as  thick  and  broad  as  pipe  staves,  all  English  nieosure. 

The  (piality  is  ascertained  by  marks,  to  distinguish  each  sort,  aa  follows  :— 

Hogshead  bracks  brack,  II. 

Brandy  hogshead  crown,  at  tho  end,  B  K. 

—  brack,  in  the  middle,  X. 

—  bracks  brack,  ><!  '^. 


Crown  pipe  staves,  Btnmpcd  at  the  end,  K. 

—  brack  in  the  middle,  I. 

—  bracks  brack,  II. 
Hogsheads  crown,  at  the  end,  O  K. 

—  brack,  in  the  middle,  I. 


Oak  planks  are  assorted  in  the  same  manner.  Crown  plank  is  marked  in  the  middle,  C.  Brack, 
in  the  end  ami  middle  H.     Bracks  brack.  U  H.  ,„,.., 

Toilistincnish  IJ  from  2,  and  2.J  from  3  inches,  tho  IJ  are  marked  with  I,  and  2^  X. 
At  the  end,  in  rough  strokes,  with  cohmred  paint,  brack  is  yellow  Ij   bracks  brack,  white  ll; 

Aftfs  are  siibierted  to  the  brack.  The  calcined  are  opened,  and  the  crust  taken  off;  others  are  not 
examined  unless  there  be  any  suspicum  of  their  quality,  or  the  staves  of  the  hogshead  be  supposea 
to  be  too  thick.    Every  cask  of  potashes  is  opened. 

71 


*  t 


i 


562 


DANTZIC. 


'1--1 


ll'sm 


R.  »,<r. 

On  Wheat 

about  i  ii  1  2-1 

Kve 

llarl-y    ■ 

—     2  20       IperlaitoraboutlO 

I'ra. 

(hll 

—    2  12 

Flour 
8htp  biicuit 

/  5  per  cent. 

It.  t.tr. 

rcirlaiht^ 

about    0  in  peribippouDdofSIOIba 

Wep.1  JsliM 

—       0    6  —   iKirrel              do. 

Fir  (iiiiLier 

—       0  lU  —   I'lad. 

Shipping  Ckar^tt  and  Duties,  cxcluRive  of  Commlnion. 

I  «.  ».yr. 

On  Deck  .Ira'j 
Mi'irl  drill 
3  Imp.  qn.  Ilt-sl  rii.l9 


about    0  23  12  per  Imd. 


Ijfhiviiivl 

^ 

1    0 

—   fiihnni. 

CIJ|.Unr.li      - 

._ 

2    0 

—   9t.i>ck  uf  tiO  pieces. 

0>k  plank      } 
(lak  end!        ( 

- 

- 

1  ID 

-   load. 

.Slllti 

. 

.~ 

13  HI 

—   niille  nil*. 

Blark  or  spruce 

beer 

— 

0    7  1-2 

-   I.isinf  liken. 

Fralhcra 

- 

— 

2    0 

—    lOUIbs. 

N.  B.— The  IVuMian  pound  it  about  3  1-3  per  eeul.  heaTirr  than  the  Enjlisti  pound.  The  ripensrs  of  sendinn  pxids  down  arc  taki-n  :vr 
about  M  avrra«u  rale  j  but  if  the  whole,  or  the  greater  (art  of  the  cargo,  were  loaded  in  the  Fairwaier  or  road»,  Ibe  eapeuses  ivoulj  U 
aoniewbat  more. 

S/iip/iiiii'.— Acrnnnt  of  llic  Ntimhcr  of  Sliips.  spccifyinj!  the  Cmmtrlra  to  which  they  bcloiiRrd,  willi 
thdir  Toimiipe  in  Lasts,  of  1,000  I'russiiiii  Ihs.  thut  arrived  at,  and  departed  from,  Dantzit  in  1S31. 
—  {Prussian  Official  .^ceounta.) 


FUgs. 

Ships 
Arriied 

.-ind 
Sailed. 

Lasts 

Of  these 

Flags. 

Ships 
Arrived 

and 
Sailed. 

Usts. 

or  lliem                  j 

Uden.      ,        llalla.l. 

Liden. 

Ilall.iil. 

Shipi. 

Lutt  Ship*. 

i,in 

121 

114 

32 
93 
224 
319 
4n 
976 
2,79S 

2,2-.S 

Ships.]  l,.-u(s. 

Ships, 

Lxli, 

Mecklenburg  1  !*,;[,; 
Hanse.Townsjj*;;- 
Russian    -     \t;^ 

Swedish  •  jj',':;;. 

Norwegian     |  |,"' 
Hanoverian    \  ^,'J^; 

2-. 

23 
4 
4 
7 

12 
3 
2 

3S 
.38 
64 
50 

l,TO-. 
I,si3 

2»r 

270 
3S1 
56-. 
200 
156 

fHQ 

16 

22 
1 
4 
5 

12 
2 
1 

11 

662 
l,6r>2 

2>» 
270 
2-0 
56i 
I4H 

63 

622 

661 

1.797 

us: 

1,734 

4,749 

7''2 

2.917 

9 
3 
3 

2 

1 
2 
12 

29 
21 

34 

Oldenburg       )  J^,';;- 
Nilberlands    if^^^; 

13 
12 
1.33 
132 
4 
4 

J 

492 

470 
7.341 
7,.1il3 

2.34 

240 
,50 

I!I7 

6 

1 

.55 

132 

~4 

"3 

214 

470 

2.764 

7,393 

240 

~97 

7 

78 
4 

I 

275 

1 

4,-.77| 

1 

234 

M 

i.iso!  '5 

l,M3      61 
l.MI'     20 
4.>12.      17 

TotalForeign  J  Arr. 

.Sl.ips      •     )  Dep. 
Pn.vsian   .*»hip8    ai 

rived  and  departed 

Grand  Total  arrived 
and  depirted    - 

3.9 
361 

571 

21,048 
21,791 

»^0,<I41 

196 
316 

3»-3 

9.022 
20,0s2 

53,57.-. 

163 
4.5 

188 

12.l..'6 
I,7I» 

27,265 
4I,(VX) 

3,040 

■2,!II7I 

20 
,50 

1.291 

I23.e;9 

J^95_ 

K.679      ,596 

Torf  C^nr^ft.— The  cliarge*  on  a  »hip  of  200  lasti,  or  about  300 
tons  burden^  are— 

Harl)o»r  mniiry  ..... 

Ditrn  in  foUl  ($%y  in  Fred,  d'ors,  reckoned  at  5  r,  in 
which  this  nitist  be  paid)     •  -  •  • 

RiviT  money     .-.-.■ 
Commercial  contribution        -  -  -  - 

Kipedihon  expensts     .  .  .  .  - 

Caplarn's  allowance  fnr  erpenscs  on  shore    • 
Tracking  tl.uship  into  ihc  harbour  (Fairnater) 
PalUst  nintipy.&c.        .  .  -  .  • 

Pilot  to  the  l)allast  wharf         .  .  ,  . 

Ditto  moving  the  ship  in  Fairwater    • 
Police  paMjwrt  .  -  .  .  - 

Clearing  thu  vessel  in  and  out  ... 


R.  i.e. 

Ff- 

8S2B 

» 

14    6 

8 

0    0 

0 

3  10 

U 

13  10 

0 

16  20 

0 

2    0 

0 

10  24 

0 

4    0 

0 

2  15 

0 

3    5 

0 

16  20 

0 

Mnkinc  25/.  6s.  6d.  Bterlinr,  at  the  eichange  of  6  r. 
2b8.gr.         •  ■  ■  -  '  »"5>7 


The  charf^et  on  the  »hip«  of  all  conntrie?  having  reciprocity  treatipt 
with  lYussia  (which  inKt^r.-enilly  Ihe  case)  are  thesan<r,nnly  Dintzic 
captains  receive  no  allowance  for  shore  exjwnses.  River  it  stream 
monfy  Isonlv  paid  by  vmsiIs  that  tirin?  goods  to  town,  or  \i\A  m  ihe 
Motlau  (abiive  the  blockhcuse) :  if  a  «hip  remain  in  the  Fa.r^iier 
or  Vistula,  the  river  money  is  levied  on  the  craft  carrying  the  goods, 
and  falls  on  the  latter. 

Dintzic  is  a  favouratlc  place  for  ships  careening  and  rrpairinc.  and 
for  obtaining  supplifs  of  all  sorts  of  sea  stores  at  a  reawnadl*-  nte. 

There  belong  to  the  port  7.5  shi|n,  im-asuring  a!x>ul  16,000  lasts 
=  24,000  tons^  ii^vieated  by  almul  i> V)  nien.  They  are  employt-.!  in 
foreign  trade,  'i  lie  port  has  no  tishery,  and  no  coasting  trade  worth 
mentioning. 

Cuttom-fi(nt9e  Rc^ilatiimi.^The  shipmaster  muit,  wi'hin  24 
hours  after  arrival  in  port,  make  a  declaration  of  Ihecarjo  on  Kard, 
and  of  the  ship's  provisions,  .and  he  incurs  a  severe  penalty  if  the 
declaration  do  not  prove  correct.  The  ship's  hatL-hes  (if  irt*o.l»  arr 
on  ImanI)  are  sealed  on  arrival,  and  an  ariihtinnil  declaration  is  ac- 
cepted iK-fore  Ihey  are  unseale  I ;  but  no  lattr  declintion,  tt;pple- 
mentary.or  eYplanalory,  (d  the  first,  and  no  Jiil'niitling  the  giols  to 
investigation  by  the  officers,  m  received  or  allnwetl.  If  tlie  ehtpnna- 
ter  be  imitjle  to  make  a  conipliMe  declaration  on  arrival,  a  ("iistnm- 
house  oflicer  is  put  on  IxarJ,  who  remains  until  the  ship  is  iiiiloade'l, 
at  an  expense  to  hir  of  about  2x.  per  day  and  niitht.  The  cargo  can 
only  l»-  discharged  in  nn'senre  of  a  cus'oms  nfficer. 

Thf  shipmaster,  and  not  the  receiver  of  the  goodv  i^  niafle  re- 
sponsible, if  the  contents  of  the  packages  do  not  correspond  with  his 
(lr(  laration ;  and  he  is  only  exonera'etl  from  this  by  ntlt  nmly  avt  r* 
ring,  on  making  tjie  declaration,  that  the  contents  are  unknown  to 
Mm.  An  evident  mist.ike  or  oversight  is  treate>l  as  rigorously  as  an 
intentional  fraud. 

On  commencing  to /oarf,  tlie  shipmaster  receives  a  blank  loading 
list,  in  which  he  must  daily  note  the  articles  he  likes  on  lK»anl.or  he 
is  liable  to  fine  ;  but  thisreetilation  is  not  very  rigidly  enforceil.  (hi 
clearing  out,  this  list  is  compared  with  the  goods  enlered  by  the  ves- 
sel, when  the  sea  pasB|Mirl  is  given. 

Ball.ist  can  be  discharged  only  at  stated  places,  on  |>aln  of  the  ship- 
ma-ster  beicg  fined. 

It  is  material,  however,  to  observe,  that  the  whole  Custom  house 
business  of  the  shipmaster  is  cnntluc'ed  by  CuMnni  house  hn'ker*.  so 
tliat  he  is  never  at  a  loss,  being  iufonne^l  liy  'tie  one  lie  wleci*  wh.tt 
lie  hat  to  do.  Alterations  are  frequently  made  in  the  Customdiouse 
regidations. 

The  sliipmiiter  receives,  on  arrival,  from  the  pilot  coninio*tnrc,  a 
copy  r)f  the  h.ir)>our  refutations,  in  his  own  language,  with  instruc- 
tions how  to  act  as  to  ballast. 

H^ureAou«i»f.-^ucb  goods  aa  pay  a  higher  duty  than  1-2  a  dollar 


per  centner  falx^ut  I*.  5  l-2d.  for  about  113  lbs.  Enpllsh)  imyhe 
Jdaced  in  the  king's  stores  iiio  where  else),  ami  reiii.Tin  thtnt^ri 
years  wi'bout  payinrnt  of  duty.  No  aIIo»anre  is  iin.le  for  wnjftor 
damage  in  tbe*e  stores.  (Hlur  gorvfs,  not  capable  of  beinn  ch.inKrI, 
may  be  placed  in  private  stores,  under  the  kinij's  loc  k  ;  but  rmi  else- 
where,  wiih'iut  |>crmission.  No  rent  is  chirned  fnr  Kmuls  in  i)ie 
king's  stores,  tluring  the  first  three  months ;  afierivanlH  ahnut  t  \-L{. 
monthly  rent  is  charged  for  the  f)r<t,  and  about  '.id.  monilily  Tir  the 
Kcond  year,  per  centner  of  about  IWt  ]Ys.  Kngllsh. 

In  private  warehouses,  the  monthly  rent  for  10  quarters  of  ulint 
or  othtr  grain  is  fnnii  about  3  l-2(/.  to  Trf.,  or  more,  arrnidinjr  as 
warehouse  room  is  abundant  or  otherwise.  (Hher  avifU  i.'n  ntii 
usually  pay  by  the  piece,  but  part  of  a  store  is  hired  for  Ijivni,  iml 
the  rent  generally  conies  somewhat  higher  in  proitortion. 

The  cost  ol  rent  and  turning  grain  is  from  1.t.  2rf.  to  |.f,  ft/,  month. 
ly,  for  10  quarters,  according  to  the  season  of  the  year  and  oihtr 
Circumstances ;  but  more  when  granary  rwrn  is  scarce,  and  wa^is 
high. 

BanUnt  Fstaltithmmtt,~~There  is  none  such  here,  f  .xcpptipR  \ 
hnnch  of  the  Royjl  or  GoverniiienI  Bank  of  Berlin.  This  "u 
founded  partly  in  the  view  of  receiving  dc^Ktsits  of  money  uiHJer 
litigation  in  the  courts  of  the  province  ;  monies  the  pn)periy  of  nii- 
nors  and  charitable  iiisti'utinns,  t!.e  former  until  ilispo«atlen"r|ilacfi 
on  cnnd  security;  and  ninnies  beloneing  to  indivi-hials  nut  \\\ey 
chants,  and  it  limes,  also,  those  of  the  htler.  Inleirst  is  paiJ  ou 
such  de|iosils  as  follows  :  viz. 
3  per  cent,  on  sunu  belonging  to  minors. 
2  1-2  do.  do.  charitable  institutions,  churchw, 

and  sums  deposited  t^y  Ihi;  couils  of  jus'ice,  anJ 
2       do.  all  other  deposits. 

The  principal  is  deniandable  at  pleasure,  unless  otherwise  s'lpii- 
tated.  1'he  bank  makes  advances  on  grain  and  some  other  kinis  of 
eooiN  at  5  |>er  cent,  interest ;  discounts  hilts  with  3  signatures,  rot 
hiving  more  than  2  months  to  run,  at  6  iier  cent.,  and  snnietinir*. 
when  nsoiH-y  is  plenty,  al  a  lower  rate.  It  alw  n.akes  aivances  at  4 
per  C(  lit.  on  dei)osiis  of  Fred,  d'ors  and  certain  foreign  mnnirs;  anJ 
it  occasionally  buys  hills  fnr  account  of,  and  sells  bills  on  the  Derliii 
hank.  It  does  not  issue  notes.  The  aniount  of  its  r.i|iil:i!  jv  n'.\ 
fixed  ;  but  government  guarantees  its  transactions,  ft  is  relieve'l 
from  the  pa^  ineiit  of  [mstaee  on  money,  and  it  is  not  required  tn  wv 
ll'e  s'am|ts  fixe«l  tiy  l\w,on  bills  for  its  dt  posil  traiis-iciinns,  Imt  only 
thn<enf  IOs.gr.;  (about  II  l-2ii.);  white  indi\iilu3l<i  uiiiht  iiv 
st.imps  for  such  bills  of  .I  a.  cr.  for  every  400  r  ,  of  not  longer  dilti 
ihan  3  months,  an  I  for  every  200  r.  of  longer  ilate. 

On  neeotiahle  bills,  however,  the  bank  inusl  use  the  stamps  fixed 
by  law,  siy  of  ,'>i.  f,  (aliout  *>  S-lrf.)  for^ums  of  .')(!  dfil.  !->  .liOdnl., 
and  al  the  same  rate  for  ever}* additional  sum  between  100 dol.  aul 
40)  dot. 

Rills  from  and  on  foreign  places,  negoliattd  at  Ihnl/ic,  are  not 
subject  to  the  stamp  duty. 

The  atfair^of  ihe  bank  are  not  msde  public.  Being  a  cnvernmciit 
concern,  tbere  are  no  divirteiids.  It  is  not  BUp[iosed  lo  he  very  yro- 
fi'  dde,  iti  h-att  in  the  present  circuinscrihed  slau*  of  traile,  allhouih 
eninyinr  the  advaiitanea  of  exemption  fmiii  postaije  of  nioiiies,  mid 
payiii?  less  stamp  duty.  It  is  true,  however,  thai  the  direct  advaii- 
tase  of  V.-v  lower  ■tamp  diitv  is  enjoyeil  hy  the  borrower. 

t'TH't,  //rfiftirar*'-.^"''-— Very  few  iffHvlsare  consittiied  fmin.il>m! 
fnr  s.ile,  for  such  mnsi^nment^  rarely  turn  to  eiwwi  arcHint.  Iii;i>oit9 
are  seldom  s<^ld  for  cash,  t<ut  eenerally  at  I,  2.  and  3  nioiilh»' credit, 
or  longer.  The  discount  alln\ve<l  fi>r  cash  payments,  when  sold  m 
•  ini*-.  is  usuilly  6  perceiit.,  but  it  varies  according  as  luotifV  U  pleii- 
lifiil  or  otherwise 

Any  |HT«on,  \mns  a  liurgher  of  the  town  (which  any  nnenf  gnot 
character  niav  liefonn-),  inav  transact  business  as  a  conniiissinn  (n^r- 
rhinl  or  factor;  hut  l-nikers  must  lie  chosen  tiy  the  eiden  of  ths 
{'or|M.ration  of  Merchants,  approved  by  the  regency  of  Uw  provitifif^ 
and  iwom  iu  by  the  magistracy  of  the  lowu. 


DANTZIC. 


663 


>|joul    0  23  1-2  per  luod. 

—  1    0        —   fnihnm. 

—  2    0        —  >l.('ck  uf  60  pieM». 

—  I  10        —   liiail. 

—  13  10        —  niillr  pi|«. 

—  0    7  1-2   —    bsint  II  ke^ 

—  20         —    100  Iba. 

•ntn  of  MtidiliK  noolii  down  nrc  Likrn  :il 
Irwaier  or  roadi,  llie  eipauMi  »nui.l  U 

to  which  thpy  bclnnciMl,  willi 
parted  fruiii,  Duiitzic  in  IH^I. 


Of  Ihcm 

Laata. 

Lailen. 

II.ill.iM. 

Ship.. 

1.-UU. 

.shipt. 

L»l!. 

492 

6 

214 

7 

27S 

470 

1 

470 

7,341 

55 

2.764 

79 

4,577 

7,103 

132 

7,393 

234 

— 

— 

4 

234 

240 

4 

240 

50 

_ 

~ 

I 

SO 

l!)7 

3 

197 

21.048 

196 

9.022 

163 

I2.CJ6 

21,791 

316 

20,0f2 

45 

1,-|» 

M,MI 

3f-3 

.53/.7.> 

m 

27,265 
41,OT 

123,eT9 

S95 

W.679 

.596 

■2d.  for  almtit  113  lbs.  Knplisit)  m.iyl* 
(iio  where  elw),  .irisi  reiurxin  thini-Ti 
iluty.  No  allow  .mrr  is  iniile  fdr  w.uuor 
ilhiT  goo-Is,  not  ca|jahlf  of  brirtu  cll.l|llt^l, 
toreft,  uiulfrlhe  kin;£'s  Inik  ;  but  notfUe* 
[i.  No  tent  is  chiri^eil  fur  ttmh  in  i)ie 
rst  three  nmiiths;  afi*T\vaj-.l»aliiiut  |  |.jj. 
If  Ihf  firtl,  'inri  about  '.kt.  mooitily  Tir  the 
r  about  li:i  l^^.  Kti^hali. 
he  iiionihly  rpnt  fur  10  quarfrrs  of  wlint 
lut  3  \-2d.  Io7d.,  or  more,  arconlin^  ai 
JanI  or  otherwise.  Other  (ti'("U  ifo  nul 
lut  |iart  of  n  store  is  hired  fr)r  thtni,  tuJ 
miewhnt  higher  in  prot»orlion. 
lin?'  grain  is  fmiii  It.  2rt.  to  It.  ft/,  nmnili. 
inc  to  the  season  of  the  year  ami  other 
vheu  granary  nmiu  ii  si-nrce,  ami  wafu 

,— There  is  none  mich  here,  f  .tcPptipK  -i 
lovernmenl  Bank  of  Berlin.  This  wai 
w  of  receiving  ile^Misits  of  money  umltT 
he  province;  monies  the  pnipcrly  i>f  m- 
lOns,  tl.e  former  until  iliRpn«.illetir  (ilacfJ 
iniei  belonging  tn   indiviilu^ls  not  itiei^ 

those  of  the  htter.    Interest  is  paiJ  on 

lining  to  minors, 

charitable  insttltntinns,  churchn, 

epo<itcd  by  the  coutts  of  jus'ice,  anJ 

'po-sits. 

■|ib!e  at  pleasure,  unless  otherwise  s'ipii- 
anres  on  jtrain  and  some  oilier  kinis  of 
;  discounts  bills  with  3  sigiutures,  not 
to  run,  al  ti  per  cent.,  and  snuidmit'S, 
lower  rate.  It  nlso  inakeit  advances  at  4 
1.  d'ors  and  certain  foreign  ninniii ;  ani 
account  nf,  and  hells  bills  nii  the  BtTliii 

ot*s.    The  amount  of  iis  rnpitnl  is  nr.I 

arautees  its  trauKvclions.    It  is  relieted 

V  on  moiiev,  and  it  in  not  requirnl  tousn 
liilM  tor  its  'It  posit  trans-Wioris.  Iiiit  only 
Ii    l-2ii.);    while  iiidi\iilijal's  iiuist  use 

itr.  for  every  400  r  ,  of  not  longer  ditu 

V  200  r.  of  lonter  date. 
.  the  bank  roust  use  the  itanip*  fiiPil 

,.  ..n-lff.)  for  Minis  of  'lOrtol.  t*.  4(0.Ii'l., 
ryaddiiional  sum  betT^ecn  lOOdol.  aui 

II  places,  nc^oliatLd  at  Danlzic,  are  not 

not  m»-Ic  putilir.  Being  a  eovemmciil 
.mis.  It  is  not  supposeti  to  be  very  pro 
tit  circiinmrribed  bt:iu-  of  trale,  althr^uih 
exemption  from  postage  id  tnoniw,  and 
IS  true,  however,  that  the  direct  advau* 

V  is  enidved  by  the  l>nrmwfr. 

"ery  few 'eiKulsAre  cr)nsiitnttl  fromabreil 
nts  rarelv  turn  to  eoo<l  arcimt.  lu'-iioitg 
It  eriicrally  at  I.  2.  and  .1  months'  cmlit, 
lowL'tJ  fi>r  cash  pavmenls,  when  sold  "n 
but  It  varies  accoriling  as  money  is  pitii- 

'her  of  the  town  (which  any  one  of  uroi 

V  transact  business  as  a  romnn^inn  nirr- 
ra  must  be  cluwn  bv  the  enler^  of  tfiB 
approved  ty  the  regency  of  tho  (imviiitf, 
racy  of  the  lowu. 


Tie  mini  nttt  of  commlmion  *T^— 
3  per  cent,  ou  wood  article*  i  .,_n-.ftj 
Z     do.  other  chkIs     { "PO"^, 

3     do.  ciwhIs  im|<orted, 

with  from  I  to  2  |»er  cent,  on  do.  for  dd  crtdcrt^  nr  g\ianiites  of 
debts. 

The  mm  factor  receivn  r.  1*7  (.ilmut  4i-  9rf.  sferlinf)  per  last  (oi' 
60  si-hetlels)  uf  all  grain,  from  the  buyer,  and  1  per  cent,  from  the 
•rller. 

The  rate*  of  hroker-«ge  are— 
I2l2a.gr.  (nearly  It.  2  l-2d  )  per  100/. 
7  1.2  —      (    —      8  7r/.)  [ler  UW. 
3  3-4  —      (    —     4'.'W.)  per  100  i. 
I  iiermillefor  bills  on  Berlin,  WarMW,  and  Paris. 
Vi  per  cent,  on  ninnies  placed  al  interest,  fur  a  period  not  test  than 

6  nionihs,  from  the  iKirmwer,  »iid 
1  per  niille  from  the  Irntter. 

1  I  er  mille  usuiily  for  short  disciMints.  from  both  parties. 
1  percent.  i>ri  the  actual  or  the  computed  uiiuunt  of  transactions  in 

puLlic  funds,  ffoni  l>o'h  parties. 
\l  per  cent,  usuilly  (wimelime^  more  or  less)  for  merehmdlte. 

On  r^i"  for  ex|KirtaMon,  the  brokerage  is  recently  fined  at  I  per 
cetd.,  t'l  be  piid  bv  the  seller,  the  buycrrefunding  to  him  ')  ».  gr.  ptr 
last  nf  -Tfa  I  2  "tclieffels. 

Rur^liers  l«iitg  nierchants,  may  act  u  brokers  without  direct  au- 
thority, in  the  purchase  from,  and  sale  af  ito<ids  to,  Poles,  receiving 
I  per  cent,  on  ^'mmS  bought,  and  I  to  2  per  cent,  on  goods  sold,  ac- 
Ciirtiiig  '0  eirciiiii)tlinci-s. 

£fijiArH/iIrif«  are  not  of  freijuent  occurrence  here.  Their  most 
prevalent  sources  at  present  are  speculatidns  in  grain,  and  Keneral 
biJnesa  of  trade.  Bankrupts  cannot  obtain  a  dischari;e  except  by 
private  cniposition,  withoui  which  they  always  remain  n-sponsible 
to  each  in  iivi  Inal  creilitor,  who  can  attach  them  at  any  time,  if  he 
cm  show  that  they  (whscm  property,  althnuRh  Iheir  aflairs  hue  been 
settletl  by  .indie  al  authority.  This,  and  the  teliousness  of  set  le> 
nicn's  in  court,  make  Iwilh  detdor  and  creilitor  de^iimui  of  settling  bv 
MtniHi-i'ion  ;  airl  hence  few  Insolvents  are  made  liaiiknipt,  by  'hefr 
affaint  beint  liruKhi  inh)  court.  It  is  (o  lie  olfterved,  that  creditors, 
havine  claims  by  bills  in  firce,  must  by  law  be  pai  1  to  the  full,  be< 
fiire  those  «ith  only  hook  claims  receive  any 'hing  ;  bu!  to  avoid  'he 
tarliness  of  the  court,  hill  crditors  here  generally  agree  to  le'  book 
cn'-lil'trs  receive  half  as  nnicli  in  composition  as  they  themselves 
(Eft.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  arrange  a  comi)nsiiion,  as  each  credi- 
tor ctn  make  bis  own  term*  ;  and  those  who  hidd  out,  generally  ^et 
more,  at  least  privately,  than  the  ostensible  rate  of  coDi|>osillon 
offered  by  thedetdor. 

If  a  pnvai"  comiKMilion  cinnot  be  ertt'cted.and  the  insolvent  la  re- 
(uliHy  nia  le  haoBrnpt.  by  his  alTairs  teine  put  Into  court,  the  law 
prtHcrilies  that,  if  a  small  portion  of  thecredi'on  will  not  accept  the 
divi'leii'l  with  which  the  ereater  wrtion  are  satisfietl.  the  latter  can 
r«]iiirf  ihe  former  to  omsent,  nr  become  res|)onsilib  fnr  the  estate 
pmiliicin;  is  nnieh  fm.'tlly  ;  tiui  so  many  objections  may  be  made, 
that  'his  comtiulsive  nn-asu'e  is  very  seldom  reported  'o.  A  private 
ciini>osi*i  Ml  is.  howfver,  general'y  preferred  by  all  parties,  more 
mrticiilarly  by  th.'  debtor,  as  being  the  only  means  by  which  he  can 
DPi''>nieetlireiv  free,  and  get  a  fpiieral  dijcharje. 

H'^nest  liankrupt«,  whose  atlairs  aie  bmuthl  Into  court,  may  he 
freel  fn'in  perwtnal  arrest  hy  faithfully  delivering  up  all  their  pro- 
perly.   Dishonesl  ones,  upon  conviction,  are  punished  by  being  sent 


to  the  Mmi«e  nf  Conrction  ;  hut  Ihcy  often  enrape  piinishinmt,  fruni 
the  ton  Kfi-at  laxity  In  ent'orcingtht  laws  In  crimin-il  tn.itleni 

The  cn-ditora  of  a  banknipt  estate  bronchi  into  curt,  rank  undrr 
H  ditlerent  classes,  each  prior  cl.ias  ertjoyirm  a  pretedenry  of  claim 
over  those  fulloning,  lo  the  full  amount.  I  he  two  n.ost  eoiiMderable 
classes  In  geneni,  are  the  (ilh  .md  7ih,  li.e  I.>rn.er  bt-ing  (hat  of  Ifae 
bill,  the  Inter  that  nf  the  IxH-k,  rr^lit^ls. 

yoitt,  ^'f— 'Ihedu'lrsare  in  grmral  payable  on  the  ^ross  weight; 
a  fixed  allowance  l>tiiig  uiadi',  In  many  cases,  according  to  the  )»:ick- 
ag.  n  in  others,  there  IS  no  allowanre  'I  he  taritt' specifies  'he  par- 
ticular regulations  on  iliis  point.  Tie  taie  on  gixvts  in  sinitle  sarki 
is  4  lbs.  |»er  Cfiiiner  (about  WiWr..  Kiisjlisli),  it  b«inK  left  to  the  op- 
tion of  the  receiver  lo  have  the  nt-tt  weight  asfert.nned. 

In  trade  Iherc  arc  tiled  rales  uf  tare  only  on  the  tokluning  goods ; 
vir— 

I'otaahes,  6  (ler  cent.,  when  sold  by  a  merchant. 
Dye  wofKl,  ground,  8  to  1 1  per  bals. 


Currants 


Figs  and  raisins 
Olive  oil 


in  whole  butts* 

half  do. 

l-4ihand  1-mhdn. 

casks. 

whole  and  h.tlf  butts. 

l-4lhand  l>th. 

ptpus. 


14  per  cent. 
16  -- 
18   — 
10   — 

i(i    — 

18  tn  20 
16      — 
Sed  oil,  latterly  Ihe  tire  is  ascertained^ 
Pepper,  Fnglisli,  in  double  bags,  7  II  s. 

—      Danish,  in  baits  and  mats,  II  lln. 
Orange  and  lemon  peel.  6  |>er  cent.,«ir  tare  ascertained. 
Hice  I'lom  Fnglnnd  or  Handnirgh,  Ihe  tare  as  ou  ibe  c;isks,  less  2  lbs. 

per  cask  on  that  froni  Enel  md,  and  in  pniivortiou  tothr  weight  on 

that  front  Hamburgh.     Danish  should  give  ID  percent.  tarCi  but 

the  buyrn  are  In  general  not  Hatisficd  with  (his. 
Tallow,  10  per  cent.,  or  riett  tare. 
Tea,  Dani'^h  bohea,  7N  IIm.  If  in  linen  and  matt. 
—  24  :bs.  in  churls  alxive  IdO  lbs. 

22  Itis.       —        of  about  80  lbs. 

Most  frequently  the  tare  is  ascertained. 
Vitriol,  10  i>er  cent. 

Raw  siiear,  12  lo  16  per  cent,  according  lo  the  si/e  nf  the  chests. 
Caiidii  d  snear,  tare  by  invoici>,  adding  in  that  proportion  for  tho  dif* 

fcrence  in  the  wt-ight  usually  heavier. 
Syrup  in  w  hole  casks,  10  ner  cent. 

—    in  1-2  do,  and  barrels,  \l  percent. 
On  the  sate  of  imi>orls,  I  percmt.  on  (he  nett  weight  (called  good 

weight)  is  allowed  in  favrmrrf  the  buyer. 

Inmraiice. — There  are  no  insurance  conipaniesnoi  private  insurer* 
here;  but  the'eare  agents  tf  insuram-e  cornpinics  in  Htmburj^h  for 
ships,  and  those  of  Locdoii  and  other  places  for  boiises  ;in(l  live-*. 

M'(ig<«  '*j  ccnimoit  Lalnnirrn  in  Danlzic  vary  fiom  9*/.  to  llrf.  a 
day,  and  thote  of  carpenters,  masons,  4c.  from  It.  iiiK  to  2».  Wages 
in  all  the  lirge  Prussian  towns  are  higher  than  in  'be  simii  towns  of 
the  coun'ry,  from  the  price  of  Hour,  bread,  am!  I  u'cher's  meat  tieinj 
hlxher  In  them.  This  is  oreisioneil  partly  tiy  the  hner  being  sub- 
ject tooffroifor  excise  duties  on  entering  the  gn*at  towns,  fnim 
which  the  country  districts  and  smaller  towns  are  exempted.  The 
kiTi{  receives  2  ads  of  these  itnties,  and  the  lou  ns  ilie  other  1  3d, 
This  duty  is  a  ^rea*  rdis'acle  to  the  free  Inteicourse  wi  h  the  cnnntiy. 

(We  have  derived  ilnse  -'et  ills  fn»m  ditferei.t  sources,  but  priiici. 
pally  from  the  valuable  Jin^u^rs  made  by  the  CoiiSitl  to  (he  L'trcu- 
lar  Qtiertet.) 

I'Ri'ssiw  SmpiMNn  —Summary  SlatftmenI  nf  the  Arrivnls  of  Ships  at,  nnd  of  their  Dcpnrtiirn  from, 
the  (litlt'retit  Prussian  Ports,  in  1834.— (From  the  Otlicial  Accounts  I'lirnisliod  hy  the  I'msniau  Uo- 
vernriiL'nt.) 


lAilen. 

In  n.lll.«t. 

Aimn 

^Ihese 

were  F'iri-ii;ii 

1 

1 

Nimea  of  Por!a. 

Ship* 
Enlered 

.111(1 
.Saileil. 

Burden 

In  lAsta 

"f 

4,ooo:b«. 

71.2 -|7 

1 

Ships. 

Laata. 

Shipf., 

Ships 

Klll.TCl 

RiirliMi 
in  l.isfs 

i.f 
4,000  ll.j. 

Ijilfn. 

In  Ihllast. 

Siilrcl. 
270 

Ships. 

Uis's. 

Sl.ips. 

Ijsls. 

19,578 

Meniel  • 

(  KnI. 

6^3 

221) 

25,6r'.4 

40'. 

52.6 '3 

2h,483 

10(1 

6.n05 

170 

>Sil 

fi-lS 

f0.9l7 

630 

80.215 

IS 

6K9 

2-2 

2(-.S92 

261 

26. 'II 

11 

374 

Pilhu  • 

(  Kill. 

3»l 

2-.2II 

2«7 

19-.40 

94 

7,671 

23S 

11, -.^o 

IK9 

8.23S 

49 

3.292 

.102 

2I.72S 

2Pfi 

lfi.«.'0 

66 

8.10" 

2?2 

10.7^9 

206 

9  691 

26 

i.roe 

Dantzic 

(  l.rit. 
{Snil. 

W9 

62.342 

.309 

2l,6-,8 

340 

3e.fi'<l 

359 

21.04" 

196 

9,022 

163 

12,026 

642 

61.337 

5s6 

59,0.>1 

56 

2.316 

361 

21,791 

316 

20,0.>.i 

45 

1,7.9 

5  KnI. 

SI 

2. '02 

76 

I.^IO 

r, 

203 

1 

55 

1 

53 

81 

2,21! 

32 

7;i6 

49 

l,49(i 

1 

55 

_ 

1 

55 

RlSenwalJo    ■ 

<  KnI. 
JSail. 

84 

.3.142 

.13 

1,212 

51 

1,910 

31 

1.264 

9 

416 

2! 

848 

M 

3.!fil 

67 

2. -OS 

l". 

661 

31 

1,264 

30 

1,217 

1 

47 

5  Kn'. 
>Siil. 

8X 

3.273 

30 

6.1 

.58 

2,620 

H 

W2 

3 

101 

13 

S9I 

90 

3.4 1-. 

82 

2. 7 -.6 

81 

659 

18 

612 

18 

642 

Swinemtm.Ift   . 

5  Km. 

jSiil. 

817 

58.TI>2 

608 

4 '  077 

209 

16.62-. 

2i'.i 

17.715 

214 

I3,IS5 

82 

4.5,30 

M2 

59.'nT 

7U 

m.-t-i 

128 

9  :i3 ') 

21)7 

ix.orn 

219 

13.681 

78 

4,322 

Wnl-Mt 

(  Km. 

!  Mil. 

100 

.5.321 

47 

2.P(i3 

53 

3,2-.s 

,33 

i,o,r, 

23 

701 

10 

344 

114 

6.40S 

87 

4,9V-, 

27 

1.4 -3 

30 

1.168 

IS 

537 

IS 

631 

Greifiwalle     • 

5  Kill. 
)  Siil. 

IV) 

11. WI 

,38 

t.l"5 

112 

10,096 

2s 

1.3  8 

15 

461 

13 

887 

167 

12.314 

l!7 

7.0'.9 

40 

5.2-.-. 

29 

1 .020 

18 

fOI 

11 

42S 

StnlsiinJ 
ArriviN 

5  Km. 

iSjil. 

3SS 

lO.MW 

r,9 

6.9>6 

229 

I2.-.80 

1,38 

4.820 

100 

3.691 

38 

1.129 

390 

19.S90 
27I.54- 

300 

12,7,32 

90 

7,1,58 
146.270 

129 
1.412 

4.(ii2 
8-..9',0 

79 

1,1-98 

■^0 

2.754 

1,<15 

12-.,2-7 

1,556 

8-.0 

42,775 

5(a 

43,175 

I)e[iar(urra  • 

3,418 
~6,7H9 

274,212 
54-1,779 

2.921 
"4^36 

237,102 
161.379 

497 
2,(M 

37,130 
1W,400 

1.4' 6 
2.818 

86.2^5 
172  235 

1.165 

7I,M19 

241 

ll,4lb 
l4,59r 

2,015 

117,644 

803 

Ciwniriff  inirhifh  Fareiirn  VeDfcIs  helnngej.— 0(  Ihe  foreign  vessels  that  entered  and  were  despatch- 
«d  from  I'russian  Ports  in  1S34,  there  were— 


Arrivals. 

Dt'D^rtiirw. 

Uritish 

-    211 

. 

-     210 

Netherlands 

-    3ii 

. 

-     .S,1l 

Diuiifh 

-    2(12 

. 

-  2(;o 

Hiindvi'rian 

-     19« 

. 

-     188 

fwedisli     - 

-      !I7 

- 

-      (W 

Nnrwepinn 

-     191 

- 

-     I(»7 

Then  follow  the  ships  ofthe  Uiinseutiu  cities,  Russia,  Mecklenburg,  Slc, 


■ii 


564 


DANUBE,  DATES. 


c:. 


\ 

1 

if 

» 


1  < 

s   I 


f 


%  t    '■ 


tr 


Ships  bflonghg  to  Pnuiitt.—'M.  Ferhcr  gives  the  Tollnwing  Table  of  the  ghlppinf;  nf  Primsla  :■— 

UumniHry  liiUicntion  of  the  Vessi-ln  bKloiigitig  to  rruKHinn  Owtifm,  in  the  Yt!«irs  1&33, 1820,  1927, 162A, 

18'i'J,  1830,  Ulid  IK31, —(*'cr*er,  p.  174.) 


Port!. 

1825. 

1826. 

1837.        1       l'>28.             1820. 

1830. 

1831.      1 

Shlp«. 

!-».!>. 

Sliipi, 

Uili. 

Ship^. 

La<li. 

ship* 

IdSl*. 

Sliipl. 

Ukl>. 

Sliiln. 

1^^  s. 

Ship".      tMU.  1 

Kdniusberg  - 

D 

1,617 

l,-> 

2.3fiS 

16 

2,539 

17 

2,738 

18 

3,026 

20 

3008 

11 

3.2'.>  1 

Pillau  - 

II 

I.7ti7 

12 

2,026 

16 

2,670 

11 

2,408 

15 

2,li02 

15 

2.61.0 

14 

2,:i-!ii 

Mi-mci  - 

:»■. 

4,2i<l 

36 

4,278 

35 

4,071) 

36 

4,377 

36 

4,815 

38 

5,095 

.18 

4..)i;i. 

KlhiliE  - 

li 

1 ,  131) 

15 

2,178 

17 

2,6.511 

19 

.3,175 

18 

2,911 

19 

.3,106 

20 

3,l.Vli 

Dant/ic 

t')7 

12,300 

-2 

14,031 

73 

l.5,,386 

76 

15,999 

78 

16,095 

76 

10,0.58 

76 

IV.Oii 

Sliilliii- 

220 

20,559 

230 

22,808 

21! 

25,024 

238 

25,0.'>7 

235 

25.014 

241 

25,460 

.'52 

2(i.;tiN  1 

Ciislin  - 

32 

1,724 

•i-i 

l.fi.37 

34 

2,761 

35 

2,792 

39 

3,015 

39 

2,!H)!1 

41 

3.m! 

Siralsiind     - 

82 

6,215 

7S 

5,983 

80 

6,324 

81 

6,186 

70 

6,001 

75 

6,310 

HI 

7,24s  i 

<:  riffs  walde 

41 

2.057 

42 

3,069 

52 

3,928 

54 

4,070 

52 

4,10.1 

52 

4,185 

62 

4,17H 

Wdlsiist        - 

21 

1,020 

19 

I..510 

18 

i.^r^a 

20 

l,7h8 

22 

1,992 

21 

1,919 

23 

2,ltH 

Harth   -        - 
Total      - 

41 

3,5.-.4 

41 

3,572 

41 
tl23 

3,781 
70,731 

41 

3,781 

41 

3,7M1 

41 

1,369 

44 

4,;itiy 

576 

51,007 

5f«9    61,393 

('.31 

72,434 

620 

73,418 

613 

75,079  ii>.-,2 

r6,uwj 

Influence  nf  Reciprocily  Treaties.— IMa  Table  is  important,  as  exhibiting  the  titter  ffroundleasnesj 
of  the  clainoiir  raised  in  this  country  as  to  the  reciprnclty  treaty  with  Prussia.  Taking  the  last  ni  1] 
Ion,  the  total  inrrease  of  Prussiian  shipping,  from  1825  to  1H31  inclnsive,  will  be  76  ships  atid  2N,.|7o 
tons,  which  is  viiry  little  more  than  the  increase,  during  the  same  period,  of  the  shipping  bi'loiiglni;  ir, 
the  port  of  Newcastle  !  It  will  be  observed,  too,  that  the  increase  since  1827  has  oidy  aniounlcd  to 
29  ships  and  9,,184  tons.  If,  therefore,  our  shipping  be  distressed,  it  is  quite  itiipossihle  it  should  have 
been  occasioned  by  the  increase  of  shipping  in  Prussia.  Considering,  indeed,  thii  e.xteni  of  sea  coast 
now  in  possession  ofthat  kingdom,  the  tran(|uillity  she  has  enjoyed  since  the  peace,  and  her  rapid  pro- 
gress in  manufactures  and  commerce,  the  small  increase  of  her  shipping  is  not  a  little  surprisine.  ll 
could  not  well  have  been  less,  though  the  reciprocity  treaty  had  never  been  heard  of.  Indeed,  many 
of  the  Prussian  shipowners  think,  and,  perhaps,  justly,thut  it  would  have  been  greater  had  that  triMiy 
not  been  entered  into.  It  must  also  be  kept  in  view,  that  this  tritting  increase  in  the  sbippjneof 
Prussia  is  the  oidy  increase  that  has  taken  place  in  the  shipping  of  any  country  of  the  north  nt'  Eiirn|ie 
since  1825.  The  inercanlile  navies  of  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Russia,  have  undergone  little  nr  no 
cli:inge  ;  hut  it  is  a  fact,  that  the  shipping  of  Norway  has  fallen  otf  even  more  rapidly  than  that  ol' 
Prussia  has  increased,  and  yet  we  have  a  reciprocily  treaty  with  her  !  Is  not  this  siillicieiii  in  slimv 
that  the  intliience  of  these  treaties  has  been  grossly  e.vaggerated  by  our  ship  owners  1  and  that  thoy 
cannot  really  have  done  them  ar.y  injury  1 

(DANUBE  (N.tvioATioN  of).    See  Galacz.— 5u/j.) 

DATES  (Ger.  DaHeln  ,-  Fr.  Dattes  .•  It.  Dalteri ;  Sp.  Datiles),  the  frait  of  the  palm 
tree  (Phisnix  daclyllfrra  Lin.).  This  tree  is  al>uii(lant  in  Egypt,  Barbnry,  Aralda,  Persia, 
and  the  adjacent  countries,  particularly  on  the  confines  of  the  desert,  and  wherever  there  is 
sufllcient  ni'iisture.  It  is  a  tall  majestic  tree;  and  repeated  references  are  made  to  it  in  the 
sacred  writings  (Eccles.  xxiv.  14.),  and  in  the  Koran.  Mohammed,  in  one  of  his  sayings, 
beautifully  compares  the  upright  and  generous  man  to  the  palm  tree.  "  He  stands  erect 
before  his  Lord ;  in  his  every  action  he  follows  the  impulse  received  from  above,  and  his 
whole  life  is  devoted  to  the  welfare  of  his  fellow-creatures."  But  the  veneration  in  which 
the  palm  tree  is  held  in  the  East  is  to  be  ascribed  more  to  its  utility  than  to  its  beauty. 
Dates  form  tiie  principal  part  of  the  subsistence  of  the  inhabitants  of  many  parts  of  Arahii 
and  Barbary,  and  they  are  held  in  the  his'hest  estimation  wherever  tiiey  are  met  with. 
"  They  are,"  says  Burckhardt, "  by  far  the  most  essential  article  of  food  for  the  lower  classes  of 
Medina  ;  their  harvest  is  expected  with  as  much  anxiety,  and  attended  with  a^  iiuith  gene- 
ral rejoicing,  as  the  vintage  in  the  south  of  Europe  ;  and  if  the  crop  fails,  which  ofioii  hap- 
pens, as  those  trees  are  seldom  known  to  produce  abundantly  for  3  or  4  successive  years,  or 
is  eaten  up  by  the  locusts,  universal  gloom  overspreads  the  population,  as  if  a  I'aiiiiiie  were 
apprehended." — {Travek  in  Arahia,  vol.  ii.  p.  214.) 

There  is  an  endless  variety  of  dates.  Generally,  however,  they  may  be  de.scribed  asbcinj 
somewhat  in  the  shape  of  an  acorn,  but  u.snally  larger,  consisting  of  a  thick  fleshy  sulwtance, 
including  and  freely  separating  from  an  oblong  stone  or  kernel,  having  a  furrow  on  tlio  one 
side.  Their  taste  is  agreeably  sweet,  accompanied  with  a  slight  astringency.  The  new 
fruit  is  called  by  the  Arabs  ntteb.  When  the  dates  are  allowed  to  remain  on  the  tree  lill 
they  are  quite  ripe,  and  have  become  soft  and  of  a  high  red  colour,  they  are  fonned  into  a 
hard  solid  paste  or  cake  called  adjoite.  This  is  formed  by  pressing  the  ripe  dales  forcilily 
into  large  baskets,  each  containing  about  2  cwt.  "  In  this  state,"  says  Burckhardt,  "  the 
Bedouins  export  the  adjoue :  in  the  market  it  is  cut  out  of  the  ba.sket,  and  sold  by  the 
pound.  It  forms  part  of  the  daily  food  of  all  clas.'ses  of  people  :  in  travelling  it  is  dissolved 
in  water,  and  thus  affords  a  sweet  and  refreshing  drink.  During  the  monsoon,  the  ships 
from  the  Persian  Gulf  bring  adjoue  from  Bussorah  to  Djidda  for  sale  in  small  baskets  weiiih- 
ing  about  10  lbs.  each  ;  this  kind  is  preferred  to  every  other.  Ships  bound  from  Arabia  for 
India  take  with  them  a  considerable  (pianlity  of  adjoue,  which  is  readily  disposed  of  amongst 
the  Mohammedans  of  Hitidostan." — {Trave/ii  in  A-ahia,  vol.  i.  p.  57.) 

The  Arabians  and  Egyptians  use  the  leaves  of  the  tree  in  the  preparation  of  bags  and 
baskets ;  the  boughs,  the  outer  and  inner  bark  of  the  trunk,  and  the  fleshy  substance  at  the 
root  of  the  leaves,  where  they  spring  from  tiie  trunk,  have  all  their  res^iective  uses ;  and  be- 


DEALS— DEMURRAGE. 


505 


shipping  of  Primsla:— 
a  Yetirs  IWS,  1826,  1*27, 16W, 


i>ts. 


1830. 


Sliil». 


,020 
,(i(12 
,SI5 
,1)11 
1,(105 
.,014 
1,015 
1,001 
l,IO.t 

t,7Hl 


20 

15 

.IS 

I'J 

711 
241 
Ktl 
75 
52 
21 
41 


3008 

2.O11O 

5,0<lj 

.M.IDfi 

lti,0.'>f< 

2.i,4fiO 

2,tK)!) 

0,310 

4,lr<.5 

1,«1S» 

1,3«'J 


Ship".     Lut,. 


1831. 


11 

14 

m 
20 

76 
:5a 
41 
81 
52 
33 
44 


2,.'i-'.i  i 

4.51?: 

3,15.1  j 
IV.Oli 

3.1"«1 
7,'i4s  I 

4,179 1 

2,ltM 
4,:il)<J 


1,418 _6I3    75^(r79]i)V2    T6^<WJ 

iiie  tlie  iiIttT  nrnunrilessnesj 
'rusi-iii.  TukititJlln'  l»si  "Hi 
,  will  be  70  ship-'  mirt  2N..|:o 
1,  of  the  shippinR '>'l<">K"ii;  10 
ce  1827  has  only  anmuiiifd  10 
iiite  inipiisHil'li^  i«  slioiild  liavc 
luleed,  the  e.xK'iil  of  s«'i\  rn.isi 
>  the  ppnin.aiiil  her  rapid  pro- 
f  isiiol  a  litll«s<irprisiiiB.  Il 
leen  heard  of.  Indeed,  many 
le  heeii  greater  liad  that  tri'aty 
la  increase  in  the  shippineof 
■ountryof  the  north  of  Europe 
,  have  undercoiie  lil'le  "f  i"i 
■en  more  rapidly  than  ihiilof 
Is  not  this  siillit'ient  to  sIkhv 
r  ship  owners  1   and  Ihut  they 


tiles),  the  frait  of  the  palm 
pt,  Barbnry,  Araliia,  Persia, 
esert,  and  wherever  there  is 
fences  are  made  to  it  in  the 
imed,  in  one  of  his  sayings, 
hii  tree.  "  He  stands  erect 
■eivcd  from  above,  and  his 
[ut  the  veneration  in  which 
ts  utility  than  to  its  beauty. 

,ts  of  many  parts  of  Arabii 

lerever  they  are   met  with. 
[food  for  the  lower  elasscs  of 

Itended  with  a^  much  gene- 

|crop  fails,  which  often  hap- 

3  or  4  successive  years,  or 

lulation,  as  if  a  famine  were 

/  may  be  described  as  being 
I'of  Hlltick  fleshy  sub.^tance, 
laving  a  furrow  011  the  one 
fit  astringency.  The  new 
to  remain  on  the  tree  till 
lour,  they  are  formed  into  a 
tsini»  the  ripe  dales  forcibly 
te,"  says  Uurckhardl.  "the 
[ho  basket,  ami  .sold  by  the 
Tin  travelliim  it  is  dissolved 
ift  the  monsoon,  the  ships 
lale  in  small  baskets  weiijh- 
lips  bound  from  Arabia  for 
readily  disposed  of  amongst 

Ihc  preparation  of  bai^s  and 
Ithc  fleshy  substance  at  tlio 
^ir  respective  uses ;  and  lie- 


iidcfi  this,  the  kernels  of  the  fruit,  notwithstanding  their  hardness,  arc  used  as  food  for  cattle, 
they  are  soaked  for  two  days  in  water,  when  they  become  softened,  and  are  Riven  to  camels, 
cows,  and  sheep,  instead  of  barley  :  they  are  said  to  be  much  more  nutritive  than  that 
(Train.  There  are  shops  at  Medina  in  which  nothing  else  is  sold  but  date  kernels;  and  the 
beggars  are  continually  employed  in  all  the  main  blreets  in  picking  up  those  that  are  thrown 
■away. — (Burckhurdt,  vol.  ii.  p.  212.) 

All  the  refinemetits  of  Arabian  cookery  are  exhausted  in  the  preparation  of  dales  :  and  the 
Arabs  say  that  a  good  housewife  will  daily  supply  her  lord,  for  a  month,  whh  a  dish  of  dates 
din't'rently  dressed. 

I'alm  trees  are  raised  by  shoots ;  and  Dr.  Shaw  mentions  that  they  arrive  at  their  vigour 
in  about  30  years,  and  continue  so  70  years  afterwards,  bearing  yearly  15  or  20  clusters  of 
dates,  each  of  them  weighing  15  or  20  lbs.:  after  this  period  they  begin  to  decline. — (TVa- 
tels  in  the  Levant,  p.  142.  4to  ed.) 

The  best  dates  imported  into  Great  Britain  are  said  to  cotnc  from  Tunis,  but  they  are 
most  commonly  brought  from  Smyrna  and  Alexandria.  They  should  be  chosen  large,  soft- 
ish,  not  much  wrinkled,  of  a  reddish  yellow  colour  on  the  outside,  with  a  whiti.sh  membrane 
lictwixt  the  llesh  and  the  stone.     Those  that  are  dry  and  hard  are  of  little  value. 

DEALS  OH  DEAL  BOARDS  (Gcr.  Dielen  .■  Dxi.Vcekn.-  Da.  Dirler  ,■  Sw.TifJnr.- 
Fr.  Planches  tninccs ;  It.  Tavole,  Plane  ,-  Hiis.  i>;,s7;/  ,•  Pol.  Ttirclcr),  a  thin  kind  of  fir 
planks,  much  used  in  carpentry  :  they  are  formed  by  sawing  the  trunk  of  a  tree  into  longi- 
tudinal divisions,  of  greater  or  less  thickness,  according  to  the  j)urposes  they  are  intended  to 
st.rvc.  They  are  imported  from  Dantzie,  Petersbtirgh,  Narva,  and  many  other  ports  in  the 
Baltic,  and  from  North  America ;  but  tho.se  from  Ciiristiania,  the  capital  of  Norway,  are  the 
liest,  and  bring  the  highest  price.  They  are  distinguishable  from  those  produced  iti  the  con- 
tiguous provinces  of  Norway  ;  their  superiority  has  been  said  to  depend  principally  on  their 
king  more  perfectly  sawed ;  but  it  really  depends  on  the  greater  care  with  which  the  sap- 
wooil  and  other  defective  portions  of  the  timber  are  cut  away,  and  on  the  quality  of  the 
timber. 

A  Russian  standard  deal  is  12  feet  long,  II  inches  wide,  and  IJ  inch  thick ;  400  feet  of  IJ  inch  plank 
make  a  load. 

A  I'brisliania  standard  deal  is  11  feet  Ions,  9  inches  wide,  and  \i  inch  thick.  There  is  another 
fiaiiiiard  of  Norway  deals  at  Urani,  10  feet  long,  9  inches  wide,  and  li  inch  thick.— (See  Chiiis- 

TUNIA.) 

DEBENTURE,  a  term  used  at  the  custom-house  to  signify  the  certificate  subscribed  by 
the  customs  oflicers,  and  given  to  the  exporter  of  goods  on  which  a  bounty  or  drawback  is 
alkwetl,  bearing  that  the  exporter  has  complied  with  the  required  regulations,  and  that  he 
is  entitled  to  such  bounty  or  drawback. 

It  is  enacted  by  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.  }  86.,  that  no  drawback  or  honnty  shall  bo  allowed  npon  tlie 
f\|inrlation  of  any  goods,  niili'ss  entered  in  the  name  of  the  real  owner  ttiereol",  or  of  tlie  (lerson  who 
hid  actually  purchased  and  shipped  the  same,  in  his  own  name  and  at  his  own  risk,  on  nuiimission. 

Hiuiupwner  or  conunission  merchant  shall  make  ami  subscribe  a  declaration  on  the  delieitnre  that 
llieeniiris  have  been  actually  exported,  and  are  not  to  he  relanded  In  any  parr  of  the  linited  Kingdom, 
if.;  and  if  such  owner  or  commission  nu'rchant  shall  not  have  purchased  the  right  to  such  drawback 
irbiiiMity,  he  shall  declare  under  his  hand  in  the  entry,  and  in  his  oath  u[ion  the  debenture,  the  person 
\\lin  is  entitled  thereto;  and  the  iinnie  of  such  person  shall  he  insiTted  in  tlie  corket,  and  in  the 
(lelieiitiire,  and  bis  receipt  on  the  latter  shall  he  the  discharge  of  sucli  drawback  or  boiiiily.— J  87. 

For  these  and  the  other  clauses  in  the  act  relating  to  debentures,  see  Importation  anu  KxeouTATioM. 

All  ilelienlnres  must  he  on  5s.  stamps. 

lltheiitiires  or  ccrtilicates  for  bounty  on  the  exportation  of  linens  or  sailcloth  exempted  from  duly. 

DELFT,  OH  DELF  (^Ger.  Fai/enre,  UnCichles  PorzelUin  ;  Du.  Delfs pnrcrli/n ;  Fr. 
/'(■'/'(Hof),  a  coarse  species  of  porcelain  originally  manufactured  at  Delft,  whence  its  name. 
It  is  now  rarely  used  in  this  country. 

DE.MIJRRAGE,  in  commercial  navigation,  is  an  allowance  made  to  the  master  or  owners 
if  a  ship  by  the  freighter,  for  detaining  her  in  port  longer  than  the  period  agreed  ujion  for 
her  sailing.  It  is  usually  stipulated  in  charterparties  and  bills  of  lading,  that  a  certain  num- 
ler  of  days,  called  running  or  working  days,  shall  be  allowed  for  receiving  or  discharging 
llic  cargo,  and  that  the  freighter  may  detain  the  vessel  for  a  further  specified  time,  or  as  long 
as  he  pleases,  on  payment  of  so  much  per  d.ein  for  such  over-time.  When  the  contract  of 
illreighlment  expressly  sti|inlates  that  so  many  days  shall  be  allowed  for  discharging  or  re- 
fcivnig  the  cargo,  and  so  many  more  for  over-time,  such  limitation  is  inter|)reted  as  an  ex- 
press stipulation  on  the  part  of  the  freighter,  that  the  vessel  shall  in  no  event  be  detained 
longer,  and  that  if  detained  he  will  be  liable  for  demurrnge.  This  holds  even  in  cases  where 
the  delay  is  not  occasioned  by  any  fault  on  thy  freighter's  part,  but  is  inevitable.  If,  for  ex- 
ample, a  ship  be  detained,  owing  to  the  crowded  state  of  the  port,  for  a  longer  time  than  ia 
allowed  by  the  contract,  demurrage  is  due  ;  and  it  is  no  defence  to  an  action  for  demurrage, 
itiat  it  arose  from  port  regulations,  or  even  from  the  unlawful  acts  of  the  Custom-house 
(iflicers.  Demurrage  is  not,  however,  claimable  for  a  delay  occasioned  by  the  hostile  deten- 
tion of  the  ship,  or  the  hostile  occupation  of  the  intended  port ;  nor  is  it  claimable  for  any 
ilflay  wilfully  occasioned  by  the  master,  or  owners,  or  crew  of  the  vessel.  The  claim  for 
demurrage  ceases  us  soon  as  the  ship  is  cleared  out  and  ready  for  sailing,  though  she  should 

Vol,.  I.— 3  B 


I     ' 


t   f 


566 


DENARIUS— DIAMOND. 


y    . 


■•""'"''"'SI 
•«>■,.  •••1 

nat>..iuti«a 


I    ; 


be  detained  by  adverse  winds,  or  tempestuous  weather. — (C/iilti/'s  Commercial  Law,  vol. 
iii.  pp.  426—431.) 

DENARIUS,  a  Roman  coin,  estimated  by  Dr.  Arbuthnot  to  have  been  worth  7^rf. ;  but 
it8  value  iliirered  at  ditl'erent  periods. 

DENIER,  a  small  French  coin,  of  which  there  were  12  to  a  sol. 
(DERELICT,  FLOTSAM,  JETSAM,  AND  LAGAN.— It  was  enacted  by  the  3  &  . 
Will.  4.  c.  52.  (see  Impoiitation  ash  Expohtatiov),  that  such  foreif^ii  goods  dercljri 
jetsam,  and  flotsam,  as  could  not  be  sold  for  the  amount  of  the  duties,  were  to  be.  deptiip,, 
unenumcrated  goods,  and  cliarged  with  duty  accordingly.  But  this  proviso  has  lieon 
repealed;  and  the  Commissioners  of  Customs  are  authorised  to  inquire  into  the  extent  (r> 
which  such  goods  shall  have  been  damaged,  and  to  make  such  abatement  of  the  duties  a^ 
may  appear  just  and  reasonable. — (6  &  7  Will.  4.  c.  60.  §  3.) 

It  is  further  enacted,  that  goods  found  derelict,  or  under  the  denomination  of  flotsntn, 
jetsam,  «tc.  shall,  if  not  claimed  within  12  months,  be  deemei'  condemned  as  droius  ot 
Admiralty.- (§  7.)— Sup.) 

DIAMOND,  (Ger.Du.  Da.  and  Fr.ZJ/anirtr?//  Sw.  Demanf  Diamatil  ,■  It.  Sp. anillVt. 
Diamante;  Rus.  ^l/wns  ,•  Vo\.  Dt/amaiit ;  liAt.  Adainax  ,■  Kind. ///m),  a  precious  sion,. 
which  has  been  known  from  the  remotest  ages.  Pliny  has  ''escribed  it  (//■>/.  Nat,  Jih.  :j; 
§4.);  but  his  account  is,  in  many  respects,  inaccurate.  It  is  found  in  dillerent  parts  oi 
India,  and  in  Borneo;  it  is  also  found  in  Brazil,  on  which,  indeed,  Europe  may  be  said  to 
be  at  present  entirely  dependent  for  supplies  of  diam  )mi'h.  Hitherto,  however,  it  has  not 
been  met  with  any  where  except  within  the  tropics.  It  is  the  most  beautiful  and  most  valui. 
ble  of  precious  stones.  Its  most  common  colours  arc  ■  vhitc  and  grey  of  various  chailcs.  It 
occurs  also  red,  blue,  brown,  yellow,  and  green.  Tbj  colours  are  commonly  pale.  It  [^ 
always  crystallised,  but  sometimes  so  imperfectly  that  it  might  pass  for  amorphaus.  Jti, 
the  hardest  body  in  nature.  External  lustre  frrm  s|)Iendid  to  glimmering;  internal  ainavs 
splendid.  It  is  brittle  ;  its  specific  gravity  is  3- '>.  When  rubbed,  it  becomes  positively  (i^t. 
trie,  even  before  it  has  been  cut  by  the  lapidary,  which  is  not  the  case  with  any  other  gem, 
— (  Thomson^ s  Chemintri/,) 

According  to  Mr.  Milburn  (Orient.  Cam.),  the  colour  should  be  perfectly  crystallinp, 
resembling  a  drop  of  clear  spring  water,  in  the  middle  of  which  you  will  perceive  a  sironJ 
light  playing  with  a  great  deal  of  spirit.  If  the  coat  be  smooth  and  bright,  with  a  httip 
tincture  of  green  in  it,  it  is  not  the  worse,  and  seldom  proves  bad  ;  but  if  there  be  a  nii\. 
ture  of  yellow  with  the  green,  then  beware  of  it — it  is  a  soft,  greasy  stone,  and  will  iirove 
bad. 

Tesln  of  Diamond.i.  Cutlinfr.J^r.— To  nsrertnln  wlietlipr  any  sppcimen  is  a  true  dianinrd  nriKit.a 
fine  tile  may  lie  used  ;  anil  if  ilii?  surface  of  die  sloiu!  Ixs  tilt-  least  abraded  or  scratc^licd  liy  its  aclinn.  ■ 
is  not  u  diamond.  Tlie  ilifl\!ri'iicf'  will  also  appnar  upon  closo  examination  wiilionl  this  inslniii-it' 
tlic  rays  of  liplit  easily  pass  lliroiifli  other  gems,  tint  in  the  tliamond  Ihey  are  refracted  to  Ihi-  siirli...' 
wliiih  ocrasions  its  superior  hrilliam'y  If  ihi!  siwcimcn  under  evaTiiination  ho  very  iniiMiti',  it  mm  |„! 
placed  lietwcen  2  lialf-rrowns.  or  other  flat  nn^lallic  surfaces,  and  pressei)  with  the  IhumI)  ami  tiii'.r' 
if  a  <ti:iinond,  it  will  not  he  injured,  hut  if  otherwise,  it  will  hre.ik  and  fall  to  jiowder.  On  accoiinKi' 
the  extreme  hardneps  of  thi!  di  iiiioml,  the  art  of  cutlinc  uml  polisliiuR  it  was  fur  a  long  time  ankiimii! 
in  Euri>pe.  Hut,  in  I  t-'iti,  a  young  man  of  the  name  of  I.onis  nerglien,  a  native  of  linii'is.  iss.iiilni 
have  tonstructed  a  polishing  wheel  for  the  purposi-,  which  was  fed  with  diamond  jiinvdi-r  ins-pirlnf 
cnriinilitm,  which  the  Chinese  ami  Hindoos  had  heen  Ion!.'  accustomed  to  oinplov  llemhen  \i:is  i"ilm 
this  discovery  hy  ohserviiig  the  action  produced  hy  ruhhing '2  rough  diamonds  toL'eilier.  Diiiiunlj 
are  cut  into  hrillianis  anil  rose  diamonds;  the  former  heing,  for  the  most  part,  made  out  of  i||,.ii,;n. 
hedral  crystals,  and  the  latter  from  the  spheroidal  varieties.— (Jwjce's  Procficui  Miiicraloini;  lita's 
CijcloptPtlia,  S;r.) 

''Commercial  ^'alite  of  Pianiovd.i.— In  tUe  fireai  or  wholesale  trade  there  is  hut  little  fliirlnalliin  in 
the  price  of  those  diamonds  which  may  he  termed  stones  in  /lenenil  demand.  1  will  hejiiii  with  l)rilliiii|.i 
from  I  grain  to  21  grains  each.— Such  hrilliants,  douhli-  cut,  and  what  may  he  termed  line,  an-  Wdrlli 
from  7/.  to  8;,  per  carat.  Nei-dy  sellers  may  take  10  per  cent  less  for  cash;  hut  this  is  the  (.'iMnnl 
average  [irice  for  a  hd  of  10,  20,  or  iJO  carals'of  well-made  stones,  if  the  (|ualiiy  he  good. 

"Hrilliants,  from  2  grains  to  3,  may  lie  hought  in  lots,  at  from  7^  7.«.  to  h/".  per  carat.    It  is  In  b' 

understood,  that  diamonds  in  a  lot  are  never  all  unite  free  from  faults  ;  hence  tlier ay  arise  ,i  iliil  r! 

ence  of  10  per  cent,  in  the  price.     Stones  of  3  grains,  if  tine  and  perfect,  arc  always  in  deiiiuinl,  ai  W. 
or  9t.  p"r  carat. 

"  Hrilliants.  from  3  grains  to  4.  if  very  fine  and  well  proportioned,  are  worth  from  S/  to  0^  I'crnril. 
Those  of  a  carat  eacli.  if  very  fine  and  well  selected,  are  worth  W.  or  10/.  Three  years  airo  I  nCVrol 
12/.  each  for  eight,  and  could  not  ohtnin  them. 

"  Hrilliants,  from  .'J  mains  to  ti.  if  pure,  are  worth  from  IV.  to  1 1/. ;  if  perfectlv  line,  anil  of  t!i«  full 
weii'ht  oft)  grains,  they  are  worth  from  17/.  to  IW.  each  :   1  have,  for  such,  paid  20/ 

"  Krilli.ints.  of  2  carats  each,  are  worth  from  '27/.  to  HO/  Stem's  of  tliis  wei.ht,  if  well  proprrilnriH!, 
are  cousideied  of  a  tine  size,  and  well  c  di  iilated  for  pins,  or  the  centre  of  dusters ;  iiiilc'il.  will  nrn- 
portioned  diaiiioiids,  from  (i  L-rains  to  2  carats  each,  ,ire  alwavs  in  d"Uiaii(l,  and  are  r'laileil  m  i'miii 
20/.  totf.'i/.  each,  accord  ill'.' to  their  (leL'ree  of  jicrtVcl  ion.  or  as  tlio  rel:iiler  iiiav  I  hi  ilk  lit  to  i  liiriv  lliiai. 

"  For  hrilliants  of  H  carats,  if  line  and  well  foriii'd.  from  70/.  lo  hO/.  may  he  ohtaiiied.  Sinies  iil  lliii 
size,  and  l.irger,  nre  more  li  ihle  to  cajiricioiis  lliictii  itions  of  |irice  than  tile  smaller  ones  Imfureiiiuiii'J, 
beiiiB  chiefly  ri'iiuired  tor  the  centre  slones  of  s-ile:ilile  necklaces. 

'•n  illianis  of  I  carats,  if  tine,  are  worth  fmm  10(1/  to  l.'tO/.  I  have  pold  stones,  siegle  cat,  ii  liil'» 
off  ndior,  of  this  weight,  .^t  Ml  guineas.  I  ptissesseil  one  of  17  grains,  [i^rfecllv  while.  Iiaviri' ii  sur- 
face as  lime  as  lliat  of  a  7  uirat  stone  om-lit  to  he  ;  it  was,  consei|ii''nllv,  very  thin,  liut  lieinj!  liiiiill 
in  reipiest,  on  account  of  its  great  spread,  or  siirfice.  it  was  sohl  for  160/.  " 

"  Hrilliants  of  ,1  carats  are  not  freinipntly  niet  with  in  general  trade,  and  are  valiialile  in  prirc;  « 
the  deal  rs  exact  mor.-  if  iliey  know  iii:it  such  stones  are  wantiMl,  than  they  would  in  the  regulw 
course  of  busiiiubs.    '1  lie  price*  iiiuy  hu  said  tu  vary  from  IbO/.  to  200/. 


DIAPER— DISCOUNT. 


567 


hilly^a  Commercial  Law,  vol, 

to  have  been  worth  7 Id. ;  bu; 

t  sol. 

-It  was  enacted  by  the  3  &  .< 
;  such  foreign  goods  <lerclirt, 
lie  duties,  were  to  be  decnuu 
But  this  proviso  has  Uc^ 
to  inquire  into  the  extent  (d 
ich  abatement  of  the  duties  as 

the  denomination  of  flotsniti, 
mei'.  condemned  as  droits  ol 

it  Diaviant ,-  It.  Sp.  and  Port. 
Find.  Hira),  a  precious  stnn,.. 
'^escribed  it  (//■>/.  Nnl.  lili.  ;j;. 

is  found  in  diirerent  parts  ol 

indeed,  Europe  may  be  saiij  to 

Hitiierto,  however,  it  has  not 

most  beautiful  and  most  valuj. 
and  grey  of  various  shiulcs.  It 
urs  are  commonly  pale.  It  js 
light  pass  for  amorpliDus.  his 
o  gliunneting ;  intcrmd  alwavs 
l)bed,  it  becomes  positively  fl-c- 
3t  the  case  with  any  other  gem, 

should  l>c  perfectly  crv-stallinp, 
i\\k\\  you  will  perceive  a  stroiii; 
smooth  and  brii'ht,  with  a  liitle 
es  bud  ;  but  if  there  bo  a  mix- 
ift,  greasy  stone,  and  will  prove 

pciinen  is  a  true  dinninnrf  criwt.a 
bratlcd  or  scriitt'lii'd  hy  its  .iclinn.  i; 
iiiiniition  wittiinU  this  inslriin.-M; 
(I  iliey  iiro  rHfriutcil  to  thi'  siiriv.>, 
iiiinalioii  tie  vrry  iiiiinui',  il  inuytv 
iresi^nil  Willi  llie  tlmiiili  and  tiiii.r: 
iiid  I'lill  to  powder.    On  accmimfir 

l\\^  it  was  I'lir  a  Ions  tinio  unkintvi: 
ji;liiMi,  11  lialivi?  of  linii'i.'S.  is!i:iii||,i 

with  iliamiind  pinvdiT  iii?:eii|n|' 
lied  to  ninploy  ItiTuhen  \\  is  !"ilifi 
L'li  diaiiioiids  toiit-ihrr.  DiinioiiiU 
10  most  part,  made  out  ol'ilifwin- 

yce's  r radical  Mincriiloinj;  Htu's 

Ide  tliere  is  Imt  lltlh>  fliirliialionin 
\ilemaiul.  1  will  liciiiii  v.  itii  lirillnn!* 
llial  may  he  Icrinod  line,  art' wurlli 

1  for  rash;  but  this  is  the  ^tt\\m\ 

'the  (inaliiy  he  aood. 
hi.  7.1.  to  bl.  per  carat.    Il  is  m  b! 
Ills  ;  hence  tliere  may  arise  a  ililfr- 
]rfi!Cl,  are  always  in  dctniunl.  alW. 

,  are  worth  from  t-7.  to  0/.  pnr  rnril. 
:)r  1()(.    Tliree  years  ajio  1  etl'irtl 

1. ;  if  perferlly  tine,  and  of  thfl  full 
It  such,  paid  20/ 
If  this  wei.ht,  if  well  prnprriionH!, 
liilre  of  (lusters  ;  inilc'il.  will  tT.i- 
d"iiiand,  iiii<l  are  r^'laileil  ;il  l'f";:i 
ijler  liiav  ihiiilv  lit  to  t  Icufe  iIikii. 
II.  may  he  ohlained.  St'M  es  nl  tliH 
lliaii  till!  smaller  ones  liufure  I'liiiml, 

lave  fold  stones,  pii'flo  cut,  a  li'l''^ 
ins,  p.'rfecilv  while.  h;ivii'L' a<iir- 

IprMillv,  very  thin,  Iml  lieiii)!  iiuun 

\  IfiO/.  " 

laile.  and  are  valniihle  in  prni";  "^ 
il.  tlian  Ihey  would  in  the  reguar 

IIU/. 


"nrillinnm  of  Bcnrnts,  ns  liefnre  gtntcd,  arc  not  roiiiiiion  ;  llipy  are  Kiiitahlc  forrentre  stones  ofex- 
penpive  necklaces,  unit  single  stone  rings ;  if  pcrfett  and  well  tihuped,  they  sell  from  '230/.  to  'iMl.  or 
niore. 

'•Knr  cgtimating  the  value  ofpecnlinrly  flue  diamonds,  there  in  no  fi.ved  stnndard.  Roiijih  diamond!!, 
iiolc'ted  as  fine,  nnd  well  InrniKd  for  tiiltinL',  may  he  estimated  as  (ullows :— Sipiare  the  weithl  of  ilm 
fitniie.  multiply  :he  product  hy'l.  and  the  rpsiilt  will  he  the  value  in  pounds  sterlini;.  Urilliants,  if  tine, 
iiiiiy  lie  estimated  liy  s(|iiariiiK  the  weight  in  carats,  and  multiplying  the  product  hy  8,  whidi  will  give 
(lie  amount  in  pounds  sterling. 

"  As  a  very  largt!  property,  lioth  in  this  kingdom  and  in  other  rountries  of  Turope,  is  vested  in 
iliaaionils,  il  may  he  interesting  to  he  informed,  that  not  only  the  price  of  these  giins  has  fur  several 
uars  Ikmmi,  upon  the  whole,  gradually  rising,  hut  that  it  is  likely  to  continue  on  the  advance.  .\l  llio 
jiri'sent  lime,  indeed,  nnd  for  the  last  few  years,  there  lias  lievn  a  dull  sale  of  iliaiimnds  in  r.ngl.'ind, 
ror  dai  the  coronation  occasion  n  demand  worth  notice;  hut  on  the  Continent  the  liade  has  lieen 
fii'uily,  and  rough  dinnionds  have  hceii  constantly  rising  in  price.  That  this  advance  will  In-  pro- 
jri'ssive,  may  lie  assumed  from  the  fad,  that  the  hest  diamond  ground  now  known,  the  Serro  do  I'riu 
m  Itrazil,  has  nsaureilly  passed  the  7.eiiilh  of  its  prosperity.  I  went  over  the  greater  part  of  what  is 
Mt  reserved,  and  still  remains  to  lie  worked,  and  I  conci'ive  that  then;  would  he  no  dithcnlty  in  cal- 
culating the  length  of  lime  in  which  llie  present  niimher  of  workmen  may  reduce  it  to  a  state  of  e.\- 
liaiislien.  like  that  of  the  far-famed  liolcoml.i.  The  average  annual  produce  of  future  ye:irs  may  he 
,<iiaiated  hy  tlii!  aiiKuint  ohtained  fnuii  that  portion  wliicli  has  heeii  already  worked.  IJra/il  may  he 
<;iiil  to  I'lirnisli  Kiiropi!  witli  25,(Hin  or  3t(.0()0  carats  per  iinviivi  of  rough  diaiionds  ;  which,  if  reduced  to 
!Tilllanls.  may  make  an  intiiix  into  the  market  of  S,(K)0  or  tl,UU(l  carats  annually." — (jWuifc's  'I'rcattseun 
Hiiiiiioiiils,  '2d  ed.  pp.  0—14.  and  p.  (iO.) 

The  rule  stated  hy  Mr.  Mawe,  and  adopted  hy  the  jewellers,  for  estimating  the  value  of  diamonds 
iiiuiltiply  the  square  of  the  weiuht  in  carats  hy  'i,  and  the  product  is  llie  value  in  pounds  slerliiiL'),  can 
i.ii'iv  hold  in  the  case  of  those  that  are  of  u  small  size,  or  do  not  weigh  more  than  'id  carats.  'I'hi.'  value 
,il'Ha'  largest  diamonds,  which  are  e.xceedingly  rare,  (noii  iihi  ityi /)«.<,  rl  Us  iiiIiiiikIiiiii  j/«»fi.s  cajrnitii.s, 
I'llny.)  can,  it  is  clear,  depend  upon  nothing  hut  tin;  conipelilion  of  the  purchasers,  'i'lie  diamonij 
iiilMiiuing  to  the  Emperor  of  Itra/.il  is  llie  larcest  in  the  world.  Il  is  still  uncut,  and  weiL'hs  I,i;8() 
i'lrals;  so  that,  according  to  the  jewelliTs"  rule,  it  innsl  he  worth  the  enormous  sum  of  ,'),(ill.h(l(l/.;  It 
n:iv,  liiiwever,  he  douhled,  wliiMher  his  Imperial  Miijesly  would  have  any  (lisii.clinalion  to  part  with 
jil'iir  the  odd  sum  of  till.HnO/.  The  faiuoiis  diaiuonil  heionging  to  the  r-uiperor  of  Uiissia,  wliicli  the 
i.Hcllcrs  tell  us  is  worth  4,804,(10(1/.,  did  not  cost  IMI.OOO/. 

'  Uianionds  are  not  used  exclusively  as  articles  of  ornament  or  luxury.  They  are  frequently  em- 
iilnvcd  with  great  advantage  in  the  arts.  "  Itad,  discoloured  diamonds, "  says  Sir'  Mawe,  "  are  sold  to 
Ireak  into  powder,  and  may  he  said  to  have  a  more  extensive  sale  than  hrilliants,  with  all  their  cap- 
livatin?  beauty.  In  many  operations  of  art  they  are  indispensable  ;  the  line  cameo  and  intaglio  owe 
,li,.jr  perfect ioii  to  the  diamond,  with  which  alone  they  can  be  en^jraved.  The  beamy  of  the  ony.x 
uiiiilil  yet  remain  dormant,  had  not  the  unrivalled  power  of  the  diamond  been  calleil  forth  to  the 
artist's  assistance.  The  carnelian,  the  agate,  or  cairiicorm,  cannot  he  eni-'raved  hy  any  other  sub- 
slaiue;  every  crest  or  letter  cut  upon  hard  stone  is  indebted  to  the  diamond.  This  is  not  all ;  for 
ivilliiiiit  it.  blocks  of  crystal  could  not  be  cut  into  slices  for  spi'ctades,  agate  for  8nuli'-boxes,&.c." 
Diamonds  may  he  landed  without  report,  entry,  or  warrant.— (."!  &,  4  Hill.  4.  c.  M.  J  2.) 
The  carat  grain  used  in  weighing  diamonds  is  dillerent  from  the  Troy  grain,  5  diamond  grains  being 
only  equal  to  4  Troy  grains. 

DIAPER  (Cier.  Z>rc// ;  Du.  Drel  ,•  Ft.  Lini^e  onvrS  ,•  U.  Tela  fessmaaopcre ,-  Sp.  Man- 
tdts  alemaniscas  ,■  lHus.  Solfi'totn.icfinoe),  a  sort  of  fine  flowered  linen,  commonly  used  for 
lablc-cloths,  napkins,  &c.,  brought  to  the  highest  perfection  in  the  manufactories  in  the 
north  of  Ireland,  in  Germany,  and  Scotland. 

DICE  (Ger.  Wiirfel  ,•  Du.  Tuarlin^en  ,-  Fr.  Dex  (ajouer)  ,•  If.  Dad! ;  8p.  Duddn ,-  Rus. 
Kosli),  cubical  pieces  of  bone  or  ivory,  marked  with  dots  on  each  of  their  .sides,  from  I  to 
(i.  according  to  the  number  of  the  face.  The  regulations  as  to  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 
(lice  are  the  same  as  those  with  respect  to  Cauiis  (which  see).  Every  pair  of  dice  is  to  pay 
a  duty  of  20s.  All  pieces  of  ivory,  bone,  or  other  matter,  used  in  any  game,  having  letters, 
fiiures,  spots,  or  other  marks  denoting  any  chance,  marked  thereon,  to  be  adjudged  dice ; 
aiui  if  more  than  6  chances  are  signified  on  any  one  piece,  then  such  piece  to  be  ch;irged 
with  the  full  duty  of  a  pair  of  dice. — (9  Geo.  4.  c.  18.) 

DIMITY  (Fr.  Jia.sin  ,-  It.  Dobktfo  ;  Sp.  Dlmite),  a  species  of  cross-barred  stull'  entirely 
composed  of  cotton,  similar  in  fabric  to  fustian. 

DISCOUNT,  an  allowance  paid  on  account  of  the  immediate  advance  of  a  sum  of  money 
not  due  till  some  future  period.  It  is  usually  said  to  be  of  two  kinds ;  viz.  discount  of  bills, 
and  discount  of  goods ;  but  they  arc  essentially  the  sam(>. 

When  a  bill  of  exchange  is  presented  at  a  banker's  for  discount,  it  is  the  practice  to  calcu- 
late the  simple  interest  for  the  time  the  bill  has  to  run,  including  the  days  of  grace,  which 
interest  is  called  the  disaninf  ,•  and  this  being  deducted  from  the  amount  of  the  iiill,  the  ba- 
lance is  paid  over  to  the  presenter  of  the  bill.  This  is  the  method  followed  by  the  Bank  of 
England,  the  London  and  provincial  bankers,  and  by  commercial  men  in  general.  But  it 
i<,  notwithstanding,  inaccurate.  The  true  discount  of  any  sum  for  any  given  time  is  such  a 
i-um  as  will  in  that  time  amount  to  the  interest  of  the  sum  to  be  discdiiiited.  Thus,  if  inte- 
rest lie  ^re  jiercent.,  the  proper  discount  to  be  received  for  the  immediate  advance  of  100/. 
due  1'2  months  hence  is  not  ."i/.,  but  4/.  15,9.  2Jr/. ;  for  tlii.s  sum  will,  at  the  end  of  the  year, 
amount  to  5/.,  which  is  what  the  100/.  would  have  produced.  Those,  therefore,  who  em- 
ploy their  money  in  discounting,  make  somewhat  more  than  tlie  oidiiiaiy  rate  of  interest 
upon  it ;  for  a  person  discounting  100/.  due  at  the  end  of  a  year,  advances,  supposing  interest 
to  be  .v.  per  cent.,  only  9.5/.;  so  that,  as  this  O.'i/.  produces  100/.  at  the  i>eriod  in  question, 
the  interest  received  has  really  been  .'3/.  ?>s.  '.id.  per  cent. 

The  rule  for  calculating  discount  on  correct  principles  is  as  follows  : — 


J* 


568 


DIVIDEND— DOCKS. 


\\ 


i  i 


i  '     ' 

■B«r"JJ| 
IB-';  ..>4« 

i   !  -i 

■MmHMt 

'  M  ■'■:m 

■•■•►      •  m 
If        • 


I  ,i 


As  thn  ninniint  nf  100/.  for  tlio  xiven  rate  and  time 

\»  lo  till'  ^iveii  Hiiiii  or  tk'lit ; 

H(i  IK  lUiU.  to  tli<!  |iri!SRnt  worth,  or 

Ho  ix  til)!  iiilfrt'st  of  KKK.  tor  the  given  time 

To  the  iliscuiiiit  of  till!  tg'iviMi  hiiiii. 

Mr.  Smart  hns  calculated,  on  this  principle,  a  Table  of  the  tlisrount  of  1/.  for  any  numficr 
of  days,  at  2,  2A,  3,  3^,  «Stc.  to  10  per  cent.,  to  8  dcc-iinal  places.  But  the  simple  interest  oi 
the  sum  iiciiig  tlic  only  thin?  looked  to  in  practice,  such  'I'ablea  are  hardly  ever  referred  to. 

Bills  in  tlie  highest  credit  are  discounted  on  the  lowest  terms ;  the  discount  iiicreasin-.r 
according  to  the  8;is[iicions  entertained  of  the  punctuality  or  solvency  of  the  parties  suliscril^ 
ing  the  hill.f.  During  the  war,  the  rate  of  interest,  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  of  diseouiit, 
was  comparatively  high;  but  since  1818,  the  rate  of  discount  upon  good  bills  has  seldom 
been  above  4,  and  has  often  been  as  low  as  3  and  «'ven  'Z\  per  cent. 

Discount  on  merchandise  takes  place  when,  after  inakin-r  a  purchase  of  goods  at  a  fixcJ 
term  of  credit,  the  buyer  finds  means  to  make  his  j)ayment  before  the  expiration  of  that  ti'mi, 
receiving  from  the  seller  a  discount  or  allowance,  which  is  commonly  a  good  deal  above  th,. 
current  rate  of  interest.  The  discount  on  goods  varies,  of  course,  according  to  the  iiitinst 
of  money.  During  the  late  war,  the  loans  to  government  were  so  large,  and  the  facility  of 
investing  money  was  such,  that  the  discount  on  goods  was  often  as  high  as  5  per  cent,  for 
6,  and  10  jier  cent,  for  13  months.  Now,  however,  the  discount  on  goods  has  fallen,  wiili 
the  fall  in  the  rate  of  interest,  to  7  or  7^  per  cent,  for  13  months  :  being  about  double  the. 
current  interest  arising  from  funded  property,  or  th('  discount  of  good  mercantile  bill;;. 

Long  credits  and  discounts  upon  goods  have,  for  a  lengthened  period,  been  usual  in  Eng- 
land. This  arose  from  a  variety  of  causes,  but  principally,  perhaps,  from  the  magnitiide  of 
our  exports  to  the  United  States,  llussia,  and  other  countries  where  there  is  a  great  drinaiid 
for  capital ;  but  in  whatever  causes  it  originated,  it  has  latterly  been  carried  to  what  sclmiis  to 
be  an  injurious  extent. — (See  Chkiiit.)  In  France  and  IJermany,  the  manufacturers,  jp. 
general  bare  of  capital,  arc  obliged  to  stipulate  with  the  merchants  for  short  credits.  In 
Holland,  the  uaai^e  of  the  exporting  merchants  has  been  to  pay  either  in  ready  inoncv,  or  iit 
so  short  a  date  as  to  put  discounting  out  of  the  question,  the  manufacturer  setting  at  onre 
tlie  lowest  price  on  his  goods. 

DIVIDEND,  the  name  given  to  the  payment  made  to  creditors  out  of  the  estate  of  a 
bankrupt,  and  to  the  annual  interest  payable  upon  the  national  debt,  and  other  public 
fund.s. 

D.1IDDA,  n  town  of  Arabia,  on  the  Red  Sea,  about  21  miles  from  Mecca,  of  which  it  i^ 
the  sea-port,  in  lat.  21°  29'  N.,  Ion.  39°  W  E.  It  is  well  built ;  the  streets  are  uiipavrtl. 
but  spacious  and  airy  ;  the  houses  high,  and  constructed,  for  the  most  part,  of  mailre]xiri'^, 
:ind  other  marine  fossils.  The  supply  of  water  is  scanty,  and  its  quality  indiderent.  Miiiaii 
vessels  approach  close  to  the  quays ;  but  large  vessels  are  obliged  to  anchor  in  the  roa.ls, 
about  3  miles  oil',  loading  and  unloading  by  means  of  lighters.  The  entrance  to  the  roitls 
is  difficult,  and  should  not  be  attempted  without  a  pilot.  Djidda  is  a  place  of  conslilera'.ilo 
commercial  importance.  It  is  the  entrepot  in  which  is  centred  tlie  greater  part  of  tlie  cora- 
inerce  between  India,  Egypt,  and  Arabia.  Many  of  its  merchants  [)osscss  largo  ci»j)itals; 
some  of  them  as  much  as  from  1.50,000/.  to  200,000/.  The  trade  in  coffee  brought  from 
Mocha,  and  other  ports  in  Yemen,  is  the  most  considerable,  but  it  is  said  also  to  Ik>  the  in^wt 
hazardous.  The  returns  arc  principally  made  in  cash.  The  trade  with  India  and  t!ie  Gull 
of  Persia  is  safer  than  the  coflee  trade,  and  is  very  considerable.  Djidda  has  also  a  gOD.l 
deal  of  intercourse  with  the  ports  of  Cosseir,  Souakin,  and  Massouah,  on  the  oppoisite  coist 
of  the  lied  Sea.  The  imports  from  the  last  two  principally  consist  of  slaves,  gold,  tobacco, 
dhourra  or  barley,  hides,  butter  (of  which  immense  quantities  are  made  use  of  in  Arabia), 
mats,  &c. ;  in  return  for  which  the  Africans  receive  Indian  goods  suitable  for  their  markets, 
dres.ses  and  ornaments  for  their  women,  dales  (which  are  not  produced  in  any  part  of  Nubia), 
iron,  &c.  The  principal  article  of  import  from  Cosseir  is  wheat ;  and  not  only  Djidda,  but 
the  whole  Hedjaz,  or  Holy  Land  of  Arabia,  is  almost  entirely  de{>ondeiit  ujiou  Egypt  for 
corn.  Coffee  is  the  principal  article  sent  in  return.  Business  is  transacted  at  Djidda  with 
case  and  expedition.  The  number  of  ships  belonging  to  the  port  is  estimated  at  250.  Owiiii^ 
to  the  scarcity  of  timber,  none  of  them  are  built  at  Djidda ;  those  belonging  to  it  beiiiiToitlier 
purchased  at  Bombay  or  Muscat,  or  at  Mocha,  Hodeida,  or  Suez.  For  a  considerable  poriod 
each  year,  before  and  after  the  feast  of  Ramadhan,  when  pilgrims  come  from  all  quarters  to 
visit  Mecca,  the  town  is  thronged  with  strangers,  and  a  great  deal  of  mercantile  business  is 
transacted.  Djidda  is  at  present,  and  has  been  for  a  nutnl)er  of  years,  under  the  government 
of  Mohammed  Ali,  pacha  of  Egypt.  The  monei/s,  iuei<rhts  and  inetusurta  of  the  latter  coun- 
try (for  which,  sec  Alkxamiiiia)  are  now  generally  used  in  Djidda,  the  commerce  of  whicli 
has  been  much  improved  and  extended  in  consequence  of  the  comparative  security  and  gooil 
order  enforced  by  the  pacha. — (We  have  gleaned  these  details  from  the  dillerent  works  of 
Burck'iardt,  particularly  from  his  Traveh  in  Arabia,  vol.  i.  pp.  1 — 100.) 

DOCKS  are  artificial  basins  for  the  reception  of  ships.    The  ternx  has  lieen  supposed  by 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA). 


yG9 


I  tim« 


scount  of  I/,  for  any  numlier 
.  But  the  simple  interest  oi 
are  hnrdly  ever  referreJ  to. 
ns ;  the  discount  iui-rcasiii-.r 
irency  of  the  parties  suliserib- 
I  the  same  thing,  of  discouiii, 
upon  good  bills  has  seldom 
:eiit. 

purchase  of  goods  nt  a  fixcj 
:e  the  expiration  of  that  term. 
monly  a  good  deal  above  tlu- 
use,  according  to  the  inliri-t 
!  so  larg;e,  anil  the  facility  of 
ten  as  high  as  5  per  cent,  for 
lilt  on  goods  has  fallen,  with 
ths :  being  about  double  the 
r  gooii  mcrcatitilo  bill:!, 
ed  period,  been  usual  in  En:;- 
haps,  from  the  magnituiie  of 
,vhere  there  is  a  great  doinaiid 
been  carried  to  what  seems  to 
srniany,  the  manufacturers,  ir. 
•chants  for  short  credits.  In 
I  either  in  ready  money,  or  ;it 
manufacturer  setting  at  once 

creditors  out  of  the  estate  of  a 
lional  debt,  and  otlier  public 

es  from  Mecca,  of  whicii  it  i-, 
lilt ;  the  streets  are  uii[)avi>(l. 
the  most  part,  of  madreixin'? 
its  quality  indiflercnt.    ^\m\ 
bliged  to  anchor  in  the  ro:v!s 
The  entrance  to  the  rouli 
dda  is  a  place  of  consideraMe 
the  greater  part  of  tlie  cum- 
|h;»nts  possess  large  capit;ils: 
radc  in  colVee  brought  frjin 
t  it  is  said  also  ta  Ihi  the  must 
Iradc  with  India  and  the  Gull 
ble.     Djidda  has  also  a  goi)] 
ssouah,  on  the  opposite  coist 
nsist  of  slaves,  gold,  tobacco, 
aro  made  use  of  in  Arabia), 
iods  suitable  for  their  markets, 
oduccd  in  any  part  of  Nubia), 
at ;  and  not  only  Djidda,  but 
dependent  upon  Esypt  for 
is  transacted  at  Djidda  with 
t  is  estimated  at  250.  Owiii^; 
le  belonging  to  it  beini;  cither 
•/.    For  a  considerable  period 
ms  come  from  all  ([uartcrs  to 
Ideal  of  mercantile  business  is 
years,  under  the  government 
iiieamn.i  of  the  latter  coun- 
idda,  the  commerce  of  which 
ompiirative  security  and  good 
from  the  diilercnt  works  of 
1—100.) 
term  has  been  supposed  by 


pome  to  be  derived  from  the  fireek  Jtn'/um,  to  receive  ;  but  it  is  obviously  no  other  than  the 
Teutonic  (f(ic/(,  originally  perhaps  derived  from  dthkci),  to  cover,  enclose,  or  protect. 

Docks  are  of  2  sorts — xrcl  and  ih-ji.  Wet  docks  are  generally  constructed  with  gates  to 
veuiin  the  water.  Ships  are  iidmitled  at  high  water;  and  the  gates  lieing shut,  they  are 
];,  pt  constantly  afloat.  A  dry  dock  is  intended  for  the  building,  repairing,  or  examination 
of  hhips.  The  ships  to  be  repaired  or  examined  are  admitted  into  it  at  high  water  ;  and  the 
water  either  ebbs  out  with  the  receding  sea,  or  is  pumped  out  after  the  gates  are  shut. 

if  Hit  1/  (if  Docks. — The  construction  of  wet  docks  has  done  much  to  facilitate  and  promote 
navigation.  A  large  vessel,  particularly  if  loaded,  could  not  be  allowed  to  come  to  the  ground, 
or  to  lie  on  the  lieach,  without  sustaining  considerable  injury,  and  perhaps  being  destroyed  ; 
and  even  the  smaller  class  of  vessels  are  apt  to  be  strained,  and  otherwise  hurt,  if  they  arc 
lelt  dry,  unless  the  ground  be  very  soft.  Hence,  when  large  vessels  have  to  be  loaded  or 
unloaded  where  there  are  no  docks,  and  where  the  water  close  to  the  shore  or  quay  is  not 
sutliciently  deep,  the  work  can  only  be  carried  on  during  a  particular  period  of  each  tide ;  it 
being  necessary,  in  order  to  keep  the  vessel  afloat,  that  she  should  leave  the  shore  with  the 
ebbing  tide.  Attempts  have  sometimes  been  made  to  obviate  this  inconvenience,  by  run- 
ning jetties  or  piers  to  such  a  distance  into  the  sea,  that  there  might  always  be  a  suflicicnt 
depth  of  water  at  their  heads  ;  but  this  can  only  be  done  in  peculiar  situations  ;  and  it  re- 
quires that  the  ship's  position  should  be  frc(}uently  changed.  It  is  in  most  cases,  too,  impos- 
liible  properly  to  protect  the  cargoes  of  ships  loading  or  uidoading  at  quays,  or  on  the  beach, 
from  depredation.  Previously  to  the  construction  of  the  wet  docks  on  the  Thames,  the  pro- 
perty annually  pillaged  from  ships  was  estimated  to  amount  to  .500,000/.  a  year,  though  tliis 
ii  probably  much  exaggerated. 

I.  Docks  on  the  Thames. 


I     w 


6,  London  Port  Duea, — Charges 
on  Account  of  Lights,  Pilotage, 
^c.  in  the  Thames. — Shipping, 
<^c.  of  London, 


1.  West  India  Docks. 

2.  London  Docks. 

3.  East  India  Docks, 

4.  St.  Katharine's  Docks. 
6.  Commercial  Docks. 

II.  LivF.npooL  Docks,  Siiippixo,  etc 

III.  BnisTOf.  Docks,  Shipi'ino,  etc. 

IV.  Hull  Docks,  Shippino,  etc. 
V.  Goole  Docks,  Shipping,  etc. 

VI.  Leith  Docks,  Shipping,  etc. 


I,    Docks  on  the  Thames. 

It  is  singular  that,  notwithstanding  the  obvious  utility  of  wet  docks,  and  the  vast  trade  of 
the  metropolis,  there  was  no  establishment  of  this  sort  on  the  Thames  till  nearly  a  century 
after  a  wet  dock  had  been  constructed  at  Liverpool.     The  inconvenience  arising  from  the 
crowded  state  of  the  river,  at  the  periods  when  fleets  of  merchantmen  were  accustomed  to 
arrive,  the  insufficient  accomniodation  atforded  by  the  legal  quays  and  sufferance  wharfs,  the 
necessity  under  which  many  ships  were  placed  of  uidoading  in  the  river  into  lighters,  and 
the  insecurity  and  loss  of  pro|)erty  thence  arising,  had  been  long  felt  as  almost  intolerable 
grievances ;  but  so  powerful  was  the  opposition  to  any  change,  made  by  the  private  wharf- 
ingers and  others  interested  in  the  support  of  the  existing  order  of  things,  that  it  was  not 
till  1793  that  a  plan  was  projected  for  making  wet  docks  for  the  port  of  London  ;  and  6 
years  more  elapsed  before  the  act  for  the  construction  of  the  West  India  Docks  was  passed. 
1.  West  India  Docks. — These  were  the  first,  and  continue  to  be  the  mnsa  extensive,  of  the 
great  warehousing  establishments  formed  in  the  port  of  London.     Their  construction  com- 
meneed  in  February,  1800,  and  they  were  partially  opened  in  August,  1802.      They  stretch 
across  the  isthmus  joining  the  Isle  of  Dogs  to  the  Middlesex  side  of  the  Thames.     They  ori- 
ginally consisted  of  an  Import  and  Export  Dock,  each  communicating,  by  means  of  locks,  with 
abasin  of  .5  or  6  acres  in  extent  at  the  end  next  Blackwall,  and  with  another  of  more  than  2 
acres  at  the  end  next  Limehouse  ;  bath  of  these  basins  communicate  with  the  Thames.    To 
these  works  the  West  India  Dock  (Company  have  recently  added  the  South  Dock,  formerly 
the  City  Canal,  which  runs  parallel  to  the  Export  Dock.     This  canal  was  intended  to  facili- 
tate navigation,  by  enabling  ships  to  avoid  the  circuitous  course  round  the  Isle  of  Dogs,     It 
was,  however,  but  little  used  for  that  purpose,  and  is  now  ai)[)ropriated  to  the  wood  trade,  for 
the  greater  acconmiodation  of  which,  a  pond  of  19  acres  has  lieen  recently  formed  on  the 
south  side  for  the  reception  of  bonded  timber.     The  Export  Dock,  or  that  appropriated  for 
ships  loading  outwards,  is  about  870  yards  in  length,  by  1.35  in  width  ;  so  that  its  area  is 
near  25  acres:  the  North,  or  Import  Dock,  or  that  appropriated  for  ships  entering  to  dis- 
charge, is  of  the  same  length  as  tlie  Export  Dock,  and  Ulfi  yards  wide;  so  that  it  contains 
nearly  30  acres.    The  South  Dock,  which  is  appropriated  both  to  import  and  export  vessels, 
3  B  2  72 


■I 


'     ^ 


670  DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA). 


lu    si 
•SB'.""* 

»■*'     ■  »ri| 


SI  ), 


ifl  1,183  yardi*  long,  with  an  entrance  to  the  river  at  each  cnil ;  hoth  the  IocUh,  an  wrFI  m 
that  into  the  Dlackwiill  IJnsin,  lu'intc  45  feet  wiile,  or  lar^e  enough  to  nrlniit  sliipH  of  1,200  ton^ 
burden.  At  the  highcHt  tiden,  tlie  ih'pth  of  water  in  llic  docks  is  Ul  feet ;  and  the  whole  wil' 
contain,  with  eaw,  000  vesselH  of  from  250  to  500  tons.  'I'he  separnlion  of  the  hoineuart'; 
hound  hhips,  which  is  of  the  utmost  importance  for  preventing  plunder,  and  giving  additJoiml 
security  to  the  revenue  and  the  merchant,  was,  for  the  first  time,  adopted  in  this  CHtablLsh- 
uient.  The  Im|>ort  and  Export  Docks  are  parallel  to  ea<*h  other,  being  divided  by  a  raug( 
of  warehouses,  [)rincipully  appropriated  to  the  recqHion  of  rum,  brandy,  and  other  K-piriiuoii^ 
liquors.  There  are  smaller  warehouses  and  sheds  on  the  quays  of  the  Export  and  South 
Docks,  for  the  recej)tion  of  gomls  sent  down  for  exportation.  The  warehouses  for  imported 
goods  are  on  the  four  quays  of  the  Import  Dock.  They  are  well  contrived,  and  of  great 
extent,  being  calculated  to  contain  IGO.OOO  hhds.  of  sugar,  exclusive  of  cotTee  and  oilier  pro- 
duce.  There  have  been  deposited,  at  the  same  time,  upon  the  quays,  under  the  sheds,  and 
in  the  warehouses  belonging  to  these  docks,  148,503  hhds,  of  sugar,  7(^875  casks  and 
133,648  bags  ofcoiTee,  35,158  puncheons  of  rum  and  pipes  of  Madeira  wine,  14,021  logs  of 
mahogany,  21,350  tons  of  logwood,  &c.  The  whole  area  occupied  by  the  docks,  ware- 
houses, 6ic,  includes  about  205  acres  ;  and  the  most  elfectual  precautions  arc  adopted  for 
the  prevention  of  fire  and  j>ilfering. 

This  spacious  and  magnificent  establishment  was  formed  by  subscription,  the  property 
being  vested  in  tlic  West  India  Dock  Company,  the  nllairs  of  which  arc  managed  by  21  di- 
rectors, as  a  body  corporate.  The  right  of  voting  is  vested  in  those  shareholders  only  who 
hold  500/,  of  the  Company's  stock.     The  Company's  capital  is  1,380,000/. 

The  West  India  Docks  have  proved  a  very  successful  undertaking,  and  have  been  highly 
beneficial  to  the  original  shareholders.  All  West  India  Ships  frequenting  the  Thames  were 
obliged  to  use  them  for  a  period  of  20  years  from  their  completion.  The  dividend  on  the 
Con)pany's  slock  was  limited  to  10  per  cent,;  and,  after  making  dividends  to  the  full 
amount,  with  the  exception  of  the  first  half  year,  they  had,  in  1819,  an  accumulated  fund  of 
near  40i),000/.  But  they  then  diminished  their  charges,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  committer 
of  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  foreign  trade  of  the  country,  so  as  to  give  the  traile  using 
the  docks  the  benefit  of  the  surplus  fund,  which  was  to  be  reduced  to  100,000/.  before  the 
30th  of  January,  1820,  Latterly  the  Company  have  been  obliged,  in  consequence  of  the 
competition  of  the  other  Companies,  to  make  further  reductions  of  dividend.  It  now 
amounts  to  5/.  per  cent.     At  present,  the  Company's  stock  sells  at  about  par. 

The  nearest  dock  gate  at  Limehouse  is  about  3  miles  from  the  Exchange;  and  the  other, 
next  Bldckwall,  about  ^  a  mile  more.  This  distance  has  the  disadvantage  of  increasing  the 
expense  of  cartage,  and  of  being  inconvenient  to  the  merchants  and  others  using  the  docks. 
On  the  other  hand,  however,  ships  entering  the  West  India  Docks  avoid  a  considerable  ex- 
tent of  troublesome,  if  not  dangerous,  navigation,  that  must  be  undertaken  by  those  bound 
for  the  St,  Katharine's  and  London  Docks. 


Contrivance  forclcarint^  Water  in  the  West  India  Dvcks.^ln 

ahiio-it  .ill  lUn'ks  and  liarhtmrs,  a  serious  evil  is  frll  from  tti(.'C(iiistaiil 
accuiiiulatinn  of  mud,  anti  tlie  consequent  expense  of  preservint;  the 
proiter  ilepth  uf  water.  In  various  situalidiis,  provisioii  lias  bten 
niaflc  fnr  Fcniiriiii;  out  nr  raisins?  mud  and  silt  by  mean?  of  liack- 
water,  dre'l)cer»,  .SiC,  according  to  local  cirrumslaiires;  but,  m  ihe 
West  ln<\\\  Docks,  the  evil  hasln-en  mtirtly  oliviriled  :  a  brief  U'  lii't? 
of  Ihe  manner  in  which  no  important  an  object  has  btenaccuniplish- 
ed,  may  be  both  inierestiiii;  and  useful, 

Thft'waternf  the  Thames  is  Kenerally  very  muddy,  and  when  it 
isadmitled  into  the  basins  aud  docks  in  jariEe  (juautiiies,  tu  replace 
the  water  Inst  by  e\ai)on'iiin,  leakage,  Inckini;  vesiels  in  and  nut, 
Ac,  Ihedeiiosit  is  very  great.  In  Ihe  West  India  Dnck?,  the  accu- 
mutation  of  tnu !,  frniii  Ihit  cans'-,  was  most  c(njsi>tfraMe  in  (hr 
Eastern  or  Blickwall  Basin  ;  and  the  annual  cost  of  clearing  out  llie 
sann-  was  bttv^een  3,000/.  ai  d  4.000/. 

And  yet  the  pmctss  by  which  that  basin  was  cleared,  was  probably 
the  most  economical  which  could  he  adopted.  A  tloaliiiir  dre.Ut-i, 
of  Ihe  ^^ual  discriptinn,  raised  the  nmd,  which  vxas  Ihrown  into 
barges;  and  these,  when  luailed,  were  cmptieit  by  a  stationary  en* 

Sine,  workiiR  an  endless  chain  of  buckets,  similar  in  th'ise  of  the 
redi^er.  Rut  the  field  where  the  tnud  was  dejKisited  bavin:;  become 
full,  alditioiial  enpen.se  was  likely  to  be  incurred  by  removing  the 
niu'l  to  a  f^u  ater  dii'tance,  so  that  the  subject  called  for  and  received 
more  attention :  and  Ihe  result  will  show,  that  the  Company  baveat 
length  pn)vidi'd  the  most  etiectual  remedy. 

All  Ihe  gales  nf  the  locks  point  inwarU,  to  sustain  the  water  nf 
Ihe  docks  ;  a^  htoe  as  the  level  of  the  water  within,  is  higher  than 
the  level  of  the  river,  Ihose  ^iles  remain  closed  ;  but  as  soon  as  the 
river  rises  above  the  level  of  the  HIackwall  Basin,  the  eaien  of  the 
outer  luck  are  thrown  open  :  w  hile  the  gates  of  the  two  locks  at  the 


west  end  of  that  basin  remain  closed,  the  influx  from  the  river  (vr.iilj 
not  lie  tonsiderabltr ;  but  wht'n  the  tide  has  risen  above  the  Ifvel  of 
the  Import  and  Export  I)(«-k!<,  those  gates  uould  also  le  throHn 
open,  and  then  Ihe  river  would  fli  w  in  with  corbiderable  f  rre.  the 
muddy  water  disrolourini;  that  ot  the  dock";,  and  of  course  dt|)csi'.iiij 
the  silt  or  mud  held  in  susjeusion. 

These  facts  showed  'bai  the  exclusion  of  the  river  water  w«  (In; 
only  etieclual  cure  for  the  evil ;  hut  the  loss  or  waste  of  \\\tfT  from 
Ihe  dorks  was  iipial,  on  an  a\i'rai^p,  to  5  inches  o.er  Ihe  whole  sur* 
face  in  24  hours,  and  Ibis  In-s  had  to  be  supiditrl ;  and  not  niilvll.it, 
but  1o  keep  (he  river  out,  it  was  necessary  at  all  times  t'l  ketp  rhe 
watered  the  docks  and  basins  up  to  a  higlier  |^)int  than  tltaltii\\lii,.ii 
the  river  would  rise  at  the  hiRlicst  sprint?  tides. 

After  Ion?  consi.leration,  Ihe  following  plan  was  malured  fnr  ef- 
fictiiiij  this  object  :— 

The  CompaiiyV  spare  land  on  the  north  side  of  the  Bbckwall  Ba- 
sin lay  below  bii;h  water  mark,  and  then-  three  reser\nirs  «ere 
furmed  :  the  two  next  the  basin  receive  the  wati-r  from  the  rivtrly 
.  a  culvert  with  ^luicfc5,  which  are  cIo>et  as  sfKin  a*  tlity  are  filie>l; 
I  from  these  the  water  is  puni|)ed  by  an  eneine  of  36  horse  pnvver, 
after  having  had  tinie  to  depo.sit  the  silt,  info  the  elevated  lesennir, 
from  whence  it  flows  by  a  conduit  into  the  bain,  and  thenre  in'otlia 
dock,  and  thus  the  h  vel  of  Ihe  whole  is  kept  up  to  'he  liiuliest  point 
whi.  h  can  be  desired,  and  the  river  Thames  with  its  n.ud  u  do 
loni:er  admitted. 

The  great  l>ody  of  water  in  the  docks  is  Ihiis  constantly  mninlamitl, 
and  is  at  all  tinies  clear  and  swet  t,  anil  no  mud  w  ill  I  cnatter  t.«-le- 
pfwi'ed  ;  ^n-at  id  vantage  arises,  however,  from  Ihe  lit-ptli  t^f  Hater, 
w  liich  is  preserved  from  fluctuating  with  Hit  Kvt  1  of  thu  ntaii  anl 
spring  tides,  as  the  deepest  laden  ship  can  al  all  linies  betran;|)orttJ 
j  —the  depth  throughout  beinjf  from  23  to  ib  fctt. 


Ri'i.Es  AND  Regulations  to  be  obseuved,  and  Rates  to  be  paid,  by  tue  Shipping  frequentino 

THE  VVkst  India  Docks. 

Rules  and  Orders  to  be  observed  by  Ma.eters,  Pilots,  and  oihor  Persons  Imviner  tlie  Charpe  of  Ships, 

Vessels,  Liuhters,  or  Craft,  cominj;  into,  lying  in,  and  going  out  of,  the  West  India  Docks,  pursuant 

to  Act  I  &  2  Will.  4.  c.  52. 

The  Coiupavifs  Mnorintrs. — The  moorinira  in  the  river,  within  200  yards  of  each  of  the  entranrpsai 
Blac'kwai),  and  that  hito  Liniehotise  Rasin,  and  within  150  yards  of  the  Limehouse  entranre  of  tlip 
South  DiH'k,  are  reserved  for  the  exchibive  use  of  vessels  entering  into,  or  which  have  recently  come 
out  of.  the  docks. 

Every  master  or  person  in  charge  of  any  thip,  lighter,  barge*  boat,  or  other  vessel,  of  any  descrip- 
tion wUutsutivcr,  lying  within  the  above  distance,  shall  immediately  remove  the  same,  when  required 


^ 


'  INDIA). 

;  lioth  thr  Iwks,  as  wrll  m 
o  iidinit  HliijiH  of  1,200  ton.". 
M  feet ;  and  ihp  whol.;  wil! 
■parntion  of  the  hoinrwarc! 
miU'r,  and  giving  additional 
c,  adopted  in  thin  nslalilish- 
r,  being  divided  l)y  a  range 
)randy,  and  other  rpiriluon^ 
of  the  Kxport  and  South 
10  wnrehoums  for  im|)()rlcil 
well  cojitrived,  and  of  great 
sive  of  coffee  and  other  pro- 
quays,  under  the  s'heds,  am) 
f  BURar,  70,875  casks  and 
ladeira  wine,  14,021  logs  of 
cupiwl  hy  the  docks,  ware- 
precautions  arc  adopted  for 

y  subscription,  the  property 
/ixicharc  managed  by  21  cii- 
liose  shareholders  only  who 
1,;580,000/. 

liking,  and  have  been  highly 
•(•(lucnting  the  Thames  were 
lion.  The  dividend  on  the 
aking  dividends  to  the  full 
i  1 9,  an  accumulated  fund  of 
suggestion  of  the  commiltce 
so  as  to  give  the  trade  using 
luced  to  100,000/.  >)rforp  the 
iliged,  in  consequence  of  the 
itions  of  dividend.  It  now 
s  at  about  par. 
le  Exchange;  and  the  other, 
isadvantage  of  increasing  the 
s  and  others  using  the  iloclcs. 
ocks  avoid  a  considcralile  rx- 
undertaken  by  those  bound 


ain  closril,  tlic  infliiJ  from  tlip  river  ivmilj 
.vlifii  tlie  ti>ie  lias  riM'ii  abov*  liif  Irvil  U 
Di-'-kv,  those  ^ates  woviM  alni  Le  ihrown 
vi.iiltl  fli  w  ill  «illl  cni.siilerable  f  .fee.  the 
f  ili;it  "I  tlie  docks,  and  o(  couneJtiic!iiiu| 
J  elision. 
1  llii'  exclusion  of  the  river  w.iier  w«  (he 

evil ;  tint  tlit*  loss  im'  waste  f.f  w^ipr  fnia 
,.i  ii\ i-r.il^H,  to  5  Indies  o.er  tlie  whtile  sur- 
i  lo-sliad  to  beslilililiiil  i  and  linl  onl)  tl,ll, 

il  w.i'j  neccssirv  at  all  times  h<  k«i' ttf 
.ins  up  to  a  liiiilier  |Kiint  than  il.altouljiili 
e  hiniiest  sprini;  tiles, 
n,  the  lullowii.j  liiau  was  nialun-d  fw  ef- 

in.l  on  tlie  north  si.le  of  li.e  Ulifkiull  Bi- 
mark,  and  there  thice  reservmrs  i\ere 
laslii  receive  the  water  from  Ilif  rivirly 
h  are  close:  as  soon  a«  lliey  aretilieil; 
milled  liv  an  eiisinc  of  36  hnrsp  y>nm, 
:|iosit  the'silt,  into  the  elrv.ile,l  ifs,-nmr. 
ioniluit  into  the  ba  in,  and  ilieme  iii'itlm 
.  ihe  whole  is  kept  up  lo  'be  liiaLesI  f»?mi 
nd  Ibe  river  Tlianies  with  i's  li,ud  li  do 


^.  in  the  docks  is  thus  constantly  mnintjiniil, 
nd  sweet,  and  no  niiid  will  Icreallf  r  be  ^le- 
arises,  however,  from  the  depth  i.f  »>ter, 
fluclnatin*  with  the  level  of  tbeiieJIi  aiJ 
'St  laden  ship  can  at  all  times  belrani|iorlul 
cingfroni23  to  i6  feet. 

lY  THE  Shipping  freqiextino 

nns  Imvinsr  the  riiarcc  nf  Sliips, 
the  West  India  Uocks,  |)iirsuaiil 

arils  of  each  of  tlie  pntraiioesal 
'  the  Linifliniise  eiitraiir«  of  the 
o,  or  which  have  recently  come 

ur  other  vessel,  of  any  ;li!si:rip- 
imove  the  same,  when  required 


DOCKS  ON  Tin:  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA).  571 

hy  the  dock  masters  or  their  aHRiaianti<.     Penally  5/.  fur   every  hour  which  iiuoli  veiiel  may 
rcninln. 

I'ilcita  shall  not  nttompt  to  place  shipi  Inilde  the  hiioyn.  If  other  shipH  have  previously  hrniiirht  up, 
but  shall  lirihK  llivin  In  tliiMr  IhtiIih  in  (liii^  succession  im  the  nntsjile,  nnless  lliey  shall  he  e,vpressiy 
oriiered  l>y  the  d.ick  master  to  take  a  berth  inside  the  tier  for  the  converiienre  iirdnckinil. 
All  parties  creating  iilislrnclions  will  lie  pruseiiiteil,  and  the  penalties  will  lie  rigidly  eiifurced. 
ytnnU about  til  enter  tlie  Dvckx,  Sfr.  Siuiiiitn.—'Vhu  rtd  tlau  on  Ihe  lliiL'-stall'  at  Ihe  entrance  is  the 
siitnal  for  ships  to  prepari;.  A  bluv  Hag  u  ill  tie  kept  tlying  thit  whole  time  proper  Cor  dockinc  ;  when 
the  tide  has  reaclntd  liigh  water  mark,  that  llau  will  he  struck,  after  which  mi  ship  can  lie  taken  in. 

Derlaraliiiti  Bou*:.— When  ships  have  lirnnuhl  np  properly  at  the  montiniis,  an  nH'icer  will  ilelivcr 
ttie  Ciimpany's  reciilatinns,  and  the  ciminiamler  or  pilot  of  every  vessel  e.\ceedin«  KKl  tons  mnsi  cer- 
tit'y  in  the  Dechiratiim  Hook  her  draiiulit  of  \\al<r;  Ihal  she  is  provided  with  all  necessary  unit  Biitll- 
cieiit  warps,  ropes,  and  tackli-,  to  remove  and  moor  her  in  safety ;  anil  that  her  anchors  are  (or  shall 
he  hefore  leaviiiK  the  niiiorinfc's)  so  secured  ami  stowed  us  not  to  enUunger  the  works,  the  tihipi 
therein,  or  the  vessel  herself. 

I'rrpnniiir  Shiimfur  MiiiiKsinn.—V.ypTy  master  or  pilot,  in  charge  of  a  ship,  should  lose  no  lime  in 
iiiakini;  the  folliiwiiiK  preparations,  vi/..  her  anchors  to  he  properly  secured  and  stowed  ;  her  sails  all 
furled;  all  iinarter  lioats  lowered  ilriwn,  umis  nnloaded,  pnnpowder  put  onl,  tires  extinsnislieil,  and 
stii'li  other  precanlions  taken  as  the  ilnck  master  may  direct ;  when  these  preparations  are  completed, 
a  tlai;  must  he  hoisted  at  the  fore,  as  a  siunal  that  the  ship  is  ready. 

All  ships  are  rei|nired  lo  send  down  top-iiallant  yards  and  strike  top-t'nilant  masts,  and  lo  have 
their  jili  and  mi/en  lioonis  riiju'ed  close  in,  luiniklns,  inartin):itles,  and  all  out-ri|.'!:ers  unshipped,  if  timu 
will  jierniit.  and  at  all  events  immediately  atler  enterinc.  \essels  will,  however,  lie  e.vempled  from 
strikini!  lower  yarilsand  top-masts,  upon" the  niasler  certify  iiiif  that  the  same  mtiy  lie  safely  dispensed 
Willi,  anil  entailinu  to  he  answeralili;  for  all  conseiiiiences  ;  lint  hei'orc  liein^  placed  at  the  (piay,  the 
yards  must  he  topped  well  up,  tind  the  yard-arms  lashed  close  in  lo  the  ri).'Kin(.'. 

Ducking  Tickets  and  Order  e/ A/mi.ssi»n.— In  fi.viiiL'  the  order  of  admission,  and  issuing  Ihe  docking 
tickets,  reuard  will  he  had  to  Ihe  si  ale  of  Ihe  tides,  and  the  size  and  dranchl  of  water  of  each  vessel,  as 
well  as  the  time  of  arrival :  the  larfest  ships  must  neicssarilv  he  taken  in  w  lien  the  tides  are  highest, 
allhoti!.'li  they  may  have  arrived  subseiiueiit  to  smaller  vessels.     Loaded  vessel.s  must  always  have 
the  preference  over  liKliI  ships. 
Nil  ship  can  he  admitted,  if  neither  Ihe  master  nor  pilot  arc  on  hoard. 
The  docking  ticket  will  only  remain  in  I'orce  for  the  tide  for  which  it  is  (.'ranted. 
At  the  proper  lime  for  the  admission  of  each  ship,  notice  will  he  civen  hy  hoisting  her  ticket  num- 
ber at  the  pier  head,  provided  she  has  mtide  the  sijiiial  for  heiug  properly  preptired. 

If  any  vessel  shall  attempt  to  itain  admittance  hefore  her  number  is  lioisled,  the  owners,  and  the 

master,  pilot,  or  other  person  in  charce,  must  he  responsible  for  all  conse(|uences  of  such  misconduct. 

>.'nffri»ir.— When  a  ship's  number  is  hoisted,  she  must  drop  np  lo  the  entrance,  and  have  good  and 

BUllicient  warps  ready  lo  send  to  each  pier,  when  ordered  by  the  dock  masters.     If  the  ship  shall  not 

socointt  to  the  entrance,  she  shall  forfeit  her  turn. 

When  within  the  piers,  proper  ropes  will  he  sent  on  hoard  to  guide  and  check  the  vessel  through  the 
lock :  the  master  and  pilot  will  be  held  responsible  for  making  these,  as  wi'll  as  Ihe  ship's  warps,  pro- 
perly fast  on  board  :  ijie  vessel  must  be  hauled  ahead  hy  her  own  warps,  and  they  are  on  no  account 
to  lie  cast  oir,  unless  ordered  by  the  dock  master,  until  the  ship  is  in  the  basin. 

Every  pilot  niust  bring  Ilia  boat  into  the  basin,  or  South  Dock,  as  it  isu  most  essential  part  of  his 
duly  to  moor  the  ship. 

The  owners  must  be  nnsvvernhle  for  all  ships'  boats,  and  none  can  be  admitted  into  the  Import  Dock 
except  such  as  are  conveniently  stowed  on  il<?ck.     All  other  boats  must  be  sent  oui  of  the  docks. 

The  boats  of  ships  in  the  .Soiitli  Dock  which  cannot  be  securely  stowed  on  deck,  must  he  liaiilcd  up 
on  the  north  bank,  or  secured  aMoat  in  such  manner  as  the  dock  master  may  direct,  alter  the  slii|)  is 
moored.  .Ships,  however,  which  are  not  lying  at  a  jetty,  will  he  allowed  to  employ  1  boat  during  the 
legal  hours  of  business,  which  boat  iiiust  be  chained  by  tlie  Company's  otlicers  tu  the  north  hank  as 
soon  as  that  time  has  e.vpired. 

.\ny  boats  found  atloat  in  any  of  the  docks  or  basins,  contrary  to  these  regulations,  will  he  removed 
liy  the  dock  master,  and  will  be  detained  until  the  charges  occasioned  by  such  removal  shall  be  paid. 

The  hatches  of  all  loaded  ships  are  to  be  locked  down,  and  the  keys  delivered  to  the  othcer  appointed 
to  receive  tlii!  same. 

Import  Oiick. — No  person  whatever  can  he  allowed  to  remain  in  this  dock  after  the  established 
hours  of  business  :  nor  can  any  person  be  permitted  lo  have  access  to  vessels  therein,  excepting  tlie 
owner,  master,  or  chief  olhcer,  without  a  ptiss. 

Pusses  will  be  given  on  the  application  of  the  captain  or  chief  mate,  to  admit  tlie  ship's  apprentices, 
or  niher  persons,  to  prepare  the  sliip  for  discharging,  or  to  do  any  other  work  which  may  be  uiiavoid- 
libly  necesBiiry ;  but,  to  prevent  the  abuses  which  sometimes  occur,  it  is  strongly  recommended  that 
tht;  Company's  labourers  be  employed. 

Sliijif  iifcliarping. — Previously  to  any  ship  being  qunyed,  the  decks  must  be  cleared,  and  every  thing 
prepari'il  to  betin  working  out  tlie  cargo.  If,  through  want  of  proper  tackle,  or  any  neglect,  a  ship  he 
not  in  readiness  to  take  her  turn,  another  will  be  (|tiayeil  in  the  mean  time. 

It  is  desirable  that  all  baggage  or  presents  should  be  sent,  as  promptly  as  possible,  to  the  Company's 
hat'iinge  warehouse,  where  an  authority  from  the  master  for  the  delivery  thereof  must  be  lodged. 
.Masters  are  particularly  cautioned  against  signing  such  aiithorilii^s  in  blank,  or  allowing  themselves 
Id  he  intlitenceil  by  the  importunity  of  brokers ;  and  it  is  most  desirable  that  one  agent  only  should  be 
uppiiinleil  for  each  ship. 

Packages  of  bullion  or  specie  (whether  cargo  or  private  property)  must  he  delivered  by  the  captain, 
under  his  own  responsibility,  unless  from  their  lieing  liable  to  e.\amination  or  other  circumstance  hu 
tii:iy  he  desirous  of  placing  the  same  in  Ihe  (Company's  charge,  in  which  case  such  p;ickages  or  any 
other  of  considerabli!  value,  should  be  particularly  spttcifieil,  and.  if  bills  of  l.iiling  have  been  granted 
for  llieni,  inserted  in  llie  regular  manifest  of  the  ship.  'I  he  delivery  of  L'oods  overside  will  also  rest 
with  the  master,  and  he  must  take  such  steps  as  he  may  think  necessary  to  protect  his  owners  in 
respect  to  their  freight. 

AaniVuer  of  the  rev.;nue  is  authorised  to  forward  all  despatches  for  the  departments  of  government  ; 
patki'ls  so  addressed  will  therefore  be  delivered  into  his  charge,  unless  the  Company  receive  express 
directions  to  the  contrary. 

When  a  ship  is  finally  discharged  and  moored  in  the  Export  Dock,  or  either  of  Ihe  bashis,  for  the 
purpose  of  (Toing  out  to  the  river,  all  the  services  provided  for  in  the  import  rate  are  completed. 

For  the  more  expeditious  discharge  of  vt!ssels,  or  despatch  in  rttloading,  every  assistance  will  be 
piven  in  clearing  the  decks,  or  stiffening  them;  cooperinu  watering  casks,  titid  sliipping  them,  when 
filled;  clearing  the  hold  after  discharge  ;  shipping  and  stowing  Ihe  out  wani  cargo,  under  the  directions 
of  the  slop's  officers;  and  any  other  services  which  can  be  reasonably  required.— Should  the  Com- 
Pioi/'s  movable  machinery  he  desired,  it  will  be  lent  upon  application  to  llie  principal  dock  master. — • 
Tile  following  charges  will  be  made  for  such  services  ; — 


k 


i«     ' 


,.f 


(  , 


578 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA). 


c::^ 

*^»*'i 


•••^•■•.I'.jffl 

■••■:-i«M| 


■'■'•'Klinsi 


T 


.r 


'.* 


V  ■:      < 


For  Ubniirvn  hlirt!  In  work  iiii'lcr  thr  'linTlinns  nf  tlic  r»m- 

nuiiiliiK  (((fleer  of  iheiltip,  each  nun  per  day,  of  the  rt'i^ic 

UtikI  hoiirt  of  iififiKt.uirc        ..... 

(tiid  iiol  Icio  than  I  4  il.iy  to  Im  ('hir(('<t.    Dvrr-liuie  will 

ht^tltai'Xt'l  1(1  |(rnpoi  (Kill.) 

Artirl(^  lofiitcil,  ^hlppt^l.  or  ^(ruck  down  ty  the  dock  cranrf 

or  ji)(Krn,  uiideri  (oiu,  |M;r  tou        .  .  .  . 


I.  d. 


3    6 


I    0 


T«'o  ton<,  .iimI  ilnlcr  ^  U^nn        ■  •  « 

lAiol  not  leM  ttiiMt  1  Inn  lu  be  rhnrfted.) 
M>valile  niarhiiiei7  lent,  e-iih  ji((;;rr  with  id  iftar,  ]»r 
(ijy 

'riiK  ii"C  of  the  (Ifvil 
the  a(t(^ndancc  nf    .._  . 
taitd  not  1' 


10    0 


•  m  0 
linit  riiitinit  f((r  waihin;(  flhipt,  including 
the  man  in  ch.ir^c,  jii^rd.iy  •  •  iU   Q 

not  l«M  iiuin  1  day  to  Ihi  charged.) 


Cundilinnx  In  br  nhar.rved  hij  Ship.i  tailing  in  Carffotn  from  the  fmpnrt  Warthnimrit. — 1.  The  tiikintr  llio 
Blilp  in  iiiitl  nut  nf  (luck,  to  liiid  trniii  tin;  (|iiay,  to  be  purl'nriiiuil  liy  tin;  iiinHtur  uiitl  cruvv,  ast  ilirt'ctid  hv 

till!  (luck  lllIlHltTH, 

'i.  'I'll!'  Kniolx  to  be  takcti  from  the  slings,  and  to  be  Btowcd  uwny  by  the  crow,  iiiidcr  the  orders  u:' 
tlie  in;isti'r. 

H.  If  II  mifllrionl  crnw  be  not  nn  board  to  receivn  nnd  ntnw  nwny  the  itoodfl  an  delivered, or  to  tratm. 
port  the  vessel,  11  further  iminber  of  men  kIiuII  lie  provided  by  the  ('niiipaiiy.at  the  ch;ir(ri)  of  S*.  tW.  jiir 
man  per  day,  to  work  under  tin;  direiliiiii  and  res|i(inHilillity  of  the  niiiHter  anil  his  nti'icerH. 

4.  'I'lie  veisel  to  be  hauled  into  the  hnsin  or  Kxport  Dock  lifter  the  iisuul  hoiirH  uf  bii«ine<iN,  by  Iter 
own  olHiers  .md  crew,  and  to  enntiniie  in  their  charKe 

Hhips,  friiin  the  Kxport  or  Hoiith  Docks,  ^vill  be  allowed  to  po  Into  the  Import  Dock  to  load,  witliuut 
any  adilitioii  to  the  rate  to  which  they  may  lie  liable  for  the  use  of  the  dockH. 

(iooils  sent  by  land  carriat'e  will  be  shipped  in  either  of  the  dorks,  on  payment  of  the  uimnl  rImrBPs. 

'I'll  prevent  delay  In  loailini!  export  vessels,  the  shippers  should  pay  np  the  rent  nnd  charifes  ii|i(iri 
the  )!0(iils  ;  or  where  the  uinuiiiit  cannot  be  ascertained  without  weighing,  &c.,  make  u  deposit  tocuvcr 
the  same. 

Krpnrt  nnd  Siiiilh  Dorkn. — All  vessels  entering  or  lying  in  these  docks  nre  In  rimrirc  of  the  niastpr.q 
nnd  owners  ;  and  it  is  the  dtity  of  the  pilots,  or  olliccrs  and  crews,  to  transport  their  respective  vcs. 
sels,  under  llieir  own  responsiliilily,  as  directed  by  the  dock  master,  to  or  from  tile  river,  and  to nr 
from  any  pirt  of  the  docks  or  basins. 

Light  shi|is  on  entering  from  the  river  innsi  be  provided  with  snftlcient  hands  to  dock  nnd  lrnns|inrt 
them,  and  should  move  indue  tliiK-  into  the  dock;  otherwise  they  will  be  removed  by  thedockniuitit'r, 
nnd  the  owners  charired  willl  the  expense. 

Vessels  ilischarsed  of  their  inward  cargoes  by  the  Company  In  these  docks  will  be  regarded  aspri- 
vilcged  ships,  and  all  transporting  within  the  docks  will  be  performed  by  the  dock  inasler.  assisledby 
the  crew,  gratuitously  i  but  unless  there  are  siillicient  crew  on  boaril  to  assist  in  transporting  llieoui- 
ward-bound  ships,  tliey  will  not  be  moved. 

Whenever  assistance  is  required  by  other  vessels,  it  will  be  furnished  by  the  dock  master  on  the 
following  terms  :  viz. — 

A  boat  with  warp  nnd  2  hands      ...    10.?.  Orf. 
—  and  4  hands      ...     15jj.  Od. 

And  for  every  additional  hatid  employed,  either  nn  board  or  in  the  boats,  fid.  per  hour. 

The  warps  are  only  lent  in  aid  of  the  ship's  warps. 

Ships  taking  in  cargoes  will  be  moored  at  the  quays  in  due  rotation.  Light  ships  not  taking  in  sooils 
shall  be  moored  in  I'ither  of  the  docks  or  basins,  as  the  dock  masters  may  judge  convenient. 

While  ships  are  lying  at,  nr  moving  to  or  from  the  quay,  nil  out-riggers  should  be  got  in  and  iiiiide 
snug;  and  sails  are  by  no  means  to  be  loose  while  so  moving. 

No  ship  must  be  removed  from  her  berth  without  notice  being  given  to  the  dock  master,  and  Ins 
assent  as  to  the  time  of  removal  being  obtained. 

Craft  must  he  fastened  to  the  ships  from  which  they  nre  receiving,  or  to  which  they  may  be  deliver- 
ing goods :  the  charge  upon  craft  which  shall  not  be  liimO  fiile  so  enuiiged,  will  be  the  same  as  tlii!  ri'iii 
upon  sloops  and  craft  coastwise,  and,  as  usual,  not  less  than  I  week's  rent  will  be  charniid.  I'ddb- 
viate  any  dotibt  as  to  the  time  for  which  tliey  may  he  fairly  entitled  to  exemption,  21  hours  will  he  !i|. 
lowed,  from  the  time  of  entering  the  dock,  for  receiving  goods,  and  2-1  hours  after  being  loaded  or  dis- 
charged, for  going  out  of  the  docks. 

Convenient  receptacles  on  the  quays  nnd  crnft  nre  provided,  wherein  nil  dnst,  ashes,  &.c.  are  to  lie 
deposited,  nnd  which  shall  be  cleared  by  the  persons  appointed  by  the  Company,  and  by  no  one  else. 

No  vessel  shall  be  permitted  to  take  in  ballast  after  daylight  or  before  daybreak. 

Sliips' provisions  or  stores  cannot  be  permitted  to  pass  the  gales  without  an  order  signed  by  tiie 
captain  or  owner. 

No  repair  or  caulking  can  be  permitted  withotit  the  special  permission  of  the  court  of  directors,  to 
whom  application  should  be  made  through  the  principal  dock  master. 

The  .Itllics. — Ships  landing  cargoes  in  the  Ssoulh  Dock,  or  taking  in  goods  by  land,  shall  have  tlic 
preferable  use  of  the  jetties. 

Ships  which  are  fitting  nut,  but  have  not  commenced  loading,  shall  be  accommodated  asftrns 
possible ;  but  such  ships  must  be  removed  to  make  room  for  vessels  about  to  discharge  or  lake  in 
cargo  by  land. 

In  other  respects,  preference  will  be  given  to  ships  intended  for  sale,  over  those  which  are  merely 
lying  up;  and  as  between  ships  which  are  similarly  circumstanced,  the  priority  of  their  enteriii}; the 
dock  shall  determine  the  preference. 

The  captains  or  commanding  orticers  of  ships  arc  cautioned  to  be  attentive  and  careful  to  boom  off 
when  the  ship  is  fast  loading  down  in  the  water,  or  on  the  approach  of  ii(!ap  tides. 

Fire  and  Candle. — Vessels  in  these  docks  shall  be  consideriMl  as  funning  3  classes;  viz. — 

I.  Vessels  actually  discharging,  having  their  crews  on  board,  nr  Inading  nutwards. 

II.  Vessels  rigging  or  fitting  nut,  but  which  shall  not  have  commenced  taking  in  goods. 

III.  Vessels  for  sale  or  lying  up. 

To  each  of  these  classes  special  licences  will  he  granted. 

Every  such  licence  will  express  the  place  in  which  tire  maybe  kept,  and  the  circumstances  iinilcr 
which  it  may  be  used  :  upnn  the  slightest  infringement  of  the  conditions,  the  penalty  preacrilieil  by 
law  will  be  rigidly  enforced. 

Every  application  for  a  licence  must  be  made  by  the  master  or  nwncr,  specifying  the  names  and  ca- 
pacity of  the  persons  in  charge  of  the  ship,  and  engaging  to  be  responsible  for  their  attenlioii  to  the 
regulations. 

Opening-  andshutting  the  Oates.—The  gates  of  the  Export  and  South  Docks  will  be  opened  at  6n'clnrk 
in  the  morning  and  shut  at  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  from  the  first  of  March  to  the  lOili  of  November; 
and,  from  the  1 1th  of  November  tu  the  last  day  of  February,  opened  at  8  in  the  morning  and  shut  al 
7  in  the  evening. 

Captains  nnd  mates  may  be  furnished  with  tickets  upon  applying  at  the  police  office,  at  the  Import 
Dock,  which  will  entitle  them  to  admission  till  9  o'clock,  r.  m.,  but  no  person  whatever  can  be  allowed 
to  go  out  after  the  hour  for  closing  the  gates. 

yensels  about  to  leave  the  fJockn.  — Export  vessels  should  be  hauled  out  in  sufficient  time  to  be  at  the 
Biver  Loclis,  at  Blackwall,  at  low  water ;  to  prevent  the  inconvenience  of  hauling  down  the  Black- 


INDIA). 


1 1. 


II  1  Inn  lo  1*  il.»r)|e'1.) 

h   iiKSpr  Willi  ill  p!i-.ir,  Jiff 

•  10    0 
rnr  WMlun?  •Iiipt.  iiitluJiiig 
cli.ir<i',  |i»rib)r  •  •  A   0 

n  I  <liy  10  lin  cli*r|M,) 

fhnii.im.—^-  The  liiklnL' Ihr 
er  uiiil  crow.tts  diruttiMl  In 

crow,  uiuler  tliu  ordcrt  of 

mIh  n*  ilplivrrcil.or  tii  triin>i- 
^,al  llii>  cli;iri.'i)  ol';!*.  tW.|iir 
■  mill  liUiitl'irt^r!*. 
il  liimrM  of  biiiinean,  by  lier 

iiiport  Dock  to  load,  without 

'kH. 

yiiieiit  of  the  usuiil  rliarBPn. 

thu  riiiit  mill  1  Imru'iv*  iiikmi 

Slc,  make  u  diipoHil  to  cuvit 

iro  it)  rhnmo  or  the  nianlnrs 
ini'piirl  lliL'ir  ri'^'|)t'ftiv«  vim- 
or  fnmi  the  rivir,  iiiid  to  or 

hands  to  dock  and  lr!in''|inrt 
1  removed  liy  the  dock  iiiaslur, 

lorka  will  he  roRardi'd  an  pri- 
the  dock  niasli-r.  asslsli'il  by 
issist  ill  transporting  llie  uui- 

d  by  the  dock  master  on  the 

Os.  0(1. 
5.<.  0(/. 
Its,  tiii.  per  hour. 

Lipht  ships  not  taking  in  froods 

ly  jiiiipe  conveniiMil. 

ers  should  be  got  in  iinil  m.iilc 

to  the  dock  master,  nnd  liii 

to  which  they  inaybedolivcr- 
(1,  will  bo  tho  HUino  as  tlu!  riMit 
rent  will  bo  rhurL'oil.  Timb- 
xoniption,  21  hours  will  lie  iil- 
urs  after  being  loaded  or  ilis- 

.  all  dust,  ashes,  Ac.  are  tnlic 
;(iiiipany,  and  by  no  one  else. 
\  daybreak, 
iihout  an  order  signed  byilic 

in  of  the  court  of  directors,  to 

L'oods  by  land,  shall  liave  tlio 

ll  bo  acrominndated  as  fir  as 
t\bout  to  discharge  or  lake  in 

lover  tlioHO  which  are  merely 
priority  of  their  enteriiif,'  the 

Intivc  and  careful  to  boom  off 

[neap  tides. 

fim  3  (lasses:  viz.— 

[iig  outwards. 

Vd  taking  in  goods. 


land  the  cireuinftances  umlcr 
|ns,  tho  penalty  pnscriliLMl  by 

snecifvini;  the  names  anil  ca- 
I'siblefor  their  attention  to  the 

licks  will  be  opened  at6n*clnfk 
lirch  to  tho  mill  of  November; 
1  8  in  the  morning  and  shut  al 

Ihc  police  oflice,  at  the  Imiiorl 
erson  whatever  can  be  alloweil 

I  in  sufficient  time  to  be  at  the 
L  of  hauling  down  the  BlacK- 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA).  673 

wall  nnsin  or  Romh  Dork  ilurlni  thu  llnic  that  ntlier  vcHsel*  arc  rRqiilrInK  adinlKsInn,  which  niuit  hav0 
the  prefcrenii'. 

Vohhi'Ih  can  only  be  let  out  after  high  water,  upon  Itie  special  requvil  of  the  oDici^r^  in  charge  of 
tlieiii. 

r<lilps  Boinir  Into  the  river  iniiHt  use  their  own  ropeH,  an  they  are  out  of  the  dock  mauler's  chargo 
when  (liar  of  ilio  oiiler  gales. 

NoTlci:.— Two  true  copios  of  the  manifest  of  the  cargo  imi»t  be  ilelivered  into  the  (.'eiieral  OUhe, 
nt  the  \Ve:<t  liiiija   Dock   House,  williiii   li  hours   lUler  cvii  \  vc^mcI  (.jiall  nilir   llir   ilci  ks,  ir  iiller 

Hie  cargo  shall  have  I n  reporteil  at  the  Ciistoiii-hoiise,  whji  h  shall  llrst  happen.     I'eiialty  for  ii'tusal 

(ir  neiilecl.  any  sum  not  e.vciM-dliig  .V.-  (I  &,  U  0  itl.  1.  i'.  5'i.  i  i*\.) 

Nil  m.'inlft  lis  will  be  rei|iiireil  fur  xliips  discliarulim  by  their  ou  n  crews. 

No  ships  can  receive  tlnir  rotalinn.  nr  be  allmvi'il  to  break  biilK  iiiilil  lliiir  ciiriroes  are  duly  entered  ; 
mill  such  cargoes  will  lie  laiiiled  in  due  succession,  according  to  the  sinct  onb  r  in  w  Inch  lln' iiiaiiil'ists 
(ire  ili'livereil  and  entries  complrted. 

if  such  minll'i'st,  or  bill  of  liiilin;.',  or  copy,  shall  be  false  ;  or  if  any  bill  of  lading  be  uttered  by  any 
niaslei,  anil  the  t'omls  expressed  llirrein  hhall  nut  have  been  fc«»».^i/(  shipped  on  board  such  sliip  ;  or 
U' any  bill  of  lailiiti;  nllered  or  proiliii  I'll  by  any  masli'r  shall  not  have  lioi  n  xiL'iieil  by  iinn  ■  or  any 
iniili  copy  shall  iidl  have  been  received  or  iiiaiie  by  liiiii  previously  lo  Iiih  leaviiii,'  Hie  pliie  where  Hie 
([mills  e.xiiressi'd  in  such  bill  of  lailiim.or  cnpy,  were  xhipped  ;  penalty  IIHI/.—  (;i  *t  t  (I  ((/.  1    c.  iVJ.  (i  1 1 .) 

Iliiurn  iif  Jiltfiiiiiimc  are.  from  ilni  Hlth  ot  '.May  lo  the  Uili  iif  .\iiveinlier  inclusive,  h  jn  ihi- riiiic 

ml  In  the  aCleriiooii  ;  frniii  the  lllili  of  NovemliVr  lo  the  Dili  of  .May  inclusive,  t)  in  the  morning  to   t 
In  till'  afleriioon  ;  and  lliere  is  to  be  no  iiiteriiiissioii  of  business  during  Ihi  se  hours. 

.\ii  holidays  are  to  be  kept,  except  Sundays,  » 'liriil mas-day,  (Jood  I'riday,  fast  days  appointed  by 
rnval  proi  lainatlon,  and  tlio  King's  or  Uueeii's  lilrllnlays. 

Ill  all  placi's  nut  specitied  or  provided  fur  in  the  fiiregoin"  rules  and  orders,  npplical  ion  must  be  made 
lollie  priiicip.il  dock  iiiaiier.  riuai.KH  ('.  r.»Hisii,  rriiicjpal  Dock  .Master. 

The  foregoing  re;;iila\ioiis  approved  and  confirmed  by  llm  Court  of  Directors  of  the  West  India 
Dock  (Nnnpany.  H.  I.onoi.aniis,  Hecrelary. 

West  India  Dock  House,  September  21th,  I'^SIl. 

.V.  B.— Ships  cull  ring  the  West  India  l>i)cks  are  permilled  to  retain  their  crews  on  hoard,  when 
required  by  the  owners  ;  and  the  direclors  have  lilted  up  ihe  ship  Waterloo,  in  ilie  Siiiilli  Duck,  lor 
Ibc  accommoilalioii  of  junior  ollicera  and  apprentices,  while  their  ships  are  discliurging  their  cargoes 
in  llie  Import  Dock. 

The  captains,  olhcers,  and  crews  of  ships  arc  requested  not  lo  give  either  wine,  spirits,  or  pros,  to 
Ihe  servants  of  Ihe  Company,  as,  by  so  doing,  they  expose  them  to  tho  certain  and  immediate  forfeit- 
ure ef  their  situations. 

No  fee,  peniuisilo,  or  reward  of  any  kind  or  denomination  whatsoever,  is  lo  be  Inken  bv  the  Com- 

IHiiiy's  ollicers,  or  any  persons  who  shall  be  employed  In  the  service  of  ibeC p,iiiy,lor  ii'iiyacl  dono 

williiii  the  docks,    ronalty,  forfeiture  of  thu  sum  taken,  and  any  sum  not  exceeding  5/.  lor  each 

dlVuiice. 

Ihrk  Hiitcs. — Import.   VtiisfU,  vhen  ttisthnrgrd  bij 

the  Vmiipantn  including  docking,  nnioriiig,  anil 

rumoviiig  within  the  docks    until  discharged, 

ihips'  cooperage  or  mending,  and  the  use  of  the 

docks,  if  from  llambiirghor  the  Mediterranean, 

for  C  weeks  from  the  date  of  entrance  ;  if  from 

any  other  port  or  place,  for  4  weeks  I'rum  the 

(Iniil  discharge ;  viz. 

Per  Ton  rcic. 
i.d. 
Sbipi  liilrn  entirely,  nr  in  pari,  wilh  hophRuIi  and  tierces 

cf  siuir  or  uinluses  -  •  •  .26 

laiieii  tutin-iv,  or  In  part,  with  chesls  of  siigir  above 

Sent.   •    ■ 2    0 

enlirely,  with  cheula  under  5  cwt.,  nr  ba?*  of  suifar,  cof- 
fte.  bpirila,  wine,  inin,  ciiiipt-r,  lirass  lead,  'speller, 
oriillier  iiieial,  in  pii^,  b.ir«,  nidi,  pUti's,  or  Riniitar 
pieces,  rice,  or  oilier  ^oihls,  (except  oil,  tallow,  or 
axbes.)  paclted  in  biles,  b.i|5s,  serous,  cisks,  cisei, 
rhesis,  or  similar  packaifcs,  or  wond  in  planks  or  bit 
lels,  such  as  dye  vvoihl,  slaves,  *(c, 


UJeii  entirely  or  in  part,  wiib  uiabogauy,  timber,  or 
oilier  wool  in  logs 


I.d. 

lindier  (for  ever)-  loatl  of  bant  wood  and  pine  timber 

&/.  in  addition) t    G 

Kiden  entirely  vi  ilh  bard  wood  or  pine  timber  •  •20 

Ships  ilifirharg-ed  in  either  of  Hit  litickti  or  Bassina 
hij  their  own  Crews,  tho  expense  of  docking, 
mooring,  unmooring,  and  reiiioving,  not  in- 
cluded. 

Per  Ton  reg. 
For  Ibe  use  of  tbe  docks  for  any  period  not  exeoedinr,  if  from 
Ihe  Mtditerranean,  6  weeks,  from  olber  ports  nr  places 
4  weeks,  from  tbe  date  of  eiil  ranee    -  -  •  -09 

Vessels  fmm  any  port  in  the  I'nited  Kingdom,  or  Tiiropean 
port,  outside  Ihe  tlallic,  between  tbe  North  Cape  and 
I'sbant,  with  cargoes  for  trans  shipment,  for  delivery  on 
bn.ird  ships,  or  for  taiidinir  in  either  dock  (except  when 
vvootl  laden),  not  reniainiiiK  beyond,  if  from  IJ.)nilinrKli,  6 
weeks,  if  fmiii  any  other  jmrl  or  place,  4  weeks,  froiu  tbe 
date  of  entrance  -  -  .  -  -  -06 

Sloo|)s  and  craft  coastwise,  wilh  bricks  for  delivery  on  boani 
ships  and  vessels  with  broken  granite  or  piviiig-slones,  not 
reniainiliK  beyond  I  week       -  -  •  .  -03 

Vessels  entirely'corn  ladea  (in  lieu  of  tonnage  rale),  of  IOC 
Ions  and  upwards,  each  -  •  •  -  .210 

tinder  100  Ions,  each  •  •  •  .  ■  10    6 

Rent  to  commence  after  I  clear  day  fmm  final  discb.Tri:e. 
Vessels  two  tbinis  laden  wilh  corn,  will  be  cbarseft  the  usual  ton- 
nage rates  in  proportion  lo  the  other  part  of  their  cargoes. 

VcsseU  entering  to  load  from  the  Import   IVare- 
hoiiscs  only. 

Per  ton  on 
gr.  wL  shipped. 
I.  d. 
For  the  use  of  Ihe  dock  for  1  week      .  .  •  -    0    6 

Light  Vesseh,  the  expense  of  docking,  mooring, 
unmooring,  and  removing,  not  included. 

Per  Ion  reg. 
I.  d. 

Not  bavin?  discliar^ed  in  either  of  the  d.ick.,  for  .any  period 
not  exceeding  4  weeks  from  the  date  of  entering    •  >    0    6 

Dock  Rent. 

For  remainine  over  Ibe  periods  specified,  per  week    •  -01 

Vessels  which  re-enter  after  h-iviii?  been  out  fir  repair,  will  be 
allowed  their  privilege  without  reckoning  the  time  Uiey  reniained 
out. 


entirely  with  hemp,  or  enlirely  or  in  part  wilh  goods  in 

hulk 

la  leu  entirely  or  in  part  wilh  tobacco  or  nil,  not  in- 

cludiin;  ship's  cooperate         •  •  •  .16 

enlirely  wilh  tallow,  not  inclndin?  ship's  cooperajje     -     I    3 
laden  entirely  with  mixed  cargoes  of  hemp  and  tallow, 
or  ashes,  not  including  ship's  cimperage  ;  viz. 
t.  d. 
For  every  ton  ot  hemp        •    £    0^  Tbe  nunitier  of  Ions  charged 
For  every  Ion  of  tallow  or         >     not  lo  exceed  tho  register 
jslies        •  -  -13)     toun.age. 

Shps  Wood  laden  from  F.nrope,  or  the  JVorth  .Ame- 
rican Ciilonie.i,  irhen  disrharged  by  the  Company, 
inchiiliiiB  docking,  mooring,  and  removing  with- 
in the  docks,  until  discharged  ;  unlondiug  the 
cargoes,  and  the  use  of  tho  docks  for  any  period 
tint  exceeding  4  weeks  from  the  dale  of  the  linal 
discharge. 

Per  Ton.  reg. 
I.  d. 

Laden  entirely  wilh  deals,  planks,  slavi^  or  wood  in  billets       1    6 
priucipaliy  with  ditto,  and  bringing  bard  wood  or  pine 

Table  fob  i.mpoiited  Ooods. 

The  Prime  Rate  ineludeR  nil  expenses  for  Inndinu.wharfaire.weiBhing,  or  gauging  at  landine,  cnoper- 
iii2,  niarkiii2,  sampling,  housinc,  weisihiiia  for  actual  delivery, and  delivering;  fiiriiishing  landing  and 
delivery  weiabts  or  gaiices,  surveying  and  furnishing  cerlilicates  of  damage,  and  rent  for  12  weeks 
from  the  date  of  the  ship's  conimoncemcnt  of  discharge. 

This  rate  will  ho  charged  on  all  goods  imported  from  the  East  or  West  Indies,  the  Mauritius,  Mexico, 
or  South  .\nierica,  and  upon  wood,  spirits,  or  wine,  and  tobacco,  from  v\'liatovcr  place  of  importation, 
sinlesB  notice  be  giveu  by  the  importers,  uf  their  desire  to  have  them  placed  under  the  lauding  rate,  oi 


I       -I 


l.     '       ^ 


mi 


DOCKS  ON  TIIR  TIIAMRS  (WEST  INDIA). 


CIWIIW^ 


if""  '-«»lli 


thi>ir  inti'tilloii  til  ri>riii)vi>  IIiimii  wllhciiit  liiiiiHtiii  or  piling.  If  riicIi  notlcn  l«  Rlvnn  hefhrn  Imiiiiing or 
pilltitf,  llii'  r  III    III  IIk'  'imoihI  iiiIiiiiiii  will  III'  ijiai'liiiriff'il. 

I'/ie  t.iinilinif  Halt  IncluiluM  luiiiliiiK,  «vhiirriiK<i.  iiml  hiiiialii|{,orili'llvrrliig  rroiii  llieqiiiiy.uiiil  riirriUli, 
inv  l.iniliiiK  III  riiiitilit. 

Till*  riili-  will  atlai'li  to  nil  iiIIiit  iiU'ri'liiiiiilliii'  ttinii  iMiiltnvn  i<|iiM'ifli'il,  wlilrh  iiiiiy  li*'  liiiporlnl  j  t,, 
Eiim  liiiliii  riiltiiii,  III  liiili'M  mill  HkiiiH,  liiitr,  liiiriiit  mill  ti|N.  in  iiiiiiiiiriirtiiri'^  ri'liiriiiil.  iiml  lo  ivitv 
dt!iirrl|ill<iii  III' KiioiIk  ri'l'imlril,  <ir  ri-iiinvi'il  In  IhiihI  or  I'liuolwim-  iiitn  llic  ilnrk,  iiiili'ia  lliti  liiiiinrtcrii 
■  iKiiiry  llii'lr  wiMli  lliat  lliry  Hliniild  lie  wiirrlmiiHi'il  iiiiili'r  tin-  |iriiiii'  nr  I'liiiHiiliilaliil  ralm. 

'I'he  Hiilr.i  fir  Ihihiiiimnjr  anil  /.i/in/niy,  or  I'lilniiilini'  iiiiil  Uniiiiniii,  w  ln'li  mil  iillu  rwinf  i<|ii'<'lt1)*il,iirff 
Pill  li  Kill'  lliiril  III'  llir  Imiiliiii:  ralr  ;  ami  lliat  Inr  iiiiliniiHiiiK.  w  liiirt'iitfi'.  ami  >lil|i|iiii|f.  ii*  llir  wlmli'  riili', 
UN  >tali'il  III  llir  HiTiiMil  niliiiiiii.  Wliiii  tin'  |iriim'  rail'  liait  mil  lirt'ii  |ialil,  lliimi'  t  liiir|ii'«  w  ill  In'  inail,', 
to|{irllirr  Willi    rt'aniiiialiln    cliariii'M   fur  I'liiiprriii^,   iiamjilliiu,   iiiiil  <ittii;r  <<prratiiimi   riuiMiiitiiit   nn 

llllllHllltf. 

'iht  Vhiirirr.1  fur  H'ciirhing  ami  Hthou»ing  nru  fnrll  iiiii'  tlilril  iil'llic  rill«  In  llli'  m-'tonil  cullliiin.  Ku» 
rcpiliMi!  iir  wrIuliliiK  wiiKil,  mil'  t'lmrtli  nl'  lliat  rail'  in  i  liarui'il. 

</iiiiil.i  xihl  friiiii  Hie  l.aiiiliiiff  Sciilr,  or  mil  liilriiilcil  In  lir  wari'limiHHil,  Will  lif  allowpil  4  rlrnf  ijny, 
friiiii  till'  lliiiil  wi'lKliinif  III  llir  parcrl  l'<ir  ri'iimval ;  In  ili'lHiilt  nt'  w  likli,  tliry  will  lii>  hniiio'il  nr  piii.,|. 
It'  liilriiili'il  t'lir  liiiiiii'illali!  triiiH-Hlilpiiii'nt,  llii'y  may  ri'iiimii  mi  llir  ijiiay,  Hiilijiict  to  tin;  gaiiir  ri'ijiila. 
lliiiiH  an  ifiMMJH  pri'pari'd  lur  ^lllplm'Mt,  payliiK  nut  an  11'  luiiiHril  at  laiiilliiK' 

It'anliiiiin  Hnil,  mi  (.'iiihIh  In  wlilrti  till'  priiiic  ralii  itnrii  mil  altaili,  will  liiM'liarKi'il  I'rnni  tlii'  ilui>>n|' 
till!  Hlilp'x  lirraklim  liiilk  ;  liiit  wliiii  uiiiiiIh  hiiIiI  rrmii  llir  lamliliK  Mcali!  uri!  liniiaiMl,  lliv  mil  wjll  jju 
cliarKi'il  li'niii  llir  liiial  wi'iuliliitf  <>(  tin'  parcrl. 

A  wiu'k'H  rriit  will  lii'  iliarifi'il  Inr  all  frailiniiN  nT  n  wri'k. 

Ili'liiri'  till'  traiii<ri'r  liy  tlii'  Oniiipaiiy,  nr  iliMlvrry  ol'  any  ({nnili  ran  tnki'  plarr,  tin'  rliariti'i  nn  l|ii> 
•liimitity  In  III' iraiiHri'rri'il  nr  iliflivrri'il  iniiHt  br  paiil  rlllirr  In  llic  cnlluttor,  at  tliu  (ittiifral  lllUcu  in 
Luiiiiuli,  ur  to  tllu  cuiiiplruller,  ut  tliu  (iuni'ral  Ollici:  at  tlii!  (Inckx, 

Ralea  mi  (HoiiiU  iiiipiirted, 

^.  /?.— All  Horln  nf  itnortH  may  In-  iiiipnrliMl  into  and  wari'lioiiHi'il  nl  tlm  Wml  Inilla  I)ork»,  on  nlioiii 
tliL'  Haiiii'  li'miH  an  at  tin*  otlii'r  dnrkH.  Wi!  Iiavi'  kIvi'ii,  iiniiiT  Ilii'  lirail  /.uiiilini  huck.i,  a  Tahlr  df  Hi,. 
cluck  iliM'H,  &t'  mi  iiinNi  articli'it  ('iiimiinnly  iinpnrti'd,  wlilcli  may  hi'  appllt^il,  Willi  vrry  trillini!  iikmII. 
tli'atiniiH.cillii'r  to  lliuWi'st  Imlla  nr  til.  Katlianiif'H  Doikn.  Tliu  rnllnwini,'  lalili!  imliiili'H  iii'iri.'ly  iIk' 
ilnc.k  cliarKt'll  nn  lliu  inipnrtutiun,  wureliuiiHiiig,  ttc.  nl'  tliu  principal  itrticU'H  iil°  W'uHt  Iiiilia  pro- 
Uucu :— 


Aril.  I.J. 

I'riiiie 
Hsie 

I    (/. 

tumUan 
Rile 

Heni  per 
Week. 

Articles. 

Pr 
Ua 

1110 
te. 

rf. 

l.ih.ling 
Hale. 

>.     d. 

Kriil  l.cr 
W..k. 

f/lll  jitr. 

1.      d. 

iinat  jitr     1. 

J. 

Stitptr  1, 

(irim  yir  j.     rf. 

Aniiollo            -           •    1(111 

i\     U 

7    0 

Inn            ■    U 

7 

,Motlii'r.n'.pearl  shells        mn  IH 

(i 

7    6 

l"ll           •    II    4 

buk.  anil  pack.undcr  1  cni. 

0    0 

1    7  1-2 

lOOpckp.     4 

2 

Wira         •           •    client    0 

0 

1    6 

clinl       •    0    i 

Ar^l^v  root       •           -    Idii 

2U    U 

7    8 

Inn            ■    0 

7 

bn> 

0 

0 

1    0 

lm«          •    0    1 

Ciiiflia  .ilba     •           •  cwi. 

1     K 

0    0 

cwl.          .    0 

0  34 

I'iccaha            •           •    cwl. 

0 

0 

0    6 

Inn           .04 

Chficnlile          •            •   Ixji 

0    0 

0    9 

boa           .    0 

2 

fickles,  casei  ■     doa.  bo'lles 

0 

u 

0    2  1.4  ih'Z.  lAlli.   e    012 

Iniliim-al          ■            •  cwl. 

3    0 

0    9 

cwL         .    0 

1  12 

liarrels       -             gallon 

0 

(1 

II    (1  12  l.arrcl     •    0    I 

CiKoa  anJ  coiTw.  casks    — 

1    « 

U    6 

Ion           •    0 

6 

riliiento,  casks            >    cwt. 

1 

tj 

II    U       :lnii          •    0   6 

baKS           •           •    — 

1    2 

0    6 

—           •    0 

6 

bags           •           .      — 

1 

2 

0    8         -          -OH 

Coltoii  wool,  press  packed— 

0    9 

0    3 

—                0 

S 

Snake  root       •          •      — 

0 

0 

0  10  12  barrel  nr              1 

iiol  prfM  packed    •    — 

t    0 

0    4  1-2 

-            .    0 

6 

\-i  :.ale    0    1 

Ginger,  casks    •           •    — 

1    6 

0   a 

-           .    0 

6 

Ire,  or  Ule  0  i 

bans           .           -    — 

1    2 

U    tt 

—            •    0 

6 

hh.l.       .03 

prescrveil.  SreSuccades. 

Succades,  under  28  His,   pack. 

0 

6 

0    3 

cwl,        .    0    0^4 

Jalap    •           •            •     — 

0    0 

0  10  1-2 

bale,  3  cwt.  0 

1 

2»  11.8.  to  1  c«l.           — 

1 

0 

0    li 

—          •    11    0  3-4 

Indian  rubber  •  lihJ.  orpipc 

0    0 

1    6 

liotrshtad  or 

1  cwl.  and  u|iwards  cwt. 

1 

0 

0    6 

—          •    1)    liU: 

pipe      ■    0 

4 

Sugar,  ca'ks        •           •   — 

0 

8 

0    3 

Ion          •    0    5      [ 

case  2  lo  4  cwl. 

0    0 

1    6 

CA»e  1  to  2 

chests  alKive  5  cwt., 

case  1  '0  2  cvvL 

11    0 

1    0 

cwl.      .    0 

1 

or  baskets             -    — 

0 

7 

0    3 

•   0  5     1 

baa  or  barrel 

0    0 

0    6 

barrel       .    0 

0  1-2 

chi-sta  under  5  cwt., 

loose,  cwl. 

0    0 

1    0 

in  bottle    •    0 

1 

or  bags     •           •   — 

0 

6 

0    3 

-           .04. 

Ipecacuanha  •           •    cwt. 

0    0 

0  10  12 

Inn            .    0 

10 

candy           .           •    — 

0 

U 

0    4  1-2  c.vt.       .   0  01-!' 

Molasses         •           -      — 

0    7 

0    3 

nun.          <    0 
[itid.  or  trc.  0 

2  1-2 

Tobacco.  See  Limilon  liorkf. 

1  12 

Wodil.    See  separate  'J'able, 

l*arrel  or  keg  0 

0  3-1 

p.  on. 

1 

•I-     • 


Rates  on  Su^ar. 


1'  ■'  •> 


Sugar,  4  to  5  cwt.  bat;  or  haoket 

nhniit  U  rwt.    du.    ur  nmt 

bo.xes  or  chests    -  ton 

bastards,  Mcwt.  and  upwards 

cask 

12  and  not  exceeding  14  cwt. 

cask 

under  8  -  .  tierce 

notexcRedin(!'2i        -barrel 

relined,  H cwt.  to 24  cwt.  cask 


Wliarfagel 

and 

Porterage. 

8. 

d. 

0 

8 

n 

4 

3 

4 

1 

9 

1 

2 

0 

H 

0 

5 

2 

0 

Rent 
per  Week. 


K.  d. 

0  1 

0  01 

0  5 


VO  Stun 

0   2 
0   1 

0   7 


Sugar,  refined,  14  and  under 

18  cwt.        -  -      cask 

12  ami  under  14  cwt.      do. 

Do.  packed  in  lihda.nr  vnts.lo 

he  hoiiBcd  lor  exportation. 

Ilniisiiig  .  .  - 

Weiuhing  or  re-weighing    - 

Onhniising,    wharfage,    and 

Hhippiiig       ... 

Rent    -  -  per  week 


Wharfage 

and 
PorieraRe. 


1     0 

1     (I 


1  0 

1  0 

3  0 

0  I) 


lleiit      I 
per«rck.  I 

.1.    d.  I 

I 

0    6    i 
0    4    I 


0  6 

1  8 
0   3 


Cnislnnff  Sugar.— The  following  charges  include  all  expenses  fur  receiving,  delivering,  coiiperins,: 
and  rent,  for  two  weeks  :  viz. 

8.    d.  »•  d-^ 


Crushed  fine  by  the  mill  and  packed  into 

llavannah  cases  -  -  -  ton  2!  0 
partly  crushed  and  packed  with  lumps  —  Ifi  0 
crushed  rough  -  -  -  —  19  0 
crushed  line  -  -  .  —  22  0 
ground  hy  the  mill  -  -  -  —  16  0 
broken  and  packed,  rough  and  not  to  par- 
ticular weights         -           -           -  ton  14  0 


broken  small 

lumps 
broken  large 
lumps 
Transferring 
llent  per  week 
Sainpiing 
I'apering 


and  rammed 
and  rammed 


with  entire 

-  Iia  14 
with  entire 

-  Kill  H 
.  —  0 
.    -   0 

-  rnak  0 
,     -    0 


INDIA). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIAN  076 


I  U  Rtvfln  hefbri)  hniiilni  m 
from  llienony."'"* '"'""'••>• 

wlili'h  iniiy  '»■  ini|""i''il;  III 
riH   ri'iurincl,  iiml  In  i'Vitv 

iliiik,  inili'"«  III"  tiii|"irUTs 
ti^oliiliil'rl  riili'x. 

■ml  Dllurwlff  H|i"'ill|Mil,nrfl 

II  •lll|>|l>l>tl-  '"  ""'  Wlliilr  rillr, 

,  lliiiHK  ilHir)i<'«  will  I"'  iiiuit., 
r  (,|ii>riitli>iiii  coiiitiiiii'iii  nil 

!  til  Hie  st'i'diiil  I'liliiiiin.    Fui 

.  will  Im'  iillowol  liltT\ril;iy< 
llcV  will  III'    licillnril   nr   pllnl 

,  Hubjticl  li>  111"!  ""H""  rc'i-iilu. 

I. 

II  lit!  rhiirnfd  from  tlic  fliiipof 
iiri!  lioiiifd,  Uit!  mil  will  be 

kc  iilnrr,  tlif  rlmrufs  nn  tlir 
tJor,  111  lliu  tiuiitiful  Ullicu  111 


0  WcKt  Inillii  Dorkn.  on  iilimit 
l.oniliiii  y^uc/i".  ii'l'i'lil'-i'l'll"' 
illoil,  Willi  Vfry  Irillini;  iniidi- 
,iim  liilili!  iiiflmlfs  iii'^K.'l)  ihi; 
urlitli'H  of  WuHl  Iiitliii  pto- 


RaliM  ON  l)y»  Ifooii. 


Prlmo'l'iK'lii'K 

Rriil  per 
W.iL 

1U1I-.  1    Kiiir. 

,tr  1.    ('.  ».     rf- 

fit'iitt  }>(r   t,     iL    1 

on  IM    (i    7    « 

11111          ■(141 

t'Kt    ()    0      1     tt 

tlint      •   0  i 

n<    0    0     10 

Ixx        •   0   1 

vi.i  0  u  1  0  a 

mil         •   0  4 

In'  0    0  i  0    U  1-4  .li'7. 1«ll».  0  0  1 ! 

„„    0    0  !  0    (1  \i  larrtl     •    0    1      | 

vi.l  1   li ;  0  0 

Inn          •    0   li     1 

-12     0    6 

1-           •    0    B      1 

-00 

0  10  1-2  ll""'!  "f               1 

1-J  -..ale   0   1 

Ire.  or  Ulf  0  i 

)M.       .  0  3 

ck.    0    6 

n  3 

cwl.       •   0  (il4 

1    0 

0   u 

_        .    0  nw 

vt.    1    0 

n  B 

—         •   0  OWi 

-     0    » 

0    3 

toil          •    0   S     1 

-     0    7 

0    3 

_          .    0   5     ! 

-06 

0    3 

-          .04     1 

-00 

0    4  1-2i>vl.       •   Q  O!!' 

kt. 

.le, 

1 



\Vh.irfJi!e 

licnl     1 

PoriiTHf. 

ytt  wttk. 

„ 

—m 

».    (1. 

..        ,/.      1 

and  unrior 

cask 

1     0 

"  5  1 

CWt.        (III. 

1     1) 

(1   4   1 

i.or  vnts.lo 

Vil, 

Hill 

xportiitioii. 

1    0 

0    6    1 

■cifilniiR    - 

1     0 

0   6    i 

rfiigis    and 

3    0 

1  8  : 

per  week 

0    ti 

0   3   1 

ci'iving,  deli 

vering,  coopering,! 

s.  d.' 

id  rainmod 

with  cnlire 

-  l.ii  U   l> 

d  rumniod 

with  entire         ! 
-  Kill  12  0 

" 

.   _  0  a 

" 

.-07 

-  cask  0  (' 

- 

. 

—   ( 

t* 

nyfrt'  W(y»l,  he, 
B4r  WI111.I 
Rill  woml 
Hniil  wikkI,  Ur(e 
(Kin  wiin.1 

I'KU^  WHItd 

Klxmy    ■ 

KlHli'-     ■ 

l,i<num  viUfl     • 

|/t4WltfMl 

Nciraicui,  lirft 
l)in«n  ■ 

M  "liT^  »vnn»l 


ton 
'  uiklir  cottr 


M 


4    S 


I  1-2 


Ion 


Dy«n'  wnml.iit, 
Nrilikllo 
#<>ril  wixmI,  iniall 

Fii4fi('.  yoiinic 

Nir  tnKu*  wooil,  ■mall 

S.i|>aii      . 

s.i-nilr« 

Sindil 
Ollur  wood,  ttatfi  '  "ilh  July,  »t 

pi-r  'nil 

M.itii'Foiy,  rf'l.if,    tiMnnili,   r(«f 
winmI,  utiii  wiMkl,  lulljs  zrbra,  &c. 


lit 


f.   rf. 


7    0 


5    0       0     I  I  i 


(I'lKxl  Wo/M.— TliB  Weft  Indln  Dock  roin|iiiiiy  hiivins  approiifiillnd  ihi»  Hniith  Dock  to  llie  lliiiliir 
trmle,  nod  iiirnrdcd  other  nicllllieD  fur  ciirrviiiH  It  on  wllh  eiiHe  iiml  expeillllnii.  we  milijnlii  ii  Tiilih*  of 
tile  dock  riitei  on  wood  iiii|iiirlud.     M".  H.-Kor  Ihu  riilHH  on  iilii|H  liideii  with  wood,  Mee  itnle,  p.  AT.1. 


Oooil*  inportnl. 


Dealt, 

Aiii«ri«-in,  Ruiiian,  an<l  rninian  ilrain,  and 

dell  emU,  per  aloiitanl  liitutlred   12  feet 

loiKanl  I  I  2ihick 
S|irure  'ImI)  from  I)npher,l2  vH-t-H  per  120 
bA'mlnli  ilfttU  frnni  fnirli  in  Ihr  Malllc, 

It  1-2  an  I  3  iuchra  ihick,  14  fri:!  lung  120 

I  12  ml  2        <l(i.  iln. 

Nnnvav  anil  Swedish,  rrom  porli  in  Iho 

Niirlh  Sea, 

3-4  and  I  in.  Ihick,  under  10  (I.  InnK  I J 

—  —  10  In  12         •  - 

—  eiceedinc      12  In  14         •  — 

—  —  l4lol6         -  - 

—  —  IBtnlH  -  - 

—  —  lHln'20  •  - 

—  —             20li>3l          -  - 
I  14  inch  thick,  under  10  feft  lonK  - 

—  —  10  In  12         -  - 

—  eiceedinc     12  In  14        •  — 

—  —  14  In  18         .  - 

—  —             16  In  IH         •  - 
_           —            1«|..  20         .  - 

—  —  20  In  21         .  - 

1  1-2  and  2  in.  thick,  under  10  fl.  Innt 

—  —  10  In  12         •  - 

—  excceiiinK     12  tn  14        -  — 

—  —  14  In  10         •  - 

—  —  16  In  18         .  - 

—  —  IHIo20  .  - 

—  —  20  111  21         •  - 

2  12  and  3  in.  thick,  under  10  ft.  Inn; 

—  —  10  In  12         .  - 

—  exceeding     12  In  14        •  — 

—  —  I4tnl6         •  - 

—  —  16tnl8         .  - 

—  —  IS  In  20         •  - 

—  —  20  to  21  •  - 
Hnl  cTid<.  6  feet  and  under  ■  .  - 
Ilecll  'leili, 

3  ir.rhea  Ihick,  30  to  45  feet  lonr  each 
2  1-2    -  - 

2  1-2  and  3  22  In  30        .'  - 

2         -  — 

Battrm  fmm  ill  pnrta, 

3-1  and  1  inch  Ihick,  under  10  ft.  long  120 

—  -  10  la  12        .  - 

—  exceeding      12  In  14        •  — 

—  —  14 1"  16        .  — 

—  —  16  In  18         .  — 

—  —  18  to  20        -  — 

—  —  21         .  _ 
I  M  Inch  thick,  under  10  fi  long 

_  _  10  to  12        .  — 

—  exceeding     12  In  14        •  — 

—  —  14  In  16         •  - 

—  —  IStnlR         .  — 

—  —  IS  to  20         .  — 

—  -  21         .  _ 
1 12  and  2  in.  thick,  under  10  f!.  long 

10  In  12        .  — 


I.    d. 


9    A 
14    6 


18    0 
U    0 


fS 
6 

7 

8 

0 
10 
10 

7 

H 
10 

II    6 
13    0 


l'>  3 

n  0 

II  0 

1.1  0 

1.1  0 


20  0 

II  6 

14  6 

17  6 

20  6 

2.1  6 

2li  6 

2H  0 

6  0 

I  0 

0  10 

0  8 

0  H 

0  6 


4  10 


7  10 
S    0 


—     exceeijing 


12  to  14 
14  to  16 
1610  18 
18  tn  20 
21 


—  i    in  0 


6    0 
4    0 


I    6 

1  10 

2  2 
2    6 

2  10 

3  2 


!>  2 

2  H 

3  4 

4  0 
4  8 


4 

0 
N 
0 
ti 
6 
U 
6 
6 
9  0 
2      0 

0    4 

0   ;i 

0  2i 
0    .1 

0  2 

1  2 
1  4 
I     6 

1  10 

2  2 
2  6 
2  8 
I  H 

1  II 

2  2 
2  5 
2    8 

2  II 

3  2 
2  0 
2    4 

2  8 

3  4 

4  0 

4  8 

5  0 


Ooodi  Imporltd, 


Raltenn  fmm  all  port», 

2  |.2aiii|3ln.  Ihick,undrr  lOfl.  long  120 

—  10iol2  .  — 

—  exceeding     12  in  14  •  — 

—  —  II  In  l«  •  — 

—  —  IHInl8  •  — 

—  —  lb  In  20  •  — 

—  —  21  •  - 
22  to  30 


earh 
120 


Hallen  ends 

Paltnc  iKnirda,  not  exceeding  7  feel  -    — 

Fir.  thick  iluir Did  plank  ■  lo.id 

Kir  hnardu,  I  1-2  inch  Ihick  and  under  ■    — 

LaltlW'nfKt,  under  n  feel      •  •  •    fm. 

5  feel  md  not  exceeding;  8  feet  •    — 

Fimvnod    •  •  •  .  •    — 

Ikilki  above  24  feet  and  under  t  inch  -    — 

under  24  fei-l  ami  under  5  inch  •    — 

Nnrwrty  timber  in  ll  Iks    •  •  •  I0.1.I 

Spars  under  6  and  .ibove  4  indict  •    120 

Lince.v'inil  •  •  •    — 

Riclieiii,  under  4  inch,  24  feet  long  and 

upu.irils  •  ■  •  -120 

nniler  24  feet  long         •  -  •    — 

I'ffrs,  un.ler  21  feel  long  •  •    — 

24  111  32  ditto      •  ■  •  .    — 

ahoie  32  dittn     •  •  •  •    — 

.''pirhniizand  lOclU, one  third  moretlau 

I'fei 
(l.ik,  Africm  and  n'her 

liinher    cli 

du'v  at  I 

ni.ick  birch     .  .  .  , 

under  cover 
Wainscot  legs,  14  feel  long  (greater  kiigih 

in  propnrtinii)  ■  •  each 

.  7  feel  lnn<  •  •  •  •    — 

Oik  and  o^hiT  pliiiks  (except  fir  planka)    load 
Clap  hoards,  6  feet  long    •  •  each 

3  feel  long  •  •  •  •     — 

Ilimlspikuj  .  •  -  -120 

Spokes        ....  1,21*1 

Oar^,  under  24  feet  long     •  .  -120 

alKive  24  feet  Inin; 

Tri'emils,  2  feet  and  under  •  •  200 

ibnve  2  feet 
Staves, 

Quebec,  pipe 


in  and  n'her  fsipiare,  per  loirt  nf^ 
•harmed  vvilliK.'i'i  fi.  round,  per  > 
er  loiul  (  load  of  4U  ft.  ) 


3  to  4      each  nr.  1,200 
r2  in  2  12 


I  to  I  12     — 
hogshead        ■    .{3lo4  — 

12tn2  1.2     — 
1 1  In  I  I  2      — 
barrel  and  heading  3  tn  4  — 

2tn2  1.2     — 
1  tn  1  1-2     — 
Nnrth  American, 
puneheon  and  hogshead,  1  inch  and 
uiiler         .... 
barrel  and  heading  ditto 
Htnihurgh  anil  Baltic,  pipe 
h'tffshoad       .... 
bariel  .... 

heating  .... 

iii|>e.  ihin  1  tn  1  1.2  inch  thick 
noitshead  dilto 
barrel  and  heading  ditto 


t 

1 

Of 

I 


f.  rf. 

8  0 

10  0 

li  0 

14  0 

Hi  0 

iM  0 

pi  0 


I.  rf. 


«    0 

6    li 


0  6 

4  0 

.•■  0 

.1  0 

7  0 

10  0 

!•■  0 

7  6 

42  0 

32  0 

■1  0 

40  0 

30  0 

20  0 
III  0 

2 1  n 

3>  0 

5U  0 


6    6 


S    0 
7    0 


2  0 

0  N 

7  0 

0  3 

0  1 
6  0 

In  0 

li  0 

20  0 

1  0 
12  0 

«0  0 

5>  0 

3>  0  I 

70  0  I 

4i  0 

30  0 

m  0 

40  0  I  I 

30  0    ; 


12  0 

0  0 

7  0 

3  I) 

7  « 

10  0 

IJ  0 


I    0 


0    01 
2    0 


2    6 
4    0 


PI  .2 


>\ 


.>&. 


IS 

0 

6 

0 

12 

0 

4 

0 

40 

0 

1ft 

0 

3i 

0 

I,'. 

0 

,10 

0 

10 

0 

.•7 

« 

10 

II 

2.i 

0 

10 

0 

22 

0 

10 

0 

16 

(1 

10 

0 

>  The  quarter  to  be  calculated  from  the  date  of  the  ihip'a  breaking  bulk. 


t 


676  DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (WEST  INDIA). 


I  i 


.lit  Ki* 


1 


ir 

•r- 

1  .r 


Goods  impor'etl. 


!4fl| 


Billpt  staves,  nik  nr  ish, 
cxceetiiiK  3  1-2  inch)   „.    ^,     ,.  „ 

uuUt  112  )        '""S 

Pipe  biKinls,  3  1-2  inches  thick     - 

pihe        .....  each 
ImIT  pipe         .  .  .  - 

qmrter  pipe    .  .  .  - 

Tlie  Oiinpir.y  wiP  be  amwcnhle  for  the 
rtiimUr   of  pit-(t:v  otilv  of  lathvvcxiil^ 
and  caiimii  he  rcfipnnsii'!''  fnr  the  di- 
niensinn^  of  Quebec  or  billet  staves. 
Fir  slaves  .... 

Hr.i:Iiiij  iind  stive  rn'ts, 
not  exceeding  20  inches  long 

Flnatifi  TitnUr. 
RifUn?,  Nirhidine  m;*"*,  slijplfr:.  lavin?  un  or 
tinvini  tn  thi*  finck  ffltes,  or  tn  tfir  pnnil  : — 
East  Cmiiifn-,  Swedish  and  AniiTicaii  tim- 
ber and  nia  ts,  ptT  load 
Norway  limber              •           -  -    — 
Sfiars,  6  iiirli  and  upwards 
Rifted  timber  ft-n't- 1  from  the  river     • 
Delivering  storcil  limber  at  tlie  dock  rales* 
Enst  Country,  Swedish,  and  American  tim- 
ber and  nias's             -           -       per  laid 


fm 


1,200 


=  ?  =  s 

Of 

=  -  ^- 

m 

£ 

Oooda  imporled. 


4S  0 

3t  0 

22  0 

ti()  0 
undfr 

I  n 

n  !* 

0  4 


13    0 

12   0 


0   3 


1. 

d. 

20 

(1 

15 

(1 

in 

(1 

22 

6 

cnvi'l 

0 

fi 

0 

1 

0 

2 

6 

0 

4 

0 

0 

1 

ti 

2 

0 

1 

0 

Norway  limber  and  spars  •       per  load        0    4 

Ren'  on  <tnreil  jorula  lo  commence  from  the 

fiinl  discharjeof  (he  ship.  ;tiid  tobecliariied 

bkewise  "II  itfwdH  not  stored,   unless  they 

are  rrninvol  within  U  days  after  delivtiy 

fmni  th  •  ship 

Repiinn^  fl'iat-i  for  delivery  :— 

No  cti.ir»e  ti  be  made  during  the  1st  and  2d 

quirter*»  rent,  but  it  ihi'  coniinencemeni 

nl'te  31  quarter  Ihechir^ieltt  be    per  load        0    3 

And  ai  the  commencement  of  every  ^nr* 

reedinz  quarter  •  -        per  Inail        0     1 

Rcuii'l  mails  to  he  reckontd  tU  40  ftct  to  the 

load. 

Special  Charf^es. 

Rummasin;  timber  and  otlier  measured  wood,  as  usual  per 
ton  or  If'^il  ...... 

Deliverini  into  decked  vessels  •  .  .  . 

Sticking  detk  deals,  w/ir-n  my»irfrf  •  -  •     each 

"ik  plank  and  fir  thick  stnlT  ■  per  I'.i  I 

Sortin?  Qticliec  and  billet  staves  for  freight  •  pir  IJCO 

Ttirmiii  to  measure  for  sale  at  landing,  o;tk.  black  birdi, 

Afrit  in,  and  ntber  tiniber   -  -  -  f.er  Nnd 

Markiiis  lots  of  American  and  other  tin-'  t  piled  in  tiers 

(one  lot  to  a  tier),  or  floated  limber,  per  lot 


.4  «^tii 


^!X,X 


g 


1.  rf. 


I    0 
0    4 


Memcrniiiin  for  the  information  of  the  consignees  and  proprietors 
nfL'oofs  imporiel  in  ships  which  discharge  their  cargoes  in  the 
West  India  Dock*. 

No  «hip  is  allowed  to  break  bulk  utitil  her  rarjo  is  duly  en'ereH  : 
it  is  therefore  int|»ortant  »haf  consienees  fchoiild  sive  directions  for 
the  entry  of  their  respective  consignnienls  at  the  Cuslom-himse  as 
800I1  as  the  ship  is  reported. 

Rasrfa^e  and  present  u'^y  tie  cleared  at  the  ba^agc  warehouse  at 
the  docks,  after  exai:ii..ati'tn  by  the  revenue. 

The  oriiiinal  hllU  of  hdinj  nms*  lie  dt-posife',  when  required, 
except  \ihere  a  ])ar'  of  t tie  ff>>ols  are  inten  led  In  be  phced  under  the 
East  India  CompaTiy's  care ;  inthalcise  llie  orijinal  bill  nuist  I* 
exhibi'e.l,  and  a  true  cipv  ibere- f  dep'witiHt.  Should  the  original 
bill  have  been  previniislv  le!ivere<i  at  Ihe  Eas*  In  lia  House,  a  certi- 
fie)  copy  nui-'t  Iw  obtained  from  the  accountant  general  of  the 
Honourable  Company. 

Particular  atfcntinn  is  nerrssary  to  the  reculari'y  of  the  indorse- 
ments, a-;  the  Cnmpmy's  nflici-rs  canno*  pas*  any  I'lill  of  ladine,  on 
whicli  the  aiitliftrify  from  the  shipper  to  the  hrdler  is  not  deduced 
by  a  complete  m  I  aecum'e  chain  of  indorsement. 

Every  bill  of  la  lini  s*  ould  be  specially  indopif!.  so  as  ctearlv  to 
desiifua'p  the  par'y  to  "bo-^e  opfer  the  c»iilen'«  are  to  be  delivered. 

In  all  cn'ifs  of  infoTniali'v  in  bills  of  lading,  fmrn  "ant  <  f  iud  ire- 
ment.  ^c,  or  of  their  bein^  I'st.  application  nuist  be  mate  to  the 
court  by  letVr.  ^ta^in?  'he  ciTumstanres,  and  enelnsini  ativ  d'tci- 
men's  which  will  ^bowlt'e  title  to  tl,f  g-i  ds  ;  iu  ev.-ry  such  casetl  e 
applicant  nin>l  ensa-retn  indmmify  the  Comiiaiiy  by  l»ond,  orotliT- 
wise.  ■'s  Ihe  Court  may  dir-rt. 

When  bills  of  ladins  are  prolnced,  which  are  at  variance  with 
the  manifest,  ^^  (f>  t^e  original  con«i?nee.  the  C'^tiTpany  ^*ill  I'ot  |,as« 
any  delivery  order  fiunded  tbereou,  until  3  clear  days  shall  havt 
ela[>sed. 

Tfie  deliver)'  nf  ^oods  afloat  will  he  the  act  of  Ihe  captain  or 
olTioer  in  charse  of  the  vessel 

No  onler  can  be  reci-ived  until  Ihe  manifest  of  thpr*ar;n,  dulv  cer- 
tifiei  by  the  captain,  has  tieen  drpositei  at  the  West  India  IW-k 
House  ;  Init  'he  order*  of  'he  importers  of  all  S'wi  h  etitruste-l  to  the 
We«t  Inrlia  Dock  C'inpany's  nnnasement  ma)  then  f^e  parsed. 

When  parties  hoi  liuT  orters  for  (b  livery  fro.n  the  qmvs  wish  the 
goods  house  I  ill  thei'  o'\  n  names  or  in  (he  names  v(  other  parties. 
they  must  lol^e  the  onler  indorsed  to  that  cfllect,  and  warrauts  will 
be  granted  accoriinjly. 

All  merchandi'c  waretnii'ed  nn-^er  the  cire  of  the  West  India 
Dock  Company  is  deliverab'e  in  the  ordimiv  course  of  bitsme  s  bv 
Warrant,  witti  the  excen'ioii  of  muscovado  surir.  r-nnt*.  re'iirned 
maniificlnres,  and  r»r'ic'ps  imp  T'el  in  bul'<.  of  wbich  't'e  weighl  or 
measure  i<  liable  In  increase  or  derrea>^  fnun  nahira!  causes.  ii,d 
(fOM  Is  which  ate  lint  ti  bp  \v»relttiu«et,  or  are  intended  fnr  in>nie< 
dia'e  shipment ;  in  the  lal'er  ca«e,  tlie  iniporters  must  state  on  their 
orders  'ba'  "  wirrants  are  not  required."' 

AH  r>ods  entrusted  to  the  iininie'TieMt  of  the  East  India  C-^m- 
pany.  alth'Mish  depo-slte  t  in  the  W^-s*  India  Docks,  will  l»*  d'-livert-l 
in  'he  n«ual  course  of  Ihe  Honourable  Company's  busiiiess  by  East 
India  wa -rants. 

Tn  ficilitate  pa«iM:;  orders  and  piyinj  the  cliar*es  due  upon  the 
roods,  the  Conipmv  ^^  ill  nperi  deposit  accounts  upon  request  from 
the  merchants  as  hereieaf'T  itntire  I. 

That  the  course  ''f  bu'^ine-s.  as  respects  tfie  West  India  Dr.ck 
Compinv,  may  be  fully  nn-'ei-^'o'vl.  the  a'*en'ion  (f  inqiofer^  ari) 
purchasers  of  produce  Is  partuiilarly  retpiested  to  the  followin* 
inemoran  la  ;— 

The  West  India  Dork  warrants  for  coots  wbich  are  n«na'ly  sol  I 
without  lotting.  Will  l>e  n.arle  out  f^^r  surh  qiiai«»i'ies  as  I  ave  ^^een 
found  generally  convenient  to  the  importers.  Warran's  or  cbeqties 
for  s;inMer  quinlitles.  or  "inrle  rarka?ps,  may.  however,!*  graiileil, 
on  pa\ing  f^ir  the  ex'ra  nuniler,  it  the  ra'e«  berei-i  fixed. 

For  (foods  "hich  ire  'oi'e ?.  ma  'e  me'cbautible.  Vr  ,  the  wafnufs 
wilt  be  niade  out  as  soon  as  the  opention^  are  perforrneil.     When 


directions  from  the  importer  are  required,  notice  will  he  Riven  on 
the  Imding  accounts  ;  it  is  desirable  that  particulir  and  early  alVu- 
ti-n  should  b-  paid  to  such  notices,  and  that  the  importers  nt'coti(,n 
pepper,  or  oiher  articles  wliich  usually  require  beini;  male  nier- 
ctian'able,  flnnld  htd^e  a  ireneral  order  directing  that  oieratien l» Le 
peffnrn.e.1  to  all  their  i m ihi rt.at ions. 

The  first  wirrmts  of  Ihe  West  India  Dork  Company  will  he 
issued  to  (he  order  of  ihe  importers  or  their  assigns  (provided  ihtre 
is  I  o  a'op  upon  Ihe  gools  for  freii;hl  or  otherwise),  upon  ( ayniem  of 
the  pr.nie  rates  or  hndin?  charges. 

Such  pivments  must  inclu'Ie  all  charges  to  the  time  of  Iinu-sinr, 
anl  t|i"se  for  lotting  or  nnkin?  merchatitable  for  the  importer,  hut] 
if  the  g')ndsare  deliveralile  by  warrant,  are  not  to  include  m.t ;  J 
chirjfes  accniing  sul)sequefilly,  ami  the  rent,  must  l^.  j,:,,,}  |,y  jhe 
h"Ider«  of  the  warran's  before  delivery  of  Ihe  gonds.  The  propri- 
etors of  goods  may.  however,  clear  the  rent  and  iucideri'.Tl  cli.ir^es 
to  any  desired  date,  and  have  new  warrants  or  chuqufj  accorJ- 
iuglv. 

When  the  assignment  nr  removal  of  pirt  of  the  gf»ods  only  Is  in- 
ten 'eil,  the  warran's  or  cheques  should  be  divide*!  at  the  dotk  ImuiC 
in  I/iuton,  as  bercifier  provided. 

If  the  delivery  of  the  whole  of  the  contents  is  directed  .ir.J  ihs 
gni.,ls  are  no*  removed  within  2  days,  a  new  warrant  or  ch.^ue  fur 
the  remainder  of  ibe  oarcel  must  t)e  taken  out. 

In  the  ease  of  casks  of  liquids  used  to  till  up  others,  the  warrant 
must  U'  lo-l^e!,  nnil  the  proprietor  may  ei'lier  have  i  new  wamiit 
for  Ibe  remainder,  or  it  nny  be  delivered  (if  not  required  again  lo 
be  i>e  1  ill  the  sime  way)  to  hii  or  ter. 

When  II  e  b-i|  lei-s  of  warrants  or  cheques  are  desirous  of  as'ien- 
ini  f>ir»  of  'heir  con'enfs,  without  delivery,  lewei^rhmg,  reiioi.siiij, 
kc,  new  locnments  wdl  be  given  in  excbanire.  onlo'ginj  thenriri' 
nals.  duly  indorsed.  The  ii  dorsement  slinuld  specialty 'firtrl  the 
■'  r.nuer  m  which  the  contents  are  to  be  divided,  andr.'a'u  theimm  i 
of  Ihe  parties  in  whose  fwour  Ihe  new  vMirints  '>r  cliequet  at-c  to 
ht- Ji'iue'I.  In  the  f.dloMiug  fmn:— "Phase  to  divide  the  «iihiii;'* 
or  «  hen  part  i%  to  tie  rfelivered,  "  Deliver  (o  beirer  (sM'e  I  ow  many 
pa^kiies',  andgnnt  new  one  for  M.ite  hnw  maiiy 

park'gts)  in  fiVMur  of  one  fnr,''\T. 

Wtrnnts  mav  be  exchanged  or  divided  witju'ut  assi^nin:?  the 
goo  l«,  when  d.-sire  t  by  the  h.dder.  at  'he  Mnie  rvt  of  elinn:''. 

The  ■  ri^iiial  warrant  is  not  charged  for;  I  ut  the  chai\'.-«  for  di- 
viding or  issuing  new  documen's,  or  traiisferrii'tj,  are— For  cacb 
warrant  or  transfer. 


26  to  30  pacKares  or  quanti- 

lbs  . 
ffl  —  3ido.  . 
36  —  40  do.  . 
4 1  —  4')  do.  - 
4ti  atiil  u|nv;ir 's 
(toods  in  bulk,  per  ton 
Every  ne.w  ebefjue  gnntcd   . 


d. 
I  or  2  packages  or  quanti- 
ties -  .  .1 
3  or  4  'o.  -  .  -2 
?i  to  7  do.  -  -  -3 
S—  10  .lo.  .  .  -4 
It  —  ]^  lo.  .  .  .  r, 
IH  — 20do.  .  .  .  fi 
21— 2'ido.     .  .            -7 

If  from  the  nature  of  the  contrvct  between  Ihe  sellt  r  and  litiycr, 
reueiihing.  S:e.  may  In-  necessary,  the  uamiits  slmub'  Le  ('epositcit 
indorse  I  with  direciituts  *'»  that  eft'ert.  aint  new  warrants  will  Im 
issneil.  containing  the  laidJng  weights  an  1  reweiglils,  a.s  wwn  as  llie 
operattiMis  are  comileViJ. 

When  iny  alteration!*,  sticb  as  repicking.  ftc  are  lo  be  nrnleict 
cept  «  licH  j)repTaMry  to  iinnielinte  deliveiv),  Ibe  uanariismusi  l« 
I'viget ;  and  otlicps,  lepresenling  the  goods  correctly,  isnued  in  llie 
E.an  e  niainer. 

The  wa«-r»n»«  must  likewise  be  Ind*  d  m  givirs-  or  Irrs  to  vnt.hiit 
if  imniediite  shipment  is  not  intended,  new  warruiis  will  I.e  issueJ 
as  nviii  a»  the  cisks  aro  refilb'd. 

In  the  3  'a^t  meiiiioue  I  cases  the  charges  for  perforiniitg  the  opera- 
tion* idc'ude  the  ixpeise  of  the  new  warr  iii's. 

When  warrants  or  cheques  are  lost  oi  mi«liid,tle  Conipary  rc- 


•  If  not  remove  t  within  2  ti  les  if'er  beioir  br^urht  for  deliverv,  to  l;echarg  «i  jwr  !i  le  per  b'al  2<K  ■  *• 

1  Wirrari**  will  be  ?nnV  I.  b  i^ever.  at  thi-  .leMre  of  the  i  r-ij.'ifor,  for  .'yr  «ool  iniie.rte.(  fr-ni  the  East  Iu4l^  or  any  article  that 
an  tw  if  jorated  into  distinct  iDd  corresponJiiij$  parcels,  nn  litipayinjf  the  <  ipenses  of  making  such  allotmeut. 


I   ' 


INDIA). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


577 


c  5  tj  " 


3 


mencp  fntin  the 
111(1  tnliechArae-l 
■eil,  unless  lliry 
rs  alter  lielivciy 

ne  the  lat  and  2'l 
■  coiiiinenci'mcnt 
p^etttbe    pprloail 
Mit  (if  every  ivif- 
per  lalil 
at  40  fut  (0  the 


0    3 
0    I 


t.d. 


loJ  Chariits. 

r measured  » ool,  as  usual  |icr 


0    6 

oil  Iff  rf  •  -  -     "fit    0    I 

'ck  slulT  -  per  l''Vl    0    4 

,vcs  for  freijht  •  i«r  IJtiO 

8  at  landin;,  ixik,  lilack  lurch, 
fier  lunil 
irid  nther  tin'"   r  piled  in  liers 
rf  limber,  per  lot 


7    0 
I    0 


0   4 


rare  required,  notice  will  be  f;iven  an 

lesiralile  that  psrticulir  ami  early  alVn. 

mticrs,  and  llial  the  inipnrlers  "I  miii,n, 

hich  usually  require  beius  nialp  nitr- 

iieral  order  directing  tlial  o|  eralion  In  Ic 

rtatinns. 

:  West   India  Dnrk   Conipany  will  be 

ipnrters  or  llieir  assiina  linivlilp'l  thiK 

r  freiehl  or  otherwise),  upon  |  jynitnl  of 

•harsps. 

luile  all  eharises  lo  llie  time  of  liniwnt, 

lin?  merchantable  f.ir  the  in.porler,  l.ut, 

by  warrant,  are  tiot  In  inclu'lr  iti.t;- 
ntly,  and  the  rent,  inns'  Ir  [aid  t,y  the 
:)re  delivery  nf  Ihe  eni»l?.  Tlip  propri. 
■r,  clear  the  rent  and  inridenMl  cli.\r?r» 

lave  new  warrants  or  cht(|uii  accorJ- 

renioval  nf  part  nf  the  ennds  inly  is  in- 
Lpips  should  be  divi.leil  at  the  dctk  Imube 

Inle  of  Ihe  contents  is  dirrolpd  ar.l  th« 
lin  2  days,  a  new  warrant  or  ch.que  fur 
must  be  taken  nut. 

uids  usprl  In  fill  up  nlhers.  the  warrant 
pij.rietor  mav  ei'her  i.nve  .i  new  warrsiit 
[•  lie  di  liviTed  (if  not  reipiircJ  again  lo 
liisnrler. 

-rail's  nr  cheipies  are  dciirons  nf  as-ien- 

i'limil  detin-rv,  lewei.'lniij, ri'lio-.Miii, 

eivtn  in  pxct.anire.  nnhi 'juiz 'liedniri- 

.'orscnient  Oi- nil   specially  ■lircrt  llip 

's  in-  lo  le  diviilel,  andr-'a'e  llieiiaili  I 

IIP  tlip  new  w  uTiTils  'ir  cheque*  aT  t<i 

If -rni:— "I'liase  to  divi'lp  'lie  ttilljin;'' 

d,  "Deliver  to  lieirerls'a'i-  InivniJiiT 

OIK-  f'ir(,i.iie  hiivv  luaiiy 

rue  for,''  ^■p. 

ircl  nr  divi.^nl   wiiliont  assijnin?  Ilie 

i.ilder.  at  'lie  ttinie  rre  of  i-tnisrp. 

jl  rliar'cd  for;  tut  the  elmrii-s  fur  di- 

inien's,  or  transferrintfi  are— For  each 


I  M  to  30  pacVarps  or  qiisnli- 

lies   *  ■  •   fi 

|:<i_n-,,!o.  -        .       .  f 
M  —  411  .'0.  •        -       •I" 

41--  4->'!o.    .  •  -11 

I  411  and  npivar's  -  ■  I-' 

I  (toelsiu  bulk,  per  Ion  •  i 
m-  .  I  Every  new  cbiciupei-itilrd  •  i 
loulrart  between  the  sellir  ami  lan-fr, 
■■ssarv.  Il-P  wanaiils  slioiil'  bi-  ('epnMli-.l 
That  eirer'.  anil  npw  varrauis  "ill  bo 
1;  weights  an  1  reweii;lilj,  .a.s  soon  as  tlia 

.1  as  rpparkinif.  he.  are  to  bp  mule  in 
line  liale  delivpivl,  llie  wariantsniiisl  « 

lliiif;  Ihe  goods  correctly,  issued  i"  "* 

|?p  l.p  lodi  d  on  nivirir  orlrni  to  val.b'il 
intended,  new  warnnls  will  l:r  i»neJ 

les'lhpcharsps  for  pprforniimtlipnp'"- 

■  lie  ne^v  warr  in'^. 

Is  are  lost  01  n.islsid,  tie  Pomparyrc 


lii  Ihe  Ea>t  \oiltt,  or  my  article  thai 
■  allot  incut. 


^ire  ttiAt  tticy  should  be  advertised  in  the  PitUie  ^srfyrr,  the  piper 
cnnlainini;  Ihe  adverliseineni,  and  an  en^ai^einent  to  mdemnify  the 
Company,  by  bond  or  otherwise,  to  be  enclosed  vs'ith  the  a)iplicaiion 
for  duplicates.  The  new  doeuniputs  i,ot  to  be  issued  (unless  the 
original  shall  be  found  and  delivereil  up)  until  7  clear  days  shall 
jiAve  elapsed  from  the  dale  of  nolije  bv  adverlisenient.  IJ'poii  no- 
tice of  the  loss,  Ihe  ^oods  will  be  slopped  ;  an  1  the  original  d.icument 
canon  1.0 account  lie  acu^d  upon.  When  E.vst  Imlia  warrants  are 
Iftiit,  the  notice  shniitJ  be  given  to  the  Honourable  Company's  ware- 
house  keeper- 

Irreenlariliea  in  Ihe  indorsements  lessen  the  security  of  the  propri* 
p'nrs  of  gooiis,  and  render  the  documents  iiicouifilete  as  authorities. 
Xfie  attention  ol  the  liolilers  is  therefore  particularly  called  l:i  that 
imini,  to  prevent  Ihe  inipelinicnls  which  mint  otherwise  arise  to  the 
fepilar  despatch  nf  business. 

Aav  a'tenipt  to  remove  such  impediments  by  indorsing  any  war- 
rant, 'nrili-r,  or  cheque  without  due  authorily,even  althoin^h  no  fraud 
may  be  intended,  will  be  iiu-ariably  noticed  in  Ihe  most  serious  man- 
Ofrhy  the  directors  of  the  West  India  Dock  Comiiany. 

Forms  on  which  persons  may  be  authorised  to  siiin 'for  others,  may 
be  ol'laiued  in  t'he  general  ntlice  at  til-'  dock  house  :  and  as  no  signa- 
Inre  but  Ihil  of  Ihe  Jiarty  named  on  the  warrant,  delivery  onler,  or 
cheque,  can  be  acted  tipon,  when  i;oods  are  made  deliverable  to 
crJer,  persons  so  authorised  should  a.lbere  to  Ihe  following  form  :— 
"  For  Inanie  or  firm.) 
(Signature  of  the  person  authorised.)** 

flfponf  .4cf(7wnf*  may  be  opened  svith  such  deposits  aslhemcr- 
clnnts think  proper;  sshen  the  balance  is  rediiceil  below  lot.  a  fur- 
ther deposit  must  be  made^  lOf.  being  the  smallest  sum  which  can  be 
ttceived  at  a  time. 


Parties  having  deposit  acrounts  with  the  Company,  must  transmit 
a  note  of  advice  on  the  pnijier  form  with  each  deiHisi',and  it  will  be 
necessary  that  they  should  iuvariably  stale  on  their  orders  or  war- 
rants whom  Ihe  char.;t-s  are  to  be  paid  by,  thus: — 

"  Clia  ses  to  Ihe  (Jae)  to  our  acco-ant.  fSi/nilnre.)" 

Or,  "  Charges  lo  be  |aid  by  lite  holder,  (.Signature,)'' 

Hy  opening  such  accounts,  llie  business  of  merchants  with  the 
Cnnijiaiiy,  par'icul.irly  where  goods  are  upni  rent,  is  much  facili- 
tated, "rhe  jirnper  firms  and  pass  books  may  be  obtained  on  appli- 
cation at  the  dock  house. 

Ortitri  lor  Kx'rn  fl'-rfc.— The  char:;ps  for  repackin-r,  or  prttjiaring 
fir  exliort.itiun,  ami  all  work  not  ciinprised  in  these  Tables,  will  lie 
fise.l  from  lime  to  lime,  w  itli  n-fen-nce  to  the  cost  of  labour  and  ma- 
terials. No  such  work,  however,  can  be  done  but  by  the  order  of 
Ihe  proprietors  of  etx'ds,  or  piirtips  duly  authorised  by  them.  Tht> 
warrants,  or  other  documents,  must  llie'ref- re  be  produced,  lo  show 
their  authority,  except  for  t-as'ini;  of  wine,  and  sampling  wine  and 
spirits;  in  these  cases  the  number  of  the  w.uranl  must  be  inserted 
on  the  order. 

The  charges  under  this  head  must  be  paid  by  the  parlies  giving  the 
order  or  clearing  the  gooiis. 

li(Kids  jn-epand  f<rr  Shipment. — When  goods  housed  in  Ihe  im- 
port wart-houS'  s  are  prepared  for  shipment,  and  are  not  taken  away 
svilhin  the  fixed  number  of  days,  they  will  be  rehoused  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  proprietor,  and  th  ■  charge  for  such  relvusal,  and  any 
additional  rent  which  may  have  accrued,  must  be  paid  before 
delivery. 

The  lime  .allowed  to  elapse  before  rehousing,  or  restowin:?,  is  u 
follows:  mahogany  and  ollu-r  measurpd  wood,  4  days;  dye  wofids, 
and  all  other  goods,  7  clear  days:  when  Ihe  export  vt-svl  loads  in 
the  docks,  the  time  will  be  extended  tu  Ihe  date  of  her  departure. 

2.  London  Docks. — These  were  the  next  undertaking  of  this  sort  set  on  foot  in  the 
Thames.  They  are  situated  in  Wapping,  and  were  principally  intended  for  the  reception 
of  ships  laden  with  wine,  brandy,  tobacco,  and  rice.  The  western  dock  covers  a  space  of 
above  20  acres  •,  and  tho  new  or  eastern  dock  covers  about  7  acres.  The  tobacco  dock  lies 
between  the  above,  and  exceeds  1  acre  in  extent,  being  destined  solely  for  the  reception  of 
tobacco  ships.  The  entire  space  included  within  the  outer  dock  wall  is  71  acres  and  3  roods. 
The  warehouses  are  capacious  and  magnificent.  The  great  tobacco  warchou.sc,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  tobacco  dock,  is  the  largest,  finest,  and  most  convenient  building  of  its  sort  in  the 
world.  It  is  calculated  to  contain  24,000  hhds.  of  tobacco,  and  covers  the  immense  space 
of  near_y?j)e  acres !  There  is  also  a  very  large  tobacco  warehouse  on  the  south  side  of  the  to- 
bacco dock.  These  warehouses  are  wholly  under  the  management  of  the  olTiccrs  of  customs; 
the  Dock  Company  having  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  them,  save  only  to  receive  the  rent 
accruing  upon  the  tobacco  deposited  in  them.  The  vaults  are  under  the  tobacco  and  other 
warehouses ;  they  include  an  area  of  about  ISJ-  acres,  and,  after  allowing  for  gangways, 
&c.,  have  stowage  for  56,000  pipes  of  wine  and  spirits !  These  docks  were  opened  in  1805. 
.Ml  ships  bound  for  the  Thames,  laden  with  wine,  brandy,  tobacco,  and  rice  (except  ships 
from  the  East  and  West  Indies),  were  obliged  to  unload  in  them  for  the  space  of  31  years  : 
but  this  monopoly  expired  in  January,  1826  ;  and  the  use  of  the  docks  is  now  optional. 

The  only  entrances  to  the  London  Docks  were,  until  lately,  by  the  biisins  at  Hern.itage 
and  Wapping.  Recently,  however,  another  entrance  has  been  completed  from  old  Shadwi^ll 
Dock,  through  what  was  formerly  Milkyard,  to  the  eastern  dock.  This  new  entrance  is  i 
of  a  inile  lower  down  than  Wapping  entrance,  and  is  a  most  material  improvement. 

The  capital  of  the  Company  amounts  to  3,238,310/.  ^s.  lOd,  A  considerable  portion  of 
this  vast  sum,  and  of  a  further  sum  of  700,000/.  borrowed,  was  required  for  the  purchase  of 
the  houses,  about  1 ,300  in  number,  that  occupied  the  site  of  the  docks.  The  present  dividend 
is  2^  per  cent.,  and  a  100/.  share  is  worth  about  55/  10s.  The  Board  of  Directors  consists 
of  25  members,  of  whom  the  Lord  Mayor,  as  conservator  of  the  river  Thames,  is  one. 

The  Regulations  to  be  ob.icrvcd  by  Ships  in  Ihe  different  Docks  being  very  much  alike,  as  are  also  ths 
rezuliitioiis  as  to  loading  and  unloading,  witrlting  hours,  tec,  it  seems  unnecessary,  liaving  already 
given  tliosu  issued  by  the  West  India  Dock  Company,  to  do  mure  ilian  refer  tu  tlieiu. 

Tonnage  Rates. 

Vi;ssel3  are  not  permitted  to  leave  the  dock  until  the  tonnage  dues  and  other  expenses  have  been 
pii'l;  for  which  purpose  tlie  register  must  he  produced  at  the  siiperinlendenl's  ollii  e,  it'  Hritisli,  or  a 
tfttilicate  of  iidmeasiirenient  l>y  the  proper  ollicer  of  the  customs,  if  foreign  ;  when  a  pass  will  ho 
prantiMJ,  which  must  lie  lodged  with  the  dock  master  on  leaving  the  dock. 

f'lrsf  Cfns.s'.— Vessels  arriving  from  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  Isle  of  Man,  Jersey,  Guernsey, 
.MiliTiicy,  Sark,  or  other  European  port  outside  tho  Baltic,  between  tlie  North  Cape  and  llshant 
(llainbiirgh  excepted,  see  Second  Cla.is).  with  liberty  to  reload  for  any  port,  for  every  register  ton  of 
the  vessel  til/. ;  ami  rent,  atler  I  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  if  cargo  discharged  hy  own  crew  ;  from 
tlieilutiioftinaldischargi!,  if  cargo  dischirged  hy  the  Uoek  Company,  \d.  per  reL'ister  ton  p-^r  week.  If 
with  part  nf  their  cargoes,  for  every  ton  of  goods  laniled,  Orf. ;  and  rent,  after  one  week  I'rom  date  of 
entrance,  Irf.per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels /oariiHif  for  any  of  those  places,  not  having  previously  discharged  their  cargoes  in  tlie  docks, 
for  every  register  toa  of  the  vessel,  (td. ;  and  rent,  after  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance.  Id.  per  register 
ton  per  week. 

Strand  Ctas,^.— Vessels  nrrii'in^  from  Hamburgh,  with  liberty  to  reload,  for  every  register  ton  of  tho 
vessel,  6(/. ;  and  rent,  after  (i  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week 

Vessels  loading  for  Hainlmrgh,  not  having  previously  discharged  their  cargoes  in  the  docks,  for 
ev^  y  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  Cd. ;  aiiil  rent,  after  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  Id.  per  register 
ton  per  week. 

Tliiri  C/os».— Vessels  arriving  from  any  port  in  the  Mediterranean,  with  liberty  to  reload  for  any 
port,  fur  every  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  Od. ;  and  rent,  after  0  weeks  from  date  of  entrance.  Id.  per 
reglrter  ton  per  week. 
;  Vessels  hading  for  any  port  in  the  Mediterranean,  not  having  previously  discharged  their  cargoes  in 

Vol.  1.-3  C  73 


tif 


678 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


^   ■* 


I 


C3 


C.3 


I       11 


i/'      \ 


ir- 


1      ,  i 

! 
I 


I 


i 


the  docks,  for  every  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  9d. ;  and  rent,  after  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  Ij, 
per  register  ton  per  week. 

Fourth  C7fl««.— Vessels  arriving  from  any  other  port  or  place  whatsoever  (with  the  exception  nf 
those  hereafter  enumerated),  witli  liberty  to  relnud,  for  every  register  ton  of  the  vcssi'l,  s,/, . 
anil  rent,  after  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  if  cargo  discharged  by  own  crew ;  from  date  of  final 
discharge,  if  cargo  discharged  by  Dock  Company,  id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  Uiudivg  fir  any  other  port  or  place  whatsoever  (with  the  exception  of  those  hereafter  enu. 
meraled),  not  having  previously  discharged  their  cargoes  in  the  dock,  for  every  ntgister  ton  of  the 
vessel, !)(/.;  and  rent,  after  4  weeks  from  date  of  entrance  Id.  per  register  ton  p.  r  week. 

>.Vcf;)<iflns.— Vessels  from  Spain,  laden  with  cork  or  wool,  for  every  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  6(/.- 
and  rent,  after  the  e.xpiration  of  3  weeks,  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  to  or  from  the  whale  fisheries,  for  every  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  \a. ;  and  rent,  after  the 
e.Tpiration  of  6  weeks.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week ;  for  every  tun  of  oil  delivered  into  craft,  H. 

Vessels  (excepting  coasters,  for  which  see  First  Class),  landing  part  of  their  caniues,  for  evi-ryion 
of  goods  landed,  'Jd. ;  and  rent,  after  1  week  from  date  of  entrance.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  loading  pari  of  their  cargoes,  for  every  ton  of  goods  taken  on  board  from  llie  quays  or  by 
craft,  (Id  ;  and  ren*,  after  1  week  from  date  of  entrance.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  two  thirds  laden  with  corn  will  be  charged  dock  dues  on  the  proportion  which  the  oilies- 
part  of  the  cargo  bears  to  the  register  tonnage. 

No  tonnage  rates  will  be  cliarged  on  vessels  wholly  corn-laden,  hut  they  will  be  charged  for  dockin" 
and  undocking  as  under . — 

Vessels  of  100  tons  and  upwards,  W.  Is. 
Do.  imder  100  tons,  10s.  Cd. 
with  liberty  to  remain  in  the  dock,  without  ftirther  charge,  for  24  hours  after  final  discharge,    Rent, 
after  the  expiration  of  Iliat  peric  d.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week.    Should  the  vessel  load  oiitwanls] 
the  usual  t<mnage  rates,  according  to  the  port  of  destination,  will  be  charged,  instead  of  the  mie  I'oj 
docking  and  undocking. 

Vessels  coal  laden,  for  docking  and  undocking,  2U,  oach;  for  every  ton  of  coals  landed,  6(/.;  fot 
every  ton  of  coals  transhipped,  (id. ;  and  rent,  after  1  week.  Id.  per  register  ton  per  week. 

Vessels  which  enter  the  docks  light,  and  load  out,  pay  dues  according  to  their  ports  of  destination, 
instead  of  tliose  on  light  vessels. 

l.iulil  vessels  entering  the  dock  to  lie  up,  for  every  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  (id. ;  and  rent,  afit'r4 
weeks  from  date  of  entrance.  Id.  per  register  Ion  per  week. 

Wlienever  required,  the  (Company  will  discharge  tlie  cargo  of  a  vessel  upon  the  following  terms;  viz. 
Cargoes  consi.-ting,  either  in  the  whole  or  in  part,  of  hogsheads  or  tierces  of  sugar  (including  sUii 

cooperage),  l,s-.  (Id.  per  register  ton. 
Cargoes  consisting  of  sugar  in  chests,  5  cwt.  and  upwards  (including  ship  cooperage).  It.  3d. per 

register  ton. 
Cargoes  consisting  of  sugar  in  hags  or  chests,  under  5  cwt.,  or  other  goods  (not  being  oil  direct  from 

tile  fisheries,  tallow,  hemp,  ashes,  corn,  wood  goods,  pitch,  tnr,  hay,  or  straw),  cnnlaiiicil  in  ('a,«|<s 

bales,  sercms,  chests,  cases,  bags,  baskets,  mats,  bundles,  or  similar  packages ;  also,  spelter  or  meUI 

in  pigs,  bars,  rods,  plates,  &c.,  9d.  per  register  ton. 
Cargoes  consisting  of  mahogany  tindier,  or  other  wood,  in  Iocs,  Is.  9d.  per  register  tim. 
Blue  gum  wood,  or  large  timber,  additional  for  every  load  delivered,  (id. 
(Cargoes  consisting  of  hemp  only,  or  merchandise,  in  bulk,  U.  per  register  ton. 
Cargoes  consisting  of  tallow  only,  (id.  per  register  ton. 

Mixed  cargoes;  hemp.  Is.  M.  per  ton  of  goods;  tallow,  6d.  per  ditto;  ashes,  Cd.  per  ditto. 
Mixed  cargoes,  part  being  in  bulk,  on  the  latter,  Ik.  per  ton  of  goods. 

(No  charge  made  for  excess  beyond  the  register  tonnage. 

Vessels  which  leave  the  docks  for  repairs  are  not  charged  rent  while  absent. 

Memoranda. — Registers  of  ships  inwards  and  outwards  are  kept  in  the  superintendent's  ofBce. 

The  wicket  gateii  at  the  north-west  principal  entrance,  at  Wapping,  and  on  the  east  side  oftiie 
eastern  d^'ck,  are  o.iened  and  closed  as  under  : — 

From  2'i>l  S  -pt.  to  '20th  Oct.,  both  inclusive,  opened  at  6  o'clock,  closed  at  6  o'clock 
21st  Oct.       20th  March  —  7  _  6     — 

Visiters  are  not  admitted  on  Sundays. 

No  person  is  permitted  to  quit  a  vessel  after  the  wicket  gate  is  closed. 

The  hours  for  the  ciunmencement  of  business,  and  opening  and  closing  the  harrier  gate,  are. 
From  Ist  March  to  3l8t  Oct.,  both  inclusive,  opened  at  8  o'ch>ck,  closed  at  4  o'clock. 
Ist  Nov.        28th  Feb.  —  9  —  4      _ 

Lodgmevt  of  Manifist.—MaatPts  of  ships  are  required  to  deliver  at  the  superintcndenl's  office,  williiii 
12  hours  after  the  arrival  of  the  vessel  in  the  dock,  or  reporting  at  the  Ciistfuii-hmise,  (wliithsliall 
first  happen,)  a  true  copy  of  the  manifest  or  report  of  the  cargo,  signed  by  themselves. 

IHncliariie  of  fesscis.— Vessels  are  not  to  break  bulk,  without  the  permission  of  the  superiiiteiideiu, 
until  the  whole  of  the  cargo  has  been  entered  at  the  Custom-house. 

Upon  application  of  the  masK^r,  the  Company  will  pass  a  warehousing  entry  for  such  snods  as  llie 
owners  or  consignees  may  have  neglected  or  refused  to  enter  williin  18  hours;  ami  will  aUiiluiiil 
goods  not  entered  within  7  days  ;  both  periods  to  be  computed  from  the  date  of  the  reiicrl. 

Labourers  or  hiinpers  are  not  allowed  to  work  on  board  vessels,  on  the  quays,  or  in  the  wiirclidiisos, 
unless  encaged  by  the  Oimpany  ;  but  may  be  hired  of  the  Company,  to  work  under  the  ilincii hi.hhI 
responsibility  of  the  master,  the  charge  being  3s.  6d.  per  day  for  each  man  :  and  should  not  a  sulliiiiMit 
number  he  employed  for  the  timely  discharge  of  the  cargo,  additional  hands  will  be  provided  h)  tlie 
Company,  at  tiie  expense  of  the  vessel. 

The  decks  are  to  be  speedily  cleared  of  such  articles  as  may  impede  the  discharge  ;  and  the  iii;isicr, 
mate,  or  some  person  duly  authorised  by  the  owners,  is  to  remain  on  boiird  duriiiL'  the  unidadiii;! 

Slops  for  Fruirlit..—Vtum\»  landed  will  be  detained  for  the  freight,  on  due  m^ice  in  wriinii!,  hj  lliR 
owner,  master,  or  other  person  interested  therein;  and  will  not  be  delivered,  nor  warrants  I'ranl.'.l 
for  them,  until  orders  shall  hav(!  been  given  for  the  release  of  the  goods,  or  the  freit'lit  dep.isiled  willi 
the  Company;  nor  can  a  stop  be  received  after  the  goods  liavu  been  transferred  in  the  Cumpaiiy's 
books,  or  a  warrant  lias  been  uranted  for  them. 

(■oods  delivered  into  craft  to  b(^  landed  elsewhere,  cannot  be  detained  for  freight. 

Vessels  leaving  the  dock  for  repairs  are  not  charged  rent  whilst  alisiiit ;  nor  is  any  charge  made  for 
ballast,  chalk,  or  flints,  received  from  or  delivered  into  craft. 

Water  is  supplied  from  the  reservoir,  and  delivered  into  the  ships'  boats,  at  Is.  per  ton,  on  aiipli- 
cation  to  the  dock  iiinster. 

Abstracts  of  cargoes,  for  the  purpose  of  making  up  freight  accounts,  will  he  supplied  on  ap  litaliou 
at  the  comptroller's  oflice,  at  the  fidlowing  cinirge: —  s.  d. 

If  the  goods  have  10  marks  or  umler       -  -  -  .  -  .  -20 

—  11  to  20  marks 3   0 

—  21  and  upwards,  2d.  each  mark  or  parcel. 


ONDON). 

weeks  from  date  of  entrance,  Id, 

liatsnever  (with  the  exci'ptinn  nf 
regisler  ton  of  the  vcssi'i,  9,;  . 
by  own  crew ;  from  date  of  final 

i\  per  week. 

exception  of  those  hereafter  cnu, 

otk,  for  every  register  ton  of  ibe 

(,'isler  ton  P'  r  week. 

ry  register  ton  of  the  vessel,  6<;  • 

ek. 

e  vessel,  1*.;   and  rent,  after  the 

of  oil  delivered  into  craft,  (id. 

art  of  their  ciirifucs,  fur  every  ton 

III.  per  register  ton  per  weelj. 

i>n  (III  houril  from  the  quays  ur  by 

ister  ton  per  week. 

)n  the  proportion  which  the  oilio:- 

It  they  will  be  charged  for  docking; 


mira  after  final  discharge.  Rent, 
Should  the  vessel  load  outwanls] 
;  charged,  instead  of  the  rate  tut 

very  ton  of  coals  landed,  61/.;  fof 

rccister  ton  per  week. 

ding  to  their  ports  of  destination, 

f  the  vessel,  <i(2.;  and  rem,  after  4 

isel  upon  the  following  terms ;  \k. 
ir  tierces  of  sugar  (including  sl.iji 

jding  ship  cooperage),  U.id.ftj 

ST  goods  (not  being  oil  direct  from 
lay,  or  straw),  contained  in  casks, 
ir  packages ;  also,  speller  or  mm! 

M.  per  register  ton. 
I,  firf. 
igistcr  ton. 

) ;  ashes,  6rf.  per  ditto. 

I. 

hilc  absent. 

the  superintendent's  office. 
ping,  and  on  the  east  side  of  tlie 

ock,  closed  at  6  o'clock 

—  6     — 

)sed. 

nsing  the  harrier  pate,  are, 

lock,  closed  at  4  o'clock. 

—  4      — 

the  superintendent's  office,  wilhin 
It  the  Cusloni-hiiuse,  (wliiclisliail 
lied  liy  tlieinselves. 
permission  of  the  superintendent, 

isinp  entry  for  such  moils  as  tlic 
thill  IM  hours;  and  will  iilsiilund 
the  date  of  ilie  reiicrt. 
the  <iiiays,  or  in  the  w^iri'lidiise?. 
,  to  work  uiidi'r  the  iliriTiiiiii  ami 

I  man  :  and  slii'iilil  noi  a  siiliidiMit 
lal  hands  will  be  pruvldcd  liy  ilie 

le  the  discliarce  ;  and  Ilic  iiiasler, 

II  lioiird  ilurliiL'  the  niiiiiailini: 
,011  due  nnliie  III  writiii).',  Iiylhn 
•  delivered,  nor  warrants  L'ritiil.il 
ods,  or  the  freiiilil  dc|ii!Sil('il  nilli 

eon  traiisff  rreil  in  tlie  Cuniiiaiiy's 

iiieil  for  freight. 

niriii ;  nor  is  any  charge  made  for 

ps'  boats,  at  Is.  per  ton,  on  apiili- 

3,  will  he  supplied  on  ap  ilkaiiou 
s.  d. 
.    2    0 
.    3   0 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


579 


Bteam  boats  are  furnished  by  the  Company,  in  certain  cases,  to  vessels  (not  laden  with  corn  or 
timber)  proceeding  to  these  docks,  arriving  from  North  and  South  America,  the  West  India  Islands, 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  all  ports  to  the  eastward  thereof,  upon  application  to  the  secretary,  tliu 
superintendent,  or  the  agent  of  the  Company. 

Regulations  regarding  Oooda  and  the  Rates  and  Charges  thereon. 

Bert  is  charged  on  goods  from  the  day  on  which  the  importing  vessel  breaks  bulk.  If  goods  be 
landed  by  a  duty  paid,  a  sight,  or  a  warehousing  entry,  and  taken  away  within  3  days,  no  rent  is  pay- 
ahle;  but  if  they  1 ''.main  on  the  quay  after  that  time,  quay  rent  or  watching  is  charged  for  such 
longer  period. 

Ooodii  landed  by  Dock  Orifer.— Before  goods  which  have  been  landed  by  the  Company  for  want  of 
entry,  can  be  delivered  or  transferred,  the  bill  of  lading  must  be  lodged  at  the  warelioiise,  and  the 
guilds  entered  at  the  Custom-house  :  and  such  goods  are  subject  to  an  additional  charge  for  iiorlerage. 

Orders  for  transfer  or  delivery  (the  forms  of  which  maybe  obtained  at  the  comptroller's  ollice), 
unless  the  goods  are  to  be  delivered  from  the  landing  scale,  cannot  be  accepted  until  the  goods  have 
been  landed. 

Neither  can  orders  for  transfer  be  received,  until  the  charges  due  on  the  goods  composing  the  whole 
of  the  entry  have  been  paid;  goods  landed  under  the  consolidated  rate,  and  wines  and  spirits, 
excepted. 

Orders  for  delivery  cannot  be  acted  upon,  unless  signed  by  the  party  in  whose  name  the  goods  stand 
in  the  Company's  books,  or  by  a  person  duly  authorised  to  sign  them  :  and  should  any  interlineation, 
erasure,  or  alteration  have  been  made  in  an  order,  it  can  only  be  accepted  with  the  initials  of  the 
party  set  against  such  alteration. 

Payment  of  Charges  and  Deposit  .Accounts.— The  only  persons  authorised  to  receive  money  are,  the 
collectors  at  the  superintendent's  office,  and  wine  and  .spirit  department ;  the  ilepiily  warehouse-keeper 
,11  the  tobacco-warehouse  ;  the  dock-master  (for  water  furnished  to  vessels  in  the  dock)  ;  and  the 
warehouse-keeper  at  the  eastern  dock ;  except  for  consolidated  rates,  which  may  be  paid  at  the  Lon- 
don Dock  House,  in  New  Bank  Buildings. 

Deposit  accounts  may  be  opened  at  the  superintendent's  office. 

Ifthe  order  does  not  specify  the  p;irty  by  whom  the  charges  due  at  the  date  of  the  order  or  transfer 
arc  to  be  paid,  the  amount  thereof  will  be  placed  to  the  deposit  account  of  the  party  transferring. 

IVarrants  and  7>an.»/ers.— Warrants  for  goods  in  general,  are  granted  on  written  application  at  the 
dock,  in  favour  of  such  person  as  the  party  in  whose  name  they  stand  in  the  Compaiiy'.s  hooks  may 
direct.  The  first  are  issued  free  of  charge  ;  on  all  subsequent  warrants  and  transfers,  the  charges  are 
as  follow :— 


s. 

d. 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

» 

0 

4 

0 

5 

0 

6 

0 

7 

For  each  warrant  or  transfer  containing 
2t)  to  30  packages    -  -  - 

31— 35  - 
36  — 40  - 
41— 45         - 

46  and  upwards       -  -  . 

and  for  goods  in  bulk,  per  ton 


s.  d. 
0  8 
0  9 
0  10 

0  11 

1  0 
0    3 


For  each  warrant  or  transfer  containing 

1  or  2  packages    -  .  - 

3-   4        - 

5to  7        - 

8-10        - 
11-15        - 

16-20        .... 
21-25        - 

The  contents  of  one  warrant  may  be  divided  into  warrants  for  smaller  quantities,  at  the  will  of  the 
holder. 

Whenever  housing,  taring,  weighing,  dipping,  rehousing,  or  counting  of  goods  is  required,  the 
operation  must  be  performed  before  a  warr^nt  can  be  issued;  and  if  reweighing,  &.c.  be  required,  a 
new  one  must  be  obtained. 

Applications  for  duplicate  warrants,  in  consequence  of  the  originals  being  lost  or  mislaid,  must  be 
.iddressed  to  the  secretary,  at  the  London  Dock  House,  who  will  make  known  the  conditions  on 
which  the  Company  will  isstie  them. 

IVei(rhts  of  Ooods. — Duplicates  are  furnished,  upon  reasonable  cause  for  requiring  them  being 
assisned. 

Second  Sumples of  Oooih.— Orders  for  second  samples,  if  the  goods  arc  for  "exportation  only,"  are 
issaed  at  the  comptroller's  oflice,  the  proprietor  paying  the  customs'  duty  thereon. 

Kmptij  Casks  and  Packages. — If  not  removed  froii'i  the  dock  within  7  days,  are  sold  by  the  Company, 
and  the  proceeds  paid  to  the  owners,  after  deducting  the  sale  charges  and  other  expenses. 

Eiplanation  of  the  following  Table  of  Rates  and  Charges  on  Goods  imported  into  the  London  Docks. 

The  consolidated  rate  is  charged  upon  the  nett  weight,  and  includes  landing,  wharfage,  and  housing, 
or  piling  on  the  quay,  coopering,  sampling,  weighing  for  delivery,  delivery,  and  12  weeks'  rent  from 
ihe  date  of  the  importing  ship  breaking  bulk  ;  which  may  be  paid  on  each  mark  separately,  and  will 
attach  unless  notice  be  given  to  the  contrary,  prior  to  final  weighing  or  gauging. 

The  import  rate  is  charged  upon  the  gross  weight,  and  includes  landing,  wharfage,  and  housing,  or 
piling  on  the  quay,  or  loading  from  the  landing  scale,  and  furnishing  the  landing  weights  or  tales ;  to 
be  paid  before  the  delivery  of  any  part  of  an  entry  can  take  place. 

The  charges  for  reweighing,  rehousing,  unhousing  and  loading  or  repiling,  are  oacli  one  tliird  of  the 
import  rate;  those  for  unhousing  or  unpiling,  wharfage  and  shipping,  the  same  as  the  import  rate; 
when  not  otherwise  specified. 

Table  of  Rates  and  Charges  on  Goods  imported  into  the  London  Docks. 


ll 

Rent.                    1 

Goods  imported. 

t:  . 

II 

Rent. 

Goods  imported. 

Per 
Week. 

Quaotitiei,  &c. 

1 

'er 
eek. 

Quantities,  &C. 

Per 

>.    d. 

«.    d. 

Par 

J'cr 

I.    d. 

ll. 

Ptr 

Alksnel  root          ■    cwt. 

0    6 

0    1 

cwt. 

Aloes, 

Altiiondi,  fmm  Atrira  Ion 

4    6 

U    .| 

ton 

io  chcsls  or  casks       ton 

6    0 

0 

1 

parkiee  under  3cwl. 

in  txixea  md  barrels  cwt. 

0    6 

2    0 
1    3 

lOOlKiies 
1110  li.'iir  boxes 

or  a  coiipolidauil  rate  of 
20j.  per  Ion  nett. 

0 

11-2 

diHo  3  and  under  6 
cwt. 

0    2 

lurrel  2  cwt.  3  qrs. 
to  3  cwt. 

0 

2 

diito  5  and  under  8 

C«l. 

0    0  1-2 

1-4  barrel 

0 

3 

dilio  S  cwt.  and  up- 

shell      ■         •    cwt. 

0    9 

0    2 

lame  iMie 

war.l» 

0    1  1-2 

small  bale 

Alum          •                ton 

3   6 

0 

3 

too 

0    1 

liairbaU'orBeroD3'4 
lo  1  1-2  cwt. 

Alva  marina, 
in    liales  press-packed, 

Aton,  in  ^urds    .     ton 

8    0 

0    1 

score  gourds 

ton 

3   0 

0 

4 

Ion 

oraciinsolidaled  rate  of 

1    Inlnginotpresspiclcrd, 

SOi.pertODuetU 

1                                   ton 

5   0    7 

0 

6 

tOD 

"     i. 


580 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


,  I 


»"WI 

:.LMt 


Uwtm 


III  iMi>mi»l 


MMi:' 


:'«• 


■Ml ';.:«* 


I.  1 , 
'  i 


t  ' , 


?        i 


Good«  imported. 


Ambf  r  and  bnda,  p:icka^e 

Ainvergris,   in   boxes   or 

ke^         -  paclufte 

AncDOviM  -  •    cwt. 


Angelica  root 


Anisoed      -  -    cwt. 

a:ar  -  .    cwt. 

Annntto  -      ton 

or  a  ronaoUiI&ted  rate  or 
2\i.  per   Ion  oett  iu 

in  h.'uketsorsnuU  park- 
ages      -  -    owl 


Antimony  •  -     ton 

ore  •  •      ton 

if    loose,    filltDg     and 

weighinjCi  2r.  per  ton. 

Apjtles      UuJcet  or  barrel 

(ierce 

hogiheAd 

Argol         -  -     ton 


Arrow  mot  -      ton 

or  a  consolidated  rate  ot 

20s.  per  tmi  ne(t   In 

casks,  or  HOs,  in  twxes 

or  chests. 

Araenic       •  -      ton 

A^af^;t^da    •  -    cwt. 

Ashfii,  from  America,  b>n 

Itiiuia      >  •      Ion 

Odessa     •  •      ton 

Uiihousini;,     wharfajt', 

and  siiipping,  2r.  pur 

ton. 

Asphalium  •     ton 


Bacon   •  •  hogshead 

bate 

side 

middles,  3  cwt.     tierce 

ditto,  !  to  2  cwt      cask 

Baggage,    including   deli- 
very aud  uns  week's 
rent, 
presents,  samples,  par* 
eels  ik    pftpers,   and 
other  small  articles, 
package 
cases,  tnmkN  boxes^bun- 
dtes  of  brddin^,  and 
wearing  apparel, 

package 

mlddlti-sizixl    ditto    and 

cttests         -    package 

larger  packages  in  pro- 

|)ortlou. 

Bags,  empty    -  score 

Balsam  canivi,ia  jars,  cwt. 

in  barrels  •    cwt. 


Peru,  in  jars       •    cwt 

Cwiper's  attendance  it 

landing  and  delivery  is 

a  separate  charge, 

CaavU        -       package 

Bamboos.    See  Canes. 

Bark,    oak,     in    bags    or 

loose     -  •      ton 

in  casks  •      ton 

in  cases  about  I  civt 

2  qrs.  •    cwt, 

Jesuits'  or  Peruvian,  cwt. 


BariUa,  k)Ose  •      ton 

Unhnusing,  wharfage,  & 

shippinfT,  3s.  per  ton 
Filling  and  weighing,  2r. 

per  ton. 

in  serons  -  •     ton 

UnhnusinfTt     wharfage, 

and  shipping,  2s.  6d. 

per  ton. 

Baakati       •  -    bale 

1-2  bale 

Taree  bumlU 

small  bundle 

Brads,  jet,  or  other  kinds, 

not  described     yackagv 

Bean^,  in  bagf         •     bng 

ciator      •  •    cwt. 


si 


I.  d. 

I    6 


I    6 
0    9 


5    0 


3 
4  1-2 


712 


7    6 


5    0 
0    6 


Rent. 


Per 

Wwk. 


•.  d. 
0    1 


0    3 
2    6 


3 

0  1-2 

I 

2 

3 

6 


0  10 
0    7 


3 
0  1-2 


0   4 
0    2 


Quanlilies,  be. 


Per 

box  or  case 

Kclu^e 
0  barrel,  or  dou- 
ble barrels 
lOOkeits 

cask  uiiiler  1 1-2  cwt. 
barrel 
tierce 
hDtjibead 
ton 

tOB 


cask  3  to  8  cwt. 
mat  nr  bisket  I  cwt. 

and  under 
ton 

tOD 


0   7 


0  1-2  basket  or  l)arrel 

1  t-2|llerce 
3        boi^head 

ton  in  c%,ks 
100case8uriiler2cwt 
too  ba^s  or  ca«s  2 

cwt.  aud  under  4 

cwt. 
ton 


5;  0 


2  0 

0  6 

0  2  1-4 

0  Sl-4 

0  6 


0  6 

f     •' 

1  I    6 


0  4       ton 

0  0  1-2  cwt. 

0  0  1-2  cask 

0  3      ,cask 

0  3       ton 


2    0 

0  2 

1  1  1-2 
0    6 

t    1  1-2 

1    6 

5    0 
3    0 

0  6 

1  0 

3   6 

3   3 

3    0 
1    6 
1     0 
0    6 

1    6 
0    6 
0    3 

0  c 


0  3 

0  I 

0  01-4 

0  I 

0  01-2 


0    1 
Jo  I  1-2 

0   2 


Goods  imported. 


Per 

Beef  aud  pork        •  tierce 

barrel 

tub,  kit^or  half  barrel 

Bernes,  juniper     •     tou 

yellow  or  bay     •     Ion 
Betel  nuts   •  -      ton 

Biscuits       ■  •    cwt. 


Bones 

iu  bags 
Books 


-  1,000 
■  bag 
•    cwt 


ton 


Unhousing, 
Wharfage,  and 
Khippiii;. 
1     6 
0    6 
0    I  1-2 
0    6 
0    4 


0  fll-2 

0  01-2 

0  I 

0  2 

0  01-2 


0    1 


0   2 


0  3 

n  I  1-2 

0  I 

0  01-2. 

0  I 

n  I 

0  6 


package 
package 

package 


score 

jar 

barrel,  under  2  cwt. 

barrel,  3  cwt.  aivl 

upwards 
jar 


package 


0 

4 

ton 

u 

4 

ton 

0 

1 

case 

(1 

1 

chest 

0 

03-1 

1-2  chest  or  seron 

0 

Ul-2 

't-2  seroB 

0 

2 

ton 

bale 
1.2  bale 

large  bundle 
small  bundle 

package 
bag 

tou 


Boracic  acid  -      ton 

Borax, rough  orrefined  ton 
Bottles,  empty  glass  gross 
Brass  •  -      ton 

Brimstone,  loose     -      ton 
Unhousing,  wharfage,  Ht 

shipping,  3s.  per  ton. 
Fillingand  weighing,  2j. 

per  ton. 
in  casks  or  cases  •     ton 
Unhous  I  n^,     wharfage, 
and  shipping,  2t,  Hd. 
per  toDi 

Bristles,  in  packages  above 

5  cwt.     •  •      tou 

under  5  cwt.    •      ton 

Bronze        -  •    case 

case 

Bucco  leaves  •    cwt. 

Bugles         -  -      ton 

BuUiou       -    cask  or  case 
small  p,ickagD 
smaller  pack^es,  not 
exceedi^g5^  in  value. 
Burr  slnnes.    Sue  UtoTW^ 
Bulter,  foreign, 
Friesland  or  flntstein, 
landing,  wharfage,  and 
housing,  or   leading, 
and  furnishing,  land- 
ing weights  to  the  im- 
porters 1-4  cisk 
the  like        half  qr.  cask 
Loading  from  the  ware- 
house, \d.  per  cask. 
Weighing  on  delivery,  if 
requirol,  and  furnish- 
ing delivery  weights 
to  the  buyer,  Id.  per 
cask. 
Emden  or  Holland, 
landing,  wharfage,  and 
housing    or    loailitiz, 
and   furnishing   land- 
ing weights        tirkin 
XiOading  from  the  ware- 
house, 3Ad,  perArkin 
Weighing  on  deliver}', 
when  required,  3*4ut 
per  firkin. 
Irish     -      score  firkins 
Weighuig   npon  deliv- 
ery. Id.  per  cask  or 
tirkin 

Unhousing,  wharfage,  & 
flhippingj  t  l-2d.  per 
cask  or  nrkin, 

>  ton 
ton 
•  ton 
package 
.  cwt 
owt. 


d. 

8  1-4 
&t-4 

0 


t  0 

5  0 

0  3 

3  0 

0  6 

t  0 


3    3 


7  0 

6  8  1-4 

I  6 

I  0 

I  0 

5  0 

I  6 

t  0 

0  6 


0    3 
O   3 


Rent. 


Per 
VVtek. 


d. 

01 

0 

0 

8 

0 

4 

5 

OM 

012 

2 

0  1-2 

2 

3 

4 


Quintities,  kc. 


0  10 
0  1 
0  2 
0    2 


0  3 

8  4 

4  2 

2  I 

0  6 

0  6 

0  2 

0  I 

0  1  1-3 

0  2 

0  9 


4    0 

2   0 


0    3 


3   0 


Cables,  iron 
hempen  • 
coir 
Cambric 
Camels'  hair 
Camphor    - 
or  a  consolidate  rale  o( 
1j.  8d.  per  cwt.  nett, 
Canes,  common  rattan, 

1,900 
or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

3i.  6d.  per  1,000. 

gTOund     -  -  I. poo 

reed,  in  bundles,  2S  each 

lllO  bundles 

whanghee,  bamboo,  and 

Jumbo  -  1,000 

Canilla  alba  •    cwt 

or  a  cnnsi)lid.ited  rate  of 

1».  8d.  per  cwt.  nett. 

C.-uitbarides.  ■   cwt 


Capeit 


CWtl 


Cards,  playing      package 

small  package 

Caidamoms  •   cwt. 

bag 


6  0 
10  0 
12    6 

2    6 

0  10  1-2 

0    6 


4    0 
6    3 


5    0 
0   6 


1    0 


0   3 


I  6 
I  0 
0    6 


2   0 


2   0 


0  3 

0  4 

0  5 

0  4 

0  2 


Per 

tierce 
100  barrels 
too  barrelk 
100  bags  under  2  cwt 
too  bags  2  to  4  cwL 
ton 
ton 
keg 

.bag  or  barrel 
1,000 
bar 

bale  or  box  I 

package  or  chest 
ton 
ton 
groas 
Ion 
ton 


ton  !■  casks 

100  cases  of  .-ibout  2 

cwt, 
too  bis.  about  1  cut. 
I00bx3.aboui561l)i, 

ton 

tou 

case 

box 

case  or  barrel  2  cw| 

case  3  to  6  cut. 

ton 


t  No  rent  or 
walctiiDgwIll 
be  cliaigej  11 
taken  juj 
f  mm  Ihequjv 
within  sixi 
Win-kilig  day*] 
from  the  peri ' 
o>l  of  Hie  in 


100 


porting   shif 
breAkiiii;Li.liL' 

tU  vitayj,  af-i 
•  lor  llij  eipi-i 
ration  ofuael 
week,  per; 
nignl,  on  any; 
number  i>i> 
casks  or  fir-' 
kins,  f 

Not  exccedin"! 
1.  d.\ 
2i  -  oa 
2B4nol500  9' 
61  -  75  I  0! 
76  -  100  I  e 
On  any  num- 
ber atnivelOO, 
iu  like  pn- 
portioa. 


0  10  1-2  I"" 


ton 

ton 

ton 

,|>ackage 
{ bale  or  case 


0    1  1-2  '■«» 


0  3 

1  6 


1,000 

100  bundles 


0    2        1,000 
0    0  3-4  wl- 


case  or  cask  under  4 
;     cwt. 
lease  or  cask  4  and 

under  H  cwt. 
case  or  cask  8  cwt. 
I    and  upwajds 
butt 

jpuncheoo 
'hogshead 
I  barrel 
I  package 
small  packag. 


0  3 

0  4 

0  6 

0  6 

0  4 

0  3 

1  I 
0  2 
0  I 

0  1  {■3  chest  ~ 

Q  1      |ts« 


NDON). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


681 


Reol. 


M.2 


n    3    3 


Qmnlitio,  &c. 


t.    1 


Pa 

tierce 

100  barrels 

lOd  barrelli 

100  bu|tBun(]er2cwt 

100  kaga  2  lo  4  cwi. 

ton 

tOQ 

I  2|l<a);orbanel 
{1,000 

1-2, •»» 

bafe  or  boi 

package  or  diM 

ton 

too 

grtw 

ton 

ton 


Ion  li  caiks 

100  easea  of  .ilMut  2 

cwt, 

100  bxs.  about  I  cwt. 
100  bu.  about  aiilbi. 

tOQ 

toil 

case 

boi 

case  or  banel  2  cwt, 

case  3  to  5  cvrU 

ton 


0    6 


4    0 

2  0 


0    3 


3   0 


6  0 

10  0 

\i  6 

2  « 

0  10  1-2 

0  6 


I  6 

4  0 
6  3 

5  0 
0  6 


1    0 


0   3 


I    6 

\    0 
0    6 


3   0 


2   0 


0  10  1-2 


■^  No  rent  or 
walchiDjwiil 
be  cliaijcd  \\\ 
taken  ivi; 
frnuiltiequavl 
witliin  sixi 
workilii;  dayjj 
froiutiicjieh-i 
od  of  tile  in-l 
porting  ship 
breAkiiiRliilt.' 
iVatdim^  cnj! 
thit  qttayj,  ar-i 
►  tur  tlic  expi.j 
ration  ofuuel 
week,  pfr| 
nignl,  onanvj 
nunitier  ct'i 
casks  or  fir-i 
kius,  ' 

Not  exceeilin;( 

25  -  ocJ 
2t)&nol500  9' 
51  -  75  I  0: 

On  any  num-| 
beralOTclOO, 
in  like  pio- 
portiou. 


ton 

ton 

ton 

package 

bale  or  case 

ton 


too 


0    I  1-2  'i""" 


0  3 

1  6 


1,000 

100  bundles 


0    2        1>«)0 
0    0  3-4  wl- 


0    3 


0   6 


case  or  cask  uuler  4 

I     cwt. 

lease  or  cask  4  and 

muler  N  cwt. 

case  or  cask  8  cwt. 


and  upwards 

;butl 

puncheon 

'bogstiead 

I  barrel 

I  package 

small  pukagt 
1  1.3  chest 
I      itag 


I 


Goods  imported. 


Ptr 

Carpets,   bale    above   70 
s<]uare  yards 
ballot,  under  70  s<|uare 
yards 
Carraway  seed       -      Ion 
Cashew  nuts  ■    cwt. 

Casks   landed  empty,  or 
cask  cases,  if  not  deli- 
vered withm  6  days  (and 
includes  delivery) 
butt,    pipe,   or   pun- 
cheon 

im.aller  cask  or  ci«e 
tl.  /J.— If    Uken   awsy 
wilhinSdays,  half  the 
aliove  chargea,  and  no 
rent, 
wine  or  spirit,  small  ul 
la^es  (iiicludinf  turn- 
i(uc  over  the  contents, 
storing  and  delivery) 
each 
Cassia  lignea         •    cwt. 
buds        •  •    c«t 

or  a  c^^nsolidaled  rate  of 

li.  6d.  [ler  cwt.  neit. 

fistula      -  •    cwt 

Ci'tor  beans  •      ton 

Catonim,   keg  or  small 

box 

Catlings         case  or  chest 

Civiare         •        package 

Chaises  or  carriages,  with 

2  wheels  •  -   each 

4dil'o     -  -  each 

Chnik,  French       •      ton 

Chissuni     -  •    bale 

Clieese,  foreign      •      ton 


Unding,  wharfage,  and 
housing,  or  loading, 
and  furnishing  land- 
ing weights  lo  the  im- 
porters. 

Turning,  each  time,  per 
too,  9ii. 


On  delivery,  weighing, 
per  ton,  It.  4d. 


Vnhousing  and  loading, 
per  ton.  Is.  4d. 


6,2 


I.  d. 

2  0 

I  4I-: 

S  0 

0  6 


0    8 
0    4 


I  0 
0  6 
0    6 


7    6 
to    6 


in  tub  or  case 

Chesnuts 


.   cwt, 
bushel 


Chicoree,  under  1   cwt, 

2  qrs.  case  or  cask 

under  3  cwt.  cise  or 

cask 

3  and  under  5  cwf, 

rase  or  cask 

5  cwt.  and  abow^ 

cask 

Chillies      -  •    cwt. 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

It.  per  cwt.  nelt. 

China  root  ■  -    cwt. 

China  ware  or  porcelain, 

case 

small  case 

box 

rhiraypll   •  -    cwt. 

Chocnhle    -  •     iHix 

Cinnal'ar    -  -    cwt. 

or  a  consolidated  rale  of 

4*.  6</.  per  cwt.  nelt. 

Cinn;vninn  ■  •    cwt. 

or  a  consnlidated  rale  of 

3!.  per  rwt.  nelt. 

Cilmn,  in  sail       -     pipe 

hogshead 

Cooper's  alien  'ance  is  a 

separate  charge, 
preserved.     See    Site- 
tndti. 

Cineks,  wooden    •    chest 
Clnili,  woollen,  tise  nr 
large  bale 
from  8  lo  12  piecen,  or- 
dinary bale 
un'ler  6  pieces  sniail  b.a'e 
Cloves       -  .    cwl. 

or  a  cnnsilidated  rate  of 
2i.  3d.  per  cwl.  nett.  I 

3c2 


Rent 


Per 
Week. 


Quantities,  lie. 


:  d. 

0  4 

0  2 

0  6 

0  01-2 


0    1 
0    01-2 


0  1 

1  0 
I  0 
S  0 


0   6 
0   21 

0    6 

0  9 

1  0 

t    G 
0    6 

0  6 

1  6 
I    0 


0    0  3.4  cwt. 
0    6       Ion 


Ptr 


bale 

ballot 

ton 

cwt 


butt,  pipe,  or  pun- 
cheon 
smaller  cask  or  case 


each 

ton 

Ion,  in  chests 

100  bags 


0  I 

0  2 

0  I 

1  0 

I  6 

0  6 

0  I 

1  0 


Ooods  imported. 


Par 

Cobalt        ■  ■     ton 

Cochineal  *  -    cwt 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

3t.  per  cwt. 
dust    • 
Cocoa  and  coffee,  all  kinds, 
cwt. 
or  a  consolidated  rate, 
in  casks.  If.  6d.  per 
cwt.  nett ;  in  bags,  li. 
2d,  per  cwt.  nett. 
Cocque  ue  perle         chest 
Cocului  Innicus     -    cwt. 
or  a  consolidated  rale  of 
li.  6d.  per  cwt.  netl. 
Coir,    unwrought,   press- 
packed    -  •     ton 
rope,    under    G  inches 
girth     •  •      ton 
yarn        •  -     ton 
Cokernuls  •  -     100 
or  a  consolidated  rate  of 
3i.4d.  per  100. 


Coloquintida 


cwl, 


IJ 


Rent. 


Per 
Week. 


0    0 


0  I 

1  6 
4  0 

2  0 
4  2 


keg  or  small  box 
case  or  chest 
package 

each 

each 

ton 

bale 

Inn 

To  be  housed  in  a 
well  lighted  and 
ventilated  ware- 
house, with  the 
use  of  scalfolding, 
upon  which  the 
cheese  svill  be 
slowed,  so  as  lo 
admit  of  separate 
and  cnnveuieni 
examination;  and 
the  rent  to  com- 
mence after  one 
week  from  the  day 
of  landing. 

AT.  B.— By  this  mode 
of  stowage  and 
well  regulated 
ventilation,  the 
loss  in  weight 
usually  sustained 
upon  housing  will 
be  materially  di- 
minished. 

tub  or  case 
too  small  ditto 
too  sacks 
100  bags 
100  barrels 


0  0  1-2  case  or  cask 


0    1 


0    2 
0    7 


case  or  cask 


case  or  cask 

ton 


0    0  1-2, cwt 


0    9 
2    4 


0  3 
0  2 
0  1 
4  0  3 
n  2 
1-2    0  10 


81-4 


1    6 
1    0 


2   0 
2    0 


1  6 
1  0 
0 


81-4 


0    1 


0    4 
0    3 


case 

small  case 

box 

cask  or  case 

box 

ton 


cwt. 


iipe 
logshcad 


0  2       chett 

0  3      'case  or  large  hale 

0  2       ordinary  hale 

0  1  1-2  small  bale 

0  1       cwt 


Columbo  root        •    cwt.  i 
Copper       •  .      ton 

Wharfage  and  shipping 
conper    slabs,    when 
pileid  on  the  quay,  3j. 
4d.  per  ton. 
Copperas    -  -      ton 

Cnquilla  mils  ■  1,000 

Counting  the  whole  par- 
ct  I  is  a  separate  charge- 
Coral,  fragments    -    cwl. 
beadk      •  -    case 

box 
Cordage,  hempen,  underG 
inches      •  •      ton 

Cork  -  •      ton 

Unhousing,  wharfage,  & 
shipping,  4f.  per  ton. 
Corks         •  -    cwl. 


Cornelians  k  beads,   chest 
box 
Corpses       -  -  each 

Cortex  VVinteranuB    cwl, 
or  a  cnrisniidated  rale  of 
If.  Gd.  per  cwt.  nelt. 
Cotton  goods  -    bale 

box  or  case 
trunk 
Cotton  wool,  press-packed 
cwt. 
not  press-packed      c>vt. 
or  a  consolidated  rale  on 
press-packed,  9rf.  per 
cwt.  nelt ;  not  press- 
packed.  If.  per  cwt. 
nett. 

•  cwt. 

•  cwt. 
ton 

-.  each 

•  keg 
barrel 

ton 


3  0 

G  3 

3  0 

1  6 


0  10  1-2 


0    6 
&    0 


A 
11-2 


quantities,  he. 


ton 
cwt. 


4    2 
0    6 


71-2 
6 


1    0 


^0  4 


0    3 


0    1 
0    2 


0    3 


Ptr 


0  1-2 
2 


100  bags 
ton 


chest 
cwt 


too 


case  or  cask  under  1 

cwt. 
case  or  cask  1  and 

under  3  cwt 
case  or  cask  3  cwt 

and  upwards, 
cwt 
too 


r       ' 


0    6 


2    0 


1  6 

1  6 

15  0 

0  6 


3 

4  1-2 


Cotton  yarn 
Cowhage    • 
Cowries 
Cows 
Cranberries 

Cream  of  tartar 

Cubebs 
Cummic  seed 


•    cwt. 
.    cwt 


Cunranls,  23  cwt.  and  up- 
wards      •  -    butt 
1.5  In  23  cwt        •     butt 
9  lo  15  cwl.        -    pipe 
5  lo   9  cwl.       caroiel 
Reals.    See  IVood  Goods. 
Deer            ■  -   each 
Diamonds    -         package 
Drigons'  blood       -    cwt. 
Ilri()slones  •           -    each 
Dye  flower             -      ton 
or  a  consolidated  rate  of 
14.S-  6rf  per  Ion  nelt, 
Gau  de  Cologne      -    case 
small  case 
Kges            •  -    box 
Elephants'     tcelh.       See 

Iviiry. 

Kmery  stone.    See  Stfflic. 

Kssen'ces,  1  cwl.  and  up- 

svanls        .  •   case 

under  1  cwt-     •    rase 

Extract  from nak bark,  cwl 


ton 
1,000 

case  or  cask 

case 

box 

ton 

ton  on  quay 

Ion  under  cover 


0    2 

0 


bag  i  cwt 
0  1-2  hag  56  lbs. 
hogshead 
chest 
box 


0    1 
0    03-4 


2 
1  12 
I 

5 
G 


rhatania  - 
Jesuits'  bark 


cwl. 
cwt 


Bl-4 

6 

0 

0 

G 

9 

0 


1 

0  1-2 
3 

1 

1 
6 
2 
0  3-1 
0  1-4 


I  6 
I  0 
0    6 


2  0 

I  G 

0  3 

0  9 

0  9 


0  « 

0  4 

0  3 

0  2 


0  3 

0  0  1-2 

0  0  1-2 

0  6 


bale 

box  or  case 

trunk 

Ion 
Ion 


bale 
cwt 
ton 

keg 

t)arrel 

Inn 

cask  under  13  cwt 

cwt- 

cwt- 


Unhnusing, 
and 
Ixiading.  , 
I.  rf. 
I  0 
0  8 
0    6 

n   4 


0  4 
0  2 
0    1 


package 
cwl. 
each 
ton 


case 

small  case 
box 


0 

4 

case 

0 

2 

small  case 

0 

1 

ca.sk  atout  4  cwt. 

0 

1  1-2 

cask  above  6 1-2  cwt. 

0 

1 

cwl. 

0 

1 

cwU 

1.^ 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


m^ffti  t;.!ii-«l 


.     I 


C'.'^ 

•^1«^1 


*''fS"'"'!!SB 
«>at'''r'"3a 


ir" 


Goods  >Dipoit«L 

u 

Rent.                    1 

Goods  imported. 

1     Import 
Bate. 

Rent.                  1 

Per 
Week. 

Quantities,  kc. 

Per 
Week. 

Quantities,  ke. 

Per 

1.    d. 

>.    d. 

Per 

Per 

«.    d. 

1.    d. 

Par 

Fuu                        «    case 

1    0 

0    1  12 

case 

Hair,  ben*,  ox  n  cow 

hox 

1     0 

0    1 

box 

cwt. 

0   6 

0    1        bale  under  3  cwt 

FntlMTt,  iMd        •    cwt. 

0  10  1-2 

0    1 
0    1  1.2 

small  bale 
bag  1  1-2  and  under 
2  cwt. 

0    1  12  bale  3  and  under  5 
cwt 

0   2       bait  S  cwt  and  ud- 

0   2 

bag  2  and  under  3 

wards                 1 

cwt. 

0   01-2  cwt  loose       |       | 

fmm  Ireltnd 

0   3 
0   2 

bale  3  and  under  6 

«wt. 
bale 

buuB  -  -          •  Ctrl. 

1    0 

0   Z       t 

alt 

Untag. 

oatrich          -    package 

1    6 

0   2 

package 

Vv»i|5e. 

»uliure,  not  exceediiw  2 

anu 

cwt.           -   p»ck»B« 
not  (xceadioK  50  lln.  bag 

1    6 
0    6 

0    2 
0    01-2 

lag  not  exceeding 

Hami                  hogshead 

2    0 

0   3 

Shipg, 
r.  d. 

tl 
0    4 

hogshead 

tierce 
barrel  or  basket 

1    6 
0    6 

0    1 
0    1 

lierce 
hrl.  orbu. 

Unhosnj 

Kent 

Week. 

xet 

and 

loose       •           •    each 

n    03-4 

n  0  1-4 

Mch 

FigJ,  3  qn.  to  1  cwt.  1  qr.; 
ctiest 

LanJg. 

f.  d. 

Hall,  Leghorn        10  doz. 

0    6 

0    1 

OdoMn 

0   S 

0    012 

2    0 

100  chests 

0   2 

middling   case    or 

about  66  Ibi.      1-2  chart 

0    3 

0    01.2 

1    3 

1001-2cliests 

IMCkage 

1-4  chest— 28  lbs.    score 

2    6 

0    6 

1 

0    4 

arge  cise  or  pckj. 

ilrunu     .           •    score 

2    6 

0    6 

chip         tub  of  80  dm. 

1    6 

0    2 

ub  of  80  dozen 

|.2&l4dninu      score 

1    6 

0    6 

1     S 

ton 

Helluwre  root       •    cwt. 

0    6 

0  10 

Ion 

half  qr.  drums   *    scnrf 

1    6 

0    6 

Hemp  (including  weigh- 

tapnrts  •          •    scon- 

1    6 

0    6 

. 

ing)         -            -      Ion 
If  sold    from    landing 

4   6 

0   6 

on 

Fish,  rod    •          -       ton 

4    6 

0    4 

ton 

scale :    to    importer, 
ton  3r.  6d. ;  to  uuyer. 

lierrin^s  •          •  tierce 

1    0 

3    0 

100  tierces 

iii.-\cki'rel            •  bai-rel 

0    6 

I    6 

100  barrels 

Ion  Ij. 

salmon    •           •  tierce 

0    6 

5    0 

IHO  tiercel 

Weighing  in  the  ware- 

kit 

0    1  1-2 

1    6 

100  kits 

house,  Ion  2i. 

stock,  or  sturgeon  1,000 

6    0 

0  4 

1  0 

2  6 

1,000  stock 
100  kegs  sturgeon 
lOO  barrels  stock  or 
sturgeon 

T.oadmg,  ton  2r. 
Unhousing,     wharfage, 

and  shipping,  4f.  per 

ton. 

not  otherwii^e  described, 

press.packe<l       *     ton 

4    0 

0    4 

Ion 

tierce 

1    0 

5    0 

100  tierces 

codilla,beniporf1ax  ttiri 

6    0 

0   6 

Ion 

barrel 

0    6 

2    6 

100  barrels 

It  sofd  from  landing 

box 

0    3 

1    6 

100  boxes 

scale : 

roes      .          -    barrel 

0   9 

3    0 

lOOburelt 

to  importer,  ton  St. 

Flai(including  weighing,) 

to  liuyer,  ton  I*. 

ton 

5  a 

0   6 

ton 

Weighing,  2».  per  ton. 
Loading,  3j.  per  Ion. 

ir   sold    fmm    landing 

scale,  to  importer,  jier 
ton,  3j.  (id. ;  to  buy- 

Unhousing, wharfage,  & 

shipping.  Bs.  per  ton. 

ers,  ditto,  Ij.  6d. 

Consolidated    rale,    on 

Unhnusing,     wharfage. 

East      India,      prrss* 

and  shipping,  is,  6d, 

packed,  llj.  per  Inn. 

per  ton. 

HideiSfhuTse  bale  or  chest 

2    81-4 

0   3 

containing  150   or 

Flour          -           -      Ion 

4    » 

0   21-4 

Ion 

under 

including    delivery    by 

larger  bale  in  pro. 

l.ind  or  water. 

portion 

too 

Rt'pilin.;,  If.  per  ton. 

loose         •           -  each 

(J    0  3-4 

0  e 

Weighing  on  delivery. 

from  Hambtti',  dry    100 
bundle  of  2  hides 

7    6 

0    8 

TOO 

if    rri|uirid.    Id.  per 

0    3 

0  10 

too 

barrel  or  chest. 

horse,  ox,  cow,  or  buf- 

Flowera, artificial       case 

1    0 

0    1 

case 

falo,  wet  sailed    each 

0    1  1-2 

0  10 

100  hides 

box 

0    9 

0    01-2 

box 

ox,  cow,  or  bntTalo,  with 

Forest    seeds,    nuts    and 

' 

short  horns          each 

0   2 

2   0 

100 

acorns  .           -    barrel 

0    9 

0    1 

barrel 

other  hides,  not  enunie- 

Frankincense       •     chest 

0    8  1-4 

0  10 

ton 

rated,    dry,    or    dry 

Fruit.     See  the  species  of 

salle(l,averaging  more 

fruit 

than  22  llis.      -  each 

0    1  1-2 

0  10 

100 

Furnitnre,  very  hrge  case 

4    6 

0    4 

large  cue 

do.  averaging  12  lbs,  and 

onlinary  case 

3    0 

0    3 

onltnary  case 

not  exceeding  22  lbs. 

middling  caie 

2    0 

0    2 

midtlling  case 

100 

9    0 

0  10 

100 

intermediate  package 

1    0 

0    1  1-2 

intermediate    peck- 

do.71bs.and  under  1211k. 

age 

100 

6    3 

0    6 

lOO 

small  case 

0    6 

0    1 

small  case 

do.  under  7  lbs.         100 

4    2 

0   6 

too 

Fun.    See  Skim. 

in  bales,  about  8  cwt. 

Galangal      -           .    cwt. 

0    6 

0    01-2 

cwt. 

ball 

3    0 

0    3 

bate 

Galbanum  •           •    cwt. 

0    6 

0    0  1.2 

cwt. 

about  4  cwt.      bale 

1     6 

0    1  1-2 

hale 

Galls           .          -    cwt. 

0    33-4 

0  10 

ton 

small  bale 

1     3 

0    1 

small  hale 

Ganitmge    •           •    cwl. 

0    6 

0    012 

cwt. 

losh            bale  or  clrt^l 

2    0 

0    3 

bale  or  chest 

Gentian  root           -      ton 

S    0 

0  10 

ton 

Honey        -           -    cut. 

0    6 

0    1 

barrel 

Ginger        -           -    cwt. 

0    fi 

0  a 

ton 

0    01-2 

keg  or  jar 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of. 

Hoofs          •           •    cwt 

0    6 

0  10 

Ion 

in  casks,  Ij.  6d.  per 

Hops          •           -    cwt 

0    4  1-2 

0   2 

bag 

cwt.  nett ;  in  bags,  li. 

0    1 

pocket 

2d.  do. 

Horns,  and  horn  tips,  or 

Ginseng  root           -      ton 

5    0 

0    1 

barrel 

plates,  including  count 

Glass       ■     cask  or  chest 

1    6 

0    3 

cask  or  chesi 

ing          -           -    c»t 

0  10  1-S 

0  10 

ton  horns 

case 

!    0 

0    2 

case 

0    5 

Ion  lips 

box 

1    0 

0     } 

IlOX 

in  inrkages     .    cwt 

0    6 

0    Ol-S 

bag 

Glue           -          -      ton 

5    0 

0    4 

ton 

hart,  slag,  or  deer, 

Granilla      •           -    cwt. 

0    9 

0    2 

barrel 

100  pai 

3    0 

0   3 

lOO  pair 

or  a  consolidated  rate  ol 

inbalesun(!L'2cwi. 

3f.  per  cwt.  nett. 

Ii.ile 

1    0 

0    1 

)aie 

Grapes        •          •     box 

0    6 

5    0 

100  boxes 

2  cwt.  and  .b?v-     ■<< 

1    « 

0    11.2 

bale 

Jar 

0    3 

2    6 

100  jars' 

Horaes         -            -      ki.  12    6 

OreaM         .           -      ton 

S    0 

0    3 

Ion 

Jalap          •               CI 

0  10  1-- 

0    1 

laleaboutScwt 

Gre,ive«       •           -      ton 

4    6 

0    3 

ton 

0    0  3-4 

bale  about  1  1-2  Ctrl. 

Ouinea  grains         ■    cwt 
Gum,  in  wrons,  ba(cs,  or 

0    6 

0  10 

ton 

Jewellery     -       packag 
boa 

1    6 
1    6 

0    3 
0    2 

package 

in  canefl.  chests  or  caeka 

Indian  rubber,  hogshead  n 

from  Africa         ■      tor 

4    6 

0    4 

ton 

pil« 

1    6 

0    4 

hogshead  or  pipe 

in  cases,  cheats,  or  bar 

2  to  4  cwt.  casi 

1    6 

0    1 

case 

rels,  from  other  placei 

I  to  2  cwt  cas 

1    0 

0    1 

case 

cwt 

0    6 

0    1  1-5 

'chntorcaie 

barre 

0    6 

0    01- 

barrel 

0    Ol-J 

barrel 

loose       -           -    cwt 

1    0 

0     1 

cwt.  in  bottle 

looie  or  In  hnnheads  (on 
Guns,  carmnatles,  6  cwt 

5    0 

0    4 

ton 

0    03-4 

cwt  solid 

Inilian  corn             •    bap 

0   3 

0    Ol-S 

bag 

jk)tf\  upwards        -   eac! 

2   0 

0    1 

no  rent  iftaken  away 

Indigo,  not  E.  India,  cwl 

0    9 

0    1 

aemn 

Other  sizes  are  charge< 

in  7  days 

or  a  consolidated  rale  o 

r 

in  proportioo. 

Ij.  dd.  per  cwt.  oetL 

»  i 


NDON). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


583 


Import 

Rent. 

Pur 
WMk. 

QUUtitiM,  ftc. 

«.    i. 

>.    d. 

Pv 

0  6 

1  0 

2  0 
1    6 
0    6 

0    03-4 

0  6 

1  6 
0    6 

0    1 
0    112 

0   2 

0   0  1-2 
0   2 

0   3 
0    1 
0    1 

n    01-4 
0    1 
0   2 

0    4 
0    2 
0  10 

■le  under  3  cwt 

tnle  3  and  under  5 
cwl. 

ball-  6  cwt.  and  up- 
wards 

CVTt  looM        1 

balk 

Unhi«. 
0    4 

hopliead 
lierce 
bri,  or  bu- 

net 
each 
10  dozen 
middlin?    case    or 

IMCknite 
large  cise  nr  pck?. 
lubofSOdoien 
ton 

4    6 

0   6 

toa 

4    0 

«    0 
! 

0   4 

0    8 

ton 
ton 

I 

1    2    81-4 

0   3 

containlns  150  or 
under 

larger  bale  in  pro- 
portion 

m 

TOO 
100 

1    0    03-4 
)    7    6 
■   0    3 

0    ff 
0    8 
0  10 

10    11-2 

0  10 

lOOhidei 

1    0   2 

2   0 

100 

10    11-2 

0  10 

100 

9    0 

0  10 

100 

6    3 

4    2 

0    6 
0    6 

100 
100 

3    0 
1     6 

1  3 

2  0 
0    6 

0    6 
0    4  1-2 

0    3 
0    1  1-2 
0    1 
0    3 
0    1 
0    0  1-2 
0  10 
0    2 
0    1 

bale 

bale 

small  talc 

hale  or  ihett 

barrel 

keg  or  jar 

ton 

ban 

IMxket 

0  10  1-2 
0    6 

0  10 
0    5 
0    0  1-2 

ton  honu 
tnn  tips 
ban 

3    0 

0   3 

iOO  pair 

1    0 
1    (i 
12    6 

0  10  1-2 

1  6 
1    G 

0    1 
0    II-2 

0    I 
0    0  3-4 
0    3 
0   2 

)aie 
bale 

bale  about  3  cwt. 
bale  about  1  1-2  cut 
ijackaje 
box 

1    6 
1    e 

1     0 

0  6 

1  0 

0    3 
0    9 

0    4 
0    1 
0    1 
0    01-i 
0    1 
0    03-4 
0    0  1-2 
0    1 

hophei 
case 
case 
barrel 
cwt.  in 
cwt.  10 
bag 
ferou 

ul  or  pipe 

bolUe 
id 

Ooodi  imporltd. 

Rent 

Goods  imported. 

H 

Rent 

p» 

Week. 

()uanlities,  &c. 

rcr 

Week. 

Quantities,  Ac* 

Ptr 

f 

d. 

•, 

d. 

Pit 

i'cr 

>.  if. 

i. 

d. 

Ptr 

IndifO-coiKinued. 

Linseed.    SttWhiat. 

East  lodij,  in  chnti 

akee       -          •     ton 

3    6 

0 

3 

Ion 

cwl. 
or  a  conwlidittd  rata, 

0 

81-4 

0 

11-2 

chest 

Liquorice    -          .    cwt. 
root         -          .    cwt 

0    334 
0    6 

0 

1 

0 

case  or  hanel 

loose,  ton 

including  all   opera- 

0 

1 

bale  under  2  cwt. 

tions  incident  on  tar- 

Mace         •          .    cwt. 

1    0 

0 

1  12 

chesi 

ing,  raising,   repack- 

or a  consolidated  rale  of 

0 

1 

cask  about  1  cwt. 

ing,  stowing,  and  at- 

3f. per  cwt 

tendance     whilst   no 

Madder       -          -     ton 

3    4  1-2 

0 

6 

Ion 

show,  nailing  down, 

rooti       •         •   cwt 

0    4  1-2 

0 

1 

bale  under  3  cwt. 

lotting     and     piling 
away,  of  VJ:  6a.  per 

0 

1  1-2 

2qrs. 
bale  3  cwt.  2  qn. 

chest 

and  under  fi  cwt. 

Ink                     •   cwt. 

0 

9 

0 

2 

cask 

0 

2 

bale  5  cwt  and  up- 
wards 

liikle                         cwt. 

1 

0 

0 

1  1-2 

case 

Maiden  hair          -    bale 

1    0 

0 

1 

bale 

0 

1 

box  or  keg 

Manna        -          •    cwl. 

0  10  1-2 

0 

1 

chest  or  cask 

Inecacuanlim          -   cwt. 

0  10  1-2 

0  10 

Ion 

Marbles      •          -      ton 

S    0 

0 

4 

ton 

Irou  (including  weighing). 

Marble  baths         •  each 

6    0 

0 

6 

each 

tun 

3 

4 

0 

1 

ton 

mortars    -          •     Ion 

S    0 

0 

6 

ton 

if  landed  for  transit,  and 

sculptured  works  of  art : 

not  weighed     -      ton 

2 

6 

0 

1 

ton 

import  rate  according 

when     shipped     from 

to  the  size  and  value 

, 

0 

3 

case 

boding  scale  (includ. 
ingdetiveiy)         ton 

0 

2 

small  case 

4 

2 

none 

if  shipped  within  1 

rough,  in  cases    -   cwt 

0   6 

0 

2 

case 

Unpiiing,  wharfage,  and 
shipping,       without 

week  from  the  Hit 
day  of  lauding. 

Delivered 

weighing,  2i.  6((.  per 

into  craft 

Ion-          .  .^   , 

per  Ton 

Wharf- 

When      weighed      on 
baiiti,  (including  use 
of  scale*  and  weighU), 

of  25 
Palms  or 
12  Cubic 

axe  and 
Shipping. 

2i,  per  ton. 

Feet. 

old          -          •     ton 

3 

4 

0 

2 

ton 

f   d. 

«.  d. 

ore         -.         -      ton 

3 

0 

0 

2 

ton 

blocks,  under  2  tons,  ton 

«    0 

0 

3 

3    0 

4    6 

iteini  engines,  boilers. 

al>ove  2  Ions           Ion 

10    0 

0 

3 

5    0 

7    6 

cylinders,  and    other 

above  10  Ions         ton 

20    0 

0 

3 

10    0 

\=,  n 

heavy  machinery  ton 
if  discharged  from  the 

7 

0 

0 

1 

ton 

vessel  into  craft,  with- 

Mastic       -          •    cwt. 

0    6 

0 

1 

case  or  cheat  about 

out  landing  or  weigh- 

3 cwt 

ing      -          -     Ion 

6 

0 

Mata          !-          .     100 

1    8  1-4 

0 

6 

100  bundle! 

IsiiKlass     ■           -    cwt. 

0 

10  1-2 

0  10 

ton 

Indian      -          •  chest 

I    0 

0 

2 

chest 

Ivory         •          •    cwt. 

0  10  1-2 

0 

1 

cwt 

box 

0    9 

0 

1 

box 

tak,  or  old  rope   •     Ion 

3 

6 

0 

3 

ton 

from  corn  vessels,  bun- 

Jute, ptws-packed  •     ton 

4 

0 

0 

4 

Ion 

dle  of  10 

0    2 

0 

6 

100  bundle* 

on  consolidated  rate  of 

Delivery  by  land,  l-ld. 

Hi.  pertonnett. 

per  bundle ;  by  water, 
Id.  per  bundle. 

Kelp         ■           ■     ton 
rilling   and  weighing, 

3 

6 

0 

2 

Ion 

Melting  pots          ■    cask 
Minerals      -           -    case 

4    0 

0 

4 

cask 

2).  per  loo. 

1    0 

0 

2 

CTse 

Knives        -        package 

1 

6 

0 
0 
0 

2 
1 
01-2 

case 

barrel 

box 

Mohair  yarn          -  cwt. 
Molasses.     See  Wat  In- 
dia Dock  Charea. 
Moss,  rock  or  Iceland,  ton 

0    7  12 

0 

i 

bale 

Ljc  dye  or  lake    -    chest 

1 

0 

0 

1 

chest 

7    6 

0 

9 

ton  in  bags 

Ijce       •       case  or  bo« 

2 

6 

0 

6 

case  or  box 

1 

6 

100  casks  about  84 

Lacquered  ware    •    chest 

1 

6 

0 

2 

chest 

lbs. 

^                         box 

1 

0 

0 

1 

box 

3 

0 

100   casks  about  2 

Unl      -          •  bladder 

0 

0  34 

0 

6 

100  bladden 

Molher-o'-pearl,  shells. 

cwl. 

Ltad      -          -         ton 

2 

6 

0 

1 

Ion 

Ion 

7   6 

0 

4 

ton 

Uopiling,  wharfage,  and 
ihipping.  It.  8<f.  per 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

18f.  6d.  per  Ion  nett. 

lOD. 

ware       •          -  chests 

1    6 

0 

2 

chest 

ore         •          -     ton 

3 

0 

0 

2 

ton 

box 

1    0 

0 

box 

black      -          -     ton 

3 

9 

0 

4 

Ion 

Munjeel,  in  bales       cwt. 

0   6 

0 

0  1-2 

cwt 

while      •          •     ton 

5 

0 

0 

4 

too 

in  a  consolidated  rate  of 

Lea'her,  foreign  (tanned) 

1 T,  6d.  per  cwt  nett. 

bale 

1 

6 

0 

2 

bale 

in  bundles          -    cwt. 

0    9 

0 

03-1 

cwt 

demi       -          •    bale 

1 

0 

0 

1  12 

l-ale 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

loose    -          -     ton 

S 

0 

0 

9 

ton 

2i,  per  cwt.  nett 

Irish  (tanned)  bale,under 

Musk          •          -  chest 

1    6 

0 

2 

chest 

Icwt. 

0 

9 

0 

03-4 

bale  under  1  cwt 

box 

1    0 

0 

1 

box 

tile,  1  cwl.  to  2  cwt. 

1 

0 

0 

bale  1  to  2  cwt 

Myrabolans            •    cwl. 

0    4  1-2 

0 

0  1-4 

cwt 

bale,  2  cwt.  to  4  cwt 

1 

6 

0 

1  1-2 

bale  2  to  4  cwl. 

Myrrh        -          -    cwt. 

0    6 

0 

0  1-2 

cwt. 

small  or  middling  crate 

2 

0 

0 

1  1-2 

small    or  middling 
crate 

N?'ls          -           •    cwt. 
Nankeen     -          -  chest 

0  3 

1  3 

0 
0 

0  1-2 

barrel  or  bag 
chest 

large  crate 

2 

6 

0 

2 

large  crate 

Natron,  loose          -      ton 

3    S 

0 

3 

Ion 

Unions.    See  Oranga. 

Filling  and    weighing, 

Leiia        -          -     Ion 

5 

0 

0 

4 

ton 

•is.  per  Ion. 

Limes         •            barrel 

0 

8  1-4 

0 

barrel           ' 

Nutmegs     -          -    cwt. 

0   6 

0  10 

ton 

Lime  juice    -    100  gallons 

2 

1 

0 

S 

puncheon 
hogshead 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

Laving  up  to  guage,  and 

0 

3 

Ij.  6d.  per  cwl.  nett. 

ciVijwr'B  attendance  at 

0 

2 

barrel 

Nuls             -           bushel 

0    2  1-4 

4 

0 

100  sacks 

landing  and  delivery. 

barrel 

0    4  1-2 

0 

1 

barrel 

furniasepaiate  charge. 

bag  or  s-ic'k 

0    4  1-2 

2 

0 

lOOIiags 

Linen,  Gernian       -   b»le 

2 

3 

0 

4 

bale 

castania        •       bushel 

0    2  1-4 

1 

0 

100  bushels 

1-2  bale 

1 

3 

0 

2 

1-2  bale 

Nnx  vomica           -    cwt. 

0    4  1-2 

0 

0  1-4 

cwt 

14  bale 

0 

8  1-4 

0 

1 

1-4  bale 

O.ikum        .          -      ton 

5    0 

0 

4 

ton 

loose  or  in  bags   .    roll 

0 

1  1-2 

1 

0 

100  roll. 

Oatmeal,  about  2  1-2  cwt, 

chest 

2 

6 

0 

4 

chest 

including  didiverv  ton 

4    9 

0 

2  1-2 

ton  if  not  cleared 

1-2  chest 

1 

3 

0 

2 

1-2  chest 

Weighing  for  delive'y, 

within  14  days  of 

1-4  chest 

0 

91-4 

0 

1 

1-4  chest 

Id.  per  sack  or  barrt-l 

breaking  bulk. 

Russia       -          -  bale 

1 

2  1-4 

0 

2 

bale 

Ochre          -           •      ton 

3    9 

0 

4 

trn 

1-2  bale,  containing  10 

Oil,  bay       *           -    cask 

1    0 

0 

1 

cask 

pieces,  or  boarded 

castor      ■          ■   cwt 

0    6 

0 

3 

puncheon  or  hlid. 

bale 

0 

9 

0 

1 

1-2  bale 

1 

3 

Ion,  in  jar*  or  dup- 

pers 

1-4  bale 

0 

7  1-2 

0 

1 

Mbale 

crash       -          .    bale 

I 

2  1-4 

0 

3 

bale 

0 

2 

tierce 

1-2  tnl 

0 

9 

0 

2 

1-2  hale 

0 

1 

barrel  under  2  cwt. 

Mbale 

0 

71-2 

0 

1 

1-4  bale 

0 

1  1-2 

barrel  above  2  cwt 

nil  doth       boll  or  roll 

0 

1  1-2 

1 

0 

100  bolls  or  rolls 

0 

01-2 

case  12  bottles 

nials,  2  pieces     -    each 

0 

3 

2 

0 

100  mats  (2  pieces) 

Irish     -     case  or  bale 

1 

6 

0 

3 

case  or  bale 

cbemical,   1   cwl.    and 

box  or  bundle 

0 

9 

0 

2 

box  or  bundle 

upwards        packtge 

2    0 

0 

4 

large  case 

lample  box 

0 

6 

0 

sample  box. 

under  1  cwt  package 

1    6 

0 

3 

small  case 

,!■         ' 


!i 


i' 


;  bi 


684 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


r 

■r- 

30  { 


I  -1< 


Goods  imported. 

}^ 

Rent. 

/^d»_l     i             _  A  -  ■ 

w 

Rent 

. 

^ 

r^ 

Per 
Week. 

((uautiliu,  he. 

uuuda  imported. 

Per 

Week. 

Quantities,  &t. 

Po- 

Per  Tun  of  2^2  Inin.  G:tllons. 

Ptr 

».  '' 

>.  d. 

Ptr 

Oil-<on<inu«<. 

Pictures— a»ii.'inn«l. 

middling  bale  or  case 

small  bale  or  case 

3    U 
1    6 

0   4 
0    3 

middling    bale    „ 

case 
small  bale  or  case 

Ulivn 

in 
Caska- 

Fish. 

Newfound- 
land. 

d. 

a. 

d. 

1.  d. 

Piece  goods  •           -   bale 

1    3 

0    1  1-2 

bald 

Landinn,  wharbxe,  and 

Pill  boies     •      Urge  val 

4    6 

0    6 

large  vat 

hvinjc  up  to  KAUi^a 

0 

3 

0 

a  0 

small  vat 

3   0 

0    4 

small  sat 

Cooi*r'f  aliendaiicc,  if 

Pimento     .           -    cwt. 

0    6 

0    6 

lou 

delivered    from     the 

or  a  ronsolidated  rale, 

quay 

0 

2 

0 

2    0 

in  bags      If.  2d.  cwl. 

SearctiiniC  s^nd  filling  up 

in  casks     li.  6d.  cwl. 

(if  done) 

0 

1 

0 

1    0 

Pink  root    •          -    cwt. 

0    6 

0    2 

bale 

I>oad)iiK  (jr  liQusinf; 

6 

1 

6 

1    2 

Pitch          •           •      Ion 

2-6 

3    0 

100  barrels 

Cooper's  atteudance  at 

Plaster  of  Paris      -      ton 

3    0 

0    2 

ton 

linuninx,  and    at   de* 
livery  frnin  the  v.iull 

Plums,  Portugal,  in  boies. 

n 

1 

0 

1    0 

dosen 

0    9 

1    0 

too  boxes 

UnhousinKAnd  londini; 

6 

) 

6 

1    6 

Porcelain     •           •  case 

1    6 

0    3 

case 

L'DlioiiiitifCt     wharfage, 

small  case 

1    0 

0    2 

small  case 

and  shipping 

4 

6 

3 

0 

3    0 

Potatoes      •           -      Ion 

3   6 

0   3 

Ion 

Rent  per  week 

0 

6 

0 

4 

0    4 

Pol.ish.    See  ^hit. 

N.  a.-Fouileen  daya 

Preserves, 

allowed  from  hn.il  d.iy 

under  i»  lbs.      package 

0    3 

[.0  034 

J 

of  l.indinR    previous  to 

2»  10  112  lbs.      package 

0    6 

cwt. 

the   conunence'iienl    of 

1  cwt.  and  upwards. 

rent ;  Inl  Hie  Company 

p.ickage 

0   8 

are  at  liberty  to  Louse  6 

or  a  consolidated  rate. 

days  after  iauging,  un- 
less de'ained  by  written 
order  previously. 

under  .28  lbs.package,6d. 

2S  to  112  11*.    do.      It. 

112  lbs.  and    upwards, 

Rem  on  the  quantity 
remaininj?      will       be 
cliarKed  from  the  day  of 
the  veaael  breaking  bulk. 

package,  If.  per  cwt. 

nett. 

Prunes  or  French  plums, 
about  8  cwl.,   hhd.  oi 

Unhnusg 

and 
I.anding. 

Rent 

per 

Week. 

P«nf 

Import 

s.  d- 

>.   d. 

Rate. 

^i 

ee'k. 

puncheon 

1    6 

0    6 

0    2 

5  to  7  cwl.       •     barrel 

1    0 

0    3 

0    1  1.2 

olive,  in  jars ; 

t. 

rf. 

1. 

d. 

2  to  5  cwt.       1-2  barrel 

0    9 

0    2 

0    1 

common  jars  •    cwl. 

0 

S1.4 

0 

3 

common  jar 

under  2  cwt.    1-4  barrel 

0    6 

0    2 

4    2 

1-2  jars           •    cwt. 

0 

8  14 

0 

2 

1-2  jar 

about  1  cwt ,  containing 

large  jars        -    cwi. 

0 

6 

0 

6 

large  jar 

boies  or  cartoons  case 

0   6 

0   2 

0    1 

rase 

cases    containing    30 

about  SO  lbs.         •    box 

0   2 

0    6 

I    3 

IIW 

quirt  bottles     cas« 

1 

0 

0 

3  1-2 

score  cases 

8ci>re 

salad,  1-2   chest  of  30 

about  28  Ibi.     1-4  chest 

0    1  1-2 

0    6 

1    0 

100 

botilus 

n 

6 

0 

21.2 

score  1-2  chests 

score 

palm  and  cocai  nut.  Inn 
in  Lirge  casks,  for  every 

3 

9 

0 

4 

ton 

Rent 

cwt.  above  30  cwt. 

0 

9 

Xek. 

seed         •           •      tun 

6 

0 

0 

6 

tun 

Oil    cake.     See  LiiMid 

Prussiate  of  potash       Ion 

4   6 

0    4 

Ion 

Caku. 

Puree           -           -  chest 

0    6 

0    1 

cheat 

Olibanum.    See  Gifm,  in 

Pyrolignateof  lead       ton 

5    0 

0    5 

ton 

cases  or  chrst.s. 

Quassia        •           •    cwt. 

0    6 

0    03-4 

cwt. 

Olives,  about  12  galls. 

Quicksilver,  in  bottles. 

1      " 

1-2  hrl. 

0 

4 

0 

1 

1-2  barrel 

bot'le 

0    3 

0    0  l-4'ix,ine 

—      6-1-4  bri. 

0 

3 

0 

0  1-2 

1-4  barrel 

containing  1  skin     case 

0    6 

0    0l-2:case 

—      2  3  4      ke< 

0 

2  1-4 

0 

0  1-4 

keg 

Quills           .            •     vat 

4    6 

0    4 

val 

about  5  quarts  small  kei. 

small  v.ii 

3    0 

0    3 

small  vat 

score 

1 

6 

0 

2 

score 

hogshead  or  Uarrel 

1    6 

0    3 

hogstiead  or  barrel 

3  pint  jars         .    score 

0 

9 

0 

1 

score 

case 

2    0 

0  a 

CAse 

in  larger  lackagei,  fill- 

0 

01-4 

0 
0 
0 

3 

2 

1 

tierce 

barrel,  30  gallons 

1-2  barrel 

bale 
Quinine,  sulphate  of,  con- 
taining about  3  quarts. 

0    6 

0    2 

bale 

Onions      -           •  bushel 

0 

6 

0 

1 

basket  or  barrel 

ca.se 

0    9 

0    1 

cise 

Opium       -          -      cwt. 

0 

10  12 

0 

1  1-2 

cheat  under  3  cwt. 

Ridlx  conlrayervae     cwt. 

0    9 

0    2 

case 

Oranges  and  lemons,  chest 

0 

712 

0 

1 

chest 

seiiekx   -           -  barrel 

0    6 

0    0  12 

barrel 

boi 

0 

5  1-4 

0 

0  1-2 

box 

Rags  or  old  ropes    ■      ton 

3    0 

0    3 

Ion 

Oranges,  in  cases         case 
Orange  buds           •    cwt. 

0 

0 
4  1-2 

0 
0 

1  1-2 
2 

case 
tierce 

L'nhnusg 

Rent 

0 

3 

hogshead 

and 

per 

Orchella  weed       •    cwt. 

0 

5  1-1 

0 

1 

bale 

L.iiiding. 

Week. 

Orpimenl    •           -      ton 

5 

0 

0 

4 

Ion 

Raisins,  12  to  20  cwt.,  bull 

3    0 

0    8 

0    4 

butt 

Orrice  root            -    cwt. 

0 

3 

0 

3 

hoMhead 

9  to  12  cwt.        •     pipe 

2    3 

0    6 

0    3 

pipe 
carotd 

0 

2 

tierce 

fi  to  9  cwt.         -  cirotel 

1    6 

0    4 

0   2 

0 

1 

barrel  orseron 

2  cwt.  2  qrs.  to  4  cwt. 

Oraidew        •       j-ackage 

1 

6 

0 
0 

3 
2 

laree  case 
small  case 

2  qrs.  .            -  barrel 
1  cwl.  2  qrs.  to  2  cwl. 

0   9 

0    2 

0   03-4 

barrel 

Otto  of  roses         package 

2 

6 

) 

2  qrs.      •      1-2  barrel 

0    6 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

l'2baml 

middling  iiachagc 

1 

6 

^0  4 

package 

under  1  cwt.  2  qis. 

small  package 

1 

0 

) 

i"i  barrel 

0    3 

0    01-2 

2    0 

100 

Oien                       •  each 

10 

0 

Weighing  do.  Is.  score. 

Paddy,  in  bulk       quarter 

0  10 

0 

I 

quarter 

Cape,ca8kaunder3cwl., 

I 

Paper          -           -    cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

10 

ton 

cask 

0    9 

0    03-1 

cask        1 

Pearl  barley           -     keg 

0 

3 

0 

0  1-4 

keg 

3  cwl.  to  5  CWI.,  cask 

1    6 

0    i 

100     ; 

barrel 

0 

6 

0 

0  1-2 

barrel 

boxes,  about  60  lbs.,  score 

3    0 

1    8 

Peas     -     lierte  or  barrel 

0 

9 

0 

1 

tierce  or  barrel 

Uenia  jk  Valentia,  boxes, 

bag 

0 

4  1-2 

2 

6 

lOObags 

score 

2    6 

0    C 

1    3 

100 

Pepper  (unsifted)         Ion 

6 

0 

0 

6 

ton 

Weighing  do.  8d.  score. 

or  a  cnnsnlidale.1  rate  of 

1-4  and  12  Imxes    sc-ore 

1    6 

0   6 

1    0 

100        I 

M.  per  cwt.  nett;  or 
of  2«.  3d.    per   cwt. 

f^ails  or  liasliets      score 

1    S 

0   5 

1    0 

100        1 

Wi-ighina  do.  6d.  score. 

1 

nett,    incltidmg  ordi- 

1-4 and  1-2  frails  or  bas- 

nary sifting  and  bag- 

kets,   -           -    score 

1    0 

0    4 

1    0 

100 

ging 

. 

0 

1 

bagor3l71bs.nott. 

Weigtiine  do.  4d.  score. 

long  or  Cayenne     cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

7 

ton 

Malafa,  lioxes           score 

2   0 

0    6 

1    0 

100 

or  a  consolidated  rale 

1-4  &  12  boxes  score 

1    6 

0   6 

0  10 

lOO 

of  Is.  per  cwl.  nett. 

Weighing  do.  8d,  score. 

Piann.fortes  •          -  each 

4 

6 

0 

6 

each 

Smyrna,  dnims        score 
Weighingdo,  lOd.  score. 

2   6 

0   6 

1    0 

100 

Piccaba                  -  cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

4 

Ion 

! 

Pickles          doien  bottles 
in  barrels              gallon 

0 
0 

2  1-4 
012 

0 
0 

01.2 

dozen  ImtUes 
barrel 

1-4  Ac  1  2  drums      score 
Weighing  do.  6d,  score. 

1    6 

0    6 

1    0 

lOO 

laixe  hollies  or  jars, 

Kent 

under  2  gallons    gall. 

0 

1  1-2 

0 

01-4 

bottle  or  jar 

W«k. 

2  U  under  'i  do.,  gall. 

0 

1 

0 

0  1-2;  Mile  or  jar 

6  and  upivards     gall 

0 

0  3-4 

0 

0  3  41  bottle  or  iar 

Rhalania  extract    ■   cwt. 

0   9 

0    1 

cwt. 

Fictuics,  large  bale  or  case 

4 

6 

0 

6 

large  bale  or  caic 

root         •          •   cwt. 

U  10  1-: 

0    01-2 

cwt. 

1 

ONDON). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


585 


Ptr 


3    U 


0  6 
2-6 
3    0 

0  9 

1  6 
I    0 

3  a 


0   3 
0    6 


0   8 


I.  d. 

0   4 


Wn'k.        *'»l"i«.*t. 


3 

I  1-2 
6 
41 
6 


0  2 

3  U 

0  2 

1  0 
0  3 
0  2 
0  3 


'fOOOA 


Per 

middling    bale    or 

c.iu 
iniall  bale  or  cue 
bald 

larxe  vit 
■wall  <at 
tou 


balB 

100  bamit 

loo 

lOOboxtt 
ca3e 
tniAlt  caae 

lOD 


rds, 
:wl. 


.    01 

leon 
lire  I 
irrel 
irrel 
iiin< 
caae 
bnx 

hest 


ton 
*esl 

loii 
^wl. 

le 

case 

rat 

vat 

rrel 

cast* 

le 

cm- 

irta, 

;a.se 

wt. 

rrel 


bull 

I"' 

olel 

rrel 


rrel 

ire. 

,vl., 

ask 

■Atk 

or* 

xes, 

'ore 

)re. 

.-ore 

;ore 

>rp. 

has- 

:ore 


ore 
ire. 


4  6 

0  6 

5  0 
0  6 


cwt. 


Uiihotug 

iud 
lauding. 

I.  d. 

0    6 

0    3 

0    2 

0    2 

0   2 
0    6 

»cnre 
0    6 

•core 


Rent 
per 
Week. 
0  4 
0  I 
0  a 
0    03-4 


Rent 

Iter 
Week, 
1.  d. 
0  2 
0  I  1.2 
0  1 
4    2 


0 


h'l.ortxn. 
larri-l 
l-2biml 
100 

rate 
100 

100 


Inn 
cheat 
Ion 
cwt 


0    0  1-4  bottle 
0    0  1-2  caie 

vat 

aniall  vat 

bnnbead  or  band 

Crtae 

bale 


0   3 


2   0 
I    6 


2   6 
1    6 


0   9 

U  10  1-: 


0  1 

0  2 

0  0  12 

0  3 

Unhousf; 

and 
LAiitiing. 

0    8 

0    6 

0    4 

0  2 
0  2 
0   01-2 


0    6 


0    6 
0    5 


0    4 

0   6 
0   6 

0   6 

0   6 

ITent 
per 
Week. 
0    I 


ciae 
case 
barrel 

foil 


cwt. 
0    0  1-2  cwt. 


Rent 

per 

Week. 

0    -l 

butt 

n   3 

pipe 

0    2 

caroltl 

0   0  3-4  barrel 

I 
0   01-2  l'2biirel 


2   0 


100 


0    03-4lra5k 

0  i        100 

1  8 


I    3 

1    0 
1    0 

I    0 

I    0 

0  10 

1  0 
I    0 


100 


100 


c  , 

Heot.                    1 

'" 

^ 

Rent. 

Ooodi  inported. 

'4 

1 

Goods  imported. 

si 

P.. 

Vr 

Weiik. 
1.    d. 

quanlities,  <ic. 

f. 

~~ 

eek. 
dT 

tiuanlilies,  <ic. 

Ptr 

«. 

d. 

Per 

Pir 

Ptr 

Rhubarb     •          -    cwi. 

0  10  1-2 

0  10 

ton 

Skins— cotift'tiued. 

A  cnnaolulated  rale  on 

goal,  Trieste,  bale  about 

Eaat  India,  iiicludiiiK 

8  CWI. 

2 

0 

0 

3 

bale 

al'aoilartinKinlobulk, 

Hamburgh,    bale    of 

tarini;,  niiiairinK,  re. 
taring,  renllinv,  nail- 

100  skins  and  under 

1 

0 

0 

1 

bale 

bale  above  IflO  skills 

1 

6 

0 

11-2 

bale 

im  down,  reweii(hiiig. 

Mogadore,  above  110 

aNil|iilingaway,of5*, 

skins           -  bale 

1 

0 

0 

2 

120  skina 

per  cheat. 

above  UU  to  100  skiljB, 

Rice           •           ■    cwi. 

0 

21-4 

0 

4 

loo 

liair 

0 

9 

0 

a 

12(1  skill! 

or  a  conaolidated  rate  of, 

above  30  lodOikins, 

in  caaki     IS».  4rf.  ton 

. 

bale 

0 

6 

0 

a 

120  skins 

in  b,a|ta      I0<.  6d.  loii 

of  30 1  under,    bah 

0 

3 

0 

2 

1211  skills 

Roola,  uiaafraa  or  wiiiien 

loose             -     dozen 

0 

2 

0 

3 

I20akins 

cwt. 

0 

0 

0 

i 

cask  or  caae 

hare    and    coney,    100 

RoiiQ         ■          -     Ion 

2 

6 

0 

e 

ton,  IlKtSt! 

skina      -            -  M,- 

1 

6 

0 

3 

bale 

3 

0 

lOU  barrels 

under  600  ski  IIS,   bait 

1 

0 

0 

2 

bale 

Run            •           •    bale 

1 

6 

0 

3 

bale 

1  irge  cask 

2 

0 

0 

G 

large  cask 

1-2  bale 

1 

0 

0 

1  1-2 

1-2  bale 

middling  tM^I. 

1 

6 

0 

4 

ntiddliiiifc.uk 

RuabM        •           -   load 

1 

6 

0 

3 

load 

sjiiall  cisk 

1 

0 

0 

3 

small  cask 

tor  poliabing       bundle 

0 

I  1-2 

1 

0 

100  bundin 

kangaroo             -  dozen 

0 

0  1-2 

0 

2 

bale 

Sir  Salurni            -    cwt. 

0 

3 

0 

3 

cheat 

kid  or  lamb,  hhd.,  pun.. 

Siffmn       ■           •    c»l. 

2 

0 

0 

2 

bale  or  case 

or  bile 

1 

6 

0 

3 

lihd.,  pun.,  or  bale 

Sjlllnwer    •           -      Ion 

5 

0 

0 

6 

1011 

tilTCt- 

1 

0 

0 

2 

tierce 

or  a  conaolidated  rate  of 

barrel 

0 

6 

0 

1 

larrel 

141.  6(/.  per  ton  nett. 

large  bundle 

1 

0 

0 

2 

large  bundle 

S.HO                         •     cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

6 

Ion 

ordinary  bundle 

0 

D 

0 

1 

oriliiiary  bundle 

S.tl  ammoniac        *      Ion 

5 

0 

0 

6 

ton 

small  bundle 

0 

(i 

0 

1 

small  bundle 

s.lop        .           package 

I 

6 

0 

2 

package 

lamb,    Hamburgh,    or 

Siltpetre     •          •      ton 

5 

0 

0 

3 

Ion 

Cojtenhagi'ii,      under 
20()  skins        ■       lull' 

!alii          •          -    CWI. 

0 

3 

0 

4 

ton 

1 

0 

0 

1 

bale 

Simplea  which  are  by  h» 

aliove  200  >kina,   bile 

1 

G 

0 

1  1-2 

bale 

I'Xt'niptcd    from    duty. 

leopard,  lion,  and  tigi-r. 

dee. 

each 

0 

11-2 

0 

0  1-2 

each 

Saphora      .         package 

0 

6 

0 

1 

package 

nutria       -      hogahi-ad 

1 

6 

0 

4 

hogshead 

Sjraaparilla           •    cwt. 

I 

6 

0 

1 

cwt. 

barrel 

1 

0 

0 

1 

barrel 

0  10       1 

too  bundles 

about  ISO  doz.  akiiia, 

or  a  conaolidated  rale  of 

bale 

1 

G 

0 

4 

bale  of  150  dozen 

4f.  6d.  per  cwt.  nett. 

about  100  i.'oz.  akina. 

Re»pii!bin«l)ale8  4cwl. 

bale 

1 

0 

0 

3 

bale  of  100  dozen 

and  'upwards   If.  (id. 

about  50  doz.  skins, 

per  bale. 

bale 

0 

9 

0 

2 

bale  of  60  dozen 

under  4  cwt.,  1«. 
Sralcboanit     100  bundlee 

opossura,about  50  skins. 

3 

0 

0 

4 

lOObundlet 

bundle 

0 

6 

0 

1 

bundle 

hc.imniony  •           •    cwt. 
Serd,  agricullunl  (or  nol 

3 

0 

0 

01-2 

drum 

Quebec  or   Hiidsoirs 

Bay,    case,  bale,  or 

ollierwise  rated), 

puncheon 

1 

6 

0 

3 

case,  bale,  or  pun- 

in bafja            •     ton 

3 

9 

0 

3  1-2 

Inn 

cheon 

in  casks          '      Inn 

4 

6 

0 

312 

ton 

large  bundle 

1 

0 

0 

2 

laree  bundle 

Seed  lac      •           •    cwl. 

0 

9 

0 

0  1-2 

cwt. 

ordinary  bundle 
small  bundle  or  kc» 

0 

9 

0 

1 

ordinary  bundle 

or  a  conaolidated  rate  of 

0 

6 

0 

1 

small  bundle  or  keg 

2i.  per  cwt.  nett. 

seal          -           -  iiipi 
puncheon  or  hogshead 

2 

0 

0 

3 

pipe 

Setina         -           -    cwl. 

0 

6 

0 

7  1-2 

ton 

1 

6 

0 

2 

puncheon  or  bogs- 

Shawla,  small  bnx  or  hale 

2 

0 

0 

1  1-2 

small  box  or  bale 

he.ad 

large  liol  or  liale 

3 

0 

0 

2 

large  box  or  bale 

barrel 

1 

0 

0 

1 

harrel 

Shiya  root,  preta-pickid, 

loose     ■           -    120 

1 

6 

0 

3 

120 

ton 

4 

0 

0 

4 

ton 

South  Seas,  wigs    120 

i 

9 

0 

G 

120 

Sliellac       -          •    cwt.    0 

9 

0 

0  1-2 

cwt. 

middlings      -     120 

1 

9 

0 

4 

120 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

smalls  and  pups  120 

1 

6 

0 

3 

120 

2».  per  cwt.  nett. 

Greenland,  loose    120 

1 

6 

0 

2 

120                          « 

ships"  storea  warehoused, 

sheep,  Hamburgh    bale 

1 

G 

0 

2 

bale 

ciiisnlid.ilcilrate,  2cwl. 

8liee|i  or  goat, 

ami  upwarda        -    cwt. 

1 

6 

0 

1 

package 

Cape    bale,  lOO  skins 

2 

0 

0 

2 

bale 

uuder  2  cwl.    packai;e 

1 

0 

0 

0I-? 

package 

"S  skina 

1 

6 

0 

1  1-2 

bale 

under  23  lbs.    package 

0 

6 

0 

01-4 

packajje 

.Wski  a 

1 

0 

0 

1 

bale 

if  liquids          ■  gallon 

0 

I 

0 

5 

tun 

2.)akii3 

0 

C 

0 

0  1-2 

bale 

Shot           -           ■      ton 

3 

0 

0 

1  1-2 

ton 

looae,  dry     •  dozen 

0 

3 

0 

3 

120 

Shurf         -           •      Ion 

5 

0 

0 

2 

ton 

salted           •  do7i  n 

0 

4  1.2 

0 

4 

120 

Silk.raworlhnnvn,  cwt. 

1 

0 

0 
0 

2 
1  1-2 

bale  above  2  cwt. 
bale  under  2  cwt. 

India,  loose     ■      120 
about  4  cwt.  large 

1 

0 

0 

2 

120 

manufaclureil,  1  cwt.and 

bale 

2 

0 

0 

3 

bale 

upnards  lialeorcase 
under  1   cwt.,  ainall 

I 

6 

0 

11-2 

bale  or  caae 

•mall  calf,  Russia, 

100 skins,  bundle 

0 

9 

0 

n-2 

bundle 

bale  or  case 

1 

0 

0 

11-2 

small  bale  or  caae 

swan,   bale    cniilaining 

waste,  4  cwt.  and  up- 

150 skins 

1 

6 

0 

2 

bale 

wards    -           •  bale 

2 

G 

0 

1 

bale 

100  skins 

1 

0 

0 

1 

bale 

2  and  under  4  cwt. 

Vicienia,  loose    ■     120 

1 

6 

0 

3 

120 

bale 

2 

0 

0 

I 

bale 

Smalls        -            -      tou 

5 

0 

0 

5 

ton 

1  and  under  2  cwt. 

Snake  root            •    cwl. 

0  10  1-2 

0 

1 

1-2  bale  or  barrel 

bale 

0 

9 

0 

012 

bale 

0 

2 

lierce 

Silk  ribands  •          ■  caae 

2 

0 

0 

case 

0 

2 

bale 

Skins,  calf  or  kip,  4  cwt. 

0 

3 

hogshead 

aul  upwarda        •  bate 

1 

6 

0 

1  12 

bale 

Soap          -          •    cwt. 

0 

6 

0 

1 

case  under  6  cwt 

about  2  cwt. 

Soda           •           ■     Ion 

3 

0 

0 

4 

Ion 

middling  hale 

1 

0 

0 

0  1-2 

middling  bale 

Soy            •           •  chest 

0 

1 

0 

2 

chest 

small  hale 

0 

9 

0 

0  1-2 

small  bale 

in  caik»  •           •  gallon 

0 

1 

0 

5 

iiuncheon 

lalled,  wet     •    dozen 

0 

4  1-2 

0 

4 

120 

0 

3 

liogshead 

loose,  dry      -    dozen 

0 

3 

0 

0  1-2 

dozen 

0 

2 

kit  or  bart«l 

dry  salted      •    dozen 

0 

4 

0 

4 

120  skins 

Spectacles  •          •    caae 

1 

0 

0 

1 

case 

Weighing  and  loading. 

Spelter        ■           •      ton 

3 

0 

0 

1 

Ion 

Id.  per  dozen  each 

Wharfage  and  ahipping, 

0 

2 

ton, in  casks 

cliarge. 

2t.    per    ton,     when 

Mngadore,  dry  sailed, 

piled  on  the  quay. 

toQsc    -             dozen 

0 

3 

0 

0  1-2 

dozen 

Sponge       •           •    cwt. 

0 

9 

0 

2 

case  or  bale  under 

cat  01  fi'ch.  cask  or  case 

1 

6 

0 

3 

c.isk  or  case 

1  cwl.  2  qrs. 

cbinchilli,  bale,  cask,  or 

0 

3 

large  c-ate  or  cask 

case 

1 

6 

0 

3 

■jale,  cask,  or  case 

Squills        •           -     Ion)  S 

0 

0 

3 

Ion 

deer,  pun.,  hhd.,  or  bale 

1 

6 

0 

2 

pun.,  lilid.,  or  bale 

dried,  about  4  c-fft.  c.ise    1 

6 

0 

1  1-2 

case 

ewe  or  pack 

1 

0 

0 

1 

case  or  pack 

alKiul  2  cwt.    •     case    1 

0 

0 

1 

case 

bundle 

0 

9 

0 

'J  1-2 

bundle 

in  bags            •    cwt.    0 

6 

0 

0  1-2 

bag 

dogfish     ■           ■  bale 

0 

9 

0 

bale 

Starch         •           -      ton    5 

0 

0 

6 

Ion 

elk.looM  •           -    120 

3 

0 

0 

4 

120 

Sli-el           •          .      Ion    4 

6 

0 

2 

ton 

tun,  large  bale,  caae,  or 

Stick  lac     •           •    cwt.    0 

9 

0 

0  1-2 

cwt 

ijak 

1 

6 

0 

6 

large  bale,  case,  or 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

middling  bale,   caae. 

cask 

2*.  per  cwt.  nett. 

or  cask 

1 

0 

0 

3 

middling  ditto 

Sticks,  walking     -    1,000   5 

0 

0 

2 

1,000 

,    tmall  bale  cue,  or  cask 

0 

9 

0 

2 

small  ditto 

Stockfish.    SeefiiA. 

I'  • 


74 


S  ( 


jl 


.Ki 


586 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


Ptr 

Stonff  *mrr  •    earh 

fiiitry      •  ■      (on 

Filling    and    weighing, 

ii.  i»fr  tnn. 
lilhocraphic        •      tnn 
pufiiice    •  *      Ion 

Turkey    •  •    cwt 

Stnw,  iii.'inuriclure'J, 
under  I  cwt.         cMf 

1  U.  uDdrr'i  cwt.  ciie 

2  —       3  rwt.  ciM) 

3  _      4  cwt.  C'Mj 

4  cwt.  mil  upwardii, 

cast; 
unmnniifactured, 

1  to  2  cwl.       •     case 

2  tu  3  cM't.       •     cise 

3  cwt.  aud  iipwanh, 

CAse 
5u)(ar,  in  cnslt4       •    cw). 
iu  ctinis,  5    cwt.   and 
altnve,  nr  in  ba>kets 
of  any  size,     •    cwt. 
cht^ti,  mats,  nrbagi  un- 
der 5  cw(.        •    cwt. 
or  a  cnnRolidated  rate  of 
— in    raakG,   Hd.  cwt. 
nett ;  in  chciti.Scwt. 
and  above,  or  in  has* 
kfts  of  any  lize,  *\d. 
cwt.  neti ;   in  chests, 
niatR,  nr  ba|^,  under  5 
cw'l.f  6d,  cwt.  neit. 
canily       •  •    cwt, 

Sulphate  of  zinc     •      ton 
Siini-ich       -  •      ton 

Tallow  In  casks     ■      ton 
if  sold  from  Ihc  landing 
scale  to  the  importer, 
ton 
also  to  the  buyer*  ton 
Vnhnusinitf     wharfa^f, 
and  shipping,  2i.  &/. 
per  ton. 
Wtiarfa^eaDd  shipping, 
2i.  4£(.  per  ton. 


in  flkini  •      ton 

Mt9<literrancan,Cape,  or 

American,     packages 

under  5  cwt.    •      ton 

Tamarinds.  See/Vetcrw*. 

Tapes         •  -     hal.! 

Tapioca       •  •    cwt. 

Tar     barrel  of  32  gallons 

Tare*        -  -  (juarter 

Working  nut  and  dt-ti 

vering  into  craft,  3(1 

per  quarter. 

Terra  japonica  -  too 
sienna     •  ■      ton 

vente       •  •      tnn 

umbra  &  Pozzolani    ton 


6<a 


0    I  1-2 
3   6 


S    0 

T  e 


0   3 


0  8 

1  0 


1  9 

2  0 


2  n 

0   3 


0    3 
0   3 


0  4  1-2 

S  0 

3  9 

3  0 


2    4 

I    2 


Rani. 


IVr 
Week. 

»     ~ 
0    9 
0    I 


0    6 
0    8 


<)uaiitili(«i  h.t. 


0    0  1-2 


I 

I  12 


Weighing  Pozzolani  on 
bale 


ni  rozzoUni 
hoard,  If.  per  ton. 


Thread 

Timber.    See  Wood. 

Tin  -  ■     Ion 

ore  -  •      tnn 

Tobacco,   a    consolidattd 

rate,  see  pai;e  587. 
TonKiiefl,al}out2doz.,  bale 

loose       .  •  dozen 

3  cwt.  -  •  tierce 

lt>2cwt.       ■    cask 

Tonquin  beans       •  cheat 

in  casks   -  •   cwt. 

Tortoiseahell  ■    cwt. 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 
4«.  6<i.  per  cwt.  nelt. 
Tow,  in  bala        ■    cwt. 


Toyi  lar^  case  or  vat 
DiidJIinecaseor  vat 
Bniall  case  or  vat 
Trees,  live  plants  'ic. 

Iar|:e  case 
small  case 
Turmeric    •  •    cwt 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 
Ir,  per  cwt.  oett 
Turpentine  -      ton 

Delivery  by  land  or  wa- 
ter, li.  8a.  per  ton. 


Twine 
Valerian 


cwt. 
bale 


3   9 


6    0 


I  6 

0  81-1 

0  3 

1  0 


5  0 

6  0 
5  0 
3  6 


I    6 


4  0 

5  0 


0  6 

0  3 

0  8  1. 1 

0  6 

1  6 
I  0 
I  0 


0    2 
0   2 


0   2 
0    3 


0    4 

0   6 


0    6 
0    4 


0  0  1.2 

0  ft 

0  2 

0  3 


Va 


100 
loa 


tnn 

ton 

Ion  in  bricks 

cask  3  to  6  cwt. 

cas« 
case 
case 
case 

case 

case 
case 

case 
ton 


Goods  imported. 


0    3 


0  0  1-2 

0  I 

0  2 

0  UI.2 

3  0 

0  1 


0    41-2 


4  6 

3  0 

2  0 

1  6 

I  0 

0  3 


2    6 


0  41.2 

1  6 


0  3 

0  3 

0  3 

0  3 


0    2 


0    2 
0    4 


I 


cwt. 
ton 
tnn 
ton 


ThtM  workinn 
lays  from  the  last 
day  of  weighinif  .it 
the  landinj^  scale, 
will  be  allowed  lo 
clear  tallow  from 
tlie  quays  ;  no  rent 
will  be  charged  for 
that  period,  if  sr 
cleared ;  when  not 
so  cleare-l,  rent  will 
be  charged  from  ves 
sel  breaking  bulk. 


package  under  3<  .■ 
package  above  3i  > 

bale 
barrjf 
100  barrels 
quarter 


ton 
ton 
ton 
ton 


bale 


Ion 
ton 


Vslnnia      ■  •      Ion 

rilling  and    weighing, 

2j.  per  ton. 

Vanelloes,  case  or  canister 

WnliKfis    •  •      ton 

Verniilion  •  •    cwt. 

Vermicelli,    case    umler 

I  cwt.      .  ■    cwt. 

1  lo  2  cwt.  .     case 

2  cwl  aud  upwards,  cwt 


Vinegar,  pun.  of  100  galls 

hogshead 

tierce  or  t)arrel 

M  cask 

ConperN  atlendanre  in 

acutition.    tiee  f('iMc« 

and  .S'pirifi. 

If  hiiiised,  including  at 

tendance  at  delivery, 

puiirtieoli    2>  ;    lilid. 

Is.  6(,'.  J  tierce  If. 

Walnuts    ■  ■  bushel 

Water,    mineral,     dozen 
bottles 

Wai  ■  -      ton 

.Sealing    -  .    cwt. 

Weld  •  .      ton 

WlialclKine  •      Ion 

Wliale  fins  •  •     ton 


bale 
0  1-2  dozen 
0     1         tierce 
0    0  12  cask  I  to  2  cwl. 
0    112  chest 

cwt 

case 

cwl.  in  casks 


0    I 
0    2 


0    I 


I 
1  1-2 


0  2 

0  6 

0  4 

0  3 


0  I 

0  6 

0  0  1-2 

3  6 

3  0 


6    0 

0    I 
0   2 


bale  4  cwt.  &  under 
bale  .ibove  4   and 

under  6  cwl. 
bale  6  cwt.  and  up- 
wards 
large  case  or  vat 
middling  case  orval 
small  case  or  vat 

large  case 

small  case 

ton 

chest  1  cwt.  2  qn. 

100  tierces 
100  barrels 
100     casks     from 

France 
mat  or  bufidlo 
bala  . 


Wheat,  ftc. 
Seed,  heavy  grain,  *c. 
quarter 
Oats,  light  grain.KC.  ur. 

Filling  and  porter- 
age at  landing, 

qr.  0  2 

Ditto  at  delivery, 

qr.  0  2 

Turning  each  time 

ion  qra.  2  6 

Screenine,  lOOifrs.  6  fi 

One  turning  to  be 
charged  on 
screening. 

Tnnisferring 

too  sacks  0  6 

Peeling  over  heavy 
grain         -    (jr.  0  6 

Ditto  light    -    qr.  0  4| 

If  imported  in 
bags,  an  addi- 
tional charge  of 
4d.  per  bag,  for 
cutting  npenand 
shooting  out. 

Collecting  empty 
bags  and  pack- 
ing into  bun- 
dl.s         •    bdle  0  I 

Iy>.ading  or  ship, 
iiine,      •    bdle.  0  I 

Working  nut  and  deli 
verin<  into  craft,  Zd. 
per  quarter. 


0 
4  |.2 

0 
0 
« 


0    212 


Hent. 


I'lr 
Woik. 


».  it 
0   3 


0 
0 
0  10 


I  12 


012 


0    4 


4    0 

2    0 


0  1-2 

C 

I 

0 

4 


Landing, 

Whaff.ige, 

Housing,  and 

Oelivenng, 


In  a 
Ilargc, 
f.    d. 


Quantities,  tc. 


fa 


case  or  canister 

Inn 

ton 

Imi  under  S6  lb., 
case  under  2rwi. 
case  2  and  under  4 

cwt. 
case  4  and  under  6 

cwl. 
case  «  cwt.  and  »p. 

wants 
pnnchenn 
nngshead 
tierce  or  barrel 
I  4  cask 


lOOs-acks 
100  bags 

dozen  botllee 

tnn 

cwl. 

Ion 
Inn 
ton 


In  a 
Shi,,. 


Whetstones 


cwl. 


Whisks  for  brooms 

100  bundles 
loose        ■  •  1,000 

bale 
1-2  bale 
1-4  bale 
one  eighth  of  a  bale 
manufactured       -    100 
Wine  in  casks,  see  conso- 
lidated rate,  p.  hm. 
in  cases,  see  p.  h%%. 
Wire,  iron  «    cwl. 

ilatedorgilt       •    cwt. 
Woad.    See  Weld. 
Wool,    sheep    or    lamb, 
Gerniaii  -  •    cwt. 

or  a  consolidated  rate  of 
6i.  per  bale  of  about 
4  cwt. 


0    6 
0    U 


Rent 
per  100 
<<rs.  per 
Week. 


d. 


4    !) 
3  10 


Rent  com, 
n.ences 
frnm     Hej 
l-iM  cl.iy  oil 
l,in,lin,:' 

lli'k  from 
tire  for  loj 
t'ourit  of 
[.ropriilon 


Import 
Kate. 

».    d. 
0   3 


3  0 

3  0 

I  10  1-. 

I  0 

0  9 

0  6 

1  6 


4  1-4 
8  1-4 


Kent 
Week. 


d, 

1  12 
0  1.2 


3 

4 
3 
I  1-2 


Quantities,  tc 

cask  3  In  r,  cnl. 
case  or  cask  1  cwl. 


100  l,undles  ; 

1,000  ' 

bale  I 

I-:  liale  I 
1 1 -I  bale 

0  1.2,nm-i;isblhofatlk 

2        100 


0   0  12  cwt. 
0    0  3-4  cwt. 


0   4  1-2    0  03-4 

0  1 

0  I  1-2 

0  2 


bale  under  3  cwt  j 
bale  3  to  1  cwt. 

bale  4  to  6  cn'U  f 

bale  6  cwl,  and  , 

wards  { 


NDON). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LO    DON 


587 


W 


i. 
4    » 


I  e 

S  0 

1  41 

I  0 

I  0 

0  e 


llrnC. 


\\'^!j,         (Jiuntilioi,  tc. 


2  I 

1  2 

I  0 

0  6 


<.  d. 

0   3 


0    I  12 
0    6 
0  10 

0    012 
0     I 
0    2 


0    4 


0   6 


4 
2 
2 
I  1-2 


!12 


4    0 

2    0 


0  1-2 

G 

I 

0 

4 

6 


rtr 


nw  or  cinliln 

Inn 

too 

tmi  iiii'l«r  W  \U. 
caw  under  2r«t. 
list!  2  and  niider  4 

cwt. 
CAM  4  iiid  under  6 

cwt. 
CAM  ti  cwl.  >nl  ap. 

w.inU 
pniichP'Ui 
nni^hfltd 
liercr  or  banrtt 
I  4cuk 


100  neks 
100  Ugt 

dozen  bottle* 

ton 

cwt. 

Ion 

ton 

Ion 


Landing, 

Whirfiiie, 

lIouKini!)  and 

Delivering. 


In  a 
Barue, 
t.    d. 


Ill  a 

0    9 
0    8 


0    6 
0    li 


Rent 
per  100 
(^ni.per 
Week. 

I.    d. 

4    9 
3  10 


<i 


Rent  cniu. 
nieiica 
from    the 
I.HI  ilay  of 
laii-titr:. 

tti'k  I'mm 
tire  for  «• 
fount  ftf 
l.roprit'ton 


K) 


Import 
Kate. 

..    d. 
0   3 


3  0 

3  0 

I  10  1 

I  0 

0  9 

0  6 

1  6 


0   4  1-4 
0    8  1-4 


0   41-2 


■tent 

\Veek. 
f.    d. 
0    1  1-2 
0    0  1-2 


3 
4 
3 
I  1-2 


Quanlitio,  ftc. 


cask  3  In  r.  en- 
case ur  cask  I 


cwt.  ! 


100  t,und!es 
1,000 
Liale 
|.2lvile 


0 
0 
0 
0 

0    I       1 1 -I  bale 

U    0  |.2<onecigblbor 

0    8       100 


iUlt 


0   0  12 
0   03-4 


0    03-4 
0    1 
0    112 
0   2 


cwt. 
cwt. 


Ijale  under  3  cwt  | 

bale  3  to  1  cwt.  , 

talc  4  to  6  cwL  I 

bale  6  cwt.  ami  , 

wards  | 


Ooodi  importxl. 


Ptr 

Wnol-oirUiniMd. 

L'nhouiinK  or  Inadlnn  by 
land  or  water,  ind 
mendinc  ai  delivery, 
when  charged  under 
ceiuKilidalcd  rate,  per 
bale  o(  about  4cwi., 
1 1. 

Aue'ralian  •    ewt, 

or  a  CfHitoU  lated  rale  of 
4r.  per  bain  of  alHiut 
2  l-i  cwt.,  including 
lanlinK,  whirfije, 
hou«inK,and  12  weekl' 
reiil  from  the  dale  of 
tbi!  >hip  brtakiii< 
bulk,  lauding  nrifhlii, 
oriifinal  warratil»,  cer- 
tiUcate  nf  d.iniaiie,  or 
vurvey  .^ter  Ian  lini;, 
mending  at  landing, 
taring,  lollini(,  laiU' 
plin;(,  ulipilini^  for 
•liow,  thowiiiK,  rC' 
nilinj^.  llieadinR,  and 
filling  in,  ret«Ti)tbin^, 
and  any  other  usual 
o|(eratioii  performed 
by  order  of  the  iin' 
porter. 

I'nhoimin^  and  Wtadini; 
b>  land,  or  direct  into 
slop  or  li^bter,  and 
inriidinff,  M.  |iflr  liale 
of  .about  I  \l  cwl, 
goals'      •  -cwt. 


M 


t.   d. 


0    4  1-2 


HbdI. 


Per 
Week. 


f.  d. 


0  3^ 
I 

1  1-2 
% 


Mir  or  beards      cwt 

Spanish   •  -    cwt. 

or  a  rnrisnljthted  rate  of 
Ai.  [tt-r  baJe  of  atmut 
2  cwt.,  an>l  3<i.  per 
hair  bile,  inc^Uiling 
the  same  opvniioiis 
II  lo  Auslrnliaa  wool. 

UnhouMDK,  fcc,  *W.  per 
bile,  Ad.  per  halT 
bile. 

VipJiiij   •  •    cwt, 

Woulleii  cloth.  See  Cloth. 

Wood.  For  cocwol  i Jated 
n(e  on  itaves,  dealt, 
&c.  »ee  p.  51X). 


0   6 


0  10  1-2 
0    4  1.2 


0    41.2 


I 
2 
2 

03^4 
0  1-2 


Quftnti!if»,  Ate. 


tv 


bale  under  3  cwt. 
Ule3  lo4  cwt. 
hale  4  In  b  cwl. 
ball?  Q  cwt.  aud  up- 
ward* 


0   3 


halo  about  2  cwt. 

bale  above  2  cwt. 

caie 

bale  2  cwt.  2  qn. 

bale  alxiut  2  cwt. 

bale  about  1  cwt. 


bale 


(mkmIb  imported. 


ton 


Wood  — HfrUintud. 
Rarwond 
Hoiwofxl     • 
Hrazil,  largo 
CaiiiwniHl    - 
Cocus  \vood 
Ebony 
Fuidc,  larKe 
Lignum  vit« 
Li)f(M'oo<l 

NicariKua,  large    , 
Uiihimiirig  or  iinpi  irig, 

wbirlage,  and    iliip* 

ping,  2'.  6(/.  per  ton. 
or  a  ronaoliil.ited  rair  of 

6i.  6(i.   yttPT  ton.      If 

under  cover,  1$.  per 

ton. 
Braiiletto  ton 

Hrazil  wood,  imall  ton 
I'uiiic,  young  •  ton 
Nioaraifua,  imall  ton 
Saiulal      •  •      tnn 

Sa-HWifras  •      ton 

Sapai)      .  -      (on 

or  a  conioUdated  rate  of 

Ht.  per  ton. 
Jaccaraiida  *        •  ^ 
Mating  my  • 
Maple 

Row  wood   • 
Siitiu 
Tulip 
Zebra 

Biri'a  eye    • 
Cedar  and  other 

wnndi  charged 

with   duly,  or 

■old  at 
or  a  consolidated  rate  of 

7i.  per  ton. 
Rummaging  mahoginy 

tluiber,  or  other  mea- 
sured woods,  li.  per 

ton. 
Delivering  into  decked 

vfMeli,    6d.   per   ton 

eilra. 
Yarn,  In  vats  not  above 

20  cwt.  .     Ion 

above  20  cwt.  •  ton 
addilinnal      for     evtrj' 

cwt.  above  1  ton 
in  bales   •  .    cwt. 

Zirtres        •  •      ton 

/inc.    See  SftHer. 


■ton 


*t 


4    6 


5    0 


WeiV         Q«««"*^*<^ 


0    I 


0  1 : 
0    1 


Pit 


Inn;  if iin<lrrrnirtr, 
I  \'2*i.  prr  ton.      I 

niark  i'N"iiy,  fmn' 
the  Kant  Indira, 
and  lignum  vilr.i 
rent  afttr  I  yrari 
frnivf^nrl  Iireak-j 
iiiK  )>ulk,  \(i.  pi-r 
ton  per  wwk. 


tnn 
tnn 
tnn 
ton 
tnn 
(on 
ton 


•2  ton 

ton, 


0 
3 

3 

4  1-2 
0 


0    4 

0    4 


0    11 
0    6 


after  1  yeir 
from  vpuel  break- 
ing bulk. 


ton 
ton 


2  bale 
Iton 


ConHolidated  Ratca  and  Churgcs  on  Cigars  and  Tobacco. 


Chests 
containing 
from  JI.'O 
to  (iOO  lbs. 

Boxes  containing 

Cisan. 

Above  300 
and  not 

exceeding 
400  lbs. 

Above  200 
and  not 

exceeding 
3(K)  llrs. 

Above  100 
and  not 

exceeding 
200  lbs. 

Import  rale;  includins  laraling,  wlurra.(e,  housing,  weighing  groM;  and  eia- 
mining,  or  s.auiiilinK,  one  side       ....... 

Iioih  sides    -....•' 

Unparkinr,  weiithini;  nelt,  rep.icking  (when  in  bundle**),  and  coopering 

•  If  lo'ise,  an  ezlra  chari^e  is  made.    Garbling,  or  lorting,  is  also  an  extra 
rliirge. 
Ex.aniining,  or  resampling,  one  side             .-,... 

bnlhsidej 

Vnhoijsinj.  wharfage,  and  shipping             ...... 

UiMn.  ant  loading      ......--. 

'i'raiisferriiiz              .....--            .. 

liuxfs  or  cbeils,  not  of  the  above  sperified  weight*,  charged  in  proportion. 

1.    d. 

8    0 
10    0 
10    6 

4    0 
6    0 
3    0 
1    0 
0    2 

I.    d. 

4  0 

5  0 
4    0 

1  0 

2  6 
2    0 
1     0 
0    2 

1.    d. 

2  9 

3  9 
2    9 

1  0 

2  0 

2    0 
0    9 
0    2 

J.    rf. 

2  3 

3  0 
2    0 

1  0 

2  0 
1     6 
0    6 
0    2 

Tobacco. 

I  jn-ling  charges  and  coopering,  weighing,  sampling, 
ani  ii.akiiig  nierchantalile  at  lauding  scale,  per 
100  lb!  riett          .            .             ■             • 

On  delivery  for  exportation,  including  coopering, 
per  W  U».  nett    ..... 

Ditif),  if  re<anipled,  ditto    .           .           .          • 

riihnnsiiij  and  loadim;,  per  hog8he.ail 

Rrtiniplini             ..... 

Wrinhel  irrojs  when  an  average  tare  is  taken,  im- 
porter's charje     ..... 

I.   d. 
0   6 

0    2  12 

0  3 

1  0 

2  0 

1    2    6 

Warrant, 

1  hogshead           ..... 

2  —                 

3  —                  

Any  quanlily  exceeding  3  hoplieaJs,  2d.  per  hogs- 
head additional. 
Transfer,  per  hogshead 

«.    d. 

0    6 

0  9 

1  0 

0    2 

Rates  and  Chargt^s  on  Wines  and  Spirits. 

The  /■.nnrfinf  avd  DeHrerii  liufe  iiicliidns  landing,  wharface,  laying  up  to  gaiigo,  watching,  cooper's 
attcnditnce  at  landint!,  di'liveiy,  and  wliile  on  the  quay;  the  privilege  of  lying  on  the  quay  14  days 
fro'ii  iJK!  vessel  breaking  bulk,  or  tlie  first  landing  from  craft;  original  warrants,  gauges,  strengths 
of  spir'ts,  and  first  samples. 

The  Ijindhiir  nvd  llouxins  Rate  inchides  landing,  wharfage,  laying  up  to  gauge,  cooperage,  cooper's 
attendance  at  landing  and  housing ,  superintendence  in  the  vaults  for  the  tirst  18  months ;  original 


588 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


:i;?;;* 
•»""! 


^Tirrnntii.  eaiiKcii,  iilrcn«lliii  nriiplriH.niiil  nmt  •■iinpti'K,  TliU  riun  nttrirhi-ii  nilcr  tlic  rtplrnllnn  of  om> 
vali'iiiliir  iiiiiiitli  I'riiiii  the  Hlilp  liri'tikliiu  liiilk,  or  tin.'  Ilri4|  |jitiilln([  I'rniii  rrafl. 

^</fe  Mi^rcliiiiitK  r)M|iilriMi(  wini'ii  or  H|iiriu  to  lii>  liniini'il  within  tlic  tiiiip  iiIIhwimI,  (nnr  rnlrnilnr 
niiiMih.)  nr»  |iarlli'iil;irly  riM|iu-iili'il  tii  Ivavu  u  writleii  uriier  In  Hint  vtfcct,  wlivii  llim  riilu  will  heiiimi) 
liiiini'illnti'ly  rliiiri(i>!ilili3, 

'I'hf  ViiniKiliiln'rd  H,ilf  iin  Rum  liii'liiilcii  InnililiB.  whnrfiiL'ii,  hnimlnij,  rooppr'n  Btti'mliiiici',  ninpfrjin, 
fiiriiiHiiiiiK  oriijliiiil  wurraiitii,  uiiiiki'k,  Hiri'iiKtli,  llrMt  iiuiiipli,'>i,  iiiiil  lU  wtiukii'  rt'iit  I'rniii  the  ijilp  bri:ak- 
iliB  hiilk.nr  ihi'  tlrxt  laiiilliiii  I'riiin  ihii  irntl. 

Hint  nlUithn  In  ll'imn  iiiiil  Spiriln,  ihariti-il  with  the  InnilltiK  nnil  (Icllvi'ry  ratr,  iiftrr  II  (I:iy<, 
cliarL'iMl  Willi  till!  laiiiliiiu  ami  IiiiiihImii  r.ili',  I'rnni  tliu  nliip  hrcakiiiU  hulk,  nr  tin'  llrNi  laniliii);  rriiiii  rimt 
on  riiiii  i'liJirK>'il  vvitli  llio  iiiiiHiiliilali'il  rale,  iiltiT  I'i  wcrkR  I'rniii  tin-  xliip  lirrakmi;  hulk. 

Milf  — Ki'iit  Ik  III  all  caHi'i4  raliiilati^d  I'rotii  tliu  datu  cit'  the  iihl|i  hrt-aklnv  hulk,  or  llic  firit  IntKlIn; 
rriiiii  rralt,  hiicIi  day  Iii'Iiik  liirliiilcil  in  the  lerni. 

W«r/,i«4/'.— l-'iirly-eiulii  liniirii'  niilici-  will  hn  (zlv(!n  when  rarklnit  in  nei'i'Hxary.  tii  irnnlili- thi<  pro. 
nrii'tor  to  muiiiI  hiit  own  lankH,  or  tlicy  will  hu  Kiipplii'il  hy  tliH  iiiinpaiiy,  at  llii*  prlieii  Htiilcil  lii'riin. 
riic  proi'i'cclH  ol'  I  he  rarkril  rn*k*,  when  milil,  will  hu  paid  tu  thu  proprletom,  u|K)n  u|>|ilicutioii,  uii,.r 
di'dui'tiiiu  (III'  I'xpi'iiHi'i*  ot'Hah',  Ice. 

No  rliartfr  Im  iiiailr  on  wiiirn  iiiid  npirllM  rnrked  in  the  vaiilli  witliln  A  iiioiithH  froin  llio  period  ortli 

L....  - 1.:....     tl.. r...   ..».....•.>■•....  ...  •..  I.» *    ........f ...  ■. it...l 


iio  riiarue  m  niaue  on  wiiiep  niiii  npiriiH  riirKrn  in  iiie  viiniiH  wiinin  ii  iiioniiii*  iroiii  iiie  period  ni  tne 
IniMllnit  and  hoiinini;  rate  attai'liintf,  IhiiHe  for  e.xportalion  or  to  he  Heni  ciiiih!  wIhc  e.vt  epled. 

'l\iHtinjr  JH  not  pt^riniited  wilhoiit  a  written  oriler,  tin;  iimial  rharue  lor  whlili  in  not  made,  when  the 
InxliiiK  iH  hy  the  proprietor  or  IiIm  clerk,  (aiitliiirlKvd  to  mIkh  delivery  und  ull  other  orduri,)  provided  li« 
IH  mil  aieoiiipaiiieil  iiy  any  other  pemon. 

Ciinpevine  anilHfiuiirM,  ,Vc  when  re(|uired  Tortile  preservation  of  the  property  on  landinu,  (.'Xtiniin.i- 
tioii,  or  delivery,  will  lie  perl'orined,  iiiileHH  direitioiiH  are  reeelved  rroiii  the  proprielor  to  the  eonlriry. 
mill  charged  at  the  rateii  Hpec.llled  herein;  und  any  work  required  to  he  perl'ornied,  not  purtir.iilail'y 
deHcrihed,  will  he  charged  at  a  proportioiiale  rate. 

HiiMi/ealile  caHkH,  at  the  rate  of'ilO  callonK  per  Inn,  for  1  plpen  or  4  hngNheadi*. 

/./f/ifKiHriM.— 'I'lie  roinpanv  make  i;ood  the  followini;  ilelicieiicics  from  whatever  caiiMO  nrisiii);,  if 
the  caHkM  are  of  oak  tiiiilier,  hut  not  otiierwiiifl  :  aUo,  provided  the  claim  he  made  witliin  U  uiuiitlij 
from  delivery,  viz.  :  — 

F.xceedinu  one  gallon  each  rank,  for  any  period  not  exreedinu  one  year. 

Two  fiallons,  if  more  than  one  and  nut  exceudini;  two  years,  and  in  like  proportion  for  each  Huccecil- 
Inp  year. 

PaiimenI  of  Charpen. — Provioiig  to  warrantH  heiii^j  iHKiied,  or  the  transfer  or  delivery  of  any  winej 
or  Hpiritii  takini;  place,  the  landing  and  hnuaing  rate  on  the  whole  of  the  mark  ur  parcel  Aiiuoi/,  inuat 
be  paid ;  the  rent  und  other  charges  on  the  (|iiantity  delivered  ur  traimferrcd. 

Wlnei  and  Spirit*  in  caies. 


Containing  6  dozen. 

Containing  .IDoifn.   ! 

quart!. 

Pinli. 

Quarli. 

Finli. 

1.   d. 

1.   d. 

f.    d. 

1.  d. 

Ijnliinanil  iWivtrv  nlei  incluilinnlanJirc,  wtwrfliir.  ""l 'o»dln|t     • 

1  e 

0    9 

0    9 

0  e 

L.ii)iliric  «n<i  h'ti<>  n;;  rite  ;  incluilinK  lauding,  wharfage,  hnuiiog,  examining,  coo- 

(ifririic,  ami  limi  l,l^flll)^     .                       .,-... 

t    9 

1    0 

Klaihiiiinfr  unil  C'vi|»rrifi(C     ....-•.. 

1    6 

0    9 

0    9 

0   6 

Hfiil.fniiu  Ihn  ilalenl  «hip  brrakinu  bulk,  per  week 

AVIi.irfj){e  aii(J  iliippint;.  In  ailiii  ion  In  lauding  and  dtlivery  rate 

KmtkiuK  out  aud  opeuiug  for  uuuplee,  or  Mcond  tailing,  nailing  down,  and 

0    3 

S  ii 

0    1} 

0    1 

0   6 

0    3 

0    3 

0   I 

reiiowing   ...                      ...... 

0    fi 

0    8 

0    6 

0    4 

t^iliiuK  fnr  publir  wle          ■                                            .           .          .           - 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    i 

IJiihouunK  and  lf>adlng         -                      -                      .... 

1    0 

0    6 

0    6 

0    4 

I'uhnuiun,  wliaifne.  and  ihipping            ...... 

1    fi 

0    9 

0    9 

0   ti 

DIvi'liug  fi-dnrrn  cam  into  tvvn  3.doten  caica,  including  new  endi,  unpacking, 

and  rrpacioug,  i-acii  new  c.isf  3ji.  3i/. 

Casn  containing  quantities  not  specified  above,  are  chargeable  in  the  like  prt). 

portion. 

Landing  ani  delivery  rale,  on  vinn 
and  spirit!,  except  rum,  tiy  land 
carri.ige     .... 

ShippinK  from  the  qu.iy,  ad'litionil 

*Ju.iy  ri-nl,  after  14    ays,  per  week 

Latidii.g  ami  houiim  mte,  on  port, 
l.i!bnn,  sherry,  M^ligi,  M.inala, 
Spanisli  re.!.  Sicilian,  au<I  other 
wine.i,  in  wood  Ixiuiid  casils;  and 
!herry  in  iron  Ikiuii-I  ra,iks 

Ditto,  on  Mx'\  iri.  C.ijHt,  Teneriffe. 
Canary,  M.irsila,  .Sicilian,  and 
other  ivines,  in  iron  bound  ca^l,! 

Ditto,  on  claret 

Ditto,  on  spirits,  fexcpnt  nim) 

Casks  linde^l  with  leis  than  the 
Btaudani  numtter  of  iron  hoops, 
pay  in  addition,  for  each  hoop  div 
ficionl*      .... 

Deiiverv  fmni  the  vault, and  cooper's 
atten'iance 

If  shipped,  adilitinnal 

Rent,  fmni  the  ship  breaking  bulk, 
per  week  .... 

Coopers  sufwrintendence  com- 
niencri  after  18  niouthi,  al  per 
week,  additional  - 

Utisire. 

able 

Cisks 

per  Tun 

of 
210  tails. 

:   d. 

7    0 
1    4 
1    0 

20   0 

16   0 
18   0 

S    0 
1    4 

0  10 
0   2 

Pipee, 

Uhdi. 

Thirdi. 

Qr. 

Casks. 

tiairqr. 

Cask!. 

Aum!. 

Double. 

Single. 

Halt 

«.   d. 

3  e 
0    8 
0    6 

10    0 

8  0 

9  o' 

0    412 

2    6 

0    8 

0    5 
0    I 

«.   d. 

2    1 

0    5 
0    31.2 

6    0 

4  10 

5  0 
5    5 

0    412 

t     6 
0    5 

0   3 
0    Oi.2 

f.    d. 

1    9 

0    5 
0    312 

4    3 

3  8 

4  0 
3  10 

0  41-2 

1  3 
0    6 

0    2  1-2 
0    01-2 

t.  d. 

1  4 

0    4 

0    21-2 

3    8 

2  10 

3  0 
3    3 

0   412 

0    4 
0    2 

0    012 

(.   d. 

1  0 
0    3 
0    2 

2  10 

2    1 
2    6 

0   41.2 

0    9 
0    3 

0    11-2 
0   01-2 

1,   d. 

2    6 
0    B 
0    4 

6    6 

0  41-2 

1  9 
0    6 

0   3 
0    1 

1.  d. 

1  6 
0    4 

0    31-2 

2  9 

0  41-2 

1  2 
0    4 

0   2 
0    01-2 

1.  i. 

1  2 
0  3 

0   21-2 

2  0 

0   41-2 

0  10 
0   3 

0    11.2 
0   OM 

•  The!tandard  number  of  inn  hoops  is  ai  follows :  viz.  port  and  Liilwn  pipes,  ttn;  ilierry  butta,  eifU;  Spanish  red,  brandj,  and 
Oeoeva  puncbaoiu,  fix;  auins,  bogabeada,  and  sDialler  casks,  fix. 


'    I 


IDON). 


DOCKS  ON  TIIR  THAMES  (LONDON). 


080 


iM  nfter  Hip  rxplrnlinn  of  on» 
iifi  .     , 

1'  iimr  nllowPil,  ("n<*  cnlcnilnr 
I,  wliuii  lli'K  '»•<'  w'"  ''I'o'mo 

lopcr'H  BlU'iiilanio,  fiiiiiicriiiR, 
iki'  rf  lit  from  the  ililp  t>ri!iik- 

(li'llvi'ry  mil',  nflPt  !•  il:>V'. 
iir  III-'  llrnl  liUuHiiK  I'riini  i  tiilt 
II  l.ri'iiKiiiK  hulk, 
ikinii  Imlk.or  llie  firtl  Iniidlin 

I  iiBii'i<'<aiy,  I"  «M(nl)lr  llii'  pro. 
iiv,  lit  till-  prHi'x  Ktuli'il  liiTiin. 
IcKirM,  iipi)ii  iippluiiliiiii,  lUli  r 

iimnllm  fnmi  ll"'  prrimi  «if  tlit 

•OllKUViHC  ('Xl't'pl''ll. 

r  wliuii  tH  imt  miiuIin  wlirii  ilie 

II  ull  ollii-r  ciriliTH,)  priiviilfd  li« 

prnpnrly  im  liinriimr.  «.\nniina- 
III)'  priiprii'ii"  ii>ll»'  iiinlriry, 
he  perlbrmoil,  ""I  purticulaily 

nUHlirnd*.  ,  . 

roiii  wlmlpvcr  rnii»o  nrUihg,  If 
liiii  he  iimilt)  wiiliiii  ti  iiiuiiilig 


ke  proportion  for  ench  iuccectl- 

uigfer  or  ilrlivnry  of  any  wiiio* 
lin  mark  or  parcel  huuatd,  iiiual 
ilerrcd. 


Coutilning  3  Dozni. 


quurti, 


f.  d. 

0  9 

1  9 
0  9 
0  IJ 
0  3 

0  6 

0  2 

0  6 

0  9 


Pinti. 

I.  d. 

0  6 

1  0 
0  6 
0  I 

0  i 

0  4 

(I  I 

0  4 

0  H 


lO   01-2 


butti,  eiffW;  SpinUh  red,  brandj,  «^ 


Kiim. 


0>n">ll'l«M  ™i<i     • 
Hriil,  nlfw*  )i  (vrfkt.  pvr  wrrk 
('•ri»(>rt'»  «itin'rin*«iKlrnc«,  dithi 
U»ilii|  MJ  il<li»«ilf  r»l« 


i  a 


ino 

(Ullniia. 

Riilli. 

>.   d. 

0    S 

0    1 

Punt. 

llh.li. 

ll^irrrlk 

I.   d. 

0    lit 
0   Olll 

1.    d. 

lU    0 

1.   d. 

0    4 
0    1 

1.   d. 

0    2\-t 
0    1 

BoUllnf. 


MMnumi. 

I     d. 
1     0 
n    1 
0    Oil 

riiiii. 

CnnMfW***!  nit«  fnr  bnlllitu,  p»r  c1o»f n        ...                     ... 

rutiKWinr    wh«<f4<p,  Hii'l  .hippiiif, 'lllln        ....... 

H.  Ill  ant    Mnnii-r  ihr  <liy  ifiir  IkiIIIjiik,  iMnloiiniMr  WMk          .           .           .           • 
|>,itn,  fw>   -ue  of  6  dnxuii,  (liKn            -..,,... 

>.    d. 
1    H 
0    4 
0    1 

1.  d. 

0  10 
0    i 

0    1 

VattlniiRiim. 


Vlliin* mm,  Inclulinc  removim  to  Ih*  wtrrhnuw,  ilrtwiin iiflT,  rf (lllini,  tiunn'mf  up,  the  ute  of  Ihe  v»l  for  ona  niiht, 
ami  (li'livf  ry  hy  Innil  nr  water         .•'•.......* 

niil*',  for  piveni'iiimt  cnulrarii  ............ 

(iiio,  when  liromhl  into  Ihp  ilock,  inrluitinc  Ihe  for<i|(oiiii  opertllnne,  anil  Ihe  rrivilef*  of  lying  In  Ihe  warehome  4  daya 
Wjti-r  (or  rrdtirinif  Mil"  itrrinfh,  |iiT  imiicheou         -..,..,,.. 
R.'maiiiinf  In  the  vat  Hie  ipcniul  iiikIiI  •>......... 

Itiitii,  tTiare  Ihiti  t>«ontchi4,  per  iti(hl  ........... 

Cmpfririic  fnr  ripiirtalion,  on  delivery,  per  puncheon  ......... 

Iliil",  p"  ImoliMd      .............. 

IIM  iriin  h™i|i«  • .  ............ 


n  A 


SiirvRya  and  (Jertillrateii. 


Xn'.tT  ^  ca;k« 

Ahcite  i  r»li>  and  uider  20 
Xliiid  upwania 


>.  d. 

i  U 

9  0 

7  8 


Coopnrnun,  and  Extra 

Rate!)  and  CharROR  on  Winrs  and  ApiniT.i. 

Pi  pel. 

HhJ.. 

Thir.li. 

IJr.  Ca«ki 

ll.llf 

(Jr.  C.ki. 
a.   rf. 

A'lii 

,. 

1.    rf. 

IViul.le. 
1.    ((. 

Sing 
f. 

e. 

77 

Hiif. 

1.    d. 

«.    rf. 

1,    rf. 

>.  rf. 

Trimmint.  inrludinn  wood  hoope,  or 

9    0 

1    2 

1    0 

0    9 

"  ■', 

!     G 

1 

0 

0    9 

Ilnvini;         .... 

0  in 

0    6 

0    A 

n   4 

0    31 

n   B 

U 

4 

0    4 

1  hlrhiin  an.!  Iiiniim 

0    3 

0    2 

0    IJ 

n    1 

0    1 

0    2! 

n 

y\ 

0     1 

n-Mkiin  "111  fnr  cniiprrinic 

0    6 

0  ^ 

0    3* 

0    j! 

0    2 

0    B 

0 

r 

0    2 

biiio  fir  drlnery,  in«p«'ion,  n^lip- 
I<iii(nrnckin<,and  layiuK  up  again 

1    0 

0    7 

0    6 

0    4 

n  3 

n   n 

0 

A 

0    4 

F'lliii«ii|'      •           -            •           . 

n  3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3 

n  3 

0    3 

n 

3 

(1    3 

(■<(iiH(nrunr.iiing  • 

1    6 

0  It 

0    9 

0    6 

1)    4 

1    2 

0 

9 

n  A 

Dtito  ill  Miivaia 

7    0 

h    0 

S    0 

4   n 

3  n 

.',    6 

4 

A 

3    0 

D.'i.)  ml  ciiea 

19    6 

12    0 

1!    0 

7    6 

6    A 

14    0 

H 

A 

f,  « 

RirkiiiK        .... 

2    6 

1    6 

1     3 

1     0 

0    9 

1     9 

1 

2 

0  10 

Ki^kinif  from  Ihe  Icea 

3    6 

2    1 

1     9 

1     0 

1   n 

2    6 

1 

9 

I     6 

lii!:n«nit  rrpairin«ra«ka     • 

I,^    0 

12    6 

in    (i 

9    0 

7  n 

12    A 

U 

n 

6    0 

lliMn  aii'l  new  cmkii  In  Imnd 

27    0 

IH    0 

16    fl 

13    A 

10    fl 

•il    0 

14 

u 

9    A 

liilli.  m.l  iif  »■  ra.'l<i  nn  the  .(Uay     . 

24    0 

17   n 

l.'i    6 

12   r> 

Id    0 

JO    0 

13 

li 

9    0 

T'liliniilH  Cllk  CM« 

1    0 

0    8 

0    6 

0    4 

0    3 

Sim|iliii{(  ill  tlif  vault,  or  aecond  lam. 

|,lin«  nn  Ihe  quay 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6 

0    8 

n  6 

0    6 

0 

A 

0    6 

Ti.iiin  Ml  s'nre,  Mch  lime  - 

0    2 

0    i 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

n 

2 

0    2 

Ditii^at  public  sate  • 

0    1 

0     1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

n    1 

u 

1 

n    1 

hintm  M«k« 

4    0 

2    6 

2    6 

1    9 

1   n 

3    0 

2 

(1 

1    A 

I'lliiir'ic  ilii*  licadi    '           -        each 

1     0 

0    9 

0    9 

n   A 

0    6 

1     0 

0 

n 

0    A 

hrk  hi»nli*   .... 

1     9 

1     4 

1    4 

1    0 

0    9 

1     A 

1 

4 

I    0 

Wt  h,<ip>    .... 

0    8 

0    H 

0    » 

n  6 

0     5 

0    R 

u 

li 

0    A 

A    6 

3    0 

2    9 

2    6 

2    3 

3    6 

3 

n 

2    A 

li\ertn«itigaiid  brandyinc,  or  fining 

1     0 

0    9 

0    6 

n  6 

0    4 

0    9 

0 

A 

n   6 

Tea. 

Packages  Ian 

led  in  good 

'oniliUim. 

Ralei. 

2001111. 
grnas  and 
upwanti. 

130  lt«. 
aii'l  uniler 

80  lbs. 
and  under 

60  Ihs. 
and  under 

40  lbs. 
and  under 

30  lbs. 
and  unrler 

2n  lbs. 
aii't  under 

I'nder 
20  Ihe. 
Gmsi. 

2(10  Ihs. 
(irosa. 

1.30  11.1. 
Grow. 

80  lln. 
Gmss. 

AO  lbs. 
Gmss. 

40  ll». 
Gross. 

30  111,. 
Gross. 

..    d. 

..    rf. 

1.    rf. 

1.    rf. 

1.    rf. 

1.    rf. 

1.    rf. 

>.   rf. 

Lan^iiic:  mniprising  landing,  wharf- 

IP",  neighitie.   fiinii.Hhing  landiint 

wriiht,.  .anil  ilelivtry  by  land  from 

tlifiiyiv      .             .              .              - 
AMiiininl.  if  shippcil 

1    6 

1    3 

1    0 

0  101.2 

0    9 

0    71-2 

0    A 

0    3 

0    6 

0    5 

0    4 

0    31-2 

0    3. 

0    212 

0    2 

0    1 

Lui.lint    and    l.nnsine :     cnmprising 

lin'in«,   whirfige,    wpighii'?,   fur. 

niiliiii>r   Imliiitf    tvoi^h  a,    housing, 

2    0 

1    8 

1    2 

1     0 

1    0 

0  10 

0    8 

0    4 

AMitiniial,  if  ihjppfd 

1    0 

0  10 

0    8 

0    7 

0  a 

0    5 

0    4 

0    2 

1  M  iM<niif  nl ;    comprising     landing. 

"hsrfige,  wei^hinj,  a-'-l  furniAh-ng 

hniing  wpifhta.  hnii.inr.  orlinary 

mmliiif,  tirrii  g,  placing  on  «ho,v, 

ei'ri  wan-hnim.  rtKMii.  and  attend. 

inre  whiUt  nn  show,  lntt>ne,  nailing 

ilnwn,  rr  ivpighing  in  1  piling  away. 

7    6 

B    6 

9    8 

3   n 

2    4 

2  n 

Alliiinnil,  ifihipiwil 
1  Ri-nt,  per  week 

1    0 

0    8 

0    A 

n  .'-. 

0    4 

0    3 

0    2 

0     I 

0    1  1-2 

0    1 

0  ni.2 

n  01-2 

0    0  1-2 

0    01.2 

0    014 

0    014 

Vol.  I.— 3  D 


590 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


Con«nli(lnted  Rates  on  Wood  Ooods.— Trnnsferring,  One  Penny  per  Loail. 


■MB«2irtii 


-a 


''  1 


j 


r 

•r- 


J-, 


) 

f   V  1 

* 

■■  * 

;                 ti 

; 

V       it 

!  ^ 

Ooodi  imported. 


Staves, 
fniiii  America^ 


Per 

•  1,200 


3  to  4  in.  thick  — 
2  -  2  IJ   -    — 

I  _  1  12 

3-4 


I  tn  I  1-2  in.  thick  — 


Uiirt-I  or  heading 
tttircl  Idjcx 
doiilile  larrel 
fn)ln  t^iel^ec 
|.ipe  \"if» 
itdulilf  |iipe 

h'u^limit  Ini^ 
dntiKte  hu^tiita  12  —  2  1-2 

•inKi'             -     I  —  1  1-2  —  — 

bind  \i<a     .3  —  4  —  — 

d"ii'  Ir  liarrcl      Z- 2  1-2  —  — 

•i  .<te             ■     1  —  I  12  —  — 

Jifa.Iini  loCT  .3—4  —  — 

dnul.le  heading  2  —  2  1-2  —  — 

sinjl.i             -     1  —  I  12  _  _ 
fn)tn  Ifanibro' and  Uantzx, 

|ii|ir     .            -            .  .  — 

h'tiriht-ad         •           •  •  — 

harifl             -           •  •  — 
he.i.!in^ 
thin  pipe 

hclif«tlP;ld         •  —  — 

harri'I  and  heading    —  — 

w»rti»i(j,  per  t,2'„iO       •  -  7.f. 

Peali,  stanitai\l  hundred  of  120 

Kiis5ia  and  f'riMsia  dcaU  nil  .U-il  ends, 

1  1-2  inch  ■hl<k  and  12  ft.  km^  — 
Swedish  dcalD  frnni  noitii  in  ttie 

IWlrc, 

2  1  2  ml  3  in.thirk,  I4rt.  long  — 

1  t-2aiid  2        —        14      —      — 
Queli<;r.    Norway,  and  .Swe'li^h 

'■I  il^  front  ports  in  tliL*  North 

2  I'i  auJ  3  in.  thirk, 

10 ant  I2fi^d  long  — 

In  14       -         — 

—  IB       —         — 

—  20      —        — 
Battens  frrim  nil  pnrt% 

2  1-2  and  "  in.  thirk, 

10  and  12  feel  long — 
li.  14      —        — 

—  Ili       —        — 

—  IS      —        — 

2  1.2  ant  .^  inch  half  deals  — 

dell  e;;dl  -  •  — 

ha-'t'ii  .^it  *«        •  .  — 

Jialing  hoards  •  •  —    ' 


^'1 


.2?-  !   J 


O'l.g 


I.  d.  I 

24  0 

20  0  I 

II  0 

l-S  0 

44  0 

120  0 

m  0 

M  0 

ion  0 

io  n 

M  0 

S-1  0 

44  0 

:e<  0 

!•»  0 

44  n 

26  0 


I 


t.    d. 


12  0  I 

10  0 

7  0' 

!  44  0  ' 

22  0  j 

60  0 

.'12  0  ' 

IX  0  I 

50  0  j 

23  0  ! 
Ir>  0  I 
44  0 
22  0 


22    0 
13    0 


40  0  I  20  0 

37  6  I"*  9 

3>  6  I  17  9 

:12  0  16  0 

27  0 


20  0 

10  8 

6  0 
16  8 

8  4 

5  8 

u  0 

7  4 
4  4 

14  8 


Goods  imported. 


li    0 
12    6 


20 

0 

16 

8 

16 

0 

19 

0 

22 

n 

2-. 

0 

2>1 

0 

12 

n 

14 

3 

W 

H 

IX 

9 

21 

0 

>l 

0 

t 

n 

a 

0 

6 

0 

13    6 

12    6 

10    0 

6    3 

12    6 

8    4 

8    0 

9    6 

II     0 

12    6 

14    0 

fi    0 

7    0 

S    3 

9    0 

10    6 

4    t. 

3    (1 

2    6 

1     3    0 

4    0 


7    0 
5    6 


5  6 

6  6 

tj 
6 


7 
8 
9    6 


Deck  deals,  J\r 

3  in  thick,  30  to  40  feel  long    each 
2  12   —      30  —  40      —      ,      — 

2  —      30  — 40      —  — 

3  _  20  — 30  —  — 
2  1-2  —  20  —  30  —  — 
2         _      20  — 30     —  — 

Dunnage  boants    •  .  •    120 

Norway  lind)er  antl  balks  -  load 

Spars  under  6  and  above  4  inches     120 
Kickers,  under  4  inches,  and  24  ieet 
lont;  and  upwards        •  •    — 

under  24  feet  long      •  •    — 

Man<lspikes  •  -  •    — 

I'fets,  under  24  feet  long  •    — 

from  24  to  32      —       .  -    — 

32  Ieet  lon<  and  upwards  -    — 

Sparholtz  and   '0  ells  tn  add  oae 

third  to  the  rates  on  ufera. 
Oars  uU'ler  24  feel  long     -  -    — 

fmni  24  In  .12    —  -  .    — 

32  tet-l  long  and  upwards  -    — 

f.ance^vtx>d  spars  -  -  •    — 

(iini  blocks  •  •  .    — 

Litiiwo'.d  underSteet  long       fathom 

fitjin  5  to  8  —  •    — 

Fir  staves  •  .  ■    — 

Treenails,  large,  above  2  ft.  long   1,200 
small,  under  2      —         — 
Wainscot  logs,   7  feel  long  •  each 

14      —  -    — 

Clap  boards        3      —  -    — 

6      —  -    — 

(Jak  and  other  timber  charged  with 
duty  by  the  load, 

square,  per  load  of  .50  ft.  i 
round,  |«r  load  of  40  ft.  \ 
inclu  ling  under  cover,  per  load  • 
Deal  plank  and  Ijoards      •  •    — 

Kir,-wooI    -  •  ■  falhnii) 

Spokes,  American  •  -  1,200 

'iLakwfKHl,  planks  of,  not  under 
cover       -  -  •  load 

under  cover    -    — 

Turning  to  measure  fir  sale  at  land- 
ins,  oik  or  other  timber,  U.  per 
load. 

Sorting  staves  for  freight,  7a.  per 
1,200. 


inti':rs 


JiO 


25  0 

12  0 

6  0 

2'i  0 

40  0 

«6  U 


12 

20    0 


6  3 

.„    „  ,  10  0 

30    0      15  0 

30    0  I   li  0 


Marking  lots  on  timber  piled  i 
4(t  per  lot. 


6      4    0      1 


4   0 


RAT15S  ON  Goods  sunt  to  the  London  Docks  Fon  Expoutation. 

Wliicli.  if  lieuffd,  may  be  aliipped  on  board  until  sunset. 

If  (.'nods  ho  not  shifipr-il  at  Ihft  explrnlloii  of  3  wftcks,  rnnt  is  cbiir)!vd  upon  thcin.    Goods  not  enu. 
incrat.'d  in  ttie  fdllowini;  Tahli>,  arc  cliari^ud  by  tlte  package,  see  post. 


Goods  for  Exportation. 

1-1 

Rent  afier  1  hree  Weeks. 

Goods  for  Eipnrtatkxi. 

•S,    <s 
■r-S  ? 

Rent  afler  Three  Weiki 

«  5  -■' 
«.   if. 

Per 

We.-k. 

Quantities,  ftc. 

Per 
Week. 

Q'lan'ities,  ftc. 

y.r 

t.    rf. 

/'.r 

Pii.  1.  ri. 

Pri 

Acids       •    mi  tillinz  (-•  e 

3    0 

0    9 

mi'Mlin^  case 

Bieging,  about  2  i|rs.  roll    o    2 

2    ti 

llWr.il! 

^nlaU  cav 

2    0 

0    6 

small  case 

Bark             •             -   cliMI     1     0 

0    3 

Iirs' 

Aiilinn'f,  in  si-nms        rin 

3     i 

n   8 

ton 

half  chest  or  5.mn    o    8 

0    2 

i-2  c'lol  or  scion 

in  boxes  or  tjancls  cwl. 

0    4 

4    0 

lOtl 

Barley        .                lierie     1     0 

0    3 

tiro  e 

2    0 

Oohalf  dillo 

small  f^k    0    8 

II     1  1-2 

•  1.  ill  cask 

0    3 

t  birttd  aUiut  2cwt. 
j      2i|n. 

sack    0    6 

II     1 

MCK 

f     0    2 

0    3 

>  score 

0    1 

1-2  or  1  4  barrel 

jug  or  bamd  <       to 

lo 

■Iiell        -           •    evil. 

0    6 

0    4 

larie  Inle 

I     0    4 

0  10 

) 

0    3 

Ml. Ill  ,ttrn 

narrows                   •  each    0    2 

0    5 

score 

0    2 

V  1-2  bil.  fmni3iirs 
}      lu  1  cwt.  2  ips. 

Be.lste.ids,  accoplilig  Io  ^     ",    '' 
'"'•       ■           ■  "'")     l'"6 

0    1 

lo 

,'e-.ch 

Alnm          .           .      ton 

2    6 

0    6 

^n 

n  3 

) 

An.  boi^  or  ,rripnel»,     ton 

3    4 

0    3 

"111 

Reef  and  pork         ■   inrre    0    6 

8    0 

KVItiirrts 

AncliOVlt->,ca«.-c  n'ai  iiii< 

|,arrel    0    4 

6    0 

U(l  '•r.itfis 

Sl,air.l« 

0     8 

0     1 

.■ase 

neer     -             .    kilderkin    0     4 

0    1 

k  1  'er  in 

donb'e  I.H',-1 
keg  or  !,iiij;e  bi.ri-i 

0    2 

1)     1 

J05 

%rnre 

l.inl     0    4 
bng-lieal     0     S 

0    1  1.2 

n  2 

|,orvl 

ll,ii»h.M,l 

AnisctJ      •           •  ih'st,  0    n 

II     1 

e'e.,1 

bntt  or  I  tinri  .on'   1     4 

0    4 

Lull  or  puncliwia 

llJ'f  ClM'..''    II      H 

0     1  1.2 

1-2  ■   ..■it 

bottled,  ill  ca^k^.  it'/rii 

Ann^  Ito      .    small  Ija.k.   ,  0    4 

0     1 

s.,  all  b.isket 

li.rlles    0     1 

0    0\A 

'oTell  iMjIllrt 

(,0    6 

0     1 

) 

in  rsst's,  bottles. or  liiiii- 

Axle  rees           .    car,  J       to 

I'l 

[  ach 

pers    -    d,  7B',  IkiIiIcs    0    2 

n  n  1.2 

rl  7ini  bolllej 

}      <     0 

0  a 

s 

Heei'  wai,  in  n-k-      io,i    3    4 

0  10 

Inn 

Dicon        .            .       b.ie    (1    li 

II   1 

bale 

n    o  n  !•"  1.  Ille     1      4 

0    4 

Ille 

si.ir    (1    2 

11    II  M 

s„le 

aliout  4c^^■l.  but     1     0 

0    3 

|,'ile 

lU'rtgo     •       r^ltORe] 

(1    ti 

0    1 

Macksgo 

(08 

0    2 

In 

tn 

nelltws,  smiths'      piit<       to 

In 

pair 

2    0 

0    6      i 

{l 

2    6 

0    6 

) 

NDON). 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


591 


Penny  per  Loail. 


i-9_-  1      I           .          7 

a. 

IP  f^ 

5E.-     Ss 

JlS  i   J 

K 

I'tr 

..   d.  ■    1.   d. 

».    d. 

eel  long    each 

1   0     0  a 

0  10        0    5 

0    4 
0    M 

__            ^ 

0    8       0    4 

0    3* 

_ 

0    9        OS 

0    3 

_ 

0    7i      0    4 

0    21 

__            

0    6        0    3 

C    •', 

-     120 

12    6        6    3 

4    0 

s             -  IniJ 

6    0       3    A 

3    0 

4  liichM     120 

40    0      20    0 

13    4 

anil  24  leel 

25    0 

12    6 

8    4 

,    

12    0 

6    0 

4    0 

■    — 

G    0 

3    0 

2    0 

t              ■    ^ 

2-.    0 

12    b 

S    4 

.           .    — 

«    0  '  2'l    0 

n   4 

rds           -    — 

66    U 

33    0 

20    0 

()  add  oae 

fei^ 

12    6 

6    3 

4    2 

-    — 

20    0 

10    0 

6    » 

irdi         ■    — 

30    0      15    0 

16    0 

30    0  1   l'>    0 

9   0 

,    

6    0  1     3    0 

2    0 

long       fathom 

9    0       4    6 

3   (i 

12    0       6    0 

4    0 

•    — 

15    0       7    6 

5    (1 

2  ft.  long  1,200 

12    0  1     6    0 

4    0 

2     -         - 

8    0  ;     4    0 

2    6 

ung         ■  each 

0    9       0    5 

2    0  1     10 

0   3 
0    1 

.    _ 

0    3;    «    li 

0    ' 

,    _ 

0    6 

0    3 

0   2 

harjed  with 

f  soft. 

)i  40  fi. 

6    6 

4    0 

1    0 

cr,  per   oad  ■ 

7   0  ;     ■ 

7    0       3    6 

1    6  1 

i    6 

fath'nn 

7    0       3    !■ 

2    6 

.  1,200 

20    0     10    r 

4   0 

not  uiider 

„  1     .    „ 

•  load 

7    0  !    4   0 

1   6 

er  cover    ■    — 

7    6 

■ 

2   0 

f>r  sale  at  land 

limber,  1».  pel 

freight,   7».   pe 

ber  piled  in  liir 

)n  ExrouTATioN. 

nil  sunnct. 

•t'd  upon  them.    Goods  not  enu. 
t. 

■&  V 

Hcnl  after  Thne  WeikJ. 

a  ^  =    . 

.  -   _.  —        . ■ 

1, 

"-a  — 

I'l 

Per 
Week. 

Q'lan'iiiei,  Ac 

p.i   I.  rf. 

Td~ 

Pf 

i.ll'  0    2 

2    6 

no  r..  U 

rsl     1     0 

0    3 

lies' 

1111    0    H 

0    2 

■2cli»lormon 

rre     1     0 

0    3 

iene 

.-k    0    8 

0    1  1-2 

<i.  ill  cask 

Kk    0     6 

II     1 

iiK-k 

f     0    '2 

0    5 

Mciire 

1^       to 

1" 

)     0    4 

0  10 

,li    0    2 

n   5 

*rore 

(     0    V 
'1     1    6 

0    1 

to 
0    3 

U-.ch 

re    0    6 

»    0 

l(i|>tiirres             i 

irl     0     4 

8    0         Ulliisireu 

,iM    0    4 

0     1         k  1  'er'  in 

ivl    0    4       ! 

0     1  l-2,l'i"vl 

Ml     0     S           0    2 
nn'    14        1  0    4 

1,1)11  iir  |.uiiciictn 

In    0    1          0    CM 

',,lell  IwllUl 

li's    0    2 

n   0  1-2 

.1  nu  liollles 

Mil    3    4 

0  10 

<<)ii 

llr     1      4 

0    4 

l.le 

,  .■      1      0 

0    3 

I'lle 

r    0   8 

0    2 

)     , 

1    ' 

10 

i|*ir 

J  2    6 

0    6 

) 

Billiaril  lablM 
Blacking     - 


Goods  for  Exportation. 


each- 


•  firkin 

barrel 

imall  canK 

from  5  to  7  cwi.  c-ik 

about  Hcwt.  cask 

9  c\si.  caik 

frnm  10  to  IScHt.  cvk 

|5Jiuniler20cwt.  ca-k 

alHiut  20  cwt.  c.isk 

Botlles.  em^ly  iflais,  con- 

Milling   from   15  to  20 

dnyeii       ■  •  crate 

frouj  21  to  29  iloz.  crale 

3(1  to  44  .I..Z.  cnle 

4j  to  50  doz,  cr.ite 

uiiall  basket  or  boi  i 

Bnn  -  •  »?':'' 

Bricks  •  •  1.200 

i(  shipped  by  crew  1,200 

flroniJ,    birch,    1  iln^rn 

buiulle 

2  doyen  bnn-llf 

hsirorhouie        bun  He 

Bollion    •    lar«e  package 

siiiill  package 

Biiller       ■    tub  or  firkin 

1-4  cask 

Ciblfs.  hemp         -      Ion 

cliain       -  •      '"" 

riiiiiihnr    ■  -chest 

Ciuillrt,  less  than  2>  lbs. 

box 

2«  lb».  to  I  cwt.  Iioi 

alxive  1  r"t.  bol 

(ires,  cnnituon  rattan. 

anonns,  under  2  tons,  each 
uii  l,T  4  tons*  each 

I  •  Urcer  ill  proportion 
twviss        -  -  lioll 

Cirtj,  according  to  lize.  J 
each) 


Cart  wheels 


wA 


Cvsia 

LiiJcr  1  cwt 
Ceuieul 


CoikJ,  empty    sugar  hhd 
bull  or  puncheon 
hogsliead 
barrel 

-  chest 
1-2  chest 

-  barrel 
1-2  liarri-1 

Cli.Mrrutters,  accorilini^ 
111  size   -  -c.ich^ 

Cluin,  single  or  niahoita- 
ny  -  -  each 

conimnn,   bundle   con- 
taining 2     - 
other  bimdles  in    pro- 
liortion. 
Cbiises  with   4   wheels, 
each 
2  ivbcels,  each 
Ctalk,  in  cask!      -     Ion 
Cluriols     -  •  each 

Cteeif,  loose  -  cwt 
hamper 
about  1  cwt.  basket 
2  qni.  b.uket 
Cider         -  •  pipe 

hogshead 
CimumoQ   -   single  liali- 
doulile  bale 
3  or  4  iKilis,  package 
6  bolts,  [lackage 
case  or  chest 
1-2  chest 

C'ncks  in  cases,  accord- ^ 
in;  to  size        •  each! 

Cloves       -       small  bag 

al  out  2  cwt.  bag 

5  or  6  cwt.  cask 

Coirhes.  slage         -  each 

priva'.e    -  -  each 

Cm's         •       hogshead 

Coffee         -  -     bag 

small  bale 

Icwt.  2qr8.  to  4  cwt 

hale 

G  cwt.  bale 


Tuu 


•  each-i 


enginct  or   ihelleno 
cadi) 

Coke       •        chaldron 


111 

Rent  after  J  liree  Weeks.     1 

Goods  for  Exportation. 

1.1- 

Kent  af 

Per 
Week. 

1.  d. 

er  Three  W.:eks. 
Quantities,  &c. 

Per 
Week. 

».   d. 

Quantities,  &c. 

1.    d. 

Per 

Ar 

1.    d.      1 

Pa 

2    6 

0    G 

) 

Colours,  in  casks    -      Inn 

3    4 

0    8 

on 

to 

to 

^earh 

Copper,  in  casks,  4  to  6                 1 

5    0 

1     0 

) 

cm.                   .      Ina   3    4       1 

0    4 

on 

0    4 

0    0  3-4 

tirkin 

in  cases,  5  to  7  c»  t  case 

1     4 

) 

0    6 

0    1 

larrel 

7  to  8  cwl.  case 

2    0 

^0  6 

on 

0    8 

0     1  1-2 

snnll  cask 

9  to  10  CWI.  c.ise 

a  6     1 

> 

1     0 

0    2 

cask 

bottoms,    1  cwl.  bolt 

0    4 

1     0 

on 

1    2 

0    2  1-2 

cask 

2  c«  1.  biiltnm 

0    8 

1     0 

nn 

1     4 

0    3        cask                           1 

bolls          2cwl.  bun.lle: 

U    8 

0    1 

undle 

1     6 

0    3  1-2  cask                           1 

slieets,  loose        -      toiij 

4    0 

1    0 

.HI 

2    6 

0    4 

cask 

cakes       -           -      loni 

3    4 

including  weighing 

3    0 

0    6 

cailc 

Coppers,  ibout    14    cwl. 

each 

5    0 

1     0 

Ion 

Cordage      -           -      ton! 

3    4 

0     8 

Ion 

0    8 

0    2 

crate 

Cork           -           •      ton. 

4    0 

1     0 

Ion 

1     0 

0    2  1-2  crate                          1 

(1 

0    2 

0     1 

vbagorcask 

1    4 

0    3 

rtate 

Corks       -   bag  or  cask  J 

to 

to 

2    0 

0    4 

cr  'Ic 

l\ 

0    S 

0    2 

0    1 

) 

Corn,  in  sacks         -  eich! 

0    U 

0     1 

.■icll 

to 

SOOI-4 

small  basket  or  box 

Cotton,  East  India       h.i'ei 

0    8 

0     1  12 

lale 

0    2 

5 

1-2  bale 

0    4 

0     1 

1-2  bale 

0    4 

0    1 

sack 

American           -     b.ile 

1    0 

0    2 

bale 

0    4 

0    0  1-2 

bag 

twisl,  uniler2cwt.  2(irs. 

7    « 

0    6 

1,200 

I'lle 

0    8 

0    2 

bale 

2    6 

0    6 

1,200 

presses,  woodcu      eacli 

10   n 

1     0 

eich 

Iran                 -  eicli  20    0 

1    C 

each 

0    1 

0    014 

bundle 

Cows,  shipped  by  machine 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

bundle 

eaib    8    ti 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

bundle 

Cowries      -           •      t-ni 

3    4 

0    6 

ton 

1     0 

Currauls     •          -    bull 

2    0 

0    G 

butt 

0    8 

pipe 

1    6 

0    3 

l'i|ie 

0    2 

3    0 

100  firkins  or  tub 

caroiil 

1    0 

0    2 

carotel 

0    4 

6    0 

100  quarter  cask* 

( 

0    4 

io. 

3    4 

0    S 

Ion 

Pampen,  iron        cacb< 

to 

5.0  3 

ton 

3    4 

0    3 

ton 

( 

0    8 

i 

0    8 

0    1  1.2 

chest 

nogs              -            -   facli 

0    6 

1)1  ips  and  pots        -  l.ftH) 
Drugs,  unJer  2  cwt.  2, pa. 

10    0 

1    6 

1.000 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

box 

0    3 

0    1 

box 

chest 

0    8 

0    2 

chest 

0    4 

0    1  1-2 

box 

2  cwt.  2  qrs.  to  5  cwt. 

cbe,l 

1    0 

n   3 

ibest 

1    0 

0    3 

1,000 

( 

0    6 

0    2 

>  crate 

3    0 

0    4 

Earthenware      -  crate  .< 

to 

to 

6    0 

0    6 

each 

I 

1     4 

0    3 

( 

5    0 

0    6 

) 

0    ! 

1    3 

100  bolts 

Engines,  fire        •  cach.< 

to 

to 

>each 

2    0 

0    3 

) 

< 

10    0 

0    9 

) 

to 

to 

J- each 

garden    -          •     each 

2    6 

0    3 

each 

5    0 

0    6 

i 

rclt           .           -  bale  5 

0    8 

0    2 

Miale 

0    4 

0    1 

) 

to 

to 

to 

to 

>pair 

( 

1    0 

0    3 

1    0 

0    2 

V 

Fire-armi       -  large  chisi 

1    4 

0    3 

large  chest 

0    6 

0    11-2 

sugar  hogshead 

( 

0    8 

0    i 

? 

0    4 

0    1 

buit  or  puncheon 

case  or  chest  .< 

to 

to 

>-cise  or  chest 

0    2 

0    012 

hogshead 

< 

1    0 

0    3 

) 

0    1 

0    3 

score 

Fire  or  flagstones         ton 

.1    4 

0    3 

tun 

0    8 

0    2        ichest 

Fish,  loose  -           •     ton 

5    0 

0    8 

ton 

0    4 

0    1       '1-2  chest 

barrel  or  box  -c 

0    3 

0    0  1-2 

) 

0    6 

0    1         b.irrfl 

to 

to 

!•  barrel  or  box 

0    4 

0    0  3-4  1-2  barrel 

0    4 

0    1 

i 

I    6 

0    2         ) 

Flax            -           -      Ion 

3    0 

0    8 

Ion 

to 

to          >each 

I  cwt.  2  qrs.  big 

0    4 

0    03-t 

big 

2    G 

0  3       y 

Flints,  under  1  cwt.     ken 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

keg 

Flour       •           •   banel 

0    4 

0  10 

score  barrels 

0    2 

0    0  1-2  each 

1 

Furniture    in    packages, 
according  to  size. 

0    4 

0    012  bundle 

Ginger        -           -     ton 

5    0 

1    0 

ton 

Glass       ■  box  or  1-2  bci 

0    4 

0    1 

box  or  1-2  box 

crate 

0    8 

0    2 

crate 

6    0 

0  10 

each 

Mer.ile 

0    8 

0     1 

1-4  crate 

5    0 

0    6 

each 

butt  or  hogsheail 

1     G 

0    4 

bull  or  hogshe-ld 

2    6 

0    6 

ton 

pipe  or  puncheon 

1     2 

0    3 

pipe  or  punchooa 

8    6 

1    0       leach 

tierce 

1     0 

0    3 

tierce 

0    3 

0    0  i-2'cwt. 

( 

0    4 

0     1 

^  small  cask 

0    4 

0    1       1  hamper 

small  cask^ 

to 

to 

0    4 

0    1       1  basket 

0    8 

0    2 

0    2 

0    OI-2b:<sket 

plate       -      small  case 

0    8 

0    2 

snnll  case 

1     G 

0    4        pipe 
0    2        hogshead 

middling  case 

1    4 

0    4 

iiiid.Hingcase 

0    9 

large  case 

2    0 

0    6 

large  case 

0    8 

0    2        single  bale 

C 

0    6 

0    2 

^  cich 

1    0 

0    3        ilouble  bale 

Grates  and  stoves    each-? 

to 

to 

1    6 

0    4        package 

( 

1    0 

0    3 

2    6 

0    8 

package 

Grindslnnes,  for  every  six 

1    4 

0    3 

case  or  chest 

inches  in  diameter     - 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

0    8 

0    2 

1-2  cheat 

Grills         -           -  firkin 

0    2 

0    5 

Ion 

1    0 

0    2 

) 

Gum           -           •    seron 

0    6 

0    1 

semn 

to 

to 

Vcach 

chest 

1    0 

0    3 

ihest 

2    0 

0    4 

s 

Guns.    See  Firt-arihM. 

0    4 

0    1 

small  bag 

great.    See  Caniipiif. 

0    8 

0    2 

bag    ^ 

Gypsum          -  hogslie-vt 

1    6 

0    4 

hogshead 

2    0 

0    6 

cask 

,    puncheoi 

1    2 

0    2 

puncheon 

IS    0 

1    6 

each 

Hams,  loose           •    eaci 

0    1 

0    5 

score 

10    0 

1     0 

each 

' 

0    6 

0    1 

7 

1    6 

0    3 

hegsheail 

in  casks          ■    cask- 

to 

to 

J  cask 

0    4 
0    6 

' 

H.iidware,5ln8c»l.  cask 

1    6 
1    0 

0    4 

0    2  1-2 

■  cask 

SI  0 

ton 

8  to  9  cwt.  cavk 

1    4 

0    3 

c.isk 

0    S 

9  to  12  cwt.  cask 

1    6 

0    4 

cask 

1    0 

1210  15  cwl.  cask 

2    0 

0    5 

cask 

3    0 

0    6 

■J 

15  to  17 cwt.  cahk 

2    6 

0    6 

•ask 

to 
R    0 
2    6 

to 

0    8 
0    6 

Seach 

Harps  or  harpsichords. 

2    U 
to 

0    6 

to 

>eacb 

^ 

accordiagto  size,  each' 

5    0 

0    9 

to 

to 

>each 

Harrows       •           -   pair 

2    0 

0    4 

pair 

5    0 

0    8      1) 

Hals              •           •   casi 

1    0 

0    3 

cai* 

4    0 

1    0 

1  cbaldroo 

Hat  boxa    -          •  each 

0   2 

':■    » 


692 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


r3  "<' 


«B«(-..,l-»« 

ir 

i        jr- 
f "     ■ 


.  vr- 


Goods  for  Exportation. 

1     Rent  after  Three  Weeks. 

1.1 

i     Rent  after  Three  Weeks. 



, 

Goods  for  Exportation. 

I       Per                                             ' 

it    1 

1      Per 
:  Week. 

Quantities,  Ac. 

Week.         Q'l'olities,  »c. 

P/r    1.  rf. 

>.  d. 

ftr 

Per 

I.  rf. 

1.  d.      1        Ptr 

~ 

Hay    ■    lo:\il  of  36  Iruues    4    0 

) 

Paper           •           ■   bale 

0    8 

0    2        bale 

lule  of  3  Irusst- 

10    4 

>0  3 

score  trusses 

small  bale 

0    6 

0    1  1.2  small  bale 

truss   0    2 

5 

Pearl  barley,  1  cwt.  barrel 

1 

Hemp         -          -     ton    3    0 

0    8 

ton 

or  keg 

0    4 

0    1 

barrel  or  keg 

•crews      -           -  caclj    0    4 

0     1 

each 

( 

0    4 

0    03-4 

Merrings      •            !)arre 

0    4 

0    0  1 -21  barrel 

Pepper      •           -  bag  .J 

to 

to 

|;'bag 

Hides  or  sllins,  East  linlia 

\ 

0    6 

0    1 

iJ 

;'i  to  7  lbs.             .      lOOl  2    0 

0    6 

100 

Perry         ■           -     bull 

1    6 

0    4 

Ibutt 

10  10  12  ll».         -  each 

0    0  1.2    U    6 

100 

Piano.forles,  grand,    each 

4    0 

1    0 

each 

ox  and  cow          .     lOOl  6    0 

1  >    6 

100 

cabinet   •           •    each 

3    0 

0    9 

iCacb 

Hoops,  wood       -  bund  If 

0     I 

0    3 

score  bundle* 

square     •           .    each 

2    0 

0    6 

leach 

truss     -           .  bunillf 

0    2 

0    5 

score  bundiM 

Pickles    •    large  package 

1    0 

0    2 

large  package 

Hops         -           -        bag 

0    8 

0    2 

bag 

middling  package 

0    6 

0     1        niiddling  package 
0    0  1-2  small  pickagP 

pocke 

0    6 

0    1 

pocket 

small  jiackage 

0    3 

1 

Horn,  tips  and  plates,  hhd 

1     4 

0    4 

hogshead 

Pigs              •           -  e.ach 

0    6 

„  ,    L 

Hiiises          -            •  each 

10    0 

riijeclay,  loose       -      ton 

3    4 

0    3      Uvn 

cob  or  pony         .  e.ic\ 

3    6 

hogshe.ad 

1    6 

0    2  1-2  hogshead 

Indian  rubber          barrt 

0    6 

0    1  1-2 

barrel 

puncheon 

1    2 

0    2 

puncheon 

ludiso         -           -  seroj 

0    6 

0    1  1-2 

seron 

( 

0    4 

0    1 

> 

about  3  qrs.  1-2  chest  or 

small  cask< 

to 

to 

Mmall  cask 

box 

0    6 

0    1  1-2 

1-2  chest  or  box 

< 

0  e 

0    1  12 

s 

ches' 

0    8 

0    2 

chest 

Pipes,  empty          -  each 

0    4 

0    1 

each 

Iron,  liars  and  unnianu 

I'itch                    -  barn  1 

0    4 

6    0 

100  barrels 

faclured           ■      Ion 

2    6 

0    3 

Ion 

Plants,  about  5  cwt.  pack- 

boo])3       1  cwt.  bundle 

0    4 

) 

age 

1    6 

0    4 

package 

3  qrs.  IiumiIIl 

0    3 

Joe 

ton 

middling  package 

1    0 

0    3 

middling  package 

Sqr;).  bundle 

0    2 

3 

small  package 

0    8 

0    2 

small  p.ickage 

pots         .          •      100 
( 

4    0 

0    2 

0    9 

100 

Ploughs        -           •  each 
Potatoes,    about    1    cwt. 

I    0 

0    3 

each 

tire         -        bundle< 

to 

Jo  0  1-2 

bundle 

basket 

0    3 

0    0  1-2 

basket 

} 

0    4 

) 

3  bushels,  s.ack 

0    6 

0    1 

sack 

heavy  mannfactnred  ma- 

ton 

3    0 

0    4 

ton 

chinttry,    mill   work. 

Quicksilver,      iron  tiotilc 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

each 

*ic.  Sic.f  pieces  above 

Rags             -     3  cwt.  bag 

0    4 

0    1 

bag 

1  ton     -           •      ton 

6    0 

0    6 

ton 

Rice             -           -     bag 

0    3 

0    4 

ton 

under  1  ton      -     ton 

5    0 

0    6 

ton 

Rigging       -           .   cwl. 

0    4 

0    03-4 

cwt. 

•  scrap,  loose     -     ton 

4    0 

0    6 

ton 

Ilnsin           •             barri;! 

0    4 

6    0 

ICD  barrels 

in  tiags             •      ton 

3    0 

0    6 

Ion 

Safllower,  under  2  cwt. 

hurlles    •           -    each 

0     1 

0    5 

score 

2  qrs.    .           •    tale 

0    8 

0   2 

bale 

•  Ucuhing    1».  ed.  per 

above  2  cwt.  2  qrs.  bale 

1    0 

0   3 

bale 

ton. 

Sago,  in  boxes  about  i  cwt. 

Iviirj-           .           .    rivt. 

0    3 

0    I 

cwt. 

box 

0    4 

0    1 

box 

Knives  Mahy,  small  cask 

0    8 

0    2 

small  cask 

Sail.cloth      .          .  bolt 

0    1 

0    3 

score 

U\c  dye           3  cwt.  chest 

1     0 

0    2 

chest 

Saltpetre,  rough,  in  bags. 

abdiil  1  cwt.  2  qn.  chest 

0    8 

0    I  1-2 

chest 

Ion 

3    0 

0    6 

ton 

r 

0    9 

0    4 

) 

refined,      1  ewl.  barrel 

II    4 

0    01-2 

barrel 

Uce         -        package^ 

to 

to 

^package 

above  1  to  2  cwt.  cask 

0    6 

0    1 

cask 

1    G 

0    9 

10  cwt.              .  cask 

1     2 

0    3 

cask 

Uths       ■           •  bundle 

0    1 

1    6 

TOO  bundles 

Saws        .            •   bundle 

0    6 

0  10 

score  bundles 

Lead,  in  pigs         -      Ion 

2    0 

0    3 

Ion 

Seel,  clover  or  other  bale 

0    8 

0    1  1-2 

bale 

black       -    40  llis.  cask 

0    2 

0    0  1.2 

cask 

Seed  lac,  2  cwt.  to  2  qn. 

shot,  ban,  or  rolls,    ton 

3    4 

0    3 

Ion 

bag 

0    8 

0    2 

bag 

Liuu   *           •  puncheon 
licgshead 

1    2 

0    3 

puncheon 
hogshead 

Sheep           •          .  each 
Shellac,  in  bags  or  bundles. 

0    6 

1     6 

0    4 

( 

0    4 

0    1 

) 

ton 

5    0 

1    0 

ton 

small  cask .{ 

to 

to 

>3Biallcuk 

Skins     IS  to  20  cwt.  cask 

3    0 

0    7 

eisk 

i 

0    » 

0    2 

3 

13  c»  t.  cask 

2    6 

0    6 

cask 

Logwood     -           .     ton 

2    3 

0    6 

ton 

vat 

1    6 

0    6 

vat 

Mace  and  nutmegs,  small 

hogshead 

1    2 

0    4 

hogshead 

cask 

0    8 

0    2 

small  cask 

tierce 

1    0 

0    3 

tierce 

.Manslcs       -            .  each 

5    0 

0    6 

each 

goat     and     Mogadort), 

Manure,  about  1  ton    cas!' 

2    6 

0    4 

cask 

about  2  cwt    2   qrs. 

Melliug  pots           -      Ion 

5    0 

0    6 

ton 

bale 

0    4 

0    1  1-2 

bale 

( 

1    0 

0    3 

) 

large  bale 

0    6 

0    2 

large  bale 

Mill  cases            -  each< 

to 

to 

>each 

Slates    -           -  hogshead 

2    0 

0    4 

hogshead 

< 

2    0 

0    4 

S 

puncheon 

1    (i 

0    3 

puncheon 

pidfcnns  -            •  each 

1    0 

0    3 

each 

Soap,  66  lbs.  and  under. 

stiilies,  about  1  ton  e.ich 

4    0 

0    6 

each 

small  box 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

small  box 

Mineral  brown  (in  turpen- 

B7and under  ll21bs.  box 

0    4 

0     1 

!iox 

tine  casks)  Scwt.birrel 

0    6 

0    6 

ton 

I  and  under  2  cwt.  chest 

0    6 

0    1  1-2 

chest 

M(diMe«        -      puncheon 

1    2 

0    3 

puncheoo 

2  and  under  3  cwt.  chest 

0    8 

0    2 

chest 

.Mother-o'.pearl  shells,  ton 

.i    0 

0    8 

tou 

3  to  5  cwt.       •     chest 

1    0 

0    3 

chest 

.Mules          .            -  each 

2    6 

■ 

1    0 

0    3 

) 

Mu>k           .           -    box 

0    8 

0    2 

box 

Sofas       -          ■    each< 

to 

to 

f-each 

Mustard       -           -    he« 

0    4 

0    1 

<eg 

( 

1    6 

0    4 

S 

nntcxccedin?2Slbs  kei; 

0    2 

0    0  1-2 

lOOkegi 

Spadee     •     1  doz.  bundle 

0    4 

0    1 

bundle 

Nails           -      2  qrs.  keg 

0    2 

3    0 

2  doz.  bundle 

0    8 

0    2 

bundle 

1  cwt.  2  qrs.  kfi; 

0    4 

0    03.4 

keg 

Spelter        •           -     ton 

2    0 

0    4 

ton 

1  cwt.  2  qrs.  to  2  ml. 

Spirits,  see  IVina. 

cask 

0    6 

0    1 

cask 

Starch         •      1  cwt.  txix 

0    6 

0    1 

box 

ton 

5    0 

0    6 

on 

under  1  cwl.  Imx 

0    4 

0    I 

box 

Nankeens,  not  excee-Iing 

Staves,    wine    hogshead. 

1  cwt.  case  or  chest 

0    6 

0     1  1-2 

case  or  chest 

pack 

0   2 

0   01-2 

pack 

Ne?ro  clo'hiug.  puncheon 

1    0 

0    3 

luncheoD 
bale 

pipe,   leager,  or  sugar 
hogshead        •    pack 

1 

Nutria  sfcius     4  cwt.  bale 

0    8 

0    2 

0    4 

0    01-2 

&f 

.'» cwt.  bale 

1     0 

0    3 

lale 

Steel,  in  bars          •       ton 

3    4 

0    4 

Oakum          2  qrs.  bundle 

0    2 

0    0  1.2 

Mindle 

in    bundles,     1     cwt 

Oil  cake      •           -      ton 

3    6 

0    6 

on 

bundle 

0    4 

0   6 

ton 

boeslle.-id 

1     6 

0    4 

hogshead 

f 

0    6 

0    2 

) 

pilnclieiill 

1     2 

0    3 

luncheon 

Stoves  and  grates    each  < 

to 

to 

Jeach' 

Oil  •            ■           •      tun 

3    li 

0    8 

un 

I 

1    0 

0    3 

J 

under  3  gallons,  jug 

0    2 

Straw          .           -  truss 

0    1 

0    3 

score  trusses 

3  to  7  gallons,  jug 

0    4 

0  0  1-4 

ralloa 

Sugar          -     mat  or  liag 

0    4 

0    0  1-2 

mat  or  b.ag 

R  to  lOgillons,  jug 

0    8 

4  or  6  cwt.  mat  or 

11  to  12  gallons,  jug 

0    8 

0    0  1-4 

nllon 

basket' 

0    8 

0    1 

mat  or  basket 

chest 

0    8 

0    0  1-2 

chest 

boxes  or  chests       Ion    3    4 

0    fi 

ton 

1.2  chest 

0    4 

0    0  1-4 

-2  chest 

bastard,    not  exceeding' 

2    0 

0    6 

) 

2cwl.  2q™.     barrel    0    5 

0    1 

barrel 

Organs     •           •  each^ 

to 

a  0 

to 
1     0 

Uich 

under  8  cwt.      tierce    0    9 
12  and  under  14  cwt.  i 

0    2 

tierce 

')snahurghs,  loose,     piece 

0    1 

0    01-4 

piece 

cask    1    6 

.US 

ton 

Ox  bows  or  yokes,  1  d.izen 

14  cwt.  andupwardi,! 

bundle 

0    3 

0    0  1.2 

bundle 

cask    2    0 

r>xen           -           ■  eaoh!l 

0    0 

refined       -     hogsheail    1    2 

0    3 

hogshead 

Paint.  In  small  kegs,     ton 

8    0 

1    0 

on 

I2(kund.  I4cwl.  cask    1    6 

0    4 

cask 

in  casks  containing  do.. 

14     —    18  cwt.  cask    2    0 

0    6 

cask 

too 

3    4 

0    6 

on 

18     —    24cwl.c»ski 

2    6 

0    7 

cuk 

NDON). 


S      '■«= 

0  8 

0  6 

0  4 

0  4 

to 

0  6 


Rent  after  ThrM  Weckl. 


Per 
Week. 


Quaotitiu,  kc 


I.  d.      I        Pir 

0    2        bale 

0    I  1-2  uiiall  bale 


1        barrel  or  keg 
0  3-4 


0    6 
n    3 


•h 
t'l 
k' 

se 

Ke 

I'll 

rt. 

el 

ck 

ni] 

lie 

i»R 

ag 

,vl. 

rtl 

ivl. 

ale 

ale 

wt. 

JOX 

^11 
'(!'■ 
Inn 
rrel 
aik 
■ask 
ulle 

l):lle 
qn. 
bli( 
ach 
!lrs, 
ton 
:ask 
■ask 
vat 
lieail 
Tce 
jcire, 
Mrs. 
t)ale 
.ale' 
trail  1 
[t!on| 
llrr, 
[box 
I  box 
nest 
nest 
neiit 


hdle 
hclle 
I  ton 


6 
4 
6 
2 
4 
> 

6 
4 
4 

6 
0 
8 
0 

3 

6 
0 
2 
4 
3 
4 
4 

8 
0 

4 
1 


to 

0  I 

0  4 

1  0 
0  9 
0  6 
0  2 


bag 


b'ltt 
each 
eacb 
eacb 

lar«  package 
niiiidlini;  package 
01-2  saiall  package 


Ubn 
-2  hothead 
puncheon 

Umall  cask 
•2  S 
each 
ICO  barrels 

packae;c 

iniflJlint;  package 
small  package 
each 


0  1.2  basket 

1  sack 
4      'ton 

0  1-2  each 

1  ibas 
4       I  ton 


0    (l3-4Vivl. 
6    0 


0 
4 
6 
2 
6 
8 

8 
6 

0 
0 
6 
6 
2 
0 


6 
01.2 


0 
0 
0 

0  3 
0  10 
0    11-2 

0    2 


ICO  barrel! 

halo 
bale 

box 
score 

too 

barrel 

cask 

cask 

score  bundles 

bale 


0    6 
0    6 


bag 


0  4 
0  6 
2    0 


ton 
c^tsk 
cask 
vat 

hotrshead 
tierce 


bale 

large  bale 
hoffshead 
puncheon 


0    01-2 1  small  box 
0    I       ibnx 


I  1-2 
2 


to 

1  6 
0  4 
0  8 

2  0 

0  6 

0  4 

0  2 


0 
0 

n  3 

0  3 

to 

0  4 

0  I 

0  2 

0  4 


0    1 
0    I 


chest 
chest 
best 

[each 

bundle 
buodle 
ton 


0    4 
0    6 


luss    0 
|l>aK    0 

Iket  0 
I  ton  3 
liin' 
l-rel  0 
free  0 
Iwt.i 
lask 

Vl5,l 

■ask 
lead 
■ask 


0 
1 
4 

8 
4 

0    6 

0  9 

1  6 

3 


0    012 

0    0  1.2 
0   4 

0   6 
0   2 
to 
0    3 
0    3 


box 
box 

pack 

lack 


leach' 

score  truim 
6    0  1-2  niat  or  bag 


0 

2 

6 

a.sk    2    0 

2    6 


0    1 

0  6 

0  1 
0    2 

lo6 

0  3 

1  0  4 
0  6 
0  7 


I  mat  or  basket 
I  ton 

barrel 

tierce 

lion 

hophetd 
!  cask 

I  cask 
cuk 


DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (LONDON). 


593 


Kent  afUT  Three  WL-t-ks. 


Go^ds  (or  Exportation,   i  ^  ^  ■ 


r.    U. 
Per 


Siinr — cotUinurrf. 

Ui'Iiiied.  packtd   in  hon* 
heals    I'r   v\i3,   In  lie      hhd, 
liiiuied  For  ux{>iirtati(>n.  i 


llhKin?  -  -        0    6 

i  .Vi-i<iliii?  or  re.weijching     0    Ij 
i^iili  .u-^iinr,  w'h.irfaee,  and 

sliippiiif        •     "  .18 

llli-nl     . 


Per 
Wetk. 

I.    rf. 
IVr  v.ii, 

Hi  cwt. 
and  tip. 

wanls. 

1    0 
I    0 

3    0 


por  'veek    »    3       ]  0    6 


Ptr 

T.illow 

T.U 

Te» 

Ion 

barrel 

■  chest 

1.2  chc-st 

1-4  ch.st 

small  hiix 

TMcs,  W 

'Ich,  about  1  toot 

v^uare 
Tin  • 

.     100 

•    Iwx 

W  li.u  IJ. 

an  i 
Shipping 
I.    rf. 
2    6 
0    4 
0 


Tombstones 
j  Tripe 

Turmeric  - 


barrel 
block 

-  each' 

-  ken 

-ba4 


0  8 

0  6 

0  4 

2  0 

0  4 

0  6 

0  2 

.li  0 

0  2 

0  01 

to 

0  2 

0  6 
to 

1  0 
0  6 


Kent 
per 
Week. 
».  il. 
0  6 
fi  0 
0  3 
0    2 


liuanlilies,  kc. 


Goods  for  Exportation. 


.2  «.? 


J'tr    I.    d. 
6 

e,ach  ^ 


C    7    6 

h^  '     to 
(   10    0 


Per 

ton 

100  barrels 

chest 

richest 
0  1  1.2;|.4  c!i,,f 
0    1       Isinall  box 

0  6       !i00 

0  0  1-2  hox 

0  1       I  barrel 

0  6       I  score 

0  6       leach 

0  U  14  keg 


Turpentine         carboy  .J 

(Varnish      -  •  birrel 

iVeiimlion,    2    to  3    c»ft.| 

I  chest  or  packase'  2  0 

'V'Ut^^r       •       puiiche.in    I  4 

linzshe.-ul    0  8 

hirrclorI.2h')gsliea'li  0  6 

•Vltrit'i,  carlinvs      (jallitn]  0  4 

nu'jdiint;  ca.se   3  0 

small  case.  2  0 


10 

0    I 

to 

0    3 

0    I 


0    2 

0 

0 

0 

0 


ton 

> carboy 
barrel 


Wagons 


Whalebone      6  cwt.  bale    I    0 
ton    5    0 

Wheels,    according    to  ^  j    | 
size 


to 


chest  or  package 

jiunchenu 

hnzshead 
I  1-2  birrel  or  1-2  hhd. 
1        .gallnit 
9       iniidillinfl;caae 
6       small  case 


pair^  I  , 

Wheelbarrows      ■     eachi  0 
Wii.e,   bottled,   in    casks,' 

dozen  hottli-s  0 
incases  dnzen  liu'lles  0 
Spirits,  pipe,  puncheon,' 

or  bull    2 
hogshead ;  1 
Nocharse  is  made  for 
svharfage  of  wines  and 
spirits    landed    at    the 
docks,  and  carted  to  the 
export  ((uay,  except  for 
"sirikinn   'and      ship- 
pin^,''  viz. 
pipe,  butt,  and  pun- 
cheon •     M. 
hogshead  -     4rf. 
Wire,  iron,  1  cwt.  2  qrs. 

bundle'  0 
Wood  .  -      Ion,  2 

When  not  cleared  the 
same  day  .as  sdit  down, 
piling  is  charged.  | 

Wood  hoops      -     bundle  I  0 
truss  bundle    0 
Wool,  English,  3  cwt.  loj 
3  cwl.  2  (jrs.         bale:  0 
3  cwh  2  qrs.  to  5  cwt.  I 

bale'    I 

Spanish     -    I  cwt.  bac    0 

2  cwt.  bag    0 

2  cwt.  2  qrs.  ba^    0 

German,  under  4  cwt. 

h-      0 

4  to  6  cwt.  ha'.'     1 

6  cwt.  &  upwards,  hit    1 


Rent  after  Three  Weeks. 


J.    d. 
I    0 
to 
I    6 

0  4 

1  0 
0    I 

to 
0    2 
0    0  14  each 


:  ^e.ach 


bile 

'ton 


\l     ■ 
i  >p»ir 


0  I  4  dozen  liolMes 
0  1  2  duzeii  buttles 


0    I 
0   3 


0    3 

0    3 


pipe,  pun.  or  butt 
hogshead 


bundle 
ton 


iscore  bundles 
:  score  bundles 


0   2  3.4, bale 


0    2 


I  hale 

bag 

bag 

.4  b.ag 

i. 
bag 

bag 

I  bag 


*  A',  i/.— *'  Persons  sending  to  the  dock,  for  shipment,  aquafortis,  oil  of  vitriol,  or  oilier  gootis  of  a  dangprous  qnalitv,  and  nepleclingio 
ii;,'i'K"lv  mark,  or  slate,  Ihe  nature  of  such  eoods  on  ihe  outside  of  the  package,  or  otherwise  give  due  notice  thereof  toUiesuiieriutcudbUt, 
Hi  subject  to  a  penally  of  20/.'— (See  act  3  Geo.  4-  c.  116.  §  13J.) 

When  charoed  by  the  Package. 


Gooils  for  Exportation. 


Rent  after  Three  Weeks. 


s  5  i 


•ji 


I  I'd 

Bl-s,  simll  -    each 

IiIiIps,  small  -    each 

1    inidJIuu  ■    each 

:   larg'^, 5  and  under 7 cwt. 

I  each 

'      7  and  under  8  cwl. 

I  each 

I      8  and  un.ier  \i  cwl. 

'  .^icli 

12aud  under  14  cwt. 

each 

14  and  under  lo  cvl. 

each 

16  cwt.  and  upwar  Is 

each 

E.  1.  eoods^  single,  each 

liimlile  -  .    e.ac)i 

half  hales  repacks.!, 

each 

Birrels       -  -    each 

Bi'^keis.  small        -    each 

niid  !Iin^  -  •    each 

lar^e       -  •    etch 

Billies  or  jars,  1  lo  3  ,ra|. 

each 


t.  d. 

0  4 

0  c 
I 

1  4 

1  6 

2  0 

2  6 

3  0 

4  0 

0  8 

1  4 

0  6 

0  B 

0  2 

0  4 

0  6 


Pit 
Week. 


0    3 


0  0  1-2 


0    2 
0    3 


Quautitics,  &c. 


Per 


Inns 
I    4  lo  7  galhiis 
I    7  In  10  e.illnns 
II  to  12  gal. ons 

iHiles     . 

Run-lies,  large 
!    mi'Mlin; 
I   sirall      - 
iCis^s.  small 

niil'lling 

Isrt,',  5  10  6  cwl. 
6  In  7  cwt.       . 


each 
each 
each 

each^ 

•  each 
.  each 
.  each 

•  each 
each 
each 
each: 


0  2 

0  4 

0  6 

0  « 

0  2 
to 

0  8 


1  1-2 
1  1.2 

0  1-2 
1 

1  1-2 


each 
each 
each 

each 


cwt. 


each 
each 

each 
each 
ach 
each 
each 


Goods  for  Exportation. 


Per 

Cases— fontintierf. 

extra  larg';,  7  to  8  cwt. 

each 

9  lo  12  cwt.     -    each 

altove  12  cwt.  -    each 

Casks,  butts  •    each 

hogshead  -    each 

pipe  or  puncheon    each 

tierceor  wine  hhd.  each 


small 


each-. 


0    6 
0    8 


■0  0  1-4 

0    01-2 

to 
0 
0 
0 
0 


gallon 


each 


Chests,  small  -  each 
middling  •    eacli 

large       -  -    each 

Hotheads,  not  exceeding 


8  or  9  cwt. 
Jars,  see  lioUtet. 

Kegs 


each 


-    each 


ball 


-  each 
onlinary 

-  eacii 


2 

3  each 
2  I  '  each 

1  1-. leach 

2  e.lch 

3  each 
3  I  each 
0  |.2icwt. 


Packs,  vats,  tc. 


Pipes 
Portmanteaus, 

size 
Ollirr    sizes    will   he 

charred   in   proportion. 

and  rent  one  fonr'li  ofj 

the  rate   fur  wharfage' 

and  shipping. 


I  Puncheons 
I  Tierces 


!  Trunks 
I  Trussei 


each 

each  ^      to 
I    0 
each    0    6 

,     "    6 

each  ^      to 

1    0 


Goods  not  inclu'led  in  the  foregiiiig  Tables  pay  in  proportion  to  the  ra'cs  therein  coniaiuel,  according  lo  weight  or  size. 

3,  East  India  Dochs, — These  docks,  situated  at  Blarkwall,  worn  orisrinally  intended  for 
the  accrtmniodation  of  ships  cm(iloypd  liy  the  ?]ast  Imlia  Com|>aiiy,  or  in  the  East  Indian 
trade ;  but  they  arc  now  open  to  vessels  from  all  parts.    There  are  2  docks ;  1  for  ships  uu- 
3d2  75 


fiOl      DOCKS  ON  THE  THAMES  (ST.  KATHERINE'S). 


J 


'♦    <'    '» 


I 


"ft-  •I 


!  1 1 '"' 


I 


w 


4  ■  i 


loading  inwards,  and  1  for  those  loading  outwards.  The  Import  Dock  contains  about  13 
acres,  and  the  Exjwrt  Docic  about  9  acres.  The  enlrance  basin,  which  connects  the  dorka 
with  the  river,  contains  about  2^  acres:  the  lenglli  of  the  entrance  lock  is  210  feet,  the 
width  of  the  gales  48  feet  clear.  The  depth  of  water  in  the  East  India  Docks  is  never  loss 
than  S3  feet ;  so  that  they  can  accommodate  ships  of  greater  burden  than  any  other  esta- 
blishment on  the  river.  'J'herc  is  attached  to  them  a  splendid  quay  fronting  the  river,  nearly 
700  feet  in  length,  with  water  sufficient  at  all  times  of  the  tide  to  float  the  largest  strain 
ships;  and  the  Export  Dock  is  furnished  with  a  machine  for  masting  and  dismasting  the 
largest  ships.  The  Company  have,  also,  since  the  termination  of  the  East  India  Company's 
trade,  purchased  .3  of  the  bonded  warehouses  belonging  to  that  body,  situated  in  the  heart 
of  the  city,  in  which  they  warehouse  and  sliow  tea  and  other  goods,  on  the  same  terms  as  at 
the  London  or  St.  Catherine's  Docks. — (See  Rates  below.) 

The  discharging  of  shijis  in  the  Import  Dock  is  wholly  performed  by  the  ser\'ants  of 
the  Company,  and  the  regulations  as  to  fire,  cooking,  «&c.  are  similar  to  those  in  the  other 
docks. 

The  docks  arc  distant  3J  miles  from  the  Royal  Exchange,  and  coaches  run  every  half 
hour  between  those  places,  at  the  moderate  charge  of  Qd,  Should  the  projected  railway  to 
Blackwall  be  completed,  the  journey  to  the  docks,  or  from  them  to  the  Exchange,  will  be 
accomplished  in  less  than  10  minutes.  Were  this  effected,  no  steamers,  or  at  least  none 
above  100  tons  burden,  should  be  allowed  to  come  higher  up  than  Blackwall.  It  will,  we 
apprehend,  be  found  to  be  quite  impossible,  so  long  as  they  are  allowed  to  come  further  up 
than  this,  to  regulate  their  speed,  or  to  prevent  the  perpetual  recurrence  of  accidents. 

The  company's  capital,  including  the  cost  of  the  city  warehouses,  is  623,000/.  The  pre- 
sent dividend  is  6  per  cent.:  and  the  stock  is  now  (December  183G)  worth  from  116/.  to 
117/.     The  management  is  committed  to  12  directors,  each  holding  2,000/.  stock. 

Rates  of  Charge. — The  charges  on  goods  exported  arc  the  same  as  at  the  other  docb. 
Inwards  they  are,  as  before  stated,  the  same  as  at  the  other  docks,  ivhen  the  goods  are 
brought  up  to  the  city  warehouses ;  but  if  kept  down  at  the  docks,  or  while  they  are  there, 
the  charges  and  rent  are  considerably  lower. 


yetitU  Inwards. 


Tonnage  Rates, 

I.    d. 


For  dischareing  cargoes,  and  for  the  1132  of  the  dock  for 
tvveiity-eit^ht  li.iys  from  ttte  date  of  iitial  discharge,  with 
liber'y  tolnad  for  any  port,  jier  register  ton  •  -16 

A'.  B  — Sliip  cnoiierage,  when  incurred,  will  be 
charged  ;  and  vessels  dischar^irn;  ttia  whole,  or  Kr.^ater 
part  of  their  carijoes  irdo  li^titera,  will  lie  subject  to 
luch  terms  as  shall  be  agre»;J  upou  between  the  ship- 
owneni  and  the  Dock  Company. 

Rent,  after  the  eipiration  of  twenty-eight  days  from  the 
time  of  linal  dischir^f,  per  rt'gisItT  t(»n  per  week  -    0    1 

Vesnels  of  bOO  fnns  and  upwards  (havin:;  landed  the  greater 
part  of  their  ini1)ort  cargoes  in  the  East  India  Dock)  when 
lying  up,  per  register  ton  per  week  •  •  "    0   ^ 

VtntU  Outwards. 

Entering  to  load,  that  have  not  discharged  their  import 
cargoes  in  the  docks,  for  any  period  not  eicecling  twenty- 
eight  days  from  the  date  of  entrance,  per  register  ton        -    0    6 

Rent,  after  the  expiration  of  twenty-eight  days,  per  register 
ton  per  week  -  •  -  -  ■"•01 

VesstU  tying  up. 

Light  vessels  (other  than  sleajn  vessels)  entering  the  dock  to 
lie  up  for  any  period  not  excteding  twenty-eight  days,  per 
register  ton    -  •  -  -  -  -  -06 

Rent,  after  the  expiration  of  twenty-eight  days,  per  register 
ton  per  week  -  -  -  -  .  -01 

Sttam  faitU. 

Rent,  from  the  date  of  entrance,  per  register  ton  per  week       0    1 
The  charge  for  getting  out  and  landing,  lifting,  or  shipping 
boilere  and  heavy  niachinery  (including  (he  use  of  gear) 
is,  per  ttin     -  -  -  -  .  -  .50 

Use  of  wharf  for  ditto,  per  ton  per  neck       •  •  -06 

CoasUrs  and  Craft. 

Other  than  lighters,  with  cargo  fiir  outward  bound  ships,  with 
liberty  to  remain  for  one  week,  per  registtr  ton     -  *    0    6 

other  tlun  lighters  louling  fntni  Itie  Import  Warehouses, 
with  the  like  privilege,  on  the  gross  weight  they  lake  on 
board,  per  tiii  -  -  -  -  -  -06 

In  either  cate,  rent,  after  the  eipiration  of  one  week,  per 
register  ton   -  •  -  -  -  -  -01 

Wafer. 

Supplied  from  the  reservoir,  per  tun  •  -  •  -10 

Filtered  svater,  do.       -  -  ■  •  ■  -    2    0 


i5"c.,  on  Shipping. 

Charges  for  Masting  or  Dismasting  at  ttie  MastBttildins, 


Main 

Fore 

Mizcn 

Pniv- 

Ships  of 

Mast. 

.Mast. 

Mast. 

(|Tlt.     1 

/..  ».    H. 

/,.  ..    </. 

r..  s.   d.  ,L.  ,.  rt. 

1,000  tol,!i00tons 

9    0    0 

8    2    0 

3  12    0  1  4  10   0 

800  —  1,000  — 

6  ir.  0 

6    6    0 

3    3    0  i  3  12   0 

6'>0—    SOO  — 

4    0    0 

3  12    0 

200:2001 

500—    6;'>0  — 

3    4    0 

2  16    0 

1  12    0 

1  12   0 

300—    fiOO  — 

■2  12    6 

2    5    0 

1     6    3 

1    (i  3 

under  300  — 

1  17    6  ;  1   IS    9 

1    2    6 

1    2  6 

For  putting  on  or  taking  off  Tops. 


Tor  Ships  of 
1,000  to  1,500  tons 
800—  1,000  — 
600—    !*00  — 
under  .500  — 


Main. 


/,.  s.  d. 
0  l.i  0 
0  10  0 
0  7  6 
in  proportion. 


Fore. 


L.  s.  d. 

0  13  0 

0  10  0 

0    7  6 


Mizen. 


/..  /.  d. 

0  10  0 

0  5  u 

0  5  0 


The  prices  of  the  above  Tables  are  for  each  operation,  n  liicli  id- 
dudes  the  use  of  mnsting-fill  and  slings. 

N.  11. — Uwnen  of  ships  may  purchase  not  less  than  half  afiil,  at 
25  per  cent,  under  the  ready  money  cost  price. 

Bates  on  Goods  in  uptown  IVarrhimses. 


Landing 

Manage- 

RT.t Tier 
We.k. 

Tea,  in  packages  of 

Housing. 

ment. 

f.   d. 

.1.   d. 

I.  d. 

200  lb.  gross,  and  upwards 

2    0 

7    6 

0    11-2 

130  and  under  200 

1    8 

5    6 

0    1 

80        —        130 

1    2 

3    8 

0   01.2 

60—80 

1     0 

3    0 

0    01-2 

40—60 

1    0 

2    4 

0    01-2 

30—40 

0  10 

2    0 

0    012 

20—30 

0    8 

1    3 

0    014 

under  20 

0    4 

1    0 

0    Oil 

Silk,  Bengal,  per  bale, 
150  lbs.  and  upwards 

2    8 

3    6->  _ 

0    11-2 

104  to  1.50 

2    0 

7    6^5' 

0    1  1-2 

unde.'  104 

1    6 

6    6?=. 

0    11-2 

China,  per  bale. 

6    6j  •  * 

104  lbs.  and  upwards    - 

2    0 

0    11-2 

under  104 

1     6 

0    1  1-2 

4.  St.  Katharine's  Docks. — The  Company  for  the  construction  of  these  docks  was  incor- 
porated by  the  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  105.  (local),  and  they  were  partially  opened  on  the  S.'ith  of 
October,  1828.  They  are  situated  immediately  below  the  Tower,  and  are  consequently  the 
most  contiguous  of  any  to  the  city,  the  Custom-house,  and  other  places  where  business  is 
transacted.  The  capital  raised  by  shares  amounts  to  1,352,800/. ;  but  an  additional  sum  of 
800,000/.  has  been  borrowed,  on  the  security  of  the  rates,  for  the  completion  of  the  works, 


IIERINE'S). 

)rt  Dock  contains  about  13 
which  connects  the  docks 
rancc  lock  is  210  feet,  the 
t  India  Docks  is  never  icss 
iirden  than  any  other  csta- 
ly  fronting  the  river,  nearly 
Je  to  float  the  largest  steam 
masting  and  dismasting  the 
■  the  East  India  Company's 
body,  situated  in  the  heart 
ids,  on  the  same  terms  as  at 

rformei'  by  the  servants  of 
similar  to  those  in  the  other 

id  coaches  run  every  half 
luld  the  projected  railway  to 
n  to  the  Exchange,  will  be 
o  steamers,  or  at  least  none 
han  Blackwall.     It  will,  we 

allowed  to  come  further  up 
urrcnce  of  accidents, 
ises,  is  623,000/.     The  pre- 

183G)  worth  from  116/.  to 
ing  2,000/.  stock. 

same  as  at  the  other  docb. 
docks,  it>/ten  the  goods  an 
:ks,  or  while  they  are  there, 


or  Ditmatting  at  the  MaitHuadins, 


Main 

MMt. 

Fnre 
Mint. 

Mizen 
Mist. 

Pniv.    1 
(I'nl.   1 

/,.  ..   rf. 
9    0    0 
6  15    0 
4    0    0 
3    4    0 
•2  12    6 
1  17    6 

/,.  ..   </. 
8    2    0 
6    6    0 
3  12    0 
2  IB    0 
2    5    0 
1   13    9 

/;. ..  rf. 

3  12    0 
3    3    0 
2    0    0 
1  12    0 
1     6    3 
1    2    6 

L  >.  ri. 

A  10  n 

3  12   0 
2   11   0 
1  12  0 
1    li   3 
1    2  6 

ng  on  or  lahing  off  Topt. 

Main. 

Fore. 

Mizen. 

/,.  ».   ./. 
0  15    0 
0  10    0 
0    7    6 

/,.  1.   rf. 
0  15    0 
0  10    0 
0    7    6 

/..  I.  d. 
OIO  0 
0   3  1) 
0  5  0 

inpmr 

orti 

)n. 

Table*  ire  for  each  operation,  n  liicli  in- 
^■fill  aii'l  slims. 

IS  njay  piircl.iise  not  Itss  than  half  a  li.l,  it 
iJy  money  cost  price. 

lorft  in  wp-town  IVarthmmt. 


Landing 

and 
Housing. 

Manage- 
ment. 

Rfnl  per 
VVe.k. 

>.    rf. 

...   rf. 

1.  d. 

wards 

2    0 

7    6 

0    !l.2 

1    8 

5    6 

0    1 

1    2 

3    8 

0   01.2 

1     0 

3    0 

0   01-' 

1    0 

2    4 

0   01.2 

0  10 

2    0 

0    01-2 

0    8 

1    3 

0    014 

0    4 

1    0 

0   014 

2    8 

»    61  _ 

0    11-2 

2    0 

7    6=3 

0    11-2 

1    6 

i;  0   «| 

0    11-2 

ill  ■ 

2    0 
1    6 

6    6|^^ 

0    11-2 
1    0    11-2 

on  of  these  docks  was  incor- 
lially  opened  on  the  S.'ith  of 
er,  and  are  consequently  the 
Iher  places  where  business  is 
I. ;  but  an  additional  sum  of 
he  completion  of  the  works, 


DOCKS  ON  Tirr.  THAMES  (ST.  KATIIEIJINE'S).      b95 

nnd  the  purchase  of  a  freehold  properly  possessing  river  frontai;c  from  the  Tower  to  the 
corner  of  Lower  East  SmithfielJ,  of  the  value  of  upwards  of  100,000/.,  hut  not  reijuired  for 
the  immediate  purpose  of  the  act.  A  portion  of  this  property  has  hcen  appropriated  as  a 
f.team  packet  wharf,  where  passengers  embark  and  land  without  the  aid  or  risk  of  boat  con- 
veyance. The  purchase  of  the  numerous  houses  that  stood  upon  the  ground  occupied  by 
the  docks  proved,  as  in  the  case  of  the  London  Docks,  a  heavy  item  of  expense.  The  space 
included  within  the  outer  wall  is  about  24  acres,  nearly  1 1  of  which  are  water.  There  arc 
3  docks,  communicating  by  a  basin.  The  lock  leading  from  the  river  is  180  feet  long,  and 
45  broad  :  it  is  so  constructed,  that  ships  of  upwards  of  600  tons  burden  may  pass  in  and 
out  3  hours  before  high  water,  so  that  outward-bound  ships  have  the  opportunity  of  reach- 
ing  Blackwall  before  the  tide  begins  to  recede.  Ships  of  upwards  of  800  tons  register  are 
docked  and  undocked  without  difficulty,  and  the  depth  of  water  at  the  entrance  exceeds  that 
of  any  other  wet  dock  in  the  port  of  London.  Vessels  are  also  docked  and  undocked  by 
nisht  as  well  as  by  day, — an  advantage  peculiar  to  this  establishment,  A  clear  channel  of 
not  less  than  300  feet  in  width  is  at  all  times  to  be  kept  in  the  pool ;  and  vessels  drawing 
18  feet  water  may  lie  afloat  at  low  water  at  the  principal  buoy  oil'  the  dock  entrance.  The 
warehouses  and  vaults  are  upon  a  very  large  scale ;  far  more  so  than  one  might  be  disposed 
to  infer  from  the  extent  of  water.  The  warehouses  are  exceedingly  well  contrived  and  com- 
modious ;  and,  owing  to  their  boino;  built  partly  on  pillars  (within  which  what  is  called  the 
quay  work  of  the  other  docks  is  transacted,  close  to  the  water's  edge,  goods  are  hoisted 
direct  from  the  hold  of  the  vessel,  without  its  being  necessary,  as  in  the  West  India  and 
London  Docks,  to  land  them  on  quays ;  so  that  there  is  in  this  way  a  great  saving  both 
of  room,  time,  and  labour.  The  whole  establishment  is  exceedingly  complete,  and  reflects 
the  greatest  credit  on  the  public  spirit,  enterprise,  and  skill,  of  those  by  whom  it  was  pro- 
jected and  executed. 

The  regulations  to  be  observed  by  vessels  using  the  St.  Katharine's  Docks  are  similar  to 
those  enforced  in  the  West  India  Docks,  to  which,  as  in  the  case  of  the  London  Docks,  we 
beg  to  refer. 

Taltl'i  of  Ttinnaffe  Ratos  chargeable  on  Vessels  entering  the  St.  Katherine  Docks  and  also  of  the 
Rates  for  ilischargin^'  Cargoes  landed  by  the  Company,  subject  to  such  Uevision,  from  Time  to 
Time,  as  shall  be  found  expedient^ 


f'aii'i  Inwardi. 


On  V«Me)9  ladea, 
arriving  from 


Fint  CJass.  —  Any 
port  of  the  L'liiitsJ 
KingJnm.  I^Ie  of 
Mm,  Jerti-y.  Guern- 
yy,  AldenifV,  J^ark, 
nr  othtrr  Europeati 
portiouUiile  the  Bil- 
iic.  behveen  the 
North  Cape  and 
Ishanl 


&teond    Clasi.—Any 
other  port.    • 


Per  Ton 
Ref^ister. 


0    6 


0    9 


Privilege. 


Kcjielf  whose    cargoes    are    di»- 

charged  by  the  Doek  Cmnpany, 
Use  of  the  Ooiks  td  vessels  arriviiiy 
from  Hanihm',  or  fmin  any  port 
in  the  Mediterranean,  for  6 
weeks  from  Ihe  date  uf  entrance; 
if  ftrrivinz  fnini  any  oilier  port, 
4  weeks  miin  the  tla'e  of  final 
di9Chari;e,  with  liberty  to  load 
outwards  f(»r  any  port  or  place, 
and  to  quit  the  docki  for  repairs, 
and  re-enter;  the  period  of  ab- 
sence from  dock  for  such  pur- 
pnseii  not  to  atTuct  the  privile);e, 
y&isels    whoie   car^nea    art  dta- 

charged  '  u  their  crews. 
The   like  pii\ilc<e,  hut  to  com- 
mence  from    (he   date   of  en- 
trance. 


Per  Ton 
Register. 


Rent,  in  each  case,  after  the  expiration  of  the  pri- 
vilege, per  week  .  .  .  • 
Fnr  pariial  remisiioiis  and  exemptions  on  ves- 
sels partly  lalen,  or  arriv.iig  from  Spain  or 
Pnrtur»l,  wool  or  cork  laden,  or  vessels  with 
corn,  see  annexed  Table. 

Rata  for  dischari;in^  Cargoa  by  the  Company. 

taitoen,  consiifin*,  in  the  whole  or  in  part,  of 
Riiear  in  hogsheads  or  tierces,  including  ship 
cofipera^e  .  .  .  .  • 

Carefjes,  rnnsisilnf  of  suear  in  ches's  of  5  cwt. 
an.l  upuanis,  inclulin'i  ship  cooperage 

Carries,  consisting  of  sumr  in  bags,  mats,  nr 
chests  unler  5  cwt ,  or  o'her  floods  (not  bain^ 
hemp,  tallo'.v,  ashw,  woo<I  jrorKis,  corn,  niich, 
tar,  hay,  or  straw),  cnntainel  in  casks,  hales, 
lenun,  chests,  cases,  hags,  baskets,  or  similar 
pickaxes;  also  spidter,  or  metal  in  pi g^,  bars, 
n»ls,  plates,  ftc.   .  .  •  •  . 

Cireoes,  consisting  of  liemp  only,  or  merchandise 
in  bulk,  wholly  or  in  p.-irt 

taJlow  only 


I. 


(hpmp             -           .  I  3i 

Mixed  cargoes  of  ■<  tallovr            -           -  0  6  v 

gashes              -            -  0  6) 
Blue  Kum  wn-vl,  nr  largft  timber,  addi- 

tiDU'l  fnr  everj*  loa'I  delivered              -  0  6 

No  charge  iii>on  rxfesn   landed  beyoni  a  ship's 

rei^ister  tonnage. 
Oil,  addiiinnal  for  everv  tun  delivered 

iutocralt          -         '  0  6 


s.    d. 
0    1 


0  g 


Per      ton      of 

gooils,  charge 
in  im  case  to 
exceed  (lie  re- 
gister tnimige 
of  the  vceiel. 


yessds  Otttwards 

entering  the  Docks  with.)ut  Cargo*M. 


Per  Ton 
Hegisler. 

Privilege. 

Loading  for  any"] 

1.   d. 

port  enumtTited 

in     the     Import  > 

0    6 

l'«e  of  (lock  tol 

Table     in     iirst 

load  4   weeks 

class 

fn>m    date  of 

.Rent  after  ex- 

T)o. do.  2d.  do. 

0    9 

entrauce     • 

piration  nfthe 

Vessels  luadins  in'] 

!■ 

priiiljgi',  Id. 

part,  on  quantity 

per  ton  regis- 

taken on    board 

f 

Use  of  dock  to 

ter  per  week. 

according         to  J- 

as  above  < 

load     1    week 

their  port  of  des- 

( 

from  entrance'  J 

tination,  as  above 

classified.              J 

Table  oftpccial  Rc^ulntioiu,  Remisiiont,  and  KxemptimiSy  and 
ytiscrllaneous  Chnt'^es  applicable  tit  i'^rssels  muuirds,  ikA  Uing 
fully  laden^  or  laden  with  tfit  Jtlicla  tnutncrated,  c#  entering 
the  DiXks  tight,  ^c. 
No  tonnage  rale  will  be  changed  on  vessels  wholly  corn  laden, 
whose  cargoes  shall  be  landed  in  the  docks;  but  a  charge  will  in 
such  ca^e  be  made  for  docking  and  uuduckiiig,  as  umier : 

L,  I.   rf. 
Vessels  of  100  tons  and  upwards  •  •  -    1     I    0 

Vessels  unler  100  tons      -  -  -    0  lO    6 

■with  lilierty  to  remain  in  thick  without  further  charge  fur  34 
hours  after  final  landing.  Rent,  after  expirition  of  that  peri'Kt, 
Irf.  per  ton  register  per  week.  Shoul  1  itie  vwsel  load  outwanls, 
the  usual  tonnage  rates,  according  lo  ih''  port  "f  dei'linatinn,  will 
he  chargwl,  initeatt  >*(  the  ri'e  for  dockiri:;  an  I  utidocking.  The 
Doi'k  Company  reserve  tlie  power  of  refusing  ihe  admission  of 
ships  laden  entirely  with  C"rn. 
Other  vessels,  noi  bring  fully  laden  at  the  time  of  entering  the 
docks,  will  be  chirked  tnnnage  rate  only,  on  the  projHirtinn  of 
canro  bnnght  in;  theanntjiit  of  rale  lo  1«^  diti-rmined  by  the 
port  from  whence  the  vessel  has  arrive! ;  and  if  disch.i»"ged  by 
the  ("nrnpany,  ra'es  for  unloA.Iing  in  ad-titim,  accorling  to  the 
description  lif  the  cargo,  and  quanii'yso  disch.irged.  Kent,  after 
1  week,  \ti.  per  Ion  r  gister  |)er  week. 
Vessels  laden  with  cork  or  wool  from  Spain  nr  Portugil  will  be 
charge<l  only  6<f  per  ton  n-.'is'er.  Rent. after  3  weeks  from  dale 
of  entrance,  Id.  per  ton  register  per  week. 

L.  I,  d* 
Light  vessels  en'ering  Ihe  dock  to  lie  up,   will   bo 
charged,  for  any  period  not  exceeiliug  4  wetks,  per 
(on  register      •  *  •  •  -    0    0    6 

Rent  per  week,  after  the  expiration  of  the  4  weeks,  on 

the  registiT  tnnnage,  per  ton  •  •  •  -001 

Vessels  iwn  thirds  la 'en  with  com  will  he  chargcl  tonnage  rate 
only  on  Ihe  proportion  which  the  other  part  of  the  cargo  bears  to 
the  rej-iiter  ionnai:e. 
Vessels  rhiedv  laden  with  wond  eitods,  pitch,  tar,  hiy,  straw,  or  in- 
tir  'iirg  ti)  disrlnrji'  tin-  whole  of  iheir  carffn's  into  liihler«,  will  | 
only  lie  perniiMf )  In  enter  or  depart  the  dorks,  subject  in  such  ' 
terms  as  shall  '.•  tir>t  mutually  agreed  uiwn  beiwceu  tbe  owuiJ* 
aua  ihu  Duck  Company. 


'  ;H 


t: 


596 


DOCKS  (LONDON  PORT  DUES). 


Table  of  Tonnagn  Ratua,  fee. — continued. 


gg0„M  t,|H:iW 
i;m» 


pj:.i.:i--^ 

^■i:  -war 


1 


Mii'-ellamota  Charga. 

Fnr  hhnurf*  liirH  of  t  he  Cnni(nny,  to  work  on  boinj^ 
nti't  tv|it>  Hhall  liif  iinilpr  lliu  (lirccioiis  and  rr^fiiiiisiliiliry 
cil  ctpitiiis  or  "Wmrsnf  vp«si*lv  t^'lli  or  I'ittu'r  (which 
rule  .i|iiitif-*  l<>  all  ovrr  boar  I  ili.-liverle9},  a  charge  will 
(it!  llia<le  lor  I' irh  iK'iii  per  (lay,  of 

Tln'i.i'-t  wa'iT  KUiiplitxl  to  vcaa'Ia  tiy  the  Conipany,  per 
tun  •  •  •  •  •  -    I    w 

For  an  aba'ract  of  a  ship's  cargo  iuwanls,  and  wcl((ht»  thereof,  for 


I.  d. 


3    C 


llie  |)iir|  nbf  of  uialiin^  up  freight  accounts,  tlie  following  charge 
will  he  riwilc  :— 

t.    d. 

2  n 

3  U 
0    2  each  mark  or 

I'lrcfl. 

N.  R— Tiie  (lock-iIu(^,  rent,  he.  of  most  articles  l.iiilfil,  ware. 
ho'isp'!,  or  shippi  .1  at  the  dilU'rtnt  doiks,  ticin.t,  in  itnifrd,  ncirly 
idtnlical,  the  reaiicr  is  referred  tor  an  account  of  the  same  to  lliu 
Table  uiider  the  head  Luiuinn  Docks. 


If  the  goods  have  10  marks,  or  undtT 

II  ni.i(k.  to  20tiiarks    - 
21  nitri.    .in.l  upwards  - 


6.  Commercial  Ducks, — Exclusive  of  the  previously  mentioned  docks,  which  are  all  on 
the  nortli  side  of  tlie  river,  there  arc  on  the  south  side  the  Commercial  Duck.y,  opposite  to 
the  west  end  i>f  the  West  India  Uociis.  The  docks  are  of  large  extent ;  the  space  iiuhidcj 
witliiii  the  outer  wall  heiiic;  about  49  acres,  of  which  nearly  38  acres  are  water.  Tiny 
are  princii)ally  intended  f>)r  tlie  reception  of  vessels  with  limber,  corn,  and  other  bulky  com- 
modities.  They  have  but  little  accommodation  for  warehousine; ;  and  their  cstablishimius 
are  not  conslnicted  so  as  to  entitle  them  to  bond  all  goods.  The  Surrey  Canal  Company 
also  admit  vessels  to  be  docked  in  the  busin  of  their  canal. 

6.    London  Fort  Due.s ;   Charges  on  Account  of  Lights,  Pilotage,  ^c  in  the  lliames,- 

Shipping,  «Vc-  of  Lotidon. 

It  is  highly  desirable  that  expert  pilots,  brilliant  lights,  and  every  other  means  that  it  is 
pohsible  to  devise,  should  be  allbrded  to  render  navijration  safe  and  expeditious.  But  to 
secure  these  advantases,  it  is  imlispensable  that  the  charges  on  their  account  shoulii  Im  mti- 
derave.  If  they  be  otherwise,  navigators  are  not  unfreijuently  tempted  to  resort  to  what  are 
less  (expensive,  though  less  secuie,  channels.  This  principle  has  not,  however  obvious,  lioon 
always  kept  sulliciently  in  view  either  in  this  or  in  otlier  countries.  During  the  lattor  vcars 
of  the  war,  and  down  to  182.'),  the  charges  on  account  of  docks,  lights,  pilotage,  «^:c.  on  ships, 
in  the  Thames,  and  most  other  British  ports,  were  exceedingly  heavy  ;  and  would  no  douht 
had  they  been  inaintained,  have  materially  injured  our  commerce.  Instead,  also,  of  encou- 
raging the  resort  of  foreign  ships  to  our  ports,  a  contrary  policy  was  atlopted  ;  the  oharnos 
laid  on  them  being  usually  about  double  those  laid  on  British  ships.  This  regulation  was 
intended  to  promote  the  employment  of  the  latter;  but,  as  it  led  to  reprisals  in  otln-r  coun- 
tries, its  real  influence  is  believed  to  have  been  quite  dillerent;  while  by  drivini;  away 
foreigners,  it  injured  the  trade  of  the  country,  and  prevented  our  ports  from  becoiiiinn;,  what 
they  arc  si)  ivell  lilted  to  be,  the  emporiums  of  the  world.  We  are  glad,  however,  ta  li.ive  to 
state  that  the  circumstances  now  alluded  to  have  been  materially  changed  vvitliin  tlm  last 
dozen  years.  In  IS'i.'},  the  various  dock  monopolies  expired;  and  a  very  great  reduction 
has  been  made  in  the  charges  on  account  of  the  docks,  which,  as  already  seen,  are  now  very 
moderate  indeed. 

Exclusive  of  the  dock  duties,  certain  port  or  tonnage  duties  were  imposed  on  stiips  freqiiptitliijf  the 
port  of  I.oiiiloii,  liy  I  lie  ads  3!)  (leo.  .').  c.  (lit.,  -13  Geo.  ."t.  c.  121.,  &.C.,  parlly  to  pay  llie  liarboiir  masters 
provide  itiiKiriiii;  i  liaiiis,  &c.,  ami  parlly  to  create  a  riiiitl  tor  the  Itiiprovt^iiicnt  of  IIk;  purl,  anil  in  pir- 
ticiilar  fur  (lefrayiiiir  the  ciist  if  making  a  navisalili-  canal  acrnsn  llio  NIe  of  Dol's,     HiiI  lliis  caiiiil 
Jiavliig  lifii.'ii  cold  ((i«f''  p   .")t)lV)  for  I2(),I)(HI/.  to  the  West  Inilia  Dock  Company,  iiniliT  llie  10  Cimi.  I,  c. 
130.,  anil  the  siitns  advanced  liy  the  ptihiic  fur  the  iniproveinent  of  the  port  hiivini;  lieen  n|iaiil.  it  was 
jtitlicionsly  ri'solvi'd  In  ri-diiru  lli«  port  duties  to  the  lowest  r.itcs  capalile  of  delrayinL'  the  iiccossary 
expenses.    This  was  eirecled  by  the  4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  32.,  wliich  inipoaos  the  following  tuniiagf  duties 
on  vessels  in  the  port : — 

Per  Ten. 
d. 
1st  Clans. — For  every  ship  or  other  vessel  trading  coastwise  between  the  port  of  London  anil  any 
port  or  pi  in:  in  (in-at  Britain,  Ireland,  tlie  Orkneys,  Hlielland,  or  the  Western  Isl.iinls  iif 
Scotland,  ihere  shall  l)e  p.iiil  for  every  voyaL'e  in  and  out  of  the  said  port  -  -  .    j 

2<{  Class. — I'or  evrry  sliip,  &c.  enleriiii;  inwards  or  clearing  outwards  fnini  or  to  Uenniark,  Nor- 
way, or  l.apland   (on  this  side  of  Ilie  .North  Cape),  or  from  Holsteiii,  Ilainlniriih,  lireiacn,  or 
any  othi^r  p.irt  id'fii'rinany  hnrdi'rinf;  on  or  near  lie;  (.'ermanic  ()c  mii,  or  from  nr  lo  H  illaiid  or 
any  olher  of  the  Uiiilud  I'rovimus,  or  Hraliant.  AnlwiTp,  I'laniliTS,  or  any  other  part  of  the 
Netherlands,  or  IrDin  nr  lo  Kranie  (vvllhin  Usiiant), 'inernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  Surk,  or  the 
Isle  of  .M.m,  tliere  shall  lie  paid  fur  every,  &,c.,  as  aliove  -  -  -  -  -    i 

3d  Class.— Vnr  every  slii|i.  &c.  enlerinf!  inwards  or  cleariiii;  outwards  from  or  to  l.apland  (beyond 
the  NorlU  Ci|ie),   I'Miil md,   lliissia   (without  or  wilhin  the   Itallic  .Sea),  Mvmii  i,  Cninlatid, 
Poland,  1'nir.sia,  Swedeit,  or  any  other  country  or  place  wilhin  ttie  ilallic  Sea,  there  shall  lie 
paid  fur  ev-  ry,  &r,.  as  above  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  ..i 

Ath  Class.— Viir  every  ship,  &r.  entering  inwards  or  clctirine  outwards  frtnn  or  lo  Krance  (bdwi'cn 
llsli.anl  and  Spiiiii),  Portugal,  Spain  (wilhoiit  the  .Mediterranean),  or  any  of  llie  Azores,  Ma- 
deira, or  C  itiary  I>lands,  or  any  of  the  llniied  State's  of  America,  or  of  the  liritish  colonies  or 
priivinci's  in  North  America  or  I'lorida,  there  shall  be  paiil  for  every,  &;c.,  as  above     -  -    i 

St/i  Class. -Vi\r  evi'ry  ship,  &c.  entering  inwards  or  clearing  outwards  from  or  lo  (ireeiilaiid, 
(iihraltar,  !•>  nice,  or  Spjiin  (within  Ihi^  Mediterranean),  or  any  connlry,  isl  iiid,  p.irt,  or  placo 
within  i/r  bdr.lerin!;  nn  or  near  llie  Mediierranetin  ur  .\ilrialic  Sea,  or  from  llie  Wesl  Indies, 
Louisiana,  .Mexico,  South  .\inerica,  Africa,  liast  Inilia,  China,  or  any  otlier  cou'ilry,  island, 
port  or  place  wilhin  or  bordering  on  or  near  the  I'acilic  Ocean,  or  fnnii  any  other  couiilry, 
island,  port,  or  place  whatsoever  to  the  souliivvard  of  '2j  degrees  of  north  latiiuile,  there 
sliall  be  paid,  &c.  an  above  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  --( 


1  «i 


JES). 


DOCKS  (LONDON  PORT  DUES). 


597 


up  (rcigbl  ucounts,  the  followiug  charge  ' 


:»,  nr  uinItT 
i>  tn  20inirks    ■ 
.     .111.1  uptVAt'Jt 


t,   d. 

i  0 

3 

0 


i  each  tinrk  or 
pirrrl.  ' 

rent,  .<ic,  of  most  articles  l.ui'ifil,  w.nrr-  j 
.hrti-ri-tit  (lnili»,  licin.r,  in  nentTil,  ncirly  ! 
reiTRil  for  an  account  of  the  same  lu  the  i 
tuti'H  Tiuka,  j 


incd  docks,  which  are  nil  on 
irnmercial  Doc/ex,  ojtposiie  to 
;e  extent ;  the  spuco  incliidcj 

;}8  acres  are  Wiitcr.  Tiny 
;  corn,  and  other  Imlky  coin- 
.!? ;  and  their  cstalilLshimnb 

The  Surrey  Canal  Company 


lutage,  <^c.  171  the  names: 

every  other  means  that  it  is 
afe  and  cxpedilinuw.  But  to 
I  their  account  should  Im  mo- 
tempted  to  resort  to  what  are 
IS  not,  however  ohvions,  Ikicii 
•ics.  During  the  latter  years 
lights,  pilotage,  ^r.  on  s'liips, 
heavy  ;  and  would  no  ddubt, 
Tce.  Instead,  al.-o,  of  eiicou- 
ey  was  adopted  ;  the  rharges 

ships.  This  regul:ilii)ii  was 
'd  to  reprisals  in  other  coun- 
ent;  while  hy  drivin;;  away 
IT  ports  from  l)ecomin!;,  what 
lare  glad,  however,  to  have  to 
•ially  cliangcd  within  thn  l^^i 

and  a  very  great  reduction 
already  seen,  are  now  very 


iposod  on  ships  freqiicTilinjr  the 
tly  to  piiy  IIk;  liiirlionr  iiiiistcr:!, 
iMiii'iit  of  lilt!  p(iri,  anil  in  ptr- 
I!  NIe  ofDiiL's,  lint  this  c;iii;il 
iiipiiny,  iiiidiT  tin-  10  Cm.  1.  r. 
irl  liavina  lu'cri  ripaid.  it  was 
lili'  ofdfl'riiyiiiL'  till!  nci'essarv 
s  lliu  following  ttJiiiiajjf  dulicj 


I'« 


Ten. 

d. 


n  port  of  London  and  any 
tr  the  Western  Isl.iiids  of 
I  p.irt  -  -  -    } 

"rum  or  to  Di'itniark.  Nor- 

II,  ilaiiiliiiru'li,  llreiiieii,  or 
n,  or  from  or  to  II  dliiid  nr 

or  any  utlier  part  of  the 
ey,  AUIerney,  rSaik,  tirllie 

-    i 
rom  or  to  Lapland  (hi'vond 

r^ca),  Livonri,  Ciiiiilaiiil, 

itultic  S<ea,  tluTi!  sliall  he 

.    1 

u 

roni  or  to  I'rance  (lutwecn 
ir  liny  of  the  A/.ari^s,  Ma- 
r  of  Hie  Hrilish  lolonii's  or 

&r.,  as  aliovc     -  -    } 

lis  froni  or  to  (jreenlaiid, 
iiilry,  isliiid,  p,irt,  or  place 
,  or  from  llii;  West  Imliea, 
any  other  fou'itry,  i.'ilaiid, 
r  from  any  other  country, 
of  north  lutiiude,  there 


Kxempfions.— Ships  of  war.  and  ships  the  property  of  his  Majesty,  nr  any  of  thfi  royal  faniily.— Any 
vessel  coming  to  or  goiiiK  toastwise  from  Hie  port  of  l.oiiilnn,  or  io  any  piirt  of  Clreal  llriliiiii,  tiiiless 
such  vessel  should  exeeed  ■l.'i  tons. — Any  vessel  lirliipiiiij  corn  coastwise.  Hie  principil  part  of  whose 
cargo  shall  consist  of  rnrn.— Any  lishiii);  smacks,  lolister  and  oyster  tioiits,  or  ve>9,ls  liir  passengers. — 
Any  vessel  or  cral't  navigating  the  'rhann^s  aliove  anil  lielow  London  Itridge,  as  fur  us  (iruveseiid  only. 
—Any  vessel  entering  inwards  or  outwards  in  hallast. 

JV".  B. — The  port  or  tunniiire  duiien  paid  hy  ships  in  the  port  of  London,  as  staled  in  the  nccoiinls 
liclow,  were  lliosi;  payahle  previous  to  the  act  4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  ;I2.,  which  only  took  etfect  on  the  25lll 
of  July,  lt)34;  and  were,  at  uii  average,  from  4  to  6  tliiies  as  high  us  ut  present. 

Owing  to  the  distance  of  London  from  the  sea,  and  the  rather  intricate  navigation  at  the 
niouth  of  the  river,  the  charges  on  arcount  of  lights  and  pilotage  must  necessarily  he  pretty 
heavy.  They  have,  however,  been  very  materially  reduced  of  late  years.  I'lie  charges  on 
account  of  the  lights  tmder  the  management  of  the  Trinity  House  have  been  diminished,  ia 
almost  every  instance,  at  least  one  third  ;  and  in  many  instances  as  much  as  a  half,  and 
sometimes  even  more,  since  1823. — (See  LiniiT-noL-sKs.)  The  illiberal  and  impolitic  prac- 
tice of  imposing  discriminating  light  and  pilotage  dues  on  foreign  vessels  is  still  kept  up ; 
but  owing  to  the  general  establishment  of  reciprocity  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  the  griev- 
ance thence  arising  has  become  rather  nominal  than  real,  and  at  present  atVects  very  few  of 
the  foreign  vessels  coming  to  our  ports. 

The  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  125,  made  a  reduction  of  8  per  cent,  in  the  charge  authorised  to  bo 
demanded  by  the  pilots  licensed  by  the  Trinity  House  for  the  port  of  London  ;  and  foreign 
vessels,  privileged  as  British  vessels,  have  been  relieved  from  the  additional  or  surplus  rate 
of  26  per  cent,  payable  to  the  Trinity  pilots,  as  well  as  to  those  licensed  by  the  Lord  Warden 
of  the  Cinque  Ports. — (See  Pilotaoe.) 

The  oppressive  and  troublesome  charges  in  the  port  of  London,  imposed  on  alien  goods 
under  the  names  of  package,  scavage,  &c. — (see  Packaoe) — were  put  an  end  to  during 
last  session  (183.3).  At  present,  therefore,  we  believe  we  are  warranted  in  aflirming  that, 
considering  its  distance  from  the  sea,  the  public  charges  on  shipping  in  the  port  of  London 
are  quite  as  reasonable  as  in  any  other  port  of  the  empire,  or  of  the  world.  But  we  are 
inclined  to  think  that  further  reductions  may  still  bo  elVectcd,  particularly  in  the  article 
pilotage. 

The  following  accounts  show  the  nature  and  amount  of  the  various  charges  that  are  at 
present  incurred  by  vessels  in  the  port  of  London : — 

fro  forma  Account  of  Charges  on  a  Ship  of  about  480  Tons,  entering  and  departingthePort  of  London, 
laden  both  Ways,  supposing  every  tiling  to  be  conducted  with  strict  Kconumy,  and  excluding  any 
Charge  on  account  of  extraordinary  UcHpatch  or  superior  Accoiumodation. 

Reporting  the  ship  and  appointment      .----•■ 
Pilotage  from  the  Downs  -.--..-■ 

Boarding  tlie  pilot  ut  sea  -....--■ 

Waterman,  boat,  and  kedge,  from  Gravesend  .  -  .  -  • 

London  port  dues  inwards,  bd.  per  ton  ...--■ 

Do.  do.        outwards,        do.        ....... 

JV.  B.— This  duty  is  of  a  temporary  character,  and  will  cease  in  about  5  years. 
Trinity  dues  and  lights  inwards  ._...-- 

Dock  dues,  in  and  out,  9J.  per  ton  ....--- 

Trinity  dues  and  lights  outwards  .....-■ 

Dungeness  light  in  and  out  ...--.-• 

Clearing  outwards,  and  victualling  bill  ._.--• 

Steam-boat  to  Blackwall,  optional  ._..--• 

Pilotage  to  the  Downs      .--._---• 
Putting  the  pilot  on  shore,  unless  landed  in  the  ship's  boat     .  .  -  ' 


£  a. 

d 

1  1 

0 

14  0 

4 

2  0 

0 

1  11 

6 

10  0 

0 

10  0 

0 

11  0 

0 

12*  0 

0 

8  18 

6 

2  5 

0 

2  12 

6 

10  0 

0 

12  8 

6 

0  10 

0 

£98    7    4 


Charges  on  a  British  Vessel  of  285  Tons,  entering  and  departing  the  Port  of  London,  laden  both  Ways. 

Reporting,  appointing,  &c.  -..-.-- 

Tonnage  duty  inwards  (with  cargo)       ....-- 

Do.  outwards        (do.)  .._.-- 

Putting  pilot  on  board  at  Deal     ------- 

Pilotage,  Downs  to  London,  draft  15  feet  fi  inches        .  .  -  - 

Do.      outwards,  draft  about  14  feet  -  .  .  -  - 

Boat  and  men  up  and  down,  3  guineas  each      -  -  -  -  - 

Trinity  lights,  inwards     -------- 

Do.  outwards  ------- 

Priva'    Io.  in  and  out       -------- 

DiingeiiPss  do.       -...----- 

Dock  duty,  9*/.  per  ton      -------- 

Clearing  outwards  .-.--.-- 


£  s. 

d. 

2  10 

6 

5  18 

6 

5  18 

6 

2  10 

0 

10  8 

7 

9  15 

0 

6  6 

0 

6  13 

2 

5  6 

6 

9  10 

0 

1  9 

0 

10  13 

9 

2  7 

0 

JE85    6    6 


*  If  discharged  by  the  Dock  Company,  there  would  be  an  additional  charge  of  12J.  on  that  account. 


*  .    1_ 


598 


DOCKS  (LONDON  PORT  DUES). 


mmm^ 


■^.^*1 


ML'!' .: 


isr:;* 


tr 

'in 

||iit..:ai«i 

€:::3 

■c:3i> 

1 

v*^mMi 

• 

'.^"''LMinii 

\ 

.'■■^ 

-; 

r-l 

Charges  actually  paid  on  the  Prcgldent,  American  Pnckol  Slilp  of  from  470  to  480  Tons, 

Tlianii-H,  in  October,  1633. 

Ileporliiie  and  nppdintiiiu  ..--.... 

Tunniiee  duty  iiiwiird!*,  iind  entry  ....... 

Do.  oiitwardH  -  ....... 

Trinity  liglita  and  pilotaec  inwards        ....... 

Do.  <lo.  outwards      --.-.-- 

rrivHti!  and  Foreland,  in  and  out  ....... 

Vilot  t'niin  DiingeiicNs       ......... 

Boat  and  miimi  up  nn(l  down         ........ 

])o(  k  I'liarifi-s         .......... 

C'learint;  and  victualing  bill        ........ 

I'rintirm  l)ills  and  canls  ........ 

Advuriiiienientg  in  bills  of  entry  ....... 


In 

the  River 

£ 

*. 

d 

2 

10 

0 

10 

(i 

0 

10 

10 

6 

15 

12 

0 

28 

10 

0 

S 

IH 

0 

15 

12 

0 

6 

0 

0 

21 

2 

0 

a 

12 

6 

3 

13 

0 

0 

10 

6 

£122  18    0 


!n  this  rase,  the  pilntajio  inwards  and  outwards,  lichts,  &c.  are  charped  from  Covves,  en  that  a  cnn- 
8i(ii-raliln  porllorr  ot'llii'sit  items  cannot  be  cniisidiiriid  as  an  l^\pensl'  pi'tiilinr  lo  tin!  'riianics.  A  pari 
ol'tlie  dock  cliari:i'H  niigUt  also  have  been  avoided,  by  uniiiloying  the  crew ;  the  lust  two  Uvum  are  nut 
properly  port  tliarjies. 

Ainiitint  (if  Shipptnir,  S(c.  belonging  fo  the  PoH  of  London. — According  to  the  ofilrial 
accounts,  there  l'<'loii<Ted  to  this  port,  in  1832,  besides  biiuts  and  other  vessels  not  registered, 
2,009  ships,  0.'  the  burden  of  505,174  tons,  iiiniiiicd  by  ^2.786  men  and  hoys.  In  1S19 
the  gross  customs' duty  collected  in  the  port  of  London  ainounied  to  7, 7'1U,4C3/.,  the  ex- 
penses of  colhclion  being  277,91,3/.,  or  at  the  rate  of  3/.  Hi.  Qld.  per  cent.  In  1832,  the 
gross  duty  had  risen  to  9,134,854/.,  while  the  expenses  of  collection  had  sunk  to  243,678/, 
being  at  the  rate  of  only  2/.  1  l.x.  1'ld.  per  cen*. — (f  <//•/.  Paper,  No.  414.  Se.ss.  1833.)  So 
vast  an  amount  of  sliipping  and  commerce  was  never  previously  concentrated  in  any  single 
port.  London  may  be  truly  said  to  he  universi  orbis  Urrarum  emporium.  May  her  pros- 
perity be  as  lasting  as  it  is  great ! 

•  The  following  tabular  statement  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  progress  of  the  foreign  trade 
and  navigation  of  London. 

Number  and  Tonnage  of  Vessels  entering  the  Port,  of  London  from  Foreign  Parts,  distingiiisliing 

l)etweeii  liritiiih  and  Foreign  Hhips. 


Yran. 

Hrilish. 

Foreign. 

Yeiri. 

Brili^ll. 

Foreisn.             1 

Sh  pt. 

Tnru. 

Ships. 

Trnt. 

Shiin. 

T  m. 

Shift. 

n,„. 

17110 

8.1!) 

80.040 

496 

76  993 

1920 

3.33  » 

63-..2.19 

8J6 

13MI9 

17)0 

lAti 

19H.023 

184 

30,316 

1821 

3,'OJ 

58i,994 

671 

l-!',('-3 

1790 

2,2.4 

43l,f^'J0 

1,116 

I49.20i 

1922 

3,230 

(.03,167 

697 

106,099 

17U1 

2,1  SI 

419,37^ 

l,2-.8 

149,033 

182a 

.9,0  >1 

611,431 

863 

161,703 

171*2 

2,4  «9 

431,188 

I,I8« 

132,243 

IS '4 

3.132 

6(17,106 

1,643 

251.WW 

1793 

2,MS 

478,103 

1,193 

177,019 

1R25 

3,989 

7S-.,36; 

1,743 

31 '2  \ii 

War. 

1826 

3,493 

673,026 

1,386 

215,234 

1HI4 

269,834 

1827 

4.012 

769,162 

1,594 

221,008 

1813 

275,373 

1823 

4,064 

767,212 

l,;)03 

1'j5.629 

1818 

115,463 

1829 

4,108 

784,070 

1,300 

£;='*'>3 

1817 

131,617 

1830 

3,910 

744,-'29 

1,268 

207,500 

I8|l 

272,636 

1831 

4, '40 

780,989 

1,537 

2b9.l.i0 

1819 

138.882 

1832 

3,26-9 

639.840 

881 

.'34,142 

N.  B.— Till!  temporary  falling  off  in  1832  is  to  be  ascribed  to  the  prevalence  of  cholera,  and  the  un- 
fortunate misunderstanding  with  Holland. 

Account  of  the  Number  and  Tonnage  of  the  Ships  that  have  entered  the  Port  of  London,  with  Car- 
goes from  Foreign  Parts,  distingiiishing  the  Countries  whence  they  came,  during  the  Years  1833, 
1834,  and  IS35.— (Papers  published  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  part  v.,  p.  Sti.) 


CountriM. 

1833. 

IS 

34. 

1635. 

British. 

Foreign. 

Br 

Ships. 

ilis  . 
Tons. 
87,203 

ForeiRn. 

British. 

Foreign. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Ships 

Tons. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Siiips. 

Ton!.  1 

338 

76,137 

47 

17,1.30 

399 

71 

24,978 

312 

67,193 

54 

l^&•.7 

12 

2,686 

51 

13,698 

22 

3,  ■■48 

76 

22.319 

22 

3,520 

67 

IS.t'SO 

Norway 

102 

31,8',9 

15 

2.1.37 

122 

3S.328 

— 

— 

87 

10 

1,370 

70 

6,.')09 

22 

2,699 

207 

18,349 

19 

2,469 

136 

n.h'.n  1 

43 

6.621 

130 

31.486 

36 

6.639 

12-. 

30.622 

33 

6,436 

107 

*f i  i 

243 

43,0-3 

48 

,3.173 

217 

44,2,31 

122 

12,292 

190 

44.362 

81 

7,2'6 

3iig 

41.301 

277 

23,703 

466 

67,291 

240 

21,341 

463 

72,794 

226 

188 

21.473 

197 

12,480 

223 

24,133 

178 

12,147 

245 

24.220 

\2< 

9.6')6 

I'oriujal,  Azores,  and  Madeira 

377 

37,331 

4 

394 

364 

3-,".0-l 

4 

.319 

369 

3S.>'I0 

20 

S[iaiti  and  Canaries 

180 

33.398 

44 

4,385 

239 

27,302 

27 

210 

22 

124 

IS.S^O 

S 

1,808 

107 

16,0- .3 

19 

4,903 

118 

16,918 

6 

1,358 

Ionian  lsl:)n'lB 

33 

4,464 

— 

— 

2a 

3,637 

— 

— 

25 

3,700 

Ttirkey    and     Continental 

Greece 

68 

8,4S1 



_ 

69 

9,535 

— 

— 

75 

Morea  and  Greek  lalinds      ■ 

9 

1,350 

1— 

— 

14 

2.026 

— 

— 

12 

Esvpl 

Tripoli,  Barbary,  and  Morocco 

Foreign  pou.-ssions  in  Asia  • 

China 

132 
183 

29.«I2 
96,033 

1 

"290 

4 
28 

6 
27 

7)6 

3,438 

2,323 

28,199 

~3 

~956 

21 

47 

2,347 
3.9(>3 
28,918 

4 

1,617 

18 

5,126 

44 

19,46.1 

24 

7,116 

61 

20.0-.3 

14 

4, aw 

68 

389 

Forei'n  West  Indies 

36 

6,963 

7 

2,073 

29 

5,648 

6 

1,367 

19 

3,303 

Foreign  Coiilinental  Colonies 
in  America 

Totals    - 

75 

14,394 
448,479 

1 

238 

85 

16,172 

4 

758 

SO 

1.3,061 

3 

976 

2,491 

1,031 

171,731 

2,123 

398,967 

1,234 

212,634 

2,289 

374,281 

I.OflS 

181,196 

1 470  to  480  Tons,  \n  the  River 


£    K. 

d 

2  10 

0 

.     10    « 

G 

■   in  10 

0 

.    ]i  I'l 

0 

.    2«  10 

0 

.       5  IH 

0 

.     15  12 

0 

-       6    0 

0 

.    21    2 

0 

.     a  12 

8 

.      3  13 

H 

-      0  10 

6 

£Vii  18 

0 

•eA  frnm  Cowrfi,  so  lliat  a  onti- 
iiiliiir  lo  (In-  'riiiiiiies,  A  purl 
uw ;  llio  last  two  items  are  nut 

I. — According  to  the  offirial 
other  vessels  not  registered, 
!6  men  and  boys.  In  1819, 
iinied  lo  7,7 10,403/.,  tlio  ex- 
i_.d.  per  cent.  In  KS:}i,  the 
lotion  had  sunk  to  213,678/,, 
No.  414.  Sess.  1833.)  So 
y  concentrated  in  any  single 
eiiiporiuin.     May  her  iiros- 

progress  of  the  foreign  trade 
n  Foreign  Parts,  distingnishins 


li^h. 

Foreim. 

r  Ml. 

SAi>«- 

Tim 

63'.0M 

8.6 

12UI9 

5SJ,9'J4 

671 

y.\f-j 

(.03,11)7 

697 

lC«,Ci99 

CII.4>I 

86j 

161,703 

6.7,106 

1,643 

2ii-l,K!S 

78'>,:'>6> 

1,743 

3<2  1.'2 

67r.,02t> 

I,'>86 

2I::,254 

7Bi',l62 

Ui'.n 

2i  1,008 

ISl.i'.l 

l,;i03 

l'y>.iii 

7K4,(r70 

1,300 

744,J29 

\,iM 

7S1)  9i9 

1,5.7 

2i9,i:.a 

639.S40 

(.81 

1      151,U2  , 

ralence  of  cholera. 

ind  the  up- 

the  Port  of  Lnndo 

n,  with  Car- 

V  came,  during  the 

Yeurs  1833, 

'26.) 

183 

5. 

gii. 

Brilith.       1 

Foreign. 

™       1 

ron>. 

Ship»- 

Tom. 

Siiipj.    Tom.  1 

24,»7S 

312 

67,193 

^     l^'S 

22M9 

iH,;t49 

30,622 

22 

19 
3i 

3,320 

2,469 
6,436 

67      IS'.f'SS  1 
87      2(1,1(11)  1 

107      2M72 

li,20^ 

190 

44.;i62 

!<l        7,2' 6 

'21,141 

12,147 

.M'l 

46-, 
245 
369 

-2,7<M 
24,J20 

3a>-io 

226 
12-. 

20 

9.6'i6 
2,l;)l 

3,272 

210 

23.371 

22 

1,558 

4,903 

118 
25 

16,918 
3,7liO 

6 

75 

n,03.t 

— 

12 

1,7:2 

21 

2,347 

1,647 

9^ 

II 

3.9li3 

4 

Jl),0'.3 
1,367 

47 
14 
19 

28,918 
4,030 
3,303 

6S 
2 

2?,09'i 
389 

758 

90 

1S,061 

3|        976 

12,^4 

Ifi 

89  '  374,281 

1  1,008 

1_181,196_ 

DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL).  699 


II.  LiVKnFuoL  Docks,  Shifpi?i»,  etc. 

The  first  wot  dock  in  the  British  empire  was  constructed  at  Liverpool,  in  pursuance  of 
on  act  of  parliament  obtained  in  1708.  2\t  this  period  Liverpool  wa.s  but  an  iiuoiisiilerablo 
town  ;  and  tlie  acconiinodiitii)n  slie  has  derived  from  her  docks  is  one  ol  the  cireumstaiu'es 
that  has  done  most  to  promutu  her  extraordinary  increase  in  eommcree,  po|.ulittion,  and 
wealth.  A  second  wet  dock  was  opened  about  the  middle  of  last  century  ;  and  since  that 
period  innny  more  have  been  consiriicted,  some  of  them  on  a  very  inairnificeiit  scale,  and 
furnished  with  all  sorts  of  conveniences.  When  those  now  in  progress  are  completed,  the 
total  area  of  water  in  the  docks  will  exceed  90  acres. 

The  entrance  to  the  port  of  Liverpool  is  a  good  deal  incommoded  with  saiulb,inks; 
throni^h  which,  however,  there  arc  .several  channels  which,  wlien  tiie  proper  precautions 
are  observed,  atford  an  easy  and  safe  access  to  the  port. 

In  spring  tides,  the  water  rises  in  the  Mersey  about  thirty  feet,  and  in  neap  tides 
about  lifteen ;  but  tlio  height  depends  much  on  the  state  of  the  winds,  and  other  cir- 
cuiustanees. 

The  following  Table  gives  the  annual  amount  of  the  Liverpool  dock  duties  since  1 7117, 
the  number  of  vessels  entering  the  docks  since  that  period,  and  the  tonnage  of  the  same 
since  ISUO.     It  exhibits  an  increase  of  commerce  unequalled  in  any  other  port. 


Amount  of  Dock  Duties  at  the  Port  of  Liverpool,  from  the  Year  1757,  ending  the  21th  of  June 

each  Year. 


r.ar. 

No.  of  f'tne/t. 

L.       J.      d. 

I'm.. 

No.  of  KfJKil. 

/,.      f.     rf. 

r;,7 

1,371 

a;i6   H    0 

1779 

2,374 

4.!i37     17     10 

17  w 

I,4i3 

2,103      6      3 

1780 

2.261 

3  328      7      9 

[■■•9 

l,3>il 

2.3"2     12      2 

1781 

2,312 

3,!I5      4       1 

I7t» 

1,24> 

2,.'J0      6      7 

I7S2 

2,496 

4,249      6      3 

n\ 

1,3^9 

l',3>2      0      2 

1783 

2,-16 

4  f'I'i      8      3 

m 

1,307 

2,326     19      6 

1784 

3,09S 

6..3<J7     11       1 

vm 

1,7.2 

3.l|i       1      5 

1785 

3,429 

8, 1 1 1      5      3 

\:iA 

1.1.2.3 

2.7  0      3      4 

1786 

3,2i8 

7,30'<      0      1 

I70.i 

1,30 

3.433      8      4 

1787 

3,367 

9,lf9     18      8 

I7b« 

l.!"0i 

3,6 -3     19      2 

1788 

3  677 

9.2  6    13     10 

171.7 

1,704 

3.613      9      2 

I7S9 

3,til9 

8.901     10     10 

17(iS 

l.-^^S 

3,  .68     14      9 

1790 

4,223 

10.037      6      2i 

i7tf,t 

2.114 

4,1104       -3      0 

1791 

4,013 

11,1.43      6      6. 

170 

2,073 

I.II2     17      2 

17'I2 

4,4.'-3 

13,  .'43     17      8i 

171 

2,1-7 

4,2l'J     19     10 

17' 3 

4,129 

12  480      5      5 

1772 

2,2 -.9 

4,3i2      5      4 

179-1 

4,263 

10.678      7      0 

1771 

2,214 

4.723       1     II 

1795 

3.948 

9.rt6S     16      4 

1771 

2.  r.H 

4.-0      5      5 

1796 

4,738 

12.377      7      7 

I77i 

2,291 

5.3  4      4      9 

1797 

4,328 

I3,.1  9    12      8 

1776 

2,26 

'..W     10     10 

I79S 

^,478 

12,037     18      3 

1777 

;?  3l.l 

4.11  0      4       9 

1799 

4,318 

14,049    15      1 

]-••* 

2.2!f2 

4.',.19      7      7 

)\ar. 

.Vj,   f)f  t-\MtlS. 

Ti'lirint'C. 

/.     I.    rf. 

Vmr. 

Wj.  of  rind*. 

Tominve. 

T,.       .. 

rf. 

ISO 

4.''43 

■w.a  ,) 

23.3-9     13      « 

W16 

4.11-ti 

5n7.M'3 

44,'60     7 

3 

WM 

6,0(.0 

4. ",719 

2-.,iu.      8      21 

l'<07 

5.701 

6-  2.tl09 

62.  31       5 

10 

l,.(.J 

4 -SI 

Sl...ii3l 

2-.  1-2      9     10 

1-08 

3.223 

f.lli.'-'.fl 

!     40.618     10 

4 

IMd 

4,7!11 

4>il,  s: 

'-,  J:    13      7 

ISOt) 

B.Oil 

.5!>4.t>01 

47,3S0    19 

3 

iv:'4 

4.!1M 

4i  •  "1.1 

2..    .7      0     11 

ISIO 

6,-«l 

731.'19I 

1 5.-  2      1 

0 

im> 

4  6IH 

■iril.4  3 

^:)3iii    n     1 

l-^ll 

5.bl6 

61 1,1' 0 

34.732     IS 

r. 

)■.'■. 

A'O,    of   i'K'ff/f. 

Ti'ii'.nM 

r.      J.  d. 

L.       1.   d. 

1M2 

■I,-.'J9 

44«,7t.8 

Dulits  on  ROTili 

20.260    3    <i) 
24.143    4    6  5 

44.403    7  11 

ll<13 

f.,341 

547,426 

. 

24. ni   IS    8 
26.  '12  14     6 

50,177  13 

2 

DuliMOngnclj 

ISI4 

U.706 

54 '.,9.7 

i^.tVI  11     3 
3i.!:0  11     1 

59,741    2 

4 

I)U!i.-S0:1  Ji0..ii8 

1SI5 

6,4  ,C 

700,849 

Du'.«  Oil  eoo.Is 

36.;l:o    1    9> 
.10.60-,    6  11  } 

76,915    8 

8 

ISI6 

e.jss 

771,243 

Duties  on  goo.!! 

41,-63    6    3( 
4i..b''l     4    K  t 

92,646  10 

9 

1«I7 

6,070 

6o3  42j 

IlU'io^OI)  ^'-odi 

3,,lt-6     8    U) 
40.-'  3     8    4  i 

75,8>:9  16 

4 

1»I3 

6,779 

754,690 

43-42  in    6{ 
M  603  11     9  i 

98,338    8 

3 

Dii'ira  on  i5oi>ls 

18:9 

7,819 

867,319 

Ilu'ies  on  «t.  lis 

60.0  2     7     8  { 
W.l'-'i   14     of 

110,127     1 

8 

1>20 

7,276 

h  0.3,031 

niilirs  on  *[Mi.ils 

44.-'7   17  10  > 
49.694   14     0  { 

94.412  11  10 

tsil 

7,910 

83;),-  18 

43 ':n     6    2» 
51.423     2  11 

94,336    9 

1 

Duties  on  i»iK.,ts 

1^22 

8,136 

812,902 

Dulieit  on  gmt'ls 

4-229  10    4 
5-..1  4     7     0 

102,403  17 

4 

1^21 

8.918 

1,010,819 

.'.2,'':17     5     3 
62  0.13  16     1 

113  7t*3     1 

g 

Dutips  on  pv'cis 

1     1»24 

10,001 

1,180,914 

. 

60.-7'<     9    7  ( 

1.10,911  11 

6 

Dunes  on  icwvis 

70.0 '3     1    1 1  ( 

1K5 

10,S37 

1,223,-20 

Dulil'S  Ol.  IfiM.ls 

.38.41.;    7     (.  { 
6'J,.'43  12     0  ! 

128.691  19 

8 

l»26 

9,601 

1,2:8,319 

nii'it.s  on  .(o.T.;s 

60  411     g  11  > 

70,  «9    9     1  ( 

131,000  19 

0 

1827 

9,592 

1 

223,313 

V 

Jlies  on  gooJ» 

. 

6  ,f 
72. 

<n\    0 
71  13 

6 
9 

134,472  14 

3 

.,  M  > 


■W"'^!"!!.* 

Mli>'>'>V'i« 

■;«'.  ...•« 

««^r. 

ITf'-^l 

sarj 

0'"t 


.  -I 

a 


i       i 


000 


1828 
li>i9 
1830 
1831 
IS32 
1833 
IS34 
183) 
1836 
1837 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 

Amount  of  Unrk  Diillon  at  tha  I'urt  of  Llver|ionl. — continued. 


•Vu.  uf  yatelt, 
10,-03 

11,383 

11,214 

12,537 

12,929 

I2,%4 

13,444 

13,941 

13,038 
I4,8jO 


TnitnaKt, 
1,311,111 

l,3>'7,ni7 

1,411, nut 

1, '92,436 
1, 140,017 
1,390,4B1 
1,692,870 
l,7ti8,426 

1,958,081 
2,026,206 


Uulic*  on  fondl 
Duties  on  gnoJl 
Duties  on  goodt 
Dutii*  oil  goods 
Duties  oD  goods 
Duties  on  goods 
Dulin  on  goods 
Duliin  on  goods 
Duties  on  goods 
Duties  on  goods 
Duties  on  goods 


/      ».  it 

L.       1.    d. 

62.!X!9    7  1U> 
78,|(IU     7    9  5 

141,369  l»    7 

66,128  H  10» 
81,198    6     1  i 

I47,3.'7    4  11 

6n322    9  IU 
83,007    7  II  ( 

151,329  17  10 

81  0)9  nil) 
in2,4l.'>  12    4( 

lS3,4-.5    4    3 

74.  '30    4  1 1  { 
9i,517     2    0} 

170.017    6  II 

7H„VW     3  11  > 
ln:(,l22  12     b\ 

182,980  16    4 

84.061   15  II  { 
107.U68     1     «i 

191,729  17    8 

87.H44  14     5  ( 
110,993    4    4S 

84.»96  11     l{ 
89.2.6  19    0) 

198,627  13    D 

173,853  10    1 

76,324  II     l{ 
6»,96&  12  10  5 

146,290    3  11 

A  Stntcmi'iil  of  Dnck  niid  I.ialit  Duties  rnceivod  from  Ihii  S.'itti  Septonilior,  1830  (frniii  wliii-li  d.itu 
tilt!  Diirk  Dulk's  wvru  ruilucud),  tu  llie  '21lli  June,  Wi't  ;  anil  fruiii  tliu  'J5tli  Hupt.  1b37,  tu  tliu  24tli 
.Iiiiie,  l»a8. 


Ti-ar. 

Duties  on  ToruM^e. 

Duties  ou  Goods. 

Liijhlliousf  Duties. 

Floating  Light  Duties. 

Total. 

1837 
ls38 

/..       I.   rf 
5S.80-.  11     0 
57,12i    6    8 

1,319  l.i    8 

L.       1.    rf. 
52,768  12    4 
6-1,129     1     2 

/,.      ...    rf. 
3.'W.->    2    6 
4.2J7  18     1 

L.     1.    rf. 

1,832    0    8 
1,873    0  10 

/..       J.   rf. 
114,'ini     6    6 
117,55.5    6    9 

liicre.ise.    ■ 

1,560    8  10 

232  1,5    7 

41    0    2 

3,154    0    3 

Dock  Dues. — The  following  dues  are  payable  by  ortler  of  the  6th  of  Septembpr  1836, 
upon  all  vc'^seU  entoriny;  inwards,  or  clearing  outwards,  at  the  port  of  Liverpool,  fur  dock 
rates  and  harbour  lights : — 

».  rf. 

From  lietwpen  the  Mull  of  Otilloway  and  St.  David's  Ilfi.nd,  Isles  of  Man  and  Anglesen,  tlio  ton    0   2i 

From  lii'lwci'n  tlii'  Mull  uf  (Jallowiiy  and  Uiiiif.nnahy  Heail,  Orkney  Isli-s,  niiil  islaniLs  on  Kit! 
wtislcru  to  ist  of  Sriilliiiid  ;  lit'twi'l-ii  8t.  Diiviil's  Head  and  Hit'  Land's  F.nd,  the  Scilly  Islaiiiis, 
and  llle  fast  const  lit' Iri'lunil,  from  Cape  Cloar  to  Malliii  Head,  till!  ton  -  -  -    0   3J 

From  the  i!a8i  and  soulhiTU  coast  of  Groat  Britain,  lietwenn  Uuncaii's  Hay  Head  and  tlie  (.ami's 
End,  the  islaiid.s  of  Sheiland,  tlie  west  coast  of  Ireland,  from  Cape  Clear  to  Malliuj,'  lle.id, 
incliidiniE  the  islamls  on  that  coast,  tlie  ton  -  •  -  •  -  -  -    0  5\ 

From  Ktiropc,  north  of  Cape  Finislerre,  and  westward  of  the  North  Cape,  and  without  the 
Caltegal  and  Uiillic  Sett,  the  islands  of  (itiernaoy,  Jersey,  Aldernuy,  Sark,  the  Faro  Islands, 
and  Iceland,  the  Ion  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -09 

From  within  the  Callegat  and  Haltic,  the  whole  of  Sweden,  the  White  Sea,  eastward  of  the 
Nurili  (;ape,  Ktiropi!,  south  of  Cape  Finisterre,  willioiil  lite  Meditcrraiieau,  Newfoundland, 
(Jreeniand,  Davis's  Hirails,  Canaries,  Western  Islands,  Madeira,  and  Azores,  the  Ion  -    1    0 

From  lilt!  east  coast  of  North  America,  the  West  Indies,  east  coast  of  South  America,  north  of 
Kit)  I'liila,  the  West  coast  of  Africa,  and  islands  iiorlli  of  the  Cape  of  (iood  Hopi!,  all  parts 
williiii  the  M^itlilerr mean,  inchiilln),'  the  Adriatic,  tht!  Black  Sea,  and  Archipel!is;o,the  islands 
iif  St.  Helena,  Ascension,  and  C;ipe  de  Verd  Islands,  the  Ion      -  -  -  -  -    1    6 

From  South  America,  sotilh  of  Rio  I'latu,  the  I'ucilic  Ocean,  Africa  and  Asia,  eastward  of  the 
Cape  of  Cooil  Hope,  ihe  ton  -  -  -  .  -  -  -  .  -23 

JVu^e.— Vessels  roiiiainitig  Itinger  than  0  inonthB  in  dock,  to  pay  in  addition  to  the  above  rates 
per  month      -  -  -  -  --  -  -  -  ...02 

All  vessels  arriving  at  or  clearing  from  the  said  port,  are  to  pay  the  saiil  rates  from  or  for  tlie  must 
distant  port  or  place  from  or  for  which  they  shall  tritile  ;  but  vessels  arriving  from  iiny  purls  in  li;il. 
last  do  not  piydock-ig'  on  eiileriitB  inwards;  and  shouhl  such  vessels  proceed  lo  sea  aijaiii  in 
ballast,  then  only  one  liitlf  of  the  duck  rales  are  due,  with  the  whole  of  the  lights  ;  hut  taking  a  cargo 
outwards  sti  jecis  .such  vessi:ls  to  full  <lock  lines. 

JV.  B.— New  vessels  built  in  Liverpool  are  subject  only  to  half  of  the  above  rates  on  the  first  ntttward 
clearance. 

Floating  Light,  at  the  Entrance  of  the  River  Mersey. — Towards  this  light,  the  following  rates  nro 
payable  :— 

All  vessels  sailing  to  or  from  Liverpool,  to  any  port  or  place  between  Duncan's  Hay  Head  and  the 
Land's  Eml,  on  the  west  side  of  Great  Britain,  anil  between  Mailing  Head  and  Cape  Clear  on  tliecujt 
side  of  Ireland,  Id.  per  ton. 

All  vessels  sailing  to  or  from  Liverpool,  to  any  port  or  place  between  Duncan's  Bay  Head  and  the 
Land's  End,  on  the  (;ast  and  southern  coast  of  Great  Uritain,  and  between  Mailing  Head  and  Cape 
Clear  on  the  west  coast  of  Irelanil,  1<I.  per  ton. 

All  vess;ls  sailing  to  or  from  Liveriiool,  to  any  port  or  place  not  being  within  Ihi!  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  and  Irelind,  or  the  adjacent  islands  to  the  northward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
the  northward  of  C  ipe  Horn,  id.  per  ton. 

All  vessels  sailing  to  and  from  Liverpool,  to  any  port  or  place  to  the  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  the  westward  of  Cape  Horn,  Id.  per  ton, 

(i>  In  111  ■  tlay  tiiiit!,  from  sutiris.!  to  sunset,  a  blue  flag,  with  the  letters  N.  W.  in  white,  will  be 
hoisted  at  the  mainmast  head,  and  in  thick  and  foggy  wi!allier,  either  by  night  or  day,  a  bell  will  be 
kept  constantly  ringing,  to  prevent  vessels  from  running  foul  of  the  light-vessel. 

Dock  Hegiilaliun.-i.  Ivitrarls  from  Jicis  of  Piirliament. — Any  owner,  or  master,  or  any  person  bavins 
the  comm  itid,  agency,  or  consignment  of  any  V(!ssel  chargeable  with  dock  duties,  refusing  to  pay  the 
saiiie,  is  liable  to  have  sui:h  vessel  or  goods  seized. 

Any  person  throwing  any  b  illist  or  riilibish  friuu  out  of  any  vessel  upon  any  of  the  quays,  kc.  shall 
iDiinedialely  cart  or  carry  away  Ihe  same  :  penally  Ws. 

Every  ship  shall,  bofore  she  cum-js  within  any  of  the  piers,  take  down  all  her  sails  :  penalty  51. 


f  >j  ■■ 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


601 


continued. 


;.      f.  rf. 

,9fi9  7  10  ) 
,1(10  7  »S 
,1«  \*  10  ( 

>9H  6  I  i 
fill  nil) 
,(107    7  11  ( 

0J9  II" 
,41.'.  li 
<.>30    4 
.,517     2 

i.vvt  a 

1,422  li 

l.dHI  li  lit 

l,l>B!«  I     il  S 

r,t>44  U    f>  { 

-  -  4    4  5 


'ii 
•a 


),9U3 


4,696  11  I  { 

!),2>(>  19  0> 

ti,;li4  II  U 

9,9ti5  li  10  $ 


£.        >.    i. 

I4l,3(i9  IS    7 

I47,3J7  4  II 
IJI,3iO  17  10 
183,4".ri  4  :) 
170,017  U  II 
1<J2,9M)  16  4 
191,729  17  8 
19S,627  13    9 

173,863  10    1 
146,290    3  II 


tcmbor,  1836  (from  wliirli  Awu 
the  aSlli  Sept.  1»37,  lo  the  'ilili 


Light  Uuliwi. 

Total. 

.     f.    d. 
12    0    9 
73    0  10 

/..       J.  d. 
114,101     6    6 
in,ii3    6    9 

41    0    2 

3,154    0    3 

the  6th  of  September  183fi, 
10  port  of  Liverijool,  for  dock 


an  and  Anglcsea,  tlic  ton    0   2} 
[sli'H,  mill  islaiiila  on  lliu 
'nEnd.tlieScilly  Isliiiiils, 
t(.n  -  -  -    0  3J 

Bay  Ilendandllif  I.aiurs 
le  Clear  to  Mailing  l!e;id, 

0   51 


0   9 


1   0 


2  3 


li  Cape,  niid  without  ihe 
,  Sark,  the  Faro  laUuidd, 

lite  Sea,  eastward  of  this 

trraiieim,  Newfoundland, 

|n(l  A/.orea,  Ihe  Ion 

South  America,  north  of 

of  tJood  Hope,  all  pans 

Archipelago,  the  islands 

|nd  Asia,  eastward  of  the 

dition  to  the  above  rates, 

-    0  2 

I;  fsaid  rates  from  or  for  I  lie  iiKist 

t  arriving  from  any  parts  in  Iml- 

[vessels  proceed  lii  sea  aijiiiii  in 

oftlie  lights;  hnt  taking  a  cargo 

labove  rates  on  the  first  outward 
lis  light,  the  following  rates  are 

Umi  Duncan's  Ilav  Hnad  and  the 
lead  and  Cape  Clear  on  the  tusl 

Jjen  Duncan's  Hay  H(!ad  and  the 
fetweeii  Mailing  Head  and  Caiw 

Ling  within  Ihe  United  Kingdom 
1  of  llie  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 

Le  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good 

letters  N.  W.  in  white,  will  be 
l>r  by  niglit  or  day,  a  bell  will  be 

Iglit-vessel. 

Tor  master,  or  any  person  bavins 
I  dock  duties,  refusing  lo  pay  tlie 

upon  any  of  the  quays,  &c.  shall 

Ivn  all  her  sails :  penalty  5J. 


Any  porunn  havlntr  the  rhnrcn  of  any  vessel  In  anvof  the  dnrlts,  refnsiiiB  in  remove  the  (iime,  nfier 
21  lionrV  nolirr  in  wriliiiL',  hIiiiII  forlelt  20/.,  and  p.iy  lli<>  exiPenHeHof  removal  l>y  Ihe  walrr  baililf 

Any  pi  rsoii  liiving  Ihe  lon.mand  of  any  vesxl  moored  in  the  river,  refusing  lo  remove  Hie  »amr. 
u'lii'ii  ordered  by  llii'  walrr  liailiU".  Kbiill  forfeil  '.id/. 

Tlie  mister,  or  oiliir  person  liavini!  the  command  of  any  vessel  from  which  any  cannon  or  •run  shall 
tie  lireil  wliilst  in  the  pi.rl,  shall  lorlVil  Id/. 

Any  jiirs.in  miiMnt'  payment  oldoi  U  iliillis,  who  refuses  to  nnswir  such  (luesllona  us  Khali  be  put 
til  I b>  ilio  cc  lln  tor.  or  irive  a  false  or  untrue  answer,  sball  loriiit  lli/. 

Any  rii»slir,*ie,(  va. ling  pMymoni  oflbe  iliities,  shall  forfeit  anil  pay  donblo  the  duties  evaded  :  and 
liy  .'ill  Ceo.  :\.  II  Slim  of -Jll/.  In  aililillon  llierelo. 

Wlii'iievif  it  sliall  be  neressary,  t'nr  tlie  purpose  of  cleaiiine  or  repairini:  Ibe  ilorkx,  lo  remove  the 
V''>s.ls  lying  tberciu,  the  mat-ler,  male,  or  other  person  taking  the  command  of  miiIi  vessel,  shall, 
uiiliin  .1  davrt  al'li'r  nolire  ijjven,  remove  siu-li  ship  from  such  dock,  on  pain  of  lorl'oii  jnu'  10/. 

Any  neisler,  &c.  refusing  to  miinr  and  remove  tlie  Hiiine  in  ijoiKs,  according  to  the  direction  of  the 
(link  maslnr,  will  forfeit  .0/.,  lomMber  wilb  tlie  costs  of  removal  by  Hie  dock  inaslir. 

Any  master,  in-   atting  conlrary  to  tin.  direclioii  of  Die  dock  master,  will  forfeit  20/. 

Any  nnisier.  &c.  entering  and  giving  false  information  of  the  draught  of  water  of  any  ship  to  un» 
efllie  (lock  masters,  will  forfeit  2(1/. 

Any  mister,  .fee.  briiiL-im;  tlie  same  into  the  entrance  basins,  when  a  signal  is  hoi-ited  on  the  pier,  at 
tlif  eiilraiice  of  such  liaMii,  sit'iiifying  lliat  such  dock  is  full  of  vessels,  will  forfeit  2(1/. 

Any  iiiaMir.  i-c.  bringing  his  vessel  into  any  of  the  docks,  contrary  lo  the  directions  of  the  dock 
liliisler,  w  ill  I'orliit  '^D/. 

Kvery  master,  or  oilier  person,  damaging  any  nf  the  dock  gates,  bridges,  piers,  quays,  ic.  is  liable 
to  have  llie  ship  seized,  and  sidd  to  cinii|ieiir.ale  lor  damage  done. 

Any  person  openin;.'  or  shnitinu'  any  of  the  dock  gales,  sluices,  or  clews,  is  liable  to  forfeit  100/.  ;  or 
oiiciiiiii:  or  shiittiiiL'  ;uiy  drawbridge.  2(1/. 

Any  owner.  &.c.  leaving  gtinpowder.  pilch,  tar,  &c.,  or  combustible  matter  of  any  kind,  on  Ihe  (iiiayn 
ofthe  dm'ks.  &c.,  or  upon  the  deck  of  any  vessel  lying  In  any  ol  the  docks,  for  iibove  ■I'*  hours  lifter 
passing  Ihe  Ciislom-lionse  odicers,  is  liiilile  to  u  penally  of  'j.i.  an  hour  j  on  neglecting  to  watch  such 
piinils  in  the  iiitht  time,  to  a  penalty  of  .I/. 

Any  master,  or  other  person,  having  Hie  command  of  any  ship,  suffering  any  fire,  candles,  or  lamp 
to  be  lli-'liled  and  liuniin'.'  on  board  :  penally  1(1/. 

Any  owner,  &e..  landing,  or  causing  to  be  landed  and  laid,  any  pumps,  boats,  anchors,  cables,  lime- 
fiiiiiis,  &.C  ,  or  other  lliiiiL's  whatsoever,  upon  any  of  the  dock  ipiayi.,  shall  wilhin  48  hours  wholly 
ttiiinve  the  same  from  ort'such  Cjiiay,  or  sliall  forfeit  .").«.  per  hour  above  the  4W. 

Any  iH'rson  will'iilly  cuitiiij.  damai-'iiig,  or  desiroying  any  cables,  &.c.  by  which  any  vessel  in  the 
river  or  in  any  of  Hi"  docks  shall  be  fastened  ;  penally  .M'/. 

Any  person  d  imauirig  or  breaking  any  lamp,  Ai,c.  set  up  near  the  docks  :  penalty  for  each  lamji.  .'j/. 

Any  iiiasler.or  other  person.  haviiL' tlie  command  of  any  vessel  abiiiil  which  any  olfence  shall  have 
been  ciinimitled,  in  relation  to  any  oi  ;  lie  docks,  &.C.,  is  li.ilde  lo  the  penally  imposed  tor  siicli  oU'ence. 

Any  owner  or  masler  of  any  slii|i  or  vessel  giving  or  offering  a  bribe  to  any  otltcer  employed  in  piir- 
iu:iMco  of  the  dock  acts  :  penalty  20/. 

Any  (iwiier,  consign,  e,  or  master  oT  any  vessel  arriving  and  departing  in  ballast  without  payment 
(.filork  duties,  is  liable  to  a  sum  equal  to  double  the  amount  of  dock  duty  which  should  have  beeii  paiij, 
and  the  master  liable  lo  the  penally  of  20/.  in  addition. 

I'Acry  master,  &.c.  wilfully  throwing,  casting,  or  putting  any  earth,  stones,  rubbish,  &.c.  out  of  any 
e/iip,  ic,  into  any  part  oflbe  port :  penally  50/. 

Any  owner,  itc.  of  any  vessel  laid  up  for  sale,  or  which  shall  not  be  actually  employed  for  two 
iiiiinliis,  not  removing  tlie  same  within  21  hours'  notice  in  writing  from  the  harbour  master,  or  left  on 
tMurd:  penalty  5/.  and  costs  of  removal. 

Any  person  discharging  timber  in  any  dock  without  having  obtained  the  consent  in  writing  of  the 
cliiiirinan  or  deputy  chairmen  of  the  dock  committee,  or  of  some  justice  oftlie  peace  :  penalty  10/. 

Any  person  having  consent,  not  removing  the  same  therefrom  within  21  hours,  liable  to  u  line  of  5j. 
an  bull  r. 

Any  person  damaging  any  ship,  &c.  in  any  oftlie  docks,  &c.,  or  in  the  river,  and  refusing  to  make 
coinpensatioii,  liable  lo  have  his  goods,  or  the  tackle  of  the  ship,  &c.  doing  the  danniL'e,  seized. 

Any  justice  oftlie  peace  for  the  county  of  Chester  or  borough  of  I,iverpo(d,  upon  coiiiplaint  made  to 
iheiii,  may  summon  persons  to  appear  before  him,  and  may  fix  Ihe  amount  to  be  paid  to  bo.itmen,  and 
ftrsons  lindiiiL'  and  taking  possession  of  anchors,  &c.  in  any  part  of  the  port  of  Liverpool. 

Any  jicrs  111  throwing,  casting,  or  emptying  any  hall  ist,  ashes,  &.c.  out  of  any  sliip,  &.c.  into  the 
rivpr  Mersey,  Ihe  Uoik  or  Horse  Clianiiel.  or  I'orinby  (Channel,  to  the  eastward  oftlie  Moating  Light, 
or  frnin  any  Of  the  piers  into  the  docks  or  basins,  or  into  Hie  river  Mersey  :  penally  1(1/. 

Tliiil  every  vessel  laden  with  a  cargo  consisting  solely  of  limestones,  paving-stones,  flintstones, 
gtnvc.  ami  chalk,  shall  be  charged  tonnage  rates,  as  if  coming  in  ballast. 

Kvery  owner  or  master,  &e.  of  any  vessel  arriving  at  or  departinu  from  the  said  port,  shall  produce 
tntlie  cnlledor.  upon  diMiiand,  at  the  time  of  making  (■nlry,all  books,  accounts.  &c.  in  relation  to  such 
vess.'l,  or  w  biiii  show  Ihe  weiglils  and  quantities  oflbe  goods,  &c.  In  case  of  dispute,  such  owner, 
tc.  shall  produce  a  stalement  in  writing,  to  be  verilied  by  oath,  and  showing  the  actual  weiglils  and 
(|!i;inliliis  nfsiich  goods,  &c.,  or  the  accuracy  of  the  said  books,  &c. 

Ill  rase  thi'  111  ister,  &(',.  of  any  vessel  from  which  rubliisli,  ballast,  dirt,  or  other  refuse  of  ,iny  kind 
$b:ill  lie  laniled.  shall  peviiiit  or  suiter  tin!  same  to  be  so  Ian  led,  or  laid  within  i  yards  Irom  the  margin 
ol'iiny  such  dock  or  basin,  or  of  the  river  .Mersey,  and  shall  not  cause  such  rubbish,  itc.  to  be  wholly 
removed  from  off  such  quays,  &c.  within  21  hours  after  the  same  shall  he  so  landed  or  laid:  pe- 
n;illy  'A. 

Any  owner,  &c.  of  any  boat  or  vessel,  permitting  gunpowder,  exceeding  10  pounds  in  weicht,  to  be 
liniiizlit  into  any  of  the  docks  or  basins,  or  any  vessel  or  boat  lying  therein,  without  ihe  previous  cou- 
.'uMit  111  writing  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  oftlie  borough  of  Liverpool :  penalty  100/. 

Tlmt  upon  line  proof,  on  oath,  to  the  satisfaction  of  any  jnsHce  of  Hie  peace  oftlie  borough  of  Liver- 
pniil,  or  county  of  Lancaster,  that  any  dealer  in  marine  stores,  wilhin  the  said  borough,  or  To.vteth 
I'ark,  shall  have  beiMi  guilty  of  receiving  stolen  goods,  or  piirchasing,  or  receiving.  Jlcc.  every  such 
lursnii  shiill  forfeit  20/  for  the  first  otr'nce,  HO/,  for  the  second  olVeiii  e  ;  and  after  con\  iction  for  such 
scioiid  oHVnce,  shall  not  carry  on  business  as  such  deal.'r  in  marine  stores  within  200  yards  from  the 
iii:iri;in  or  side  of  iny  dock  or  basin  (exclusive  of  10  yards  prohihited  by  a  former  act)  on  pain  of  for- 
feiting Ihe  sum  of  10/.  for  every  day  he.  she,  or  they  shall  carry  on  such  trade  or  business. 

In  ruse  any  person  or  persons  civing  or  accejitiiig  any  bribe  to  or  from  any  water  bailiff,  harbour 
nrisiiT,  &c.  give  inf.iruialiou  thereof,  he  or  she  shall  be  excused  from  Ihe  penalty  of  20/.  imposed  by 
llie  il  (ieii.  3.  for  such  olfence,  provided  such  informalioii  he  given  before  any  proceeding  for  punish- 
iiii:  the  said  offijine  shall  have  commenced,  or  any  information  laid  before  any  justice  of  the  peace 
apiiist  such  person  in  respect  of  Hie  si  ine. 

Justices  of  the  peace  may,  upon  complaint  made,  summon  parties  and  ascertain  and  award  tho 

Vol.  1-3  E  76 


60)2 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


a  i' 


I      t 


nrnniint  rif  ri'romprnrc,  for  nny  ncrvlicn  ri'iiilrri'd  liy  hiiiilninn,  4.r.  lo  vpii«i>Iii  in  llie  lolil  dncki  nr 
liUHliin,  Fiiiil,  in  I'liMi'  iil'iKiii-iitiyiiiiMjl,  iiiiiy  Irvy  lli<'  hiiiii  hi>  awiirili'il  liy  illHlri'HM. 

Hii-liiim  —\.  Thill  till"  iiriMlrr,  lite.  wIm  hIiiiII  imtiiiII  <ir  hiHIIt  Jiriy  |Mlrli  or  liir,  or  nny  nllmr  rnm. 
Iiioiliili-  niillor,  III  lie  liiilli'd  or  lii'iilr  I  I'lr  llii'  iixi'  nl' tmli  hIiiii  iir  vmurl,  i  illirr  nii  liditril  otHUrli  vi,<. 
m'l,  (ir  wllliiii  ."i  yiiniK  nfihi'  hiimh',  hIiiiII  iMrfril  iD.i.  I'lr  I'vrry  ullrnii'. 

S  I'li.'il  I  III*  niMKi'  r,  &('.  illHch'iruuiL:  or  lniuliiil.'  iiny  nitlun  i>r  ntlier  rnnilmHlililf  iroi'iU  on  nr  trnm  imy 
of  till'  i^ii:iyii,  wtiii  hIi  ill  pi'rnilt  or  mitl'r  any  imtmoii  or  pi'rKMiiN  lo  snioki'  or  hum  tolMiiio,  ^lmll  \„, 
cadi  oili'iirr  Inrfi'll  'Jll..;  anil  nny  olliir  jirri-on  or  [ii'rHons  who  bIiiiII  linrii  or  Kiiiokr  IoIimii  o,  i.r  nny 
iillii'r  Ihliiir,  anioM(Hl  rotton  or  any  other  niinhiiNlihlo  Kooilri,  lylnK  i>nil  Imiiik  on  ihi' i|iia)  d,  pliall  lur 
cai  li  otrcinw  I'urlVii  tlio  likr  |iriijlty  of'J(l.» 

,'l.  'I'hal  11°  till'  niiiMli'r.  All'.  i<liull  hrinif  thn  finino  Into  any  of  Ihi' ilmkH,  haniiiH,  or  rnlraMi'^,  win, 
lo  iih'il  raiiMon  or  niiiix,  with  itiinpowili'r  on  hoaril,  or.  wlit-n  ilrivcii  in  hy  •ircH'*  ot  u  filhcr,  hli.ill  n,.}. 
Ii'i't  iiiinii' liaiiily  I"  iliMrhar'.'ii  tin-  hiiiiii',  or  who  Khali  laki-  iiiin|iow(lt'r  on  hoard,  until  clear  uf  tin; 
d"ik«  anil  plcr-hciiiU,  Khali  forfi'il  .'>/. 

I  Thil  I  ho  III  1  Hi  IT,  &C.  of  any  vrjon'l,  or  any  ollii-r  person  or  pcrKoiiH  whoniKocvi'r,  who  Khali  pprniii 
or  KuH'.r  any  rii|M'  Ironi  Kiirh  vi'khcI  to  he  made  fiiHl  lo  any  i  h.iln-poHl  ..r  iinin  lenilrr,  i  r  any  r";i,. 
rliaiii,  or  to  kle  of  any  ileKiriplion,  to  lie  tiinile  faKi  to  any  of  the  pillar^t  of  any  iron  or  oilnr  i-li.  i|' ,,, 
uny  of  the  ipiayK,  or  to  the  roof  or  any  other  part  of  hiiiIi  shed,  shall  for  every  olfiiie  (erliit  1(1... 


'I'liat  the  iniiKter,  &.i'.  of  uny  veKKel  Ivinu  within  or  up  to  any  of  the  iloikH,  liasiim,  &.i- 


Wlln 


KMlf  r  my  (lalliHt,  \r.  to  he  lakiii  on  lioaril  Kinh  vensel,  ir  llirown,  dis  liari'eil,  or  rarried  out 
RMiiie,  without  liavini;  a  iiiiiv'i><h  nailed  lo  the  shipV  Kidi',  or  Koiiie  oihor  ^afl'|,'llard  from  fal|iii|i  niin 
uny  >iii  h  ilorks  or  li  i.-iiiiH,  nIiiiII  fur  every  oirence  furleit  Ilie  hiiiii  of  III,«. 

I'.  'I'll  II  till'  iinsler,  ifti'.  of  any  ship  or  vi'hh.I  lyini;  la  any  of  the  Kalil  dockn  or  hailim,  or  tli.' 
rnlr.u  cch  to  the  Kiiiiie,  w  lio  vliall  I'litfr  any  repairn  to  he  done  to  the  ontsideN  of  hiiiIi  vi'i-hi  U,  witlium 
h  ivihtf  a  i-anvasK  or  Koiiie  other  Kalemiard  Ki'cnred  from  the  Hide  of  kik  h  veKMel,  and  plareil  or  fj.vi.,|  ,„ 
iiH  to  pr  i'Vent  any  i  liips  or  piei'in  of  nm  od  from  f  illini.'  into  the  fuid  doLkH  or  hiiHins  diirini;  Ihu  wlii.li. 
of  •<tiih  work  or  r'paiiH,  shall  for  every  od'emi'  fnrfil  KLv. 

T.  'I'h.it  the  MiaHler.  &.e.  of  any  venKel  lyinif  or  luinu  wilhiii  nny  of  the  iloekK,  ,Vc.  who  shall  not  onnso 
all  liall.irt.  Air.  discharged  fiom  or  to  he  laden  on  hoard  ol  any  vesKel,  lo  he  ihrowii  at  least  '>  I'uit  fr^m 
the  I'll:','  of  the  ipiay,  or  on  the  oiitsideH  of  the  cart  or  chaiii-piititD  of  the  miid  <|iiuy,  and  lukeii  uhuv 
iimihdiately,  sh  ill  fir  every  olfeme  forfell  W.-'. 

H.  'I'll  It  tile  inasler.  &!■.  or  other  person  liavinii  the  (iiaru'e  nr  rommnnd  of  every  vessel  ly  in  nwlihin 
any  of  ill '  dm  ks  or  hasiiiK.  shall  have  u  ship-keeper  on  derk  to  attend  the  vessel  every  tMe,  ai  li.iia: 
S  hiiiii'K  hefore  the  lime  >  f  hiiih  waler.  and  I  hour  afli'r  liiuh  water,  under  the  penalty  of  III,,. 

!l.  I  ha  the  niasirr,  .'(ic.  of  any  vessel,  when  hniliiiL'  into  or  out  of  the  iloeks  or  liasli  s.  i\e.,  hjiih 
(e.\c..pi  wli'n  any  sm  li  vessel  he  driven  liy  stress  of  weather)  have  the  yards  a-peaU,  ai:d  llie  ^ipri. 
did  yard  tore  and  aft,  and  the  jlli-liooiii  run  in.  within  ,'<  t'eet  t'roni  the  lap.  if  pr.iitii  uhle  ;  and,iirier 
liiiy  siii'h  vessel  shall  he  hroimht  into  any  ilo<  U  or  lasin,  shill  have  the  .ini  h..rs  ijot  in  on  the  ferr. 
cisile  or  deck,  and  shall  have  the  Mteeriia'-sail  hoiMiiK  an  I  irons  liken  oil' I'roni  the  yards,  ami  sli.U 
liav,'  .the  III  liii  or  ini/.eii  hoiiiiis,  ami  the  slum  or  ipiarter  ilavits  rig^t'd  in,  within  '.!1  hours,  under  tlu^ 
penally  of  lO.i. 

ID  'i'ii  il  ihe  master  or  other  person  haviiiji  the  romniand  of  any  vess  •!.  who  shall,  hy  noi'lit'enrccj 
oth  rwise,  1,'ave  an  aiohor  in  the  intra  me  to  any  of  the  ih  i  ks,  or  iipi;?)  the  strand  of  the  rivur,  wiili- 
oiil  a  tiiioy,  f.ir  a  loii-.-er  period  than  one  lidi'.  shall  tor  every  oll'-me  t'orl'il  .■/. 

I  i  'I'lia;  lae  owner,  &.r.  of  any  vess,  1  who  shall  refuse  lo  strike  llie  top-ijallant  niaits  and  yanU 
of  every  such  vessel  entering  any  of  the  repairiii).'  or  i-'ravinu  docks,  shall  forl'.'it  .'i/. 

1  -'.  I'liat  III"  owner  or  driver  of  any  cart,  itc,  or  any  other  per-mi  or  persons  who  shall  rirnw.nr 
rnii>:'.  or  permit,  or  stif'er  lo  he  dr'iwn  upon  or  over  uiiy  of  iliu  dock  hridgos,  any  aiichori,  liulks,  &>■ 
Khali  fir  every  otr.Mic,'  f irfeit  IP-. 

IJveiy  d.iy,  two  hours  liefore  hiiih  w.iter,  n  hell  will  he  run>f  for  I  minute  at  each  dock,  when  cviry 
fihi:)-k."''per  IS  lo  make  his  appearance  on  Iht;  deck  of  his  vessel,  or  incur  Ihe  |ienalty  of  ,(!,«. 

All  iii'Trh  mis  ami  olli  T  owners  or  aL'ents  olships  and  vessels  iradiiij.'  to  tlie  port  of  l.iverpnnl.  will 
b  '  r  'ipiir.'d  to  enter  llie  names  of  such  ves  els,  I  heir  draiiuhl  of  water,  and  llie  date  of  their  arrunl  m 
till'  jioi  I  of  Liverpool,  ("aether  with  tli  ■  n.iiu.?  of  the  duck  into  which  they  are  intemli  i|  to  he  b\,  iii.|;i, 
ill  I  lii'ok  kept  f  <r  that  purpose,  in  the  oli'ne  of  the  liarhoiir  masier  in  'I'reniliaiu  Hiri.'<  t.  And  all  vrs- 
sels  w  11  lliereufler  he  udiiiillud  into  the  Kiiid  docks  or  basing  in  tlie  order  only  in  which  lliey  sliiill  k- 
60  enter  'd. 

I,ivi:npnoi,  Dock  R\TrH.— The  followiii  is  a  Tald,3  of  the  Dock  Duties  that  may  he  clinr'.'cd  cm 
poo  !•<  iaip'irlel,  e.\p  irt  (1,  or  liroilL'lit  ci.l-iwi.se  into  the  port  of  l.ivi'riiiiol  ;  hut  the  iidlecierir 
r 'ctiiver  of  dock  denies  is  directed,  hy  tinier  of  Ihe  dock  (diiiniillee  cpf  the  (illi  of  Septi  iiihir,  hMi,  In 
iliir:!«  only /■'■«  (/,i/-./.v  of  th"  under  meiilionel  ilmies;  and  all  gucls  imporli^l  coast\\ise  iiilo  Liver- 
pud  from  places  in  ihe  IL  li.  were,  al  the  same  lime,  exeiiipled  from  all  charge  on  anoiinl  of  i!oik 
dalles. 

a>  Thu  Duties  Outwards  are  for  Toreian.  Rritish,  or  Irish  Onods.  except  those  marked  tints  (*)  which 

art!  for  British  or  Irish  (ioods  only. 


1 

Iievarls, 

Inwards. 

Arlii:!e^. 

(lul- 
w.irds. 

Articles. 

I'mji. 

dm- 
v  ar  :h. 

Fi- 

t:oisl- 

Fn. 

t't'i.:(i. 

CMSI!. 

n 

H". 

vvj^e. 

a. 

d. 

1     d. 

..    d. 

.f. 

(/. 

t     d. 

7T" 

Afrtrni           -           •    (on  (4J  leu. 

2 

0 

1    0 

0    S 

Bicon              •           •           •        lon 

2 

0 

1    n 

0   t 

.litjisier        •           •            

1 

0 

(1    6 

0    4 

ll.i.'i;tn^           •           •           -    iiico- 

0 

0  1-2 

0    0  1-4 

0  11  w. 

XW.,  liter,  md  porter        lon  .<ill  ms 

0 

.'i 

0    4 

U    0 

tl'lltst   iif  |i.ivinit  ami  other  s:.iii(.i 

hi'ifKhto ' 

0 

U 

a    fi 

1)    f. 

thtl   ni.iy  he  icsed  fur  iiinkai^  .  r 

boltlud.  Urn  punch,  ur  (-i>ih 

0 

4 

1)    .1 

0    4 

r  pnicinii  coails       •           .        led 

0 

2 

0    1 

0  t 

li'T.t- 

0 

:l 

II    3 

0    3 

liek.  :tli  ci-i'iim.  picci'hcriffi.  Je^^Cl■f.', 

(.11.1 

0 

1  IZ 

0    1  1-2'  n     t  1-2 

ciisoirti  ;\.  nr  Wiiilfr.iiius         i-v  t. 

0 

6 

0    3 

0  2 

tciciil-cr 

0 

1 

0    1      lot 

unk,  cork  Icce,  birdi,  and  lurch, 

.A'kmct  roo(,  anchtT,  aiiJ  aliteii   c«  c. 

0 

3 

0    (  (-2,  0    1 

Ion 

1 

a 

0    9 

n  6 

'     ii)M'-»             •                •                •            1(111 

2 

0 

10       10    8 

qccercilrnn         ■           •       — 

2 

0 

1    0 

I)   8     1 

.1  .1,1,  r.chi!  •                       .        — 

1 

0 

0    6          I)    4 

nascfraa             -           -cut 

0 

3 

0    1  1.2    0    1      : 

\..,li  M   pil-s                •                          - 

1 

0 

0    6       '  0    .S 

Hinkcl  ickIs     -           -           -  lii.ii  M.- 

(1 

0  1.2 

Il   0  1-4'  0  oi; 

\iirli  (vi  ■■*.  -oi^fliri.niiLlanriolto  cwi. 

0 

3 

0     11-2    0     t 

I,H*I 

0 

!) 

0    2  1  !   0   2 1..! 

*;iis  elk,  aijliinoiiy    •           •        — 

0 

3 

0    1  1  2    0     1 

Pass  mils       •            •           -       l.'O 

0 

3 

U     1  |..' 

0    1      1 

A    1  Li              .             ■            •  LlHlo;! 

0 

1 

0    0  12    0    0  1-2 

Hue    .(IpC            -                  -                  -            CdCl 

1 

0 

0    tl 

0   4     ! 

.V.u.irnris.  iiirj  nntnic          •     c'»  1. 

0 

3 

0    1  1.2    0     1 

liccf  or  pork             •          hnishful 

1 

0 

0    6 

0    :i      1 

Ag,    •                         -            -In 

i 

n 

10          (1    S 

pCJClctiC'll 

0 

s 

11    4 

(t   4 

A    ...v  r"i' in  I  pow-.IcT        -     c>^■^ 

« 

,1 

n    1  1-2   0    1 

tit  Tce 

0 

4 

1    2 

(1    1  h.'i 

Allc.-j— I'lrliu                        .        imc' 

1 

i; 

0    II        , 

0    6 

l,atu-l 

0 

3 

0   1  1..'.  n  1     1 

lifjfl  aci!  poI             .        ~-  \  i 

n 

1     0        1 

0    S 

1-2  barrel  and  smaller  pai  k.i.- 

0 

t  (.2 

n  n:;..i,  o  ci-:i 

*.lilifs— 1)1 '.  k,  ')  'i  wpL'il  .(i  vvoml  — 

I 

0 

0    8       ' 

0     4 

tlTt,  fiirucf'                        32  K'li«"i 

0 

n 

0    J  I.J'  (1    1  I-.'' 

|;i.:HlC.N<      -                -            — 

2 

0 

1     0 

0     S 

n..  ,' w.iv,  or  hell  ir.dal        -     ci\'. 

0 

2 

0    1          "    1      , 

coj'tici'ici  Irish         -       — 

— 

0    (i        1 

— 

(icilows,  siticclu'         -          -    tuch 

• 

• 

0    3 

1)    1     1 

DOCKS  (MVKRPOOL). 


r.()3 


0  vnmolii  in  the  iold  <I"ck«  of 

lIlnlll'HK. 

iiili'li  'ir  iiir,  >ir  iitiy  cillur  mm. 
•I,  iiiliirr  nil  liimnliii'mitli  w*- 

iniliiiHlllilp  C'""!"  o"  "'  ^"'"'  ""y 
iiinki'  i>r  liii'ii  I'llpurni,  hlmll  inr 

1  litini  or  Kii.Mki'  liili!i<(<i,  i.r  :uiy 
nd  l).iim<>ii  lliL-  1(1111) ».  'till"  I'T 

iiku,  li;i»iiis,  or  cnlriiiicpo,  with 
Ivy  »lri'^"*  ol  ufillii-r.  ''Iiill  mi- 
lur  on  hoard,  iiiilil  ili'ii'  d' iIh: 

n  wh'HimofVi'r,  wlio  hIihII  iiiTiiut 
iiHl  IT  '|"''!i  -I'l'ii'lif' '  '  ""5  '":'" 
urn  iif  any  iron  or  oilur  sli.  il  i,i 
,ir  c'Vi'rv  oir'iio'  li'rifii  Id.-. 
Iii>  ilu(k'?<,  liiisinn.  &'■■.  >*l'"  't'll' 
|«  hiirsi'il.  or  rarriid  out  ol' I  n- 
•llier  Piil'i'iiiiiiril  I'roni  falling  uili^ 

\r  Hiild  dorkH  or  liio'ln*,  or  111.- 

l.lllHidfH  ofHlllll  Vfl-Sl  1.,  WHlh.lll 

uli  vcriscl,  iiiid  pliu'i'dor  li.M  il  m. 
otks  or  buBiris  diirini!  Ilio  win  h; 

M-  dockfi,  itc.  who  dhiill  not  cnnn) 
,  to  111!  ihrowii  III  li'iisl  •''  •'.'•■I  Iriiin 
,(\\\c  siiid  (inuy,  nnil  l«l*«"  ""uy 

unnil  ofrvory  VPmifllyin!.Mvilhin 
ml  till!  vi'i'»'il  I'Vi'ry  li'lf,  al  li:;i»: 
iid.T  thi-  pi'iiiilly  or  UN. 
of  llii'  do(■k^:  or  liiiBli  ».  \c'.,  s!nil 
.  ilii'  vardH  ii-|»aU.  and  Ihr  .-iirl. 
llo'ia'p.  irpr.iiliiuhli-,  an.l,  iillcr 
.,.  ihi'  anth.'fK  Uol  ill  on  llic  Icrr. 
(,.11  oil'  I'roin  llic  yar.M,  Hmlsli...ll 
«d  in,  wuliiii'.il  lioiiia,  unitrr  lliu 

ps-s"l.  who  i-Mall,  tiy  iiei'litfonro  (ir 
,[,,11  l|,e^-lrand  of  llif  river,  wilh- 

forl.'il  ."'i.  .        ,       , 

,.  Ill,'  top-Ballant  niaata  and  yards 

shall  forf.'il  M. 

I, ,11  or  pi'r.-ous  who  shall  draw,  or 
riilgeSi  iliiy  inii;hori,  Imlks,  ti 

..iiiitf  lit  fiuti  ih>il<.  "hull  cviry 
i,i,rth.M"-iially  of  .(i.^. 
liiiL'  totlfi'  port  111  l.iv.rpnnl.  wiP 
r  and  Ilir  ilali'  of  lln-ir  ariivnl  :ii 
t'li.-y  aro  iiiI'Midiil  to  he  I'r.  iiLlii, 
,  ■l'r''iilliiiii  Siri'.  I.  Aialali  v.■^- 
riler  only  in  whiih  they  sli;ill  H- 

Duties  that  may  In"  ihnr'.-i-.l  im 
l.iv.-niool  ;    l.'it   IlK'  (.•ll"ii"r  It 

,,niin  full  of  S.'pl  •uiliii',  I".*,  to 
U  iiiiporlc-l  (•oa^^l^vi^(Mll1ol.ly■r- 

.mallcliariif  on  ac  lounl  "1  iluiK 

■,. pi  those  marked  lh»3  (♦)  wliifb 


nil 


Iriu'it 

rJi 

Oui-   ' 

Fn.         I'msi- 

i^arli. 

r,.  n„.         WM. 

. 

1         1  — ^—  1 

i  .«.    ■/. 

t        (1.        1    !■    ll-       1 

Inn    2    0 

10          1    0     I!        ' 

.    ,,i,,,'    0    0  1-2 

0  0  1-4  0  HI-: 

I  n\hfr  siuiinj 

iKii    0    2 

0    1         0   1     i 

icrix.  Jeniii', 
r.ii,im        c»M.    0    6 

0    3         0   2! 

"'•""""-J«    To    11 

:,„:;:.  !:3i.2"nl:^:^ow 

1    .HI    or,          0    21!    0       I-' 

.    'ijo  IP  a       11   1 1-!-  0  1 

.      1,.„   in       0  r.     1 0  4 

hn.j.hrul     1     0 
'      li.rc-e    (1    4 

Of.         0   ■• 
11    4       1  "    ■• ,  , 

0     1  l-i.  ft    1     . 

nailer  pa.  k..;      0     1  1- 
1,1        .     c>v.    0    i 

!   n   0;'.. 
:  0  :i 

1  0    1 
1  0   3 

1,0   Ol-.- 
>'  II    1  1-.' 

n  1 

0    1 

Ailirln. 


ncrriM,  bijt,  Juniixr,  yellow         Inn 
huckiiif  •   ,     lii'Oh'*'' 

pUUCMOO  OT  clkll 

llrro* 

birnfl 

•iiiillrr  packxx 

nivlilxn  cnnltlninf  l.inl,  kc,      mch 

iii,Kksi'«'i  •  •   r"" 

|1,|     .  .  .     1,0(10 

llii|l    •  •  •        100 

Rliilil'rr         ■  •  •       1"" 

l< ,. fnckH' 

H„i,  .  .  •     Mrh 

M.i>im        ■  •    ,     •,   "'k 

niurr  ilu>l  •nd  bonm  ol  cillli',  >jiil 
hran  •  •  •        '"" 

Il„,k,  .  -  pirlli«e 

niriinr  lineal  •  •     i«l. 

t\Uda  ■  ■  ■    frJii' 

of  Krrrit  nr  rnnininii  i[Un\ 
n<>l  liim  tluii  |iinli     itrt)*^ 

Umllrr  tlnljM  ■  •  l"il 

li  nf  wiKi.l  •  •  (Inreii 

ii  .in  (nr  cilll*  •  •  — 

Ora»             •  •  •  <•»»' 

n|.l         •  •  •  Inn 

nre.vl  ■  •      ,     •     <•"'! 

Iiai(  nr  %v  k 
Brick",  lie-irPM,  Jnl  lilM  -  1,^00 
llri-iirt  •  •  •     <•"' 

Hnioii,  ami  bruih  liainUrs        bun  I 

l,(W 
Rroouii  -  •  •    ill"''" 

loaa(48buiiilli'«) 
Rrnwn  powdrr  •  •       Inn 

Hruili  IimJi  and  alocka         •      In 

■  (M) 


Bniiliei 

Pnrkc'lf  of  wood 

|l.i«l- 

R.iUlnn 

|liillrii«llfii 

fliirr  (Inlifl      • 

nuller 


•    bundle  or  iHtx 

nsk 

•  d. 

Inn 

parknc 

load  (63  biin.ll. 

10(1 

rank  nr  firkin 

1-2  llrkiii  or  kejc 

Inn 


liovarili. 


In. 
rriKn, 


>.    (i. 
t    0 


I  0 

I  li 

0  a 

1  0 


0  :i 

0    8 


Ciwl.t- 


\1    0 

I  0 
0 


I  Int. 

w.inN. 


f.  li. 

II  N 

0  « 

0  4 

U  S 


Arllclti. 


1.2 


I  1.2 
I 
U  14 


I  1-2,  0    I 

■        U    3 


piecr 


each 


CiliUinrmrl.ice 

I'lk.*  limred  nr  ny<- 

(  il.iiiiin.*,  calainiiiarifl  lapii 

I'uiilifiC 

■,.ii|iIior,  rniirlla  -.Ibi 
I'wJIm,  and  Ciudli  wick    •       — 
park Iff  f 
fine  rw  Is     -  •  •    1,20(1 

Ciiilliariai-a,  caoulchuc,  and  capurs, 
cwl. 
rirpflt  Sr«  H'."//r?n. 
lirrii^ci,  rip",  and  c:irt» 

fnr  iruns    •  •       — 

li.indGirts  •  •       — 

C»wiabuli    •  ■  •     cwl. 

fiViila  anil  lienea        ■        — 

Calllr,  a  Ml  and  inulei,  bulh,  cnwa, 

aaJ  oxfii      •  '  "     Mcli 

cilvea  •  •       — 

hnrtM  -  •       — 

lambs,  sheep,  and  awino    — 

fiviarB         ■  •  -Ion 

f-nient 

Chilk 

fliirwal 

♦Chctae 

hamper 
bo<  or  other   packa|;e,    iipl 
described 

if  loose,  cwl 
("haw  boards  -  •    dnjei 

(hesnuts       •  .  •    bushel 

rhin.1.    See  E(ir(toiioai-e. 
thirl  slones   •  •  .ton 

British  or  Irish  •  — 
rh-icohle  and  cocoa  |«<te  .  cwl. 
Ci  Ifr  -  tun  (232  pilous) 

riimil«T       -  -  •     cwl. 

f'liiniiiinn      ■  •  ■       — 

t'-'mn,  prescrvM        •  •       — 

Cl.y,  11 1  bria  and  pipe        -        ton 
(  hina,  stone,  and  firebrick     — 
•I  locki         -  •      caae 

I  l-.vrH,  cobalt,  cichineal       -     cwt. 
Irals       (Winchestermeaa.)  chal. 
Inn 
Cxot,  c"Oee,  cork    •  •        ton 

C'«-T.  iin's      •  -  -       100 

(■"Iniirini:  fnr  porter,  fcc.  100  caltons 
*('omU         -  .  packai;,' 

Copper,  British  or  Irish   *lioi  or  tub 
*case 
*cask 
»l 

•barrel 

•bag  or  kes 

Inn 

old 


0    0  1-2 


2    0 

0    I 


0    6 


2  0 

0  H 

1  n 

1  0 
0  I 

0  0  |. 

2  0 

1  0 
0  6 
0  I 
0  3 
0  2 

o'  6 

0  3 


I  1-2 
t 

I)    (I  |.2 
0    0  1-2 

n    I 

0  10 
u    I 

n'  6 
0  a 

U    II  12 
0    !l 
0  1-4 

n 

0 
0  1-2 

ti 

3 


0    3 
0    2 
0    U  1-2 
0    0  12 

I 

« 

I 

01 

4 

I 
0    U  12 


0    6 
0    3 


0    012 


U 

3 

fi 

H 

0  12 

0  14 

0 

fi 

3 


0    0  1. 


1-2 


IllO.lldt, 


rirliu. 


Coral  •  .  .  .     cwl.l  0 

(  nrk   -  .  .  .       Inn  2 

Turks  •  .  .       \<m  (I 

lorn— Barler    Iwrt,  and  bin  beans, 
ludi.in,  {■•'.tt,  nr  r>i-        •    ipiar  i-r 
Mral,  liai  Ity  inial  or  iwil  inr  tl. 

Inn  2 

Mall,  also  whral     •    ipiariuri  fl 

(laia  .  ■  ■         —  0 

Whral  dour  ■        ewi.l  0 


d. 
6 
0 
4 

0    3 


Cotton  s,',..| 


hu<lu)l    U    I 


0    01. 1 


0    0  1-2 


0  2 

0  4 

0  0  1-2 

0  H 

0  2 

0  4 

0  4 

0  0  12 

0  01.2 

0  8 

0  4 

0  2 

0  0  1.2 

0  I 


0  1-2 
i 


12 


0    I 
0    8 


Coppcna 


ore    • 

dross  aid  slag 


0    8 
r  0 


0  3 

0  1 

0  0 

0  0  1.2 

1  6 
0  6 
0  2 
0  8 
0  6 


0    0  1-2 
0    0  1-2 


0    6 


0 
1  1-2 
4 


■^ 

n 

1    0 

1 

x 

0  lU 

0 

fi 

0    1 

0 

4 

0     t 

1 

0 

0    6 

0  1 

1  0 
0  3 
0  6 
0  2 
0  1 


4 
012 


2  0 

1  0 
0  4 

a  0 

0  u 

U  I 

0  2 

U  10 

n  '. 

0  0  I.. 

2  II 
U  2 


0  I 

0  01-2 

0  0  12 

0  0  1-2 


4 
4 

S 
I 
.5 
2 
2 
h 
4 
3 
I  12 

8 

6 
^ 

2 
4 


lwi*t,tlirra'l,and  virn     rwi.  0    4 
wailr,     .ilvi     cnlluii      Wool 

10.1  lbs.  0 

Cnltnns,  nnntif.iclnred           pack.i^R  1 

Cri-tni  of  tartar,  aUnrurranta       Inn  2 

Crynld             •            .            pack:lte  0 

('tlllll                 .             ■             .          toll  0 

(.'.urMisiliei,  lulural  or  arliftcial. 

parka«e    0    6 
Draprry,  linen  nr  wnnllen  lin-ot 

K.irtli,  bl.ick,  brown,  red  or  yellnw, 
Inn 
fiilVn'  .  ■        — 

r.arllK-nwani  crate  or  other  pack.ive 
livil 
r.l^l^    ....    1,2(10 
Kniery  <l..iies  .  .      cwl 

Kinp'y  bio,  Makels,  crates,  h.nii 
pent,  an.l  *irks        -  .     score 

l.irri'ls  .  .        — 

1-2  liirnls  and  imaller  p.irk 
aifea  .  .        — 

iHjses  .  .      rich 

l.nl 
cntr^  .  .     e.-.,-l, 

ca*es,    chests,    half   qiinrtor 
crates,  tierces,  and  trunk., 
i-.irl, 
Fitithera         .  -  .     cwl. 

ostrich         .  100  M.S. 

Fill     .  .  .  packase 

Ftx^    ....        Inn 
Fillerinn  slniiea  .  .     e.ieh 

Fish,  tirv  H.llleil  -  .         In, 

herrinn^  fresh  .     I,2IX) 

pickled  11, i|  salted  of    all  de- 
scriplinns       .  •  bnrrel 

firkin,  1-2  barrel,  nr  kit 
pipe,  puiichenn,  cask 
hni^liead 
tierre 
British  cured       ■    *hnnheid 
•puiicl  enn 
s^tieree 
^barrel 
•  1.2  hrl.  an. I  smaller  packai?e 
Flae^tones,  alv.  frcestniiB      .         Inn 
Flax,  rnii«h    -  .  .        _ 

Flint,  ^rniml  or  dried  -        ton 

sloneii    .  -  -         — 

Floorcloth  (cnntainiii,;  I  rf.ll),  Ipox, 
b.a/,  nr  mat 
Furniture,  household  .      Inid 

•parkari' 
box,  Imii  Mr,  mat,  nr  '"russ 
cx>e,  clii'st,  nr  trniik 
Oalanpl,  i^lliannni.  Kails,  ((anit,niie, 
cwt. 
Gentian  rnot,  Rranella  (cochineal  re. 
fuse)  .  ■  .      cw-t. 

GijB  ....  each 
Ginirer,  Glauber  salts,  or  glue  Inn 
preserved      .  .     cwt 

Ginseng  .  .  .        Inn 

(ilaas  .  -  -     cwl, 

broken  -  .  .       — 

crnwii     .  .  package 

flint 
Grapes 

Grease  or  f-reavea 
•Grflats 


ll.Ml- 

..  I»c. 

7"ir~ 

0  3 

1  n 
0  i 

0   I  I-: 


I  0 

0  i 

0  I 

0  0,1-4 

II  012 
U  i 


1 1.: 

e 

u 

I  12 

i 


0  3 

0  0  |. 

1  0 
0  « 

0  3 

1  a 

0  3 

0  0  1. 


Grindinz  stones 


Inn 

.  barrel 

ca»k 

j.aror  jus 

tierce 

ach 


2  0 

0  I 

1  0 
0  3 

0  2 

0  I 

0  4 

n  a 

0  3 


0  6 

2  0 

II  N 

0  4 


I 
s 

2  1.2 
0  I  4 

0 

I 


0    0 

0  i 

1  n 

0  2 

1  II 

0    0  12 
0    6 
0    I  12 

0  I 

0  (11-: 

0  2 

0  3 

0  I  12 


0  3 

1  0 
0  4 
0  2 

0  I 

0  6 

0  0 


0     1  1-2 


I  u 

w  rls. 


I  d. 

0  2 

I)  It 

U  I 

0  I 

n  K 

0  I 

(I  I 

0  0  1-2 

0  t«|. 


(I  I 

0  ;l 

0  * 

0  I 

0  2 

0  2 

0  U  12 


0  3 

1  0 
0  2 
0    0|.2 

0    1 

0  lU 


0  14 


0  0|.2 

0  2 

0  8 

0  S 

U  I 

0  4 


I 

0 
0 

I  1.2 
G 

0  l-S 
Old 


I    0 


Gum.      Aininnniac,  aninii,  Araliic, 

cashew,   en|..it,  elemi,  guaiacu 

Senenal,  and  tragacanth  ton 

Gunpowder    .  -  ■     cwt, 

•barrel 

•  1.2  barrel 

•1.4  barrel  and  ke: 

ITaherdishery  .  package 

Hair,  bull,  cow,  anil  01,  goats'  and 

hnrse  ...     cwt,    0    2 

Hairpow.ler   -  .  package    0    3 

Haniinocks     -  .  •   do/en    0    2 

Hams  .  -  .        ton    2    0 

Hindconpf      .  .  .       101    0     I 

Hardens  .  -  package    1    0 

loase  .  .    piece 

Hardware       .  -  -bundle:  0    2 

ke?i   n    2 

all  other  packages    0    fi 

ILarrowL  also  hats     .  .     each,  0    6 

Hay    .  ■  ■  .       toal  0   6 


0  1-2 


I    6 
0    6 


0    8 


0  I 
0  0  12 
0  2 
0  3 
0  I 
0    6 

4 

I  1-2 

I 


0 
0 
0 

0    01 
0    3 
0     K 
0    4 
0    2 


0  I 

1  0» 


1-2 


0  I 

0  8 

0  I 

1  0 


1» 
■i* 

0  1-2 
4 

1  1-2 
4 

0  12 
3 
0  1-4 


I  1-2 
1 

0  1-2 
3 


0 

0 

0 

I     0 

0    0  1.2 

0    6 

0    0  1-2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


11-2 


0  1 

0  1 

0  I 

0  8 

0  3 

0  01.2 

0  0  1-2 

0  I 

0  3 

0  2 

0  3 


604 


0'^t» 


B,r«3ta 


»1' 


I 


t    «i  : 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


ArticICH. 


Hay  rakes       •  •  •    dozeo 

Hfiiip,  rounh  •  ■        Ion 

Hides,  dry       •  •  •     cwl. 

wet 

pieces  of,  or  glue  pieces  ton 
Honey  •  •     cw(. 

Uo.'ps,  mist,  anJ  truu  •       120 

set 
wood   -  •  .     1,300 

Hoofs  of  cattle  •  •       too 

Hops  -  •  •     cwt. 

bag  or  pocket 
Horniuid  horn  tips  •  •     l.iJOO 

hogshead 
tierce 

'jtiivifH^s,  alsn  alii?s  -  idii 
Hurf^ies  f  crmlaiuing  one  dozen)  nial 
J-i'kscrews     .  •  -      piir 

*Jani  and    juifs  containing   barley^ 
oatmeal,  Krn.its,  penn,  or  olhrr  ar- 
ticles cf  Britisli  or  Irish  erowih, 
prnduce.  or  manufaclure,  not  other- 
wise raleii,   -  -  -    each 
Icelitu)  inass,or  lichen  Island  icus,cwt, 
IndiiO              •            .            .        — 
Ipecacuanha  root        •           •        — 
Iron,  viz.  »       liolt,  or  rod     -        ton 
b-  'k'-.i     ruid    •           •        — 

■  «  :■■     .i>\  sheet  •       — 

and  sheet 


Inwards. 


Fo- 
reran. 


f.    d. 


Out- 
wards. 


Coast- 
wise. 

i.    d         *.    d. 

0    0  1-200  1-2 
0       >  0    8 


0    1  I 
2    0 


1  I 

10     I  t-2 

.2    0    0  3-4 


1  6 

1  0 

0  2 

1  0* 


I  0 
0  2 
0    6 


ore 

wire,  or  wrought 


box 
packatre 
ton 

•cisk 
cwl, 


Isinglass 

Juice,  lemon,  lime,  and  orange     tun 

Junk  .  .  -  .        ton 

vnry  -  -  -      cwt. 

Kelp  ....  toil 
Lir.  i;um,  stick,  seed,  and  shell,  cwt, 
Lace  -  -  package 

Luiii  hlick,  laltoii  black,  k  lard,  t'»n 
Lilhs  -  -  buii' 

LeaJ,  and  Ifad  ore     •  -        ton 

hliok,  red,  white,  k  powder  — 
Leattier  (tanned)        •  -     cwt 

wrought       -  package 

Leechei 

Lemons  -  -    rase  or  chest 

box  or  other  package 
Liuie  •  -         hogs!it-ad 

*keg 
•puncheon  or  cask 
♦tierce 
Limes  -  -  package 

Ltiiieslnnes  ...  ton 
Liueii  cloth     ■  •  packai^e 

piece 
*raffi   -  •  -     crate 

Ilireid  yarn      -  -     cwl, 

*maiinfactitre(l  packa^p 

Liquorice  paste,  also  tithar;re  ton 
Maccaroni      -  -  -     cwt. 

Mace  -  -  -        — 

^Machines,    birk    rniPs,   binn.icles, 
lirewimr.  coifte  fanners,  and  conk- 
ing apparatus  •  •     each 
copyin"    •  -        — 
cnni,  alsn  filtering       — 
fire  engines         •        — 
gins,      liiisoe*!     cribbles, 
niait    mills,   mansles, 
packine;  presses,  paper 
moulds,  sawin?.  sedans, 
an  I  shower  balhs,  each 
soap  cutters         -        — 
straw  O'liters,  also  tin  — 
lurnin!;  lailies      •        .— 
turning  drdls      •        — 
all  other  packages  of  ma- 
chinery           •        — 
Machinery  (loose)      -           •        ton 
Madder           -            .           .        _ 
roots  -           -           .        -_ 
Mangaueiie,  also  marble        •        — 
Manure           .            -           .        — 
Mar!  .e,  sculptured,  loose  piece*    — 
package 
Marm'>lade     •          •          •     cwt. 
Masiirh.  k  mother-of-pearl  shell    — 
Mitflicts         •           •           package 
Miliboirds      •           -           -       120 
stones      •            •           •     each 
Mineral  waters          -           packacre 
Mul  lases         •           •           -        ton 
cask  or  puncheon 
Mum             .           •           .       (un 
Muriate  of  lime,  potash,  and  sndi,  ton    I 
Musical  inbtruments  -           pnckiije    ! 
•Muskets        •           .    case  or  chest 


0     1 

2    0 

0  3* 
2    4 

1  0 
0    6 


0 

n 

0 

2 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

4 

2 

0 

0 

6 

! 

0 

0 

fi 

0 

6 

2 

0 

2 

0 

1 

6 

1 

0 

n 

•2 

2 

6 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

3 

I    0 
0    6 


MustArd 

Natron,  aI«o  nixon  sal 
Neils  nf  trunki 
Niitiiieini 
Nub  . 


-  cu-(. 
package 

ton 

-  eacli 

•  r\v», 

•  builiell 


0 
I 
4  1-2 


0    9 
0    6 


0    6 


0  6 
0  I 
0    3 


0  I  1-2 
0  0  1.2 
0    8 


0  0l-2» 
0    6 
0    4 
0     1 


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0  0 

0  I  1-2 

0  6 

0  4  12 

0  3 

0  9 


0  I  I- 

1  2 


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i  0     11-2 
!  0    6 


0 

0  1-2 


0  6 

1  0 
0    1  1 
0 
0 


0    I  12 


I 
6 

01-2 


Arlidet 


ton 


>.    d. 
I    0 


0    0  1-2 
0    I 

4 

1 


4 

8 

S 

0  0  1-2 
0  I 
0  2 
0  t>« 
0  4 
0  I 
0    9 

n  4 

0    2 
4 


0  1 
0  6 
0    0  1-2 


0  6 

0  2 

0  6 

0  9 


0  6 

0  3 

0  6 

0  3 

0  2 

0  6 

1  0 


n    I 

0  3 
0  8 
0  0  1.2 
0  S 
0  S 
0     I 

3 

2 

1 

I 

3 

0 

3 

3 

I 


Oakum 

Oatmeal  .hudcs,  orduit 

Ochre,  or  oker  •  -       —    2    0 

Oil,  cailor      ■  -  -     cwt,  I  0    3 

cmi  .  -  -       tun    I    9 

dul'bin?,  linseed,  alsoolive     —,2    4 

ill  fla^s  •  •     chest'  "    6 

box  or  1-2  chest    0    3 

palm,  se.-*!,  train,  or  whale    tun'  1    ti 

rape,  also  spermaceti     •       —  i  2    4 

of  vitriol  .  .—30 

*0il3  of  nil  kinds  boileil  or  mauu- 

factured  since  their  ironorl.ition 

Dutt  or  pipe 

puncheon  or  cask 

lioxshend 

barrel 

bottle,  jar,  ju^,  or  can 

Onions  •  •  package, 

loose   ■  •  •  bushel  j  0    I 

Opium,  also  orange  peel       •     cwt. '  0   3 
Oraiigt^s  -  .    ciM  or  f  best  |  0    3 

box  or  other  packai^e   0    2 


0    2 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0     1 

0    3 


0  12 
3 

3 

8 
2 
4 


Orohella  weed  -  •        ton 

Orrice  root      ...     cwt. 

Parkins  boanis  .  •    do7en 

f'.iint  anJ  paintere*  colours  and  nia. 

tcriats         .  -  -        Ion 

case,  chest,  or  hogshead 

tierce 

cask  or  puncbeoti 

barrel 

box  or  bundle 

kee 

jar  or  jiw 

I'aper  .  bale,  casi-,  chest 

1-2  bale,  bundle,  box 

re.im 

Paving  stnnes  -  -       ton 

Pear!  and    shelled    bar'cy.    pepper. 

white  or  black,  pewter,or  pimento 

ton 

Pears,  pistachio  nuts  .   bushel 

I'ickles  .  .  .    gallon 

*box,  case,  or  chi^il 

*barrel 

"lES.  j">  or  jn? 

Pink  root       •  -  .     c»t 

Pitch  -         last  of  12  barrels 

Piaster  of  Paris         -  -        ton 

Plate  aud  plated  ware  package 

PIf)nghs  .  -        10f)ae,  each 

Potatoes         -  •  .       Ion 

exported  in  packages    barrel 

hamper 


0    I 
0    0  1.2 
0    1  l.> 

I  12 

t 

6 
0    I  1.2 

0  ni-4 


0    6 
0 


12 


0    6 
0    6 


0  1 

1  0 


0    6 


0  10 


0   01.2    0 


0    4» 
0    9 


0    5 

0    2» 
0    8 
0    S 
0    4 


Preserved  ginger 
Pnserves 
Printers'  liquor 
Prints  or  pictures 
Prnnelloei 
Prunes 

Pittnioe  stone 
()iiern  stnncs  . 
(Quicksilver    • 
Quills 

Rags 

Hiisins,  also  rock  moss 

Rluibarb 

Rice    ... 

Riddles 

Kosin 


cwt. 

lOOgallon.s 

ca.se  or  Imx 

-     cwt. 

ton 

.  each 
packaee 
.  1.200 
package 
ton 


2    0 


2    0 

0 

0 


I 
01-2 


0  3 

1  ti 
I  0 
1  0 

o'  6 


0  3 

0  4 

0  7 

0  « 

0  2 


>.    d. 

0  6 

0  2 

1  0 
0  I  I 

0  10 

1  2 
0  3 

0  1  1-2 

0  9 

1  2 
1  6 


Out- 
wards. 


d. 
4 


0 

R 

0 

1 

(I 

7 

0 

•1 

0 

2 

0 

I 

(> 

ti 

0 

9 

1 

0 

0 

A 

(> 

4 

2 

2 

0  1-2 

0  12 

4 

2 

0  1-1 

1 


.     cwt 
toir 
bundle 
Ion 
barrel 
Rushes  .         loid  (63  btmilles) 

Safil  uver,  sal  ammoniac,  or  gent,  ton 
Satfron  -  •  package 

Sa.-o,  sanguis  draronis,  salup.    also 
s,anders  wood,  white  and  yelloiv, 
cwl 
Sailcloth         •  ■  package 

S.iils    ....     each 
Saltpetre        -  •  -ton 

firkin 
Salt,  rock        .  .  -ton 

white      .  .  .       — 

SnnI    for   ironfounders  and    glass- 
blowers       .  .  .       ton 
silversmiths  .    casks 
.Sarsaparilla,  also  sausages     .     cwt. 
Sassafr,is         .           .           .ton 
Sra'i.niony     ...     cwt. 
Scythe  stones              ■           -   dr.7en 
Scythes            .            .  bundle 
Seeds,  vi7.  aniseeds,  carasray,  clover, 
or  trefoil      .           .           .     cwt. 
Ci'iary             ■           .        ton 
coriander  and  garden       cwt. 
flax    or   linseed,    hemp    and 
rajre               .              quarter 
furre    .           .       100  bushels 
ntustarrl           .          •       ton 
rye  grass         ■      100  bushels 
Senna              .           .           -ton 
Shaddocks      .           -           pack.ag'- 
Shakes    .     hhd.  puncheon,  nr  tierce 
Irarrel,  t-3  barrel,  or  1-4  c-isk 
Slinthiug      •          •          .tor) 


1  0 

2  0 

0  3 

1  6 


1    0 


1    0 
0    0  1-2 
0    014 


0  I  1-2 

0  9 

II  6 

0  6 

0  4 


0    3 


0  I  |.: 

0  2 

0  3  1.2 

0  3 

0  1 

1  0 
0  6 

0  4  1.2 

0  3 

0  0  1-2 


0  6 

0  4 

0  2      I 

0  I  Li 

0  Ol.ill 

0  1 

«  1 

0  1 

0  1 
U  1 

1  0 
0  1 


3 
4 
11.2 

2 

0I-: 

0  1-2 


0  3 

1  0 

0  6 

1  6 


1    0 


2 
G 
0 
tl  1-2 


0  6 

1  0 

0  112 

0  9 


0  9 

O"  fi' 

1  0 
0    3 


1  12 
6 
3 
9 


n  1 

0  6 

n  1 

0  » 

0 

0 


0  on 
tt  I 


0    8 
0   0|. 

0  3 

0  0  1.3 

0  (i|.. 

0  I 

0  6 

n  4 

0  3 
0  i« 
0  3 
U  1' 
0  0|.J> 
0    I 

0  3|.J 

0  3 

U  I 

0  8 

0  4 

0  3 

0  2 

0    3* 

0     H 

n  8 
0  I 
0  6 
0  01-2 
0  6 
0  I  |.2» 
0  4 
0  8 
0    2 


0  I  1-2 

1  0 
0    I  1-2 


0  3 

2  0 

2  0 

2  0 

2  0 

0  3 

0  1 

0  0  1-2 

1  0 


0  1 

0  6 

0  4 

0  1..1    0  01-2 
OOl.i'l 

u  I 

0  8 

0  I 


11-2    0    I 


I  0 

I  0 

I  0 

I  0 

0  1  1-2 

0  I 

0  01-2 

0  6 


0 
0 

0  s 

0  8 

0  1 

0  1» 
001-2»| 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL) 


605 


Iiiwinls. 


ton 


Fo- 
reign, 


Coast- 
w  ise. 


_  2  . 
.  cwtJ  0  3 
.       tun    »    ? 

olive     —  i  2 
-     chrtt:  " 

ir  1-2  chest    0 

n-hale    tun'  » 

'.       —  1  3 
I  or  mauu- 
lortition 
3iitt  or  vipc 
eon  or  cMk 
hogstientl 
barrel 
jUf?.or«n 
packi^ei  "    f 

.     cwtJ  0    a 

ISM  or  chest  [  jj    3 

her  package  0    2 

ton  I  •*    ^ 

cwt. 

.   dozen 

ir«  and  nia- 

|0)1 

or  hogshead 
tierce 
or  puncheon 
barrel 
ox  or  bundle 
kcff 
jar  or  jnff 
p,  caw,  chmt 
,  bundle,  box 
ream 
ton 
ley.    pepper, 
TjCHT  pimento 
ton 
.   bushel 
.    gallon 
case,  or  chi^st 
^barrel 
?5,  jar,  or  jii? 
cwt. 
lof  12  barrels 
ton 
package 
loose,  each 
ton 
kages    barrel 
hamper 
.     cwt.  I  " 
—     0 
100  pillons    0 
case  or  Iwx 
.     cwt. 
Ion 

-     each 

pacbaee 

:  1.200 

pacUasf^ 
ton 


li. 

f.    d. 

n 

0    8 

0    2 

0 

1    0 

3 

0    1  1-2 

9 

0  10 

4 

1    2 

e 

0    3 

3 

0    1  1-2 

f. 

0    9 

4 

1    2 

0 

1    6 

- 

.     , 

Out- 
wards. 


0    6 


1    0 

0    0  1-2 
0    0  I  •» 


0    OU 


0    » 
0   01-2 


0    2 


0    112 
0    9 

0    9 


0    6         0    3 


16         0   9 


I     0 
0    I!  i-2 


3«    I 


0    OU 
0    3 
0    4 


10         0    8 
0     1  1-2    0    ' 


roM-4'S    i;o..2O0,.2    00..2.1 

^'        .  tori    I     0         1  0    C        I  • 


Articles. 


Inwards. 


Fo-         Coa^i- 
reign.        wiie. 


I  I.  d. 
-bundle;     . 

ton    I  6 

-  dozi-n    0  I 

•     cwt.  I  I  6 


packai^t: 
•     cw  t. 


Shovela  or  spadei 

Sieves 

biilK,  raw  or  thrown  - 
wasti! 

I  manufacture  1     • 

Skins,  k'l'^'lca'*")*^^' 
1  wet 


badi^cr,  Itear,  beaver,  deer,  elk, 
ei'ii.ine,  tj^thcr,  fjif,  iL-(>|)nrJ, 
lloii,  iiurteii,  oiler,  I'tiitihcr, 
seal,  \fur),  lijtT  •  score 
cat,  ctih. chilli,  (nine,  niiiik, 
laco'tii,  MMi  (hair)  •  120 
goat,  liU'h,  kid,  ia>i.b,  nuta- 
quasli,  nutria,  shutp,  swan, ; 
IJO 
conev,  hire,  ninlft  -  —  I 
Skates,  albo  slatu  pcticiU  package 
Shte  and  slate  slabi    •  -        Ion 

i\iiei  •  punclieon  or  cask 


0   6 

0    € 


writing 
Slime  • 

Siiiiri  sticks 
jSiiud"  • 
Soap    ■ 

Smier,  or  noMer,  or  spelter 

Sp.Tiiiactli     • 

Splnuel 

iSpiriti 


"Jpirifsof  lalts 
S[i(ni;:e 
^i.n■s 

1-jiriice  beer 
|,,,,:ill.  -  - 

>,fcn 

!*:»f;dir»n?ry    • 
Sue!,  also  sulphur  vivuin 

X'.v  sud  siMW  plait 
-i.r<e(tn 

Succ:iJes  and  sweetmeats 
suiar 

refineil 


packai^e 
toil 

-  cwt. 

-  1,200 
ton 

package 

tun 

-  cwt. 

•  bales 
100  gaijniis 

pipe 
puncheon 
h'igshead 

•  bottle 

-  cwi. 
.     1,000 

32  gallons 
.     cwt. 

ton 
package 

ton 
package 

-  cwt. 

ton 

hogsheail 

tierce 


barrel 
puncbeitit 
candjr  •  •  •     cwt. 

Ti'c,  lautarints, or  tapinca    •        — 
Tal!l)^v,  al>o  (in  of  all  kinds  Ion 

Tiiiiiprs'  nasle 


Tipts.  Bnlisli 
Tar     . 

water 
Tirrai 


packa^f 
last  (12  bun  Is) 
-  birrt'l 
•  bushel 
pickage 


liiread,  linen,  twist,  cotton,  or  ya 

cwt. 
T^^^nnl  .  -  •       has 

Tm  [)I.ite»      -  •  •       b'>x 

Toiaccn^s'alks.also  turmeric  cwt, 


r..liicco  pipes 

To.iaiies 

I'ltrioiM;  shell 

Tnvv    - 

Tu\s  - 

Tr^iiiails 

rmcki 

TniiHea 

riinii)>8 

Turpentine     • 

Twiue 

T,|.« 

V,i]e:ian 

Vilnnii,  also  varnish 

VmelloM 

Venice  lur|)eiitine 

Verti^rii 

Veriiiict'lli,  also  vermilion 

ViiiKgar  auJ  vcjjuice 


Vitriol,  ivliile 
nil  nf 
Whaldioiip  tins 
Whcelli.irrows 
U'heistiiin'H     • 
Wlii|>.<'iiks    . 
Wbitiiij5 
Wiue 

bottled 


Lm>x 

packai;e 

cwt 

ton 

packa^t' 

.     1,200 

-  each 
•     cwt. 

ton 

civt. 
■       1k.« 

Crtt. 
ton 

-  cw 

ton 

CWI. 

ton 

Pi|"' 

ci!.k 

hofslical 

1-2  ho^'shf.id 

tun 

cw  t. 

-  earh 

-  ca.k 
bun  lie 

t'n 
tun 

-  barrel 

bor 
cast! 

C:Hk 

hoyslu'a  I 

punclti'on 

tierce 


0  2 

0  3 

2  0 

0  4 

0  6 

2  0 

0  2 

0  0  1-2 

0  6 

0  4 

0  3 

o'  1 


I    0 


0  I 

0  9 

0  0  1-2 

0  9 

0  4  1-2 

0  6 

0  I  1-2 

0  03^ 


0   3 
0    3 


1  1-2 
01-2 

a 

3 


2 
I 
9 
0 
0 

0 

I  I- 1 
1  1-2 
5 


I 

3 

0  1-2 
3 

1  1-2 
0 
2 


0    9 
0    3 


0  1-2 

6 

0 


0  3 

1  0 


1 

0  1-4 
3 


0    2 
0    1  I- 

0    o'l-2 

0    0  1-2 
0    3 
0    6 

3 

3 

t 

6 

3 


2    0 


1  0 

0  I 

1  0 

2  4 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  9 
I 
2 


0 
0 
0  I 
0  9 
0    6 


Out- 
wards. 


d. 

Ol-Z 
6 

01 
6 
3 
3 
I 
01 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0  0  1-4* 


0    2 
0    2 


I 

0  1-2 

2 

2 


0  4* 

0  3* 

0  i 

0  6 

0  8 

0  8 
0  0  l-2» 

0  8 

0  1 

0  I 

0  6 

0  4 

0  2 

0  1 

0  2 

0  2 


I 

0  s 

0  3 

0  6 

0  2 

0  0  1-2 

0  4 

0  8 

0 

0 

0 

0 


3 
I  1-2 
4 


Article*. 


1 

0    8 


n  I 

0    1 


0    2 


0    1 
0    012 
0    UI.2 

2 

fll-2 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

4 

3'^ 

6 


)  0 

I  3 

0  1 

0  2 

0  B 

0  01 

0  6 

1  2 


0    2 
0     1 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0    2 
0    9 
0    (i* 
0    4» 
0    2» 
0    1» 
0    8 
0  10 
0    I 
0    2 
0    4 
0    0  1-2 
0    4 
0    9 
0     1  12 

2 

2 

4 


Fo- 
rtinn, 


Inwards. 

Out- 

C'u.ist*      wardl. 


I  0 

1  6 

0  S 

1  0 


Wood,  viz.  anchor  stocks      •     each    0 

aie  hanilles     -  -       120    0 

battens,  viz.  6  Ft.  to  21  ft.  Ion; 

12U 

above  21  ft,  long    — 

batten  ends     •  •       — 

be,  ch  poles     ■  •      load 

boards,  viz  hcech,birch,piue, 

and  [)opUr  •        Uo 

clap      -  •       — 

oak,  above  15  ft.      — 

under  do.  — 

wainscot,  aliove  do.  — 

under  do.  ~~ 

coal  pit  props  •     load 

crate  and  crop  wood  •        — 

deals,  viz.  under  21  ft.       120 

exceeding  do.    •       — 

deal  ends        -  •        — 

fir  qn  triers  or  balks,  viz. 

under  8  in.  stiuare  — 

8  inches  and  abote       loid 

ftre  wood        -  fathom 

lalli  wood 

masts,  viz.  6  in.  and  under 

8  in.  .     Kirh 

8in.  and  under  12  in,  — 

oak  knees,  viz.  under  8  in. 

square   -  •       12,' 

8  in. square  &  upwards,  load 

oar  rafters  and  oars    •        120 

old  wood         •  •      load 

planks,  viz.  beech,  birch, 

oak,  and  poplar       load 

pine  ■  ■       120 

spars,  viz,  under  22  ft.  lon{  — 

22  ft.  lon:.^up.varils  — 

apnce  knees,  viz.  under  8  in 

120 

Sin.  and  upwards,  load 

staves,  above  1  1-2  in.  thick, 

not  exceeiling  36  in.  Ion?, 

120 

exceeding  36  in.  and  under 

tiO  •  ■       120 

exceeding  60  in.  loniy      — 

notab-ne  1  1  2  in.  thick, not 

exceeilin2,'16in.  lon^    120 

exceeding  36  in.  and  under 

60  .  .       120i  u 

exeeelini;60in.  lonf;     —     0 

timl)er,  viz.  tir  -     loadj  0 

teak  or  oak  ~  I  ' 

pine,  tall  other  limber—    0 

uf.rs,  V  z.under24ft.loni{  120    2 

24  ft.  long  or  upwards  —     3 

wainscot  logs  -  ■      load     I 

wedges  -  •    I,  00    1 

British  or  Irish       — 
wheel  spokes  and  fellies     — 
British  or  Irish  — 
barwood  or  boxwood         ton 
Brazil  and  Braziletto,  or  cam- 
wooil  •  -        Ion 

pipe  boards.    See  ^tavn, 
masts,  12   in.  and   upwards. 

.See  Fir  Tiinlxr. 
cedar    wood,    eliony.    fustic^ 
Guinea  wood,  lignum  vi'a?, 
lowwood,  lnaho.;ai]y,  or  red 
Sanders  •        ton 

Nicaragua    wood,   sapan,  or 
rosewood     -  .        ton 

Woollens       •  -  package 

Vims  .  .  .  paokaue    0 

Vam,  bay        -  ■  -     cwt     0 

cotton  or  twist  •  -       —     0 

gro^ram,  also  worsted         —     0 
linen  -  .       —     0 

Yeast  -  -  package    1 

ZatTre  (a  speciei  of  cobalt)    •     cwt.    0 


0   3 


0    6 
0    9 


1  6 

2  0 


1  6 

2  0 
I     0 

3 
2 
4 
2 
4 
0 
4 


J.    d        '■    d. 
0    I  12'  0    1 
0    1  1.2    0    1 


0    6 
0    9 
0    212 
0    6 


0 

6 

a 

U 
6 
0 
6 
3 
0 
6 

0  6 

1  0 

0  4  12 

0  2 

0  3 

0    I  1-2 

0  3 

1  3 
0  6 
0  6 
0  3 

0  7  1-2 

1  0 

0  6 

1  0 


0  4 

0  4  1-! 

0  2 

0  4 


0  8 

0  4 

1  0 

0  8 


0  8 
0    3 

0    2 

0  I 
0    2 

0  10 
0  4 
0  4 
0    2 

0  5 

0  8 

0  4 

0  8 


10  0    8 

0    4  1-2'  0    3 


0    1  l-2i  0    I 


0    3       !  n    2 
0    4  1-203 


0    012    0    0  1-2 


I         0  I 

11-2    0  1 

0    4  12    0  3 

0    6       I  0  t 

4  1-2    0  3 

0  8 


I     0 
I    6 


n 


0    9 
o"  9 


1    0 


0  9 

1  0 


0     1  1-2 
0     1 
0    2 
0     1 
2 


0    6 
0    2 


1  0 

0  6 

0  6 

0  3 

0  6 

0  3 

0  6 

0  8 


0    6 
0    S 


0    I 
0    I 


n  2 

0    2 


Artidnnot  ratedj  but  to  pay  tufolloios. 

Inwards,  viz.  Carpets  as  woollens;  china  as  earthenware;  ci,ler, 
boltIe,t..as  ile  ;  cordials  as  spirits,  dainnionas  rnsiii ;  enln,  ftiteiirn, 
as  bullion;  hosiery  as  hatxTiIashery,  iron  licpior  as  prin'ers' 
liquor,  iron  in  packages  as  har.lware,  millinery  as  Inherdas'  e, y, 
sala  1  oil  as  olive  in  llask=,  pomegranates  as  orati^es ;  siddlen-, 
wrought  leather  sloiis,  see  HaUrdtvthcry ;  straw  boinurts  and 
weiring  apparel  as  hatierdaslit-ry. 

Ontwarls.  viz.  Bacon,  lianis.  lard,  and  tripe,  as  beef  an'l  pork  ; 
iron,  in  packages,  as  liar  l\v  ire;  linen  as  cotton,  nncliinery  as 
wroiijiht  ir(ut,  paper  as  stationery,  pewter  an  i  tin  as  erqqier,  pre- 
serves as  pickles  ;  soda  vvaler  as  pickles,  tapes  or  linen,  and  twine, 
threail,  twist,  ,8  cottons.  j 

Painters' colours,  in  packages,  outwards,  inclu-les  ashes,  brown  pow- 
der, ce  pent,  clia'k.  eliareoat,  ehrninale  "f  le.id,  or  in-n,  copperas, 
cielbear,  earths,  bine,  irrease  orereave«,  lamp  black,  lead,  litharge, 
matiganese,  ochre,  starch,  and  whiting. 


3x2 


606 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


"SSiiw 


■IM'« 


..^^ 


IT'"''  "waF 
I'.tlMtjP 


■  ( 


■^  t  * : 


!  -j^      ,'.  5 


LivETtPooL  Town  Dues.*— Beshlos  the  dock  rates,  town  dues  are  levied  on  proods  fnwardfi  and  out- 
wards, at  a  certain  rate  per  packairu.  The  annual  amount  of  these  duties,  since  1812,  in  shown  in  a 
previous  Table,  and  we  now  subjoin  an  account  of  the  rate  at  which  they  are  charged. 


Articles. 


Alabaitpr,  Mie  ton         -  •  - 

A»he9  of  fem,  the  100  bushels  • 
Ricoii,  the  (on   .  -  -  . 

Uricks,  the  1,000 

liutter.  the  tnii   .... 
Calamine,  the  ton         ... 
Oaridlea,  ihe  box 
Chees",  ihe  Ion 
Clay  fur  pntttre,  the  ton 
C(»|ipLT,  ihe  ton 
Cotton,  tl,t;  ta<  • 

Conlii,  the  chaldroD  (Winchester  mea- 
suie)  ..... 
the  ton    • 
Cow  shii.ka,  Il.e  1,000  • 

horns,  Ihe  100        -  -  - 

Cork  wnoJ,  tlie  ton        • 
Corn,  of  all  sorts,  the  100  bushcU 
Ciirniits,  Ihe  hutt  .  -  - 

Dt-ils,  Iht!  120    - 
Deer  bkins,  loose,  the  100 

dressuil,  the  hogshead 
DypMig  wood,  of  every  kind)  the  too  • 
Kartheiiware,  the  crate 

the  1-2  crate 

loose,  the  load  (60  pieces) 
Ebony,  the  ton  ... 

Elephants*  teeth,  the  ton 
Feathers,  the  bed  or  hajj 
Fi.sh,  salted,  or  stockfish,  the  too 
Giniier,  the  h^e;  ... 

Glavi  hollies,  the  100  dozen 
Groceries,  coistwise,  the  hogshead 

the  tirkin 
Oum  Senegal,  the  ton    - 
Gunpowdci",  Ihe  barrel 
He-i.[ior  flax,  the  ton    -  .  . 

Herriiins,  the  t»arrel       .  .  - 

Hides  of  cows  and  oxen,  each 

iiiiporte.l  from  the  East 
Indies,  the  dozen    • 
of  hnrsM,  each    - 
Hops,  the  picket 
Iron,  ill  Irnrs,  the  ton     • 

in  pi^H,  or  cajt,  the  ton    - 
ore,  the  ton 
Kelp,  the  ton      -  -  .  . 

I.eml,  lead  ore,  or  copptr  ore,  the  ton 
Lithwood,  Ilie  faihnni  ... 
Linen,  of  all  sirls,  the  pack 

a  box  or  hinidle 
Lemons  or  oranges,  Ihe  cheat    - 
the  box     • 
Lt7num  vita*,  the  ton    • 
Mali'ipiny,  the  ton 
Masts,  a'v'ive  )2  inrhes  diameter 

5  iiirhcs   and   under   12    inches 
diameter 

6  inches   and    under   8  inches 
dimieler 

Mi\al  of  oafs,  \'c.  the  ton 
M  dis'^es.  Ihe  hogshead 


Inwardi. 

Outwards. 

».   d. 

f.    rf. 

0   2 

0    2 

1    4 

0    8 

1    0 

0    6 

0    1 

1    0 

0    6 

0    3 

0    3 

0    1 

0    0  12 

0    6 

0    6 

0    3 

0    .1 

0    6 

0    3 

0    2 

0    1 

0    2  3-4 

0    2  34 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0     1 

0    1 

0    0  1.2 

1    0 

0    6 

1    4 

0    8 

0    8 

0    4 

1    0 

0    6 

0    3 

0     I  1-2 

0    4 

0    2 

0    6 

0    3 

0    2 

. 

0    1 

. 

0    4 

0    6 

0    3 

1    0 

0    6 

0    3 

0    3 

1    0 

0    6 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

1    0 

0    6 

0    2 

0    2 

0    0  1.2 

0    0  1.2 

1    0 

0    6 

0    1 

0    0  12 

1    0 

0    6 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    012 

0    1 

0    0  1.2 

0    01-4 

0    0  1-4 

0    2 

0    2 

1    0 

0    6 

0    6 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    6 

0    3 

0    6 

0    6 

0    2 

0     1 

0    4 

0    2 

0    2 

0    I 

0    2 

0     1 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

0    6 

0    3 

0    6 

0    G 

0    3 

0    3 

0    2 

0    2 

0    1 

0     1 

0    6 

0    6 

0    2 

0    2 

Article!. 

Inwards. 

Oulwanli. 

>.   d. 

«.   d. 

Null,  the  birwl 

0    2 

0    1 

Ihe  bag    .... 

0    1 

0    1 

Oak  bark,  !ho  ton         •          ■ 

0    6 

0    8 

tinibiT,  Ihe  ton      - 

0    6 

0    6 

plaiiks,  Ihe  120       - 

1    0 

0    6 

Oil,  viz.  fish  or  train,  the  ton  • 

0    8 

0    8 

Paper,  Ihe  |wck 

0    2 

0   2 

Perry  or  ciJer,  Ihe  hof^head    . 

0    2 

0   2 

Potatoes,  the  100  bushels 

1     0 

1    0 

Pols  of  iron,  Ihe  Ion     - 

0    6 

0    3 

Riisius,  Ihe  100  baskets 

1    0 

0    6 

Salt,  while,  Ihe  100  bushel!     ■ 

2    0 

caislwise    • 

. 

1    0 

rock,  tlie  100  bushels 

. 

1    4 

coastwise,  do. 

" 

0    8 

See<Is,  garden,  the  sack 

0    1 

0    01-2 

Slates,  Ihe  ton   -           .           -           . 

0    2 

0    2 

Smp,  the  box    -           .           •           - 

0    1 

0  ou 

Spirits,  Ihe  puncheon    • 
thehogshea/l     - 

0    8 

0    4 

0    6 

0    3 

drawn  from  corn,  the  puncheon 

0    2 

0    2 

Staves,  hi-aJins,    and    haudspikes,   the 

1,000             .... 

0    6 

0    3 

Starch,  the  chest 

0    2 

0    2 

Sugar,  Ihe  hogshead      . 

0    4 

0    2 

the  tierce 

0    3 

0    11-2 

the  barrel           ... 

0    2 

0    1 

Tallow,  the  cwt. 

0    I 

0    1 

Tar  and  pitch,  the  barrel 

0    2 

0    1 

Tiniber  (fir.  Sic),  the  load 

0    6 

0    3 

Totncco,  the  hogshead 

0    4 

0    i 

Turpentine,  the  barrel 

1    2 

0    1 

Wainscot  boards,  the  120 

1    0 

0    6 

Wine.  Ihe  pipe 

thohoMhead     . 

I    0 

0    6 

0    6 

0   3 

coastwise,  the  pipe 

1    0 

0   6 

Window  glass,  Ihe  side 

0    1 

0    1 

the  box 

0    0|.2 

0  01-2 

Wool,  the  bag  - 

0    4 

0    4 

Yarns,  linen,  the  truss  . 

0    6 

0   3 

the  peck  ■ 

0    4 

0  2 

foieign,  the  fait  . 

0    3 

0    4 

bay,  thi-  pack 

0    4 

0   i 

Dry  goods,   not   befnre  described,  the 

package,  viz. 

bale 

0    4 

0  2 

barrel 

0    2 

0    1 

box            ... 

0    2 

0    1 

bundle 

2    ' 

0  01-2 

case 

0     1 

0  2 

cask 

0    4 

0  2 

chest 

0    4 

0  2 

crate 

0    2 

0  2 

1-2  crate     . 

0    I 

0    1 

hamper 

0    1 

0   01-2 

hogshead    - 

0    4 

0   2 

puncheon  - 

0    0 

0   .1 

tierce 

0    3 

0    11-2 

trunk 

0    2 

0   2 

truss 

0    2 

0    1 

keg          ... 

0    1 

0   01.2 

s>  The  ahnvp  diilii'anrn  iinf  due  on  gnndu,  tltp  properly  of,  and  to  bo  sold  solely  on  account  of,  p»r- 
goiis  frt-f!  of  Liverpool.  Dristol.  London,  Wiiterford,  or  Wexford;  nor  on  the  exporUition  of  piods. 
wtiicli  may  liiive  been  imported,  or  brought  coastwise,  provided  they  are,  at  the  time  of  e.xporlatlon, 
the  same  property  aa  when  so  imported,  or  brought  coastwise. 

Tlic  Tjiverpool  Docks  are  all  constructed  upon  the  estate  of  the  corporation,  and  are  ma- 
natjeii  by  commissioners  appointed  by  fmriiamtMit.  The  warehouses  belong  to  individuals, 
and  are  private  property.  None  of  thorn  belong  to  the  Dock  estate.  Most  of  tliein  are,  of 
course,  situated  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  docks.  The  discharging  and  lo.iding  of 
vp.sscls  ill  Liverpool  is  cft'ected  by  a  class  of  men  called  lumpp.rs.  Individuals  who  follow 
this  business  engage  to  discharge  a  ship  fi)r  a  specific,  or  lump  sum,  from  2  guineas,  perhap.s, 
up  to  20,  according  to  the  size  and  description  of  cargo,  having  the  requisite  number  of  com- 
mon labourers  (chiefly  Irishmen)  to  do  the  work ;  the  lumper  being  master  an, I  superin- 
tsndent :  these  l.ibourers  a.c  generally  paid  day  wages,  but  sometimes  the  job  is  a  joint  con- 
cern among  the  whole. 

A  West  India  ship  of  500  tons  would  be  discharged  by  lumpers  for  from  15/.  to  20/.;  a 
cotton  ship  of  the  same  burden  for  M.  to  6/.  By  discharging  is  merely  meant  jiutting  out 
the  cargo  on  the  quay ;  the  proprietors  of  the  goods  employ  their  own  porters  to  welsh, 
load,  and  warehouse  tb'  property  :  they  likewise  employ  their  own  coopers,  where  cooper- 
age is  required. 

It  will  he  seen  that  the  system  of  managing  business  of  this  sort  in  Liverpool  is  entirely 
diflereiit  from  the  plan  followed  in  London,  at  least  in  the  East  India  Docks,  where  all  these 
operations  are  performed  by  the  Dock  ('ompany. 

The  expense  of  loading  a  West  Inilia  ship  of  500  tons  orifwards  would  not  be  half  as 
much  as  that  of  discharging  inwards,  because  they  very  seldom  take  a  full  cargo  outwards. 


DOCKS  (LIVERPOOL). 


607 


icd  on  poodd  inwardH  and  ou:- 
ilifs,  nim-e  1»'12.  >»  shown  in  a 
icy  are  clmrgeil. 


Inwards. 

Oulnank 

!.   d. 

1.  d. 

0    2 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6 

1    0 

0   6 

on  ■ 

0    % 

0    8 

0    2 

0    2 

ad    - 

0    2 

0    2 

1    0 

1    0 

0    6 

0    3 

1    0 

0    C 

It     ■ 

■ 

2    0 

• 

1    0 

. 

1    4 

- 

0    8 

0    1 

0    01-2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    1 

0    01-2 

0    8 

0    4 

0    6 

0    3 

the  puncheon 

0    2 

0    2 

laudspikn,   the 

0    6 

0    3 

0    2 

0    2 

0    4 

0   2 

0    » 

0    11.2 

0    2 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    2 

0    1 

(1 

0    6 

0   3 

0    4 

0   2 

1    2 

0    1 

1    0 

0   6 

1    0 

0   6 

0    6 

0   3 

_ 

1    0 

0   C 

_ 

0    1 

0    1 

0    0  1-2 

0  01-2 

0    4 

0   4 

0    6 

0   3 

0    4 

0   2 

ifatt  ■ 

0    3 

0   4 

ck      • 

0    4 

0   ^ 

described,  the 

,  V.Z. 

0    4 

0   2 

0    2 

0    1 

0    2 

0   1 

0    1 

0   01-2 

0     1 

1    0  2 

0    4 

0   2 

0    4 

0  2 

0    2 

0   2 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0   01.2 

0    4 

0   2 

0    R 

0   3 

0    3 

0    112 

0    2 

0   2 

0    2 

0    1 

0    1 

0  01.2 

'  anld  solely  on  ncrniint  of,  p»r- 
;  on  the  exporlati'in  of  gnoils. 
iire,  at  the  lime  of  e.xporlallon, 


Ihe  cv)iT>oration,  ami  are  ma- 
louses  belong  to  individuals, 
state.  Most  of  them  arc,  of 
discharRirii?  and  loading  of 
■ra.  Individuals  who  follow 
uin,  from  3  guineas,  perhaps, 
the  requisite  number  of  corn- 
er being  master  and  suiicrin- 
letimes  the  job  is  a  joint  con- 

ipers  for  from  15/.  to  20/. ;  a 
s  merely  meant  puttinR  out 
their  own  porters  to  wciKh, 
own  coopers,  where  cooper- 
sort  in  liiverpool  is  entirety 
India  Docks,  where  all  these 

mrds  would  not  be  half  as 
take  a  full  cargo  outwards. 


The  average  does  not,  perhaps,  exceed  a  third.  Hence  the  total  expense  of  a  West  India 
ship  of  500  tons,  coming  into  and  going  out  of  the  port  of  Liverpool,  may  be  eslimuted  as 
follows : — 


z. ». 

d. 

8  11 

0 

0  10 

6 

17  10 

0 

5  10 

U 

Pilotnec  outwards 
Uoat  hire  UHsisting  out 


L.  s.  d. 

-  3    8  0 

-  0  10  6 

i.  37    0  0 


Pilotape  inwards 
Boat  hire,  warping,  &c. 
Luinperx'  discharging     - 
Lnliourers'  hire  for  loading 

Besides  these,  there  is  the  charge  for  the  various  light-houses  in  St.  George's  Channel 
which  cannot  be  called  an  expense  peculiar  to  Liverpool. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1836,  there  belonged  to  Liverpool  966  registered  vessels,  of  the 
burden  of  207,8.33  tons,  manned  by  11,511  men  and  boys.  The  gross  customs  duly  col- 
lected in  the  port  during  the  year  1837  amounted  to  the  enormous  sum  of  4,351,496/.! 

Imports  of  the  princip.il  Articles  of  Knst  and  West  Indian,  American,  &.c.  Troduce  into  Liverpool, 
during  each  of  tlie  FUc  Years  ending  witli  1838,  with  the  Stoclis  on  Hand  on  tlie  Slst  of  J)oceiiilnT 
eacli  Vear.— (From  the  Circular  Statement  vf  Messrs.  Jce,  Brothers,  and  Co.,  31st  Uecev.iber,  1838.) 


1 

1 

Fackanes  and 

Imports. 

Stocks  on  Hand,  31st  if  December. 

Articles. 

Quantities. 

IS34. 

1835. 

1830. 

1837. 

1838. 

1834. 

1835. 

1836. 

1837.   '    1838. 

Aibe',  American    ■ 

barrels. 

6,580 

13,900 

17,500 

14,800 

1.5,700 

5  pot.  2,150 
Iprl.  2,100 

3,500 
1,000 

6,700 
2,400 

4,300       7,300 
2,500       2,500 

Brinit!one    - 

Ions 

9,780 

11,900 

14,800 

14,5flO 

16,900 

21500 

2,900 

7,500 

7,410     11,000 

Cocna 

brls.  and  bags 

3,0!!0 

1,550 

6,500 

5,500 

2,3«) 

l,93u 

620 

5,000 

6,200       1,300 

Coirec,  West  India  • 

casks 

KOIO 

7,i00 

7,600 

6,i00 

8,100 

) 

ditto   ■ 

brls.  and  bses 

.■i.lTO 

5,900 

5,000 

6,000 

6,800 

}■  tons    800 

1,990 

1,300 

950      1,630 

Kaat  India,  &c. 

du. 

9,9J0 

8,800 

6,900 

15,700 

s,420 

) 

Cotton 

bajn,  &c. 

839.28.5  9«8,279 

1,022,871 

1,034,000 

l,330,.Ull 

143,300 

1M,700 

204,590  170,820  248,340 

Uyertoo.l,  fustic      - 

tons 

11,770 

8,500 

3,700 

3,100 

3,150 

4.200 

4,41.0 

3.200       1,7'X)          250 

lo.{wood         • 

do. 

10,4'JO 

8,900 

6,900 

9,000 

8,860 

3,800 

3,i0(1 

2,300       1,500          330 

Nicaragua  wood 

do. 

3,460 

4,5.W 

3,700 

1,730 

900 

l,8-0 

3,  00 

4,800      4,9(0       4,(.a) 

Camwodd 

do. 

5i.'G 

4;iO 

3-:0 

550 

2:50 

2i10 

100 

100,         200            30 

b.irwo(Hl 

do. 

l.-iUO 

2,200 

1,000 

1,200 

640 

1,100 

750 

930       1,700       1,0(10 

Flour,  American     - 

birrels 

21,020 

3,800 

2,>-00 

410 

16,20il 

<63,50O 

100,000 

69,1 00     52,(l(  0     20,0011 

Ginger,  West  India 

brls.  and  bags 

2,u:o 

2,330 

2,000 

2,450 

2,000 

bags    2,3D0 

4,600 

S      600       1,300       2,700 
}  7,000  toi,s300  tons  450 

Eist  India,  Ac. 

iwckets 

10,020 

l.-.,100 

28,000 

22,101 

28,000 

Hides,    foreign,    cow 

1 

and  <ix 

number 

469,400 

323,5fj0 

264,600 

293,0;  0 

330,000 

211,700 

91,000 

71.000    20,000    44,420 

Kosl  India      • 

do. 

203,200 

3tti,000 

364,(00 

273,000 

171,000 

27,000 

100,000 

60,0iO     24,1X0     21,400 

liorse 

do. 

36.100 

72,000 

28,200 

39,000 

62,00 

9,100 

30.000 

11,(00       6,0(0       3,800 

InJigo         -      .     - 
,            East  India 

bxs.  &  serons 

l,4li0 

920 

990 

2,700 

l,Hl0 

140 

170 

» 0          1(.0            40 

chests 

2,040 

1,380 

2,0  M 

760 

1,330 

250 

320 

400          230          3)0 

1  MolMWJ        • 

puncheons 

18,  WO 

12,800 

12,700 

11,2.50 

10,10(1 

7,450 

5,000 

1,800          300       2,500 

;  ■  live  ')il 

c-uks 

7,400 

2.300 

7,8(0 

6,500 

8,000 

tuns      1,500 

.30(1 

1,100       1,3(10       1,0,50 

■  •  ,1m  "d      ■ 

tons 

10,8tj0 

9,000 

10,800 

8,30(1 

9.(100 

ton       5,000 

2,200 

1,200       1,800      2,t(j0 

.  ;|iper 
i  niii'ntn 

bags  h  prkls. 
brls.  and  bag^ 

iy,V)() 

14,300 

29,7  on 

23,400 

13,000 

6,00(1 

9,1(0 

25,3)0     27,300     211,100 

1,910 

3,!- 00 

4,200 

3,350 

1,.6J 

6,630 

4,200 

6,200      8,0(  0       6.000 

quercitron  bark      • 
Kicf,  American 

hogtheails 

930 

1,600 
4,30 

1,710 

1,590 

1,600 

630 

MW 

70O          450         '230 

casks 

900 

440 

160 

26 

none 

none 

none      none   ,    none 

md.ly 

bushels 

83,040 

99,200 

113,700 

203,400 

109,006 

uiicert. 

uiicer". 

uiutrt.    vincen. 

uncert. 

Brizil,  African 

bags 

fnfl 

1,100 

nine 

none 

none 

none 

n-^iie 

none 

none 

n  nc 

East  India      - 

do. 

61,310 

6,300 

24,100 

102,,'^ 

66,0C0 

17,300 

36,100 

5,00 

30,000 

12,0(0 

Rum 

|:un.  k  hhds. 

10,8^0 

12,160 

12,150 

11, 030 

9,100 

ll.Oi.'O 

9,  .50 

8.MX1 

6,2(Xll      5,460 

S.-ilH)elre      ■ 

bags,  &c. 

64,ti«0 

64, 1)00 

63,81  0 

72.300 

66,700 

22,l,5(. 

20,-00 

35,00( 

37.(.ti0!    28,000 

Siwl,  Hai     ■ 

quarters 

18.210 

25,900 

34,500 

3n,.3(»0 

23,tXXJ 

5.000 

"■,000 

2,2i«. 

I.OilOi      1,,)00 

Sliuiriic 

bags 

4U,liOO 

53.0>'O 

54,(00 

33,400 

68,  51) 

8,4^0 

10,(K,0 

6,5(KI 

5,300     12,000 

Sufir,  British  plant. 

hhds.  and  tea, 

31,380 

35,0)0 

56,r)00 

47,80(1 

47,OilO 

9,53lj 

I2,tfl0 

I7,OCO 

7,800i    14,000 

Ihvaiinah     • 

boxes 

— 

680 

none 

840 

620 

1 ,  VX 

ni'Ue 

•     • 

550     none 

Bnzil 

cases 

2,180 

3,900 

5,500 

2,300 

3.'-20 

550 

3)0 

1.9(0 

l,('(-0'      1,300 

M.luril.  k  G.  I. 

bags  and  bxs. 

13.1,6-)0 

113.100 

102,3fO 

143,000 

I55,7(XI 

21,800'    22.0.K) 

41,(00 

47.000    32.500 

Manilla,  &c. 

bags  and  brls. 

12,970 

16,000 

M.lftl 

42.000 

26,200 

13,500       3,060.    12,rOO 

19,,503,    13,500 

Tar,  Aniencan 

barrels 

19,180 

16,200 

I9,0l'0 

U.IWI 

12,(00 

500 

non..    1      l.iCiO 

301       2,500 

Stockholm,  &c. 

do. 

41,700 

41200 

17, -on 

19,80(1 

44.570 

10,(,(». 

13,ro0      6,10 

4,(00     lt,,)(K) 

Tallow       -          - 1 

casks 

21,i30 

2.j,6lO 

21,90(1 

18,((;0 

24,1.00 

5,500 

8,51.0,     3,  lOO 

2,0(,0,      3,000 

serous 

;-;20 

I.Ol.O 

ICO 

1,300 

400 

Tobicco      - 

hogsheads 

^Kfl 

9.200 

9,:  93 

6.100 

8,100 

8,30'' 

8,800 '    I0.2t3 

IJ,050l      5,280 

Turi;en'ine 

barrels 

87,970 

58,200 

lOt.OOi 

101,300 

122.000 

13,000 

4,500     25,000 

2l.)<10:    50,(l(j0 

Arrival.1  at  Liverpool.— \ccoi\r\t  of  the  Nuinlier  of  Vessela,  and  their  Tonnufp,  lh,Tt  have  entered  the 
Port  of  Liverpool  from  Fureian  Ports,  di.stini!iiishin(!  British  from  Foreign,  since  IviO. 


Yean. 

British, 

Foreign. 

Years. 

B 

Shim. 

I'ish. 

Forei,-jn. 

.SViipi. 

r.'iij. 

Sliipt, 

Trail. 

Ti-m. 

.S/iif)>. 

T.n  .>. 

]m 

1,116 

22S.Vi33 

b33 

lCti,821 

1827 

1,122 

300,31)9 

810 

231,863 

1*121 

1.18S 

242,322 

.5^2 

14!),  1.51 

1^28 

l,(i.'i2 

311,011 

(iC'O 

179..')14 

1822 

i,2(i;t 

2()I,I37 

(ill!) 

17l,tm7 

182il 

1,487 

,320,311 

811 

210,713 

1S23 

1,I5<) 

2(Mi.7IO 

7!)S 

I'.til.Mifi 

18.10 

1,(1.'),-) 

;!(>^.2liS 

1.0.-1,5 

272.403 

ISIl 

1  ,.'>.54 

327,l(»8 

7()i 

17  ^.WS 

1H31 

I,s(i2 

4i;),(l2S 

9;  8 

20,5,037 

1S25 

1,531 

3I.'>,11.5 

H(i3 

222,187 

1832 

1,719 

397,9.33 

628 

2i7,087 

1826 

1,387 

29!l,037 

080 

181,907 

The  I'lilliiid  off  in  1832  is  nscrilcilile  ptirlly  to  the  cholera  then  prevailing  ;  tint  nmro  to  tlie  niiiturc 
with  llie  Diitcli  towards  tlie  end  of  the  year. 

Iri.sh  Trade. — The  trade  between  Tjiverpool  and  Ireland  has  always  been  of  considera- 
ble value  and  importance ;  but  since  the  establi.shment  of  recjular  steam-packets  to  Dublin, 
Belfast,  &c.,  it  has  increased  prodi^iollsIy,  The  imports  from  Ireland  into  Liverpool  may, 
at  present,  be  estimated  at  about  4,. '500,000/.  a  year.  'J'ht^y  eoiisi-t  principally  of  articles  of 
provision,  which  meet  n  ready  and  advaiilagetms  market  ill  Manchester,  and  the  surround- 
ing manufacturing  towns.  The  benefits  resultiiiE;  to  Ireland  from  this  intercourse  are  quite 
et^ual  to  those  it  confers  on  England ;  and  the  iiitluence  of  the  wealth  arising  from  it  is  suf- 


608 


DOCKS  (BRISTOL). 


B,;;.lj..-«, 

•MtV.IM 


r 

•t,«>'Hi 

■r  ■I 

ll     a  i 


•'      '    » 


ficiently  apparent  in  the  improved  a.spect  of  all  tho  oaatern  pnrt.s  of  tlie  country.    We  sub- 
join an  account,  which,  though  not  oiriuial,  may  be  depended  upon  as  being  suinciently  ac- 
curate fur  all  practical  purposes,  of 
The  Quantity  and  Value  of  the  varioua  Articles  of  Irish  raw  Produce  imported  into  Liverpool  in  1831. 


Arlicin, 

Quantities. 

Av.  Price. 

Amount. 

Art  idea. 

Quautiliei. 

Av.Frice. 

Amount. 

£    s. 

£         s. 

£     ». 

£         s. 

Cows     - 

90,715 

10    0 

907, 1. W    0 

Butter  - 

2.58,087  firks. 

2  10 

fil,%217  10 

Hiirses  - 

296 

20    0 

5,920    0 

Do. 

19,217  i  firks. 

1     5 

21,0-21     5 

Sliei^p    - 

134,702 

1    5 

235,833  10 

Fugs     - 

2,ri96  crates 

20    0 

,50,120    0 

Mules    - 

213 

15    0 

.3,615    0 

Wiieat  - 

277,060  qrs. 

3    0 

831,183     0 

I'iirs      - 

156,001 

3  15 

685,003  15 

Oats      - 

3SO,()70   — 

1  12 

632,9J0  12 

Calves  - 

l.l'JO 

2  10 

2,990    0 

Barley  - 

2I,.328   — 

1   15 

37,324    0 

Lambs  - 

23,725 

1    0 

25,725    0 

Rye 

013   — 

1   10 

919  10 

Uiicon   - 

13,099  Imlcs 

5    0 

65,491    0 

Uuiins   - 

8,4.52   — 

2    0 

16,901     0 

Pork     - 

14,5.^nirls. 

3    0 

43,662    0 

Peas      - 

1,724   — 

2    4 

3,418    0 

Do. 

936  i-  brls. 

1  15 

1,638    0 

Malt      - 

6,850   — 

2  10 

17.125    0 

Jtainsand 

Mnal     - 

149,816  loads 

1     5 

187,270    6 

tongues 

500  hhds. 

20    0 

11,800    0 

Flour    - 

23,154  sacks 

2    5 

209,596  10 

Beef      - 

6,301  tcs. 

4    5 

27,171  15 

Do. 

L189brl3. 

3    0 

3,567    4 

Thus  making  the  gross  value "^ 
of  Irish  produce  imported  in-  > 
to  Liverpool  in  1831        -        J 

Lurd      - 

405  tcs. 

8    0 

3,720    0 

4,497,708    0 

Do. 

4,542  tirks. 

1  10 

6,813    0 

Uutter   - 

5,7.04  cools 

2    0 

11,508    0 

Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Salted  Beef,  Pork,  and  Butter,  imported  Into  Liverpool  from  Ireland 
during  the  Twelve  Years  ending  with  1832. 


Year. 

Beef. 

Porlj. 

Butter. 

Ticrat. 

Barrel). 

BnrrtU. 

Halj  Barrel). 

Firkint. 

Half  Firhi,!,. 

1821 

6,283 

2,444 

23,263 

3,096 

232,0-18 

13,.583 

1822 

5,387 

2,713 

13,222 

1,423 

166,365 

14,629 

1823 

9,936 

2,137 

17,408 

l,4i»8 

270,!)2l 

19,265         1 

1821 

7,114 

1,743 

16,389 

1,6;)0 

296,564 

15,6^4        1 

18-25 

7,371 

1,696 

14,434 

1,606 

327,143 

13.711 

1826 

5,358 

773 

11,351 

844 

2;i6,647 

12,2,'i7 

1827 

6,201 

997 

1.5,510 

2,427 

302,915 

20,219 

1828 

6.8.52 

1,538 

9,978 

1,169 

336,603 

21.1112        1 

1829 

5,170 

1,.536 

14,453 

1,491 

286.710 

1.5.PIH         1 

)8,30 

7,105 

82S 

19,3>0 

2,158 

250,385 

17.1170         1 

1831 

6,,391 

1,189 

14,554 

936 

258,087 

19.-2I7         j 

1832 

6,887 

1,173 

11,919 

1,297 

292,292 

l5,Nf6         1 

III.  Bristol  Docks,  Shippino,  etc. 

The  Bristol  Docks  were  formed  in  pursuance  of  the  act  43  Geo.  3.  c.  142.,  by  changing 
the  court-c  of  the  rivers  Avon  and  Frome,  and  placing  gates  or  locks  at  each  extretiiity  of 
the  old  channel.  The  accommodation  thus  obtained  is  very  extensive.  The  warehouses  at 
Bristol,  as  at  Liveipool,  are  not  in  any  way  connected  with  the  docks:  they  all  belong  to 
private  individuals. 

Bristol,  as  a  port,  used  to  be  inferior  only  to  London ;  but  now  she  ranks  far  below 
Liverpool,  and  probably  is  second  to  Hull.  However,  she  still  enjoys  a  very  extensive  trade, 
particularly  with  the  West  Indies  and  Ireland.  The  custom  duties  collectetl  in  Bristol 
amounted  in  1831,  to  1,161,976/.  In  1832,  there  belonged  to  the  port  296  registered  ves- 
sels, of  the  burden  of  46,567  tons. 

The  produce  of  the  dock  duties  on  tonnage  and  goods,  since  1820,  has  been  as  fol- 
lows :— 


Years. 

1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 

Tonnage  Rates. 

Rates  on  Goods. 

Ye.irs. 

Toiina![e  R.ites.         |        U-ilcs  on  G-xxis. 

£.      s.    d. 
10,489  19    6 
10.530  11    2 
10,747  19    2 
12,395    6    4 
13.-424    4  10 

£      s.    d. 
7,237    7    6 
8,062    5    3 
7,746    7    7 
7,990    7    2 
9,409  11     0 

1826 
1827 

1828 
1829 
1830 

£           K.      d. 

14,863  10    0 
13,934    1    8 
15,292    0    2 
15,833     4    S 
15,998  12    8 

£      .<.    ,1. 
9.138  14    3 
7,773  12    0 
8,3'.«i  Hi    2 
8,871  13    0 
8.087    1    fl 

The  charges  on  ships  entering  Bristol  are  very  heavy.     They  are  as  follow  : — 

For  every  vessel  on  entering  Into  the  port  of  Bristol,  except  Imrges  or  other  vessels  passing  nr  en'in^ 
to  or  from  the  Batli  River  Navigation,  or  Keiinet  ami  Avon  ('anal,  or  re-shipping  or  diseliargitig  their 
cargoes  to  be  again  laden,  iind  pass  or  go  up  the  said  navigation  or  canal,  hut  not  disiliarfiii^'  any 
part  of  thi  ir  cargoes  at  the  riuays  of  Bristol  for  sale,  the  several  rates  or  duties,  according  to  the 
register  tonnage  of  such  vessels  following,  viz. — 

Per  Ton. 

£  s.  I 

First  Class.— For  every  vessel  trading  from  Africa,  Honduras,  Surinam,  and  other  ports  in 

.South  America,  the  "rnited  Sttites  of  America,  the  Kast  and  West  Indies,  all  the  ports 

within  the  Straits  of  (Gibraltar,  and  the  Southern  Whale  Fishery      -  .  -  - 

Seninil  CVd.-.".— For  every  vessel  trading  from  the  British  Colonies,  Portugal,  Prussia,  Russia, 

Spain  without  the  Straits,  and  l^weden  ...... 


3  0 
3  0 


DOCKS  (HULL). 


609 


the  country.    We  sub- 
1  as  being  suiriciently  ac- 

ortod  into  Liverpool  in  1931. 




Av.Price. 

Amount. 



— 

£     c 

£         s. 

kK. 

2  10 

61.1,217  10 

irks 

1     5 

2t,021     5 

ites 

20    0 

50,120    0 

s            3    0 

831,183    0 

1  12 

632,9i0  12 

1  15 

37,324    0 

1   10 

919  10 

2    0 

16,«.)01    0 

2    4 

3,448    0 

2  10 

17.125    0 

nd9 

1     5 

187,270    6 

icks   1    2    5 

209,596  10 

•ross  valued 
iipurted  in-  V 

4,497,708    0 

31 

into 
i. 

fir 

J 

Liverpo 

ol  from  Irelan 

i 

Bull 

er. 

him.          \ 

Half  Firkint. 

232,0-18 

13,585 

106.365 

14,629 

270,.52l 

19,265         1 

296,564 

15,0-*4         i 

327,143 

13.711         i 

2:16,647 

12,2,07        1 

302,915 

20,219 

336,603 

21.102         1 

286.710 

1.5.!-(H         ■■. 

250,385 

17.li70         1 

2.')8,087 

19,217         1 

292,292 

15.XC6         1 

'C. 

Geo.  3.  c.  142.,  by  changing 
Dr  locks  at  each  extri'inily  of 
ctensive.  The  warehouses  at 
10  docks :  they  all  belong  to 

t  now  she  ranks  far  below 
njoys  a  very  extensive  trade, 
1  duties  collected  in  Bristol 
the  j)ort  296  registered  ves- 


II 


incc  1820,  has  been  as  fol- 


iiiase  Rites. 


KilfsniiGirels. 


863  10 
934  1 
292  0 
833  4 
998  12 


(/ 

£    .V.  <;. 

0 

9.138  14    3 

8 

7,773  12    0 

2 

8,306  16    2 

6 

8,871  13    0 

8 

8.087     1    0 

jr  are  as  follow  : — 

ir  otiior  vessels  piissinp;  or  ening 

rL'-shippinS  "r  discliiircini:  H'l'if 

riiniil,  Out  ii"t  disiliiirmn«  any 
ates  or  duties,  iiccording  I"  i"'-' 

Per  Ton. 
£  S.   I 
inm,  and  other  porta  in 
^t  Indies,  all  the  ports    ^   ^  ^ 

|rtugal,  Prussia,  Uussin,   ^  ^  ^ 


Tit  Ton 

d. 

Q 

a 


0    0    G 


Third  Class.— Tot  every  vessel  trading  from  Flanders,  France  without  the  Straits,  Germany,  £   », 
Guernsey,  Holland,  Jersey,  Norway,  Poland,  and  /eiiland     -  -  -  -  - 

Fourth  C/a.fs. — For  every  vessel  trading  from  Ireland,  the  Isle  of  M:in,  and  Srollaiid 

Fifth  ClasK. — For  every  vessel  employed  as  a  roaster,  except  as  nfiiresaid,  not  including 
vessels  from  Carilitf,  Newport,  and  other  ports  to  the  eastward  of  the  Holmes,  at  each 
enterina  into  the  said  port  -..-._... 

For  vessels  from  CarditI',  Newport,  and  other  ports  to  the  eastwiinl  of  the  Holmes  (except 
HS  aforesaid),  lieing  market  linats  or  vessels,  having  oniMhiiil  part  at  least  of  the  lading 
consisting  of  coal,  scrulf,  tin,  iron,  tin  plates,  grain,  copper,  hricka,  stones,  cual,  tar,  slate, 
hark,  timber,  or  wood,  and  not  exceeding  75  tons  burden,  each  voyage         -  -  . 

_ if  exceeding  75  tons  biird(in,  each  voyage  ---... 

I'lir  all  other  vessels  fiom  (;!ir{|ilf,  Ni'wport,  and  other  ports  to  the  eastward  of  the  Holmes 
(except  as  aforesaid),  if  tinder  40  tons  burden,  each  voyage  -  -  -  .  . 
if  of  10  tons  and  under  75  tons  btinlen,  each  voyage        -           -            .           .  . 

. if  75  Ions  and  under  100  tons  burden,  each  voyage  -  -  -  .  . 

if  100  Ions  burtlun  or  upwards,  each  voyage  ..--._ 

The  following  is  an  estimate  of  the  various  expenses  incurred  by  a  West  India  ship  of 
500  tons,  entering  and  discharging  at  Bristol : — 

[nmirds. — Anchorage,  moorage,  and  lights,  about  Crf.  per  ton. — Dock  dues,  3».  per  do. — Pilotage, 
\jl.  to  2.i/. — Warner,  1/  'l,s. — Mayor  and  (luay  wardens'  fees.  2/.  5s. — Cranage  about  30/. — Labour  dis- 
rbaruiri!,',  31»  to  111/. — ("oopera'  charges,  from  .',0/.  to  100/.  The  uV'.'  lust  items  depend  greatly  on  Ihu 
comlilion  tliu  cargo  is  in. 

OHfu-arc/K.— Lights,  about  W.  per  ton.— Pilotage,  15/.  to  20/. 

.\ccount  of  the  Number  of  Ships  and  their  Tonnagi^  distinguishing  between  British  and  Foreign, 
which  have  entered  inwards  at  Uristol  since  1820. 


0 

5 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

12 

0 

0 

10 

0 

1 

1 

0 

Yrirs. 

B 

rilisli. 

Foreiijn. 

Yi-iu. 

Briiisli. 

To 

rci^u. 

.S'm>>. 

Tint. 

.S7n>j. 

r,«ii. 

AVii()<. 

T.m.l. 

S/.i>s. 

Tm<. 

1820 

,^ll 

53,919 

40 

5,6.52 

1S27 

412 

75,916 

72 

8,308 

1821 

266 

46,811 

52 

7,3.50 

1828 

357 

60,5.58 

61 

850S 

1822 

291 

53,808 

50 

8,165 

1829 

371 

7,3,129 

63 

8„561 

1823 

305 

.57,186 

39 

7,121 

1830 

357 

66. 179 

50 

7,818 

IS'4 

338 

65,878 

61 

10,177 

1831 

404 

76,807 

97 

12,387 

1.S25 

359 

73,709 

68 

11,323 

1832 

210 

46,b71 

29 

4,352 

1826 

334 

65,087 

60 

6,931 

IV.   HuLi  Docks,  Shipping,  >:tc. 

There  are  three  considerable  docks  in  Hull ;  occupying,  inclusive  of  their  basins,  an  area 
of  26  acres.  They  arc  capable  of  affording  accommodation  for  about  a  12  ships  of  the 
average  size  of  those  that  fretjuent  the  port.  Hull  is  the  next  port  in  the  empire,  after  Bris- 
tol, or  perhaps  Liveroool ;  for,  although  the  customs  duty  collected  in  Hull  be  inferior  to 
tliat  of  Bristol,  it  hav;ng  amounted,  in  1831,  to  only  689,116/.,  she  has  a  larger  amount  of 
shipping.  In  1832,  there  belonged  to  this  port  557  registered  vessels,  of  the  aggregate 
burden  of  08,892  tons. 

The  protluce  of  the  Hull  dock  duties,  since  1824,  has  been  as  follows : — 


Years. 

182 1 
1825 
1820 

Amount. 

Years. 

1827 
1828 
1289 

Amount.                         Years. 

Amount. 

£       s.  d. 
18,776    6    3 
25,801  16    0 
19,089  16    0 

£       s.   d. 
22,381    9    9               1830 
18,510  IS    5                1831 
19,009     5     4                 1832 

£      s.   d. 
18,.544  19    4 
22,380  18    5 
10,797    9    2 

The  decline  in  'he  last  year  was  owing  to  the  temporary  falling  off  in  the  trade  of  the 
port,  occasioned  by  the  cholera,  and  the  interruption  of  the  intercourse  with  Holland. 

The  regulations  to  be  observed  by  ships  using  the  Hull  Docks  are  similar  to  those  in  the 
Thames ;  but  the  dues  on  most  articles  are  higher. 

The  dock  and  harbour  dues  on  ships  are  as  follow : — 


Per  Ton. 
s.d. 
From  within  the  Baltic  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -13 

D.'nmirk,  Sweden,  Norway  lielow  Elsinore,  or  any  place  in  Germany,  Holland,  Flanders, 
France,  to  the  eastward  of  Usiiant,  Ireland,  Guernsey,  and  Jersey        -  -  -  -    0  10 

Westward  of  lishant,  without  the  Straits  of  (Jibraltar         -  -  -  -  -  -13 

West  Indies,  North  and  South  America,  Africa,  Greenland,  eastward  of  the  north  cape  of 
Norway,  within  the  Straits  of  (iibraltar     -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -19 

Ntiiiiber  of  Vessels,  with  the  Amount  of  their  Tonnage,  entering  inwards  from  Foreign  Parts,  at  the 
I'ort  of  Hull,  each  Year  from  1820,  separating  British  from  Foreign.— (.PuW.  Paper,  No.  056. 
Sess.  1833.) 


Vp-    . 

British. 

Foreii^n.              I 

Ve.ir<. 

llrilish. 

F 

)rfiin. 

aUilLi. 

't'un.<i. 

Shipn. 

'I'ims. 

SAi/M. 

Tons. 

Ships. 

7'UTI,<. 

1S20 

627 

1 17, 134 

117 

15,111 

1827 

9vi 

191,304 

800 

72,338 

1821 

578 

113,133 

100 

13,820 

1828 

881 

l:i(i,925 

674 

60,082 

1H22 

072 

131,999 

lO.I 

14,011 

1829 

883 

165,791 

603 

58,854 

18'23 

778 

1,5.3,313 

20.1 

20,103 

1830 

897 

103,6.-.7 

556 

51,015 

Ml 

776 

142,015 

510 

.58,603 

H3I 

971 

187,301 

725 

73,547 

1825 

1,171 

227.3t>3 

1,000 

100,773 

1832 

702 

1 10,788 

454 

43,181 

lo2B 

717 

130,674 

851 

70,137 

77 


i^r^   :  f 


.J 


(         i 


610 


DOCKS  (C.OOLE,  LEITH),  DOG. 


W 


llH, 


I 


,1 


4.    .;  i 

i 


.  *      I 


Thp  port  of  Onnln  his  Inttnrly  drnwn  nff  snme  pnrlinn  nf  ilio  tradi-  nf  Hull.  A  Inrcr"  prnporlinn  of 
•.lie  liirciirn  vchscIs  frc(|m'nting  the  port  arc  of  himiiII  biirilcn,  and  are  fiigaged  in  tliu  iiiiportalion  of 
buiiKH,  rags,  rapeact'd,  &c. 

V.  GooLE  Ddckh,  Siiippino,  etc. 

The  port  of  Goolc,  situated  on  the  Ousc,  a  little  nhove  its  junction  with  the  Hiimher 
about  22  miles  more  inland  than  Hull,  promises  to  prove  a  formidable  rival  to  tin-  litter 
Ten  or  12  years  ago,  Goole  was  but  an  insignifieant  hamlet.  It  eommutiirates  by  mciin 
of  canals  with  Liverpool,  Maneiiester,  Leeds,  Wakefield,  &c.  Though  so  remote  from  th 
sea,  vessels  drawing  15  or  lli  feet  of  water  reach  (ioole  in  s,ifety.  It  has  2  wet  dncks  and  ,i 
basin.  The  first,  or  n/ilp  (/nc/t,  \s  800  feet  long  by  200  in  breadth.  The  second,  or  Ai.Tifc 
(lock;  is  900  feet  long  by  150  wide,  and  is  intended  for  the  accommodation  of  the  small  craft 
which  ply  upon  the  canals  and  rivers.  The  warehouses  at  Goole  are  extensive  and  eonve- 
venient ;  and  it  has  been  admitted  to  the  privileges  of  a  bonding  port.  There  belonged  to 
it,  in  1832,  119  registered  ships,  of  the  burden  of  8,545  tons. 

VI.  Lkith  Docks,  Shippino,  etc. 

Leith  has  2  wet  docks,  constructed  in  the  very  best  manner,  containing  more  than  10 
acres  of  water  room,  and  capable  of  accommodating  150  such  ships  as  frequent  the  port, 
There  are  also  3  dry  docks  contiguous  to  the  wet  docks. 

The  total  expense  of  these  docks  seems  to  have  amounted  to  285,108/.  sterling.  Exten- 
sive improvements  are  at  present  going  forward  at  the  harbour  of  Leith  ;  but  the  money  for 
this  purpose  has  not  been  furnished  by  individuals,  but  by  government,  and  there  is  much 
reason  to  doubt  whether  the  expenditure  will  be  profitable. 

The  customs  duty  collected  at  Leith  in  1831  amounted  to  431,821/.;  the  number  of 
registered  vessels  belonging  to  the  port  is  246,  and  their  burden  25,629  tons. 

Dock  Rates  at  Leith  are  as  follow : — 

Ter  1™. 
s.d. 
For  every  ship  or  vessel,  from  any  port  bptween  Bnchnnness  and  nyomoiith,  including  the 
great  catial  and  tli(!  rivnr  ("lydi-,  as  far  dmvn  as  Orccnocli,  coming  by  I  lie  canal.  -  -    0   4 

from  any  ntlier  port  in'Oreat  Britain  and  Ireland    -  -  -  -  -  -US 

friini  Nd'rway,  f'wcdi'n,  Denmark.  Ilolstein,  Handiiirgh,  Brnmen,  Holland,  and  Flanders, 

that  is,  wilhonl  the  Baltic,  and  no  farther  sonlli  than  Dunkirk  -  -  -  -  -    0  lOi 

from  IhK  llriltic,  all  ahove  the  Sound,  On<'ga,  An  hangel,  .lerscy  nr  Guernsey,  Portugal, 

Franco,  and  Spain,  without  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  Newfoundland,  Madeira,  or  Wetiturn 
Islands  -  -_.  -  .  ..  ..  ..ii;. 

from  within  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  or  from  America        -  -  -  -  -    1   4 

from  the  West  Indies,  Asia,  Africa,  or  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands  -  -  -    I    8 

from  Greenland  or  Davis's  Straits     -  -  -  --  -  -  -!!0 

But  if  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  make  a  second  voyage,  she  shall  be  credited  in  the 
charire  for  such  voyage 


For  all  ships  and  vessels  (e.xeeplinff  those  from  Greenland  or  Davis's  Straits)  remaining  in  the 
dock  above  .S  calendar  months,  for  each  after-month,  or  any  part  thereof        -  -  -    0   2J 

For  all  foreign  vessels  from  any  of  the  before-mentioned  ports  or  places,  the  aforesaid  re- 
spective rales,  and  one  half  more. 

For  all  loaded  veHsels  not  breaking  hulk,  and  for  all  vessels  in  ballast  which  do  not  take  in 
goods,  coming  into  the  present  harbour,  provided  they  do  not  nake  use  of  any  of  the  docks, 
nor  remain  in  the  harbour  above  4  weeks,  one  half  of  the  aforesaid  rates  nr  duties. 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  going  from  the  port  of  I.eitli  to  any  other  port  in  the  Fiilh  of  Forth, 
to  take  in  a  part  of  a  cargo,  and  return  to  Leith,  upon  lier  return         -  -  -  -    0  2 

No  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  subjected  in  payment  of  the  aforesaid  ruim  and  duties  for  more  tlian6 
voyages  in  any  1  year. 


Flag,  or  Light  Dues.- 


-Every  vessel,  of  whatever  burden,  from  foreign  ports 

of  40  tons'burden  and  upwards,  to  pay  for  each  coasting  voyage 


\l 


Beacon  and  anchorage,  per  ton 
This  duty  is  only  charged  upon  four-fiflhs  of  the  register  tonnage. 

DOG  (Fr.  Chiin  ;  Gcr.  Hund  ,•  It.  Cane,-  Lat,  Canisfamiliaris).  Of  this  quadruped, 
emphatically  styled  "the  friend  and  companion  of  man,"  there  is  a  vast  variety  of  species. 
But  to  attempt  to  give  any  description  of  an  animal  so  well  known,  would  be  quite  out 
of  place  in  a  work  of  this  kind  ;  and  we  mention  it  for  the  purpose  principally  of  laying  the 
following  account  before  our  readers,  with  a  remark  or  two  with  respect  to  Asiatic  dogs. 

An  Account  of  Ihe  Number  of  Dogs  entered,  and  for  which  Duty  was  paid  in  Great  Britain,  in  the 
Vciir  1H30;  distinguishing  the  Number  of  Pncks  of  Hounds,  and  the  Number  of  each  ))eicri|itiuii 
of  Dog,  the  Rate  of  Duty  on  each,  and  the  aggregate  Amount  paid. 


nescription  of  Dies. 

Rilci  of  Duty. 
£  .«.    rf. 

Total  NuiiiljtT. 

•Imnilllt  rf  llllH. 

£       .«.  i- 

Grevhounds     .-.--- 

1    0    0 

18,192 

18,192    0   0 

Pointers,  hounds,  setting  dogs,  spaniels,  terriers. 

lurchers,  or  any  other  dogs,  where  persons  keep 

two  or  more  dogs     .            .            -           -           - 

0  14    0 

113.307 

T0,.114  18   0 

Other  dogs  ;  pijrsons  keepings  one  only 

Total,  e.xclusive  of  packs  of  hounds 

0    8    0 

219.013 
350.512' 

ST.tiOS    4   0  ; 

183,112    2    0 

Packs  of  hounds        .          .          .          -          - 

36    0    0 

68 

2,418    0    0 

"  Many  doss  are  exempted,  either  as  belonging  to  poor  persons,  or  ns  sheep  dogs  on  small  farms. 
"  Froth  the  number  of  persons  compounding  for  their  tti.xes.  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain  the  number 
of  dogs  kept ;  the  account  is,  therefore,  made  out  of  the  number  assessed." 


)G. 


DOWN— DRAWRACK. 


611 


IMII.     A  larcc  prnpnrtinn  of 
igugcd  ill  the  iiiipurluiiim  of 


nction  with  the  Humbrr 
inicliible  rival  to  tin-  liiUer 
t  communicates  by  mvm 
hough  80  remote  t'loiu  tli 

It  lias  2  wet  ducks  mul  i 

dth.    The  second,  or  bar^e 

imodation  of  the  small  craft 

)le  arc  extensive  and  convc- 

port.    There  belonged  to 


r,  containing  more  than  10 
ships  as  frequent  the  port. 

285,108/.  sterling.  Exten- 
;if  Leith  ;  but  the  money  for 
tfcrnment,  and  there  is  much 

431,821/.;  the  number  of 
25,629  tons. 

Per  ToQ. 

s.rf, 
Kvcmoiith.  incUiding  the 
y'lhc  canal.         -  -        ' 

n,Hollaml,niiilFlniiilers,    ^  ^^ 

.y  or  Giipriisey,  Portii):!il. 

nd,  Madeira,  or  Wusleni    ^    ^^ 

I  I    1    4' 

'»\     :     :     :  \  I 

'  Bliall  bo  credited  in  the 

-    0   4 
I  Straits)  remaining  in  tlie 

lereof        -     ^      -  .^      -    "   ^« 
places,  the  aforesaid  re- 

ist  which  do  not  take  in 
>  use  of  any  of  the  docks, 
d  rates  or  duties. 
,ort  in  the  Fiilh  of  Forth,    ^  ^^ 

)t.:s  and  duties  formore  tlianS 

s.d. 

»v\an  porta  -  'If, 

y  for  each  coasting  voyage    i  ^^ 

miliaris).    Of  this  qtiadrupei 

re  is  a  vast  variety  of  Kpcciei-. 

'11  known,  would  be  quite  out 

rpose  principally  of  laymg  the 

ith  respect  to  Asiatic  dogs. 

•IS  n:iid  in  Great  HriKiin,  in  the 
X.Nun.i"rofeuchl)c..crM.-."" 


Tobl  Nunilier.    1  Aw>ui;ijJ3ii 
£       ••>■•   it 


18,192 


18,192    0   Oj 


111 -107  70,314  18   0 

350,512    "    '183,212  .aj  I 

'68 "iM*^    "J-l 

rnslhMP  dogs  on  'n'»\'J'\™'-^, 
...possible  to  usccrlani  the  numuer 

sessed." 


Cuvtpr,  the  great  French  naturali.st,  says,  "The  dog  is  the  most  complete,  the  most  rc- 
marknlile,  and  the  most  useful  conquest  ever  made  by  man  :  every  species  has  become  our 
property  ;  each  individual  is  altogelhrr  devoted  to  his  master,  assumes  his  maimers,  knows 
and  defends  his  goods,  and  remains  aliachcd  to  him  until  deatii ;  and  all  tliis  proceeds  nei- 
ther from  want  nor  constraint,  but  solely  from  true  gratitude  imd  real  friendsliip.  'I'iie  swift- 
ness, the  strennlh,  and  the  scent  of  the  dog  have  created  for  man  a  powerful  ally  against 
other  animals,  and  were,  perhaps,  necessary  to  the  establishment  of  society.  He  is  the 
only  animal  whieli  has  followed  man  through  every  region  of  the  earth." 

It  is  singular,  however,  that  iieitlier  Cuvier,  nor  any  one  of  those  by  whom  his  statements 
have  been  cojtied,  should  have  mentioned  that  this  account  is  applicable  only  to  l-]iiro|)e. 
All  .Mahotnmedan  nations  regard  the  dog  as  impure,  and  will  not  touch  it  wilbont  an  idilit- 
tion.  The  same,  is  also  the  case  with  the  Hindoos.  From  the  Hellespont  to  the  conlines 
of  (yOchiii-China,  dogs  are  unappropriated,  and  have  no  master.  They  prowl  about  the  towns 
and  villages;  and  though  they  are  naturally  more  familiar,  they  are  in  no  respect  more  do- 
nie.slieati'd,  than  ihe  carrion  crows,  kites,  vultures,  (fee.  which  assist  them  in  jierforming  the 
functions  of  scavengers.  In  <''  ina  and  Coehin-Cliina,  the  dog  is  eaten  as  food ;  its  flesh 
being,  with  the  exception  ol       .1  of  the  hog,  the  most  connnon  in  their  markets. 

The  unnecessary  multijiluation  of  dogs,  particularly  in  large  cities,  is  ,1  very  great  nui- 
.sancc;  coming,  as  they  oft  in  do,  into  the  iiosses-ion  of  those  who  arc  without  the  means  of 
proviJin:;  f>r  them,  they  are  frecpiently  left  to  wander  about  in  the  streets;  and  from  ill 
usage,  want  of  food  and  of  ])roper  attention,  are  apt,  durina  hot  weatlier,  to  become  rabid.  In 
ieveral  dislricts  of  the  metropulis  the  nuisance  his  attained  to  a  formidable  height;  and  it  is 
singular,  considering  the  numerous  fatal  occurrences  tiiat  have  taken  place,  that  no  rtf)rt 
■^iiould  have  been  made  to  have  it  aiiated.  It  has  grown  to  its  present  excess,  partly  from 
too  many  exemptions  being  granted  from  the  duly,  and  partly  from  a  want  of  care  in  its 
collection;  Init  besides  lessening  the  numiier  of  the  firmer,  and  more  rigidly  cnfircing  the 
latter,  it  would  be  proper  to  enact  that  ail  dogs  found  wandering  in  the  streets  without  mas- 
ters siiould  be  destroyed. 

DOWN  (Gpr.D'mni,Fla'inififfe>n;  B».  Dt»i»  ,-  Fr.  Dnvrt ;  It.  Pennn  nin/fri,  Piu- 
mill'  I  8[i.  Fhijel,  Plnni'izo  ,•  Kus.  Puck  ,-  Lat.  I'luinw),  the  fine  feathers  from  the  brp.ists 
of  several  birds,  particularly  those  of  the  duck  kind.  That  of  the  eiiler  duck  is  Ihe  most 
valuaiile.  These  birds  phi<'k  it  from  their  breasts  iiiid  line  their  nests  with  it.  Mr.  Pennant 
says  tliat  it  is  so  very  clastic,  that  a  (juantity  of  it  weit>hing  only  ^  of  an  ounce,  fills  a  larger 
space  than  t!ie  crown  of  the  greatest  hat.  That  found  in  the  nest  is  most  valued,  and  ternieJ 
lire  diiu} ;  it  is  much  more  clastic  than  that  plucked  from  the  deac'  bird,  which  is  coni- 
imraiively  little  esteemed.  The  eider  duck  is  f  lund  on  the  western  islands  of  Scotland,  but 
till'  dnvn  is  principally  imported  from  Norway  and  Iceland. 
DIJACOX.-;'  BLOOD.     See  Balsam. 

Dii.WVBACK,  a  term  used  in  commerce  to  signify  the  remitting  or  paying  back  of  the 
lUities  previously  p.iid  on  a  commodity  on  its  being  expirted. 

A  drawback  is  a  device  resorted  to  for  enabling  a  commodity  airoctcd  by  laves  to  bn  ex- 
ported an  i  sold  in  the  toreij;!)  market  on  the  sirne  feniis  as  if  it  had  not  been  taxed  at  all. 
Itil'll'irs  in  this  from  a  bounty, — that  the  latter  enables  a  conimodily  to  he  sold  abroad  for 
/  Hi  th.ei  its  natural  cost,  whereas  a  drawback  enables  it  to  be  sold  exactly  at  its  natural  cost. 
Drawliaeks,  a-i  Dr.  Smith  his  observed,  "do  not  occasion  the  exportation  of  a  greater  (]uan- 
tily  of  goods  iiiaii  would  have  been  exported  had  no  duty  been  imposed.  'I'hey  do  not  tend 
to  turn  towards  any  particular  employment  a  greater  share  of  the  capital  of  the  country 
thiiii  would  go  to  that  employment  of  its  own  accord,  lint  only  lo  binder  the  duty  froin  driv- 
iin;away  any  part  of  that  share  to  other  empliymenis.  'i'hey  lend  not  to  overturn  that  b.dance 
wiiich  II  iturally  establishes  itself  among  ail  the  various  employments  of  the  society  ;  but  to 
liiru'er  it  from  being  overturned  by  tiie  duty.  Tlicy  tend  not  to  destroy,  but  to  preserve, 
what  it  is  in  ino.st  cases  advantageous  to  preserve — the  natural  division  and  distribution  of 
lah.mr  in  tiie  society."— (Vol.  ii.  p.  ;552.) 

Were  it  not  for  the  system  of  drawbacks,  it  would  be  impossible,  unle.ss  when  a  country 
fiijoyed  some  very  peculiar  facilities  of  production,  to  export  any  comm<uliiy  that  was  heavier 
taxtd  at  home  than  abroad.  But  the.  drawback  obviates  this  diHiculty,  ami  enables  mer- 
tlmnfs  to  export  commodities  loaded  at  home  with  heavy  duties,  and  to  sell  them  in  the 
tor'i.m  market  on  the  same  terms  as  those  fetched  from  countries  where  they  are  not 
taxed. 

Most  foreign  artieles imported  into  this  country  may  lie  wareiiou=ed  for  subsequent  exporta- 
tion. Ill  ttiis  case  they  pav  nu  duties  on  being  imported;  ami,  of  course,  get  no  drawback 
01!  their  sub.sei]uent  export. itiui. 

So!iieti:iie.s  a  drawback  excids  the  duty  or  duties  laid  on  the  article  ;  and  in  such  cases 
the  exccn  forms  u  real  bounty  of  that  amount,  and  should  lie  so  considered. 

Ii  ii  fiiiutcd  liy  the  net  .l  &  4  Will.  4.  e.  .'i2.,  that  no  <lrawliack  or  lioiitily  si. all  lie  altowed  upon  the 

L'V;'r.rtiili.iii  t'ruoi'lhe  Ihiiioil  Kiii!;iluiM  •<(  any  i'eniis.  luili'ss  sa(  lj  cncils  >l,iill  li  ,vr  I) 1  enle  id  in  llie 

iiiiiiie  01  the  iierooii  who  was  the  real  uwinf  llitreof  ul  tin;  tune  of  entry  and  sliiiipiiig,  or  of  the  per- 


'i    ' 


;'  1 


1  i^^' 


eis 


DUBBER— EARTHENWARE. 


^HSi 


€!!::> 
*^«"ii 


'«    • 


I 

■  at; 


.! 


K         I.     1 


»on  who  Imil  !irt<ially  piirrhnsod  oiiil  sliippcil  tho  sariic,  in  his  nwn  iinme  nnd  nt  his  nwii  lialiillty  nnd 
risli,  (III  (iiiniiiHsldiii  ariuriliuK  >'>  tli<'  |ir;ii'll('i'  of  iricriliiuits,  aiitl  who  uits  iiiitl  hIiiiII  Iiiivu  CdiitiiiuiMl 
Id  111'  i'iili;!i'il  ill  liis  own  ii(;lil  lu  sutli  drawijiick  (ir  Ijoiinly,  t'XCL'pl  In  the  ciises  liereln-iifirr  prdViiliMl 
fur.— (?  Mi. 

Nudrawlmck  sliall  lie  ullnwed  npon  tlifi  <;xpnrliili(in  of  any  ((oodH,  unlepH  siirli  cooils  lici  tihippcd 
williin  .'t  yi'arH  alK^r  llie  p.iyniciil  iil' the  dniii  a  illu■ar(l^'  llH'it'iin.  And  no  dclii'iiliirt;  (or  any  druw- 
liack  <ir  liiinnty  npon  tlin  cvjiiirtalion  of  any  poodn,  xh.ill  Ur  paid  after  llio  expiration  of  2  year.s  fnun 
lae  shlpniciil  of  Kiiih  cooils  ;  anil  no  drawliai'k  Khali  he  allowed  upon  any  l'ooiIk  which,  hy  reason  iif 
ilMiiiaue  or  ilicay,  nhall  have  heronie  of  leKri  valne  fur  lionie  nse  til  in  the  aiiioiint  of  hiii  h  ilrawliack  ; 
nnd  all  uoorls  so  ilaiiiaired  \v  liii  h  shall  he  ( leared  for  drawliark  cliall  he  forfeili'd  ;  and  llii^  person  wlm 
(aiisi'd  !:ni  li  L''>ocIs  to  lie  so  cleared  shall  furfiil  2UII/.,  or  trehlu  the  aiiiouiit  uf  the  druwliack,  at  the 
(iplioii  of  the  coinniissiuMi'rR  of  cusKhiis. — 1>  (HI. 

t\n  drawhiick  or  hinuily  hliall  he  allowed  upon  goods  exported  and  cleared  n«  beini?  press-packed, 
iiiilesH  the  i|iianlilies  anil  i|Malille!<  of  llie  same  he  verilled  hy  oath  of  the  iiiut-ter  packer  tliereof,  or, 
ill  case  of  his  iinavoidahle  ahseiice,  hy  oath  of  his  foreman.—  }  Ki. 

No  cooils  cleared  fur  drawhack  or  hoiiiity,  or  frniii  any  warehoiices,  shall  he  carried  tn  be  put  on 
hntird  ship  for  e.\porlation,  e.Ncept  by  a  pi^rsoii  uiitliorised  for  that  piirpogu  by  licencti  ul'  the  Cdiiiiiiia- 
Hioiiers  of  tnsloiiis.— ^  01.— (See  Imi'oiitation  .\nd  Kxi'ohtation.) 

[All  pr"0(ls,  wares,  nnd  incrchandisp,  which  were  entitled  to  debenture  on  the  Gth  of 
Jiiiiuiiiy,  1829,  or  which  shall  have  been  imported  into  the  United  States  subseijucntly  to 
that  date,  may  be  exported  with  the  benefit  of  drawback,  and  without  any  deduction  from 
tlie  duty  on  the  same,  at  any  time  within  three  years  from  the  date  when  the  same  shall 
have  been  imported. 

For  the  regulations  concerning  drawback,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  article  Impoiita- 
Tiox  AMI  Exportation. — Am.  Ed.] 

DUBBER,  a  leathern  vessel,  bottle,  or  jar,  used  in  India  to  hold  oil,  ghee,  &c.  Barrels, 
as  already  observed — (sec  BahuivLs), — are  entirely  a  European  invention.  Liijuiils,  ia 
Eastern  countries,  are  for  the  most  jiart  packed  for  exportation  in  leathern  ves.sels.  Uub- 
bers  arc  made  of  thin  untanned  goat  skins ;  and  are  of  all  sizes,  from  a  quart  up  to  nearly 
a  barrel. 

DI  iNN.\GE,  in  commercial  navigation,  loose  wood,  consisting  of  pieces  of  timber, 
bouglis  of  trees,  faggots,  &c.,  laid  in  the  bottom  and  against  sides  of  the  ship's  hold,  eillier, 
1st,  by  raising  the  cargo  when  she  is  loaded  with  heavy  goods,  to  prevent  her  from  becom- 
ing too  still' — (see  Ballast);  or,  2d,  to  prevent  the  cargo,  should  it  be  susceptible  of 
damatje  by  water,  from  being  injured  in  the  event  of  her  becoming  leaky.  A  ship  is  not 
reckoned  seaworthy  unless  she  be  provided  with  proper  and  suflicient  dunnage. — {l''ulami:r\s 
Marine  Dictionary  ;  Abbott  (Lord  Tenierden)  on  the  Law  of  Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  3.) 


E. 


.';  i,. 


EARNEST,  in  commercial  law,  is  the  sum  advanced  by  the  buyer  of  goods  in  order  to 
bind  the  seller  to  the  terms  of  the  agreement.  It  is  enacted  by  the  1 7th  section  of  the  fa- 
mous Statute  of  Frauds,  29  Cha.  If.  c.  3.,  that  "  no  contract  for  the  sale  of  any  good:?,  wares, 
and  merchandises,  for  the  prices  of  10/.  sterling  or  upwards,  shall  be  allowed  to  be  good, 
except  the  liuyer  shall  accept  part  of  the  goods  so  sold,  and  actually  receive  the  same,  or 
give  something  in  cument  to  bind  the  bargain,  or  in  part  payment,  or  that  some  note  or 
memorandum  in  writing  of  the  said  bargain  be  made  and  signetl  by  the  parlies  to  be  charged 
by  such  contract,  or  their  agents  thereunto  lawfully  authorised." 

As  to  what  amounts  to  suflicient  earnest,  Blaekstonc  lays  it  down,  that  "  if  any  part  of 
the  price  i.s  paid  down,  if  it  is  but  a  penny,  or  any  portion  of  the  goods  is  delivered  iiy  way 
of  earnest,  it  is  bimling."  To  constitute  earnest,  the  thing  must  be  given  as  a  token  of 
ratification  of  the  contract,  and  it  should  be  expressly  stated  so  by  the  giver. — {C/iitty's 
Commrrc'al  Law,  vol.  iii.  p.  289.) 

E.ARTHENVVARE  {Uct.  Irdene  Waaren  ,-  Bu.  Aardegoed ,-  Ft.  Valsselk  de  tern, 
Folerie  ;  h,lSUwiglie,Terru^lia;  Sp.  Loza  dr.  barro  ,•  llui>.  Giirsche/sc'iile  pofinodli  ,•  Pol. 
Gliniaiiw  tiuczj/niti),  or  crockery,  as  it  is  sometimes  termed,  compri.ses  every  sort  of  house- 
hold utensil  made  of  clay  hardened  in  the  fire.  Its  manufacture  is,  in  England,  of  very  con- 
siderable imjiortance  ;  and  the  improvements  that  have  been  made  in  it  since  the  middle  of 
last  century  have  contrihuted  powerfully  to  its  extension,  and  have  added  greatly  to  the 
comfort  and  convenience  of  all  classes. 

"  There  is  scarcely,"  it  has  been  well  observed,  "any  manufacture  which  is  so  interesting 
to  contemplate  in  its  gradual  improvement  and  extension  as  that  of  earthenware,  presciiliiij, 
as  it  does,  so  heautiful  a  union  of  science  and  art,  in  furnishing  us  with  the  comforts  and 
ornaments  of  civilised  life.  Chemistry  administers  her  part,  by  investigating  the  several 
species  of  earths,  and  ascertaining  as  well  their  mo.st  appropriate  comhinatioiis,  as  the  respect- 
ive degrees  of  heat  which  the  several  compositions  require.  Art  has  studied  the  designs  of 
antiquity,  and  produced  from  thcin  vessels  even  more  exquisite  in  form  than  the  models  by 
which  tliey  have  hecn  suggested.  The  ware  has  been  jirovided  hi  such  gradations  of  quality 
as  to  suit  every  station  from  tlie  highest  to  the  lowest.   It  is  to  be  seen  in  every  country,  aiiJ 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


613 


and  nt  IiIh  nwii  lialiilily  Biid 

m  ami  nliall  liavu  tcmlima'd 

casurt  lieruiii-al'liT  providwl 

nlesH  surli  cond:*  lin  pliippt'd 
no  dflprmiiri!  I'lir  any  ilriiw- 


(!  fxpiraliiin  " 


•i  vi'ars  Ircim 


IV  L'dods  wliiili,  liy  rrasiiii  (il 
I'iiniDnnt  ol'  khi  li  druwlmck  ; 
irtVilc'd;  and  tbr  p'T-"'"  ^\  !"> 
Diint  of  the  draw  back,  at  lliu 

Ipnred  nn  bfin«  prcss-pin-ki'd, 
ilie  niuelt'r  packer  thuriMil,  or, 

shall  hi!  carried  to  he  put  nn 
lac  hy  licence  of  the  conwnis- 

dcbcnture  on  the  6lh  of 
lited  Slatea  subsfqucutly  to 
without  any  deiluclion  rrom 
e  date  when  the  same  shall 

red  to  the  article  I.mpouta- 

lold  oil,  ghee,  &c.  Barrels, 
an  invention.  Li(iuids,  in 
n  in  leathern  vessels.  Dub- 
8,  from  a  quart  up  to  nearly 

iialing  of  pieces  of  tinilicr, 
les  of  the  ship's  hold,  either, 
to  jircvent  her  from  becom- 
should  it  be  susceptible  of 
:orning  leaky.  A  ship  is  not 
icient  dunnage.— ( Fulawer's 
■  Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  3.) 


le  buyer  of  goods  in  order  to 

by  the  1 7th  section  of  the  fa- 

the  sale  of  any  goods  wares, 

hall  be  allowed  to  be  good, 

actually  receive  the  same,  or 

mcnt,  or  that  some  note  or 

by  the  parlies  to  be  charged 

..  down,  that  "  if  any  part  of 

Jie  goods  is  delivcied  by  way 

nust  be  given  as  a  token  of 

so  by  the  giver.— (C/(i7/i/'» 

■)ed ;  Fr.  VaisseUc  de  tene, 
Giirschelschiie  pomidi'i ;  Pol. 
mpriscs  every  sort  of  house- 
re  is,  in  England,  of  very  coii- 

nade  in  it  since  the  middle  ot 
d  have  added  greatly  to  the 

aclure  which  is  so  interesting 
at  of  earthenware,  proseiiUii;, 
ng  us  with  the  comforts  and 
by  investigating  the  several 
conibinati..ns,  as  the  rcspect- 
rthas  studied  the  designs  ot 
■te  in  form  than  the  models  hy 
in  such  gradations  of  (juahty 
be  seen  in  every  country,  and 


almost  in  every  house,  tbrouf^h  the  whole  extent  of  .America,  in  many  pnrfs  of  Asia,  and  in 
most  of  the  countries  of  Europe.  At  lioini!  it  has  superseded  tiio  less  cleanly  vessels  of 
pewter  and  of  wood,  and,  by  its  cheapness,  has  been  brought  within  iho  means  of  our  jioorest 
housekeejiers.  Kortiicd  from  substances  originally  of  no  value,  the  fabrication  has  induced 
labour  of  such  various  classes,  and  created  sldll  of  such  various  degrees,  that  nearly  the  whole 
value  of  the  annual  produce  may  be  considered  as  an  addition  made  to  the  mass  of  national 
wealth.  The  abumlance  of  the  ware  exhihited  in  every  dwelling-houso  is  suHicient  evi- 
dence of  the  vast  augmenfalion  of  the  manufacture,  which  is  also  demonstrated  by  tho 
rapid  increase  of  the  population  in  the  districts  where  the  potteries  have  been  established." 
— ( Qituiier/y  Jieriew.) 

For  tho  great  and  rapid  extension  of  the  manufacture  wc  are  chiefly  indebted  to  the  lato 
Mr.  Josiah  Wedgwood  ;  whose  original  and  inventive  genius  enabled  him  to  make  many 
most  important  discoveries  in  the  art;  and  who  was  equally  successful  in  bringing  his  in- 
ventions into  use.  The  principal  scat  of  the  manufacture  is  in  Staffordshire,  where  there  is 
a  district  denominated  the  Potteries,  comprising  a  number  of  villages,  and  a  ])opulation, 
which  is  supposed  to  amount,  at  this  moment  to  above  00,000,  by  far  the  greater  proportion 
of  which  is  engaged  in  the  manufacture.  There  are  no  authentic  accounts  of  the  popula- 
tion of  this  district  in  17(i0,  when  Mr.  Wedgwood  began  his  discoveries;  but  the  general 
opinion  is  that  it  did  not  at  that  time  exceed  20,000.  The  village  of  Etruria,  in  the  Potte- 
ries, was  built  by  Mr.  Wedgwood.  The  manufacture  has  been  carried  on  at  Uursleni,  in 
the  same  district,  for  several  centuries. 

Tho  canals  by  which  Slairordshire  is  intersected,  have  done  much  to  accelerate  the  pro- 
gress of  the  manufacture.  Pipe-clay  from  Dorsetshire  and  Devonshire,  and  flints  from  Kent, 
arc  conveyed  by  water  carriage  to  the  places  where  the  clay  and  coal  abound ;  and  the  tlnished 
goods  are  conveyed  by  tlic  same  means  to  the  great  shipping  ports,  whence  they  are  dis- 
tributed over  most  parts  of  the  globe. 

It  is  estimated  that  tho  value  of  tho  various  sorts  of  earthenware  produced  at  the  Potteries 
may  amount  to  about  1,500,000/.  a  year;  and  that  the  earthenware  produced  at  Worcester, 
Derby,  and  other  parts  of  the  country, may  amount  to  about  750,000/.  more;  i.iaking  the 
whole  value  of  tho  manufacture  2,250,000/.  a  year.  The  consumption  of  gold  at  the  Pot- 
teries is  about  650/.  a  week,  and  of  coal  about  8,000  tons  a  week. 

The  earthenware  manufacture  has  increased  considerably  since  1814,  but  it  is  not  possi- 
ble to  state  the  exact  ratio.  It  has  been  estimated  at  ^  for  the  porcelain,  vj  for  the  best  earth- 
enware, and  i  or  i  for  the  common  or  cream-coloured  ware.  The  prices  of  the  ditrerent 
sorts  of  earthenware  are  said  to  have  fallen  20  per  cent,  during  the  last  15  years.  Wages 
have  not  fallen  in  the  same  proportion ;  but  wc  are  assured  that  a  workman  can,  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  produce  about  four  times  the  quantity  ho  did  in  1790. — ('i'his  article  has  been 
prepared  from  information  obtained  at  the  Potteries,  obligingly  communicated  by  James 
Loch,  Esq.  M.  P.) 

The  real  value  of  the  earthenware  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  foreign  countries, 
during  the  6  years  ending  with  1 832,  according  to  the  declarations  of  the  exporters,  was  as 
follows : — 

£  3.  d.\ 

1827      -           -           -           -    437,812  17  8    1830  -           -           - 

1S2S       -           -            -           -    49S),7'13  6  6  |  1831  -           -            - 

1829       ....    461,710  5  7  |  1832  .... 


£ 

s.    d. 

-    43!),,'-)6fi 

I'J      3 

.    458,nt)5 

11     11 

-    489,«»0 

17      7 

The  foreign  demand  for  earthenware  has  increased  considerably  since  1815.  The  ex- 
ports to  South  America,  Cuba,  and  other  ci-devant  Spanish  colonies,  have  been  largely  in- 
rrrased.  But  notwithstanding  this  increase,  the  United  States  continues  to  be  by  far  the 
liest  market  for  British  earthenware.  Of  the  entire  value  exported  in  1831,  amounting  to 
'i')S,96.')/.,  the  exports  to  the  United  States  amounted  to  no  less  than  255,159/.  The  markets 
next  in  importance  are  Brazil,  the  British  North  American  and  West  Indian  colonies, 
Culm,  (Jermany,  the  Netherlands,  &c.  We  have  been  assured  that  it  is  necessary  to  add  i 
to  the  declared  value  of  the  exports,  to  get  their  true  value. 

[The  average  annual  value  of  British  earthenware  imported  into  the  United  States,  during 
the  five  years  ending  September  30th,  1838,  was  $1,602,000;  that  of  the  earthenware  of 
every  other  description  imported  amounting  to  no  ntore  than  $11,560. — Am.  Ed.] 

EAST  INDIA  CO.MPANY,  a  famous  association,  originally  established  for  prosecuting 
the  trade  between  England  and  India,  which  they  acquired  a  right  to  carry  on  exclusively. 
Since  the  middle  of  last  century,  however,  the  Comrany's  political  have  become  of  more 
importance  than  their  commercial  concerns. 

East  Iviiiks,  a  popular  geographical  term  n.it  very  well  defined,  but  generally  understood 
to  signify  the  continents  and  islands  to  the  east  and  south  of  the  river  Indus,  as  far  as  the 
borders  of  China,  including  Timor  and  the  Moluccas,  but  excluding  the  Philippine  Islands, 
New  Guinea,  and  New  Holland.  China  and  the  Philippine  Islands  were,  however,  included 
within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  peculiar  privileges. 

Vol.  I.— 3  F 


f       'f 


ei4 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


C.3 


r 

r  'I 


\. 


I 


{4' 


I.  East  IvniA  Compaxv  (HmTonicAi.  Hkktcii  ok). 
II,  Kamt  Imiia  ('omi'anv  ((jonstiti'tion  ok). 

III.  £aht  Indieh  (Htatk  ok  Sociktv  ix,ohowino  Demand  tor  Enolisii  Goods 

Tradf,,  Colonisation,  ktc). 

IV.  East  Indiks  (Extknt,  Poi'llation,  Military  Force,  Rkvknue,  etc.  ur 


British). 


I.  East  India  Company  (Historical  Sketch  of). 

The  persevering  ctForts  of  ihc  Portuguese  to  discover  a  route  to  India,  by  sailinff  round 
Africa,  wore  crowned  with  success  in  14U7.  And  it  may  appear  singular,  that,  noUviili- 
standing  the  exaggerated  accounts  tliat  had  been  prevalent  in  Europe,  from  tlie  romotwt 
anti<|uity,  with  respect  to  tlie  wealth  of  India,  and  the  importance  to  which  tlio  coiiiincrc,: 
witii  it  had  raised  the  IMid-nicians  and  Egyptians  in  antiiiuily,  the  Venetians  in  the  miildl,. 
aged,  and  wliich  it  was  then  seen  to  confer  on  the  Portuguese,  tiie  latter  should  have  lieeu 
allowed  to  luonopolisc  it  for  nearly  a  century  after  it  had  heen  lUrned  into  a  channel  acees. 
sihle  to  every  nation.  But  the  prejudices  liy  which  the  peo  do  of  most  European  Ktiitcs 
were  actuated  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  peculiar  circ  nnstnnces  under  which  ihpy 
were  placed,  hindered  them  from  embarking  with  that  alacrity  and  ardour  that  might  liuve 
been  ex])ccted  in  this  new  commercial  career.  8oon  after  the  Portuguese  began  to  prose- 
cute their  discoveries  along  the  coast  of  Africa,  they  a|i|ilied  to  the  pope  for  a  bull,  securiiiif 
to  them  the  exclusive  right  to  and  possession  of  all  countries  occupied  by  infidels,  they  eiiluT 
had  discovered,  or  might  discover,  to  the  south  of  Capo  Non,  on  the  west  coast  r>f  Africa,  in 
27°  54'  north  latituile:  and  the  pontitf,  desirous  to  display,  and  at  the  same  time  to  extend. 
his  power,  inmiediately  issued  a  liull  to  this  ell'ect,  jSior,  preposterous  as  a  proceeding  of 
this  sort  would  now  appear,  did  any  one  then  doubt  that  the  pope  had  a  right  to  issue  such  a 
bull,  and  tiiat  all  states  and  empires  were  bound  to  obey  it.  In  conseijuencc,  the  J'urtucucse 
were,  for  a  lengthened  period,  allowed  to  prosecute  their  con(iucsts  in  liulia  without  tliu  in- 
terference of  any  other  European  power.  And  it  was  not  till  a  considerable  period  alter  the 
beginning  of  the  war,  which  the  blind  and  brutal  bigotry  of  Philip  II.  kindled  in  the  Imvi 
(Jountries,  that  the  Dutch  navigators  began  to  display  their  flag  on  the  Eastern  Ocean,  and 
laid  the  foundations  of  their  Indian  empire. 

The  desire  to  comply  with  the  injunctions  in  the  pope's  bull,  and  to  avoid  coming  into 
collision,  first  with  the  Portuguese,  and  subsequently  with  the  S[)aniards,  who  had  comjiiercd 
Portugal  in  1580,  seems  to  have  been  the  principal  cause  that  led  the  Englisli  to  make 
repeated  attempts,  in  iho  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Edward  VI,,  and  the  early  jiart  of  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  to  discover  a  route  to  India  by  a  north-west  or  north-east  jJawHacrc ;  chan- 
nels from  which  the  Portuguese  would  have  had  no  pretence  for  excluding  them.  But  these 
attem|»ts  having  proved  unsuccessful,  and  the  pope's  bull  having  ceased  to  be  of  any  cll'cct 
in  this  country,  the  English  merchants  and  navigators  resolved  to  he  no  longer  deterred  by 
the  imaginary  rights  of  the  Portuguese  from  directly  entering  upon  what  was  then  reckoned 
by  far  the  most  lucrative  and  advantageous  branch  of  conmierce.  Captain  Stepliens,  who 
performed  the  voyage  in  1582,  was  the  first  Englishman  who  sailed  to  India  by  the  t^ipe  of 
tJood  Hope.  The  voyage  of  the  fimous  Sir  Francis  Drake  contributed  greatlv  to  diU'iisea 
spirit  of  naval  enterprise,  and  to  render  the  English  better  acquainted  with  the  newly  opened 
route  to  India.  But  the  voyage  of  the  celebrated  Mr.  Thomas  Cavendish  was,  in  the  latter 
respect,  the  most  important.  Cavendish  sailed  from  England  in  a  little  squadron,  fitted  out 
at  his  own  expense,  in  July,  1586;  and  having  explored  the  greater  part  of  the  Indiun 
Ocean,  as  far  as  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  carefully  observed  the  most  inijiortant  and  cha- 
racteristic features  of  the  people  and  countries  which  he  visited,  returned  to  Englninl,  after  a 
prosperous  navigation,  in  September,  1588.  Perhaps,  however,  nothing  contributed  so  much 
to  iiisj)iro  the  English  with  a  desire  to  embark  in  the  Indian  trade,  as  the  ca[iliires  that  were 
made,  about  this  period,  from  the  S|)aniards.  A  Portuguese  East  India  ship,  or  currack, 
captured  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  during  his  expedition  to  the  coast  of  Spain,  iiillanicd  the 
cuj)idity  of  the  merchants  by  the  richness  of  her  cargo,  at  the  same  time  that  the  papers  found 
on  board  gave  specific  information  respecting  the  traffic  in  which  she  had  been  engiitred.  A 
still  more  important  capture,  of  the  same  sort,  was  made  in  1593.  An  armamont,  fitted  out 
for  the  East  Indies  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  connnanded  by  Sir  John  Uorrouulis,  fell  in, 
near  tiie  Azores,  with  the  largest  of  all  the  Portuguese  carracks,  a  ship  of  1,C()0  tons  burden, 
carrying  700  men  and  36  brass  cannon  ;  and,  after  an  obstinati!  confiict,  carried  her  into 
Dartmouth.  She  was  the  largest  vessel  that  had  been  seen  in  England ;  and  her  car;,'o, 
consisting  of  gold,  spices,  calicoes,  silks,  pearls,  drugs,  porcelain,  ivory,  «Stc,,  excited  the  ar- 
dour of  the  English  to  engage  in  so  opulent  a  commerc^e. 

In  conse(|uence  of  these  and  other  concurring  causes,  an  association  was  formed  in  Lon- 
don, in  l.yjO,  for  prosecuting  the  trade  to  India.  The  adventurers  applied  to  the  queen  for 
a  charter  of  incorporation,  and  also  for  power  to  exclude  all  other  English  subjects,  who  had 


I* 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


615 


Ni)  TOR  Enolish  Goun5, 

JHCK,  RkVEMJE,    KTC.  OV 


cii  of). 

!  to  India,  by  sailint^  romul 
i-ar  sinRular,  that,  noUviih- 
Europn,  from  the  rrmolcut 
e  to  which  the  oomimTic 
he  VcnetiaiiB  in  the  iniildk         1 
10  latter  Hhould  liavc  lietu         ] 
arneil  into  a  channel  acces. 
I!  of  most  Euroiieaii  kIiikn 
iHtancos  uniliT  which  thoy 
and  ardour  that  mi^ht  have 
Portuguese  hep;an  to  iiruse- 
ihc  iiope  for  a  hull,  sccuriiiir 
allied  by  infidels,  they  eitluT 
I  the  west  coast  .''f  AlVica,  in 
at  the  same  lime  to  extcrnl, 
oslerous  as  a  iiroceediiis  of 
)C  had  a  right  to  issue  such  a 
consc(iuenec,  the  I'ortucucse 
3sts  in  Ini'.ia  without  the  in- 
considerable period  alter  the 
I'hilip  !!•  kindled  in  the  liOW 
g  on  the  Eastern  Ocean,  and 

uU,  and  to  avoid  coming  into 
ipaniards,  who  had  conqnercd 
vAi  led  the  Englisli  to  make 
I.,  and  the  early  part  of  the 
or  north-east  passacre  ;  chan- 
V  excluding  them,    liul  these 
ing  ceased  to  he  of  any  clVt'ct 
„  t'o  be  no  longer  deterred  hy 
pon  what  was  then  reckoned 
rco.     Captain  Stephens,  \vl<o 
^iled  to  India  by  the  ("ape  of 
nlrlbuted  greatly  to  diU'iise  a 
linted  with  the  newly  opened 
1  Cavendish  was,  in  the  lutter 
in  a  little  squadron,  tittcil  ont 
;  greater  part  of  the  Indian 
the  most  important  and  cha- 
returned  to  England,  after  a 
nothing  contributed  fo  niueh 
ade,  as  the  captures  that  were 
East  India  ship,  cr  carrack, 
coast  of  Spain,  inllanicd  the 
i,e  time  that  the  papiT.s  lounil 
■h  she  had  been  enj^aced.^    A 
All  armaineiit.  lilted  out 
Sir  .lohn  Borrounhs,  fell  in, 
K,  a  ship  of  1,6110  Ions  burden, 
inat.^  conllict,  carried  her  nito 
in   England ;  and  her  cargo, 
ivory,  &c.,  excited  the  ar- 


)3. 


ssociation  was  formed  m  Lon- 
Lrers  applied  to  the  (lueen  lor 
Lr  English  subjects,  who  had 


not  obtained  a  lirence  from  them,  from  carrying  on  any  species  of  trafTie  beyond  the  CJiipe  of 
(iood  Hope  or  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  An  exclusive  companies  were  then  very  generally 
Idoked  upon  as  the  best  instrnmentii  for  prosecuting  most  branches  cf  connuerce  ;imiI  iinlus- 
try,  the  adventiirerw  seem  to  have  had  little  dillicully  in  obtaining  their  charter,  vviiich  vvai 
dated  the  Illstof  December,  l(iOt).  The  corporation  was  entitled,  "'I'ho  (Jovernor  and 
Company  of  Merchants  of  London  trading  into  the  East  Indies:"  the  first  governor  ('riio- 
mas  Sinythe,  Escj.)  and  '-Jl  directors  wi-rc  nominated  in  the  charter;  but  power  was  niveii  to 
(he  ('om[iany  to  elect  a  deputy  governor,  and,  in  fut\n'e,  to  elect  their  governor  and  directors, 
and  such  other  oIl'ice-bearerH  as  they  might  think  lit  to  appoint.  They  were  empowered  to 
make  by-laws;  to  inflict  punishments, either  corporal  or  pecuniary,  provided  such  pwnish- 
niciits  were  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  Englainl ;  to  export  all  sorts  of  'jnods  free  of 
duty  for  4  years  ;  and  to  export  foreign  coin,  or  bullion,  to  the  amount  of  :U),()00/.  u  year, 
(1,000/.  of  the  same  being  previously  coined  at  the  mint;  but  they  were  obliged  to  import, 
within  0  numths  after  the  completion  of  every  voyage,  except  the  first,  the  same  (luaiitily  of 
silver,  gold,  and  foreign  coin  that  they  hail  exported.  The  duration  of  the  charter  was  limit- 
I'd  to  a  [leriod  of  1.5  years  ;  but  with  and  tinder  the  condition  that,  if  it  were  not  found  for 
ihe  imlitic  advantage  it  might  be  cancelled  at  any  time  upon  2  years'  notice  being  given. 
Such  was  the  origin  of  the  British  East  India  ('oinpany, — the  most  celebrated  commercial 
assoiiiitioii  either  of  ancient  or  modern  times,  and  which  has  now  extended  it.^i  sway  over 
the  whole  of  the  Mogul  empire. 

It  might  have  been  expected  that,  after  the  charter  was  obtained,  considerable  eagerness 
would  have  been  manifested  to  engage  in  the  trade.  But  sui-h  was  not  the  ease.  Notwith- 
standing the  earnest  calls  and  threats  of  the  directors,  many  of  the  adventurers  could  not  be 
imUued  to  come  forward  to  p;iy  llieir  proportion  (if  the  charges  incident  to  the  litting  out  of 
the  first  exiiedition.  And  as  the  directors  seem  either  to  have  wanted  power  to  eiiforee  their 
vesolutions,  or  thought  it  better  not  to  exercise  it,  they  f.)riiied  a  subordinate  association,  (-onsisl- 
ing  of  such  members  of  the  Cimipiiny  as  were  really  willing  to  defray  the  cost  of  the  voyage, 
and  to  hear  all  the  risks  and  losses  attending  it,  on  condition  of  their  having  the  exclusive 
right  to  whatever  profits  nught  arise  from  it.  And  it  was  by  such  subordinate  associations 
that  the  trade  was  conduct:^!  during  the  first  13  years  of  the  Company's  existence. 

The  first  expedition  to  India,  the  cost  of  which  amounted,  ships  and  cargoes  included,  to 
09,091/.,  consisted  of  .5  ship-\  the  larijest  being  GOO  and  the  sjiiallcr  130  tons  bunlen.  The 
coeds  put  on  board  were  jirineipally  bullion,  iron,  tin,  broad  cloths,  cutlery,  glass,  <Sfc.  The 
chief  command  was  intrusted  to  Cai)lain  James  Lancaster,  who  had  already  been  in  India. 
They  set  sail  from  Torbay  on  the  13th  of  February,  IfiOl.  Being  very  iiniierfectly  acipiaint- 
cd  with  the  seas  and  countries  they  were  to  visit,  they  did  not  arrive  at  their  destination, 
Acheen  in  Sumatra,  till  the  .5th  of  .lune,  1G03.  But  though  tedious,  the  voyage  was,  on  the 
whole,  unconunonly  prosperous.  Lancaster  entered  into  commercial  treaties  with  the  kings 
of  Acheen  and  Bantam;  and  having  taken  on  board  a  valuable  cargo  of  pepper  and  other 
produce,  he  was  fortunate  enough,  in  his  way  home,  to  fall  in  with  and  capture,  in  concert 
widi  a  Uiitch  vessel,  a  Portuguese  carrack  of  900  tons  burden,  richly  laden.  liancaster  re- 
lumed to  the  Downs  on  the  11th  of  September,  1003. — (.T/orA/v;  Uiiivcr'al  Hisfori/,  vol.  x. 
p.  1(). ;  Miicp/iei:sonn  Ciiiiiiiirrce  of  the  European  Potners  willi  India,  p.  81.) 

But  notwithstanding  the  favourable  result  of  this  voyage,  the  expeditions  fitted  out  in  the 
years  immediately  following,  though  sometimes  consisting  of  larger  ship-;,  were  not,  at  an 
average,  materially  increased.  In  1012,  Captain  Best  obtained  from  the  court  at  Delhi  seve- 
ral considerable  privileges ;  and,  amongst  others,  that  of  establishing  a  factory  at  Surat ; 
which  city  was,  henceforth,  looked  upon  as  the  principal  British  station  in  the  west  of  India, 
till  the  acquisition  of  Bombay. 

Ill  establishing  factories  in  India,  the  English  only  followed  the  example  of  the  Portu- 
guese and  Dutch.  It  was  contended,  that  they  were  necessary  to  serve  as  clpots  for  the 
2;oods  collected  in  the  country  for  exi)ortution  to  Eiiro;)e,  as  well  as  for  those  imported  into 
hidia,  in  the  event  of  their  not  meeting  with  a  ready  market  on  the  arrival  of  the  ships. 
Such  establishments,  it  was  admitted,  are  not  required  in  civilised  countries ;  but  the  [leculiar 
and  unsettled  state  of  India  was  said  to  render  them  indispensable  there.  Whatever  weight 
may  be  attached  to  this  statement,  it  is  obvious  that  factories;  formed  for  such  purposes  couM 
hardly  fail  of  speedily  degenerating  into  a  species  of  forts.  The  security  of  tlic  valuable 
property  deposited  in  them,  furnished  a  specious  pretext  for  putting  them  in  a  condition  to 
withstand  an  attack,  while  the  agents,  clerks,  warehousemen,  (fee.  formed  a  sort  of  garrison. 
Possessing  such  strong  holds,  the  Europeans  were  early  emboldened  to  act  in  a  manner 
ijuitc  inconsistent  with  their  character  as  merchants  ;  and  but  a  very  short  time  elapsed  be- 
fore they  began  to  form  schemes  for  monopolising  the  coinmerce  of  particular  districts,  and 
acquiring  territorial  dominion. 

Though  the  Company  met  with  sevcr.al  heavy  losses  during  the  earlier  part  of  their  traffic 
with  India,  from  shipwrecks  and  other  miforeseen  accidents*,  and  still  more  from  the  hostility 
of  the  Dutch,  yet,  on  the  whole,  the  trade  was  deciiledly  profitable.  There  can,  however,  be 
little  doubt,  that  their  gains,  at  this  early  period,  have  been  very  much  exaggerated.    During 


M 


610 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


a 

\ 


tfi" 


the  firnt  11)  ycant,  thoy  nro  miid  to  havo  ainnnntt'il  to  l.'iS  per  cent.  Dut  then  it  nhoulil  !;c 
borne  in  iniml,  08  Mr.  (Sriint  linN  juHtly  Htii'cil,  tiiiit  tlir  voyoffi'H  were  solilnrn  nr("oin|)liNhtil  in 
Iphh  timn  30  ninnthM,  nnd  HomrtitncH  rxtcmlcd  to  U  or  4  jciirH:  uiiil  it  hIiouIi!  furtliiT  lie  rc- 
iiiiirki'd,  that  on  the  arrival  of  thi-  Hlii|w  ut  iioini",  the  carKofo  witc  dispowd  ofiU  lonn  cn-ilitM 
ot"  IH  inontliri  or  2  yi'orH;  aini  thn  it  \v:i*  frt'(|ui'iitly  rvcn  (I  or  7  ycurs  ln'l'or«!  thu  concci-mi 
ofa  Hinu;l<i  voyujjo  were  Cinaily  udji.  ted. — {S/,-ilc/i  i  if  I  he  llinlnri/  if  the  ('iiiii/iiini/,  \t.  in.) 
VViu'ii  thi'su  cirruniHtanci'H  arc  taken  into  view,  it  will  immediately  ho  neen  thiit  the  (Jnm- 
jwny'B  prof'ilM  were  not,  really,  hy  any  ineanH  ho  Rrriit  as  huM  been  repreHentid.  It  may  not, 
however,  he  uiiiiiHtruetive  to  ren)ark,  that  the  prineipal  eomplaint  that  was  then  made  uijainst 
the  (Jompany  did  not  proceed  mo  much  on  the  rireumstanee  of  its  eliurter  excluding  the  puhlii! 
from  any  share  in  an  advnntaneoiw  trallie,  an  in  ita  aiithoriHini;  liie  ('oinpany  to  export  i^dM 
and  silver  of  the  value  of  UO.OOO/.  a  year.  It  i>4  true  that  the  charter  slipuiated  that  liieCoiii- 
paiiy  Khould  import  an  iMpial  (juantity  of  Ridd  and  uilver  within  (i  monthsj  of  the  termiiMtiun 
of  every  voyage;  hut  the  enemies  of  the  <*ompany  contended  that  this  condition  w  us  nut 
complied  with  ;  and  it  was,  besides,  hinhly  injurious  to  the  public  intercHts  uiul  nnilruri/  In 
all  principle,  to  allow  gold  anil  cilver  to  be  sent  out  of  the  kingdom.  The  menhunts  and 
otlierH  interested  in  the  Hup|iort  of  the  Company  could  nt.l  controvert  the  reasoning  of  thi  ir 
opponents,  withoutopenly  impugning  the  oncienl  policy  of  almolutely  preventing  the  expurtii- 
tion  of  the  precious  metals.  'I'hey  did  not,  however,  venture  to  contetid,  if  the  idea  really 
occurred  to  tl.cni,  that  the  exportation  of  bullion  to  tlio  l^ast  was  advantnupous,  on  the  hiuad 
ground  of  tho  commodities  purchased  by  it  beimr  of  greater  value  in  England.  Ihil  tlipy 
contended  that  the  exportation  of  bullion  to  India  was  advantageous  because  the  coinnKpdi- 
ties  thence  imported  were  chiefly  rc-exjiortcd  to  other  countries  from  which  a  nmcli  gn  iitcr 
([uanti'.y  of  bullion  was  obtained  than  had  been  required  to  pay  for  them  in  India.  Mr.  Tiiu- 
mas  Mun,  a  director  of  the  East  India  ('ompany,  and  the  ablest  of  its  early  ailvocatcs,  inge- 
niously compares  the  operations  of  tho  merchant  in  condudingu  trade  carried  on  liy  tli^ 
exporlafioii  of  gold  and  silver  to  the  seed  time  and  harvest  of  iigriculture.  "If  we  only  In  • 
hold."  says  he,  "  tho  actions  of  the  husiiandman  in  ih')  seed  time,  when  ho  castcth  aw.i\ 
nnicli  good  corn  into  the  ground,  we  shall  account  him  rather  a  mudnian  than  a  husbaiiJ- 
iiian.  JJut  when  we  consider  his  labours  in  tho  harvest,  which  is  tlie  end  of  his  endiMvour^, 
we  fmd  the  worth  and  plentiful  increase  of  his  actions." — (^Tn'unure  by  Furci'j^n  TruJi,  \). 
CO.  ed.  ICfM.) 

We  may  here  remark,  that  what  has  hccn  called  tho  mercanlile  .v/skm  of  political  eco- 
nomy, or  that  system  which  measures  tho  progress  of  u  country  in  the  career  of  wcaliii  by 
the  supposed  balance  of  payments  in  its  favour,  or  hy  tho  cstimnted  excess  of  the  value  of 
its  exports  over  that  of  its  imports,  appears  to  have  originated  in  the  excuses  now  set  u|i  for 
the  exportation  of  hullion.  Previously  to  this  epoch,  tho  policy  of  prohibiting  the  exporta- 
tion of  bullion  had  been  universally  admitted ;  but  it  now  began  to  be  pretty  generally  al- 
lowed, that  its  exportation  might  he  j)roductive  of  advantage  provided  it  occasioned  the  sub- 
se(|ucnt  exportation  of  a  greater  amount  of  raw  or  manufactured  products  to  countries  whence 
bullion  was  obtained  for  them.  This,  when  compared  with  the  previously  existing  preju- 
dice— for  it  hardly  deserves  the  namu  of  system — which  wholly  interdicted  the  exportation 
of  gold  and  silver,  must  be  allowed  to  be  a  considerable  step  in  the  progress  to  sounder 
opinions.  The  maxim,  ce  ri'est  que  Ic  premier  pus  (pd  conic.,  was  strikingly  verilled  on 
this  occasion.  Tho  advocates  of  the  East  India  Company  began  gradually  to  assume  a 
higher  tone,  and,  at  length,  boldly  contended  that  bullion  was  nothing  but  a  conunodity,  and 
that  its  exportation  ought  to  be  rendered  as  free  as  that  of  any  thing  else.  Nor  were  these 
opinions  confined  to  the  partners  of  the  East  India  Company.  They  were  gradually  com- 
municated to  others ;  and  many  eminent  merchants  were  taught  to  look  with  suspicion  on 
several  of  the  previously  received  dogmas  with  respect  to  commerce,  and  were,  in  conse- 
quence, led  to  acquire  more  correct  and  comprehensive  views.  Tho  new  ideas  ultimately 
made  their  way  into  the  House  of  Commons;  and,  in  1663,  the  statutes  prohibiting  the 
exportation  of  foreign  coin  and  bullion  were  repealed,  and  full  liberty  given  to  die  East  hidia 
Company  and  to  private  traders  to  export  them  in  unlimited  quantities. 

But  the  objection  to  the  East  India  Company,  or  rather  the  Eart  India  trade,  on  tho 
grourMl  of  its  causing  the  exportation  of  gold  and  silver,  admitted  ofa  more  direct  and  con- 
clusive, if  not  a  more  ingenious  reply.  How  compendious  soever  the  ancient  intercourse 
with  India  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean,  it  was  unavoidably  attended  with  a  good 
deal  of  expense.  The  productions  of  the  remote  parts  of  Asia,  brought  to  Ceylon,  oi  the 
ports  on  tlio  Malabar  coast,  by  tho  natives,  were  there  put  on  board  the  ships  which  arrived 
from  the  Arabic  gulf.  At  Berenice  they  were  landed,  and  carried  by  camels  250  miles  to 
the  banks  of  the  Nile.  They  were  there  again  embarked,  and  conveyed  down  the  river  to 
Alexandria,  whence  they  were  despatched  to  different  markets.  The  addition  to  the  price 
of  goods  by  such  a  multiplicity  of  o[iorations  must  have  been  considerable;  more  especially 
as  the  price  charged  on  each  operation  was  fixed  by  monopolists,  subject  to  no  competition 
or  control.  Pliny  says,  that  the  cost  of  the  Arabian  and  Indian  products  brought  to  Rome 
when  he  flourished  (A.  D.  70,),  was  increased  a  hundred  fold  by  the  expenses  of  transit 


EAST  TNDIA  fOMPANY. 


ew 


llul  thru  it  hIkhiIiI  1)«j 
soldoin  mfKinplisluil  in 
1  it  hIkiuIiI  fiirllitr  lie  ri<- 
ispoKi'd  of  at  loiiR  iTi'tliU 
iirn  hrrori!  tht!  coiuitiih 
J  the  Cniii/iiiii!/,  |i.  in.) 
ly  be  Hi'cii  ti\at  llif  (Join- 
i<l.n'Kint.  J.     It  ii>;i.v  not. 
It  wilt  ttifii  miuli!  u^,'uin•^t 
Iter  I'XchiilinK  tlii'  |)ul)lif 
(.'oinpmiy  looxiHirtn.iM 
•  stiiuilaU'il  that  llu- Coiii- 
iiDiitlis  t)l'  tlio  tcrminali.m 
t  tliis  CDinlitioii  Wiis  nut 
iiitiTcstt  ami  rdiilrari/  In 
jin.     Tlu'  morrlmiits  and 
:frt  the  ri-asoiiin;;  nf  tin  ir 
ly  preventing  the  cxiHTtii. 
rontend,  if  tl>c  idea  really 
dvantntseoiis,  on  the  broad 
(•  in  England.     Hut  tliey 
Dus  beeauso  the  CdiiiiiuKli- 
roin  whieli  a  niucli  nr.  atiT 
■  them  in  India.    Mr.Tho- 
r  its  early  advoeates,  iiige- 
ra  tiadu  carried  on  by  thn 
•ieulture.     "  If  we  only  lu  • 
le,  wlicn  1)0  eastcth  aw,i_\ 
J  madman  than  a  husbainl- 
i  the  end  of  IiIh  eiuli'.ivourf', 
sure  by  Foreign  Tradt,  \). 

\lilc  si/sinu  of  political  cco- 
I  m  tiic  career  of  wealth  liy 
ated  excess  of  the  value  uf 
the  excuses  now  set  up  for 
of  prohibiting  the  txportu- 
n  to  be  pretty  gciieviilly  al- 
/ided  it  occasioned  the  siib- 
iroduels  to  countries  whence 
,e  previously  existing  (ireju- 
interdieted  the  exportation 
in  the  progress  to  sounder 
■,  was  strikingly  verilied  on 
ran  gradually  to  ansuinc  a 
thing  but  a  commodity,  ami 
ling  else.     Nor  were  these 
They  were  gradually  com- 
it  to  look  with  suspicion  on 
mercc.  and  were,  in  eonse- 
The  new  ideas  ultimately 
he  statutes  prohibiting  the 
icrty  given  to  tlie  East  India 
nlities. 

ic  Ear-t  India  trade,  on  the 
'd  of  a  more  direct  and  con- 
,cr  the  ancient  intercourse 
lidably  attended  with  a  good 
-1,  brought  to  Ceylon,  oi  the 
mrd  the  ships  which  arrived 
ried  by  camels  250  miles  to 
conveyed  down  the  river  to 
,  The  addition  to  the  price 
msiderablc ;  more  especially 
iits,  subject  to  no  competition 
11  products  brought  to  Rome 
by  the  expenses  of  transit 


— (///s/.  Nat.  lib.  vi.  e.  '2:1.);  but  there  can  Im*  little  or  no  doubt  that  thin  u  to  be  regarded 
M  a  rhetorical  exaggeration. —  (See  iiiifi;  p.  *.;1.)  There  are  good  irroumlH  for  tiiiukitin  thai 
the  leHs  bulky  nortH  of  Eiwtern  iirtNliietx.  hucIi  iih  silk,  NpiteM,  liaN;iiiiH,  precious  NloiieM,  Ai-., 
wliieli  were  thoHC  principally  made  une  of  at  lioine.  niinht.  supposing  there  were  no  politi- 
cal obstaelrs  in  the  way,  be  conveyed  from  iiiost  |itirt»  ot  India  to  the  jtorts  on  the  iMediter- 
raiiean  by  way  of  Egypt,  at  a  decidedly  cheaper  rate  than  they  could  bo  convoyed  to  IhuiH 
by  the  (Jape  off Sood  Mope. 

Ijut  at  the  period  when  the  latter  route  to  India  began  to  be  fre(|uented,  Hyria,  Ei;ypt,  Ai;. 
were  occupied  by  TurkH  and  . Mamelukes;  linrbariaiiH  who  despised  eoinm.'ree  and  imvina- 
tioii,  and  were,  at  the  same  I  iiie,  extremely  jealous  of  strangers,  es|ie('ially  ot"  ( Miristians  or 
•nlidels.  'I'lif  price  of  the  cuiiimodities  obtained  through  the  intervention  of  such  piTsons 
was  iieccHHarily  very  much  enhanced  ;  and  the  discovery  of  the  route  by  the  ('ape  ol'Oood 
Hope  was,  eonseipiently,  of  the  utmost  importance,  for,  by  putting  nn  end  to  the  moiicipoly 

enjoyed  by  the  Turks  and  Mamelukes,  it  introduced,  for  the  (Irst  time,  something  lik m- 

pclitiou  into  the  Indian  trade,  and  enabled  the  western  parts  of  Europe  to  obtain  supplies  of 
Indian  products  for  about  a  third  part  of  what  they  had  previouH'y  cost.  Mr.  Mini,  in  u 
tract  published  in  l(i'21.  estimates  the  (piantity  of  Indian  eommoditiea  itnported  'uto  Europe, 
niid  their  cost  when  bought  in  Aleppo  and  in  India,  uh  fil'owsJ 

Coitt  of  Indian  coimiiodith'H  rDiisiinifil  in  Eiirnnt.  wliei    loufrhi  :ii  Al  ji)  ,■ 

(1,000,000  ItiH.  (icppcr  cniit,  with  eliiirges,  &r.  al  Aleppo  '.V  |  .,!■  lit. 

4,')0,00()  llN.  clovi.'H,  lU  In.  IW.  -  .  .       '    . 

|30,(H)OtlH.  Miacr,  at 'l.«.  IM.  ....>, 

400.(101)  Ills.  niitiiit'KM,  at  'i.i.  id.      .  -  ...  . 

:i.'iO,OI)0  IIh.  iniliuo,  ul  '!.<.  id.  -  -  ...  . 

1,000,000  IbH.  rcrsiuM  ruw  Bilk,  at  I!2j).         ...... 

Hnt  tlie  damn  qiinntltins  of  the  same  commodities  cost,  wlrjn  t>ouf;1\t  in 
til  Mr.  Mail,  as  IoIIuwh  :— 
0,000,000  Ills,  pepper,  lit  2Jd.  per  II).  .  .  .  >  . 

■l.'iO.(HM)  Ihs.  ilovcrt,  al  <Jd.    --...... 

l.'iO.OOOIbs.  iimc,  at  W.     ....... 

.1011,000  lliH.  iiiitnieKs.  al  id.  ..... 

.'l.'O.OOO  IIh.  iiidlKo.  at  U.  id  •  -  -  ■  .  - 

1,000,000  lbs.  raw  silli,  nltit. 


(or  Alo» 

.ndrln). 

X'            .1.   (/ 

.     tWKI.OOO       0     (1 

.     10(l.H7,'i     10     1) 

. 

-     a.'i,  :>'^    o  n 

• 

.     w,m,     '.'    1 

.. 

.       7",.t%l'!       tl     M 

. 

-     t)()'i,(|n(l       U     It 

». «.  —*«.  *.....■....- 

;«'!  W,),!!'';)     (!)    0 

i:iL  Kiirt 

InOiuH,  r.ceoriljii;. 

.1.  J 

. 

-       ()-.'..''„il,       (      0 

. 

■•      I,I,ST       1!      ' 

. 

."),"ii'o     n    ,1 

• 

'i,(,i,,\   i:\    J 

.. 

■      '.'.Mlil    13    4 

- 

-    •!.yO,OlM)      t)    0 

£311, 1 JH      o    H 


Which  being  deducted  from  the  former,  leaves  a  bp'.iucc  of  {ih.^fi^Hi,  \3.<>.  -W/.  \nd  uunpos- 
ing  that  the  statements  made  by  Mr.  .Muu  are  eorrof  i,  and  ti'i-.i  a'lowauc  :  is  mudc  for  tli.e 
ililK-reiice  between  the  freight  from  Alepjio  and  India,  lin.  resi-lt  woul.j  ■ndieute  t!if>  suvih).; 
which  the  discovery  of  the  route  by  the  (Jape  of  (Jood  lloi)'^  occdifionod  in  'lie  ,!U(-ch!ise  of 
the  above-mentioned  articles. — (A  Discmirxe  af  Trade  fi;;in  Ei}^i,l<mii  U?  tin'  Kir.,:  L:ilic.,\ 
by  T.  M.,  original  cd.  p.  10.  Tliis  tract,  which  is  very  scarce,  is  ieprii,.eJ  in  I'lircl.s'-; 
Pilgrims.) 

In  the  same  publication  (p.  37.),  Mr.  Mun  informs  \w  that,  from  the  lieginr.i.'j;  o,"  ilie 
Company's  trade  to  .luly,  16'.iO,  they  had  sent  79  ships  \  India  ;  ii'  '\ 'lich  31  liau  •:(  1 1>  bainc 
safely  and  richly  laden,  4  had  been  worn  out  by  long  ^H'l•vicc  in  Itulii,  2  had  liei  n  lost  in 
careening,  0  had  been  lost  by  the  perils  of  the  sea,  and  \S  hud  been  cajilured  by  the  Dutch. 
Mr.  Muu  further  states,  that  the  exports  to  Ind  a,  nirce  ihe  I  irni.Uu.;!  of  t  ic  (company,  had 
amounted  to  340,;}7(i/. ;  that  tlie  produce  brouglit  t'loin  Ii.()i>.  b.'id  coat  3.j(),2SH/..  ami  had 
produced  here  the  enormous  sum  of  l.'JH.fiOO/, ;  I'^at  the  ipiaiiels  with  the  Dutcli  had  oc- 
casioned a  loss  of  84,088/;  and  that  thn  .I'ock  c!  tho  ooinjiauy,  in  ships,  goods  in  India, 
dec,  amounted  to  400,000/. 

The  hostility  of  the  Dutch,  to  wbirf  iVr.  Mun  Las  here  alluded,  was  long  a  very  formida- 
ble obstacle  to  the  (Joi<i|)anvV  success.  The  Dutch  early  endeavoured  to  olitaiii  the  exclu- 
sive possession  of  the  sjiico  iiM'.le,  and  were  not  at  all  scrupulous  about  tlie  means  by  which 
they  attempted  t.>  bring  al  out  this  their  favourite  object.  The  English,  on  their  part,  natu- 
riUy  exerted  the.nselves  to  obtain  a  .share  of  so  valuable  a  commerce  ;  and  as  neillier  p.irty 
\v!.s  disposed  to  abandon  its  views  and  pretensions,  the  most  violent  animo.-ities  <.;iew  u])  be- 
tween them.  In  this  state  of  things,  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  suppose  that  uujustiliablc 
afts  were  not  committed  by  the  one  party  as  well  as  the  other ;  though  the  worst  act  of  the 
English  appears  venial,  when  comiiared  with  the  conduct  of  the  Dutch  in  the  massacre  al 
Amboyna,  in  1022.  While,  however,  the  Dutch  (Company  was  vigorously  supported  by 
the  government  at  home,  the  English  Comimny  met  with  no  ciricient  assistance  from  the 
feeble  and  vacillating  policy  of  James  and  Charles.  The  Dutch  either  despised  their  le- 
monstrances,  or  defeated  them  by  an  apparent  compliance;  so  that  no  real  reparation  was 
obtained  for  the  outrages  they  had  coniniitted.  Dming  tlie  civil  war,  Indian  allairs  were 
necessarily  lost  sight  of;  and  tlie  Dutch  continued,  until  the  ascendancy  of  the  republican 

78  '  y  F  2 


618 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


CD 


■■^ 


'W*'8 


I?    I 
«      a 


i 


i 


'  9 


party  had  been  established,  to  reign  triumphant  in  the  East,  where  the  English  commerce 
was  nearly  annihilated. 

But  notwithstanding  their  depressed  condition,  the  Company's  servants  in  India  laid  tho 
foundation,  during  the  period  in  question,  of  the  settlements  at  Madras  and  in  Bengal.  Per- 
mission to  build  Fort  St.  George  was  obtained  from  the  native  authorities  in  1640.  In  1658, 
Madras  was  raised  to  the  station  of  a  presidency.  In  1645,  the  Company  began  to  estal)lisl( 
factories  in  Bengal ;  the  princijtal  of  which  was  at  Hooghly.  These  were,  for  a  lengthened 
period,  subordinate  to  the  presidency  at  Madras. 

No  sooner,  however,  had  the  civil  wars  terminated,  than  the  arms  and  councils  of  Crom- 
well retrieved  the  situation  of  our  atl'airs  in  India.  The  war  which  broke  out  between  the 
long  parliament  and  the  Dutch,  in  1653,  was  eminently  injurious  to  the  latter.  In  the  treaty 
of  peace,  concluded  in  1654,  it  was  stipulated  that  indemnification  should  be  made  by  the 
Dutch  for  the  losses  and  injuries  sustained  by  the  English  merchants  and  factories  in  India. 
The  iJ7th  article  bears,  "  that  the  Lords,  the  states-general  of  the  United  Provinces,  shall  take 
care  that  justice  be  done  upon  those  who  were  partakers  or  accomplices  in  the  mnsKacre  of 
the  English  at  Amboyna,  as  the  republic  of  England  is  pleased  to  term  that  fact,  provided  any 
of  them  be  living."  A  commission  was  at  the  same  time  appointed,  conformably  to  another 
article  of  the  treaty,  to  in(]uire  into  the  reciprocal  claims  which  the  subjects  of  the  contract- 
ing parties  had  upon  each  other  for  losses  sustained  in  India,  Brazil,  &c, ;  and,  updn  iheir 
decision,  the  Dutch  paid  the  sum  of  85,000/.  to  the  East  India  Company,  and  ;3,61G/.  to  ihe 
heirs  or  executors  of  the  suH'erers  at  Amboyna. — (Bruce's  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  489.) 

Tho  charter  under  which  the  East  India  Company  prosecuted  their  exclusive  trade  to 
India,  being  merely  a  grant  from  the  Crown,  and  not  ratified  by  any  act  of  parliament,  was 
understood  by  the  merchants  to  be  at  an  end  when  Charles  I.  was  deposed.  They  were 
confirmed  in  this  view  of  the  matter,  from  tho  circumstance  of  (Charles  having  himself  grant- 
ed, in  16:35,  a  charter  to  Sir  William  Courten  and  others,  authorising  them  to  trade  with 
those  parts  of  India  with  v  lich  the  Company  had  not  established  atiy  regular  intercourse. 
The  reasons  alleged  in  justificulion  of  this  measure,  by  the  Crown,  were,  that "  the  East  India 
Company  had  neglected  to  establish  fortified  factories,  or  seats  of  trade,  to  which  the  kiiig's 
subjects  could  resort  with  safety  ;  that  they  had  consulted  their  own  interests  only,  without 
any  regard  to  the  king's  revenue;  and,  in  general,  that  they  had  broken  the  condition  on 
which  their  charter  and  exclusive  privileges  had  been  granted  to  them." — (lii/m.  Fadera, 
vol.  XX.  p.  146.) 

Courten's  association,  for  the  foundation  of  which  such  satisfactory  reasons  had  been  as- 
signed, continued  to  trade  with  India  during  the  remainder  of  Charles's  rtign;  and  no 
sooner  had  the  arms  of  the  Commonwealth  forced  the  Dutch  to  desist  frcmi  their  dejircda- 
tions,  and  to  make  reparation  for  the  injuries  they  had  inflicted  on  the  English  in  Iniiia,  than 
private  adventurers  engaged  in  great  numbers  in  the  Indian  trade,  and  carried  on  with  a  zeal, 
economy,  and  success,  that  monopoly  can  never  expect  to  rival.  It  is  stated  in  a  little  work, 
entitled  Britannia  Luna;uens,  published  in  1680,  the  author  of  which  has  evidently  been  a 
well-inf()rmed  and  intelligent  person,  that  during  the  years  1653,  1654,  1655,  ami  IfiSti, 
when  the  trade  to  India  was  open,  the  private  traders  imported  East  India  comnioditii's  in 
such  large  quantities,  and  sold  them  at  such  reduced  {)riees,  that  they  not  only  fully  supplied 
the  British  markets,  but  had  even  come  into  successful  competition  with  the  Dutcii  in  the 
market  of  Amsterdam,  "and  very  much  sunk  the  actions  (shares)  of  the  Dutcli  East  India 
Company." — (p.  \'M.)  This  circumstance  naturally  excited  the  greatest  a|iprehensions  on 
the  part  of  the  Dutch  Company  ;  for,  besides  the  danger  that  they  now  ran  of  being  de- 
prived, by  the  active  competition  of  the  English  merchants,  of  a  considerable  part  of  the 
trade  which  they  had  previously  enjoyed,  they  could  hardly  expect  that,  if  the  trade  were 
thrown  open  in  England,  the  monopoly  would  be  allowed  to  continue  in  Holland.  A  Ktiik- 
ing  proof  of  what  is  now  stated  is  to  be  found  in  a  letter  in  the  third  volume  of  T/nirlnw's 
Slate  Papers,  dated  at  the  Hague,  the  15th  of  January,  1654,  where  it  is  s;ud,  tlmt  "the 
merchants  of  Amsterdam  have  advice  that  the  Lord  Protector  intends  to  dissolve  llie  East 
India  (Joinpany  at  London,  and  to  declare  the  navigation  and  commerce  of  the  East  Indies 
free  and  open;  which  doth  cause  great  jealousy  at  Amsterdam, as  a  M/nij //i£.7  ((///dcH/ 
much  prejudice  the  East  India  Cumpuny  in  Ua/land." 

Feeling  that  it  was  impossible  to  contend  with  the  private  adventurers  under  a  system  of 
fair  competition,  the  moment  the  treaty  with  the  Dutch  had  been  concluded,  the  Coiiipany 
began  to  solicit  a  renewal  of  their  charter;  but  in  this  they  were  not  only  opposed  ly 
the  free  traders,  hut  by  a  part  of  them^-clves.  To  understand  how  this  happened,  it  may  lie 
proper  to  mention  that  Courten's  association,  the  origin  of  which  has  been  already  nutieed, 
had  begun,  in  1648,  to  found  a  colony  atAssuda.  an  island  near  Madagascar.  'J'he  Com- 
pany, alarmed  at  this  jiroject,  apjilicd  to  the  council  of  stale  to  prevent  its  being  carried  into 
eflect ;  and  the  council,  without  entering  on  the  question  of  either  party's  rights,  rccoinnicnd- 
ed  to  them  to  Ibrm  a  union;  which  was  accordingly  cHected  in  1649.  But  the  union  was, 
for  a  considerable  time,  rather  nominal  than  real ;  and  when  the  Duteh  war  had  been  put  an 
end  to,  most  of  those  holders  of  the  Company's  stock  who  had  belonged  to  Courten's  associa- 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


619 


re  the  English  commerce 

icrvants  in  India  laid  tho 
Jras  and  in  Bengal.  Per- 
oritiesin  1640.  In  1C58, 
upany  began  to  cstaMish 
so  were,  for  a  lengthened 

ns  and  councils  of  Crom- 
:h  broke  out  between  the 
)  the  latter.     In  the  treaty 
a  should  be  mode  by  the 
iits  and  factories  in  India, 
nited  Provinces,  shall  take 
iiplices  in  the  massacre  of 
3rm  that  fact,  provided  any 
cd,  conformably  to  another 
0  subjccU  of  the  contract- 
•azil,  &c. ;  and,  upun  their 
mipany,  and  3,015/.  to  the 
s,  vol.  i.  p.  48'J.) 
;d  their  exclusive  trade  to 
any  act  of  parliament,  was 
was  deposed.     They  were 
arles  having  himself  grant- 
irising  them  to  trade  with 
ed  any  regular  intercourse. 
,  were,  that  "the  East  Iiiilia 
•  trade,  to  which  the  king's 
own  interesta  only,  without 
d  broken  the  condition  on 
o  them."— (iv^»'-  Fadera, 

factory  reasons  had  been  as- 
|of  Charles's  rt ign ;  and  no 
)  desist  from  their  deiireila- 
n  the  English  in  In.iia.than 
,  and  carried  on  wilh  a  zeal, 
It  is  stated  in  a  little  work. 
which  has  evidently  heen  a 
653,  1054,  1655,  and  lOSli, 
East  India  commodities  hi 
they  not  only  fully  supplied 
tition  with  the  Dutch  in  the 
■s)  of  the  Dutch  East  India 
e  greatest  apprehensions  on 
they  now  ran  of  being  de- 
•  a  considerable  part  of  the 
pect  that,  if  the  trade  were 
Uinue  in  Holland.    A  stiik- 
third  volume  of  Thurlows 
where  it  is  smd.  th:it  "the 
intends  to  dissolve  the  East 
ommerce  of  tl>e  East  Indies 
m,asailimglliulinllviry 

venturers  under  a  system  of 
e„  concluded,  the  Company 

were  not  only  opposed  -y 
iw  this  happened,  it  may  1'^ 
„  has  been  already  noliail, 
•ar  Madagascar.  Thetom- 
.revent  its  being  curried  uito 

r  party's  rights,  reconmicml- 

649  ■  But  the  union  was, 
DuUdr  war  liad  been  put  an 
•longed  to  Courten's  associa- 


tion joined  in  petitioning  the  council  of  f;tatc  that  the  trade  might  in  future  be  carried  on,  not 
by  a  joint  stock,  but  by  a  regulated  compeiny  ;  so  that  each  individual  engaging  in  it  might 
be  allowed  to  employ  his  own  stock,  servants,  and  shipping,  in  whatever  way  ho  might  con- 
ceive most  for  his  own  advantage. — {Petition  of  Adventurers,  nth  of  No\.lG56;  Bruce"  s 
Annab,  vol.  i.  p.  518.) 

This  proposal  was  obviously  most  reasonable.  The  Company  had  always  founded  their 
claim  to  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  on  the  alleged  ground  of  its  being  necessary  to  maintain 
forts,  factories,  and  ships  of  war  in  India;  and  that  as  this  was  not  done  by  government,  it 
could  only  be  done  by  a  Company.  But,  by  forming  the  traders  with  India  into  a  regulated 
company,  they  might  have  been  suhjected  to  whatever  rules  were  considered  most  advisa!)!e  ; 
and  such  special  duties  might  have  been  laid  on  the  commodities  they  exported  and  imported, 
as  would  have  uulliced  to  defray  the  public  expenses  required  for  carrying  on  the  trade,  at 
the  same  time  that  the  inestimable  advantages  of  free  competition  would  have  been  secured ; 
each  individual  trader  being  left  at  liberty  to  conduct  his  enterprises,  subject  only  to  a  few 
general  regulations,  in  his  own  way  and  for  his  own  advantage. — (See  Comi'ami.s.) 

But  notwith.standing  the  ellbrts  of  the  petitioners,  and  the  success  that  was  clearly  proved 
to  have  attended  the  o|)erations  of  the  private  traders,  the  Company  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing a  renewal  of  their  charter  from  Cromwell  in  1657.  Charles  II.  confirmed  this  charter 
in  1661;  and  at  the  same  time  conferred  on  them  the  power  of  making  [)eace  or  war  with 
any  power  or  people  not  of  the  Chrinlian  religion  ,•  of  estabhshing  fortiti<'ations,  garrisons, 
and  colonies ;  of  exporting  ammunition  and  stores  to  their  settlements  duly  tVee  ;  of  seizing 
and  sending  to  England  such  British  subjects  as  should  be  found  trading;  to  India  without 
their  leave  ;  and  of  exercising  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction  in  their  settlements,  according 
to  the  laws  of  England.  Still,  however,  as  this  charter  was  not  fully  confirmed  by  any  act 
of  parliament,  it  did  not  prevent  traders,  or  interlopers  as  they  were  termed,  from  appearing 
within  the  limits  of  the  Company's  territories.  The  energy  of  private  commerce,  which,  to 
use  the  words  of  Mr.  Orme,  '•  sees  its  drift  with  eagles'  eyes,"  formed  associations  at  the  risk 
of  trying  tho  consequence  at  law,  being  safe  at  the  outset,  and  during  the  voyage,  since  tho 
Company  were  not  authorised  to  stop  or  seize  the  ships  of  those  who  thus  attempted  to  come 
into  competition  with  them.  Hence  their  monoj)oly  was  by  no  means  comi)lcte ;  and  it  was 
not  till  after  the  Revolution,  and  when  a  free  system  of  government  had  been  established  at 
home,  that,  by  a  singular  contradiction,  the  authority  of  parliament  was  interposed  to  enable 
the  Company  wholly  to  engross  the  trade  with  the  Ea-i. 

In  addition  to  the  losses  arising  from  this  source,  the  Company's  trade  sufli^red  severely, 
during  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  from  tho  hostilities  that  were  then  wag -d  with  the  Dutch, 
and  from  the  confusion  and  disorders  caused  by  contests  among  the  native  princes ;  but  in 
1668,  the  Company  obtained  a  very  valuable  acquisition  in  the  island  of  U.)mbay.  Charles 
II.  acquired  this  island  as  a  part  of  the  marriage  portion  of  his  wife,  Catharine  of  Portugal ; 
and  it  was  now  made  over  to  the  Company,  on  condition  of  their  not  selling  or  alienating  it 
to  any  persons  whatever,  except  such  as  were  subjects  of  the  British  crown.  They  were 
allowed  to  legislate  for  their  new  possession  ;  but  it  was  enjoined  that  their  laws  should  be 
consonant  to  reason,  and  "as  near  as  might  be"  agreeable  to  the  practice  of  England.  They 
were  authorised  to  maintain  their  dominion  by  force  of  arms ;  and  the  natives  of  Bombay 
were  declared  to  have  the  same  liberties  as  natural  born  subjects.  The  Conqiany's  western 
presidency  was  soon  after  transferred  from  Surat  to  Bombay. 

In  16r)4,  the  French  East  India  Company  was  formed;  and  10  years  afterwards  they  laid 
the  foundation  of  their  settlement  at  Pondicherry. 

But  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  is  chiefly  memorable  in  the  Compnny's  ann-ils,  from  its  being 
the  era  of  the  commencement  of  tho  tea  trade.  The  first  notice  of  tea  in  the  (Join[)any's 
records  is  found  in  a  despatch,  addressed  to  their  agent  at  Bantam,  dati'd  '-i4th  of  .January, 
1667-8,  in  which  he  is  desired  to  send  home  100  lbs.  of  tea, "  the  best  he  can  get." — {liruci^s 
Annals,  vol.  ii.  |).  310.)  Such  was  the  late  and  feeble  beginning  of  the  tea  trade;  a 
branch  of  commerce  that  has  long  been  of  vast  importance  to  the  British  nation  ;  and  with- 
out which,  it  i-!  more  than  probable  that  the  East  India  Company  would  long  since  have 
ceased  to  exist,  at  least  as  a  mercantile  body. 

In  1077,  the  Company  obtained  a  fresh  renewal  of  their  charter;  receiving  .it  the  same 
time  an  indemnity  for  all  past  misuse  of  their  privileges,  and  authority  to  establish  a  mint  at 
Bombay. 

During  the  greater  part  of  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  the  Company's  afl'airs 
at  home  were  principally  managed  by  the  celebrated  Sir  Josiah  Child,  tho  ablest  commercial 
writer  ol  the  time;  and  in  India,  by  his  brother.  Sir  John  Chill.  In  16SI,  Sir  Josiah  pub- 
lisiied  an  apology  for  the  Company,  under  the  signature  of  't>tK:n-ar^i^,  "A  Treatise  wherein 
is  dc!inonstrated  that  tho  East  liili.i  Trade  is  the  in  >st  National  of  ad  Foreign  Trades:"  in 
which,  besides  endeavouring  to  vindicate  the  Company  from  the  obj  'ctions  that  had  been 
made  against  it,  he  gives  an  account  of  its  state  at  the  time.  From  this  account  it  appears 
that  ilie  t'ompany  consisted  of  556  partners;  that  they  had  from  35  to  36  ships,  of  from 
775  to  1000  tons,  employed  in  the  trade  between  England  and  India,  and  from  port  to  port 


'\\« 

n 


I 


620 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


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fn  India — (p.  23.)  ;  that  the  custom  dutios  upon  the  trade  amounted  to  about  60,000/.  g 
>i'ar ;  and  tliat  tlic  vahie  of  the  exports,  "  in  lead,  tin,  cloth,  and  stull's,  and  other  coininoiji- 
ties  of  the  production  and  manufacture  of  England,"  amounted  to  about  00,000/.  or  70,000/, 
n  year.  Sir  Josiah  seems  to  have  been  struck,  as  he  well  might,  by  the  inconsiderable 
amount  of  the  trade;  and  he  therefore  dwells  on  the  advantages  of  which  it  was  indirectly 
jiroductivc,  in  enabling  us  to  obtain  supplies  of  raw  silk,  pepper,  &c.  at  a  much  lower  price 
than  they  would  otherwise  have  fetched.  But  this,  though  true,  proved  nothing  in  favour 
of  the  Cominmy  ;  it  being  an  admitted  fact,  that  those  articles  were  furnished  at  a  still  low- 
er ])rice  by  the  interlopers  or  private  traders. 

tSir  Josiah  Child  was  one  of  the  first  who  projected  the  formation  of  a  territorial  empire  in 
India.  IJut  the  expedition  litted  out  in  1086,  in  the  view  of  accomplishing  this  purpose, 
proved  unsuccessful ;  and  the  Company  were  glad  to  accept  peace  on  the  terms  olFored  Ly 
the  Mogul.  Sir  .lohn  Child,  having  died  during  the  course  of  these  transactions,  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  principal  management  of  the  Company's  alliiirs  in  India  by  Mr.  Vaux.  On 
the  a{)i)ointinent  of  the  latter,  Sir  Josiah  Child,  to  whom  he  owed  his  advancement,  exhorted 
liim  to  act  with  vigour,  and  to  carry  whatever  instructions  he  might  receive  from  home  into 
immciiiatc  elllct.  Mr.  Vanx  returned  for  answer  that  he  should  endeavour  to  ac(iuit  him- 
self with  integrity  and  justice,  and  that  he  would  make  the  laws  of  his  country  the  rule  of 
his  conduct.  Sir  Josiah  Child's  answer  to  this  letter  is  curious: — "He  told  Mr.  Vaux 
roundly  that  he  exjiectcd  his  orders  were  to  be  his  rules,  and  not  the  laws  of  England,  wliich 
were  a  lioaj)  of  nonsense,  compiled  by  a  few  ignorant  country  gentlemen,  who  hardly  knew 
how  to  niaki"  laws  for  the  good  government  of  their  own  private  families,  much  less  for  the 
regulating  of  companies  and  foreign  commerce." — {Hamillon's  New  Account  of  titc  East 
Indies,  vol.  i.  p.  2;J2.) 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  that  of  his  successor,  the  number 
of  private  adventurers,  or  interlopers,  in  the  Indian  trade,  increased  in  an  unusual  degree 
The  Company  vigorously  exerted  themselves  in  defence  of  what  they  conceived  to  be  tlioii 
rights;  and  the  question  with  respect  to  the  validity  of  the  powers  conferred  on  Ihcin  bv 
their  charter  was  at  length  brought  to  issue,  by  a  prosecution  carried  on  at  their  iiistanci' 
against  A!r.  Thomas  Sandys,  for  trading  to  the  East  Indies  without  their  licence.  Ji,(lg- 
ment  was  given  in  favour  of  the  Company  in  1685.  But  this  decision  was  ascribed  to  cor- 
rupt influence;  and,  instead  of  allaying,  only  served  to  increase  the  clamour  against  tlicni. 
The  meeting  of  the  Convention  Parliament  gave  the  Company's  opponents  hopes  of  a  suc- 
cessful issue  to  their  etVorts  ;  and  had  they  been  united,  they  might  probably  have  succicdod. 
Their  opinions  were,  however,  divided — part  being  for  throwing  the  trade  open,  and  part  for 
the  formation  of  a  new  company  on  a  more  liberal  '.  )ting.  The  latter  being  formed  into  a 
body,  and  acting  in  unison,  the  struggle  against  the  Company  was  chielly  carried  on  by 
them.  The  proceedings  that  took  jilace  on  this  occasion  are  amongst  the  most  disgracelul  in 
the  history  of  the  country.  The  most  open  and  unblushing  corruption  was  practised  by  all 
parties. — "  It.  was,  in  fact,  a  trial  w/iich  side  should  bribe  the  hi;j;hcst ;  public  (ntllinrilij 
inclining  to  one  or  other  m  the  irresistibleforcc  ofgolddircclcd.^' — (^Modern  Universal  Hixturij, 
vol.  X.  p.  127.)  Government  appears,  <m  the  whole,  to  have  been  favourable  to  the  Company ; 
and  they  obtained  a  fresh  charter  from  the  Crown  in  lOOG.  But  in  the  following  year  the 
trade  was  virtually  laid  open  by  a  vote  of  the  House  of  Connnons,  "  that  all  the  subjects  of 
England  had  an  eijual  right  to  trade  whh  the  East  Indies,  unless  jirohibitcd  by  act  of  jjadia- 
ment."  Matters  continued  on  this  footing  till  1G9S.  'J'hc  pecuniary  dilliculties  in  which 
government  was  then  involved,  induced  them  to  ajjply  to  the  Company  for  a  loan  of 
2,000,000/.  for  which  they  olFered  8  per  cent,  interest.  The  Company  oii'ered  to  advaneo 
700,000/.  at  4  per  cent. ;  but  the  credit  of  government  was  at  the  time  so  low,  that  tluy  pre- 
ferred accepting  an  offer  from  the  associated  merchants,  who  had  pn-viousiy  (;p[)osed  the 
Company,  of  the  2,000,000/.  at  8  per  cent.,  on  condition  of  their  being  formed  into  a  new 
and  exclusive  company.  While  this  project  was  in  agitation,  the  advocates  of  free  traJo 
were  not  idle,  but  exerted  themselves  to  show  that,  instead  of  establishing  a  new  ('otripaiiy, 
the  old  one  ought  to  be  abolished.  But  however  conclusive  and  unanswerable,  their  argu- 
ments, having  no  adventitious  recommendations  in  their  favour,  failed  of  making  any  im- 
pression. The  new  Company  was  established  by  authority  of  the  legislature ;  and  as 
the  charter  of  the  old  Company  was  not  yet  expired,  the  novel  spectacle  was  exliibileJ 
of  two  legally  constituted  bodies,  each  claiming  an  exclusive  right  to  the  trade  of  the  same 
possessions ! 

Notwithstanding  all  the  pretensions  set  up  by  those  who  had  obtained  the  new  ciiaiter 
during  their  struggles  with  the  old  Company,  it  was  inunediately  seen  that  they  were  as 
anxious  as  the  latter  to  suppress  every  thing  like  free  trade.  They  had  not,  it  was  obvious, 
been  actuated  by  any  enlarged  views,  but  merely  by  a  wish  to  grasp  at  the  monoimly,  wliicii 
they  believed  would  redound  to  their  own  individual  interest.  The  public,  in  consequence, 
became  e(}ually  disgusted  with  both  parties ;  or  if  there  were  any  dillerence,  it  is  probable 
that  the  new  Company  was  looked  upon  with  the  greatest  aversion,  inasmuch  as  wo  are 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


621 


nted  to  about  60,000/.  a 
ulVs,  anil  other  commoiii- 
bout  00,000/.  or  70,000/, 
lit,  by  the  inconsiderable 
)f  which  it  was  indirectly 
ic.  at  a  much  lower  price 
proved  nothing  in  favour 
re  furnished  at  a  still  low- 

nofa  territorial  empire  in 
:coniplishing  thia  purpose, 
cc  on  the  terms  offered  by 
icsc  transactions,  was  suc- 

India  by  Mr.  Vaux.  On 
his  advancement,  exhorted 
rht  receive  from  home  into 
1  endeavour  to  acijuit  him- 
;  of  his  country  the  rule  of 

lus : »  He  told  Mr.  Vaux 

ihc  laws  of  England,  wliich 
otlemen,  who  hardly  knew 
I  families,  much  lens  for  the 

New  Account  of  the  Eud 

f  his  successor,  the  numher 
•ascd  in  an  unusual  degree 
it  they  conceived  to  be  tlieii 
owers  conferred  on  Ibem  by 
carried  on  at  their  instance 
-ithout  their  licence.    Ji.ilc;- 
lecision  was  ascribed  to  cor- 
3  the  clamour  against  them, 
's  opponents  hopes  of  a  sue- 
ght  probably  have  succeedeil 
r  the  trade  open,  and  part  for 
lie  latter  being  formed  into  a 
ly  was  chielly  carried  on  by 
.)ngst  the  most  dis'j;raoefnl  in 
rruption  was  practised  by  all 
e  lushest;  pulilic  millinrilij 
-{MudcmUniver.fiilHi'itiiry, 
\  favourable  to  the  Company ; 
I3ut  in  the  following  year  Iho 
)ns,  "  that  all  the  subjects  ot 
ss  prohibited  by  act  of  jwrlk- 
ccuniarv  dilVieulties  in  wlnci 
he  Company  for  a  loan  of 
Company  olVered  to  advance 
he  time  so  low,  that  they  \m- 
.0  hud  previously  opposed  the 
iir  being  formed  into  a  new 
n,  the  advocates  of  free  trade 
■slablishing  a  new  (."omiiaiiY, 
-nd  unanswerable,  their  argu- 
)ur,  failed  of  making  any  ini- 
of  the   legislature ;   and  as 
lovcl  spectacle  was  exhibited 
:ight  ti)  the  trade  of  the  same 

,ad  obtained  the  new  chatter 
liately  seen  that  they  were  as 
Irhey  had  not,  it  was  obvious, 
grasp  at  the  monopoly,  whicU 
The  public,  in  conse.iuencc, 
c  any  dilVerence,  it  is  probable 
aversion,  inasmuch  as  we  are 


naturally  more  exasperated  by  what  we  conceive  to  bo  duplicity  and  bad  faith,  than  by  fair 
undisguised  hostility. 

At  first  the  mutual  hatred  of  th,j  rival  associations  knew  no  bounds.  But  they  were  not 
long  in  perceiving  that  such  conduct  would  infallibly  end  in  their  ruin ;  and  that  while  one 
was  labouring  to  destroy  the  other,  the  friends  of  free  trade  might  step  in  and  procure  the 
dissolution  of  both.  In  consequence,  they  became  gradually  reconciled;  and  in  1702,  hav- 
ing adjusted  their  dillerences,  they  resolved  to  form  themselves  into  one  company,  entitled, 
The  Untied  Comprmi/  of  Merchants  of  En>jrland  tradins;  to  the  Enst  Indicia. 
The  authority  of  parliament  was  soon  after  inti;rposed  to  give  effect  to  this  agreement. 
The  United  Company  engaged  to  advinn  n  1  ,'^00,000/.  to  government  without  interest, 
which  as  a  previous  advance  had  been  maii  \  of  3,000,000/.  at  8  per  cent.,  made  the  total 
sum  due  to  them  by  the  public  3,200,000/  t  earing  interest  at  5  per  cent. ;  and  govnriuiient 
agreed  to  ratify  the  terms  of  their  agreemeni,  and  to  extend  the  charter  to  the  25tli  of  March, 
1720,  with  3  years'  notice. 

While  those  important  matters  were  transacting  at  homo,  the  Company  had  acquired 
some  additional  possessions  in  India.  In  1C92,  the  Bengal  agency  was  transferred  from 
Hooghly  to  Calcutta.  In  I  BOS,  the  Company  ac(]uircd  a  grant  from  one  of  the  grandsons 
of  Aureng/.obe,  of  Calcutta  and  2  adjoining  villages ;  whh  leave  to  exercise  juiliciary  powers 
over  th«  inhabitants,  and  to  erect  fortifications.  These  were  soon  after  constructed,  and  re- 
ceived, in  compliment  to  William  III.,  then  king  of  England,  the  name  of  Fort  William. 
The  agency  at  Bengal  which  had  hitlu-rto  been  subsidiary  only,  was  now  raised  to  the  rank 
of  a  presidency. 

The  vigorous  competition  that  had  been  cirried  on  for  some  years  before  the  coalition  of 
the  old  and  new  Companies,  between  them  ar.d  the  private  traiiers,  had  occasioned  a  great 
additional  importation  of  Indian  silks,  piece  g.iods,  and  other  products,  and  a  great  reduction 
of  their  price.  These  circumstnnccs  ocrasioiied  the  most  vehement  complaints  amongst  the 
home  manufacturers,  who  resorted  to  the  arguments  invariably  made  use  of  on  such  occa- 
sions hy  tlioi-c  who  wish  to  exclude  foreign  competition  ;  affirming  that  manufactured  India 
goods  had  b?en  largely  substituted  for  tliosc  of  England  ;  th:  t  the  English  manufacturers  had 
been  reduced  to  the  cruel  necessity  cither  of  selling  nothing,  or  of  sellir.g  their  commodities 
at  suc!i  a  price  as  left  them  no  profit ;  that  gr^at  numbers  of  their  workmen  had  been  thrown 
out  of  employi..ent;  and  last  of  all,  that  Indian  goods  were  not  bought  by  British  goods, 
but  by  goiil  iuid  silver,  the  exportation  of  which  had  cau:-ed  the  general  impoverishment  of 
the  kiugdom  !  The  merchants  and  others  interested  in  the  India  trade  could  not,  as  had 
previously  happened  to  them  in  the  controversy  with  respect  to  the  exportation  of  bullion, 
meet  tliei-o  statements  without  attacking  i\\3  principles  on  which  they  resUrd,  and  maintain- 
ing, in  oppo:-ition  to  them,  that  it  was  for  the  advantage  of  every  peojjle  to  buy  the  |)roducts 
they  wanted  in  the  cheapest  market.  This  jast  and  sound  principle  was,  in  consequence, 
enforced  hi  several  petitions  presented  to  parliament  by  the  importers  of  Indian  goods;  and 
it  was  also  enforced  in  several  able  publications  that  appeared  at  the  time.  But  these  argu- 
ments, how  unanswerable  soes-er  they  may  now  apjjcar,  had  then  hut  little  inlluence ;  and  in 
1701,  an  act  was  passed,  prohibiting  the  importation  of  Invllan  manufactured  goods  for  home 
consumption. 

For  some  years  after  the  re-establishment  of  the  Company,  it  continued  to  proseeute  its 
efforts  to  consolidate  and  extend  its  commerce.  But  the  unsettled  state  of  the  Mogul  empire, 
coupled  with  the  determination  of  the  Company  to  establish  factories  in  every  convenient 
situation,  exposed  their  affairs  to  perpetual  vicissitudes.  In  1715,  it  was  resolved  to  send  an 
enihaasy  to  Delhi,  to  solicit  from  Furucksur,  an  unworthy  descendant  of  Aurengzebe,  an 
extension  and  confirmation  of  the  Company's  territory  and  privileges.  Address,  accident, 
and  the  proper  application  of  prcnentf!,  conspired  to  ensure  the  success  of  the  embassy.  The 
grants  or  patents  solicited  by  the  Company  were  issued  in  1717.  They  were  in  all  34.  The 
substance  of  the  privileges  they  conferred  was,  that  English  vessels  wrecked  on  the  coasts 
of  the  empire  should  be  exempt  from  plunder ;  that  the  annual  payment  of  a  stipulated  sum 
to  the  government  of  Surat  should  free  the  English  trade  at  that  port  from  all  duties  and  ex- 
actions; that  those  villages  contiguous  to  Madras  formerly  granted  and  afterwards  refused 
by  the  government  of  Arcott,  should  be  restored  to  the  Company  ;  that  the  island  of  Uiu, 
near  the  port  of  Masulipatam,  should  belong  to  the  Company,  paying  for  it  a  fixed  rent; 
that  in  Bengal,  all  persons,  whether  European  or  native,  indebted  or  accountable  to  the 
Ccinpany,  should  be  delivered  uj)  to  the  [)residcncy  on  demand ;  that  goods  of  export  or 
import,  belonging  to  the  English,  might,  under  a  dustitck  or  jjassport  from  the  president  of 
Calcutta,  be  conveyed  duty  free  through  the  Bengal  provinces  ;  and  that  the  English  should 
be  at  liberty  to  purchase  the  lordshi|)  of  37  towns  contiguous  to  ('alcutta,  and  in  fact  com- 
manding both  banks  of  the  river  for  10  miles  south  of  that  city. — (Grunt's  Sketch  of  the 
Hift,  iftlieEcLst  India.  Compuni/,  p.  128.) 

The  important  privileges  thus  granted,  were  long  regarded  as  constituting  the  great  char- 
ter tf  the  English  in  India.  Hone  of  them,  however,  were  not  fully  conceded;  but  wero 
withheld  or  modified  by  the  influence  of  the  emperor's  lieutenants,  or  soubahdara. 


622 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


irr"9 


i 


i 


In  1717,  the  Company  fouml  themsclvrs  in  clanger  from  a  new  competitor.  In  the  courso 
of  that  yc;ir  some  ships  appcarcil  in  fmiia  fitted  out  by  private  adventurers  from  Osteiid. 
Their  success  encouraged  others  to  engage  in  the  same  line  ;  and  in  1722,  the  adventurers 
were  formed  into  a  company  under  a  charter  from  his  Imperial  Majesty,  Tiie  Dutch  and 
English  Companies,  who  had  so  long  been  hostile  to  each  other,  at  once  laid  aside  their 
animosities,  and  joined  heartily  in  an  attempt  to  crush  their  new  competitors.  Henionstrancerf 
being  found  ineirectual,  force  was  resorted  to ;  and  the  vessels  of  the  Ostcnd  Company 
were  captured,  under  the  most  frivolous  pretences,  in  the  open  seas  on  the  coasts  of  Brazil. 
The  British  and  Dutch  governments  abetted  the  selfish  spirit  of  hostility  displayed  hv 
their  respective  Companies.  And  the  emperor  was,  in  the  end,  glad  to  purchase  the  sup- 
port of  (Jreat  Britain  and  Holland  to  the  pragmatic  sanction,  by  the  sacrifice  of  tlie  (Jom- 
pany  at  Ostend. 

'J'hough  the  Company's  trade  had  increased,  it  was  still  inconsiderable;  and  it  is  vrrv 
difficult,  indeed,  when  one  examines  the  accounts  that  have  from  time  to  time  been  pulilislicd 
of  the  Company's  mercantile  affairs,  to  imagine  how  the  idea  ever  came  to  be  entertaimd 
that  their  commerce  was  of  any  considerahle,  much  less  paramount,  importance.  At  an 
average  of  the  10  years  ending  with  1724,  the  total  value  of  the  British  manufactures  and 
other  products  annually  exported  to  India  amounted  to  only  92,410/.  12.s.  dd.  The  averiigo 
value  of  the  bullion  annually  exported  during  the  same  period,  amounted  to  .518,102/.  ll.s,  0(/.- 
making  the  total  annu..;  average  exports  '  .^,51.3/.  3s.  10^/.;  a  truly  pitiful  sum,  when  we 
consider  the  wealth,  population,  and  industry  of  the  countries  between  which  the  Company's 
commerce  was  carried  on  ;  and  affording  by  its  smallness  a  strong  presumptive  proof  of  the 
elTcct  of  the  monopoly  in  j)reventing  the  growth  of  the  trade. 

In  1730,  though  there  were  3  years  still  unexjnrcd  of  the  Company's  charter,  a  vigoroin 
effort  was  made  by  the  merchants  of  London,  Bristol,  and  Liverpool,  to  prevent  its  riMicwal. 
It  has  been  said  that  the  gains  of  the  Company,  had  •''■^v  been  exactly  known,  would  not 
have  excited  any  very  envious  feelings  on  the  part  of  thi>  merchants ;  but  being  concealed, 
they  were  exaggerated  ;  and  the  boasts  of  the  Company  as  to  the  importance  of  their  trade 
contributed  to  spread  the  belief  that  their  profits  were  enonnous,  and  consequently  stimu- 
lated the  exertions  of  their  opponents.  Supposing,  however,  that  the  real  state  of  the  ease 
had  been  known,  there  was  still  enough  to  justify  the  utmost  exertions  on  the  part  of  the 
merchants  :  for  the  limited  profits  made  by  the  Company,  notwithstanding  their  nionojioly, 
were  entirely  owing  to  the  misconduct  of  their  agents,  which  tliey  had  vainly  endeavoured 
to  restrain ;  and  to  the  waste  inseparable  from  such  unwieldy  establishments. 

The  merchants,  on  this  occasion,  followed  the  example  that  had  been  set  by  the  petition- 
ers for  free  trade  in  1656.  They  offered,  in  the  first  place,  to  advance  the  0,200,000/. 
lent  by  the  Company  to  the  public,  on  more  favourable  terms.  And  in  the  second  place, 
they  proposed  that  the  subscribers  to  this  loan  should  be  formed  into  a  reu^ulafcd  company, 
for  opening  the  trade,  under  the  most  favourable  circumstances,  to  all  classes  of  their 
countrymen. 

It  was  not  intended  that  the  Company  should  trade  upon  a  joint  stock,  and  in  then-  cor- 
porate capacity,  but  that  every  individual  who  pleased  should  trade  in  the  w,iy  of  private 
adventure.  'I'he  Company  were  to  have  the  charge  of  erecting  and  maintaining  the  forts 
and  establishments  abroad  ;  and  for  this,  and  for  other  expenses  att^'uding  what  was  called 
the  enlargement  and  preservation  of  the  trade,  it  was  proposed  that  they  should  receive  a 
duty  of  1  per  cent,  upon  all  exports  to  India,  and  of  5  per  cent,  upon  all  imports  from  it. 
For  ensuring  obedience  to  this  and  other  regulations,  it  was  to  be  enacted,  that  no  one 
should  trade  to  India  without  licence  from  the  Company.  And  it  was  proposed  that  31 
years,  with  3  years'  notice,  should  he  granted  as  the  duration  of  their  peculiar  privilege. 

"  It  appears  from  this,"  says  Mr.  Mill,  "that  the  end  which  was  proposed  to  be  answered, 
by  incor])orating  such  a  company,  was  the  preservation  and  erection  of  the  forts,  buildings, 
and  other  fixed  establishments,  required  for  the  trade  of  India.  This  Conijiany  pronnscd  to 
supply  that  demand  which  has  always  been  held  forth  as  peculiar  to  the  India  trade,  as  the 
grand  exigency  which,  distinguishing  the  trafiic  with  India  from  all  other  branches  of  trade, 
rendered  monopoly  advantageous  in  that  peculiar  case,  how  much  scx'ver  it  might  he  inju- 
rious in  otliers.  While  it  provided  for  this  real  or  [)retended  want,  it  left  the  trade  open  to 
all  the  advantages  of  private  enterprise,  private  vigilance,  private  skill,  and  private  ccononiy, 
— the  virtues  by  which  individuals  thrive  and  nations  jirosper.  And  it  gave  the  proposed 
company  an  interest  in  the  careful  discharge  of  its  duty,  by  making  its  prufits  increase  in 
exact  proportion  with  the  increase  of  the  trade,  and,  of  course,  with  the  facilities  and  accom- 
modation by  which  the  trade  was  promoted. 

"  Three  petitions  were  presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  behalf  of  the  proposed 
company,  by  the  merchants  of  Ijondon,  Bristol,  and  Liverpool.  It  was  urged,  that  the  pro- 
posed company  would,  through  the  competition  of  which  it  would  be  productive,  cause  a 
great  extension  of  the  trade  ;  that  it  would  produce  a  larger  ex|)ortation  of  our  own  produce 
and  manufactures  to  India,  and  reduce  the  price  of  all  Indian  commodities  to  the  people  at 
lionie ;  that  new  channels  of  traffic  woulil  he  opened  i»  Asia  and  America,  as  well  as  in 


'!i 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


623 


npctitor.  In  the  ctmrso 
i>iitun-rs  iroiu  OsU-nil. 
1  1723,  the  a<lvi'nturm 
fsty.  Tlu^  Dutch  and 
at  onrx'  laid  uHiile  their 
letitors.  Koiiu)nsti;iiice-j 
f  the  Ostfiul  Company 
on  the  coasts  of  Brazil, 
f  hostility  displayed  hy 
lad  to  yjurchasc  the  suii- 
lic  sacrifice  of  the  (Jora- 

islderahle ;  and  it  is  very 
nc  to  time  hern  publislied 
■r  came  to  he  eiitertaimd 
unt,  importance.  At  an 
Irilish  manufactures  and 
)/,  12s.  Gd.  The  average 
[itcd  to  .518,103/.  lis. 0(/.; 
uly  pitiful  sum,  when  we 
een  which  the  Company's 
presumptive  proof  of  the 

nany's  charter,  a  viiroroin 
)ol,  to  prevent  its  renewal, 
jxactly  known,  would  not 
nts;  hut  heing  concealed, 
B  importance  of  their  trade 
!,  and  consequently  stimu- 
it  the  real  state  of  tlie  case 
ixertions  on  the  part  of  the 
hstanding  their  monopoly, 
ey  had  vainly  endeavoured 
;ahUshmcnts. 

lad  heen  set  hy  the  petition. 
B  advance  the  ri,200,000/. 
And  in  the  second  place, 
.  into  a  regululcd  company, 
ces,  to  ail  classes  of  their 

oint  stock,  and  in  their  cor- 
trade  in  the  way  of  private 
and  maintaining  the  forts 
attending  what  was  called 
il  that  they  should  receive  a 
It.  upon  all  imports  from  it 
_i  to  he  enacted,  that  no  one 
nd  it  was  proposed  that  31 
their  peculiar  privilesc. 
as  proposed  to  be  answered, 
•tion  of  the  forts,  buildings, 
This  Comjiany  pronnsed  to 
ar  to  the  India  trade,  as  the 
all  other  branches  of  trade, 
uch  s(x>ver  it  might  be  inju- 
ant,  it  left  the  trade  open  to 
skill,  and  private  economy. 
And  it  save  the  proposed 

lakiug  its  pi-"i't«  ■'""'•^^'^  "^ 
,ilh  the  facilities  and  accora- 

,s  in  hehalfof  the  proposed 
1  It  was  urged,  that  the  pro- 
Luld  bo  productive,  cause  a 
lortation  of  our  own  produce 
lommodities  to  the  people  at 
aiwi  America,  as  well  as  lu 


Europe ;  that  the  duties  of  customs  and  excise  would  be  increased ;  and  that  tlio  waste 
and  extravagance  caused  by  tho  monopoly  would  bo  entirely  avoided." — (Mill's  India,  vol. 
iii.  p.  :}7.) 

But  these  arguments  did  not  prevail.  The  Company  magnified  the  importance  of  their 
trade ;  and  contended,  that  it  would  be  unwise  to  risk  advantages  already  realised  for  the 
sake  of  those  that  were  prospective  and  contingent.  They  alleged  that,  if  the  trade  to  India 
were  thrown  open,  the  price  of  goods  in  India  would  be  so  much  enhanced  by  the  compe- 
tition of  dilferent  traders,  and  their  price  in  England  so  much  diminished,  that  the  freedom 
of  the  trade  would  certainly  end  in  the  ruin  of  all  who  had  been  foolish  enough  to  adven- 
ture in  it.  To  enlarge  on  the  fallacy  of  these  statements  would  be  worse  than  superlluous. 
It  is  obvious  that  nothing  whatever  could  have  been  risked,  and  that  a  great  deal  would 
have  been  gained,  by  opening  the  trade  in  the  way  that  was  pro[)oscd.  And  if  it  were 
really  true  that  the  trade  to  India  ought  to  be  subjected  to  a  monopoly,  lest  the  traders  by 
their  competition  should  ruin  each  other,  it  would  follow  that  the  trade  to  America — and  not 
that  only,  but  every  branch  both  of  the  foreign  and  home  trade  of  the  empire — should  be 
surrendered  to  exclusive  companies.  But  such  as  the  Company's  arguments  were,  they 
seemed  satisfactory  to  parliament.  They,  however,  consented  to  reduce  the  interest  on  the 
debt  due  to  them  by  the  public  from  5  to  4  per  cent,  and  contributed  a  sum  of  300,000/.  for 
the  public  .service.  On  these  conditions  it  was  agreed  to  extend  their  exclusive  privileges  to 
Lady-day,  176G,  with  the  customary  addition  of  three  years'  notice. 

For  about  15  years  from  this  period,  the  Company's  afl'airs  went  on  without  any  very 
prominent  changes.     But  notwithstanding  the  increased  importation  of  tea,  the  consumption 
of  which  now  began  rapidly  to  extend,  their  trade  continued  to  he  coin[)aratively  insig- 
nificant.    At  an  average  of  the  8  years  ending  with  1741,  the  value  of  the  British  goods 
•md  products  of  all  sorts,  exported  hy  the  Company  to  India  and  China,  amounted  to  only 
1,57,944/.  4,v.  Id.  a  year !    And  during  the  7  years  ending  with  1748,  they  amounted  to  only 
188,170/.  lG.'?.4r/.      And  when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  these  exports  included  the  military 
stores  of  all  sorts,  forwarded  to  the  Company's  settlements  in  India  and  at  St.  Helena,  the 
amount  of  which  was,  at  all  times,  very  consideratile,  it  does  appear  exceedingly  doubtful 
whether  the  Company  really  exported,  during  the  entire  period  from  1730  to  1748,  1.50,000/. 
worth  of  British  i)roduce  as  a  legitimate  mercantile  adventure !     Their  trade,  such  as  it  was, 
was  entirely  carried  on  by  shipments  of  bullion ;   and  even  its  annual  averace  export,  dur- 
ing the  7  years  ending  with  1748,  only  amounted  to  548,711/.  19.9.  3rf.     It  would  seem, 
indeed,  that  the  Company  had  derived  no  perceptible  advantage  from  the  important  conces- 
sions obtained  from  the  Mogul  emperor,  in  1717.     But  the  true  conclusion  is,  not  that  these 
concessions  were  of  little  value,  but  that  the  deadening  influence  of  monopoly  had  so  para- 
lysed the  Com{)any,  that  they  were  unable  to  turn  them  to  account;  and  that,  though  with- 
out coini)etitors,  and  with  opulent  kingdoms  for  their  customers,  their  commerce  was  hardly 
greater  tiian  that  carried  on  by  some  single  merchants. 

In  1733,  the  Company  were  obliged  to  reduce  their  dividend  from  8  to  7  per  cent.,  at 
which  rate  it  continued  till  1744. 

The  opposition  the  Company  had  experienced  from  the  merchants,  when  the  question  as 
to  the  renewal  of  their  charter  was  agitated,  in  1730,  made  them  very  desirous  to  obtain  the 
next  renewal  in  as  quiet  a  manner  as  possible.  They  therefore  proposed,  in  1743,  when  33 
years  of  their  charter  were  yet  unexpired,  to  lend  1,000,000/.  to  government,  at  3  per  cent., 
provided  their  exclusive  privileges  were  extended  to  1780,  with  the  usual  notice.  And  as 
none  were  expecting  such  an  application,  or  prepared  to  oppose  it,  the  consent  of  govern- 
ment was  obtained  without  difficulty. 

But  the  period  was  now  come,  when  the  mercantile  character  of  the  East  India  Company ; 
if.  indeed,  it  could  with  propriety,  be,  at  any  time,  said  to  belong  to  them, — was  to  he  eclipsed 
by  their  achievements  as  a  military  power,  and  the  magnitude  of  their  conquests.  For  about 
two  centuries  after  the  European  powers  began  their  intercourse  with  India,  the  Mogul 
princes  were  regarded  as  amongst  the  most  0|)ulent  and  powerful  of  monarchs.  Though  of  a 
foreign  lineage — lining  descended  from  the  famous  Tamerlane,  or  Timur  Bee,  who  overran 
India  in  1400 — and  of  a  different  religion  from  the  great  body  of  their  subjects,  their  domi- 
nion was  firmly  established  in  every  part  of  their  extensive  empire.  The  administration  of 
the  dillerent  provinces  was  committed  to  olficers  denominated  soubahdars,  or  nabobs,  intrusted 
with  powers,  in  their  respective  governments,  similar  to  those  enjoyed  by  tiio  Roman  priutors. 
So  long  as  the  emperors  retained  any  considerable  portion  of  the  vigour  and  bravery  of  their 
lianly  ancestors,  the  different  parts  of  the  government  were  held  in  due  subonlination,  and 
the  soubahdars  yielded  a  ready  obedience  to  the  orders  from  Delhi.  But  the  emperors  were 
i;radually  ilebauehed  by  the  a|)parently  prosperous  condition  of  their  affairs.  Instead  of 
being  educated  in  the  council  or  the  camp,  the  heirs  of  almost  unbounded  power  were  brought 
up  in  the  slothful  luxury  of  the  seraglio;  ignorant  of  public  affairs;  benumbed  by  indo- 
lence; depraved  by  the  flattery  of  women,  of  eunuchs,  and  of  slaves;  their  minds  contracted 
with  tlieir  enjoyments;  their  inclinations  were  vilitled  by  their  habits;  and  their  govern- 
ment grew  as  vicious,  as  corrupt,  and  as  worthless  as  themselves.     When  the  famous  Kouli 


.1 


624 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


■.» 


^l«"H 


'   I 


/.(. 


Ivliiiii.tlic  usurppr  of  the  Persian  tlirono,  invaded  India,  the  eflfeminnto  sucrcssor  of  Tamer- 
l.iiu;  and  Auren^fzi'be  was  too  unprepared  to  op|)ose,  and  too  claHtardly  to  thinii  of  iivenning 
ilie  attaeit.  Tiiis  was  tiic  Hignul  for  tlie  disinenil)eiinei\t  of  the  monarehy.  No  Hoorier  had 
tlio  invader  withdrawn,  than  the  souhahdnrs  cither  openly  throw  oil' their  allegiance  to  the 
emperor,  or  paid  only  a  speeies  of  nominal  or  mock  deferenee  to  his  orders.  The  indc. 
pendenee  of  the  souhahdars  was  very  soon  followed  by  wars  amongst  tlieniselves  ;  and,  be- 
ini^  well  aware  of  the  su|)criority  of  Euro[)can  troops  and  tactics,  they  anxiously  courted  tlio 
alliance  and  su{)port  of  the  French  and  English  East  India  Companies.  These  bodies, 
having  espoused  did'ereiit  sides,  according  as  their  interests  or  prejudices  dictated,  began 
very  soon  to  turn  the  (juarrels  of  the  soubahdars  to  their  own  account.  Instead  of  being 
contented,  as  hitiierlo,  with  the  possession  of  factories  and  trading  towns,  they  aspired  to  tiie 
dominion  of  provinces;  and  the  struggle  soon  came  to  be,  not  which  of  the  native  jirinces 
should  prevail,  but  whether  the  English  or  the  French  shotdd  become  the  utn|)ire8  of  India. 

IJut  these  transactions  arc  altogether  foreign  to  the  subject  of  this  work  ;  nor  could  any 
intelligililc  account  of  them  be  given  without  entering  into  lengthened  statements.  We 
shall  only,  therefore,  observe  that  the  atfairs  of  the  French  were  ably  conducted  by  La  Bnur- 
donnais,  Uupieix,  and  Lally,  otficcrs  of  distinguished  merit,  and  not  less  celebratt d  for  their 
great  actions  than  for  the  base  ingratitude  of  which  tliey  were  the  victims.  IJut  though  vic- 
tory seemed  at  fust  to  incline  to  the  French  and  their  allies,  the  English  affairs  were  eirect- 
ually  retrieved  by  the  extraordinary  talents  and  address  of  a  single  individual; — ('olonel 
(afterwards  Lord)  Clive  was  equally  brave,  cautions,  and  enterjirising ;  not  scru])uloiis  in 
the  use  of  means;  fertile  in  expedients;  endowed  with  wonderful  sagacity  and  resohiiinn; 
and  capable  of  turning  even  the  most  apparently  adverse  circumstances  to  advantage.  Hav- 
ing succeeded  in  humbling  the  French  power  in  the  vicinity  of  Madras,  Clive  landed  at 
Calcutta  in  1757.  in  order  to  chastise  the  soubahdar,  Surajah  ul  Dowlah,  who  had  a  short 
while  before  attacked  the  English  factory  at  that  place  and  inhumanly  shut  up  llfi  Eiiglisli- 
men  in  a  prison,  where,  owing  to  the  excessive  heat  and  want  of  water,  123  jierishcd  in  a 
single  night,  ('live  had  only  700  Eurofjean  troo|)s  and  1,400  Sepoys  with  him  when  he 
landed  ;  but  with  these,  and  .570  sailors  furnished  by  the  fleet,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  attack 
the  innnen^e  army  connnanded  by  the  soubahdar,  and  totally  defeated  him  in  the  fimnus 
battle  of  Plassey.  This  victory  threw  the  whole  provinces  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and  O.issa, 
into  our  hands;  and  they  were  fmally  confirnied  to  us  by  the  treaty  negotiated  in  Hi]'). 

Opinion  has  been  long  divided  as  to  the  policy  of  our  military  operations  in  India ;  and  it 
has  been  slreimously  contended,  that  we  ought  never  to  have  extended  our  onquests  beyond 
the  limits  of  Bengal.  The  legislature  seems  to  have  taken  this  view  of  the  matter;  the 
House  of  (Commons  having  resolved,  in  1782,  "that  to  pursue  schemes  of  coiiquost  and 
extent  of  dominion  in  India  are  measures  repugnant  to  the  wish,  the  honour,  and  tlie  policy 
of  this  nation."  But  others  have  argued,  and  a|)parently  on  pretty  good  grounds,  that,  hiiv- 
ing  gone  thus  far,  we  were  compelled  to  advance.  The  native  powers,  trembling  at  the 
increase  of  British  dominiim,  endeavoured  when  too  late  to  make  head  against  the  gnnving 
evil.  In  this  view  they  entered  into  combinations  and  wars  against  the  English;  and  the 
latter  liaving  been  uniformly  victorious,  their  empire  necessarily  went  on  increasing,  till  nil 
the  native  powers  have  been  swallowed  up  in  its  vast  extent. 

The  magnitude  of  the  ac(|uisitions  made  by  Lord  Clive  powerfully  cxxited  the  attention 
of  the  British  public.  Their  value  was  prodigiously  exaggerated;  and  it  was  generally  aj- 
mittcd  that  the  (>*ompany  iiad  no  legal  claim  to  enjoy,  during  the  whole  peri  >d  of  thriir 
charter,  all  the  advantages  resulting  from  conijuests,  to  which  the  Heels  and  armies  of  the 
state  had  largely  contributed.  In  1767,  the  subject  was  taken  uj)  by  the  House  of  t.'ominons; 
and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  investigate  the  whole  circumstances  of  the  ca.';e,  and  to 
calculate  the  entire  expenditure  incurred  by  the  public  on  the  Company's  account.  Diirini; 
the  agitation  of  this  matter,  the  right  of  the  Coni[)any  to  the  new  compiest  wa-!  totally  denied 
by  several  members.  In  the  end,  however,  the  (juestion  was  eom[)roinised  by  the  ("oinpany 
agreeing  to  [lay  400,000/.  a  year  for  2  ye^rs ;  and  in  17()'J,  this  agreement,  including  the 
yearly  payment,  was  further  extended  fur  5  years  more.  The  Company,  at  the  same  time, 
increased  their  dividend,  which  had  been  fixed  by  the  former  agreement  at  iO,  to  12^  per 
cent. 

But  the  Company's  anticipations  of  increased  revenue  proved  entirely  visionary.  The 
rapidity  of  their  conquests  in  India,  the  distance  of  the  controlling  authority  at  home,  and 
the  abuses  in  the  government  of  the  native  princes,  to  wboni  the  (^)mpatiy  had  succeeded, 
conspired  to  foster  a  strong  spirit  of  jK'culation  among  their  servants.  Abuses  nf  every  soit 
were  nmltipliid  to  a  frightful  extent.  'I'he  English,  having  obtained,  or  r.ithei-  (•nl()rced,  an 
exemption  from  those  heavy  transit  duties  to  which  the  native  traders  were  snliji'.t,  engrossed 
the  whole  internal  trade  of  the  country.  They  even  went  so  far  as  to  decida  \vh:it  rpiantity 
of  goods  each  manufacturer  should  deliver,  and  what  he  sh(vuld  receive  for  thi'in.  It  is  due 
to  the  directors  to  say,  that  they  exi'rted  themselves  to  repress  these  abuses.  But  their  reso- 
lutions were  neither  carried  into  effect  by  their  servants  in  India,  nor  sanctioned  by  the  pro- 
jirictord  at  home;  so  that  the  abuses,  instead  of  being  repressed,  went  on  acquiring frosh 


.'» 


KAST  IM)I.V  COMPANY. 


625 


ito  8Ucrc'«sor  of  Tamer- 
lly  to  think  of  uvrniTing 
archv.  N o  rtoorifr  had 
ilVlhoir  allogiaiifc  to  the 
his  oTihrA.  'I'hc  ii\ilc- 
rst  t'.u'int^i'lvps  ;  and,  he- 
:,y  anxiously  courted  the 
inpnnit's.  Thi'so  bodies, 
vrjudices  dictali'd,  bi'i,'an 
count.  InsU-ad  of  being 
owns,  they  aspired  to  the 
lich  of  the  native  princes 
imc  the  umpires  of  India, 
his  work  ;  nor  could  any 
,'thencd  statements.  We 
iiy  conducted  by  LaBour- 
lOt  less  celebrati  d  for  their 
victims.  Hut  though  vic- 
;'.nRlish  affairs  were  elTeot- 
igle  individual  -,— ('olonel 
[iris'in!! ;  not  scriii)ulaus  in 
1  sai;ai-ity  and  resolution; 
anccs  to  advanliiije.  Hav- 
f  Madras,  Clive  landed  at 
I  Dowlah,  who  had  a  short 
lanlv  shut  up  MO  Eni,dish- 
of  water,  123  perished  in  a 
I  Sepoys  with  him  when  he 
c  did  )iot  hesitate  to  attack 
efeated  him  in  the  fimniis 
Bengal,  Bahar,  and  Odssa, 
■aty  negotiated  in  ITt)"). 
r  operations  in  India ;  and  it 
ended  our  eomiuesis  beyond 
[his  view  of  the  matter;  the 
[>  schemes  of  conquest  and 
L  the  honour,  and  the  policy 
Wy  B"'"'  grounds,  that,  hav- 
ve  powers,  trendiling  at  the 
ic  head  against  the  gri>wing 
ainst  the  English;  and  the 
went  on  increasing,  till  all 

ierfully  excited  tl.c  attention 
Id;  and  it  was  generally  ad- 
Ig  the  whole  peri  id  of  their 
Tthe  lU'ets  and  armies  of  the 
by  the  House  of  Cloniinons; 
Instances  of  the  case,  and  to 
Lmpany's  accovmt.    Durini! 
fcon.piest  wa^  totally  <lenieil 
Inpromised  by  the  Comp'iny 
[m  agreement,  including  the 
Company,  at  the  same  tune, 
igreementat  U),  to  12. h'" 

-ed  entirelv  visionary.    The 
lling  authority  at  \mw.  and 
le  Company  had  succeeded, 
lants.     Abuses  of  every  sort 
lined,  or  rather  eu'.orced,  an 
Iuler>;  were  snbj.-ct.  engrossed 
Ir  as  to  decide  what  (piantity 
1  receive  for  thcin.     It  is  due 
Ise  abuses.     But  their  rcso- 
1  nor  sanctioned  by  the  pro- 
L.J,  went  on  ac/4uiring  fresh 


£ 

s. 

d. 

487 

1,018,398 

19 

11 

32.5 

890,910 

17 

0 

1,246 

634,404 

1 

8 

m 

50,226 

0 

0 

2,153 

£2,594,029 

18 

7 

ntrcngth  and  virulence.  The  resources  of  the  country  were  rapidly  impairc<l ;  and  while 
many  of  the  Company's  servants  returned  to  Europe-  with  inunense  fortunes,  the  Compa'iy 
itself  was  involved  in  debt  and  dilViculties;  and  so  far  from  being  able  to  pay  the  stipulated 
sum  of  400,000/.  a  year  to  government,  was  compelled  to  apply,  in  1772,  to  the  Treasury 
fur  u  loan ! 

In  this  crisis  of  their  alfairs,  government  interposed,  and  a  considerable  change  was  mado 
in  the  constitution  of  the  (Company.  The  dividend  was  restricted  to  6  per  cent.,  till  the 
liuni  of  1,400,000/.,  advanced  to  them  by  the  public,  should  be  paid.  It  was  further  enacted, 
that  the  court  of  directors  should  be  elected  for  4  years,  0  members  annually,  but  none  to 
hold  their  stMts  for  more  than  4  years  at  a  time  ;  that  no  person  was  to  vole  at  the  courts 
of  proprietors  who  had  not  possessed  his  stock  for  12  months  ;  and  that  the  anuinnt  of  stock 
required  to  qualify  for  a  vote  should  be  increased  fVi)m  500/.  to  1,000/.  The  jurisdiction  of 
the  Mayor's  Court  at  Calcutta  was  in  future  confined  to  small  mercantile  cases  ;  anil,  in  lieu 
of  it,  a  new  court  was  appointed,  consisting  of  a  chief  justice  and  3  principal  judges  appointed 
by  the  Crown.  A  superiority  was  also  given  to  Bengal  over  the  other  presidencies,  Mr. 
Warren  Hastings  being  .named  in  the  act  as  governor-general  of  India.  The  governor- 
general,  councillors,  and  judges  were  prohiiiited  from  having  any  concern  whatever  in  trade  ; 
and  no  person  residing  in  the  Company's  settlements  was  aUowed  to  take  more  than  12  per 
cent,  per  annum  for  money.  Though  strenuously  opposed,  these  measures  were  carried  by 
a  large  majority. 

At  this  period  (1773)  the  total  number  of  proprietors  of  East  India  stock,  with  their  quali- 
fications as  they  stood  in  the  Company's  book,  were  as  follows : — 

Proprietors.  Stocks. 

Englishmen,  possessing  1,000/.  stock  and  upwards 
Foreigners,  possessing  1,000/.  stock  and  upwards 
Englishmen,  possessing  500/.  stock  and  upwards 
Foreigners,  possessing  500/.  stock  and  upwards 

Total        .  -  -  . 

Notwithstanding  the  vast  extension  of  the  Company's  territories,  their  trade  continued  to 
lie  apparently  insignificant.  During  the  3  years  ending  with  1773,  the  value  of  the  entire 
exports  of  British  produce  and  manufactures,  including  military  stores  exported  by  the  Com- 
pany to  India  and  China,  amounted  to  1,469,41 1/.,  being  at  the  rate  of  489.803/.  a  year ;  the 
annual  exports  of  bullion  during  the  same  period  being  only  84,933/. !  Daring  the  same  3 
years,  23  ships  sailed  annually  for  India.  The  truth,  indeed,  seems  to  be,  that,  hut  for  the 
increased  consumption  of  tea  in  Great  Britain,  the  Company  would  h.ave  entirely  ceased  to 
carry  on  any  branch  of  trade  with  the  East ;  and  the  monopoly  wcmld  have  excluded  us  as 
elTcctually  from  the  markets  of  India  and  China  as  if  the  trade  had  reverted  to  its  ancient 
channels,  and  the  route  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Ho|ie  been  relinquished. 

In  1781,  the  exclusive  privileges  of  the  Company  were  extended  to  1791,  with  3  years' 
notice ;  the  dividend  on  the  Company's  stock  was  fixed  at  8  per  cent. ;  three  fourths  of  their 
surplus  revenues,  after  paying  the  dividend,  and  the  sum  of  400,000/.  payable  to  govern- 
ment, was  to  be  applied  to  the  public  service,  and  the  remaining  fourth  to  the  Company's 
own  use. 

In  1780,  the  value  of  British  produce  and  manufactures  exported  hy  the  Company  to 
India  and  China  amounted  to  only  386,152/. ;  the  bullion  exported  during  the  same  year 
was  15,014/.  The  total  value  of  the  exports  during  the  same  year  was  12,648,616/. ;  show- 
ing that  the  East  India  trade  formed  only  one  thirly-stcond  part  of  the  entire  foreign  trade  of 
the  empire ! 

The  administration  of  Mr.  Hastings  was  one  continued  scene  of  war,  negotiation,  and 
intrigue.  The  state  of  the  country,  instead  of  being  improved,  became  worse ;  so  much  so, 
that  in  a  council  minute  by  Marquis  Cornwallis,  dated  the  18th  of  September,  1789,  it  is 
distinctly  stated,  ^^  that  one  third  of  t lie  Coiiipuni/s  (errilori/  is  null)  ajunii;h'  for  ici Id  beasts." 
^'omc  abuses  in  the  conduct  of  their  servants  were,  indeed,  rectified  ;  but,  notwithstanding, 
tlic  nett  reverme  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and  Orissa,  which,  in  1772,  had  amounted  to  2, 1 26,766/., 
declined,  in  1785,  to  3,072,963/.  This  exhaustion  of  the  country,  and  the  expen.ses  incurred 
in  the  war  with  Hyder  Ally  and  France,  involved  the  Company  in  fresh  dilhcuities.  .\nd 
being  unable  to  meet  them,  they  were  obliged,  in  1783,  to  present  a  petition  to  parliament, 
setting  forth  their  inability  to  [lay  the  stipulated  sum  of  400,000/.  a  year  to  the  public,  and 
praying  to  be  excused  from  that  payment,  and  to  he  supported  by  a  loan  of  900,000/. 

All  parties  seemed  now  to  be  convinced  that  some  further  changes  in  the  constitution  of 
the  Company  had  become  indispensable.  In  this  crisis  Mr.  Fox  brouglit  forward  his  famous 
India  Bill ;  the  grand  object  of  which  was  to  abolish  the  courts  of  directors  and  proprietors, 
and  to  vest  the  government  of  India  in  the  hands  of  7  commissioners  ap[)ointed  by  parlia- 
ment. The  coaUtion  between  Lord  North  and  Mr.  Fox  had  rendered  the  ministry  exceed- 
Voi.  I.— 3  G  79 


626 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


■■'■HlH.SH 
!■»«.■:■., I 


C3 


r 
J 


'  V 


a  j; 


it 


I,    ^ 


ingly  unpopular ;  and  advantage  was  taken  of  the  cirruinstanco  to  raise  an  extraordinnry 
clamour  against  the  bill.  The  East  India  (Company  sligniatiscd  it  as  an  invasion  of  their 
chartered  rights ;  though  it  is  obvious,  that,  from  their  inability  to  carry  into  clll-ct  the  stipu- 
lations under  which  those  rights  were  conceded  to  them,  they  necessarily  revertiil  to  iho 
public ;  and  it  was  as  open  to  parliament  to  legislate  upon  them  us  upon  any  other  ijiirstian. 
The  political  opponents  of  the  government  reprcsinited  the  proposal  for  vesting  the  noinina- 
tion  of  commissioners  in  the  legislature,  as  a  daring  invasion  of  the  prerogative  of  the  (,' row  n, 
and  an  insidious  attempt  of  the  minister  to  render  himself  ull-poweri'ul,  by  adding  the  imtron- 
age  of  India  to  that  already  in  his  possession.  The  bill  was,  however,  carried  through  the 
House  of  Commons ;  but,  in  consequence  of  the  ferment  it  had  excited,  and  the  avowed  op. 
position  of  his  Majesty,  it  was  thrown  out  in  the  House  of  Lords.  This  event  proved  (Utai 
to  the  coalition  ministry.  A  new  one  was  formed,  with  Mr.  Pitt  at  its  head  ;  and  (jariia. 
ment  being  soon  aftir  dissolved,  the  new  minister  acquired  a  decisive  majority  in  botli  Hdusc:, 
When  thus  secure  of  parliamentary  support,  Mr.  Pitt  brought  forward  his  India  Bill,  wliidi 
was  successfully  carried  through  all  its  stages.  By  this  hill  a  Board  of  Control  wa^i  erecKnl, 
consisting  of  G  meudjcrs  of  the  jirivy  council,  who  were  "  to  check,  superintend,  and  control 
all  acU,  operations,  and  concerns,  wlii('h  in  anywise  relate  to  the  civil  or  military  governint'iit 
or  revenues,  of  the  territories  and  possessions  of  the  East  India  Company."  All  coniimiiij. 
cations  to  or  from  India,  touching  any  of  the  above  matters,  were  to  be  submitted  to  this 
Board  ;  the  directors  being  ordered  to  yield  obedience  to  its  commands,  and  to  alter  or  amend 
all  iiibtructions  sent  to  India  as  directed  by  it.  A  secret  connnittec  of  3  directors  was  Ibrnied, 
with  which  the  Board  of  Control  might  transact  any  bubiness  it  did  not  choose  to  submit  to 
the  court  of  directors.  Persons  returning  from  India  were  to  be  obliged,  under  very  seven' 
penalties,  to  declare  the  amount  of  their  fortunes ;  and  a  tribunal  was  appointed  for  the  trial 
of  all  individuals  accused  of  misconduct  in  India,  consisting  of  a  judge  from  each  of  the 
Courts  of  King's  Bench,  Common  Pleas,  and  Exchequer ;  5  members  of  the  House  uf 
Lords,  and  7  members  of  the  House  of  Commons;  the  last  being  chosen  by  lot  at  the  coir- 
mcncernent  of  each  session.  The  superintendence  of  all  commercial  matters  continued,  as 
formerly,  in  the  hands  of  the  directors. 

During  the  administration  of  Marquis  Cornwallis,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Hastings,  Tippoo 
Sail),  the  son  of  Hyder  Ally,  was  stripped  of  nearly  half  his  dominions;  the  Couipaiiy's 
territorial  revenue  was,  in  consequence,  greatly  increased  ;  at  the  same  time  that  the  ponna- 
nent  settlement  was  carried  into  effect  in  Bengal,  and  other  important  changes  acconipiislied. 
Opinion  has  been  long  divided  as  to  the  inllucnce  of  these  changes.  On  the  whole,  how. 
ever,  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  they  have  been  decidedly  advantageous.  Lord  (>oniw,illi:< 
was,  beyond  all  question,  a  sincere  friend  to  the  people  of  India ;  and  laboured  earnisilv,  if 
not  always  successfully,  to  promote  their  interests,  which  he  well  knew  were  identified  with 
those  of  the  British  nation. 

During  the  3  years  ending  with  1793,  the  value  of  the  Company's  exports  of  British 
produce  and  manufactures  lluctuated  from  928,783/.  to  1,031.202/.  But  this  iuereaso  is 
wholly  to  be  ascribed  to  the  reduction  of  the  duty  on  tea  in  1784,  and  the  vast  increase  liiat 
consequently,  took  place  in  its  consumption. — (See  article  Tka.)  Hud  the  consumption  uf 
tea  continued  stationary,  there  appear  no  grounds  for  thinking  that  the  Comjiaiiy's  exports 
in  1793  would  have  been  greater  than  in  1780;  unless  an  increase  had  taken  place  in  the 
quantity  of  military  stores  exported. 

In  1793,  the  Company's  charter  was  prolonged  till  the  1st  of  March,  1814.  In  the  act 
for  this  purpose,  a  species  of  provision  was  made  for  opening  the  trade  to  India  to  private 
individuals.  All  his  Majesty's  sulijects,  residing  in  any  part  of  his  European  doiiiinions, 
were  allowed  to  export  to  India  any  article  of  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  tli^^  liritisa 
dominions,  except  military  stores,  ammunition,  masts,  spars,  cordage,  pitch,  tar,  and  copper; 
and  the  Company's  civil  servants  in  India,  and  the  free  merchants  resident  there,  were  iillow- 
cd  to  ship,  on  their  own  account  and  risk,  all  kinds  of  Indian  goods,  except  calicoes,  dimities 
muslins,  and  other  piece  good.s.  But  neither  the  merchants  in  England,  nor  the  Company's 
servants  or  merchants  in  India,  were  allowed  to  export  or  import  except  in  Company's  ships, 
And  in  order  to  insure  such  conveyance,  it  was  enacted,  that  the  Comjiany  should  aiinuallv 
appropriate  3,000  tons  of  shipping  for  the  use  of  private  traders ;  it  being  stipuhiieil  that 
they  were  to  pay,  in  time  of  |)eace,  5/.  outwards,  and  l.o/.  homnwanls,  for  every  ton  oeeupiid 
by  thcin  in  the  Company's  ships  ;  and  that  this  freight  might  be  raised  in  time  of  war,  with 
the  approbation  of  the  Board  of  Control. 

It  might  have  been,  and,  indeed,  most  probably  was  foreseen  that  very  few  British  mer- 
chants or  manufacturers  would  be  inclined  t'>  avail  themselves  of  the  privilege  of  seiuHiii^out 
goods  in  Company's  ships;  or  of  engaging  in  a  trade  fettered  on  all  sides  by  the  jeah)usy  of 
powerful  monopolists,  and  where,  C(nisequently,  their  superior  judgment  and  economy  would 
have  availed  almost  nothing.  As  far,  therefore,  as  they  were  concerned,  the  relaxation  was 
more  ap|)arent  than  real,  and  did  not  produce  any  useful  re:^ults.*     It  was,  however,  made 

♦  In  Ills  Ifttter  to  tlie  East  Imlia  f'oinpany,  dated  ilie  21st  of  Marcli.  IS12,  Lord  Melvill.'  savs:  "  It 
Will  not  be  denied  that  the  facilities  {,'raiited  by  that  act  (the  act  uf  i'l'i'J)  have  nut  been  satisfactory 


EAST  T\DT\  COMPANY. 


027 


V.  to  raise  an  extraordinnr)- 
il  it  as  an  invasion  of  llicir 

0  carry  into  clVcit  the  sti]m- 
f  necessarily  revcrtinl  to  itu; 
OS  upon  any  other  (lucstion. 
osnl  for  vestinp!  tliP  nniniua- 
le  iircroi?ativo  of  lli<^  Crown, 
verful,  by  milling  the  pirtron- 
Dwcver,  carried  throush  the 
exciteil.  anil  the  avowed  op- 
ds.     This  event  proved  fatal 
Pitt  at  its  head  ;  and  (mrlia- 
sive  majority  ii>  both  Houhis. 
forward' liis  India  Bdl,  whidi 
Joard  of  Control  was  en itinl, 
eck,  superintend,  and  coiUrol 
•  civil  or  military  Rovi'mineiit, 

1  Company."  All  connnuni- 
HCTC  to  be  submitted  to  this 
imands,  and  to  alter  or  amoiid 
ttec  of  3  directors  was  fDrinci], 
it  did  not  choose  to  submit  to 
be  obliged,  under  very  sever.- 
lal  was  appointed  for  tiio  trial 
of  a  judge  from  each  of  tho 
5  members  of  the  House  of 
•ing  chosen  by  lot  at  the  coir- 
nmcrcial  matters  coutitiucJ,  as 

icceeded  Mr.  Hastings,  Tippoo 
s  dominions;  the  Company's 
the  same  time  that  the  pernia- 
iportant  changes  acconiplislied. 
changes.  On  the  whole,  how- 
dvantligcous.  Lord  Coniwallis 
lia;  and  laboured  earnwlly,  if 
well  knew  were  identilieil  with 

Company's  exports  of  British 
131,263/.  But  this  inerease  is 
784,  and  the  vast  iticrense  tlwt, 
KA.)  Had  the  consumption  ot 
ins  ^^^^  ^^^'^  Company's  exports 
lincrease  had  taken  i-lace  in  the 

istof  March,  1814.    In  the  act 
[ng  the  trade  to  India  to  private 
jrt  of  his  European  dominions, 
or  manufacture  of  lb"  liritisii 
[cordage,  pitch,  tar,  and  copper; 
Unts  resident  there,  were  nllow- 
f  goods,  except  calicoes,  ilimitie?, 
[n  England,  nor  the  C'oiupany's 
l)orl  except  in  Coni|)i)n>'s  ships. 
the  Company  should  annually 
.traders  ;  it  being  stipnlaied  th,»t 
newards,  for  every  ton  oeeupi.'.l 
It  be  raised  in  time  ot  war,  with 

liecn  that  verv  few  I-riti^li  mer- 
,;ofthc  priviiejie  of  semhns!  out 
Il  on  all  sides  by  the  jealousy  ot 
Ir  iudgment  and  econ.Muy  would 
|e  concerned,  the  relaxation  was 

esults.*     It  was,  however,  maJc 

Lh  mi.  Lord  Melvill."  favs:''!' 
If  i;u3j  have  not  been  salisfacioiy 


U80  of  to  a  considerable  extent  by  private  merchants  in  India;  and  also  by  the  Company's 
Bcrvunts  returning  from  India,  many  of  whom  invested  a  part,  and  some  the  whole,  of  their 
fortune,  in  produce  fit  for  the  European  markets. 

The  financial  difticultics  of  the  East  India  ('ompany  led  to  the  revolution  which  took 
place  in  its  government  in  1784.     But,  notwithstanding  the  superintendence  of  the  Board 
of  Control,  its  tinances  have  continued  nearly  in  the  same  unproaperous  state  as  before.    We 
have  been  favoured,  from  time  to  time,  with  the  most  dazzling  accounts  of  revenue  that  was 
to  be  immediately  derived  from  India;  and  numberless  acts  of  i)arliament  h.ive  been  jiassed 
for  the  appropriation  of  surpluses  that  never  had  any  existence  except  in  the  imagination  of 
ihcir  framers.     The  proceedings  that  took  place  at  the  renewal  of  the  charter,  in  179:1,  alU)rd 
a  striking  example  of  this.     Lord  Cornwallis  had  then  concluded  the  war  with  Tippoo  Saib, 
which  had  stripped  him  of  half  his  dominions :  the  perpetual  settlement,  from  which  so 
many  benefits  were  expected  to  be  derived,  had  been  adopted  in  Bengal ;  and  the  (Company's 
receipts  had  been  increased,  in  consei|uence  of  accessions  to  their  territory,  and  subsidies 
iVom  native  princes,  &c.,  to  upwards  of  eiir/il  millions  sterling  a  year,  whicL,  it  was  calcu- 
lated, would  afl'ord  a  future  annual  surplus,  after  every  description  of  charge  hid  been  de- 
ducted, of  1,240,000/.     Mr.  Duiidas  (afterwards  Lord  Melville),  then  jjresident  of  the  Board 
of  Control,  availed  himself  of  these  favourable  appearances,  to  give  the  most  flattering  repre- 
sentation of  the  Company's  affairs.     There  could,  he  said,  be  no  question  as  to  the  perma- 
nent and  regular  increase  of  the  Company's  surplus  revenue :   he  assured  the  House  that 
the  estimates  had  all  been  framed  with  the  greatest  care ;  that  the  Company's  possessions 
were  in  a  state  of  prosperity  till  then  unknown  in  India;  that  the  abuses,  which  had  formerly 
insinuated  themselves  into  some  departments  of  the  government,  had  been  rooted  out;  and 
that  the  period  was  at  length  arrived,  when  India  was  to  pour  her  golden  treasures  into  the 
lap  of  England  !     Parliament  participated  in  these  brilliant  anticipations,  and  in  the  act  \no- 
langing  the  charter  it  was  enacted,  ist.  That  .500,0(i()/.  a  year  of  the  surplus  revenue  should 
be  set  aside  for  reducing  the  Company's  debt  in  India  to  3,000,000/. ;  3dly,  That  500,000/. 
a  year  should  be  paid  into  the  exchequer,  to  be  appropriated  for  the  public  service  as  parlia- 
ment should  think  fit  to  order;  3dly,  When  the  India  debt  was  reduced  to  8,000,000/.,  and 
the  bond  debt  to  1,500,000/.,  one  sixth  part  of  the  surplus  was  to  be  applied  to  augment  the 
dividends,  and  the  other  five  sixths  were  to  be  paid  into  the  Bank,  in  the  name  of  the  com- 
missioners of  the  national  debt,  to  be  accumulated  as  a  guarantee  fund,  until  it  amounted 
tj  12,000,000/. ;  and  when  it  reached  that  sum,  the  dividends  upon  it  were  to  be  applied  to 
make  up  the  dividends  on  the  capital  stock  of  the  Company  to  10  per  cent.,  if,  at  any  time, 
the  funds  appropriated  to  that  purpose  should  prove  deficient,  &c. 

Not  one  of  these  anticipations  has  been  realized !  Instead  of  being  diminished,  the  Com- 
pany's debts  began  immediately  to  increase.  In  1795.  they  were  authorised  to  add  to  the 
amount  of  their  fioating  debt.  In  1796,  a  new  device  to  obtain  money  was  fallen  upon. 
Mr.  Dundas  represented  that  as  all  competition  had  been  destroyed  in  consequence  of  the 
war,  the  Company's  commerce  had  been  greatly  increased,  and  that  their  mercantile  capital 
had  become  insutlicient  for  the  extent  of  their  transactions.  In  consequence  of  this  repre- 
sentation, leave  was  given  to  the  Company  to  add  lim  nii/Hons  to  their  capital  stock  by  creat- 
ing 20,000  new  shares;  but  as  these  shares  sold  at  the  r.ite  of  173/.  each,  t!iey  produced 
.'S,4()0,000/.  In  1797,  the  Company  issued  additional  bonds  to  the  extent  of  l.U/.OOO/. ; 
and,  notwithstanding  all  this,  Mr.  Dundas  slated  in  the  House  of  Commons,  on  the  13th  of 
March,  1799,  that  there  had  been  a  deficit  in  the  previous  year  of  1,319,000/. 

During  the  admiinstration  of  the  Marquis  W^ellesley,  which  began  in  1797-3  and  terminated 
in  180.')-6,  the  British  empire  in  India  was  augmented  by  the  conquest  of  Serin;japat;im  and 
the  whole  territories  of  Tippoo  Saib,  the  cession  of  largo  tracts  by  tite  Maliratla  chiefs,  the 
capture  of  Delhi,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Mogul  empire,  and  various  other  im[)orlaiit  acquisi- 
tions; so  that  the  revenue,  which  had  amounted  to  8,059,000/.  in  1797,  was  increased  to 
15,403,000/.  in  1805.  But  the  expenses  of  government,  and  the  interest  of  the  debt,  in- 
ireasnd  in  a  still  greater  proportion  than  the  revenue;  having  amounted,  in  1805,  to  17,- 
HTS.OOO/.,  leaving  a  deficit  of  3,269,000/.  In  the  following  ye.ir  the  reveime  fell  oil'  nearly 
1,000,000/.,  while  the  expenses  continued  nearly  the  same.  And  there  was,  at  an  average, 
ac.ontinucd  excess  of  expenditure,  including  commercial  charges,  and  a  contraction  of  fresh 
debt,  down  to  1811-12. 

Notwithstanding  the  vast  additions  made  to  their  territories,  the  Company's  cominerce 
with  them  continued  to  be  very  inconsiderable.  During  the  5  years  ending  with  1811,  the 
exports  to  India  by  'he  Company,  exclusive  of  those  made  on  account  of  individuals  in  their 
ships,  were  as  under: — 


ISf)7 
ISOS 
ISOD 


£ 

-  0."j2,llf. 

-  ill  !),.">  ti 

-  81)0,15:) 


1810 
ISll 


£ 

-  i,'m),Hi.5 

-  1,033,810 


atli'ast  to  lilt!  nifrchaiils  eitli'T  of  this  couiilrv  or  of  Inilia.  Tliev  liavi;  l)een  tlie  soiirc(!  of  constant 
dispate,  and  tlipy  liavo  even  entail.'il  a  liiMvv"e\piMise  ii|)on  tlu"  Coinpany  without  atTorilins  to  the 
public  any  adequate  ...'nelit  from  siicli  a  sairl'liie."— i./'";'.'-.-;  pubthUd  bij  E.  I.  Comp.  1813,  p.  *t.) 


% 


028 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


• 


Q  {, 


,t    ■• 


r 


■i', 


Tlio  rxportg  by  tliR  private  triidr,  ami  tlio  privUrirc  trndo,  that  is,  the  rommnntlors  and 
olTicfrrt  of  till!  Coiniiiiiiy'H  v\\\\)^,  chiriii);  tlip  ahovc-mciitinTH'il  yi'nrH,  wrrn  iiliout  ns  Inrijo. 
During  till!  5  years  fnihnu  with  1807-H,  the  nnniini  averafjo  im|M)rtn  into  India  by  Hritish 
j)riviit(i  trndiTs,  only,  aiiiDinitcd  to  ;)()r),496/. — { f'fiprrs  published  by  the  Eiust  India  Cum- 
jmny  in  ISIH,  -Ito.  p.  nfi.) 

Till!  ComiianyV  fx(i()rts  include  tho  valuR  of  ihn  military  Btores  sent  from  (Jrrat  Britain  to 
India,  Thi-  Khips  rniployrd  in  ihr  tnidc  to  Inillu  and  ('liina,  durinp;  the  Hame  5  years,  varied 
from  44  to  r);?,  and  their  burden  from  l)fi,t)71  to  45,.'M2  tonn. 

For  some  years  previously  to  the  termination  of  the  ('ompany's  charter  in  1813,  the  con- 
viction had  been  gaining  ground  among  all  eluMges,  that  the  tra<le  to  the  Kast  was  capnlpje 
of  being  very  greatly  extended ;  and  that  it  was  solely  owing  to  the  want  of  enterprise  and 
competition,  occasioned  by  its  being  subjected  to  a  monopoly,  that  it  was  confined  within 
such  narrow  limits.  Very  great  elllirls  were,  conseiiuently,  made  by  the  manufacturing  and 
conmiercial  interests  to  have  the  monopoly  set  aside,  and  the  trade  to  the  East  thrown  o|)en. 
The  (Jompany  vigorously  resisted  these  pretensions ;  and  had  interest  enough  to  procure  a 
jjrolongation  of  the  privilege  of  carrying  on  an  exclusive  trade  to  China  to  the  lOlh  of  April, 
HUI,  with  3  jears'  notice;  the  goveriunent  of  India  being  contiime<l  in  their  hands  for  tlie 
same  period.  Tortunately,  however,  the  trade  to  India  was  opened,  under  certain  conditions, 
to  the  j)ublic.  The  jirincipal  of  these  conditions  were,  that  private  individuals  should  trailt, 
directly  only,  with  the  presidencies  of  ("alcutta,  Madras,  and  IJombay,  and  the  port  of  Peiiaiifj;; 
that  the  vessels  fitted  out  by  them  should  not  bo  imder  H.'iO  tons  burden;  and  that  they 
should  abstain,  unless  permitted  by  the  (^'ompaiiy,  or  the  Hoard  of  (v'ontrol,  from  engn^irn;- 
in  the  carrying  trade  of  India,  or  in  the  trade  iietween  India  and  China.  And  yet,  in  despite 
of  these  disadvantages,  such  is  the  energy  of  individual  enterprise  as  compared  with  mono- 
poly, that  the  private  traders  gained  an  almost  immediate  ascendancy  over  the  East  Imlia 
Comjiany,  and  in  a  very  short  time  more  than  fr/lilcd  our  trade  with  India  ! 

In  the  IJt!port  of  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  foreign  trade  of  the  country, 
printed  in  May,  1821,  it  is  stated,  that  "  the  greatly  increased  consumption  of  British  (.^oods 
in  the  Ea^:t,  since  the  commencement  of  the  free  trade,  cannot  bo  accounted  for  by  the  dc- 
luand  of  European  residents,  the  number  of  whom  docs  not  materially  vary;  mid  it  appears 
to  have  been  nuu^h  the  greatest  in  articles  calculated  for  the  general  use  of  the  natives,  Tlwt 
of  the  cotton  manufactures  of  this  ct)untry  alone  is  stated,  since  the  first  opening  of  the  trade, 
to  have  been  augmented  (torn  four  iajivp  fold  (it  is  now  augmented  from  Jiff//  to  sixfi/  foM), 
The  value  of  the  merchandise  exported  from  (Jreat  Britain  to  India,  which  amounted,  in 
1814,  to  870,177/.,  amounted,*  in  1819,  to  3.0.52,741/. ;  and  although  the  market  apprars 
then  to  have  been  so  far  overstocked  as  to  occasion  a  diminution  of  nearly  one  half  in  the 
exports  of  the  following  year,  that  diminution  appears  to  have  taken  plaice  more  in  the  arti- 
cles intended  for  the  consumption  of  Europeans  than  of  natives;  and  the  trade  is  now  stated 
to  the  committee,  by  the  best  informed  persons,  to  be  reviving.  When  the  amount  of  [ki[)u- 
lation,  and  the  extent  of  the  country  over  whicdi  the  consumption  of  these  articles  is  spread, 
are  considered,  it  is  obvious  that  any  facility  which  can,  consistently  with  the  political  in- 
terests and  security  of  the  (company's  dominions,  be  given  to  the  private  trader,  for  the  dis- 
tribution of  his  exports,  by  increasing  the  number  of  ports  at  which  ho  may  have  the  option 
of  touching  in  pursuit  of  a  market,  cannot  fail  to  promote  a  more  ready  and  extensive  de- 
mand." 

Besides  the  restraints  imposed  by  the  act  of  1813,  on  the  proceedings  of  the  free  tnulers.j- 
they  fre(juently  experienced  very  great  loss  and  inconvenience  from  the  commercial  specula- 
tions of  the  East  India  Company,  The  latter  have  had  commercial  residents,  whh  large  es- 
tablishments of  servants,  some  of  them  intended  for  coercive  purposes,  stationed  in  all  the  con- 
siderable towns ;  and  the  Marquis  Wcllesley  has  stated,  "  that  the  intimation  of  a  wish  from 
the  Company's  resident  is  always  received  .is  a  command  by  the  native  manufacturers  and 
producers,"  It  was  obviously  impossible  for  a  private  trader  to  come  fairly  into  competition 
with  persons  possessing  such  authority,  and  who  were  often  instructed  to  make  their  pur- 
chases on  any  terms,  Mr.  Tucker,  now  deputy  chairman  of  the  Com[)any,  states,  in  his 
useful  work  on  Indian  finance,  that  the  Company's  investments  (purchases)  in  India  during 
the  last  10  years  may  in  some  instances  be  said  to  have  been  forced  ;  meaning  by  this,  thiit 
the  goods  exported  by  them  from  India  have  sometimes  been  compulsorily  obtained  from  the 
natives,  atul  sometimes  bought  at  a  higher  price  than  they  would  have  brought  in  a  market 
frequented  only  by  regular  merchants.  But  the  truth  is,  that  it  VN'as  not  in  the  nature  of 
things  that  the  Company's  purchasrs  could  be  fairly  made  ;  the  natives  could  not  deal  witli 
their  servants  as  they  would  have  dealt  with  private  individuals ;  and  it  would  be  absurd  to 
suppose  that  agents  authorised  to  buy  on  account  of  government,  and  to  draw  on  the  public 
treasury  for  the  means  of  payment,  should  generally  evince  the  prudence  and  discretion  of  in- 
dividuals directly  responsible  in  their  own  private  fortunes  for  their  transactions.    The  intcr- 

•  Ttiis  is  tiie  ainoant  of  tlie  Company's  exports  only,  and  the  sum  is  not  quite  accurate,  see  post. 
t  Tliese  restraints  were  a  j^ooil  iluiil  inodirieil  by  tlio  3  Goo.  4.  c.  80.,  passed  in  pursuance  ol'ttie 
recommendation  of  tlie  committee  quoted  above. 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


629 


1,  the  commnntkra  and 

<,  were  atiout  w  Inrpr. 
into  IniUn  l>y  Hrilish 
the  Eii-tl  India  Com- 

ni  from  Great  Britnin  li» 
thoHttine  5  years,  varied 

hnrterin  IRTJ.  the  con- 
o  the  Kns't  WHS  capnlilc 

want  of  t-nterprisp  ntul 
t  it  was  confined  within 
LT  the  nmnutaetiuinp!  and 
o  the  East  thrown  open, 
re^t  enough  to  procure  n 
lina  to  the  10th  of  April, 
i«m1  ill  their  hands  tor  the 

under  certain  eonditiong, 
'  individuals  should  trailt, 
/.and  the  port  of  Penally; 
«  burden ;  and  that  they 
f  (;ontrol,  from  enRa'j;in«: 
Uina.    Andyet,indi-spitr 

as  compared  with  inono- 
mry  over  the  East  Iiiilia 

ih  India ! 

,reisn  trade  of  the  country, 

iHumption  of  British  Rooils 
c,  aceounted  for  hy  the  dc- 
rially  vary  ;  and  it  ai-prars 
ul  use  of  the  natives.     1  Iwt 
,c  first  opcninK  of  the  trade, 
Pd  from /(/'/,'/ to  .-i-X'/f'-W)' 
India,  which  amountoil.in 
houn'h  the  market  appears 
,  of  "nearly  one  half  in  the 
ken  plaee  more  in  the  arti- 
aiid  the  trade  is  now  stattMl 
\Vhen  the  amount  of  pqiu- 
n  of  these  articles  is  s[ire!id, 
Lntlv  with  the  pohtical  m- 
0  i)rivate  trader,  for  the  ihs- 
i,h  ho  may  have  the  option 
,re  ready  and  extensive  de- 

Icedings  of  the  free  traders,^ 
jrom  the  commercial  spccula- 
[cial  residents,  with  large  es- 
Lscs,  stationed  in  all  the  coii- 
Ihe  intimation  of  a  wish  from 
he  native  manufacturers  anil 
Icome  fairly  into  competition 
Istructed  to  make  their  pur- 
Ithe  Company,  states,  m  his 
(purchases)  in  India  during 
Lrced  ;  meaning  hy  tins,  that 
npulsorily  obtained  from  the 
d  have  brought  in  a  market 
it  was  not  in  the  nature  o 
natives  could  not  deal  wUli 
.  and  it  would  be  absurd  to 
i  and  to  draw  on  the  public 
iriulence  and  discretion  of  in- 
heir  transactions.    Themtcr- 
L, lot  quite  accurate,  see  ?..(. 
%.,  passed  in  pursuance  ot  the 


fcrrnce  of  such  per.wns  would.  nndiT  any  circmiutanecH,  have  reiidtTivl  the  E.isl  India  tradn 
]ieculiar!y  lia/mloiis.  Hut  tiicir  iiilliifiicf  in  this  ri>s|M'cl  was  inaleriiilly  uutjiavatcd  by  iho 
irrctiulaiity  ol  tlicir  ap[ii'.ir;iiiccs.  No  individual,  not  lu'lom^iinj  to  the  court  of  directors, 
ciiuld  foresee  whether  tiie  (Jtiinpany's  agents  would  be  in  the  market  at  all ;  or,  if  there,  to 
what  extent  they  would  either  juirchase  or  sell.  Ho  capricious  were  their  proceediii';>i,  tliat 
in  some  years  thiy  have  laid  out  700,000/.  oniiidiLjo,  while  in  others  they  have  not  l.iid  out 
ft  siiiRle  sliiliinn;  and  so  with  other  things.  A  lluctualing  demand  of  this  sort  neci'.ssarily 
ni'casioned  great  and  sud.li  ii  variations  of  price,  and  was  injurious  alike  to  the  proilucers  and 
the  private  merehants.  Mr.  Mackenzie,  late  secretary  to  the  government  of  Uengil,  set  the 
iiii.schievoiis  inlliience  of  tiie  circumstances  now  alluded  to  in  the  clearest  point  of  view,  in 
his  masterly  evidence  bi't'oi'd  the  select  coimniitee  of  18!32  on  the  alliiirs  of  India;  and  liii 
further  showed,  that  it  was  not  possible,  by  any  sort  of  contrivance,  to  obviate  the  incon- 
M'liiences  complained  of,  and  that  they  would  unavoidably  continue  till  the  Company  ceased 
ill  have  any  thinu;  to  do  with  coininerce. 

Hut  besides  being  injurious  to  the  private  trader,  and  to  the  public  genernlly,  both  in  India 
niid  Kiiglaiiil,  this  traile  was  of  no  advantage  to  llu^  East  India  Company.  How,  indeed, 
t'oiild  it  be  otherwise!  A  company  that  maintained  armies  and  retailed  tea,  that  carried  u 
sword  iii  the  one  hand  and  a  ledger  in  tlie  other,  was  a  contradiction;  and,  had  she  traded 
with  success,  wouhl  have  been  a  prodigy.  It  was  inipossilile  for  her  to  pay  that  attention 
to  details  that  is  indispensable  to  the  carrying  on  of  commerce  with  advantage.  Slio  may 
have  gained  something  by  her  mono()oly  of  the  tea  trade,  though  even  that  is  very  iiuestion- 
iiiile;  but  it  is  lulinilted  on  all  hands,  that  she  has  lost  heavily  by  her  trade  to  India.* 
When,  therefore,  the  question  as  to  the  renewal  of  the  charter  came  to  be  discus.-ed  in  1832 
and  18.J.3,  the  Cmnpany  had  no  reasonaiile  oiijection  to  urge  against  their  being  denrived  of 
the  [irivilege  of  trading.  .And  the  act  3  «.V  1  Will.  4.  c.  S.'j.,  for  continuing  the  charter  till  1804, 
has  Icniiiriuted  the  Coinpani/'K  coiiiiui  rcial  c/ia meter,-  by  enacting,  that  the  Coin[)any's  trade 
ii)  ("hiiia  is  to  cease  on  the  -vJd  of  April,  1834}-,  and  that  the  Comjiany  is,  as  soon  as  possi- 
i>le  after  that  date,  to  dispose  of  their  stocks  on  hand,  and  clo.  e  their  commercial  business. 

We  congratulate  our  readers  on  this  consuinination.  The  trade  to  India,  China,  and  the 
l^ist  generally,  is  now,  for  the  first  time,  opened  to  free  and  unfettered  mercantile  enterprise. 
Whiil  has  beeneilected  since  the  opening  of  the  trade  to  India  in  1814,  notwithstanding  thf! 
many  drawbacks  undi'r  which  it  has  labimred.is  an  earnest  of  what  may  be  anticipated  from 
die  new  arrangements.  We  have  no  doubt  that  it  will  be  found  that  the  commerce  between 
the  Eastern  and  Western  worlds  is  as  yet  only  in  its  infancy;  and  that  it  is  destined,  now 
that  the  incubus  of  monopoly  is  wholly  removed,  to  attain  to  a  niagnitu;lo  and  iinportai'co 
of  which  we  can  form  no  definite  idea. 

II.  East  IxniA  Compaxt  (Constitutio:^  of). 

Under  the  new  act,  the  functions  of  the  East  India  Company  are  wholly  political.  She 
is  to  continue  to  govern  India,  with  the  concurrence  and  under  the  supervision  of  the  Board 
of  Control,  nearly  on  the  plan  laid  down  in  .Mr.  Pitt's  act,  till  the  30tli  of  Ainil,  18.)4.  All 
the  real  and  [lersonal  jnoperty  belonging  to  the  Company  on  the  "i'id  of  April,  1834,  is  vested 
in  the  Crown,  and  is  to  be  held  or  managed  by  the  (Company  in  trust  for  the  same,  subject 
of  course  to  all  claims,  debts,  contracts,  &v„  already  in  existence,  or  that  may  hereafter  bo 
brought  into  existence  by  competent  authority.  The  Company's  debts  and  liahiiilies  are  all 
charged  on  India.  The  dividend,  which  is  to  continue  at  \0\  per  cent.,  is  to  be  paid  in 
England  out  of  the  revenues  of  India;  and  provision  is  made  l"or  the  establishment  of  a  se- 
curili/  fund  for  its  discharge.  The  dividend  may  be  redeemed  by  parliament,  on  ]iaynient 
of  200/.  for  100/.  .stock,  any  time  after  April,  1874;  but  it  is  proviiled,  in  the  event  of  tho 
Company  being  de[)rived  of  the  government  of  India  in  1854,  that  they  may  claim  redemp- 
tion of  the  dividend  any  lime  thereafter  upon  3  years'  notice. — (3  &  4  U'(7/.  4,  c.  8.j.) 

Cumyiniii's  f-Vu-A-— itiriiH  a  rapital  of  0,')nO,Oi)()/,,  into  wliii-li  all  |iersniis,  natives  or  forcML'iiers,  males 
nr  fL-iii;iles.  Iiiprlies  pulllie  <ir  coriieriili'  (tin;  (iiiviTiior  anil  Coiiipaiiy  of  ilie  Hank  of  iMiL'liuiil  mily  ex- 
ci:|i|cil),  ari"  ;il  lil)i'rly  In  iiari-liase,  willimil  liiiiitalion  uf  aamuiil.  Since  IT'.W,  the  diviileii'lrf  liavu 
li.M'ii  to;  per  cent.,  ti/wliiih  tli"V  an'  luniteil  l)v  Hie  late  ait. 

(hiieral  Ciiiirm.—  Vhr.  proprle'lnrs  in  fieneral  eeiirt  asseiiililcil  are  enipowereil  to  ennet  Iiy-laws,  an:I 
ill  otiicr  respects  are  coiiipelniit  to  tlir  coiiipl'ti!  iavesliLMliou.  reLMilalloii,  am!  eimtrol  of  evrry  brancli 

iiltlic  ('i)tiipaiiy's  enneiTiis  ;  lint,  for  11 ore   proiiipl  ilesp.ileli  nf  hiisuvss,  Iho  oxeciiliv.'  ili'tail  is 

vi'stnil  ill  a  euu'rt  of  ilireitois.  A  L'eni'ral  iiMiii  is  reiiiiireil  to  he  le-lil  oiiie  in  Hie  innnllis  nf  Mircll, 
.'line.  Septfiiilier,  and  Deeeiiiiier,  in  eaeli  year.  .No  niie  can  lie  pr:'  ■•r.l  lil  a  t'l'iieral  eonrt  unless  pos- 
si-joil  of  5110/.  stock  ;  nor  can  aiiv  person"  vote  npiin  tlie  ileierniinalion  of  any  iiui'slion,  who  lias  not 
liecri  in  pessessinn  of  1.000/.  stock  for  tile  preceding  12  inoiillis,  unless  such  stock  have  huuii  obtained 


♦  It  i<  iie"i!les;i  now  to  enter  npnn  lh(^  contrnversv  ns  to  the  orifin  ef  the  Company's  ileht.  — (See 
f.iriiii'rediiiiinnf  this  work.  p.  007.)  It  is  pnihahl.'  that  lliosi' who  ii.iiteml  thai  this  drlit  is  i/rAoHy 
allributablcht  Itie  (loiiipanv'seonunercial  ope'-  ilioMs.  may  have  soinewhal  exa-itferateil  llieir  injurious 

inlluciice.    Hut  we  do  not  think  thai  there  is  anv  ru f.^r  (loiiialiiL',  notwithstandni!;  the  enormoua 

prires  charued  on  tea,  iliai  for  these  many  years  past,  the  C,mipany"s  trade  has  been,  on  tuu  wliole, 
I'rodiictive  nf  nnthim;  but  loss. 

t  For  the  new  regulatiuna  as  to  the  China  trade,  see  Canton. 
3  a  2 


6do 


EAST  INDIES  (Socikty  in,  TuAni;,  Ac). 


n  I.. « 


■  ■WD 


^W*1| 


•;  I 

J- 


-■-;-.■    >: 


by  liriini'dl  or  nmrrliiBc  Pcrxiiim  piiNBCH-iril  of  I.Odd/  nKick  nrc  fiM|i(i«i'ri'il  to  Blvn  n  *inirlr  vntf> ; 
3,(MNI/.  arc  ii  i|iiiililli'iilioii  lor  two  vhIi'm;  it.oiKl/.  Inr  lliri'r  viili'4  ;  mill  l(i,(HKi/  unci  ii|iwnrilii  I'ur  rum 
votcH.  TliiTf  wrrc 'J.IKi;)  lirnprirlor.i  (111  Mil' ('iiin|iiiliv'K  liocikd  In  In'J.'i;  iiT  ijirsr  l.UII  with  i|imli|l|.,) 
In  idvf  hIiiuIi'  viiIi'H  ;  3(l*j,  Iwn  vmIi'm  ;  tH),  llirrr  viilrx  i  iiMil  IH,  fdiir  vi>li '4.  |i|ii>M  any  Miii'ilal  iiniHlnn. 
I)  |irii|irii'liirri,  iliily  i|ii;ilHi>'il  liy  llir  pnxiirHMtiiii  nl'  I.OIHI/  (.tmli,  may,  liy  a  rri|ilMlll<iii  In  u  rilliiit  li  ihr 
court  lit'  illrri'tiirx,  rail  ii  iii'iii'ral  I'lnirl  ;  wlilrli  tlw  ilinrt'ir*  arc  rci|iiiri'il  to  Hiiinniiiii  wllliin   III  iliiyn, 

ur,  In  ildUiilt,  tlic  priiprlctiirH  inny  call  hiiiIi  Kinrt  liy  iinllcc  atlUiil  ii| tlic  Knyal  |:m  lianifc.     In  ,,11 

riiicli  ciiiirlH  llic  ipicNll<iii!i  arc  ilci  iilcil  liy  a  iiinjnrlty  i>l°  viiIccm  ;  in  ciihc  nt'  iin  ci|nallly.  lln'  ilclcrinlna 
lion  iiiiHt  lie  hy  ihc  trcaiinrcr  ilravvinu  II  liii.  Mnc  prnprii'lor^  may,  liy  a  rcipiliiltlHii  In  writing,  ilc 
iiianil  a  li:ill(ii  upon  any  i|nc»tiiiii,  wlin  li  hIwiII  not  Ik:  tiikcii  within  'i\  Uimt*  uticr  llic  lircakliiu  up  „i 
tho  ucncral  court. 

CdKri  of  Vinrlnrs.—TUi}  rniirt  of  ijlrcclorii  Ix  rompoMcil  of  21  niiMnliiTH,  clioncn  from  aiiioim  tlic  pro- 
prlclorn,  each  of  whom  niii'-t  lie  pusHi  vxcil  of '-i.llllll/.  Htork  ;  nor  laii  any  ilirci  tor,  al'lir  li<  Inif  cIiohci,. 
net  loiifcr  than  while  he  conliniics  lo  liolil  nlork.  Of  these,  li  arc  choHcn  on  the  necoiiil  \Veiliic.<i|iiy 
in  April  in  each  year,  to  nerve  for  1  yeain,  in  the  room  of  (I  who  have  complcleil  hmcIi  Hcrvicc.     Al^ir 

lln  interval  of  l-J  nionllH,  those  who  hail  coi ill  liy  rolillon  are  cliitililc  to  he  re-e|ccleil  fur  the  en. 

KUliiu  I  years.     I'orioerlv,  no  person  who  hail  heen  in  the  ( 'ompiiny's  civil  or  iiiilil.iry  service  ni  Imlin 

U'iis  i.'liijilile  III  he  elci'leil  a  ilircclor  iiiilil  he  hail  I n  a  resilient  in  Kimlanil  'i  years  .iflcr  i|nil(iiiK  lln; 

nervicc:  lint  Ihis  comlilion  no  loniier  exists  ;  iind  all  civil  or  militiirv  servaiilH  of  the  lompaiiy  in 
Imlla.  siipposiiifr  they  are  nlherwlse  eliuiliie,  may  he  chosen  ilireclors  imnieillately  on  their  retiirii  in 

l')nj(liiiiil,  proviileil  they  have  no  niiscilleil  aci lis  Willi  the  Coiiipany  ;  if  so,  lltey  are  Inehuilili.  |„, 

2  years  aller  their  reinrii,  unless  their  acconnlH  he  sooiicr  sillied.-- (it  «i  I  /li//.  I.  c.  t'.'i.  J.  •>.)  'ii,,, 
(llri'clors  I  lioosc  iinniially,  from  amoiii.'st  Iheniselves,  a  chairman  anil  a  ilepniy  chalrioaii.  'I'hi  y  iirr 
rt'i|ilircc|  hy  liy-law  s  in  meet  once  in  every  w  cek  at  least  ;  hill  lliey  freiini  nlly  liieel  oflcner,  as  in ,  a- 
vion  rcipiiri'N.  Not  less  than  l.'l  can  form  a  conrl.  Their  ileteriiiiiialions  arc  uiiiihil  hy  a  inajiirliy  . 
ill  case  of  an  ei|iiality,  the  iincstioii  must  lie  ilci  lileil  hy  the  ihaw  inn  of  a  lot  hy  Ihe  Irciisiirer  ;  niinii 
nil  i|ilcstioiis  of  iiiijiortancc,  Ihi;  seii.'^e  of  the  court  is  taken  liy  liallot.  'I'lie  Compaiiy'H  oHici.r-..  |,i,||, 
at  home  anil  iihnmil,  receive  their  iippoliilnients  iinnieilialely  from  llic  cottrl  ;  lo  whom  llii'\  .ir,. 
reNponsilili-  for  Ihe  iliie  anil  faitlifiil  (llscharce  of  Ihe  triiHt  reposeil  in  them  'I'he  patroiiii|{e  is,  n'cvcr- 
Ulcle-s,  so  arraiiL'eil,  .as  Ih.it  cai  h  meniher  of  Ihe  conrl  Mcp.-iralily  parllcipales  Ihereiii. 

Sernt  ('(iiiiiiiilirr.-  'I'he  prlncijial  powers  of  the  conrl  of  ilireciors  are  ve^lcll  in  a  secret  coininiipi, 
formiii).'  a  sort  of  cahiiiet  or  privy  council.  All  comniiinicalions  of  a  conlnlcnlial  or  ihllcaic  nainrr 
between  the  lloaril  of  Conlrol  ami  the  Company  arc  siiliinillcil,  in  the  fust  instance  .il  Icasl.  in  i|a. 
coiislileratlon  of  Ihis  ciiiumlllee  ;  anil  Ihe  ilireitions  of  ilic  lloaril,  lis  lo  polilical  all'iilrs,  may  lie  Iraim. 
liiitted  direct  to  India,  Ihroimh  Ihe  coiiimillee,  willmut  hciiii!  seen  hy  Ihe  otlicr  dir  dors.  The  seirci 
comiiiillee  is  appointed  hy  the  court  of  direclors,  iiinl  itH  iiieiiibers  are  Hworii  lo  h  .cresy. 

III.  E.\sT  I.MiiK.s    (Statk  iik  Socii.TV  ly,  (JiiowiMs    Dkmand  fou  EMinsii   (Joons, 

TllAItK,    CoLOMSATHIN,    KTC). 

1.  Di.stincfion  nf  Ccistts  In  India,  liiaceurari/  tif  Ifir  lirjnrstnfiitiDH.i  nx  tit  t/ic  In/inlii/. 
ants  hcliii^  unalferalt/i/  iilluched  to  anciint  Cu.slmiis  (md  i'roctlcvs, — We  hnvp  tiikpii  occa- 
sion, in  liio  {iroccdiiiR  ski-lcli  of  the  history  of  tho  East  Iiuliii  (Join|)any,  rc|it'iifi'iily  to  notice 
the  sniuli  oxlfiit  of  lite  traiic  carried  on  iiy  its  agency.  It  lias  been  contciiilctl,  liowrver,  llmt 
tlii.s  is  to  ho  nHcribcd,  not  to  the  deadening  inlluenee  of  monopoly,  but  to  the  iiecviliar  state 
of  the  people  of  India.  A  notion  has  long  been  prevalent  in  tlii.s  qiiarter  of  the  world,  that 
the  Hindoos  are  u  race  unsusceptible  of  change  or  improvement  of  any  sort ;  lliat  every  nimi 
is  brought  up  to  the  profession  of  his  lather,  and  can  engage  in  none  el.^-c;  and  that,  owins 
to  the  simplicity  and  unalterableiiess  of  their  habits,  they  never  can  be  consumers,  at  least  Ui 
nny  considerable  extent,  of  foreign  conniiodities.  "  What  is  now  in  India,  has  always  iiccii 
there,  and  is  likely  still  to  continue." — {RohcrtsorCs  Dlsfjitinilion,  p.  '20C.)  The  Hiiiiioos 
of  this  day  are  said  to  be  the  same  as  the  Hindoos  of  the  age  of  Alexander  the  (I'reat.  The 
descriiition  of  them  given  by  Arrian  has  has  been  ipioted  as  applying  to  their  actual  siiua- 
tion.  It  is  ailirmed  that  they  have  neither  iin|)roved  nor  retrograded;  and  we  are  rel'errod  to 
India  as  to  a  country  in  which  the  institutions  and  manners  tlial  iirevniled  .'^OOd  years  ;i(<o 
may  .still  la;  found  in  their  pristine  purity !  The  Pre.sident  do  (ioguet  lays  it  down  distinctly. 
ill  his  learned  and  invaluable  work  on  the  origin  of  laws,  arts,  and  science;  that  in  Imlia 
"every  trade  is  confined  to  (i  particular  caste,  and  can  be  exercised  only  by  lliivse  whose 
parents  prolessed  it." — (Or/^'//?  nf  l.iiws,  i.\c.  Eng.  trans,  vol.  iii.  p.  "4.)  Dr.  Koliertson 
says,  that  "///c  stutiua  of  even/  Hindiut  is  uindtirubly  fixid ,-  his  dtsliiii/  /.v  ii-nntvuhlv ;  and 
the  walli  <f  life  is  tiiurhrd  iiut,fniiii  which  he  must  never  deviated — (Dist/iiisitinn  nn  Iiiilio, 
J).  199.)  'i'iio  same  opinions  are  maintained  by  later  authorities.  Ur.  Teiinaiil  savs,  that 
"the  whole  Indian  community  is  dividi^I  info  4  great  classes;  and  each  class  is  statiDiicd 
between  certain  walls  of  separation,  which  are  iinpassidile  by  Ihe  ))urest  virtue,  a'ld  most 
oons[)icui)iis  merit." — (Quoted  by  Mr.  Riclairds,  p.  (i.)  This  unalterable  de.-^tiiiy  of  indi- 
viduals has  iieen  repeatedly  assumed  in  the  despatches  and  oUlcial  papers  put  forth  liy  the 
East  India  ('ompany  ;  and  has  been  referred  to  on  all  occasions  by  them  and  their  servants, 
as  a  [iroof  that  the  depressed  and  miseralile  conditi.)n  of  the  natives  is  not  owing  to  inis- 
governmetit,  or  to  the  weight  of  the  burdens  laid  upon  them;  and  that  it  is  in  vain  to  think 
of  materially  improving  their  condition,  or  of  making  them  acijuainteit  with  new  art.';,  or 
giving  them  new  liabits,  so  long  us  the  institution  of  castes,  and  the  prejudices  to  whicli  it 
has  given  rise,  preserve  their  ascendancy  unimpaired. 

But  notwithstanding  the  universal  cinTency  which  the  opinions  now  referred  to  have 
obtained,  and  the  high  authority  by  which  they  are  supported,  they  are,  in  all  the  most 
essential  respects,  entirely  without  foundation  !  'I'he  books  and  codes  of  the  Hindoos  them- 
selves, and  ihe  minute  and  careful  observations  that  have  recently  been  made  on  Indian 
fiociety,  have  shown  that  the  iniluenco  ascribed  to  the  institution  of  castes  by  the  ancients, 


kc). 


EAST  INDIES,  (SociETv  in,  Thaoi..  &<•.). 


031 


.i\  m  ttlvn  n  plnul**  voti» : 
Ml/  mill  iipwnrilK  I'nr  l'iiii» 
lllf.r  l,l"l  «'■'"  i|ll»lilliMj 
lliinii  ntiy  Hpi'itiiliMiiHicn. 
iiiiixltliiii  111  wriiimi  II  llir 
,  HiiiiiiiiMii  witliiii  liiilayH. 
,.  llKViil  r.MliimU'".  lii:ili 
I,  .(iiiiility.  111.'  ili'lrriimiii 
riMiiiiMlh'ti  ill  vviiliim,  ilr 
4  iitlrr  111"'  lin.'iiUiim  up  111 

lid^in  frmii  ininHiK  l*'»'  I""- 
iri'iKir,  lUlir  li'  intfiliii»i'ii, 

,,n  iIm'  h Ill  NV.'iliii'iliiy 

nlrli'il  Hiiili  Hirvirc.     Mlir 

l„  li.'  rc'-i'l"''l<''"'"l'  lli'"!- 

iir  iiiiliiiiry  Hi'rvin'iii  liiili:i 
mI  '2  yiiif!*  Ml'lir  M>'il'i'i«>li': 
rvuiilrt  111'  iIk-  •■•iiii|ii>»y  111 
iifilialrly  <"i  "»'''■  '■•'I'i'iil" 
if  mi   lliry  iif  iiii'liiiilili'  111' 

1  (liZ/.l.  <••*''''■ '!■'•"'■'  ''l'" 
rpiiiy  ili;ilriiiiiii.  'I'ln  >  'it. 
cnllv  iiiii'i  nil''"'''.  »"  ""•'- 
s  iiri'  (.'iiiili'il  liy  »  iii'i.iiiriiy  • 
itliit  liv  llii'  lii'iisiiriT  ;  ii|i.iii 
I'hc  ('iiiiiliaiiy'.iiillii'i'f'-l"iili 
i.  (oiirl ;  ti'  wliiMii  ilii'\  lite 
I.  Till'  imtiiiiiiiK''  '".  iii'viT- 
piilr^  tlii'iriii- 
,i.-liil  ill  11  Hi'iTft  rKiiiiiiillii'. 

„l(l(li'lllilll   IT  lli'liiat liirr 

rui<l  iiiHlumi'  .11  li'UHl,  111  Ilii' 
Millliial  iitl'i'.rH.iiiiiy  ln'  Iniiis- 
n  otiirrilir  ilnrH.  Tlii' i-'JuK 
viirii  ti)  H  .rrr")'- 

<i)  Foii  Encsuhii   CJuiiiis, 

mlidiom  as  in  the  Jiihnlill- 

.,,,,,_ \Vc  haw  tnkon  ocoa- 

iniiany.roiioiitcdly  tonotici' 
m  conteiuli'il,  howcvor,  tlial 
ly,  liut  to  the  jiccviliar  Mate 
rt  (luarter  of  ihf  worlil.  tlwl 
[){  any  wort ;  llml  fvcry  man 
liiom'  vUc;  ami  tlint,  owing 
|:iii  be  consiuriors,  ul  least  In 
in  liiili;i,  has  always  lii'iMi 
11,  11.  -0*2.)      'I'lli'   Uiiulnos 
AU'NamliT  tho  (iirut.    The 
living  to  tlirir  actual  situa- 
I'l'.i'il;  anil  we  an<  ri'terrcil  to 
It  jncviiili'il  :!.(H)(i  yrars  ago 
i^uctlavsitiliiwn.dij^tiuctly. 
lanil  si'ii'iico:    iliat  in  India 
rcisi'd  only  liy  llioso  whose 
iii.  p.  "-I-)     l^'"'  Hobi-rtson 
fjcutiiii/  /.s  irrcmahh' ,-  and 

[" (Oisi/itir^ltidii  on  liiilki, 

Dr.  'ri'iinant  says,  that 
iml  each  class  is  Htatioiicd 
ihe  jiurcst  virtue,  a-ui  must 
lunallcralile  destiny  of  iiuli- 
'ial  paiiers  put  forth  tiy  llie 
liy  thini  and  tlu'ir  servants, 
Itivcs  is  not  ovviiil;  Io  mis- 
id  tliat  it  is  in  vain  to  think 
Hiuaiiiteil  witli  new  arls,  or 
1  the  prejudices  to  which  il 

Lions  now  referred  to  have 
I  they  are,  in  all  the  most 
I'eodes  of  the  Hindoos  thcm- 
Intly  heen  made  on  Indian 
In  of  castes  by  the  ancients, 


und  by  tho  moro  early  modern  trnvelliT'i,  an*  heon  prodininimly  exnorfforafod.  fn  the  firnt 
part  of  liin  exeellent  work  on  Fndia,  Mr.  Iliriv,.-d,i  in,^  e.tiitiJiHlieil,  partly  I'V  nlerenee^  Jo  ihr 
authoritiitivo  liookH  of  thn  IlimlooM,  and  partly  liy  his  o  vii  oloiervntioiH,  and  those  of  \fr. 
('olehrook,  Dr.  Helier,  and  other  hiq;h  iinthoritieH,  itnit  thr  vast  majority  of  the  liindoo  popu- 
lation may,  and,  in  fuet,  docn  i'nc;ani'  in  all  Horln  of  employ  imiitH.  Mr.  IliekariJK  lian  further 
shown,  that  there  m  nolhinu  in  the  Htriieture  of  Indiun  Hocirty  to  opposi'  any  HcrioiiH  olmtnclc 
to  the  introdiietion  of  new  arts,  or  the  N[)read  of  iinproviMnent ;  and  that  the  causes  of  the 
poverty  and  misery  of  the  peopli-  miint  he  Honsht  for  in  other  eireuinstaneiM  than  the  inHtitu- 
tioii  of  easteri,  and  the  nature  of  Hindoo  Muperstition. 

The  early  division  of  the  jiopulation  into  lhe4  ureal  elasHCM  of  priests  (nrnhininH),RoIdier(i 
((^shnlryai),  huHliamlmen  and  arlilicers  (Vaisyas),  and  slaves  (Suilras),  was  maintained 
only  for  ii  very  Hhort  period.  'I'lie  Hindoi)  traditions  record  that  a  partial  intermixture  of  these 
classes  took  place  at  a  very  retnotu  epoch;  and  the  mixed  hrood  thence  arisiuK  were  divided 
into  a  vast  variety  of  new  trilies,  or  castes,  to  whom,  Hpeakiii);  generally,  no  employ inentri 
arc  forhidilen. 

'■  Till' I'liiplnyincnls,"  Hiiys  Mr.  lllrknnlH,  "iillowcil  liitlirHii  inixril  iiiiil  linpiirr  ramcs,  may  lie  said 
tn  III!  rvcrv  iti'srrlptinii  nl' Imiiillrriilt,  iiinl  iicciipatlnii,  I'nr  wlilili  Ilie  wants  iit' liiiiiinii  sni  ii-ty  have 
rri'iiti'il  a  iliiiiiaiiil.  'I'luiiii/li  many  si.'ini  Inlaid'  llinr  iiiuiii's  I'nim  llielr  iiriiinary  Iriiili'  or  priit'i'Hsion, 
mill  Hiiiiii'  liave  italics  assitiiiiil  iIu'ih  tun  Inw,  unit  ili?<::iisiiM|,',  li'r  any  iillicrH  In  pirliiriii,  Init  I'riiiii  Hut 

(liri'st  miii'ssliy  ;  yi't    iin  I'liiplnMiii'iil,  « i;illy  spi'iikiiiK,   Is  Inrliiililiii   In  llii'   iiiJM'il   aiiil   Impure 

trilii'S.  I'Xi'i'ptlm;  tliree  of  ilin  pr.'srrilii'il  iliiliiiM  nl'llin  saiiTilnlal  rlii.-is  ;  vl/..  Ii'iiililmr  Ihe  f'eilan, 
iiini'ialiiiK  at  a  Nacrilk'i),  ami  ri.'LuivInK  prcHunls  t'rnm  a  pure-hamlml  K>vor  ;  wliiih  three  are  exclu- 
sively lirahiiiiniait." 

Mr.  (Jolehrook,  who  is  ncknowlediTed  on  all  hands  to  he  one  of  the  very  hicjhest  authori- 
ties, as  to  all  that  respects  Indian  alfairs,  has  a  pa|ier  in  the  tilth  volume  of  the  Asintir  He- 
smrcJii'n,  on  the  Buhject  of  castes.  In  this  paper,  Mr.  Colelirook  states  that  the  Julliniila,  a 
Hindoo  work,  enumerates  y(»r/y-/j(V)  mixed  classes  spriiininu;  from  the  intercourse  of  a  man 
of  inferior  class  with  a  woman  of  a  superior  class,  or  in  the  Inirr.se  order  of  the  classcH,  Novs', 
if  we  add  to  these  the  number  that  must  have  sprunu;  from  intermixture  in  the  (tlrrcf  order 
i)f  the  classes,  and  Ihe  hosts  further  arising  from  the  conlimied  intermixture  of  the  mixed 
tribes  ainonRst  themselves,  we  shall  not  certainly  be  disposed  to  dissent  from  Mr.  (/'olehrook's 
conclusion,  "  that  tho  Hubdivisions  of  these  classes  have  further  multiplied  distinctions  to  an 
<7if//('.vs  vurlffi/.'" 

Mr.  (Jolebrook  has  (riven  the  following  distinct  and  accurate  account  of  the  professions 
and  employments  of  tho  several  classes  at  the  present  day.  It  forms  a  curious  commentary 
on  the  "irrevocable  destiny"  of  Dr.  Uobortson,  and  tho  "impassable  walls"  of  Dr.  Tennnnt. 

"A  Brnliiiiaii,  nnatile  to  siihsisi  liy  his  iliilii's,  may  live  liy  the  dnly  of  a  snldii'i- ;  if  he  caiinnt  pet  ii 
salisisteiici!  liy  eitlier  nf  these  emplnyinenlM,  lie  may  apply'ln  lillaae  ami  alteiidam:c'  nil  catlle,  nr  (fain 
a  ci)iii|ii'luiui;  liy  Irallic,  avoiiliiii;  ei.'rtaiii  (^niiimndilies.  A  Cnhalrija  in  dislriss,  may  siijisist  hy  all 
llii'se  mraiis  ;  bill  he  iiiiisl  not  have  reeniirsi'  to  llie  liiirliesl  fancliniis.  In  srasniis  of  ilisliess,  a  fiir- 
liicr  laliliide  is  given.  The  prarlini  of  meilirhie,  ami  nllier  learned  profissinii-i,  paintiiisr,  and  other 
nrls,  wiirit  for  waues,  menial  service,  alms,  and  usury,  are  aiiinmj  llie  nioiles  of  siilisislenii'  allowed 
liiilii  III  till!  Wni/i/HK/i  ami  C.-'lidtniu.  A  F«i.«//i(,  iinalile  In  snhsisl  liy  his  own  iliilii's,  may  ilesrenil  to 
till!  servile  arts  of  a  i'lii/nt  .•  and  a  .S'l/f/n/,  mil  lindimr  employmenl  liy  wailiii);  on  men  of  ilie  liisher 
classes,  may  subsist  hy  handicrafts;  principally  followiiitt  iliose  mechanical  operalions,  as  joinery 
anil  niasnnry,  and  practical  arts,  as  paintinc  and  wrilinu,  by  which  he  may  serve  men  nf  snperinr 
classes  ;  anil  allhnnah  a  man  nf  a  lower  class  is  in  ijencr  il  reslricted  frnm  llie  acLs  of  a  higher  class, 
llie  Siitlrii  is  evpressly  permitted  Io  become  a  trader,  or  a  linslmndinan. 

"Hesiiles  Ihe  particular  occupation  assiiiiied  to  each  of  llie  mixed  classes,  lliey  have  Ihe  alterna- 
live  nf  fiillowini!  that  iirofession,  which  repnlarly  bilnniis  In  llie  dar-s  from  whii  h  Iliey  derive  their 
orijin  en  the  motlier's  side  ;  llinse  at  least  have'snch  an  nptinii,  who  are  horn  in  llie  ilirecl  order  of 
the  dassi's.  'J'lie.  miriil  rhisses  art-  alsn  pel-milled  In  .^rh.•<i.■'t  bij  unij  nf  llic  iliities  cf  ii  t<iiilni.  Hint  i.i,  by 
menial  nerrire.  hit  linnitieriifis,  hij  coniiiieree.  iiiiil  iiifrieiilliire.  lleiice  il  appears.  Til  A  I'  almost  kvkbv 
OCCUl'ATION,  Tllnunll  lUailil.AKi.V    IT  UK  TIIK   I'ltnlDsslON  OK  A  I'AUTIdl.Ml   CI.Vss,  Is    DPI  N   TO   .MOST 

iiTiiKH  ci.Assii.s  ;  and  that  the  liniitalions,  far  t'roin  bi  iiiL'  rimiroiis.  do  in  f.icl  reserve  only  the  j.ecu- 
llar  prnfcssinn  nf  the  Bnihmaii,  which  cnnsisis  in  teachiii!,'  the  Kerfu,  and  oHkiating  al  relifjinus  cere- 
monii's." 

'•We  have  thus,"  says  I\Ir.  llickards,  hy  whom  this  passaee  has  been  qiintid,  "the  liiL'hest  exist- 
in;;  anllmrilv  tor  nllerly  rejecliii!;  llie  doctrine  of  the  whole  llindnn  cnmiiiunity  '  b.iiiL'  divided  into 
I'oar  castes  •■  and  of  liieir  peculiar  preroL'atives  beiiia  L'narded  inviolalc  by  'impassable  walls  of 
sitparatiiin.'  It  is  iilsn  clear  tlial  the  inlennixliire  of  castes  liail  taken  place.  In  an  indeliiiile  extent, 
at  llie  line  when  III:'  Dhrrmn  ya^lr.i  was  composed,  wliicii  Sir  William  .Iniies  cniiipiilos  to  be  about 
s>i|)  vcars  11.  ('.  ;  for  Ihe  mixed  classes  are  speiilied  in  this  work,  and  il  also  refers,  in  many  places,  to 
past  liiiies,  :iml  to  events  which  a  conrsii  of  time  only  could  have  broiniht  aliniit.  The  nriain  of  the 
inlpriiiixinre  is  Iherefnre  lost  in  Ihe  remotest  and  obscurest  antiiliiily;  ami  havinz  been  carried  on 
llirniiijli  a  IniiK  course  nf  aires,  a  heteroL'em'ous  mass  is  every  where  pri'sented  In  us,  in  these  latter 
limes,  williont  a  siimle  i-xiiiiipli'  in  iinv  |iarliciilar  s'ale,  or  kiiifjilom,  nr  separate  pnrlinii  of  the  llin- 
dnn coimmiiiitv,  of  that  (|iiadriiiile  division  of  castes,  which  li:is  lii'en  so  cniirKleiiily  insisted  upon. 

"I  have  my.self  seen  cnrpenti'rs  of  live  or  si.\  dillerent  castes,  and  as  many  dill'ereiil  bricklayers 
(MnplinednirUie  same  ImildiiiK.  The  same  diversity  of  castes  may  be  nbserviMl  aiiinns  Ihe  crafts- 
men in  diii'kyaids,  and  all  otiier  (rre.it  works ;  and  Iliose,  who  have  rrsided  for  any  lime  in  the  prin 
ripal  coiiiniefcial  cities  nf  India,  must  he  sensible,  that  every  iiicreasins;  demand  fnr  lahnur,  in  all  itn 
ilitl'irenl  iTiinclies  and  varieties  of  nlil  aii'l  new  arls,  has  been  speedily  and  etrectually  supplied,  ir> 
s|iiliMjf  the  iremeMdons  iiislitution  nf  rastes;  which  we  are  taught  to  believe  forms  so  impassable  ar 
obstriiclien  to  tlie  advancement  of  Indian  industry." 

2.  Grnwinir  Demand  for  E»<rl!sh  Goixh.—h  is  difilenlt  to  supjiosn  that  the  directors  of 
the  East  India  Company  alioulJ  not  have  been  early  aware  of  tho  fallacy  of  the  opinions  as 


'I 


632 


EAST  INDIES  (S.kiktv  ix,  Tkadk,  Jkc). 


r-    a 


to  the  fixedness  of  Inditin  lialiits.  So  f,ir,  howevor.  :ii  wo  know,  they  have  not,  in  thrs  hv 
stance,  evinced  any  acquaintance  with  the  discoveries  of  their  servants.  On  tiie  contrary,  in 
all  the  discussions  that  took  place  with  resfiect  to  the  opening  of  the  trade  in  1 H14,  the  Com- 
pany invaria!)ly  contended  that  no  increase  o.'  trade  to  India  could  be  expected.  In  a  letter 
of  the  chairman  and  deputy  chairman  to  the  tight  Honourable  Robert  Dundas,  dated  13th 
of  .January,  1809,  it  is  stated,  that  the  small  teinand  for  foreign  commodities  in  India  "re- 
sults from  the  nature  of  the  Indian  people,  their  climate,  and  their  usages.  The  articles  of 
first  necessity  their  own  country  furnishes  more  abundantly  and  more  cheaply  tluin  it  is 
possible  for  Europe  to  supply  them.  The  labour  of  the  great  body  of  the  common  people 
only  enables  them  to  subsist  on  rice,  and  to  wear  a  slight  covering  of  cotton  cloth  ;  they, 
therefore,  am  purchase  none  of  the  superJIuiHe.i  ivc  offer  them.  The  comparatively  few,  ijj 
better  circumstances,  restricted,  like  the  rest,  by  nunierous  religious  and  civil  customs,  of 
which  all  are  remarkably  tenacious,  fuid  few  of  our  commodities  to  their  taste;  and  their 
climate,  so  disimilar  to  ours,  renders  many  of  them  unsuitable  to  their  use;  so  that  a  com- 
merce between  them  and  us  cannot  proceed  far  upon  the  principle  of  supplying  mutual  wants. 
Hence,  cxce|)t  woollens,  in  a  very  limited  degree,  for  mantles  in  the  cold  season,  and  metals, 
on  a  scale  also  very  limited,  to  be  worked  up  by  their  own  artisans  for  the  few  utensils  they 
need,  hiirdly  any  of  our  staple  commodities  find  a  vent  among  the  Indians;  the  other  exports 
whicii  Eun)|)e  sends  to  India  being  chiefly  consumed  by  the  European  population  there,  and 
some  of  tlie  descendants  of  the  early  Portuguese  settlers,  all  of  whom,  taken  collectively,  form 
but  a  small  body,  in  view  to  any  question  of  national  commerce." — {Papers  published  by 
authorihj  of  the  East  Iiuliti  Conipanj/,  1813,  j).  21.) 

The  volume  from  which  we  have  made  this  extract  contains  a  variety  of  passages  to  the 
same  ellect.  So  confident,  indeed,  were  the  Company  that  they  had  carried  the  trade  to 
India  to  the  utmost  extent  of  wliich  it  was  capable,  that  it  is  expressly  stated,  in  resolutions 
passed  in  a  general  court  held  at  the  India  House,  on  the  26th  of  January,  1813,  "  that  no 
large  or  sudden  addition  can  be  made  to  the  imount  of  British  exports  to  India  or  China;" 
that  the  Company  had  sull'ered  a  loss  in  attempting  to  extend  this  branch  of  their  trade: 
that  the  warehouses  at  home  were  glutted  with  Indian  commodities  for  which  there  was  no 
demand;  and  that  to  open  the  outpoi*s  to  the  trade  would  be  no  other  than  "a ruinous 
transfer  of  it  into  new  chanikl^,  to  the  d  'struction  of  immense  and  costly  establishments,  and 
the  begiary  of  many  thousands  of  indi.strious  individuals." 

Luckily,  however,  these  representati  ms  were  unable  to  prevent  the  opening  of  the  trade. 
and  the  result  has  suflieiently  demonstrated  their  fallacy.  The  enterprise  and  exertion  of 
individuals  has  vastly  increased  our  ej  ports  to  India — to  that  very  country  which  the  Com- 
pany had  so  confidently  pronounced  jvaa,  and  would  necessarily  continue  to  be,  incapable 
of  affording  any  additional  outlet  for  our  peculiar  products  ! 

The  connnercial  accounis  for  1812  and  1813  were  unfortunately  destroyed  by  the  fire  at 
the  Custom-house.  The  trade  to  India  was  opened  on  the  10th  of  A])ril,  1814;  and  in 
that  year  the  declared  or  real  valuo  of  the  products  exported  from  CiJreat  Britain  to  the  coun- 
tries eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  excepting  Cliina,  by  the  East  India  Company, 
was  826/358/.,  and  by  the  private  traders,  1,048,132/.  In  1817,  the  Company's  exports  had 
declined  to  638,382/.,  while  those  of  the  private  traders  had  increased  to  2,7.'j0.333/. ;  and 
in  1828,  the  former  had  sunk  to  only  488,001/.,  while  tlie  latter  had  increased  to  3,979,072/., 
being  more  than  double  the  total  exports  to  India,  as  well  by  the  Company  as  by  private 
traders,  in  1814! 

The  Company  have  stated,  and  no  doubt  truly,  that  they  have  lost  a  very  large  sum  in 
attempting  to  extend  the  demand  for  Briti.sh  woollens  in  India  and  China,  wliich,  notwith- 
standing, continues  very  limited.  But  in  their  efforts  to  force  the  sale  of  woollens,  they 
seem  to  have  entirely  forgotten  that  we  had  attained  to  great  excellency  in  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  stuffs,  the  article  principally  made  use  of  as  clothing  in  Hindostan;  anil  that,  not- 
withstanding the  cheapness  of  labour  in  India,  the  advantage  we  derived  from  our  superior 
machinery  might  enable  us  to  offer  cotton  stuffs  to  the  natives  at  a  lower  jirice  than  they 
could  afford  to  manufacture  them  for.  No  sooner,  however,  had  the  trade  been  opened  to 
private  adventurers,  than  this  channel  of  enterprise  was  explored  ;  and  tlie  result  has  been, 
that,  instead  of  bringing  cottons  from  India  to  England,  the  former  has  become  one  of  the 
best  and  nmsf  e.vfensirc  niarlicts  for  the  cottons  <fthe  latlcr.  We  question,  indeed,  whether, 
in  the  whole  history  of  commerce,  another  equally  striking  example  can  be  produced  of  the 
powerful  intluence  of  comiietition  in  opening  new  and  almost  boundless  fields  for  the  suc- 
cessful prosecution  of  commercial  enterprise. 

In  1814,  the  tirot.  year  of  the  free  trade  to  India,  the  exports  of  cotton  atnounted  to 
817,000  yards,  of  whfch  only  about  170,000  yards,  valued  at  17,778/.,  were  exported  by 
the  Company  !     The  progress  of  the  trade  will  be  seen  in  the  following  statement :™ 


/  hnve  not,  in  this  iiv 
.     On  tlio  contrary,  in 
iidein  1S14,  tlic  Com- 
oxpectod.     In  a  letter 
rl  UundaH,  dated  13th 
modifies  in  India  "re- 
agcs.    Tlu!  articles  of 
ore  cheaply  than  it  i^ 
)f  the  common  people 
of  cotton  cloth  ;   they, 
e  comparatively  few,  in 
and  civil  customs,  of 
their  taste;   and  their 
ir  use ;   so  that  a  com- 
upplying  mutual  wants. 
3old  season,  and  metals, 
or  the  few  utensils  they 
lians;  the  other  exports 
m  population  there,  and 
,  taken  collectively,  form 
-{Papers  published  by 

jriety  of  passages  to  the 
lad  carried  the  trade  to 
sly  stated,  in  resolutions 
anuary.  1813,  "that  no 
lorts  to  India  or  China;" 
3  hranch  of  their  trade: 
!  for  which  there  was  no 
3  other  than  "a ruinous 
jostly  establishments,  and 

the  opening  of  the  trade, 
iterprise  and  exertion  of 
country  which  the  Com- 
;ontinue  to  be,  incapable 

y  destroyed  by  the  fire  at 
I  of  April,  1814;  and  in 
Great  Britain  to  the  coun- 
the  East  India  Company, 
e  Company's  exports  had 
used  to  2,7r,0.333/. ;  and 
1  increased  to  3,979,072/.. 
e  Company  as  by  private 

.  lost  a  very  large  sum  in 
id  China,  which,  notwilh- 
he  sale  of  woollens,  they 
lency  in  the  manutiicturc 
lindostan;  and  that,  not- 
derived  from  our  superior 

ii  lower  price  than  they 
the  trade  been  opened  to 

and  tiie  result  has  been, 
ler  has  become  one  of  the 
question,  indeed,  whether, 
,le  can  be  produced  ot  the 
undless  fields  for  the  sue 


EAST  INDIES  (Soctetv  in,  Trade,  &c.). 


633 


ts 


,,,  of  cotton  amounted  to 
7,778/.,  were  exported  by 
lowing  statement:-- 


Accnnnt  spenfymsr  the  Qiiantitir!"  nf  the  printed  nml  plain  fntton  StufVs,  the  dpclnred  Vnhie  of  all 
bortg  of  niiimitiiclured  Cotton  (ioods,  III.;  Unanliiy  of  <'(,it(in  TwiM  .ir  Varn.  and  Him  declared 
Value  of  III,;  sarnu,  exported  from  the  United  Kingdom,  to  ull  I'arts  of  llm  East,  except  China,  each 
1 6iir  iroiM  loll. 


Yean. 

Cotton  iMinufacturrs. 

Colinn  Twist. 

I'riiileJ. 

Plain. 

Declared  Value.* 

Twiit. 

Declared  Value. 

Vnrils. 

yar(h. 

L. 

Lbs. 

/,. 

ISH 

60t.800 

213,108 

10!»,480 

8 

7 

1SI5 

8(il).n77 

48i».31)9 

142,410 

1816 

9!)  1,1 17 

711,011 

160,.Wt 

021 

1!)0 

1H17 

2,81S,705 

2,408,024 

422,814 

2.701 

M)5 

1SI8 

2,227,01).') 

4,01  I,.'i81 

700,892 

1,801 

4.'),') 

181  i) 

.').7i:^,(i01 

3,411.000 

401,208 

071 

138 

isao 

7,r)()!).(100 

0,48 1,256 

831,118 

224 

21 

lS2i 

!),7l.'),;t74 

'.l,123,3,')2 

1,084,440 

r>,S()5 

80.') 

18-22 

<l,02i»,2(ll 

11,712,03!) 

1,145,0:)7 

22,200 

2,:i35 

1823 

i),i:t  1,700 

13,047,717 

1,12S,40S 

121,:)00 

10.093 

1824 

0,011.8-0 

H.f^.W.SlS 

1,113.177 

lO.I.S.'iO 

13,041 

182:) 

8,^20,715 

M,2()1.'1!I0 

l,0.■lO.^71 

233.300 

3.'-.,31.5 

1826 

!l,7.'jn.()70 

l.'),2IN781 

!I!I1.01!) 

<I|N,')87 

100,804 

1827 

11.201.7II1 

i::,2!)r.,2so 

1,0 14,:)  17 

3,003,008 

274,002 

lh28 

12,110.220 

,30,lll,S^T 

1,021. .WO 

4,5.^,185 

3h8,8S8 

182!) 

II,2I.'-.,7I3 

32,h!l3.!l3l 

1,4,'i3,404 

2,<)27,476 

200,552 

18:^0 

1.3..'jy.-|,{l7I 

43.1'-I,1M) 

l,7iio.:).')2 

4,080,570 

32  \,\):,5 

I8:ii 

1  l..'i(>!t,58;i 

.1.1,0  I2,!I,'J3 

l,lli».!l!).') 

^\^|.\,K>3 

483,702 

1S,S2 

i8.2iii,r.r)n 

3!l.270,51 1 

1,53 1,303 

'4,295,427 

30!l,719 

The  Kast  India  Company  eontritmled  nolhinjj  wh.'itever  to  this  extraordinary  increase  of  the  cot- 
ton trtide  ;  their  exports  not  liiiviiiKl n  so  liirye  in  any  one  year  as  in  1814,  when  they  only  amounted 

10  tliu  inconsiduralile  snin  tilreiuly  nienlioiied. 

The  demand  for  several  other  articles  of  Kritish  manufacture  has  recently  increased, 
though  not  ill  the  same  unprecedented  manner  as  cotton,  with  considerable  rapidity.  JVot- 
withstanding  all  that  has  bwHi  said  as  to  the  immutability  of  Hindoo  habits,  the  fact  is  not  to 
bn  denied,  that  a  taste  for  EuropeiUi  |)roducts  and  cu.stoms  is  rapidly  .spreading  itself  over 
India.  And  the  fair  jiresumiition  is,  that  it  will  continue  to  gain  ground  according  as  cdu- 
calion  is  more  dillused,  and  as  the  natives  become  better  acquainted  with  our  language,  arts, 
and  habits.  The  authenticity  of  Dr.  Heber's  statements  cannot  bo  called  in  question;  and 
there  arc  many  passages  in  dillerent  parts  of  his  ,Iournal  that  might  be  quoted  in  corrobora- 
tion of  what  has  now  been  stated.  Our  limits,  however,  will  only  permit  us  to  make  a  very 
few  extracts. 

"Nor  have  the  relisiotis  prejiiitices,  and  the  unrhangeahlennss  of  the  Hindoo  habits,  been  less 
<";a;;!rcrat('il.  SoniiMif  the  hcsl  inl'orined  of  tlioir  nation,  with  whom  1  li.ive  conversed,  assure  me, 
lliiu  half  their  most  rcniark.ililii  customs  of  civil  and  domestic  life  are  horrowcil  from  tln^ir  Moliani- 
tiic'dan  fonijuiiio.-s  ;  nwil  nl  prc.-eiit  there  is  un  (ibriuiis  and  iiicrcii^hii.'  ili-'^l>i>^i>i"n  to  iniitiilc  the  Kii/rlisli 
ill  evcrij  tliiiif/.  which  Ims  iilready  li'd  lo  very  riMiiiirkable  changes,  ami  will,  prolialily,  to  still  more 
inipnrlant.  Tht!  wealthy  natives  now  all  iiU'cct  to  have  tlieir  lion  s  decorated  willi  Corinthian  pil- 
■;irs,  iiii'l  lilleil  with  Ihi^jlisli  fnriiltiiro  ;  llicy  drive  the  best  lioritis  and  the  most  dasliing  carriages  in 
Ciilctitla  ;  many  of  them  speak  I'.nu'lisli  tliieiitly,  ami  are  tolerably  read  in  Kn^lish  literaluri,':  and 
llie  cliililreii  of  oni^  of  our  friends  1  saw  one  day  drc'ssed  in  jackets  and  trowsers,  with  round  hats, 
shoes,  and  stockings.  In  tlie  Heiii.'alee  newspapers,  of  which  then;  are  two  or  three,  politics  are  caii- 
viisseil  witli  a  bias,  as  1  am  told,  inclined  to  Whiugism ;  am!  one  of  their  leading  men  gave  a  great 
dinner,  not  ioi  i;  since,  in  honour  of  tin;  Spanish  revolution  ;  iiniong  the  lower  orders  tliu  same  feel- 
ing shows  itself  more  benelicially  in  a  urowing  neglect  of  caste."— (Vol.  ii.  p.  ;!()0.) 

"To  say  that  the  Hindoos  or  Mussulmans  are  delicitiiit  in  any  essential  lealure  of  a  civilisr  1  peo- 
ple, is  an  as'-erlion  which  I  can  scarcely  suppose  to  be  made  by  any  who  have  lived  witli  theio ;  their 

manners  are  at  li'ast  as  pleasing  and  court is  as  those  in  the  cornspomling  stations  of  lite  among 

ourselves;  theii  houses  are  larger,  and,  acco:iling  to  their  wants  ami  climate,  to  the  full  as  conveni- 
ent as  ours  ;  llii'ir  arciiileclure  is  at  least  iis  el.gant  ;  nor  is  it  trii.'  that  in  the  mechanic  arts  thi'y  are 
inferior  to  the  fj'.neral  run  of  lOiiropein  nations.  Where  they  tall  short  of  us,  (which  is  chietiy  in 
asriiultiiriil  implements,  and  the  mechanics  of  common  lite,)  they  arcMiot,  so  far  as  1  have  under- 
stnod  of  Italy  and  the  south  of  France,  surpassed  in  any  degree  by  th  peo|ile  of  Ihosi^  countries. 
Tlicir  goldsniiths  and  weavers  prodici;  as  beantifnl  fabrics  as  our  ovtn;  and  it  is  so  far  from  true 
that  they  are  obslinatelx  weihled  lo  their  old  patterns,  Ibat  they  show  an  anxiety  to  imitate  our 
models,  find  do  imitate  ijiein  very  siiccesst'iilly.  Tile  ships  built  by  native  artists  at  Uoinbay  are  no- 
toriously as  good  as  any  w  liicli  sail  iVom  l.(indoii  or  Liverpool.  The  carriages  aiil  gigs  which  they 
.supplj  at  Calcutta  are  iis  hand-  uiie,  though  not  as  diiraide,  as  those  of  Long  Acre.  In  the  little 
town  of  Monghyr,  30(1  niili's  t'rom  Calcutta.  1  had  pistids.  double-barrelled  guns,  and  dilferent  pieces 
of  cabinet  work,  broimht  down  to  my  bout  for  sale,  which  in  outward  form  (for  1  know  no  further) 

nnliody  but  perhaps  iMr. cij'iid  detect  to  be  of  Hindoo  (jrigin ;  and  at  Delhi,  in  the  sliop  of  a 

Healthy  native  jeweller,  1  found  brooches,  ear-riim's,  snuH'-boxes,  &c.  of  llie  latest  models  (.so  far  as 
I  am  a  judge),  and  ornamented  with  French  devices  and  mottos  "— (Vol.  ii.  p.  382.) 

As  Bishop  ITcber  penetrated  into  the  interior  of  India,  he  found  the  same  taste  as  in  Cal- 
cutta, for  Eu-opean  articles  and  for  luxuries,  to  prevail  every  where  among  the  natives.  Of 
Denares,  he  writes  as  loUows  : — 

"Rm  what  surprised  me  si  ill  more,  as  I  penelrateil  further  into  it,  were  tin;  large,  lofty,  and  hand- 
soiii;  d'.v.'lling-honses,  the  beauty  and  apparent  richness  of  the  goods  exposed  in  the  bazaars,  and 
IhB  evident  hum  of  business.  Henares  is  in  fact  a  very  indiistrious  ami  wealthy,  as  we'll  as  a  very 
holy  city.  It  is  llie  great  mart  where  the  shawls  of  the  north,  the  diamonds  of  the  sonlh,  and  tho 
imisiins Of  Dacca  and  the  eastern  provinces  ce:.lre  ;  iiiid  it  has  vi.'ry  considerable  silk,  cotton,  and 


I;:* 


♦  Including  lace,  hosiery,  and  small  wares. 
80 


634 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.). 


r 

•    * 

I  I 

J- 

i  t   ' 


I 


fine  wnoUon  ninTHifuctorics  nf  its  own  ;  wliile  Knplish  liiinlwnro,  Kwords,  sliii'lds,  nnd  spenrs,  from 
l.ueknow  and  Moiijjliyi  '""'  llmxc  I'.umpran  Uixiirie^  and  ilrpuiicies  irlnrli  arc  tluilii  lircuiniiiir  iiiiire  po- 
pular ill  India,  I'irciilatc  from  lieiicc  tliroiisrli  ISiiiKllucinid,  (;i>n'ii('k{Mior,  Nu|miil,  and  otliur  tructs 
which  aro  reinnvcd  from  the  inuin  artery  of  the  Ganges." — (Vol.  i.  p.  2s().) 

Proceeding  still  further  into  the  interior  of  the  country,  and  when  at  Nussecraliad,  distant 

above  1,000  miles  from  Calcutta,  the  bishop  continues  his  Journal  in  the  same  strain  ;  viz. 

"  Furopean  articles  are,  at  Nusseerahad,*  as  niiKlit  he  expected,  very  dear  ;  the  shops  are  Itept  Ijy  a 
Or^ek  .1'  ■'.  two  I'arsees  friini  lionihay  ;  ttn-y  liad  in  llieir  list  all  llie  usnal  items  of  a  ('alciitla  ware- 
lionse.  Enulish  cotton  cloths,  both  white  and  primed,  are  to  he  met  with  conmionly  in  wiiar  among 
the  people  of  the  country,  and  may,  1  learned  to  my  surprise,  be  bonirht  best  and  cheapest,  as  well  as 
all  kimis  of  hardware,  crockery,  writing-desks,  &.<:.,  at  I'alle,  a  larije  town  and  celchralid  marl  in 
Marwar,  on  Ihi^  edftc  of  the  desert,  several  days'  journey  west  of  Jouilpour,  where,  till  very  lately, 
no  European  was  known  to  liave  penetrated." — (Vol.  ii.  p.  36.) 

As  to  the  character  of  the  Hindoos,  their  capacity,  and  even  anxious  desire  for  improve- 
ment, the  bishop's  testimony  is  equally  clear  and  decided ;  and  as  this  is  a  point  of  pre-emi- 
nent importance,  the  reader's  attention  is  requested  to  the  following  statements : — 

"  In  the  schools  which  have  been  lately  established  in  this  part  of  the  empire,  of  w  hicli  there  are 
at  present  i)  esialilished  by  the  Church  Missionary,  and  11  by  Ihe  (,'liristiaii  Kn(jwle(lL.'e  Societies, 
some  very  iine.\pi'cted  facts  have  occnrred.  As  all  direct  attempts  to  convert  the  (bildven  are  dis- 
clainn'd,  the  parents  send  them  without  scruple.  IJiit  it  's  no  less  straiifie  than  true,  that  there  is  no 
ohjection  mad(;  to  the  use  of  the  Old  and  New  'i'estiiment  ;is  a  class-book  ;  lliit  so  Ion!;  as  llip 
teachers  do  not  nr^e  llieni  to  eat  what  will  make  tlieni  lose  their  caste,  or  to  be  baptised,  or  to  curse 
their  country's  jio(is,  they  readily  consent  to  every  IhiiiL'  else  ;  and  not  oiily  iMussuliiians.  lint  lirali- 
niins,  stand  by  with  perfect  cocdtiess,  and  listen  s<imelimes  with  apparent  interest  and  ple.isiire, 
while  the  sclmlars,  by  the  road  side,  are  reading  the  stories  of  the  creation  and  of  Ji;sus  (Jliri^t."— 
(Vol.  ii,  p.  ■iOO.) 

"  llearimr  all  I  had  heard  of  the  prejudices  of  the  Hindoos  and  Miissninmns,  I  certainly  did  not  at 
all  e.vpect  to  lind  that  the  common  people  would,  not  oidy  without  objection,  but  with  the  preatest 
thankfulness,  send  their  children  to  schools  on  Hell's  syslcm  ;  anil  they  seem  to  be  fully  sensible  nf 
the  advai'tauTs  conferred  by  wrltini.',  aritlimetic,  and,  above  ail,  by  a  knov.'led;.'o  of  Kntrlisli.  There 
are  now  ill  tJalcutta,  ami  the  surroiiiLdliii.' villa^jes,  20  boys' schooi.i,  containing  60  to  I'iO  each  ;  and 
23  girls',  each  of  2.5  or  30."— (Vol   ii.  p.  3(10.) 

"In  the  same  holy  city  (lienares)  I  visited  another  college,  founded  lately  by  a  wealthy  Ilindno 
banker,  and  intrusted  by  liiin  to  the  maiiii;»emeiit  of  Ihe  ("liuvcli  :\Ij-:sioiiary  Society,  in  which,  he- 
sides  a  grammatical  knowledge  of  th(!  HindoostaiUM' lansuau-e.  as  will  as  I'ersian  iiiid  Ar.ibic,  ||||. 
senior  hoys  could  (lass  ii  good  (!.\aininatioii  in  English  grammar,  in  Hume's  History  of  I'.iijl.inil, 
.loycii's  Sclenlilio  Dialogues,  the  use  of  the  glolies,  and  Ihe  principal  facts  and  moral  prec'^pis  of  the 
Gospel  ,  most  of  them  writing  beautit'nlly  in  the  Tersian,  and  very  t(>lerably  in  the  Eimlisli  cbaritc- 
ter.  and  exceliing  most  boys  I  have  met  with  in  the  accuracy  and  readiness  of  their  arithmetic."— 
(Vol.  ii.  p.  3Sti.) 

"The  diHeretit  nations  which  I  have  seen  in  Imiia,  (for  it  is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  that  all 
India  is  peo|iled  by  a  single  race,  or  tliat  there  is  not  as  great  a  disparity  between  the  inhabitants  of 
Gu/.erat,  Hengal,  the  Dooah,  anil  the  Deccan,  both  in  language,  manners,  and  physiognomy,  es  hc- 
tweeii  any  four  nations  in  Europe,)  have,  of  course,  in  a  gri'ater  or  less  degree,  the  vii  es  wliii  ii  \\n\fi 
he  expected  to  attend  on  iirhitrary  government,  a  ilemoralisiiig  and  ahsind  reli'/ion.  .iiiil  (in  all  tin- 
independent  states,  and  in  siune  of  the  districts  which  are  partially  subject  to  the  IJritifli)  a  lavityof 
law,  and  an  almost  universal  prevalence  of  intestine  feuds  and  habits  of  plunder.  The  ceneral  cha- 
racter, however,  has  much  which  is  extremely  pleasing  to  me  ;  they  are  brave.  ciMirteons.  intelligi  in, 
and  most  eager  iifter  knowledge  and  improveiii cut,  with  a  remarkable  talent  for  the  scicnre.j  nf 
geometry,  astronomy.  °cc.,  as  well  as  for  the  arts  of  paintinu  and  sculpture.  In  all  these  points  they 
have  had  great  dilliculties  to  strnirgle  with,  both  fnuii  the  want  if  models,  instruments,  and  elirnem- 
nry  instruction  :  the  indisposition,  or  rather  the  horror,  entertained,  till  lately,  by  many  ainoni'  their 
European  masters,  for  giving  them  instruction  of  any  kind  :  and  now  from  the  leal  dilliinlty  wliiih 
exists  of  translating  works  of  science  into  languages  which  liave  no  corresponding  terms."— i. Vol.  ii 
p.  409.) 

Even  if  our  space  permitted,  it  would  be  unnecessary  to  add  to  these  extracts.  The  farts 
and  circumstances  now  mentioned,  must,  we  think,  satisfy  every  one  that  there  is  noi!iii,ifi;iii 
the  nature  of  Indian  society,  in  the  institution  of  castes  as  at  jire.seiit  existirp;,  or  in  the  iiabits 
and  customs  of  the  natives,  to  hinder  them  from  advanrint;  in  thi!  career  of  civilisation,  com- 
merce, and  wealth.  "  It  may  safely  he  as.sertcd,"  says  Mr.  Hamilton,  "  that  with  so  vast  an 
extent  of  fertile  soil,  jieopled  by  so  many  millions  of  tractable  and  industrious  inhabitants, 
Hindostan  is  capablo  of  suppiyinij;  the  whole  world  with  any  species  oftrojiical  merchandise; 
the  production,  in  fad,  bciiic;  only  limited  by  the  demand." 

3.  Trade  vith  India. — The  principal  olistarle  in  the  way  of  extending  the  commerce  with 
India  does  not  consist  in  any  indisposition  on  the  part  of  the  natives  to  purchase  our  com- 
modities, but  in  the  dilliculty  under  which  they  I're  placed  of  furnishing  equi\alents  for  tiieni. 
This,  however,  is  rather  a  fictitious  than  a  real  di(n;'itlty.  It  results  inon;  from  the  iliscriini- 
nating  duties  laid  on  several  articles  of  Indian  produce,  than  froin  their  beinfj,  in  any  ic-pect, 
unsuitable  fc  our  markets.  Instead  of  admittint!;  all  the  articles  raised  in  tlte  different  de- 
pendencies or  the  empire  for  home  consumption  on  the  same  terms,  we  have  been  accustomed 
to  give  !i  marked  [ireference  to  those  rai.sed  in  the  West  Indies.  We  confess,  liowever,  that 
we  are  wholly  unable  to  discover  any  grounds  on  which  to  vindicate  such  '/reltsreucc.  The 
protection  which  every  just  government  \a  hound  to  nlford  to  all  classes  of  its  subjects,  cannot 
vary  with  the  varying  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  undiT  which  they  happen  to  live. 
And  lis  no  one  denies  that  the  iidiabitatits  of  Bengal  are,  as  well  as  those  of  Deineraia  or 
Jamaica,  liege  subjects  of  the  British  crown,  it  docs  seem  quite  at  variance  with  every  fair 

♦  Nu8seeral>ad,  near  Ajmere,  in  the  heart  of  lUe  Rajepoot  country. 


3  • 


c). 


EAST  INDIES  (SociETV  in,  Tuade,  &c.). 


635 


liields,  nnrt  opcars,  from 

iluilii  birumiiif.'  more  po- 
uiKUil,  and  olUut  triicls 

t  NussccraliaJ,  distant 

the  same  strain  ;  viz. 

•  the  simps  iir(!  kept  'ly  a 
i.,ii«  of  n  t;;ili''H'!'  waro- 
iinnmiilv  hi  wt;iu  iimonf; 
and  rhrnpci'l,  ns  well  as 
I  and  ci'lidii-iiKd  ni;iit  ui 
r,  wlicre,  till  vory  laldy, 

lus  desire  for  improvp- 
s  is  a  point  of  pre-enii- 
italcments : — 

mpirc.  "f  wtiiilHhrroare 
ian  WnowUMlL'i.'  SociclUT', 
„'ti  thn  rliililron  an;  tlis- 
than  trniMliat  llicrc  is  no 
(.ok  ;  llnl  so  Ions:  a^  llio 
to  1)0  liaptisi'il.ortocursL' 
,lv  Mnssoihnans.  lint  lirali- 
"lit  iutorcst  and  pli-iisnri', 
I  and  ol'  Josns  CliriM."— 

linns,  I  rortainlv  did  not  at 
lion,  hut  Willi  the  prisitost 
H.ui  to  he  fnlly  sensible  nl 
ivleiP't;  of  Kiii;lish.  There 
iiininl'  00  to  I'iO  each  ;  ami 

lately  hy  a  wealthy  Hindoo 
i„irv">'oeietv.  in  wlii'li,  lie- 
s  I'crsiaii  imd  Araliir,  the 
mneV  History  of  KuLdaud. 
sand  n'.'iral  piee-ins  of  ||», 
raldy  in  the  Knuli-h  eliarac- 
nesaiif  llieir  anlhinelic.  '- 

mistake  to  suppose  that  all 

lietween  the  iiihaliite.nts  of 

-i    and  tdiysioiiioniy,  i'S  hc- 

lie^ree.  till' vices  wliic  li  iiuist 

i.Tl  reli'.'ion.  and  (in  all  the 

I't  to  the  l>vili^■l^.  a  laxity  nt' 

lilunder.    The  ceneial  eha- 

hrave,  eourteons.  iiitellicrnt, 

talent  for  the  seieiires  (if 

re.     In  all  these  ptdnts  Ihcy 

1   in?trunients.  ami  ideiiiem- 

latelv.  hy  inanv  aiieniL'  iheir 

roni  the  ieal  dilhinlty  whuh 

responding  terms."— Ould. 

;hese  extracts.  The  forts 
[no  thattlicre  is  nothing  in 

it  I'xistino;,  or  in  the  habits 
Irart'or  of  civilisntion.com- 

()n,  "  that  with  so  vast  an 
](1  industrious  inhabitants, 
Ics  of  tropical  merchandise; 

jendinR  the  ronimerco  with 
ces  to  purcliasi;  onr  com- 
LhiiiR  e>iui\ah'nts  for  them, 
its  more  from  tlie  discriini- 
Itheir  heins.  i"  «">'  respect, 
Iraised  ia  the  diiVerent  dc- 
I,  we  have  been  accustomed 
Iwe  confess,  however,  that 
late  such  --reference.    Tli<' 
lasses  of  It's  subjects,  cannot 
-ihich  they  iiappen  to  hve. 
I  as  those  of  Deineravaor 
lat  variance  with  every  fair 

lioot  country. 


principle,  to  treat  them  worse  tiian  the  West  Indians,  by  imposing  higher  duties  on  their  pro- 
duce when  brought  to  our  markets. 

The  following  Tables  give  a  conipr-'heiisive  view  of  the  trade  with  India  since  the  relaxa- 
tion of  the  monopoly  in  1814,  and  paiucularly  during  the  3  years  ending  with  1833  : — 

An  Account  of  the  Value  of  the  Imports  and  Exports  between  Oreat  liritaiii  and  all  the  Places 
Eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (e.xceplini;  China);  dislinKiiisliimt  the  Private  'J'rade  from 
that  of  the  East  India  Company,  in  each  Vear,  from  IBM  to  tlie  latest  Period  to  which  the  same  can 
be  made  up. 


Van. 

Value  of  Imtwrts  into  Great  Rrilain, 
Kistwaril  of  the  Cape  of  (ir.Oil   Ho| 
.icr  triJiiiif  to  llie  PrictiH  .it  lliu  K.ist 
S.iles  ti)  the  respective  YeaM. 

from  nit  Places 
i;  (except  Cluiia), 
lli'lia  Company's 

Value  of  ElporU  from  Grcnt  Dritain  to  all  Places  East, 
ward  of  (lie  Cipe  of  tiood  Hope  't-Kvpt  China),  ac- 
cordiut;  to  the  Ueclaratiodb  of  the  K:; porters. 

By  the  East 
lu'lla  Cudipiuy. 

Trivilo  Trade. 

Total  Imperil. 

By  the  East 
Iir.iia  Company. 

Private  Trade, 

Total  Evimrts. 

j: 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1814 

4,W-,079 

4,43.'),  196 

8,043.275 

826,558 

1,048,132 

1,874,690 

1M5 

3,111  !),.'>,■>() 

5,119,0)1 

8,l,30,lti7 

9iHi,218 

1,569,513 

2„5(,5,761 

ISlti 

2,0J7,7i)3 

4,402,()'2 

6,429,785 

633,546 

1,9,55,909 

2,589,455 

1817 

2.3-23,6."0 

4,.')41,9,M> 

6,805,586 

638,382 

2,750,333 

3,,3.S8,715 

1818 

2,305,003 

fi,90i,l»4 

9,'2o6,U7 

553,385 

3,018,779 

3,572,164 

1819 

),'J;j2  101 

4,(iS3.3(i7 

i>,(>\:,.'M 

760,508 

1,586,575 

2.3 17,0S3 

18i0 

i,7.-.:,i:i7 

4,201,389 

5,958,,',%', 

971,096 

2,066,815 

3.0.37,911 

1821 

1,713,733 

3,031,113 

4,775,116 

887,619 

2,656,776 

3,541,395 

1822 

1  ,(jy2,329 

2,(i21,:i3l 

3,V13,i;63 

600,089 

2,8.i8,35 1 

3,414,443 

1823 

1.087,078 

4.314,973 

5.9,32.051 

458,550 

2,957,705 

3,410,255 

1      1824 

1,1!»I,7.'J3 

4,410,347 

5,605,101) 

651,783 

2,841,795 

3.490.578 

1      1825 

1,162,(192 

4,710,083 

6,17.8.775 

598,553 

2,574,660 

3,173,213 

1826 

J,,V2»),0t)0 

5,2l0.8t:o 

<),730,926 

990,964 

2,480,588 

3,471,5,52 

1827 

I,*ii2,ls0 

4,00!',537 

5,681,017 

805,610 

3,830,580 

4,036,190 

1S28 

1,030,107 

5,13.V'73 

7,065,180 

488,601 

3,979,072 

4,467,673 

182'J 

1,5«(3,442 

4,021,842 

6,218,284 

434,586 

3,665,678 

4,100.264 

IS.SO 

l,.')',l3.iR0 

4,(l80,.',0,'i 

5,679,071 

195,394 

.3,891,917 

4,()N7.311 

1831 

1,431,372 

4.295,138 

5,729,810 

116,480 

3,;8K,.571 

3,li:i5.0,^l 

1832 

1,107,787 

5,229,311 

6,337,098 

149,193 

3,601,093 

3,750,286 

An  Account  of  the  Imports  into  Oreat  Britain  from  all  Places  Eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Hood  Hope 
(exreptiii?  Cliiiiii), 'listiiifrnishint;  hetwien  those  made  hy  the  F.ast  India  (Jonipany  and  tliosi!  made 
by  private  Traders  during  the  Tliree  Years  ending  with  18J2,— (From  Pari.  Paper,  i\ii,  425,  Sesg, 
1833.) 


Articles. 


lbs. 


.Aloes   • 
JAi.ifieli.h 
ilkMij^niiu         •  -      — 

Korax  •  ■  •      — 

Cainpbire,  unrefined        — 
Canes,     viz,      rattans     (not 
jrround)       •  numb, 

Cullee  -  -     lbs- 

Colt'. n    piece    ^orels,  while 
calicoes  an'l  iiiuslins,    pes. 
Cotton    pii-ce    go.ni.i.    ilyed 
cniion  K  erass  cloths,   (ics, 
N.ui.|'iin  cloths  -      — 

( ar  l.mionis     -  •     lbs, 

L.TSaia  buds      -  •      — 

C.assia  lii<nea    •  -      — 

Ciiinainoit        •  "      — 

Cloves  -  •      — 

Ci.ttoii  wool     •  •      — 

Dye  ai.  I  hard  {  ebony,     'ons 

woods,  viz.  J  red  panders, 

Elenlianls'leetli  ■   cwt 

G.iiis   ■  -  ■     — 

(liiiijer  •  •      — 

Gum,  aiiiini  and  copal,    lbs 

Aial.ic  •  •    cwl 

L.ic  ilye,  lac  lake,  and  cake 

Ue  •  •     Ibf. 

Siiell  lac  and  seed  lac    — 

Slick  lac       •  •     — 

Hemp  •  ■  cwt, 

Nutiness         •  •     lbs. 

Oil,  e.iitnr        -  •      — 

C.icoi  nut     •  •   cwt 

of  in  ice  *t  nutme8;s,  lbs.  oz 


Ul.Uviuni 

I'eppcr,  of  alt  sorts 

Hi'les,  mitauned 

IlliligO 

.Mace   - 
Ma  ld..r  mot 


cwt 

lbs. 

cwt 

Ihs. 

cwt. 


1830, 


E.Ts; 

India 
Conipany, 


171,2.'3 

47,53S 


620,333 


3:. 


2,I54,ail 


Mothero'  pearl  shel's,  rh,lbs. 
Musk  ■  •      oz. 

Rhiiliarli  -  ■     lbs. 

Rice,  i:ot  in  the  husk,     cwt, 
ill  ilie  husk  •  -  busli. 

Saitl.uvcr        •  •  cwt, 

S.i.;o     .  -  .      — 

Saltpetre         •  ■     — 

Senna  ■  ■     lbs, 

Ibil.'t,  raw,  waste,  b  floss,    — 


44,928 
1,020,963 


Private 
'trade. 


51,005 
8,722 

27,42s 
172,til2 
273,6e2 

2,4I4,',62 
7,02j,799 


205,025 

573,181 

4l,ttt5 

Sti,75> 

83I,2IH) 

449(>56 

3,198 

ll,S92,:»b 

1,301 

14 

l,t;0i 

l.olil 

1,234 

55,&', 

1,962 

4«i,2r.1 

eif'.taii 

37,,-.!IS 

14,130 

4'),0,9 

441.27 

6,4S4 

466, 1. 'i 

4.ISI 

2,712  2->4 

.5,104 

5,772,5 1  (> 

I2,9i;2 

W)2 

46 1,59 1 

3.320 

157,211 

I2,,4S7 

21,9  IS 

2,170 

2,361 

9s,77l 

I7li,i!l'l 

710,268 


Total. 


1831. 


East 

India 
Company 


6l,P6:j 

S,722 
27,42! 
172.642 
273,0S2 

2,414,562 
7,026,7a'J 

171,223 

252,563 

573, 'ml 

41,035 

86,"' 

831,296 

44;i.6')6 

3,138 

I2,512,>09 

1,3UI 

14 

1,0 '2' 

1.51)1  i 

1,269! 

55,6)1! 

1,962'i 

48.5,2691 

649,o3()' 

37,595' 

14,130 

45,059! 

441.275; 

6.4S4! 

.166,15 

4,l.«l 

2,742.221 

3,104 

7,926,8.7 

12,962 

jl)2 

465. -,91 

3,120 

137,211 

I2),4S7 

21,94S 

2.170 

2  601 

143,7'  2 

176,593 

1,736,231, 


1,467 
32,107 


446,930 


Private 
Trade, 


1,070,464 
1,781,9' 


28,818 
l,0S8,f;3 


20,305 
892 

81.879 
IS,<24I 
106,979 

3,908,423 
7,656,386 

1,5,900 

1.16,731 

8,54,671 

72,800 

171,720 

392,7S9 

222,991 

I24.fc()7 

25,366,6)3 

II 

65 

2,173 

1,03! 

850 

190„!7t 

2,489 

7.53,252 

1,140,128 

U9,I44 

11.735 

110,039 

343,373 

3,5 

631,14 

761 

5,037,776 

3,3761 

5,223,2t)8] 

411,921 1 

2.-,7li 

510,493 

3,147 

133.462 

I3.1.8S7 

33,5531 

■2.436 

2,2 -.l 

141,9111 

200,9i:e 

636,677 


Total, 


20,305 
892 

83,-79 
188,241 
106,979 

3,90,s,423 
7,65U,3i6 

17,367 

!.:.'i,S38 

854,671 

72,800 

171,720 

392,7S9 

222,991 

124,607 

15,SI3.)73 

111 

65 

2,173 

l,o:ii 

8)0 

190,274 

2,489 

753,252 
I,I46,I2'< 
149,144 
11,735 
110,039 
3.13.373 
3,5:15 
631,14 
761 
6,12«.210 
3.376 
7,0O\216i 
40.'121 
2,571 
510,492 
3,147 
13.1,1621 
I3.^,8^7; 
33,553! 
2,436! 
2,253 1 
170,722 
20',:l<>0; 
1,725,030 


1832. 


Private 
Trade, 


11,120 


2,586,415 


1,731,898 


49,51. 
'  727,175 


31,681 
13,731 
92,49'j 
1,50,  .•95 
203,734 

3.922,355 
10,407,837 

79,090 

216,100 

195,^07 

67.218 

75,173 

9'.i6.3fc8 

25,738 

224,614 

32,63j,U.-9 

70 

149 

1,010 

867 

2,r)09 

155,290 

2,693 

4.59.379 

1,070,261 

319,173 

t.l.iMO 

223.426 

257,387 

10.660 

201. I< 

3,3lX 

4,6.10,475 

10,719 

4,479.99 

72,li22 

;H4 

"21,5>' 

8,129 

11.5,2371 

171,560 ! 

19,744; 

5,556 

3,377 

180.026 

464,917 

1,087,644 


Total. 


31,(11.1 

13,731 

92,493 

150,295 

203,734 

3,922,335 
10,407,837 

79,090 

227,226 

195,807 

67,218 

7.5,173 

996,368 

25,738 

224,644 

33,219,.504 

70 

149 

1,010 

ft., 

2. 

I,55,2lX)| 
2,693  j 

459,379 

1,0-0.261 

319,373 

Ll,940 

223,426 

2)7.3.S7 

10,660 

264,10 

3,306 

4,630,475 

10,739 

6,211,895 

72,022 

234 

721, .527 

8,129 

I15,2;17 

171,560 

19,744 

5,556 

3,377 

229.51S 

464.917 

t,8l4,S19 


680 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.). 


Imports— continued. 


C.3 


a 


-r 


Articles. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

Ea-t 

Indi.i 

Company, 

Private 
Trade. 

Total. 

Eiist 

India 

Company. 

I'rivate 
Trade. 

ToUl. 

East 

India 

Conipany. 

Piiva'e 
Trade. 

Total. 

Silk,  mmu factum),  viz. 

Q.-iiiilaiia       hiiiiikt:rchief» 

anil  rniiials            pieces 

68,524 

6S,7-.2 

124,276 

e2,i"i7 

121,401 

184,398 

63,547 

148,040 

211,887 

Cnpe,  III  pifCL'9           — 

. 

SI3 

513 

. 

932 

932 

Cnpe  (ihawls,  scarf,  and 

go^vii-piRces  and  liind- 

ki-rchif(s          •    nmiili. 

. 

23,711 

23,711 

. 

17,740 

17,V40 

- 

11,469 

11,469 

Tattatit!*,  and  other  silks, 

in  pieces           •   piucea 

6,173 

2,E-8 

8,529 

4,282 

3,086 

7,303 

2,206 

2,319 

4,525 

Snap    .            •            •    cvvt. 

■ 

II 

11 

•                • 

1 

1 

bpiriU,  viz.  arrack,  imp. gall, 

4I,J19 

41,419      ■ 

7.911 

7,911 

. 

20.591 

20, -,91 

Suear,  uiirefincd         •   cwt. 

118,333 

6(  (1,729 

779,087 

102,476 

647,972 

750,448 

56,CC0 

647,077 

703,137 

Tin                  .           .      _ 

1-4,574 

14,374 

. 

■■,472 

5,472 

:^6,ti42 

2l),(,42 

Tnrtniseshell,  rough  •     lbs. 

. 

32,11-9 

32,|W9 

. 

30,iiO2 

30,902 

39,004 

39,004 

'I'urineric       ■           ■      — 

. 

1,81)7,764 

1,867,764 

. 

l,292.0J8 

I,292,(>2li 

1,004,043 

1,004,04:-, 

Vermilion       •           •      — 

. 

10,923 

10,923 

1,926 

I.!I26 

(Jiher  articles          value  L. 

2,SI3 

206,020 

208,833           2,181 

201, -279 

203,460 

20).,719 

20S,719 

Tolal  Value  of  Imports,    L. 

l,393,56« 

4,0SJ,50;> 

5.079,071      1,434,372 

4,21)5,438 

5,729,810 

1,107,787 

6,229  311 

1.  ,337.1 98 

An  Account  of  the  Qunntities  and  declared  Values  of  tlie  various  Articles  exported  from  Great  I!ii- 
tain  to  all  Daces  Eastward  of  the  Cape  of  (lood  Hope  (except  Cliiiia),  distiiijriiifliiiiji  helwccu 
those  made  by  the  East  India  Company,  and  those  made  by  privalu  Traders,  during  the  Throe 
Years  ending  with  1832.— (I'rcm  the  Pari.  Paper,  No.  425.  Sess.  1833.) 


Articles. 

1830.                    ! 

1831. 

1832. 

East 
India 

Comp, 

Private 
Trade. 

Total. 

East 
Imlia 
Coliip. 

I'rivate 
Trade. 

Tolal. 

East 
India 
Comp, 

Private 
Tr.ide. 

Total, 

Apothecary  wares 

Declared  valued. 

IO,5t*S 

9,642 

20,230 

6,382 

6,169 

12.751 

6.967 

9,778 

16,745 

Apparel 

4,352 

28,224 

32.37C 

1,895 

27,362 

29,257 

9,271 

23,477 

32,748 

Hcer  and  ale          •           •        tuns 

. 

3,473 

3,473 

26 

3,144 

3,170 

. 

4.737 

4,7,17 

Declared  value  L. 

. 

71,364 

71,364 

390 

60,403 

60,795 

. 

87.606 

87,606 

Books,  printed       ■           •       cwt. 

40 

703 

743 

6 

823 

829 

13 

1,032 

1,01:) 

Declared  value  /,. 

1,143 

19,504 

20,iJ.17 

259 

2,3,016 

23,273 

237 

27,189 

27,4J6 

Brass         -          -           -       c«t. 

10 

232 

242 

6 

164 

169 

45 

12! 

lti:> 

Declared  vnluo  L. 

90 

2,143 

2,233 

40 

1,244 

1,284 

393 

1,00j 

l,39i 

Cabinet  and  upholsicry  wares 

Declared  value  L. 

3,523 

3,523 

. 

2,019 

2,019 

47 

3,C98 

3,14-. 

Carriages              -           •  nunilier 

. 

133 

133 

, 

137 

137 

-    - 

80 

to 

Declared  value  L. 

11,83-1 

11,833 

. 

9,382 

9,382 

.    - 

5,430 

6,430 

Coals          •           -           -        Ions 

1,877 

2,lb6 

4,043 

2,013 

3,043 

5,0i6 

1,926 

4,547 

0,473 

Declared  value  L. 

2,538 

1,033 

3,59! 

2,314 

2,553 

4,869 

1,870 

3,898 

5,7(8 

Cochineal  -            -           •        lbs. 

. 

44,329 

44,329 

34,676 

34,676 

29,588 

29,588 

Declared  value  L. 

21,036 

21,036 

13,870 

13,870 

. 

11,093 

11,093 

Colours  for  painters 

Declared  value  L. 

679 

14,434 

15,113 

891 

8,573 

9,464 

1,150 

11,S31 

13,101 

Copper,  unwrought,  in  bricks  and 

pigs        -           -           ■        cwi. 

. 

46,807 

46.807 

. 

49,359 

49,339 

2,639 

43,710 

46,349 

Declared  value  L, 

. 

200.0--.0 

200,030 

, 

204,936 

204,9:16 

11,180 

178,030 

189,216 

wrought,  nf  all  -orts,  cwt. 

1,02S 

43,186 

44.214 

714 

3.5,216 

33,930 

243 

40,348 

40,791 

Declared  v-ilue  L. 

S.O-i!- 

193,(98 

200,1,36 

3,500 

133,.334 

137,031 

1,232 

173,870 

173,108 

Cordage    •           •                  cwi. 

411 

911 

1.332 

1,405 

1,393 

3,000 

28"> 

3,7'.l 

6,136 

Decl  irtd  value  L. 

1,101 

2.187 

3,288 

3,270 

3,043 

0,915 

602 

10,324 

11,126 

Cotton  manufactures  (British) 

Calicoes,  &c.,   while  or  plain 

yards 

7,300 

37,553.687 

37,.363,lf7 

10,410 

25.639,367 

28,&19,9-7 

6.414 

34,077,810 

34,084,224 

Declared  value  /- 

240 

1,C08,S63 

1,009,103 

320 

726,380 

72t<,700 

268 

8it.,'.i:'l 

819,lt3 

Ditto,  printed,  checked,  siaincd. 

ordyetl          -            -      yirds 

2,600 

13,426.203 

13,428,803 

690 

13,971,220 

13,972.110 

. 

n,""  07,1188 

17,907,(S!< 

Di'chred  \ahie  L. 

160 

53.i,93l 

636,111 

71 

471,617 

471,68.- 

- 

531,034 

6,31,654 

Mu&lina,  &c.,  whi:e  or  pl::in, 

yards 

5,917.969 

5,917,969 

. 

6,362,976 

6,362,976 

6,192,2:7 

5,192,257 

Declared  value  L. 

' 

185,940 

185,940 

. 

179,652 

179,632 

. 

143,140 

143,140 

Ditto,  printed,  checked,  stained, 

or  dyed         •           •        yai-ds 

. 

166.271 

166.271 

. 

697,473 

697,473 

. 

384,562 

384,562 

Declared  value  L. 

■ 

7,362 

7,362 

. 

22,379 

22,579 

. 

14,168 

14,10* 

Hosier)',  and  bmall  wares 

' 

Declared  vilue  /„ 

149 

21,685 

21,1*35 

SO 

19,280 

19,370 

. 

23,242 

23,242 

Ag^reeate  value  of  Rriiish  cot- 

lou  manufactures 

Declared  value  /.. 

649 

1.760,00:3 

1,760,552 

481 

1.419,514 

1,419,995 

26S 

l,'.3l,l2-> 

1.531.393 

Cotton  twist  and  yarti      -         Ihs. 

3S 

4.6!.9.532 

4,689,370 

6,34l,s^3 

0,341,83'' 

109 

4,2:l-..2iv 

4.293,427 

I'Jechreii  value  L. 

1 

324,954 

324,955 

. 

483,762 

483,762 

i: 

3t'J,7W 

3(J9,73I 

Cotton  manufactures  (foreign) 

square  yanls 

. 

2,883 

2,885 

7.806 

7,^06 

valiie  /.. 

114 

114 

. 

1 

1 

991 

991 

Dpflared  value  L. 

. 

238 

2.8 

. 

327 

327 

941 

991 

Earthenware  of  all  snr's        pieces 

42,000 

1,245,800 

1,287,800 

27,000 

1,233,.523 

1,280,52;. 

6,9fti 

2,087,339 

2,094,239 

Declared  value  /,. 

420 

20,072 

20,501 

312 

17,209 

17,5-'l 

62 

27,001 

il.m 

Glass         -          Declared  value  /„ 

1.7411 

102,870 

104,616 

2,334 

100.060 

102,423 

1,060 

100,0,-7 

101,147 

Guns  and  pistols    •            •  nuuit.rr 

2,300 

1,400 

3,700 

1,420 

47C 

1  ,Mi>- 

82(1 

8,219 

9,039 

D'Clared  value  L. 

4,284 

5,100 

9,384 

1,583 

3,&in 

5,22o 

1,410 

11,257 

12,673 

Haberdashery  and  niillincry 

Declared  value  L. 

112 

25,367 

25,479 

20 

20,862 

20,8S12 

16 

29,543 

29,539 

Hardwares  and  cutlery 

Declared  value  /^, 

9.030 

72,013 

81,013 

10,352 

Bo.ono 

61,04.' 

11,264 

71,025 

82.289 

liats  of  all  Sl^rl^    -           -    dozens 

1.222 

2,232 

3,134 

9^0 

2.014 

2,!-94 

1,001 

2.791 

3.792 

iJeclared  value  L. 

1,847 

13.340 

13.387 

1.471 

9,3711 

IO.«47 

1,604 

12.7(;0 

14,364 

Iron,  bar  and  bolt                     torn 

43 

12.290 

12,3;)3 

93 

11.733 

ILS- 

30 

17,100 

17,430 

Declared  value  /,. 

.376 

86,938 

87,314 

980 

79,2 -18 

80..M!. 

27.! 

10:1,763 

l(M,n37 

cast  and  wmuaht     -       rwt. 

3,980 

69,616 

73, -.96 

10,402 

73,987 

86,;^!. 

2,493 

88,834 

61,349! 

Declared  value  L. 

7,341 

60,231 

57,372 

12,624 

60,628 

63,232 

2,740 

37,916 

40,636 

Lace  and  thread  of  gold  anl    sil- 

ver          •           -                    Ib'i 

163 

,557 

720 

96 

212 

30- 

187 

474 

661 

Declared  value  ■.. 

1,45-1 

4,66' 

6,1^ 

786 

1,677 

2.463 

1,465 

2,944 

4,409 

Lead  and  shot        -           •        .ons 

34 

1 ,226 

1,260 

52 

1,28? 

1,332 

61 

l„3li5 

1,^6 

Detlared  value  /.. 

487 

16,507 

16,994 

719 

16,432 

17,131 

827 

18,986 

19,813 

Ldtherandiaddlery 

Declared  valuu  L. 

1,345 

,       20,051 

30,396 

3,G71 

18,367 

22,038 

1,503 

22,709 

24,214 

B.). 


1832. 


E',^'      I    Piiva'e 
India  .||.,jj. 

)iii|iany- 


Total. 


63,547        148,340        211,887 


2,206 
56,000 

T7l07,7»' 


11,469 

2,313 


11,46!) 

4,525 


20.591  20,-,!ll 

647,0771  7(13,137 

it),li42  2H,t,42l 

39,00-1  39,00) 

1,004,045  l,00.|,0-|-i 

1,920  1,W6 

20!',7I9  20!<,7I9 


5,229  311,    j;,33T,l|}8 


I  exported  from  Great  liri- 
1),  (ligtiiipiiisli'i'ff  belween 
I'ruilers,  iluriiig  H'c  Three 


1632. 


Ea.t    I     privjii, 

■""i'*         Tr.ide. 
Comp. 


Tmal. 


6.967 
9,2711 


?51 
i57 
170 
795 
ti29 
275 
169 
284 

,019 
137 
.3?2 
,0')6 
,869 
,676 
1,870 

,464         1.1  ^"1 


13 

237 

45 

303 

47 


l,9Jf> 
1,S70 


9,77! 

23.47' 

4.7.37 

^7,ti0b 

1 ,032 

27,189 

12' 

1,0OjI 


16,7i: 
32,748 

4.7.17 
87,(j06 

l.UIJ 

27,i:6 

16! 

l,39!i 


3,C98 

3.ir) 

80 

to 

5,430 

6.430 

4.547 

b,47a 

3,!^a8 

6.7t8 

29.5!.8 

29.588 

11,095 

11,095 

.3591 
,ii:16i 
.9301 
.0311 
,000 
,915 


2,639 
11,180 

243 
1,232 

28 

6021 


6.414 

268 


11,951 

43,710 
178,03li 

40,54: 

173,87(1 

S,7M 

10,524 


110' 
,68.-1 

,652j 

.473' 
,579 

,370 


.995! 

,85''! 
,71)2 

l| 
327 

:.42? 


p,88: 

1,04; 
!,894 
J.84' 
J.M' 
p.J38| 
|i.3!!<l 
1.252 

,30- 
t.4Kl 
1,332 
t,l51 


13.101 

46.349' 
189,216 

40.:91 

175,108 

6.C3(J 

11,1261 


34,077,810   34,084.224 
l-ib.9:ll         819,189 


17.'"07.(18!^ 
ikl  1,1)54 


5.192.2!: 
143,140 


384.502 
ILIb-- 


23,242 


17,907.(S 
6.51,654 

5,192,3571 
143,140 

384,502 
14,168 

23,242 


26^1    l.-,31,U5     1.331,3931 

tbQ     4,2',fV2-,8     4,'295,427 

1;        31,9,719        309,731 


b,038 


e.'jo:! 

82 

1,06(1 ! 

8201 

1,4101 

16 

ii,2r>ij 
i,r<)ii 

1,60-1'. 

30, 

272i 

2.4951 

2,740, 

1,465; 

61 1 

K7l 

I 

l,50>i 


991 i  S91 

9>1  99' 

2,087.339  2,094,239 

'   27,001  ^f,0«i 


100.07, 
8,2191 
11,257 

29,543 

7 1.023 1 
2.791 
12.7ffl 
17,100 

103.765 
5S.854 
37,916 


101,14' 

9,039 
12,673 

29,5391 


«2  289 
3.7921 
14,364' 
17,430 
104,0371 
61,3491 
40,6361 


474 

2,944 1 

1,,5:.5| 
18,986 1 

22,709 1 


661 
4.409 
1,626 
19,813 

24,214 


E2VST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.). 


637 


Exports. — continued. 


Artie  In. 


1830. 


IS'M. 


Uuf.n  iiiitnufacturta 

DiTUrcd  value  L, 
Michincry  anJ  niill-wnrk 

UtrcUrett  vilue  /.. 
Mililiry     Rtorea     not     otherwise 

.irtiTlIlCd 

Declared  value  L. 
Muiical  iMtrunn-nls 

Ueclared  valuff  A. 
Opium       -  -  -         llis. 

Declarel  value  L. 
Onhiance,  of  brnM  ;\ml  iron     tons 
Declart*  I  value  L. 
I'l.ite,  pliteii  ware,  jewellery  aiui 
,    watches 

HecIarC'I  value  L. 

pnvisinna,  DeclarcJ  value  /.. 

Quicksilver  •  -         Hjs. 

Declared  value  L. 

Silk  manufactun's 

M  -"Clared  vahit  L. 

Snap  antt  candl'.-s  •        cwt. 

r-'dired  value  f^ 

Spelter,  foreigu    -  -        cwi. 

llt'clared  value  f,. 

SpinM,  British  •    gallons 

Dc.:lircd  value  /. 

I'irilB,  foreign      -  -    nallniw 

lleciii.?'!  value  A. ! 

Kfntintierv,  I)eclai."i  value  /,.  I 

SiL'd,  uu'wrou^tit  -        cwt. I 

ncclarcHl  value  /*. ' 

S\ip.T,  re&iied       •  -        cwt. I 

D. Glared  \.      •  L\ 

Swords     -  ■  •  nunii/v 

Declared  \aliie  /-i 

Tin,  wnwrou^Iit  ■  -        cwt.  I 

Dt'fhred  value  /«| 

Tin  and    pei'T't^r   w:»res,  and    tin 

pUtes,  Declared  valuo  t.  \ 

Wines  -  -    Imp,  gallnns 

Declared  vilue  L. 

Wnnllcn  manufactures  (Uritish)      \ 

CiDlliS  of  al!  sorts  -    pji-cesi 

Declared  value  /..| 

Stuffs,  viz.   camlets,  serges,  Jtci 

piecf^sl 

Dichred  value  A-] 

Other  woollens,  Dec'ared  vi,  l..\ 

AsTi^i-eR.itc  value  of  firitish  wool-, 

1-1IS,  Declared  value  L. 

Woollen  manufactures  (foreign)      ! 

pieces 

value  /.. 

Declared  value  L. 

All  other  articles  - 

Total  value  of  exports        •    L. 


East 

Ii)i!ia 
Coiiip. 

Privalc 
Tm.le. 

Tolal. 

1 

Ea»t 

lii.lia 
Cniiip. 

hivate 

Tl-llll!. 

Tot; 
25,33,5 

K.int 

liulia 
Comp. 

Private 

'I'raJi;. 

1 

Tolal.     1 

2,077 

21,211 

23,288 

1,611 

23,724 

6,IM1 

43,715 

49,056 

7,3S4 

21,105 

28,489 

3,092 

10,340 

13,432 

3)6Si 

11,523 

15,174 

B,98L 

494 

6,387^ 

1,081 

221 

1,302 

128 

115 

243 

294 

12,060 
21,890 

12,3-4 

21,890 

240 

8,954 
5,4''3 

9.194 

5.483 

252 

7,083 

7,337 

• 

16,418 

16,418 

• 

4,521 

4.524 

223 

116 

339 

224 

.■) 

229 

.31 

23 

B7 

8,140 

730 

8,870 

3,286 

140 

3,426 

816 

130 

946 

10,025 

44,370 

54.395 

2.3.33 

38,208 

40.541 

. 

3.3,778 

33,778 

7,889 

21.347 

20.236 

7,931 

lb,l:,l 

24,082 

10,992 

21,4.54 

32,446 

. 

153.948 

15;t,91S 

. 

95,702 

95.702 

36,743 

36,743 

■     • 

14,112 

14,112 

-     - 

8,972 

8,972 

3,521 

3,521 

.     . 

9,873 

9.!-73 

l,0.=3 

8,015 

9,f98 

45 

25,159 

2,5.201 

C19 

h(Hi 

1,485 

40') 

KiO 

I.23-, 

2 

1,3-14 

1,346 

1,845 

3.h-9 

5.734 

1,318 

3.657 

4,975 

4 

5.207 

,5.211 

- 

62.370 

62.37() 

49.964 

49.91H 

- 

37,490 

37.499 

. 

32,747 

32.747 

. 

27,4!-0 

27.-l>-0 

. 

21,093 

21,093 

3,632 

3.(i32 

. 

6.001 

6.001 

. 

6.289 

0.289 

. 

I,7f0 

l,7-'<i) 

2,121 

2.121 

2,362 

2,362 

. 

99.453 

9-9.453 

. 

128.174 

128.174 

208,581 

208.581 

12.072 

12.(r72 

. 

19.310 

19.310 

. 

32,032 

32,032 

13,175 

33.061 

40.239 

20,663 

27.29S 

47.1-6I 

23,921 

26.252 

60,176 

10.8SI 

10,881 

. 

21.651 

2l,ti.)l 

20 

14,446 

14,466 

11,1.53 

11.153 

. 

21,4.39 

24,439 

40 

15,106 

15,146 

44 

8-53 

897 

. 

7(.3 

7(3 

31 

778 

809 

89 

1,890 

1.979 

. 

1,792 

1,792 

57 

1,951 

2.008 

1.700 

90 

1.7!» 

750 

161 

911 

1.150 

90 

1,240 

1,(135 

140 

1,775 

484 

139 

623 

1,052 

101 

1,133 

. 

5 

. 

41 

41 

6 

129 

135 

■      ■ 

15 

15 

•      - 

165 

163 

20 

495 

515 

731 

in.i.T^ 

10.809 

704 

8.558 

9,262 

B73 

6.822 

7,395 

i,a.2 

2:i'l,2-,!l 

2l(l.5!ll 

116 

205.777 

205.893 

9M 

33\.535 

339,435 

4.9 

104,945 

10i,4!!4 

SI 

9-2,530 

92,581 

30s 

14!',949 

130,2,57 

6,029 

47.719 

53.748 

2,959 

51,7121 

54,671  \ 

3.507 

30.186 

33,(193 

60,363 

211,171 

271,734 

31,470 

195,136 

226.606 

31,108 

141,365 

175,473 

94 

20.14'> 

20.242 

251 

1 1.767 

1-9,0(8 

56 

18.909^- 

18.963} 

302 

49.129 

49,431 

352 

40.757 

41,109 

84 

42.^01 

42.885 

4,127 

19,10'- 

23,233 

2,22b 

11,497 

13,723 

3,609 

15, -.42 

19,151 

64,092 

279,406 

'       344,398 

34,048 

2^7,390 

281,438 

37.801 

199,708 

237,569 

. 

2 

2 

.      . 

372 

372 

.     . 

483 

483 

. 

4( 

40 

. 

404 

-.04 

- 

4110 

too 

B> 

,5.^ 

3..'Bb 

3.566 

. 

4,505 

,.f.05 

16,215 

•    147,218 

163,433 

14.661 

122.656 

137,317 

8.709 

162.236 

170,945 

195,394 

3.891.917 

1.087.311 

146.480 

3,488,571 

3,635,051 

1    149,193 

3,661,093 

3,750,286 

1832. 


The  preference  in  favour  of 
greater  than  at  present ;  but  th 


West  Indian  eommodities  was  within  these 
c  following  statiMnent  shows  that  it  is  still  very 


5  years  much 
considerable : — 


An  .\f('nuiit  of  ArlirU's  imported  from  Rritisli  Pr.ssf  ssions  Kast  of  the  Ctipe  of  ttood  Hope,  on  which 
a  hiijlier  Customs  Duty  is  ruarirt^d  on  Import  into  tlic  I'nited  Kiiipdom,  than  is  cliiirj-'cd  i-i.  tlio  same 
Arti(l(!s  imported  from  Uritisli  Possessions  in  any  olli.r  Parts  of  the  World  :  showing;,  in  Tliree 
pnrallcl  "oliiinii.s,  tlie  Dirt'crent  Rates  and  llie  E.xress  of  Duty  on  each  Article  ;  also,  lh(!  .\innnnt 
(if  Duly  levied  on  each  of  these  Articles  in  the  Year  1832,  and  tlie  Uuantity  on  wliicli  tlie  same 
was  levi(!d. 


I     Article). 


Coffee 


To'a 


Rates  of  Duty  char^cil. 


^(lailtitv  rli^rjeil  \vi(li  Duty 
in  the  Vor  1832. 


(),t  (iiiporta. 
ti  ins  fr<»m 
Brit.  I'oHspi- 
ainns  "itliip  l.e 
Limits  nf  ..>a 
E    1.  Co.'s 
Charter,  ex- 
cept the 
Mauritius. 


On  Importations 

frnii.  other 

British  possessions. 


.1 


Od.  ptr  lb, 


12.r,  per  c«'t. 
t'lT.  per  c^l. 
3f.  |ier  It). 


6d.  per  lb.,  if  the  pr-i- 
dure  (it  Mv\  iiupnrtt'd 
rr.>rii  !!'<■  M.iuritiii! 
or  iiiv  IJniisb  pos- 
fe^-i'iu  in  Anierioa  • 
:ZI(.  per  cvvf,,  if  do. 

'       9s.  per  ff'l. 

:       2f.  !W.  per  lb.      . 


Excew  of 

Duty  rhargcd 

fill  Iniport- 

atiori'*  within 

111!'  lii'iils 

of  Ilie  E.  I. 

Co.'s  (.'liarler. 


Imported 

fnuii  British 
Possessions 
vvithlii  the 

Limits  of  tlie 
K.  1  Co.'s 
Cbarter. 


Imported 

from  other 
British  Posses- 
sions, »Mtl 
cbarRPil  with 
:i  lower  rate 
of  Duly. 


;-3(i.  per  lb. 
1 

J 

*^j.  per  cwt. 
hy.  per  yral. 
3ii.  per  lb. 


1,953,714 

Cwt,    or.  lh.\ 
;9.tiOR    2    5  i 


20,996,S37 
Cxot.    qr.  Ih. 
3  513,230  {fti/. 


Amount  of  Dntv  recuived 
iuibf  Vea^■I^32. 


On  Import 
atioiis  frnni  Bri- 

tisll  PdsScB 

sions  within 
the  Limits  of 
tlie  Coiiip.^ny's 
Clwrler. 


/,.         .T.     rf. 

73,227  18    0 


On  Import- 
atiiMis  horn 
other  British 
possession?, 
and  charged 
with  a  lower 
R.tf  of 
Duty. 


/..      s.    rf. 
524,920  18    6 


127,373  13    6  ^^,276  977  12    6 
l,5Kl,9t;2  10    0 


Uruler  the  new  retrulalions  as  to  rosiilenre  in  India  (see  pnsf),  Englishmen  will  be  allowed 
to  employ  themselves  in  th<^  raising  ofsu'jfur,  as  they  liavo  hitherto  hren  alliiwed  to  employ 
themselves  in  the  raisint^  ot"  iivligo;  hut,  unless  the  duty  he  e(|ualiscil,  this  concession  will  be 
ot' little  importance,  at  least  in  so  far  as  respects  sugar.  An  eiiuilisation  is,  however,  impe- 
riously required,  as  well  in  justice  to  India  as  in  the  view  of  promoting  the  interests  of  the 

•  Qutintily  of  le-jacco  brouglil  from  tlio  East  too  tiifling  to  deserve  mention. 
Vot.  L— 3  H 


638 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Tkade,  &c.). 


British  public ;  and  slioulil  it  take  place,  we  have  little  doubt  that  the  growth  of  sugiir  in  In- 
dia will  be  very  greatly  extended,  and  that  it  will  become  an  article  of  great  connnercial 
value. 

The  regulations  as  to  the  importation  of  coffee  from  India  are  as  objectionable  as  can  well 
be  imagined.  Why  should  the  coffee  of  Malabar  and  Ceylon  pay  3d.  per  lb.  more  duty  than 
that  of  the  Mauritius?  A  distinction  of  this  sort  is  an  outrage  upon  common  sense,  iiiid  an 
insult  to  India.  Foreign  coffee  may  be  imported  from  any  port  of  British  India  at  9</.  jier  lli. ; 
but  if  it  be  imported  from  a  foreign  port  it  pays  Is.  Hence,  if  a  British  ship  take  on  bourd 
coffee  at  Mocha,  Manilla,  or  Java,  she  is  obliged  to  call  in  her  way  home  at  Bombay  or  Sin- 
gapore ;  and  must  there  unload  and  then  reload  her  cargo !  Such  a  regulation  requires  no 
lengthened  commentary;  it  is  enough  to  remark  that  its  existence  is  a  disgrace  to  a  civilised 
nation. 

Besides  being  unfairly  assessed,  the  duties  on  several  most  important  articles  of  East  In- 
dia produce  are  signally  oppressive  in  their  amount.  Arrack,  for  example,  which  may  be 
bought  in  bond  here  for  about  3s.  a  gallon,  is  loaded  with  a  duty  of  15s.  It  is  almost  unne- 
cessary to  add  that  this  duty  is  perfectly  unproductive  ;  its  only  effect  is  to  exclude  a  valua- 
ble article  from  the  market ;  to  deprive  the  pul)lic  of  a  gratification  they  might  otherwise 
enjoy,  and  the  government  of  a  considerable  amount  of  revenue.  The  duly  on  jicpper  is  also 
most  extravagantly  high ;  being  no  less  than  Is.  on  an  article  that  sells  from  about  3d,  to  Hrf 
Considering  the  degree  in  which  the  demand  for  pei)pcr  is  checked  by  this  anti-consum[)ci  in 
impost,  we  believe  we  may  safely  afiirm  that  its  reduction  to  3d.  or  4rf.  would  be  productive 
of  an  increase  of  revenue. 

However,  it  is  but  fair  to  add  that  a  very  material  deduction  has  been  made  from  the  du- 
ties charged  on  several  articles  of  E.ist  India  produce  since  the  publication  of  the  former 
edition  of  this  work.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  good  effects  of  which  these  reductions  can- 
not fail  to  be  productive  may  speedily  lead  to  others.  The  following  account  will  no  doubt 
receive  the  attentive  consideration  of  the  reader : — 


Account  showing  the  Prices  in  Bond  in  London  of  the  different  Articles  of  East  India  Troihioe,  nri 
the  1st  of  Novenil)er,  1H33  j  tin;  present  Duly  on  such  Articles,  and  the  Rate  per  Cent,  of  llie  Diuy 
on  the  Price.    A  Column  is  added,  allowing  the  Duties  in  1831  that  have  since  heen  inudilicil. 


'\m-'1 


»   ) 


'S 


>  t 


Prices,  1st  of  November, 

nmy. 

lb33. 

I'er 

nmies,  Islcf 

Rite  per  Cent. 

Dillies,  1st  of 

Goods. 

Moveinber, 
1S33. 

J.iiiu.irv,  |v;Jl, 

From 

To 

From 

To 

L.    ».    rf. 

L.    s.   <l. 

s,   d.     per 

/..  J.   i(,  ptr 

Aloes            .... 

2    0    0 

U    0    0 

cwl. 

0    2  lb. 

7 

46 

0    1    3  III. 

AsafcEliJa     .           .            -           • 

1  10    0 

3    0    0 

_ 

6    0  cwt. 

10 

20 

4  13    4  c«t. 

BeujnniiD,  Ist  sort    • 

40    0    0 

_ 

. 

• 

0-5  ) 

10    0    o" 

20    0    0 

— 

•     4    0    — 

1 

2-7  [ 

11    4    0    - 

3^1  —      - 

4  10    0 

7  10    0 

_ 

3-     .     . 

27 

4> 

Parilla           .... 

. 

6    0    0 

ton 

40    0  Ion 

• 

40 

Borax,  refirie'l 

4    0    0 

4    5    0 

cwl. 

10    0  cwl. 

12 

12  5 

2  IG    0    - 

unrttiiieii 

4    0    0 

4     9    0 

— 

4    0    — 

4-5 

5 

1    s   n   - 

Camphor       .           .           •           • 

7    5    0 

— 

1     0    — 

• 

0-7 

0    9    4- 

Caniaiiions,  (>vl-->n 

"O     1     6 

0    1     8 

lb. 

1    0    Ib. 

60 

66 

0    2    0  Ib. 

Malabar 

0    3    6 

0    3    9 

_ 

I    0    - 

26 

30 

0    2    0- 

Cassia  buiIs  .           .           -           - 

. 

4    0    0 

cwt. 

1     0    — 

1411 

lignea 

3    6    0 

4    5    0 

^ 

0    6    — 

65 

(■■« 

Cinnaiiioii     .           -           -           • 

0    4    6 

0    9    6 

lb. 

0    6    — 

5 

11 

Cloves,  Hourlmn 

0    1     0 

0    1    2 

— 

2    0- 

170 

200 

Anihnyna     • 

0     1     3 

0    1    6 

— 

2    0    — 

133 

IbO 

CocculuR  Int^I'MS 

0  15    0 

. 

cwt. 

2    6    — 

• 

I8(i0 

Cochi.i(-al      .           -            .           - 

0     1     0 

0    1     3 

lb. 

0    2    — 

13 

16 

0    0    4- 

Cotlce,  Mocha 

3  10    0 

6    6    0 

cwl.  1 

0    9- 

66 

120 

olher  sorts    • 

2  10    0 

3    0    0 

from  Drilish  ports 

140 

168 

CottoD,  Benisal 

0    0    6 

0    0    7 

ib.  i 

. 

0'5 

0-6 

Mulraa 

0    0     6  1-2 

0    0    8 

-   [ 

0    4  cwt. 

0-4 

0-7 

Surat 

0    0     5  1-^ 

(10    7 

-  ) 

. 

05 

06 

Ciiliebs          .... 

2  15     0 

3    5    0 

cwt. 

0    6   Ib. 

80 

100 

0    2    0- 

DragonS  blood 

5  10    0 

23    0    0 

— 

4    0  cwl. 

0  8 

3-7 

0    6    8  cwl. 

Khony  wood 

6  10    0 

7  10    0 

ton 

3    0  Ion 

2 

23 

0  13    0  Km 

C.ill/          .... 

3  10    0 

4    5    0 

cwl. 

2    0  cwt. 

2 

3 

0    5    0  c»t. 

Ci.iniboge       .... 

9    0    0 

18    0    0 

— 

4    0    — 

I'l 

2-2 

9    6    S    - 

(liiijer,  Rental 

1   15     0 

I   18    0 

— 

11     0    — 

^2 

31 

0  116- 

Gum  ammoniac 

2  10    0 

5    0    0 

— 

6    0- 

6 

12 

7    0    0- 

Atiiiiii    .           .           -           . 

6    0    0 

10    0    0 

— 

6    0    — 

13 

5 

2  10    0    - 

Arabic .            .            •            - 

2  10    0 

2  15    0 

— 

t^    0    — 

11 

12 

Gum  lac,  lac  flye  fine  DI.    - 

0     1    6 

0    2    3 

Ib. 

•■    0    — 

22 

33  J 

5  ptT  ct'iil. 

other  sorts 

0    0    9 

0     1     3 

— 

6    0    — 

4 

'S 

shell  lac    - 

6    5    0 

7  15    0 

cwl. 

6    0    — 

3-7 

4-7 

20       - 

Hemp            .... 

. 

23    0    0 

ton 

1     8  Ion 

03 

free 

Hi.les,  butfalo  and  ox  J  '^^^  *           [ 

0    0    5 
0    0    3 

0    0    9  1-2 
0    0    5 

lb. 

2    4  cwl. 
1    2    — 

2-5 
25 

5 
4 

Indigu,  fine  .           •           .          . 

0    6    9 

0    8    6 

— 

3 

3-7 

^nod  find  midtlling   • 

0    4    3 

0    6    6 

— 

•     0    3    Ib. 

4 

6 

oniinary 

0    3    6 

0    4    0 

— 

6-2 

7 

Mace            .... 

0    4    0 

0    6     B 

— 

3    6—" 

63 

87 

Molher^'-pcarl  sheila,  Bombay 

1     5     0 

2    0    0 

c«t. 

•      5  ner  cent 

. 

5 

Manilla 

3  15    0 

4     0    0 

— 

,             yr      ^l\.  I      \.^-Jll. 

Musk            .... 

0  15    0 

1     8    0 

or.. 

0    6  oz. 

1-7 

3-3 

0    5    0  (12. 

Myrrh          .... 

4     0    0 

14     0    0 

cwl. 

6    0  cwt. 

2 

V-5 

9    U    8  cwt. 

Nn'niPes       .... 

(1    3    ti 

0    6    6 

lb. 

2    6    ll>. 

38 

71 

NuK  vi'iiiica 

0  15    0 

r^^t. 

2    6- 

• 

li^60 

Uil  of  aniseed 

0  0  6n.4 

. 

rz. 

1     4    - 

• 

15 

0    4    n   II). 

cassia 

0  0  e  1-2 

0    0    7 

_ 

1     4     - 

14 

1         ''■ 

0  16    0    - 

cinnamon 

0     5    fi 



1     4     - 

h3 

0  If.  n  - 

clfives 

0    0    9 

0    0  10 



14     0     — 

105' 

116 

1  12  n  - 

innit;   .... 

0    0    2 

0    0    4 

. 

1     4    — 

25 

1        .W 

2    0    0- 

im'megs 

0    0  10 

0     1     3 



1     4     — 

6-7 

1        '" 

2    0    0- 

Olibaiuaii      .           -           .           , 

2    0    0 

3  15    0 

cwt. 

6    G  cwt. 

8 

1         15 

2    0    0  cwl 

DC.). 

■  growth  of  8Ug!ir  in  In- 
clc  of  great  conimercial 

lijoctionaMe  as  can  wpH 
'.  per  lb.  more  duty  than 
I  common  sense,  aiul  an 
itishlniliaat  9rf.  iierlli.; 
tish  ship  take  on  board 
ome  at  Bombay  or  Sin- 
i  regulation  requires  no 
J  a  disgrace  to  a  civilised 

rtant  articles  of  East  In- 
cxample,  which  may  be 
;  15s.  It  is  almost  unnc- 
ect  is  to  exclude  a  valua- 
ion  they  might  otherwise 
['lie  duly  on  pepper  is  also 
ells  from  about  3t/.  to  lirf 
1  by  this  anti-consumpu  m 
ir  4d.  would  be  productiv, 

IS  been  made  from  the  du- 
;  publication  of  the  former 
hich  these  reductions  can- 
iring  account  will  no  doubt 


a  of  East  India  Prniliioo,  nn 
lie  Kale  {wr  Cent  iitllii'  Duly 
ivo  siiicB  been  iiioililieil. 

-1 ) 

I  Duly.  ! 

t  ftile  lier  Cent.  Diilits  Isl  of  i 
1 L^— 1  January,  1S3!.  t 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  &c.). 


680 


From 


To 


7 

46 

10 

20 

0'5) 

1 

27  [ 

2-7 

4^ 

• 

40 

12 

12  S 

4-5 

5 

01 

60 

66 

26 

30 

/,.  J.   (/.  ptr    I 
0     I    3   ll>. 
4  13    4  cut.  I 

II    4    0   - 


5 
170 
133 

13 
66 
140 
O'S 
0-4 
0-5 

go 

OS 

2 

2 
M 
29 

6 
13 

II 
2-2 

4 
3-7 

2-8 

2-3 

3 

4 

6-2 


1-7 
2 
38 


MO 
SG 
II 
200 
IbO 
)b(M 
16 
!2fl 
168 
0-6 
0-7 
06 
100 
3-7 
2-3 
3 
22 
31 
12 
5 
12 
3  3  ) 

'S 
4'7 
0-3 

3 

4 
3-7 

6 


16  0 
8  0 
D    4 


0    0    4 


0 

n 

0  13 


0  - 
8  c«l. 
0  loll 
0  5  0  c»l. 
9  6  S  - 
0  116- 
7  0  0- 
2  10    0    - 


0  piT 

20        - 
free 


:eut. 


103 

23 

6-7 

8 


3-3 

7-3 

71 

IhtiO 

13 

r, 
lie 

60 
10 
13 


0    5 
9    6 


0  n«. 
8  cwt. 


0    4    n   II). 


0  IB 

0    - 

n  III 

0    - 

1  12 

0    - 

2    0 

D    - 

2    0 

0    - 

2   0 

Ocwt 

Table — ci»i(tniiei2. 


IVicei,  Isl  of  Nuveiiiher, 

' 

Dutv. 

,1st  of 
y,  1831. 

GooJi. 

INU. 

Per 

Pulies,  111  of 

November, 

18.13. 

Rate  per  Cent. 

l)utie> 
Januar 

From 

To 

Fnim 

To 

I'eppcr,  blick 

/..  ..    rf. 
0  0  33.4 

L.  ). 

0    0 

d. 
4  12 

lb. 

»,     rf.     PtT 

1    0   lb. 

2li0 

320 

/-"T 

d.  ftr 

whito 

0    0    4 

0    0 

9 



1     0    _ 

133 

300 

Rhubarb,  rnmmon    • 

0     1   10 

0    2 

4 

_ 

1     0    — 

43 

51  ) 

litK!  Oufclt,  trimmed 

0    3    6 

0    3 

0 

_ 

1     0    - 

20 

28; 

8 

0  2 

6    lb. 

Rice  frniii  llriliah  iraineMioiu 

0  12    0 

1    0 

(1 

cwt. 

1     0  cwt. 

S 

.Spirit*,  nnick 

0    3    0 

. 

. 

ijni. 

13    0  nal. 

600 

Sitllower       .... 

5    5    0 

8  10 

0 

cwt. 

1     0  cwt. 

0-6 ' 

0  2 

6  cwl. 

S.iK'i,  cnliimon 

0  10    0 

. 

. 

_ 

1    0    - 

10 

|)e»rl 

0  13    0 

2   0 

0 

_ 

1    0    — 

'   23 ' 

6-7 

0  10 

0  cwt. 

Sal  aiiiinnniac 

3    0    0 

_ 

1     0    - 

l'7 

1     8 

0    — 

.Saltpetre       .... 

1   15    0 

'2   0 

0' 

_ 

0    6- 

l'2 

11 

Sap.in  wood  .... 

8    0    0 

17    0 

0 

ton 

1    0  toil 

03 

0-6 

0  13 

0  ton 

SauiiiJers'  woml,  red 

13    0    0 

16    0 

0 

1     0    - 

0-3 

04 

0  12 

0    — 

Sied^.  aiiisei'd,  star 

3    3    0 

cwt. 

5    0  cwt. 

7-3 

1  10 

0  cwt. 

.silk,  llensll  awl  Chiiil 

0  16    0 

1     3 

0' 

lb. 

0     1    lb. 

033 

0-43 

Sujir,  ileiigal,  while 

1     4    0 

1  11 

0 

cwt. 

32    0  cwt. 

103 

133 

yellow 

1     1     0 

1     3 

0 

__ 

32    0    - 

139 

152 

Mauritius,  yellow     . 

1    6    0 

1   11 

0 

__ 

24    0    — 

70 

!>2 

brown     . 

1    2    0 

1    6 

0 

_ 

21    0    — 

92 

109 

Teeth,  elephants'     . 

19    0    0 

28    0 

0 



21)    0     — 

3-3 

32 

Terra  japonica 

3  13    0 

4    0 

0 

^^ 

1     0    - 

l'2 

1-3 

0    3 

0  cwt. 

Tortoise  shell 

1  10    0 

2  13 

0 

lb. 

0     1    lb. 

0-1 

0-3 

0    0 

C  lb. 

Turmeric,  Rental    . 

0  16    0 

0  is 

0 

cwl.  f 

13 

13 

J.lva 

1    0    0 

1     3 

0 

2    4  cwt. 

10 

11-4 

China 

1     0    0 

1    5 

0 

from  British  ports 

9 

114 

Vermilion     .... 

0    2  10 

lb. 

0    6   lb. 

17-2 

0    1 

0    — 

JV.  B.— We  are  indebted  for  this  valuable  Table  to  Mr.  liegbie,  secretary  to  the  East  India  Asso- 
ciation. 

There  is  another  grievance  aflecting  the  East  India  trade,  which  calls  loudly  for  redress. 
Goods  from  America,  the  West  Indies,  or  any  where  except  the  East  Indies,  may  he  con- 
veyed from  one  warehousing  port  to  another  without  payment  of  the  duties.  But  with  East 
India,  goods  a  ditl'erent  rule  has  been  established.  There  are  only  about  a  dozen  ports  in 
the  empire  in  which  East  India  goods  may  be  received  and  warehoused ;  and  whenever  it 
becomes  necessary  to  remove  those  goods  to  any  other  place,  not  privileged  to  receive  India 
goods,  the  whole  duties  have  to  bo  paid  ;  so  that  if  a  merchant  found  it  expedient  to  ship 
1000/.  worth  of  pepper  from  London,  Hull,  or  any  other  privileged  port,  to  Newcastle,  Ply- 
mouth, Aberdeen,  or  any  non-privileged  port,  he  would,  before  he  could  make  such  ship- 
ment, have  to  advance  aiiout  4,000/.  of  duty  !  This  is  a  most  oppressive  regulation.  There 
is  not,  and  there  never  was,  any  good  reason  for  prohibiting  East  India  goods  from  bcinjj 
removed,  under  bond,  from  one  port  10  another  where  other  goods  are  allowed  to  be  bonded. 
Many  considerable  advantages  would  result  from  permitting  this  to  be  done.  It  would  dis- 
tribute East  India  goods  more  equally  over  the  country  ;  and  country  dealers  would  bu  able 
to  lay  in  and  keep  up  sufficient  stocks  with  a  far  less  outlay  of  capital  than  at  present.  Such 
a  measure,  coupled,  as  it  ought  to  be,  with  an  adequate  reduction  of  the  duties,  would  ma- 
terially extend  the  comforts  of  all  classes  at  home. 

4.  Cohn'tzation  of  India. — Hitherto  very  considerable  ob.f.taclcs  have  been  thrown  in  the 
way  of  Europeans  establishing  themselves  in  India,  and  particularly  of  their  acquiring  or 
holding  land.  This  policy  was  dictated  by  various  considerations ;  partly  by  a  wish  to 
prevent  the  extrusion  of  the  natives  from  the  soil,  which  it  was  supposed  would  be  eagerly 
bought  up  by  Europeans,  and  partly  by  the  fear  lest  tiie  latter,  when  scattered  over  the  coun- 
try, and  released  from  any  ertectual  control,  should  ollend  the  prejudices  of  the  natives,  and 
get  embroiled  with  them.  Now,  however,  it  seems  to  be  the  general  opinion  of  those  best 
acquainted  with  India  that  but  little  danger  is  to  be  apprehended  from  tliese  circumstances; 
that  the  few  Europeans  established  in  it  as  indigo  plaii''^r;,,  &;c.  have  contributed  very  mate- 
rially to  its  improvement ;  and  that  the  increase  and  diit'usion  of  the  English  population,  and 
their  piTinanent  settlement  in  the  country,  are  at  once  the  most  likely  means  of  spreading  a 
knowledge  of  oui  arts  and  sciences,  and  of  widening  and  strengthening  the  foundations  of 
our  ascendancy.  It  is  obvious,  indeed,  that  the  duration  of  our  power  in  India  must  depend 
on  a  very  uncertain  tenure,  unless  we  tiike  root,  ns  it  were,  in  the  soil,  and  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  population  be  attached  to  us  by  the  ties  of  kindred,  and  of  common  interests 
;uul  sympathies.  In  this  respect  v\e  ought  to  imitate  the  l{oman  in  preference  to  the  Lace- 
ilt'iiionirtii  or  Athenian  policy.  '^^uid  aliud  exUiu  Laccdivinimiis  Athemensihus  fuit, 
tjiuiiKjUdin  uriitis  pullerent,  iv.ii  .juitd  rid  is  pro  alienii^enis  arcihant?  Looking,  however, 
at  the  density  of  population  in  India,  the  low  rate  of  wages,  the  nature  of  the  climate,  and 
otiur  similar  circumstances,  it  seems  very  doubtful  whether  it  will  ever  become  the  resort  of 
any  considerable  number  of  English  settlers  ;  at  least  of  such  a  number  as  would  be  suffi- 
cient, within  any  reasonable  period,  to  form  any  thing  like  a  powerful  native  English  inte- 
rest. But  to  whatever  extent  it  niiiy  be  carried,  it  promises  to  be  highly  advanta-^eous. 
"M^e  need  not,  I  imagine,"  says  the  present  Governor-tieiieral  of  India.,  Lord  William  Ben- 
tinck,  "use  any  laboured  argument  to  prove  that  it  would  be  iiitiiiitely  advantageous  for 
India  to  borrow  largely  in  arts  and  knowledge  from  Eiiglmid.  Tht^  legislature  has  .-xpressly 
declared  the  truUi ;  its  acknowledgment  has  been  implied  in  the  daily  acts  and  professions 


040 


EAST  INDIES  (Society  in,  Trade,  Sec). 


of  (jovprnmrnt,  anil  in  nil  the  rfTort.s  ot"  liuinnnc  irulividimlx  mid  sociotii'M  for  tliP  cdiicnlion 
of  tlie  [)i'i)|>!t\  Nor  will  it,  [  coiicrivc,  he  (li)iil)tc(l,  that  the  dilfusioii  of  useful  kiiowk'djTp, 
nud  its  iiji|ilIciitioti  to  the  arts  iind  husiiii-ss  of  lif(>,  must  Ik;  iM)iii|)aiativi'ly  tardy,  iiiiicss  wc 
ndd  to  |)rrco|)t  the  ex'iinple  of  Kiiropcans,  iiiineling  familiarly  with  the  natives  in  the  roursf 
of  their  jirofession,  and  jiruetically  demonstrating,',  hy  daily  reeurrinj?  evidence,  the  nature 
and  the  value  of  the  princijiles  we  desire  to  ineuleale,  and  of  tlie  plans  wo  seek  to  have 
ado|)ted.  It  neems  to  he  almost  eijiialiy  plain,  that  independently  of  their  inlluencintr  the 
native  comnuinity  in  this  way,  various  and  important  national  advantages  will  result  from 
there  heini,'  a  considerahle  liody  of  our  eountrymen,  and  tiieir  deseendants,  settled  in  llir 
eountry.  To  i|uestion  it,  is  to  deny  the  su|)criorily  whieh  has  gained  us  the  dominion  of 
India  :  it  is  to  (loulit  whether  national  cliaraeter  has  any  ell'ect  on  national  wealth,  stren)i;th. 
and  ijoixl  Kovernmenl;  it  is  to  shut  our  eyes  to  all  the  perils  and  diiVieulties  of  our  situation; 
it  is  to  hold  as  nothing  community  of  language,  sentiment  and  interest,  between  the  goverii- 
Jnent  and  tho  governed:  it  is  to  disregard  the  evidence  alli)rded  by  every  corner  of  the 
f.lobe  in  which  the  British  Hag  is  hoisted:  it  is  to  tell  our  merchants  and  our  manufacturers, 
that  the  habits  of  a  people  go  for  nothing  in  creating  a  market,  and  that  enterprise,  skill, 
and  cajtital,  and  the  creclit  which  creates  capital,  are  of  no  avail  in  tho  production  of  com- 
modities." 

'J'lie  existing  regulations  as  to  the  residence  of  Englishmen  in  India  are  embodied  in  the 
net  -i  <Sc  4  Will.  4.  c.  85.,  and  are  as  follows : — 

Jlntliiiriltj  fur  lii.i  Jirnji.iti/'x  Sithjcctfi  to  rvxiilc  in  certain  Piirls  rf  ImUii.—M  sliall  li(>  lawful  for  nnv 
)uiliir;ill).ii'ii  siilijcds  iii'  lij;!  Majcsly  lo  iirocecil  liy  .icii  In  any  |inrl  or  iilace  liiiviii!,'  a  t!iisli]iii.|ioi|..(;. 
eslablisliMii'rit  within  Ilie  same,  anil  Id  resiile  tlioreal,  er  to  I'.nii  ef il  In  n.'side  in  or  piiMS  tUrnnsrli  aiiv 
(larl  (if  siii'li  (if  llie  paid  Icrriinrics  as  were  iiikNt  tlic  (.'ovcriiincnt  of  llic  said  Conipany  "n  llic  1st  dnv 
(if  .larniary,  lf-()(!,  and  in  any  part  of  the  cnnntricH  ci'dcd  liy  lluMialKih  el' tlui  Carnatii ,  of  tiK' prii'- 
viiicc  (if  ( 'iitta(  k,  and  of  the  sclllcnicnts  (if  Sintaptirc  anil  .Aialacca,  withdul  un.i  liccni c  m  lialcvcr  • 
provided  tliat  all  sulijects  of  his  .Majesty  not  natives  of  lh(;  said  tcriiloi-ics  shall,  on  llifir  .-iirival  in 
any  part  of  the  Kain(;  from  any  port  or  i)iaci;  not  williin  said  terriKirirs,  make  lumwii  in  writiiii.' their 
liumcs.  places  of  (lesliiiatlon.  ami  olijeits  of  pnrsiiil  in  Indi.i,  to  the  chief  otl'icor  of  the  custiinis  (ir 
i.Iher  (pfHcer  antliorised  for  thai  purpose  at  such  pmt  or  place  as  afores.iid. — /i  hi. 

Sulijerts  iif  liin  .Miijiflii  not  to  rffiile  in  r.n-lain  rnrls  rf  India  n-iiliuiif  l.irrnre. — It  shall  not  he  lawful 
for  any  sniiject  of  his  Mij.sly,  except  the  servants  of  the  said  Company  ami  others  now  lawfnjlv 
loiihorised  to  reside  in  the  said  terriiories,  to  enter  tin;  saint;  liy  land,  or  to  proceed  M  or  rcs/dr  in 
mcli  pans  of  lliu  s.aid  territories  as  an;  imt  hereiii-liefnre  in  that  h<;lialf  mentiioied,  witliont  liceiici; 
l:tst  ohlained  t'roin  the  commissioners  of  the  hoard  of  control,  or  lie;  conn  of  directors,  or  Un;  ro- 
vtrmir-!,",;neral,  or  a  poveriior  of  any  of  the  said  presidencies  ;  proxiiled,  that  no  licence  i;ivi'n  to  any 
liulnrallioni  sniiject  of  his  .Majesty  to  reside  in  parts  of  the  territories  not  open  lo  all  sncli  siilijcita 
sli.ill  lie  (lelcnnined  or  revoked  unless  in  accnrdanci;  with  the  leriii.s  of  some  c.\press  clause  of  ruVD- 
tati(in  or  dctermiiialioii  in  such  licence  contained. — ij  KJ. 

V'/.'c  (fcii'mor-frineriil  iril/i  jircriuus  Ci>n.--cnt  of  Dimtor.''.  maij  drchire  other  I'larca  upfn. — It  sliiill  lie 
lawful  fnr  the  f;iivi;riior-i.'i;nt;ral  in  council,  wiiii  the  previous' consent  and  approhation  of  the  said 
iiiiirl  of  directors,  to  declare  any  place  or  places  whatever  wilhiii  the  saiil  territories  open  to  all  his 
Majesty's  naUiral-hiirii  siiliji;cls,  ai.d  it  shall  lio  llienceforlli  lawful  for  any  of  his  Majesty's  iiatnial- 
horii  siihjiets  to  proceed  to.  or  reside  in,  or  jiass  lhron;,'li  any  place  or  plates  declared  ojien  willumt 
any  liience  whalever. — tl  Ki. 

JMirs  iifTiiinsl  illicit  Kcsiilence  to  be  made. — The  povernor-jreneral  shall  ami  is  rcqiiirfid  lo  make  Inws 
or  rej-Milations  providiiiit  for  the  pri;veiilion  or  punisliment  of  the  illicit  entrance  into  or  residence  in 
ihe  said  territories  of  persons  not  authorised  to  enter  or  reside  therein.— J  M. 

Lair.sund  Kcirnlatinns  lo  hr  mode  for  Pnilectian  of  j\'alire.<. — .\nd  whereas  the  removal  ofreslric- 
tiois  (01  the  inti;rcoiirse  of  Knropeiiiis  with  the  said  li;rril(iries  will  ri;nder  it  necessary  to  proviili; 
.icainst  any  mischiefs  or  daimers  that  may  arise  therefrom,  it  is  enacted,  that  the  covernor-Kenirai 
Khali  and  is  rei|iiir(;(l,  hy  laws  or  re^'ulalions,  to  provide  with  all  convenient  speed  tor  the  proliciiim 
of  the  natives  of  the  said  territories  from  insult  and  outru;;e  in  their  persons,  religions,  or  opinions 
— ^  8.5. 

Lands  within  Ihe  Indian  Territories  way  be  purchased. — It  sliall  he  lawful  for  any  natiiral-Iinrn  sub- 
ject if  his  .Majesty  auUiorisod  to  reside  in  the  Siiid  territories  to  acipiire  and  hold  lands,  or  any  rijiht, 
interest,  or  profit  in  or  out  of  lands,  for  any  term  of  years,  in  such  part  or  parts  of  the  said  territories 
.Ts  h(;  shall  he  so  autlioris(;d  to  residi;  in:  provided  always,  that  iiothini;  herein  ronlaiiu;d  shall  he 
taken  to  prevent  the  }rovernor-}£eiieral  in  council  from  (;nahliiii.',  hy  any  laws  or  reimlalioiis,  or  other- 
wise, any  suhject  of  his  Majesty  to  ac(iiiire  or  hold  any  lands,  or  rit'lits,  interests,  or  prolits  in  or  out 
of  lands,  in  any  part  of  the  said  territori(;s,  and  for  any  estates  or  terms  whatev(;r. — J  b6. 

JV«  IJinabililies  in  respect  of  Jielioion,  Colour,  or  Place  of  Birth. — No  native  of  the  said  tcrritnrios, 
nor  any  natural-horn  suhjeet  of  his  Majesty  resident  therein,  shall,  hy  reason  only  of  his  religion, 
placi;  of  hirtli,  (h;prent,  cidour,  or  any  of  tlieni,  bo  disabled  from  holding  any  place,  ollice,  or  employ- 
ment under  the  said  Company.— J  b7. 

IV.  East  Indies,  (Extent,  PorcLATioiT,Mii.iTABT  Fohce,  Revenue,  etc.  of  British). 

1.  Extent,  Population,  ^cof  British  Dd/ninionsin  Hindnstaii,  andofthe  Trilmtan/  and 
Independent  States. — We  copy  the  following  Table  from  the  second  edition  of  Mr.  Hamil- 
ton's  Gazetteer.  It  must,  however,  be  regarded  as  an  approximation  only,  inasmuch  as  no 
.tieans  exist  of  coming  at  correct  conclusions  ;  but  tho  talents  of  the  writer,  oad  his  perfect 
acquaintance  with  the  subject,  warrant  the  belief  that  it  is  as  accurate  as  it  can  be  made  with 
the  present  imperfect  means  of  information. 


kc). 

•tics  for  the  education 
of  useful  knowlfdse, 
ivoly  tiirily,  unless  wc 
le  niuivi'rt  in  Iho  ctnirso 
jr  cv'uU'ucc,  the  niilurc 
ilaiis  wo  sei'k  to  have 
f  their  inllucncini;  ihi- 
ntiiROS  will  rrsull  from 
:'ciuli>uts,  tirttlfd  in  llui 
led  us  till!  dominion  of 
tioual  wealth,  Htri'ii«lh. 
iciiltirs  of  our  situation; 
'tit,  botwiH-n  the  govoni- 
liv  every  corner  of  tiu; 
aiid  our  uinnuracturers, 
nd  that  enterprise,  skill, 
I  the  production  of  coin- 

idia  are  embodied  in  the 

-U  sliiill  l«!  lawful  t'lir  any 

I'C  llHVill!,'    il    r.llsKllll-lllinMC 

i(l.>  ill  or  piinH  tlinmali  iiny 
;iiil  Coinliaiiy  mi  tlic  Istil;!;, 
if  till!  ('arnuti> .  of  tln^  pm- 
imit  uiiy  lii'i  iiif  wliali'Vrr ; 
icrt  sliall,  cm  lli.'ir  arrival  in 
iiko  linowii  ill  wriliii'.'llii'ir 
e(  otUcer  of  the  custcima  (ir 
I.— J  Hi. 

nice.—U  fliall  not  bn  lawful 
iiv  anil  iilliiTs  iiriw  lawt'iilly 
•  id  prdCL'tMl  111  iir  ri'>iili-  in 

lIKMIlUHlc'll,  witllllllt   liri'lici: 
iiiirl  of  illri'Ciors.  or  llii;  l"i- 

tli;it  no  liriMici:  liivi'ii  to  iiiiv 

lot  OpiMI    to    all    !--|l(ll  SIllljl'lU 

joniu  exiiross  claust:  of  rovo- 

ptl'cr  I'larfs  oprn—ll  iilliiM  Im 

anil  npiiroliation  of  tlir  saiil 

111  tcMrilorii'S  opi'ii  to  all  liis 

jiy  of  liirf  Majesty's  uatiiial- 

liites  (li;clari!il  open  williuiil 

il  is  riMtniriiil  to  iiiakel:iws 
naiicu  into  or  residence  iii 

as  the  removal  of  rislru- 
ler  it  nerrssary  to  iirovido 
(1,  that  llie  (.'ovenior-flciMTai 
lit  spccil  lor  till!  proieclicni 
sons,  religions,  or  opiiiimis. 

fill  for  anv  natnrnl-bnrn  sub- 
anil  li.)lirianil3,orany  ntilit, 
ir  partsof  tlieKUiil  territiiries 
111!  herein  conlaiiieil  shall  be 
laws  or  reiriilalions,  or  otliot- 
iiiterests,  or  profits  in  or  out 
,  whatever.— {  ^fl•  .  . 
liilive  of  the  said  Icrrilnries, 
,  reason  only  of  his  reliuinn, 
.  uny  place,  ollice,  or  eiiiploy- 


;VENUE,ETC.  OF  BlUTISIl). 

,,(mdoffheTribulari/and 
;oikI  edition  of  Mr.  Hamil- 
ition  only,  inasmuch  as  no 
the  writer,  aad  his  perfect 
irate  as  it  can  be  made  with 


EAST  INDIES  (Extent,  Population,  &c.  of  IhiiTisn).     Oil 

Table  of  the  relative  Area  and  Popnl.itinn  of  the  Modern  Stales  of  irinihintnn. 


Ilenenl,  Hahar,  ami  Hennres        ---... 
Additioim  in  Illndostaii  slnee  A.  I).  1765  .... 

(iiirwul,  Kiinioon,  and  the  triici  between  the  Sutiileje  and  Jumna    - 

Total  under  the  IlenKiil  Presidency    .  -  -  . 

I'nder  the  Madras  Presideniy     ...... 

Under  the  llinnliay  Presidency    ...... 

■i'errilorii's  in  the  Deecaii,  &.c.  acquired  since  1815,  consisting  of  the 
I'eislnva's  domiiiioiiH,  &c.,  and  since  mostly  atiaclied  to  tlio  Boni- 
bay  Presidency  ....... 

Total  under  the  Hritish  government  -  .  -  - 

BrilUh  Allies  and  Tributaries. 

The  Nizam  ........ 

'I'lie  Natjpoor  Uaja  ....... 

The  Kini;  of  Oudu  ....... 

'I'lie  (iiiicowar       --...... 

Koiah,li,.'J(H);  nooiuleu,  2,500;  Bopaul,  5,000    .  -  .  . 

Till'  Mysore  Kaja  .  .  - 

The  rta'tarii  Uaja   ........ 

Travancore,  0,000;  Cochin,  2,000  -  .  .  .  . 

Under  the  Kajasof  .loudpoiir,  .leyponr,  Odeypoor, Picancero,  .Tessel- 
mcre,  and  other  Uajpoot  chiefs,  llolcar.  Ameer  Khan,  the  How  of 
Ciilih,  Hhurtpoor,  Macherry,  and  numerous  other  petty  chiefs, 
Seiks,  (ionils,  Hlieels,  (,'oolies,  and  Catties,  all  comprehended 
within  the  line  of  Hritish  protection  .... 

Total  under  the  rtritisli  government  and  h8  allies    - 

Independent  States. 
The  Ncpaul  Unja  ---.... 

The  Lahore  Raja  (Runjoet  Singh)  ..... 

Tile  Ameers  of  Sinde       ....... 

The  dominions  of  Hindia  ...... 

Tlie  Cahul  sovereign  cast  of  the  Indus  .... 

Grand  total  of  Ilindnstan        ..... 


Britiih 

Squlro  .Miloa, 


Populalinn. 


102,(100 
HH.OOO 

iH,ono 


.lO.OOO.OOl) 

18,(1110.(1(10 

500,(100 


328,(100 

15t,()00 

11,000 

60,000 


5-„'.0(),(l()0 
l.''),(IOO,0(IO 
2,500,000 


8,000,000 


553,000 

flfi,fl00 
70,000 
20,(100 
18,000 
11,0(10 
27,000 
14,(100 
b,000 


283,000 


83,000,000 

10.000,000 
3.(1110,000 
3,0(10,000 
2,011(1,(1110 
1,500,000 
3,000,01)0 
1,500.(100 
1,000,000 


15,000,000 


1,103,000 

53,000 
50,000 
24,000 
40,000 
10,000 


123,000,000 

2,000,000 
3,0110,001) 
1,0(10.000 
4,000,000 
1,000,000 


1,280,000     '    134,000,000 


India  beyond  the  Ganges.— British  Acquisitions  in  1824  and  1825. 


Countries  south  of  Rangoon,  consisting  of  lialf  the  province  of  Mar. 

laban,  and  the  provinces  of  Tavoy,  Ye,  Tenasserim,  and  the  Mer- 

giii  Isles              -.--.... 

The  province  of  Arracan             ---.._ 

Countries  from  which  the  Burmese  have  been  expelled,  consisting  of 

Assam  and  the  adjacent  petty  states,  occupying  a  space  of  about 

Total           .... 

nri.i:,h 
Si|unri-  MilM. 

Pu[iutatir)n, 

12,000 
11,000 

54,000 

51,000 
100,000 

150,000 

77,000 

,301,000 

In  1805,  according  to  ofticia!  returns  transmitted,  the  total  number  of  British-born  subject's 
in  Hiudostan  was  3 1, 000.  Of  these,  22,000  were  in  the  army  asoHicersand  privates;  the  civil 
olfieersof  government  of  all  descriptions  were  about  2,000;  the  free  merchants  and  mariners 
who  resided  in  India  under  covenant,  about  5,000;  the  oilicers  and  practitioners  in  the  courts 
of  justice,  300  ;  the  remaining  1,700  consisted  of  adventurers  who  had  smuggled  themselves 
out  in  various  capacities.  Since  the  date  above  mentioned,  no  detailed  reports  have  been 
published  :  but  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  even  now  tht*  total  number  of  British  subjects 
in  Hiudostan  does  not  exceed  40,000 ;  the  removal  of  the  restrictions  on  the  commercial 
intercourse  having,  contrary  to  expectation,  added  very  few  to  the  previous  number. 

The  army  reiiuired  for  the  protection  of  these  extensive  provinces,  and  for  the  retaining 
them  under  due  subordination,  although  it  presents  a  formidable  grand  total,  probably  does 
not  amount  to  a  fifth  part  of  the  number  luaintained  by  the  Mogul  sovereigns  and  th(,'ir  fuuc- 
tiomiries,  when  their  emiiire  was  in  its  zenith;  yet,  even  under  the  ablest  of  the  emperors, 
commotions  in  some  quarter  of  their  ill-sul)dued  territories  were  unceasing.  The  British  sys- 
tem in  India  has  always  been  to  keep  the  troops  in  a  constant  stale  of  preparation  for  war ; 
but  never  to  enter  into  unprovoked  hostilities,  or  engage  in  any  contests  except  those  renderetl 
necessary  by  the  principle  of  self-defence.  At  present,  with  the  exception  of  the  Russian, 
the  British  military  force  is  ])robabIy  the  largest  standing  army  in  the  world.  In  1796,  it 
amounted  to  55,000.  In  1830,  the  latest  period  for  which  we  have  a  detailed  statement,  it 
consisted  of  infantry  170,002,  cavalry  19,539,  artillery  17,385,  engineers  1,084,  with 
pioneers,  invalids,  &c.,  making  a  grand  total  of  223,47f)  men.  Of  these,  187,068  were 
natives,  and  37,370  Europeans  ;  the  latter  being  divided  between  the  King's  and  the  Com- 
pany's services  in  the  proportion  of  20,292  to  the  former,  and  17,084  to  the  latter.  The 
total  expenditure  on  account  of  the  Indian  army  during  the  same  year  amounted  to 
9,461,953/.  It  !uay,  perhaps,  be  wortli  while  remarking,  that  the  war  department  in  Prussia, 
3f2  81 


012     EAST  INDIES  (Extent,  l»optrr,ATioN,  &e.  or  niUTisii). 


CD 


1 


-ir'S 


!     ■  I 


we-.- 


c::> 


i' 


I  :i 


■fi 


whicli  liiis  one  of  tlir  inoHt  cllWifiit  arinirs  in  Ili'ropr,  ciml  in  1S20,  22, 1^5.000  rix-dollnrt. 
or  ;3,:J2'l,(l(Mt/„  Ijoiiig  little  nioni  thiiti  tliii  third  nl  tim  coHt  </t'  the  Urilisli  [ii(ii,\n  iiriiiy  !  |{(<. 
cently,  liowi-vcr,  very  Krrut  clVorts  lmvi<  brcn  nm<lo  to  ('foiioinisf  in  lliis  tli'imrtinnit.  'I'lic 
nrniy  luis  liri-ii  reduced  to  uhout  190,000  men,  and  sonus  of  tlii'  fornur  allowaiicea  have  liecu 
discontiniu'd. 

A  ^iiod  deal  of  rather  ronfliclinff  cvidrnrc  was  Riven  lieforo  the  latf  celcct  romniittre  on 
the  Ktale  of  the  Indian  army.  On  the  wlioie,  it  would  seem  to  \n'.  decidedly  Huperior,  in  re- 
ppeet  of  dlK-iiiline  and  ( llieienry,  to  any  native  army  ever  orKanist.'d  in  India.  Hul many 
very  iritelli|.rent  oHieer«  doiilit  wliether  it  eould  make  any  elltrtual  o|)[)osition  to  Kuro|ieari 
troopri,  to  whom,  i^cneridiy  s(ieaking,  the  Hej>oyn  arc  inferior  both  in  phynieal  strenyth  and 
moral  enertty.  ^<)me  of  the  witne.-i.sea  weem  to  think  thut  the  Indian  army  has  recently  beeu 
a  good  deid  delerioi-ated. 

The  army  is  distributed  throuKhout  Hindostan  imder  the  orders  of  tho  supreme  Roverri- 
nient,  promulRate<l  throuKh  itH  jiolitical  asentH.  Coiimiencinp;  from  the  great  Htations  in  the 
Doab  (if  the  (ianges,  at  Ajmeer  is  one  corps ;  anotlier  at  rs'eenuitch  ;  a  third  at  Mow;  n|l 
pupplied  IVdi  the  Uengal  army.  'I'hese  are  succeeded  by  the  (Jujerat  subsidiary  forces,  tlio 
fielil  corps  ;it  ^ '  dlii;anm,  and  the  I'oonah  division,  furnished  ehielly  by  the  Uondiay  army. 
The  circle  is  liirther  continued  by  the  field  force  in  the  Houtherii  Mahratta  country  ;  ||"i,- 
llydcrabiid  and  NaRpoor  subsidiaries,  composed  of  Madras  lroo[)K  ;  and  the  detaclitneiits 
from  the  UeiiRid  establishment,  forming  the  Nerinidda  and  SauRur  divisions,  from  whence 
the  eordan  terminates  in  Uundelcund.  Such  is  the  general  outline,  liable,  of  course,  to  tcm- 
Jinrary  mollifications,  and  occasional  chaiiRe  in  the  selection  of  stations.  At  present,  wiili 
the  exception  of  a  tract  H.'i  miles  broad  on  each  sidf!  of  AseerRhur,  there  is  an  unbroki  :i  line 
of  eonnnmiication  IhrouRli  the  IJritish  territory  from  Uond)ay  to  (Jaleutta, 

In  direct  and  authoritative  control,  the  dominion  of  the  Uritish  government  extends  nnicli 
further  than  that  ])osse.ssed  by  any  prior  dyinsiy,  whether  I'atan  or  MoruI;  yet  the  l.illi'r,  so 
loMR  as  they  aiistained  from  pi-rsecution,  had  nothing  to  apprehend  from  the  religion  of  liu- 
Ilindoos;  and  history  proves  that  the  commotions  which  agitated  the  Moliammedan  monar- 
chies chielly  arose  from  their  own  internal  dissensions  and  national  disputes.  Neither  divs 
it  ajipear  that  any  juior  conijuerors  ever  employed  disciplined  corjjs  of  their  own  ciMuilrviiiri! 
in  defence  of  their  own  sovereignty,  althoui;h  they  had  to  contend  with  one  very  nuiinioiis 
tribe — the  Hindoo;  while  tiie  British,  more  advantageously  situated,  have  two  to  put  in 
motion  atjainst  each  other,  and  in  process  of  time  n)ay  raise  u[)  a  third.  Each  foivina  in- 
vader  certainly  favoured  his  own  eomUrymen ;  but  it  was  by  bestowing  on  them  ])!iipe.s  and 
liigh  appointments,  wiiich  e.xcited  envy,  without  es.sentially  .strenKtheninR  liis  doiaiiiation. 
Besides,  Iheref  ire,  total  abstinence  from  persecution,  the  British  Hovermneiit,  in  a  powerful 
cori)s  entirely  European,  and  totally  disliuRuished  from  the  natives  by  coloui,  lanijuaKe,  ;ind 
manners,  possesses  a  solidity  and  consistence  much  beyond  any  of  the  |)rior  Mohammedan 
dynasties. — {Hdinillun'^  l^ii.st  I/it/la  Cazcf/m;  2d  cd.  vol.  i.  pp.  0.50 — G')',>.) 

2.  Jiiirinit  intd  I\.rj/nn/iture  iift/ic  East  Iiidiii  Coiiijunnj. — The  far  greater  jiart  of  the 
revenue  ol'  India  is  at  |)rescnt,  and  has  always  been,  derived  from  the  soil.  The  land  has 
been  held  by  its  immediate  cultivators  generally  in  small  j)ortions,  with  a  f)erpetual  and 
transferable  title  ;  but  they  have  been  under  the  obligation  of  inakinR  an  aimual  payment  to 
governnuMt  of  a  certain  portion  of  the  produce  of  their  farms,  which  miRlit  be  increased  or 
diminished  at  the  pleasure  of  the  sovereign  ;  and  which  has  in  almost  ail  eases,  been  so 
lartre,  as  seldom  to  leave  the  cultivators  more  than  a  bare  subsistence.  I  jider  the  Moliam- 
medan irovernnient,  the  i>;ron^  produce  of  the  soil  was  divided  into  eijual  or  nearly  e(]nal  shares. 
between  the  ryots,  or  cultivators,  and  the  government.  We  Tfrret  we  are  not  able  to  say 
that  the  British  guvermnent  has  made  any  material  deductions  from  this  enormous  n.sscss- 
nient.  Its  oppressiveness,  more  than  any  thiiiR  else,  has  prevented  our  ascendancy  in  India; 
and  the  eom|)aralive  tranquillity  and  good  order  wn  have  introduced,  from  haviiiy;  the  lieiic- 
fieial  ell'ects  that  miu;ht  have  been  antici|)ated.  The  cultivators  throughout  Hindostan  are 
proverbially  i)oor;  and  till  the  aimmnt  of  the  assessment  they  are  at  present  subject  to  lie 
effectually  reduced,  they  cannot  be  otherwise  than  wretched.  'I'hey  are  commonly  obliged 
to  borrow  money  to  buy  their  seed  and  carry  on  their  ojierations,  at  a  high  interest,  on  a  spe- 
cies of  mortgage  over  the  ensuing  crop.  Their  only  object  is  to  get  subsistence — to  be  able 
to  exist  in  the  same  obscure  poverty  as  their  forefathers.  If  they  succeed  in  this,  they  are 
satisfied.  .Mr.  Colebrooke,  whose  authority  on  all  that  relates  to  India  is  so  deservedly  hii^h, 
mentions  that  the  (piantity  of  land  occu[iied  by  each  ryot,  or  cultivator,  in  Bengal  is  eoiii- 
monly  about  fi  acres,  and  rarely  amounts  to  24  ;  and  it  is  obvious  that  the  abstraction  of  li;ilf 
the  produce  raised  on  such  patches  can  leave  their  occupiers  nothing  more  than  the  barest 
subsistence  for  themselves  and  their  families.  Indeed,  Mr.  Colebrooke  tells  us  that  the  eon- 
dition  of  ryots  subject  to  this  tax  is  g.?nerally  inferior  to  that  of  aliired  labourer,  who  receives 
the  miserable  pittance  of  2  annas,  or  about  W  pence,  a  day  of  wages. 

Besides  the  land  revenue,*  a  considerable  revenue  is  derived  in  India  from  the  monoj[)0- 

*  Tor  an  acroiiiil  of  tlie  laiiil  reveiiiic,  of  Iiiilia,  of  tlie  various  modes  in  wliicli  it  is  iisseHsed,  and 
its  intlueiice  un  tlie  condition  of  tliu  inliabitunts,  wu  Ijeg  tu  refer  to  iMr.  Kickarils's  worit  on  India.   Tiie 


niirrisii). 

22,\rif>.000  rix-<1olliiM, 
i,.|\  Indian  iiriiiy  !  Kr- 
l\\\H  ili'imrtiufiit.  The 
T  ullowanccH  have  liccn 

\te  sflcrt  committro  on 
ciilcilly  Hiii»'ii«>r,  i"  rc- 
,.,1  ill  iiiiliii.  Huliimny 
opposition  to  Kuioiicim 
ri  pliyninil  sirriiijlli  iiiiil 
army  1»uh  rci-eiitly  been 

of  tho  Kuprrmo  Rijvcrii- 
thp  Rrciit  stntioiw  in  tho 
li  ;  11  third  at  Mow ;  all 
rat  suhnidiary  forrrn,  llio 
f  by  tho  Uoinlmy  army. 
1  Mahratta  country  ;  tlic 
m;  and  the  di'tachnu'iits 
r  divisioi\i<.  from  whriui 
i,  hahle,  of  course,  to  liiii- 
iltions.  At  prem'nl,  with 
there  is  an  vuihrokr'.i  line 
aUnitta. 

government  extends  much 
r  Monul;  yet  the  i.ilt'.'r.Ko 
1  from  the  reli>;ion  of  tli' 
the  Mohannnedan  uioivr, 
n\  disputes.     Neitlier  (l.es 
)n  of  tlieir  own  eountryinci! 
d  with  one  very  nunnrous 
lated,  have  two  to  imt  in 
I  third.     Karh   fon.i'.Mi  iii- 
itowini?  on  them  vlaces  and 
imtlienin!;  his  do,,unation. 
j^Tinermnent.in  a  powerful 
..'s  by  eoloui ,  lamjuaue,  imd 
"of  tlie  prior  Mohammedan 

(i5G-0'''.'-) 

fThe  far  greater  pari  ot  lUr 
jn  the  soil.     Tlie  land  has 
fons,  with  a  perpet\u\l  and 
king  an  annual  payment  to 
lieh  mi'^ht  be  inereascd  or 
almost   all  eases,  been  so 
|,.„ce.     I'nth-r  the  Alohani- 
qual  or  nearly  eijual  shares. 
ret  we  are  not  able  to  say 
from  this  enormous  assess- 
led  ouraseendauey  in  India; 
liced,  from  having  the  luMic- 
throuRhout  Uindostan  are 
.re  at  present  subjeet  lobe 
'hey  are  eonnnonly  obliseu 
ntahii^h  interest,  on  a  si-e- 
gct  subsistence— to  be  able 
V   succeed  in  this,  they  are 
/India  is  so  deservedly  hi'^h, 
liltivator,  in  Hential  is  eoin- 
is  that  the  abstraelion  ot  li.ill 
>thinK  more  than  the  barest 
.l.rookc  tells  ua  thai  the  eon- 
hired  labourer,  who  receives 

l>RCS. 
ill  India  from  the  monopo- 

I1..S  in  which  it  is  assessed,  and 
llickarils's work. HI  India.    Ha 


EAST  INDIES  (Exrn\T,  Population,  Sic.  of  T^rittrii).      013 

lies  of  Halt  and  ojiium,  the  sale  of  spirilnons  li(|Uors,  land  and  sen  euHtonis,  post-office,  Ace. 
Of  these  nionopoiieH,  the  first  is,  in  all  respects,  dccidi'dly  the  most  libiectionalile  Kew  thiiiRM, 
indeed,  would  do  more  to  promote  the  improvement  of  India,  than  the  total  abolition  of  tliifl 
mono|ioly.  An  open  trade  in  call,  with  moderate  duties,  would,  tliere  can  be  no  if  nbt,  l»c 
pro<lnetive  of  the  ({reatest  advantaRO  to  the  public,  ami  nf  a  larne  increase  of  revenue  to 
(Government.  'J'lie  opium  monopoly,  though  les-  objectionable  than  the  last,  is  notwith- 
tandiiiR,  very  oppressive.  It  interferes  with  the  industry  of  the  inliabitants;  those  who  arc 
riiRaRed  in  the  cultivation  of  opium  beini;  obliged  to  sell  their  produce  at  prices  :irbitrarily 
lixed  by  the  Comi)aiiy's  agents.  It  would  be  worse  than  useless  to  waste  the  rea.ler's  time, 
by  pointing  out  in  detail  the  mischievous  elVects  of  Huch  a  system  ;  they  are  too  obvioim  not 
to  arrest  the  attention  of  every  one.  The  produce  of  these  and  the  other  branches  of  Indian 
taxation  Is  specil'icd  in  tho  subjoined  Table,  which  wo  have  carefully  compiled  from  the 
oilieial  necounts. 


Aecoiiiit  of  lliu  Territorial  lleveimes  of  the  East  Inilir 

Cninpany  diirliif;  tl 

e  Otlic 

al  Year  1827-28. 

DL-flCriptinii. 

nr.iB.ll. 

Mailru. 

Bdiiibay, 

I'eiiann, 

Ml- 

l.UT.a. 

SinK». 
|K>rt'. 

Saint 
llclnia. 

I.nuih'11. 

Tiil.ll. 

1,1111(1  rent 
l.liliiors  (iH'il) 

Opiuni  (1 poly) 

'rohacco  (ilii  )  - 

Halt  (partial  iiioniipnly) 

I'arnis  and  lii  rn(L'S(iiL'tt) 

Mini      -            -            - 

I'ost-iitlico 

Sliiiiips 

Itank,  Madras,  (nett) 

L'asloms— sea  - 

iiilanil 

do.  uiispccitied 
Sundries 

Ui'vinnio 
(Ji-ncral   Imard,   (repay- 

iiKOit  liy) 
Marine  (pildtaijc) 
Judicial  Uiiies  and  fees) 

Total  civil  revenue 
Military  (ri-payiiieiits) 
Uuildinijs  (do.) 

M'Dtal  receipts 
lutorest 

Gross    rn venue  and 
receipts  - 
Nett     surplMf.    revenue 
over  e.vpeii.lituro     - 

£ 
8,2,'i2.7!)7 
4H.'..4a-i 
2,051,620 

2,3S(),(i00 

.18,|;ni 

i»l,KI3 

327,7(10 

831,734 
;i08,,15.') 

£                £        ^     £ 
3,.'ilO,74.^    1,965,003  21,803 
857,038    - 

85,182    '-          I         I 

316,102         10,036       - 

,')(i.2.')2,     22.'>,(i.',0l      - 

4,3;i2<          5,110'      - 

.Ti.OKi;        12.581'      - 

56,il>ll          5,16i;      - 

0,1  ti2'   -           -          - 

12(i.8.',0        6.'i,fi08       - 

430,870,      1(10,209       - 

-   1     210,7841      . 

302,355    -           -   i      - 

£ 

4,881 

£ 

18,550 

£ 

1,061 

(i(i 
2,216 

£ 

£ 

13.781,(132 

7i;i,()60 

2,051, 6iO 

85,482 

2,7')5,728 

2s 1,068 

17,911 

i:(6,l(i0 

;(89.l31 

9,162 

191,773 

519,079 

1,051,518 

700,710 

22,780,634 

3,617 
6,'),0.t8 
143,113 

14,777,209 

.38,48(1 
l(lii,2s7 

5,326,191   2,628,555,  21,893 

-      -          -      3,617 
7,802         18,383        .107 
13,815         17,800,    5,030 

4,881 
4,881 

18,,559 

3,340 
52 

- 

I4,yai,()'!2 

5,347,838 

2,604,828 1  30,916 

373 

49 

18,559 

3,398 

• 

22,002,402 

373 

49 

14,021,082 

5,347,838  2,604,828 

31,338 

31,338 

4,881 

18,509 

3,31.8 

22,992,821 

14,921,082 
1,470,273 

5,347,838  2,064,828 

4,881 

18,!)59 

3,398       - 

22,992,621 

Account  of  the  Territorial  Charges  of  the  East  India  Company 

during  the  Official  Year  1827-28. 

Description. 

Bcnpl.           Madras. 

Bombay. 

Penang. 

Ma-     j  Sin^a- 
l.ii'ca.    '    port. 

.Saint 
Ihlcua. 

l.onilon.     1       Total. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£         £ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

Laud  rent  (coUec- 

lidii,     peiisiiins, 

1 

ic.)    - 

1,608,480      702,077      642,551 

3,000 

.-■OO    l.-'iOO 

- 

- 

2,958,709 

Liipinrs  (L-harcesol  collection  not  speciiied.) 

Opium    (cDst   and 

1 

• 

cliar(.'es)         ,- 

058,254 

-  1  - 

. 

. 

- 

- 

- 

6.58,254 

Tobacco       (do.) 

- 

31,813    - 

- 

. 

- 

- 

- 

31,843 

8alt              ((In.) 

808,322 

74.419    - 

- 

- 

- 

- 

882,741 

Farms  and  licenses  (charu'cs  of  collcclidii  not  spec 

itied.) 

I 

Mint  (cliar^cs  on) 

51,786 

20.100 

3,6.17        - 

_ 

- 

- 

- 

75,829 

l'(isl-()(iie(!  (do.) 

89,075 

29.339 

18,848 

- 

. 

- 

" 

- 

137,262 

Stamps        (do.) 

81,000 

9,437 

. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

91,127 

Hank  (cliarucs  not  specified.) 

Cusdmis— sea 

((■linri;i'S  ot  col- 

lucliiiii) 

_ 

23,445 

14,867 

_ 

-     ,     - 

- 

38,312 

inland     (do.) 

- 

28,587 

3,037 

.  - 

- 

- 

31,624 

(,'oncral  unspe- 

' 

cilii'd 

126,808 

» 

25,605        - 

. 

. 

- 

- 

152  413 

Sundries 

(;lmrcn  under  re- 

140 819 

363,854 

136,914 

- 

- 

- 

- 

641,047 

1                 i 

venue  board  - 

3,505,264 

1,284,0071     845,489,     3,000 

500 

1,500 

- 

-    I    5,699,7601 

various  iriiportaiit  tind  diflicult  (iin>stions  with  respect  to  Indian  tiwaiion 
karnin;;  and  sayaeity,  and  placed  in  the  most  Uuiiinons  point  of  view. 


are  there  treated  with  great 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


mm  122 

™     13.6       ^Bl 

Its 


lU 

u 


1^ 

■  4  0 


IL25  Wl  1.4 


2.0 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WnSTEi.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  t73-4503 


0 


5"^ 


I'"  *• 


51 

r   I 


^i,j 


644     EAST  INDIES  (Extent,  Population,  <fec.  of  Rritish). 

Account  of  the  Turritorial  Chnrgcs  of  the  V.nmt  India  Cinn\mny—covtinued. 


Description. 

BtDgal. 

Madni. 

£ 

1,284,007 

353,659 

18,781 

371,751 

Bflinbiy. 

£ 

845,489 

474,781 
212,862 
305,446 

Peiung. 

hcci. 

SiiiF>- 
pore. 

Hell;;,'..!  '"■«'- 

Toll). 

Brought  over 
CharRos  under  gc- 

niTul  Imard    - 
f.'liarueH  under  mu- 

rin(!  do. 
ClmrRcs  under  ju- 
dicial do. 

firosa  ninoiint  of 
civil  cliarcea 

Do.  niililary  do. 

Ituildings  Imlli  ci- 
vil and  milita- 
ry do. 

Charge  in  India 
Inti'rest  on  debt 
llns|)i;cilied 

firossi  charge     - 
Ncit  charge,  or  ex- 
cess of  e.xpendi- 
tare  over  reve- 
nue    - 

£ 

3,565,264 

1,102,824 

117,745 

1,150,394 

£          £ 

3,000       500 

100,014;  12,825 

6,000,    1,000 

1 
12,000    2,000 

£ 

1,500 

36,637 
3,000 
0,000 

47,137 
11,341 

4,606 

£ 

46,808 

£ 

£ 

5,699,760 

9,127,M8 

359,388 

1,8.17,591 

5,936.227 
5,245,737 

548,492 

2,028,198 
3,897,520 

81,877 

1,838,.')78 
2,051,810 

163,088 

121,014  10,.325 
49,255    8,030 

4,833    1,186 

46,80n 
75,172 

1,989 

- 

10.034,287 
11,338,865 

786,071 

11,730,456',  6,007,.595 
1,712,253      179,025 

4,033,470  175.102  25,541  63,084  123,969 
27,230      2,024      -           -            - 

2,060.111 

22,l.'i9,24i 
l.'.ti(l..'.3-2 

13,442,70'J 

6,186,020 
838,782 

4,000,706 
1,. 395,881 

177,126  25,541 
145,788  20,660 

63,084 
44,525 

123,969 
120,571 

2,000,141 
2.060,141 

20,l3ll,M)t) 
3,147,975 

The  territorial  revenues  at  the  disposnl  of  the  E.ist  India  Company  have,  for  a  lengthened 
period,  eciualled  those  of  the  most  powerful  monarchies.  At  present  tiiey  are  greater  than 
those  of  either  Russia  or  Austria,  being  inferior  only  to  those  of  Great  Britain  and  France! 
Still,  however,  the  Company's  fmancinl  situation  is  the  very  reverse  of  prosperous.  Vast 
as  their  revenue  has  been,  their  expenditure  appears,  in  most  instances,  to  have  been  still 
larger ;  and  at  this  moment  their  debts  exceed  (50.000,000/!  The  Company  have  given  the 
following  statement  of  their  allUirs,  which  is  applicable,  as  respects  India,  to  the  1st  of  May, 
1831 ;  and  as  respects  England,  to  the  1st  of  May,  1832 : — 


Total  territorial  and  political  debts  abroad  and  at  home 
Ditto,  credits,  ditto  ---... 

Balance  deficient  in  the  territorial  and  political  branch  - 
Total  commercial  debts  abroad  and  at  home  ... 
Ditto,  credits,  ditto  ...... 


Balance  in  favour  in  the  commercial  branch 

Balance  deficient       ..... 
Add  the  amount  of  the  Company's  home  bond  debt 

Total  balance  deficient,  including  the  home  bond  debt 


. 

£ 

61,197,782 
29,579,523 

£  1,028,494 
21,617,149 

31,618,259 
19,718,655 

- 

- 

11,899.604 
3,542,854 

£ 


15,442,458 


Of  the  credits  placed  to  account  of  the  Company,  arrears  of  revenue,  &c.  form  an  impor- 
tant item  ;  but  of  these  it  is  most  probable  a  considerable  portion  will  never  be  realised.  In 
a  statement  laid  by  the  East  India  Company  before  parliament,  and  printed  in  a  former  edition 
of  this  work  (p.  ^  1 1.),  intended  to  represent  the  situation  of  the  Company's  afl'uirs  on  the  1st 
of  January,  1831,  their  assets  were  said  to  exceed  their  debts  and  liabilities  by  about 
3,000,000/.  The  wide  difference  between  that  account  and  the  one  given  above,  is  princi- 
pally owing  to  the  Company  having  struck  out  of  the  latter  a  sum  of  10,870,000/.  expended 
by  them  on  account  of  fortifications,  buildings,  &c.  erected  in  India,  which  they  took  credit 
for  in  the  former. 

The  statement  now  given  renders  it  abundantly  obvious,  that  the  recent  arrangements 
with  the  Company  have  been  quite  as  beneficial  to  it  as,  we  doubt  not,  they  will  prove  to  the 
public.  All  the  territorial  and  other  property  made  over  to  the  Crown  will  certainly  be  far 
shoi  t  of  meeting  the  claims  upon  it. 

The  following  account  shows  the  balance  between  the  revenue  and  expenditure  of  our 
Indian  dominions,  from  1809-10  to  1830-31 : — 


British). 

— continued. 

in'        I/imlon. 
ena. 

Tolil. 

e         £ 

£ 

5,090,700 

1,808   - 

2,127,51« 

. 

. 

359,388 

. 

- 

1,847,591 

B,80^    - 
5,172    - 

10.034,2-7 
n,33«*,S05 

1,980    - 

780,071 

23,000    - 


22,l.V.I,2-2;! 
1,020,532 
2,000,Uli    2,00(1,141 


23,900  2,000,1411  26,130,sy0 


I20,57ll  2.060,1411    3,147,975  | 

,ny  have,  for  a  lengthened 
sent  they  are  greater  than 
ireat  Britain  and  France! 
,-crsc  of  prosperous.  Vast 
tanccs,  to  have  been  still 
B  Company  have  given  the 
8  India,  to  the  1st  of  May, 


494 
149 

£ 

01,197,782 
29,579,523 

31,618,259 
19,718,655 

_ 

11,899,604 
3,542,854 

- 

£ 

15.442,45S 

.(venue,  &c.  form  an  impor- 
1  will  never  be  realised,  hi 
nd  printed  in  a  former  edition 
Company's  allUiis  on  the  1st 
l.ts  and  liabilities  by  about 
■  one  given  above,  is  princi- 
i,n  of  10,H70,000/.  expended 
idia,  which  they  took  credit 

at  the  recent  arrangements 
ibt  not,  they  will  prove  to  the 
Crown  will  certainly  be  tar 

mo  and  expenditure  of  our 


EAST  INDIES  (E.vtent,  Population,  <fec.  of  British).      015 

n  .\rroiint  of  tti(!  Total  niintial  R.'vi'iinns  and  rimrL-os  nf  the  llrilisli  Possi'Hsinii.i  in  Imlia  iiiider  the 
liiast  India  roiniiany,  fnini  l-Oil-IOin  I -;',()- :i  I  ;  sliowm;' alsd  ilir  .N.ii  (  Irir^r  oi' ll.iiconliii,  I'riiuo 
(if  Wall's  Island,  and  St.  Helen:)  ;  ihc  Inlrn  si  |i,ud  ini  ai  riiniil  c.l'  Krhls  in  India  ;  and  Ilii'  ,\inonnl 
of  T.  rrilorial  CliarL'.'s  paid  in  Kngland.  — (Aiislraitcd  I'rtini  tin;  I'urt.  Puperf,  ^l>,  22.  rtiss,  1^30. 
and  .\(),  .3(N),  Scss.  1H33.)  '  * 


Ytari, 

1-09-10 
1M(I-1I 
IMI-r2 
1-1-2-13 
1-13-14 
1-14-15 
I-I5-10 
1-10-17 

i-i;-is 

I8I--19 
i-l9-'20 
|S'2(l-'21 
1 -2 1-22 
1-22-23 
1-23-21 
1-2I--2.-. 
Iv2.-i-2(i 
|-20--2r 

l-2:-2- 

1-28-2(1 
1-20-30 

1-30-31 

Ti)t»i  Grmi 

Urvnnn^  of 

111  111. 

To(nl 
C'hirnis  ill 

llllli.!. 

NiK 
Clnr-i-nf 

Hl'IH'lH.lfll, 

I'riiicf  nf 

W.ilrj 
M.iiil,.iiil 
SI,  llelcia. 

Inlprf.l 
oil  l)L-blt. 

TerrK.in.il  Cluir^es  |iiiij  in  t;iii(l^ii.l. 

(•Mitral  Itrtud. 

Cm(  nf 

rnillici! 

Murtf. 

O'lirr  TiTri- 
luii.ll  I'ly. 

iiii'iifi 
ch.irtft'.-ilije 

1  II  tllii 
Ke\i-iiii('. 

(I'CTISI.'IIS, 
&C.) 

Tola!, 

^iiriilirt 

Itt^lllUL'. 

Surplus 
I  liarsf. 

£          \        £ 
10.1ti|..?9l     1.3.77.5.577 
lO.OTll.liI-     l;i.!l(H).(l-:t 
|0,('d.',('IO     l.V22l),00r 
1(1,150.771     13,0;V,I,  1-20 
I7,22-,7I1      13.017,72,^ 
17.231,101      14,1-2,151 
17,I(1-,I(I5     15,(1-1,. 5-7 
1 -,(110. 135  ,  1.5,120,'<3O 
l-.;i(l5,-205     15,Hll,!«i| 
Ill,3'.t2.(l02     I7.5.')8,(il5 
10,n2,,5(lO     17,0I(I.H1- 
21.292,(1.(0     I7..520.0I2 
2l.7.'i;i.271      17,.5,'u.filis 
2;i.l '20.031     18,0-:(,4'-2 
2I,2:)-.(123     l-,!)02.511 
2(l.:(l.'i.l.V2     2il,41O.0-20 
2l.(lil(i.'.l(i(l     22,:il0,3t'i5 
23,;V27,7.53     21, 42  I.V.I  1 
22,M-,l^l     2l,77-,4:il 
22.002,711     10.20X,022 
2l,(i02,:tl(l     1-,300,715 

|.  22,306,920     18,075,42« 

£ 

2();t.301 
I0!l.li03 
|(.-.2- 

•2(11. :u'» 

200,057 
20 1,2,->0 
2'25,,55S 
205,:t72 
2I0.7'.I3 
210.221 
112.01!) 
2'2(I.OI.t 
2!l7.M(i 
151,701 
2.")7,2rO 
270.277 
21 1,2-5 

2or.'.i7;t 

272.(11 1 
250.704 
213.301 

80,044 

£ 

2.150.010 
2.  I'll!. 001 
1.157,077 
l.l'.ll.-7(P 
1  ..537.4.34 
1..5(l2,217 
1,.5S|,|,57 
1.710,170 
1.7.53,(11- 
1 ,0(i5,'l2- 
1,010,:)'27 
1.002.5-5 

1  .o;t2.s:i5 

1.001,731 
1.0,V2,MO 
1.400.133 
1,. 57 .5.0  II 

1.740,(IC.- 

I,'i5s.:ii3 

2.121.105 
2,007,(i93 

2.211,809 

£        \        £        \        £ 
190,128'     807,097    1,057,225 
217,703       '.K)1,0-S    l,llO.:t!l| 
151.00-       022.770    1,077.708 
103,7-1    1.1-1.070    l,37-.70- 

(>l.2-7    MiM.'iO    1.212.413 

120.-;:!  1.00I.-223  i.ioi,.'.im 

N!,<lli;t    l,IOi(,O.V2    1.2-1. h-5 
101.374    1.(171.170    1.205.55(1 

-1.(111    1.001,70!    1,170,012 
13(1.102    1,15(),37H    |.-2-(l.540 
205.055    1.1,5(1,301     1.11,5.110 
2'2-,ll5S    1,072.1(10    l,3nO,lii| 
2(I2.7;!5    1. 175.110    1.377.-M 
201.147    1,351.000    l.,5.5n.|(iT 
305.270'     75-. 5(1(1    l,1.5:t,-0(i 

411.1-1   i.i(;(;,(i7s  i.j-o.'2.vi 

7  1(1,72-    1.070,5(11    1,-17.2:12 
1.111,702    1,31 -.1(12   2,1-JO.NOl 
Hl,-),(110    1.25.5,I2-|    •2.(l(i(l.lll 
440.0(13    1.5l7.-(i2    l.n(.7.1(l5 
203,-73    l,454,Wi7^  1,74-,710 

1,38,430   1.335,1,35;  1,473,505 

£ 

081,516 

651,182 
147,077 

3  H,0,32 

070.008 

l,52.-,853 

520,020 

£ 

73(1.791 
730,530 

271,034 

1,004.992 

31(1.090 

1*0,152 

1.323,305 

1,100,104 

727,479 
3.025.7 10 
4.K')0,s.57 
2.1-1.(170 
3,2,50.715 
045,275 
003,142 

However  much  this  account  of  the  financial  concerns  of  our  Eastern  empire  may  be  at 
variance  witli  the  exaggerated  ideas  entertained  respecting  it,  as  well  by  a  large  proportion  of 
tlie  people  of  England  as  by  foreigners,  it  will  excite  no  .surprise  in  the  mind  of  any  one  who 
has  ever  re!lo('led  on  the  subject.  It  is  due,  indeed,  to  the  directors,  to  state,  that  though  they 
have  occisionally  acted  on  erroneous  principles,  they  have  always  exerted  tliemselves  to 
enforce  economy  in  every  branch  of  their  expenditure,  and  to  impo.se  and  collect  their  revenues 
in  the  best  and  cheapest  manner.  But  though  they  have  succeeded  in  repressing  many 
abuses,  it  would  be  idle  to  suppose  that  they  should  ever  entirely  succeed  in  rooting  them 
out.  How  can  it  be  imagined,  th.it  strangers  sent  to  India,  con.seious  that  they  arc  armed 
with  all  the  strength  of  government,  pl.iced  under  no  real  responsibility,  exempted  from  the 
salutary  influence  of  pulilic  opinion,  lijaring  no  exposure  through  the  medium  of  the  press, 
and  anxious  oidy  to  accumulate  a  fortune,  .should  not  occasionally  abuse  their  authority  ]  or 
that  they  should  manage  the  comiilicated  and  ditllcult  affairs  of  a  vast  empire,  inliabited  by  a 
race  of  people  of  who.se  language,  manners,  and  Indiits,  they  are  almost  wholly  ignorant,  with 
that  prudence,  economy,  and  vigilance,  without  which  it  were  idle  to  expect  that  any  great 
surjilus  revenue  could  ever  be  realised  1 

(Abstract  View  of  the  Revenues  and  Cliarces  nf  India  for  the  Years  1831-32,  1832-33, 18.33-34,  and 

(by  estimate)  1834-35. 


Ilen?al 
A»n    . 
Miilras 
Koiiibajr 

Tot,iI  revenues  of 
India 

IVficlmcy  nf  nr- 
iliuary  n-vcmie 

Riveiiiic.                                1 

Dcnpil  • 
A^ra     • 

.Miiiras 
lloinliayr 

Total  charges  in 

Oulia 
Cltar,Cennarcnlinl 

(f  SI.  Ilfjpiia 
Clnriceonacentiiil 

cf  India  iu  Kiig- 

laiid  ■ 

Total  charges  of 

liiilia 
Surplus  of  nnlina- 
ry  reveiiut!  • 

Charge. 

1S3I-32. 

/.. 

9,474,084 

3.222.  i.M 
l.401,9l(i 

l.'i32J3. 

1.. 

9,4»7,779 

2,9(j9.9,i6 
1,4(17,30- 

1-33-34, 

A. 
8,!*44,241 

3,235,2,13 
l.dOO.bOl 

IS34-3J. 

/., 

5,4l5,inn 
3,(fi7,!l(>0 
3,301,9-2 
l,303,7S^2 

IS3I32. 

l!i3233. 

/.. 

7,t)!>7,228 

3,174,347 
2,0,14,710 

1S33-3I,        |e34-3j. 

7,535,170 

3.2.19,261 

2,0tiO.19s 

/..                 /.. 

7,01S,449     6,749,293 

5SI,S00 

3,258,995     3,076,404 

l,96!i,045      l,90i,749 

14,198,155 
207,5S1 

13,955,642 
264,  32 

13,690,16) 

13,908,764 

57P,336 

12,831,929 
94,152 

1,476,65,1 

I2,S96,2S5 
95,553 

1,227,536 

12,245,489   12,313,246 
91,641          10,986 

1,293,637     2,I62,S63 

14,405,736 

1                   1 
14,219,374    13,630,767   14,487,100 

49,398' 

14,405,736 

14,219,374 

13,(;80,I65 

14,487,100 

l4.4n-,,738    14.219,374    13,(1,-0,165   I4,4C7,100| 

N.n.  The  ('ompanv  roalisrd  in  1*31-35  the  sum  of  10,670.223/.  hy  the  s 
Th«  ilt'lil<i  of  the  ("onipany  in  India  on  the  30lli  of  April,  1-31,  anmnnled 
interest  of  1,754,545/.  u  year.— (i'uW.  I'ltpir,  No.  360.  Sess.  1S30.)— Si/;).) 


ale  nf  romnicrcial  assclB. 
tu  35,403,463/.,  bearing  un 


-1 


V| 


■BR-*"        '  • 

It's    •      ! 


C^ 


^ 


If    I 


t    i  \ 


i   ■  u 


646 


EBONY— ELM. 


EBONY  (Gpt.  Ehenhok ;  Du.  Ehhenhnut  ,•  Fr.  Ehvne ,-  It.  Eiano  ,•  Run.  Ehnmme- 
dereivo  ,■  Tjiit.  Ebmu/i'),  a  sppcios  of  wood  l)rou!;ht  principally  from  the  Kasl.  It  is  iwcti-d. 
ingly  hard  and  heavy,  of  fjrpat  duraliility,  susccptililo  of  a  very  line  polish,  and  on  that  ac- 
count uscil  ifi  mosaic  and  otlu-r  inlaid  work,  'i'licrc  are  many  species  of  ebony.  The  U-st 
is  that  wiiich  i-i  jet  black,  free  from  veins  and  rind,  very  com[iact,  astringent,  and  of  an  acrid 
puni;ent  taste.  This  sjiecies,  (denominated  by  botanists  Diospi^rus  Ehonis),  is  fnund  prin- 
cipally in  Madagascar,  the  Mauritius,  and  Ceylon.  'J'he  centre  only  of  the  tree  is  said  to  lie 
valuable.  In  182fi.  2.()()2,78:Hbs.  of  ebony,  of  the  estimated  value  of  9,0 17/.  T.v.  (JJf/.  were 
exported  from  the  Mauritius.  Besides  the  black,  there  are  red,  green,  and  yellow  ebonies; 
but  the  latter  are  not  so  much  esteemed  as  the  former.  Cabinet-makers  are  in  the  habit  of 
substituting  pear-tree  and  other  woods  dyed  black,  in  the  place  of  genuine  cliony  ;  these, 
however,  want  its  polish  and  lustre,  though  they  hold  glue  better.  The  jirice  of  eiiony 
varies,  in  the  London  market,  from  5/.  to  20/.  a  ton.  The  cjuantities  imported  are  but  iu- 
consitlerable. 

EEIi  {Atiiftiilla  murxna  of  Linna-us),  a  fish,  the  appearance  of  which  is  too  well  known 
to  require  any  description.  It  is  a  native  of  almost  all  the  waters  of  Europe,  freijiicntingnDt 
only  rivers  but  stagnant  pools.  Eels  are,  in  many  places,  extremely  abundant,  particularly 
in  Holland  and  Jutland.  Several  ponds  arc  appro|)riated  in  England  to  the  raising  of  eels ; 
and  considerable  numbers  arc  taken  in  the  Thames  and  other  rivers.  But  by  far  the  largest 
portion  of  the  eels  used  in  England  are  furnished  by  Holland.  Indeed,  very  few  except 
Dutch  eels  are  ever  seen  in  London  ;  and  even  Hampton  and  Richmond  are  principally  suji- 
plied  by  them.  The  trade  is  carried  on  by  two  Dutch  companies,  who  employ  in  it  several 
small  vessels,  by  means  of  which  the  market  is  regularly  and  am|)ly  provided  for.  A  cargo 
of  eels  is  supposed  to  average  from  15,000  to  20,000  lbs.  weight,  and  is  charged  with  a  duly 
on  importation  of  13/.  l.v.  3*/.  In  1832,  this  duty  produced  910/.  10s.,  showing  tlial  Ti 
cargoes  had  been  imported  that  year. — {liepart  on  Cliunnel  Fisheries;  p.  93.  &c.) 

EGCiS  (Fr.  (Eufn ,-  Lat.  Ova),  are  too  well  known  to  require  to  be  described.  Tin  y  dilllr 
in  size,  colour,  taste,  &c.  according  to  the  dillerent  specii-s  of  birds  that  lay  them.  The  e;;qs 
of  hens  are  those  most  commonly  used  as  food ;  and  form  an  article  of  very  considerable  im- 
portance in  a  commercial  point  of  view.  Vast  quantities  are  brought  from  the  country  ti 
London  and  other  great  towns.  Since  the  peace  they  have  also  been  very  largely  imported 
from  the  Continent.  At  this  moment,  indeed,  the  trade  in  eggs  forms  a  considerable  liriuich 
of  our  commerce  with  France,  and  alFords  constant  employment  for  a  number  of  small 
vessels ! 

Account  of  the  Number  of  Errs  imported  sinco  1S26,  specifying  tlie  Countries  whence  they  were 
lirouglit,  anil  tliu  Uevcniie  uccriting  tiiereon. 


CountriL-s  from  which  imported. 

l!;26.       1 

A'ui»/tT. 
7,200 
2,524,410 
69,507,1-99 

719,0!i6 

493,9S5 

9,047 

1827. 

1S2S. 

lt^29. 

liSM. 

IKil. 

1S12. 

Oemianv      .... 

t'uited  Neilierlands 

Franix         .... 

hits  nf  riucrnwy.'Ji'rwy,  AMerney, ) 

aU'l  iV!'ln,  pniituce  (duly  free) 
U\n  nf  r.ucrrmv,  Jeney,  AMerney, 

mid  M.in,  (imduce  (fureigu)         • ) 
All  olher  plices 

Tntal  of  the  importation!  into  the  > 
t'ttited  Kiiigtluui  •           •          -J 

Amount  of  duty  received  • 
Bate  of  July  chanied 

fiiumUr. 

!1,020 

3,0i-s,6!l>( 

63, 109,6  IS 

436,l«2 

220,674 
1,220 

5,4 17.3'0 

60,C43,U26 

609,930 

34?, 447 
5,090 

A'umttr. 

SO 

6,719,759 

60,370,479 

671,433 

373,419 
300 

A'WKlirr. 
3,600 

4,02ti,74S 
4»,U26,00« 

703,700 

281,6'>4 
40O 

\untliir, 

7,517,146 
60,401.-.0'. 

732,!l'IS 

50-.,7'l> 
24(1 

.VK.i.'.r. 
3.120 
5.734.%0 
5i,t;il,J43 

635,22!) 

5KM't 
1.200 

63,200,027 

1 

C6,Sr6,l32 

66,4M,773 

64,16i,472 

33,044,10!< 

59,lfr;,6ss 

62.391,617 

/,.     ».    il.-      I..     1.   d. 
21,726  10    2  23,071    4    1 

A.     r.   d. 
22,920    8    3 

L.     1.   d. 
22,1»    2  10 

/..     1.    d. 

1(1,505  M     S 

/,.     ..    d 

20.372  15    9 

/..    I.  d. 

21,337    i   0 

lOd.  per  120 

duriiuj  the  whole  [leriod. 

It  appears  from  this  ofTicial  statement,  that  the  eggs  imported  from  France  amount  to 
about  5.'),000,000  a  year ;  and  supposing  them  to  cost,  at  an  average,  4(f.  a  dozen,  it  follows 
that  the  people  of  the  metropolis  and  Brighton  (for  it  is  into  them  that  they  arc  almost  all 
imported)  pay  the  French  aliout  76,388/.  a  year  for  eggs  ;  and  supposing  that  the  freight, 
importers'  and  retailers'  profit,  duty,  «&c.  raise  their  price  to  the  consumer  to  lOrf.  a  dozen, 
their  total  cost  will  he  190,972/. 

EJOO,  See  Gomutt. 

ELE.MI,  a  resin  obtained  from  tlie  Amyris  ckmlfera,  a  tree  growing  in  dillerent  parts  of 
America,  Turkey,  &c.  It  is  obtained  by  wounding  the  bark  in  dry  weather,  the  juice  lieing 
left  to  thicken  in  the  sun.  It  is  of  a  pale  yellow  colour,  semi-transparent;  at  first  sottish, 
but  it  hardens  by  keeping.  Its  taste  is  slightly  bitter  and  warm.  In  sincll.  which  is,  at  first, 
strong  and  friigrant,  gradually  diminishes.  It  used  to  be  imported  in  long  Mumlish  cakes, 
wrapped  in  flag  leaves,  but  it  is  now  usually  imported  in  mats  and  chests. — {Thomson's 
Cheinixfri/,) 

ELEPHANTS'  TEETH.    Sec  Ivonr. 

ELM  {U/mux),  a  forest  tree  common  in  Great  Britain,  of  which  there  are  several  varie- 
ties. It  attains  to  a  great  size,  and  lives  to  a  great  age :  its  trunk  is  often  ruggeil  and 
crooked,  and  it  is  of  slow  growth.    The  colour  of  the  bctirt-wooJ  uf  elm  is  generally  darker 


ELSINEUR. 


617 


inn ;  Ru«-  Ehmmivf' 

lO  KilSt.      It   \^  CM'fll- 

M.lmh,  aiul  oil  111"'  ac- 
,  „f  e»)onv.     'I'lw'  *•••«* 
ingpi.t.  niul  of  JUi  mrid 
■Uienus),  is  »'»»ii'l  l'""- 
of  tUo  trof  is  siiiil  t"  lie 
•),0l7/.7^.  tiV'-  ^"'-■f* 
V  anil  villow  eboiiicH ; 
ii-rs  arc  in  tlu"  !»"'"<  "' 
genuine  d'Oi.y  ;  lli'-xc, 
The  l'"^"'"  "'"'''"'"y 
ies  iniiM>rlcil  arc  l>wl  in- 

whifh  is  too  woll  known 
Kuropr.  frciinrnliiii;  not 
,  abundant,  paitii'ularly 
id  to  the  raisin!-  ot  »i'ls ; 
,      But  by  tar  the  larui'st 
IndecMl,  very   few  ox.q.t 
monJ  arc  principally  suj.- 
who  cin\>loy  in  it  several 
y  nroviJiHl  for.     A  cargo 
nd  is  clian;iHl  with  a  duty 
/.    lUs.,  sliowins  tlial  Vi 
.'m.v,  11.  93.&C.) 
be  dcscrilH-d.    TlH-y  d.nir 
that  lay  tlu-m.     The  e-^s 
le  of  very  considerable  iin- 
,,Tht  from  the  counlry  t^ 
,een  very  lar-ely  imported 
brmsaconsidi'rablebranei 

,nt  for  a  number  ot  small 


ntries  whence  tliey  were 


53,r.44,10S 

■•  (>triod. 


cd  from  France  amount  to 
.raso,4rf.ado7.en,ittollows 

em  that  they  arc  almost  all 
sui.posin!?  that  the  ireisiht, 
consumer  to  10(/.  a  dozen, 


crowinRindllTerentpartsof 
dry  weather,  the  iu.ee  l>rinK 
isimrent;  at  first  sohish. 

It.  smell,  whiolii-''^^ 'f '- 
,rtcd  in  Ion?  roun.hsh  cakes 

and  c\xcm.-{Tli<msous 


,hich  there  are  several  vanc- 

.,  trunk  is  often  ruRi;^'^   anj 
lod  of  elm  is  generally  datkev 


Jhan  that  of  oak,  and  of  a  redder  hrown.  'J'iic  Ha|iwood  is  of  a  yellowish  or  hrownisli  wiiiie, 
with  pores  inclined  to  red.  It  is  in  cenenil  pormis,  and  cross-uniiiied,  Honietimes  coaise- 
graii.ed,  and  has  no  lar^e  septa.  Il  Ins  n  peculiar  odour.  It  twists  and  warps  imich  in 
»lryiri)f,  and  shrinks  very  inueii  hotli  ni  length  and  breadth.  It  is  dillicuit  to  work,  but 
is  not  liable  to  split,  and  bears  the  driviii|r  of  bolts  and  nails  belter  than  any  other  timber.  In 
Scotland,  chairs  and  other  articles  of  household  furniture  are  frecpientiy  made  of  elm  woml ; 
f)ut  in  Enuland,  where  the  wood  is  inferior,  it  is  chielly  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ciillins,  casks, 
pumps,  pipes,  iVc.  It  is  appropriated  to  these  purposes  because  of  its  (jreat  durability  in  wa- 
ter, which  also  occasions  its  extensive  use  as  piles  and  planking  for  wet  foundations.  The 
naves  of  wheels  are  fretjuently  made  of  elm;  those  of  the  heavy  wagons  and  dniys  of  London 
are  made  of  oak,  which  supports  a  heavier  weight,  but  does  not  hold  the  spokes  so  I'lrmly. 
Elm  is  said  to  bear  trans|>lanting  l)etter  than  any  other  large  tree. — {Tredi^uld'n  I'rincipks 
of  Carpnitry,  pp.  201—20.1.  &c.) 

ELiSlMiliK,  oil  HELSL\(jOR,  a  town  in  Zealand  about  22  miles  north  of  ('oiM-nha- 
Scn,  in  lat.  .')f)°  2'  17"  N.,  Ion.  12°  :JS'  2"  E.  Population  about  7,000.  Adjacent  to 
Elsiiieur  is  the  castle  of  Cronborp;,  which  connnands  the  entrance  to  the  Ualtic  by  the 
Sound.  All  merchant  ships  passing  to  and  trom  the  Ualtic  are  obliged,  under  the  reserva- 
tions mentioned  below,  to  salute  ('ronboni  Castle  by  lowering  their  sails  wiien  abreast  of  the 
same ;  and  no  ship,  unless  she  belong  to  Sweden,  is  allowed  to  pass  the  Sound  without 
rleariiiK  out  at  Elsineur,  and  paying  loll,  according  to  the  provisions  in  the  treaties  to  that 
ellect  neuotiated  with  Denmark  by  the  dillerent  European  powers.  The  first  treaty  with 
England  having  reference  to  this  subject  is  dated  in  14.'jO.  'J'he  Sound  duties  had  their 
origin  in  an  agrwment  between  the  Kiiigof  Ueinnarkon  the  one  part,  and  the  Hanse  Towns 
on  the  other,  by  which  tin-  former  undertook  to  construct  light-houses,  landmarks,  &c.  along 
the  ('attegat,  and  the  latter  to  pay  duty  for  the  same.  The  duties  have  since  been  varied 
at  dillerent  periods.  Ships  of  war  are  exeiiipli'd  from  the  payment  of  duties.  Most  maritime 
nations  have  consuls  resident  at  Elsineur.  The  following  plan  of  the  Sound  is  taken  from 
the  Admiralty  Chart,  compiled  from  Danish  authorities. — (See  following  page.) 

Onlinanri'  rr.'iprrtiiiir  loirrrinir  in  tlir  Sniini/ — 'I'liis  cpri'iiKiny  lii'iiiir  allt'iiilcd  wilh  tinirli  iTiconvciil- 
eiici'  ill  iinl'iivmiriililf  woathi'r,  his  Diiiiisli  Majesly  issiird,  in  IHJil,  ilu;  rollnwiiif!  nrdiiiamc  :  — 

1.  All  sliips  sailiiii!  tliniimli  tin'  Sound,  wln'tlirr  lliry  niiix.'  rrniii  llii!  mirth  iir  snnlli.  iiiiist  saliito 
Crimliiiri!  Casilc,  liy  IciwcrinB  llirir  sails  sii  smin  as  the  ncirthcrnnmsl  church  in  Klsincnr  licuiiis  In  liu 
cnncnalfMl  lu'lilnd  liic  castll^  'I'lir  lovvrrinu  inilsl  iidt  cciinniciiCL'  licfiiri!  thr  church  uncs  In  hi'liinil  thi! 
casili',  and  iimsl  cunliiiiio  till  tin;  church  (ipi'iis  ilscIT  withniil  llie  castli*  acuin,  or  Tor  the  Tull  s|iaci'  of 
rniiiiiiiti's.  Dvcry  person  ncalectiiii!  this  duly  must  i'.\|ioct  to  lie  cniii|iullcd,  liy  cannon-shot,  lo  thu 
eauii',  anil  lo  Id;  lineil  lor  conliiinacy. 

.V.  B.— When  a  shi|i  lowers  her  sails  on  lier  first  enlrancp  into  tht-  marks,  and  keeps  llieni  lowired 
5  iiiiiinlus,  Ihonuh  not  come  out  of  llie  marks,  it  is  coiisidereil  siil!icii>nt. 

2.  The  sails  lo  be  lowered  are  as  follow  :— Ships  carryini!  lopuallant  sails,  standine  or  llyin;;,  iiuist 
liuver  the  lop-j!allant  nils  entirely  down  on  the  cap :  shi|is  liavini!  only  one  top-t-'allanl  sail,  and  at 
III!'  same  time,  the  for  .'-top-sail,  ihey  must  he  lowered  lialf-niast  down  :  ships  havln;:  no  lo|i-|!allaiil 
nails  must  lower  Imih  Ilie  liip-sails  on  half-mast:  all  oilier  ships,  he  they  galliots,  smacks,  kilches, 
briL'inilines,  or  of  what  deminiination  soever,  carryiiii:  only  llyiiii!  lop-sails,  iiiiisl  lower  tlie  lop-sails 
eiitireW  down  ;  lint  those  liaviiii.'  no  standini!  ur  llyiii!.'  lop. sails,  or  which  have  all  their  reel's  in  their 
|(ip-stiils,  are  evenipl  from  lowerinir. 

.'(.  When  ships  cruize  lhrou(!li  llie  Sound  wilh  a  contrary  wind,  or  wliifti  (with  a  scant  wind  or 
small  liree/.e)  the  current  is  so  strong  auainst  them  llial  it  would  set  llieni  astern,  if  they  loweruj 
tlii'ir  sails,  Uirn  if  fliiill  he  made  liiniirn  to  Ihriii,  luj  lioiftinn  llir  nilmirs  ill  the  nislle,  that  no  sutnte  ia  re- 
ijuiriil.  anil  thai  Ihrii  maij  make  the  bent  of  their  iratj  inlhuul  flrikinir  their  sails. 

•I.  When  any  vessel  iias  lieen  tired  at,  then  ilie  master  or  male,  wilh  two  of  the  ship's  crew,  must 
pnoii  shore,  aiid  make  declaration,  on  oaih,  hel'ore  the  Court  of  Im|nest,  why  Ihey  have  not  lowered 
ill  tlie  lime  or  In  the  manner  prescrilieil.  If  il  he  deposed  that  luwerint;  was  perforineil  in  due  timo 
ami  manner,  then  the  master  will  he  free  from  payinu  for  the  shot  tired  at  him  ;  on  the  contrary,  liu 
masi  then  pay  for  each  shot  fired  at  him  from  the  castle,  .'i  ri.v  dollars  VO  stivers  current ;  and  I  ducat 
fur  each  shot  from  Ihe  uuard-ship's  boat  when  in  pnrsuil  of  the  ship.  If  the  inaster  of  a  vessel 
sliould  sad  away  wilhont  iiciiiiiltinj;  himself,  when  il  is  proved  who  the  inusler  or  ship  was,  the  liiiu 
will  lie  ili.'iiiaiided  of  ihe  person  who  clears  him  at  the  Ciislom-hoiiso. 

Ill  stormy  weaiher,  wlien  a  ship  cannot  come  lo  anchor  In  KUineur  roads  without  danger,  or  if  she 
lie  liiiky,  or  iroing  to  repair  or  deliver  ;  in  such  cases,  going  lo  (Copenhagen  is  not  considered  a  fraud. 
Ibil  il  ij  in  all  cases  indispe.isable  that  the  ship's  papers  should  be  sent  to  lilsineur  as  soon  as  possi- 
ble, that  she  may  be  cleared. 

I'iliiidirr.  .Ii'-i-.— When  ships  come  into  Elsineur  roads,  or  lie  wind-bound  near  the  I.appen,  watermen 
cniiie  on  bo:ird  lo  inquire  if  the  master  will  be  carried  ashore  to  clear ;  and  in  rough  weather  it  is 
always  best  to  make  use  of  their  services,  their  boats  being  generally  very  safe.  The  Danish  aiillior- 
ities  have  published  a  Table  of  rates,  beitiL'  llie  liiL'hest  charge  llial  can  be  made  by  the  boatmen 
iipon  such  occasions  ;  hut  captains  may  liartain  wilh  tlieiii  for  as  much  less  us  ihey  please.  Most 
ships  passing  the  Sound  lake  on  board  p'ibils,  Ihe  signal  for  one  being  a  Mag  at  Ihe  fore-topmast-head. 
Tbiise  bound  for  the  Jlaltic  take  a  pilot  at  I'.lsineiir,  who  either  carries  the  ship  to  ('openbagen,  or 
Drairo  ■.  a  small  town  on  Ihe  soiilh-easl  e.Mreniily  of  Ihe  island  of  Ainack,  where  she  is  dear  of  Ihe 
groiiMil.-i.  'I'bose  leaving  Ihe  llallic  lake  a  pilot  from  Dragoe,  who  carries  the  ship  lo  Klsineiir. 
Siiiiielinies,  when  the  wind  is  fresh  from  the  Iv  and  S.  Iv,  il  is  impossible  for  a  ship  bound  tor  Co- 
pi'iiliagen  or  the  llallic  to  double  Ihe  point  of  CronhorL' ;  and  in  that  case  an  Elsineur  pilot  is  soiiiK- 
luiHs  eiiiploved  to  moor  tint  ship  in  Ihi!  channel  towards  Kiill  I'oinl  on  the  Swedish  shore,  in  lat. 
6li^  IS'  U"  ,N.',  Ion.  Vi^  2t)'  E.  This  conlinaeiny  is,  however,  less  likely  to  happen  in  future,  as  weuii- 
cliTsiand  llie  Danish  government  have  recently  hired  a  steam  tug  for  the  special  purpose  of  bringing 
'  ips,  in  adverse  weather,  round  Cronliorg  Point.  The  pilots  are  regularly  licensed,  so  that,  by  em- 
ployliiL' Iheni.  the  captain's  resiionsibllity  is  at  an  end.     Their  charges  are  li.veil  by  aulborily,  and 

(li'l I  (III  till'  ship's  draiighlof  waler.     We  subjoin  a  copy  of  the  tarilf  applicable  to  pilots  taken  on 

biiuril  ai  Klsineiir  to  carry  ships  lo  Uragoe,  Copenhagen,  or  Kull  I'oiiit,  with  the  sinus  both  in  silver 
and  in  Uig  bank  paper  dollars. 


C48 


ELSIXEUR. 


1    !•! 


References  to  P/iin.— A,  Castle  nnd  liglit  of  CronhorR ;  B,  EUini'iir;  (",  KctsiiicIiurL'  in  Swcilrti; 
0,  tlie  bank  called  the  Luppen  ;  E,  the  bunk  called  tlio  Uisikun.    Tliv  soiiiidlii;:.^  are  in  riiili.>jiis. 

Pilntapn  from  the  1st  of  April  to  the  30th  of  September. 


Dragoe. 

Cojwiiha^ii. 

Hull 

roiiLi. 

Shipi 

(1  rawing  water. 

Silver. 

Paper. 

.Silver. 

Paper. 

Silver. 

I'jper. 

Fait. 

R.b.  dr. 

sch. 

R.b.  dr. 

IC/l. 

R.b.  dr.      ich. 

R.b.  dr. 

JrA. 

R.b.  dr. 

,ch. 

R.li.  dr.      Kh. 

Under     - 

8 

78 

12 

1^ 

9            10 

9 

38 

i> 

72 

5            W 

Betweea 

-     8  anH  9 

13 

16 

13 

56 

10              6 

ID 

36 

6 

63 

6           K) 

9-10 

14 

fiO 

14 

HI 

11              2 

11 

ai 

7 

53 

7             76 

10—11 

15 

84 

16 

.16 

11              94 

12 

34 

8 

44 

8         at 

11  -  12 

17 

22 

17 

74 

12             91 

13 

33 

9 

3-, 

9             63 

12  -  J3 

18 

M 

19 

16 

13             87 

14 

.32 

10 

2". 

10             66 

13  -  14 

19 

90 

20 

54 

14             83 

15 

31 

11 

Hi 

11              50 

14  -  li 

21 

2.S 

21 

!>2 

r>          78 

IS 

30 

12 

7 

12             43 

15  —  16 

22 

62 

23 

34 

16             75 

17 

29 

12 

93 

13            36 

16—  17 

24 

65 

2i 

43 

18              56 

19 

16 

13 

^4 

14            30 

17  —  |H 

26 

68 

27 

52 

20             37 

21 

2 

15 

44 

15            90 

IS  —  19 

2a 

71 

29 

61 

22              \^ 

n 

86 

17 

3 

17            .54 

19  —  20 

30 

74 

31 

72 

24               0 

24 

72 

18 

59 

19            19 

20  —  21 

3> 

77 

33 

W 

25             77 

26 

68 

20 

19 

20            BO 

21  —  il 

.11 

M) 

35 

S9 

27             59 

28 

46 

21 

74 

22            43 

22  —  23 

3S 

83 

38 

1 

29             40 

30 

32 

23 

31 

24             ti 

ELSINEUR. 


649 


12 


hor'j  ill   i-^v.i'a<':i; 


Pilotnpe  from  the  Ist 

of  Oiinher  to  the  notli  of  March. 

1 

Ur»j^. 

Cupenli.i^eu. 

Kull  hiiol. 

Ships  dnw 

nit  witer. 

Silvrr. 

Pjiwr. 
It.li.  dr.       I'h. 

Silv«r. 

rj|K!r. 

Silvel 

r 

I'l 

per. 

Fat. 

«  /'.  dr.       if/i. 

11  i.  dr.       II  d. 

H  (..  dr.        tfl. 

«.(,.  dr. 

•r/,. 

H.I:  dr 

>rh. 

I'tl.lnr      • 

H 

II              9Z 

1', 

40 

II             3i 

II              70 

7 

6;i 

7 

76 

UolvvBen  • 

-    8  and  9 

IB             7-. 

17 

31) 

12             61 

13               2 

H 

73 

9 

3 

9-10 

IH            m 

19 

III 

13             M 

14              t>| 

9 

02 

to 

26 

10  -  II 

20              37 

21 

2 

li              19 

i>         e« 

II 

Hi 

II 

«) 

II  -  12 

-•2             19 

22 

m 

16             47 

17             — 

12 

36 

12 

73 

1!  -  13 

24 

21 

11 

17              73 

18             30 

13 

fii 

14 

_ 

13  —  II 

25             77 

2ti 

SH 

ID              4 

19          n> 

14 

75 

15 

1\ 

14  —  li 

27             69 

29 

46 

20             29 

20             SKI 

\r. 

05 

16 

48 

li  -   IS 

29             40 

31 

32 

21             67 

22             26 

17 

17 

17 

68 

16  -  17 

32              12 

33 

12 

24             — 

21              72 

18 

37 

18 

U2 

17-  IH 

34             M 

35 

eg 

26             39 

27              22 

20 

48 

21 

14 

l«  —  I'l 

.17              62 

W 

(.8 

28              79 

29              7() 

22 

67 

23 

2s 

in  -  M 

40             21 

41 

48 

31              21 

32              19 

24 

68 

25 

46 

20-  Jl 

42              W 

41 

28 

;i3         m 

34             G'l 

26 

79 

27 

64 

21  -  a 

4i              CI 

47 

9 

36                4 

37             16 

28 

bs 

;■> 

78 

22  -  23 

48              3fi 

4!t 

ti-. 

38              43 

39             ti2 

31 

3 

32 

0 

^V.  B.  When  n  pilni  is  lakrn  nii  hnani  nt  Urngnu  to  carry  a  ship  tn  Elninciir,  tho  rharuu  im  the  same 
:iij  that  giVL'ii  iiiuivr  thu  tiriil  hvuil  uf  the  abuvu  culiiiiin.— C>4rc/iit'cii  da  Cummcrce,  tuiiiu  iii.  |i.  143.) 

Thfi  Minies.  Iffi^rlit.',  and  Mrnsiires  of  ElsiniMir  art*  the  same  ns  thosn  of  Copcnhacpn  (which  st'P), 
cxri-pt  that  Ihi;  ri.\(l>il!ar  is  Uiviili'tl  into  4  ortu  instuad  uf  U  iiiurcg :  thiiH,  21  8killiii);ii  iiiaku  1  urt;  and  4 
ortri  1  ri.viliillar. 

Ill  p:i.viiiK  tiill,  howi'vpr,  at  the  passaeo  of  thu  Hound,  the  monies  are  distinguisliud  into  tlircc  differ- 
ciit  values  ;  iianK'ly,  specie,  crown,  and  current. 

Specie  money  is  that  in  wliicli  tlie  duties  of  the  Sound  were  fixed  in  17(11. 

Crown  money  was  the  ancient  currency  of  Denmark,  in  wliich  the  toll  is  gomctlines  reckoned. 

Current  money  is  the  actual  currency  of  the  country. 

The  pr<i|)ortion  betwoen  lliese  denominations  is  as  I'lillows  : — 

Ki).'hi  specie  rindollars  -  U  crown  rixdollars  ;  l(i  crown  rixdollars  =  17  current  rixdollars  :  therefore 
to  reduce  specie  money  iiitocruwn  money,  add  one  Lij,'lith;  and  furtliu  reverse  oiieiutioii,  subtract  onu 
iiinlli. 

Til  reduce  crown  money  into  current  money,  add  one  sixteenth  ;  and  for  the  reverse  operation,  sub- 
(jtract  line  seventeenth. 

Hence,  also,  1'28  specie  rixdollars  nre  worth  144  crown  rixdollars,  or  133  current  rixdollars;  and 
(licrefiire  specie  money  is  l'2i  per  cent,  better  than  crown  money,  and  I'.l'  7.  per  cent,  better  than  cur- 
icnt  money.  ■' - 

Iliiiises  in  the  Uallic  charije  the  Sound  duties  in  the  invoices,  and  have  their  own  ajreuls  at  Elsiiieur 
to  clear  all  the  merchandise  shipped  liy  them.  If  lliis  lie  nut  the  case,  the  merchants  ut  Elsineur  then 
draw  upon  the  owners  or  aijents  where  the  cooils  are  directed  or  addressed. 

litjirhls. — A  shippound  from  the  Kaltic,  of  1(1  stone,  is  calrulateil  as^UU)  lbs.  Danish ;  a  Russian  her- 
knwit/.,  as  3U0  lbs.  ;  a  pud,  us  3U  llis.  Danish;  a  centner  from  tho  llaltic,  us  IIU  llis.;  and  a  cwl.  En- 
gli::h,  as  ll'i  lbs.  Danish. 

Corn  Measure  cf  different  Place/  reduced  to  Danish  Lasts,  for  paying  the  Sound  Dues. 


Rarlh 

Demniin  • 
KiK*.'UwaIile 

Trcl'low  - 
Stnllun<I  • 
Wuljasl    • 


3  iMts  will  be  rrck- 
ont'i]  in  the  SouaJ 
ai  4  laili. 


Ifi  Runian  chf twcrO  -  '  „    ,^ '„ 

1  teiii.  cif  2^  iiiui.ls  Frencli  salt,  from  Bochelle 
I  cenl.  from  H«nlp:iuj 
13  ruicm  frolii  Dunkirk 


Gr^'l>swal(le 
WiMn:»r    • 
Ancl.iin    • 
Ho>tc)ck,  5  lasts  for  6. 
Stettin       ■ 
Wjirnt'inunde 
Wincmun^lR 
Lubeck,  7  lasts  for  9. 

Lailt. 

■  I 
-    13 

■  12 


■■]' 


lasts  reckonol  as 
i. 


■  ?6  lists  for  7. 


HiRa  - 
K  'ni^stcrg 
l).inl7.ic  • 
Klhiiii;  - 
.Mi'lncl  ■ 
nr\e\  ■ 
IVtiTsburgh 
Ocsil       . 


1 


Tho  mmi'  as 
(lie  Uulcli 


•  J 


to  muiclj  from  Havre  ... 

7  nuiyna  fniin  Ca^liz,  LislKin,  &c 

400  Dutch  marts  (ihta.turt'ii)    • 

1  Englitli  thalilroii,  2  HFighs,  2  tons,  or  SO  bushels 


IxliU. 

■  12 

■  12 

•  7 

•  I 


Liquid  Measure.— K  tonneau  of  French  wine  is  considered  as  4  oxhofis,  or  24  ankers. 
A  pipe  of  Spanish  or  I'ortiicuese  wine,  as  2  oxhofis. 
3(1  Spanish  arrobas,  or  25  rortuiruese  almudes,  as  a  regular  pipe. 

30  Spanish  armbas.or  48  pots  of  oil,  as  a  regular  both  (pii)e);  u  hogshead  of  brandy,  as  6  ankers;  a 
tierce,  as  4  ankers  ;  an  anker,  5  veils,  or  40  Danish  pots. 

Duties  payable  al  the  Sound  on  the  principal  Articles  eammonly  passing  through 

Rial.  St. 


A  f  or  l«<T,  (hf  8  hoishcads,  al  4  1-2 
Alni.i-,.ts  Ihf  100  lbs.  ... 

It. Ilip  shi|)|>"UiiJ  ... 

Ami.el.  till'  ton  il.s.  .  .  .  .  . 

Auim.pnv,  the  ihipimniid       .... 

Antlmr  anil  lork«,  Ih'-  shuck  of  60    ■ 
Afl'li.''.  tl\£.hstnf  22barri.|5  -  '      .     ."  „ 

A^;.'ln'('a^n'^'  <trutr«i,  the  lis[Hnind  valued  at  36  rii.dollars 
Ar:  il.  ttie  sliippiumd  .... 

A:vnic  ilo.  •  •  • 

Ailic!,  ivreJ.  the  List  iif  12  barrels,  or  12  Jo. 

pot,  tlie  last  of  12  Jo.,  or  12  do. 
Pif"D,  tlie  -ihiplMtund  .... 

Blue,  the  sihKli'  piece  .  .  .  - 

the  dnulle  lift.  .... 

Bjiki,  great,  of  oak,  llie  piece 
fir,        4  do. 
small,     do       ?0.lo. 
Bit.  berrira,  the  200  lbs.       .... 

Hfi-f.ulteJ.  the  last  of  12  barrels     - 
lii«uit,  or  bread  of  wheat,  4  barrels 

rvf,  4  do. 
Bioks.  prin'el,  the  100  ll;.i.  v.ilued  at  36  rixdollan 
Bra»,  or  brass  wire,  the  sliipiHiutiil 

wrouslit,  the  IIX)  iljs.  v  .luecl  at  36  rixdollara 
Brimstone,  the  la.sl  ftf  12  shippound 
BruiOy,  French  or  Spanish,  the  hogshead    • 

o.rti,  the  barrel        .... 

Utieiiish,  the  ahin    . 
Bniil  WOO.I,  the  500  I  lis.      - 

Vol.  I.— 3  I 


II 

36 

0 

9 

0 

12 

0 

•1 

n 

12 

1 

0 

n 

12 

0 

IS 

0 

li 

n 

12 

0 

6 

1 

0 

0 

9 

0 

3 

0 

6 

0 

•i 

0 

6 

0 

13 

0 

9 

(1 

36 

n 

6 

II 

4 

0 

IH 

0 

24 

1 

IH 

1 

0 

0 

24 

0 

6 

0 

24 

0 

16 

nristlea,  tite  shippound,  valued  at  36  rixtloUars 
Hulier,  till-  hiirrtl       ..... 
t.Tl>Ie3,  cnniaKc  or  cable  yarn,  the  hhippoiind 
Calicoes,  the  H  (liL-ceR  .... 

Capers,  thf  pipe,  or  1  hof^hends 
Car'i,  ftir  p'ayipR  or  for  wool,  the  10  dozen 
C;mlanioi»9,  ciiinanion,  cloves,  ur  cochineal,  the  100  Ibe. 
Ciinilets,  llie  4  pieces  .... 

t  Aiivass,  or  caiiilinrs,  4  do. 

CalliniiiiicoM,  ti.e  y  do.        .  .  .  - 

CinipiMrhy  wnml,  the  500  Ibi. 
C:\ra\v.iy  sect!*,  Ihe  100  do.   .... 
C.ixi.Tri'i  thi'*hippouml,  valued  a(3G  rixdolhra 
('hecse,  the  shippound  .... 

Chesim's,  thf  3f»s.ick8  .... 

CiiiiT,  llie  hm(-*hi-.i>l  ■  .  .  .  - 

(lock- work,  ilie  100  Ihs.  valued  at  36  rixdollan    - 
Cloth  of  si'k,  Ihe  pieii'         .... 

fii.e  or  short  cl(>ih%  or  double  dozeni,  the  2  pieces 

course,  or  toii;;  cloths,  or  do/xus,  thu  4  do.     - 

Coffee,  the  2(flilH. 

Ct'pptT,  Ihe  hlii|po(ind  .... 

wrmi^i  I,  ttie  100  lbs.  valued  at  32  rixdollan 
Cork,  tbe  30  l^uiidleH  .... 

Ct)pV»r.i«,  raboiinf,  or  cream  of  tartar,  the  shippound 
Cotton  wool,  the  100  llii.       .... 
Corn,  bsiTley.  Ihe  lastof  201)arrels  - 

btaiis,  peis.  oiu,  or  buckwheat,  the  la»t  of  12  do, 

malt,  the  hsl  nf  IJdo. 

rye,  (he  la^tuf  20  du. 

82 


Rild 

St. 

0 

18 

0 

S 

(1 

6 

0 

li 

n 

IK 

n 

6 

0 

34 

(1 

10 

0 

IS 

0 

10 

0 

IS 

0 

9 

0 

9 

0 

4 

n 

:Hi 

0 

12 

0 

IH 

0 

9 

0 

9 

0 

» 

0 

24 

0 

24 

■    0 

6 

0 

36 

•    0 

6 

•    0 

18 

•    0 

22 

.    0 

18 

.    0 

12 

-    0 

10 

650 


ELSINEUR. 


vi 


'  r 


I 


f  I' 


K 


Tf  aihi 

tf,  and 


Dantzic, 


Gmn,  whMt,  the  lut  of  20  t«nTt«  - 
CnriaiidBr  and  rurniit*.  Ilia  iOO  lb*. 
l)auuilirnf  iilk,  Ihr  pirrp     • 

litii-ii.  IFir  4  piPCri  . 

wonllfii,  (he  M  (in, 
Deali  of  oak  ur  tir,  iiUtvn  iO  fivt,  the  iihnrk 
(  4rM)iiti,  uiHJrr  20  foi't 
I'ruHMtt 

rniiitiinti,  10  to  U  feet,  the  1,000 
Diaper  nr  'IrilHnf.  thn  20  furce* 
J)nwn,  thf  Hhii'iioiin  t  .  .  . 

DniKCrta,  ilir  2  \uvret 
Kelt,  ihi' UMi'f  I.' lurreli    < 
KlephAiitaMreth,  i.irh 
Fealhttn,  Ihe  iihi|>|)Otin<l        -  • 

Fernaiiil'Uro  wfMxl,  1,000  lU.  ■  ■ 

Fin,  Ihr  ]H  hnitk'K  HOOJn. 
Fifth,  cifl,  ihf  Int.  12  hirrrl* 

itfx  h,  thr  ).)%t,  12  4lir(>|K>unJ,  nr  1,000  fuh 
Mliiinti,  llir  l)irn-l 
tillr  I  |irrnii<«,  iln. 

ffl  Ii.Tniiis,  Die  l.ntnf  20  dtraei,  or  20,000 
FUnriHi,  (he  n  \utcn  '•(  J »  HU  e.-irlt 
Flax,  (IreMTil.  Hip  nlnnpfiiiinl 

uii'tn-Mrd,  n%  IVrcnbiinrh,   Nirvn,   12   ho(«heuti 
M.irii'ii)uri(li,  .ill  tine  Kirti  imhJiIIa,  racket 
pllrni'ifilcr,  the  4  i!'>. 
coirM',   (i.ilf  cle.iji,    Kirken,  Ri»spIs,  Menx 
M.iriei)|iiir^,  the  tj  dii. 

tow,  Itif  fl    III,      •  .  .  • 

FlounflerB,  'Irv,  Ihe  20.001      . 
FInurol  whe.it.  the  200  Itn.   • 

Inrlev  nr  rye,  Ihe  lait  of  12  barrtii 
Friew.  Ilie  piere         .... 
(iallB,  or  K1IIII,  the  200  tin.     ... 
Glaaa  for  win. lows.  Kiit^linh,  French,  f.uhcck,  and 
the  H  chefs  .... 
Venice,  'Iriiikinic  '!o.,  Ihe  rhest 
bottles,  the  l(tn,  •!  hri^^tuMils  .)n>l  30  Bchocka 

the  2  pipes 
qtmrt  hnttlt-H,  ifK)  tii7en.  ^OriIlfltlln 
Olovei,  Kimla,  '.r  C'nurhml.  the  2V»  [lair    • 
IciihfT,  the  .Inicii,  value  2  rixlullare 
Oiinpnwilir,  Dm  100  Hr^. 

H-ilM-rfiNhery  ware,  thr  100  Ihi.  valued  at  36  riaJollara 
Hair,  e^riieU'  nrcnir  vi',  Diu  50  tba.  • 
IfaniJAjtike)..  t)ie  'iOO  ' 

Haa,  tilt,  the  caik  .... 
beaver,  -tie  <tnz<D,  value  4S  rif.lollira 
ca«'or,  Die  (Inzeii,  do. 

lleinp,  the  !iliip|K)t)lirl 
tM«',  Ihe  10. lo. 
HiJev  elk'*",  h.irN',  Imrks',  nr  Rttuia,  Iho  decker 
ult-il. .  ik<.',  hirft',  liii-ks'.  or  Hiissii.  <l  >. 
dry,  ("ikV.  \\.v'ft\  l-iirks",  or  Kubsia,  the  ;'»  d 
Hu^^iii,  the  shippouu'i 
Honey,  the  hnoheid 
H')p',  the   hiptxHiiid 
Homes,  the  itur         • 
IndiKo,  the  tOO  Ihi.    ■ 
Iron  "  ire,  nr  inns,  do. 

stoves,  plate*  or  pots,  the  shippnund    • 
bars,  bats,  holfs,  )ionps,  anrhira,  and  cnn",  do. 
wmufht,  the  100  Ilia,  valued  at  24  riidollan 
o'd,  Die  »hippound 

(Ktrriiiiind*.  dr>,  ... 

IsinjcliiHs,  the  100  Ihs. 
Juniper  tiernes,  the  200  do. 
Kene>'4,  the  H  plerea 
Lace,  silk,  or  ferret,  the  4  Mm. 

thread,  wwl,  cnHon.  or  hair,  the  10  do. 
Hold  and  silver,  the  |h. 
Lemons,  the  12  ebisri*  nr  36.000      • 

pirkled,  Ihe  pipe  nr  hniphead 
Lead,  fo.lder,  the  tno.  or  6  shippound 
■hot,  the  100  lt«. 
red  or  while,  t\n. 
Leather,  Rtusia  or  Srntch,  Ihe  derker 

S|)anish,  Cordovan,  Turkey,  and  buff,  do, 
Seiiis,  the  10  do.      - 
H<unt^,  Ihe  10  do, 
tafiuel  orsnte,  the  100  Dts. 
aluined  or  »vhite,  the  500  pieces    - 
Lignum  vita*,  the  too  Itis.     - 
Linteed,  Die  la^l 'if  21  harrels 
Linen,  cilicr>es.  the  16  pipces 
flai,  the20dn. 

Hollmd,  Silesia,  and  Weslphaliai  the  4  do. 
Iiemp,  hhck  tow,  the  HO  do. 
canvass,  Ihe  N  do,       ... 
damask,  the  12  to.     • 
drilliii!:.  Die  20  do.,  nr  r»00  anheen* 
fmni  IVt<>r^huri;h,  all  sorts,  the  40  do.,  or  2,000  do. 
Lonwoffl,  the  vOO  lU. 

Mace,  Ihe  '^0  ll.s.       .... 
Alas's,  Iri  palms  and  upwanls,  the  piece 

snixll  .... 

fur  iHial*,  Ihe  Hchnck  -  •  - 

Mat«  from  l*.'i<ml'ur*;h,  the  1,000     - 
Mnhair.  iheoOlhs     .... 
Mustar.t  see  I,  the  list  of  12  hirreln 
Nails,  HnlUirl  or  l.iiheek,  the  reiilner 

Iff  e  nails  for  ships,  Ihe  40,000 
NuMne»«,  d't.  .... 

Nuts.  Ihe  Ii»t  of  20  hirirls  nr  sacks 
Oars,  ifreat.  the  schock 

simll  do.  .... 

Oil,  olivr,  (.f  Seville  or  Porfu'nl,  the  pipe    • 

rajie,  linseed,  hemp,  the  lait  of  8  ahnis 


Hiid 

.It. 

1 

i 

0 

6 

0 

13 

0 

10 

0 

10 

1 

0 

0 

21 

0 

:mi 

0 

M 

0 

•M 

0 

an 

0 

9 

0 

30 

a 

36 

0 

6 

0 

30 

0 

•!!• 

0 

12 

0 

an 

0 

A 

0 

12 

n 

1^ 

0 

10 

0 

36 

0      24 
0        9 


0      36 
0        fl 


0      36 
0      36 


0      30 
0      30 


Oil,  train,  Ihe  last  of  f)  hnphe*d«,or  I2barrrli 

(Mlhanuni,  the  IOO  ll«. 

ttlivrs,  the  |iii)e,  or  2  ho^sheids 

OrinKei.  th    12  rhetti,  or  3,600 

I'lpt-r,  Ihe  H  lnlr«,  or  80  rtatnt 
I   TepiHT,  thr  KM)  Iht. 
j  I'rwirr,  Dir  shipiMiund 

I'Mch,  Kreai  Iwnd        .           .           .           - 
I  sniill 

ria'rs  of  tin,  'tie  4  ra«k*,  or  ihippouod 

PUi  liiitr,  the  I.IMKJ  ells,  or  40  piecta 

Prunes,  the  400  Ih^.     .  .  -  - 

I'ruiii  Ih>e<,  the  IOO  do.  .  .  - 

i(uirk.ilv.r,  thi- Wd.i. 

Hape^eed.  the  liM  of  21  barrels 

H^isMiR,  Die  400  Ills.,  or36buket«    • 

Heiin,  the  shiNM'Und 

Ribands  of  lilit,  nr  ferrets,  the  4  Iba. 
irnlii  or  silver,  Ihe  2  do. 

Rir. .  Die  200  ilo.         .... 

.Virtrnii,  Ihe  2  do.         .... 

Sal',  Spanish,  French,  and  Scotch,  the  last  of  18  bamis,  or 

H  tfuOiels      .... 

I.unenhnrv.  Ihe  hst  of  12  bushels 
Saltpetre,  the  rhipiNtijiid 
Sau,  dniilde,  lh»*  2  pieces 

»(iii(Ie,  or  Knifti''h,  the  4  do. 
Siilrlfilh.  Die  H  do.      . 
Sar^ap-iiilli,  do. 
Shun.ic,  the  4()0  Ib^. 
Silk,  H-»  imr,  fern-t,  wrought  lace,  the  4  do. 

raw.  the  IOO  do. 

■tuffs,  dti. 

Kilh  ifidd  nnd  silver,  the  piec* 
Skins,  beaii-r,  (he  5  deckera 

nttiT,  the  piece 
Iry,  wol 

Itoil,  the20do. 

calf,  the  10  do. 

cat  and  sheep,  flie  500  pieces 

bhi-k  rabbit,  or  lamb,  the  I.OOO  do.   - 

irri  y  rabbit,  nr  kid,  the  2,000 

nnrleii,  the  40  •  •  • 

h.ire,  Ihe  bile,  valued  at  62  riidollan 
Sosp.  white,  Ihe  IOO  lb«. 

((neii.  Ihe  list  ff  12  barrels    ■ 
Span,  ere  tt.  Die  2i  pieces      • 

small,  the  1.000  do.      • 
S'arch.  th'-.TOOIbn.     .... 
St,iM-s,  pifM!  h')<shead,  and  barrel,  the  great  hundred  of  4H 

Miork 

Steel,  Ihe  IOO  ll» 

Sroiies,  I'ol.iu  1.  Ihe  1.000  feet  nf  .'iOO  ells      • 
Stockings  of  silk.  Die  dozen,  or  12  lbs. 

ker*' V,  w(K)llen,  or  wonted,  for  children,  Die 

lOO'piir 
wnrtted,  floret,  ani  sayet,  the  50  do. 
u'ofillf'ii,  for  children,  the  200  do. 
Sliirrenn,  the  last  of  12  barrels 
StullV,  urKtlien,  the  8  pieces 
Siirca  le,  t'  e  *)0  lbs.     .... 
SuiXT  I mdv,  or  confectionary,  the  IOO  do. 

I  <a\e9,  powder,  or  Muscavado,  the  200  lbs. 
Sword  b'adei.  the  hO 

hillM,  do.  ... 

SweetWfKvI,  the  100  lbs, 
Tillow,  the  shipiHinnd 
Tarras,  the  last,  6  shippound,  nr  12  barrels 
Tar,  creit  band,  the  last  of  12  barrels 

Binall  bind,  the  last  of  do. 
Thread,  white  a.id  coloured,  Ihe  50  lbs. 

fn\  I  and  silver,  the  lb. 
Tin.  theshipp'mnd     . 
Tnbicco,  Die  IOO  llis. 
Treacle,  the  pi(w,  nr  2  honheads      - 
Turpentiue,  the  shippound    • 
Ver-lUris,  the  IOO  lbs. 
Vermilion,  do.  ... 

Velvet,  fine,  Ihe  piece  •  • 

with  thread,  the  2  piecei 
Vinegar  of  wine,  the  hogshead 

beer,  ale,  or  cider,  the  2  do. 
Wax,  the  shippound 
Wiinscol  Imarls,  Ihe  schoek 
Win*.',  Rortpiiix.  Ihe  ton,  or  4  hogsheads,  at  S2  riidolLirs 

Picinlin,  HrH)|;land,  Muscat,  and  Fronlignac,  the  2 
horiihiads    •  •  • 

Spinish  nr  t*nrtuguese,  the  pipe 

Itittirtn  and  Ix'vrint 

Rheni!th,  the  ahin 
Wire,  iron,  or  brais.  ihe  shippound 

steel,  the  IOO  Urn. 

{•dd  and  silver,  the  lb. 
Wool,  beaver.  Die  5'.)  lbs. 

Spnni^ih,  or  fine.  Die  4  shippound 

coir^e,  or  Sr  Irli,  the  6  do.    • 

flofk.  nr  eultiii'  wfvil.  Die  2  do. 

Scntrh  shins,  the  40  pieces    • 

shifts,  the  8  do. 
Wood  shovels,  thi'  lOsrhncks 

dishes  or  Iravs,  the  5  do. 

plates,  Ihe  r't  do. 

nails,  the  2n,000 
Yam,  en  ton.  the 'lO  lbs. 

lit.eii.  'he  <^bi|ip(iund,  or  40  schocki 

tnw,  Ihe  4  do. 

sail,  Ihe  siiippnund 

alt  wrib  of  woollen,  the  50  Ibt. 


KM. ,}. 

u 

M 

0 

0 

0 

IK 

0 

24 

0 

30 

0 

\t 

II 

21 

0 

IH 

() 

<l 

u 

12 

0 

» 

0 

» 

u 

0 

0 

3(1 

0 

3b 

0 

3C 

0 

6 

0 

10 

0 

10 

u 

6 

0 

H 

0 

24 

0 

»; 

0 

b 

0 

'J 

0 

h 

0 

3(j 

0 

Ih 

0 

» 

0 

Id 

0 

]>l 

0 

V, 

0 

IS 

0 

21 

0 

t 

0 

is 

0 

3i 

0 

1.; 

0 

Is 

0 

IS 

0 

la 

0 

30 

0 

30 

0 

<i 

(1 

3i; 

a 

■K 

0 

II. 

0 

» 

0 

»■' 

(1 

4 

u 

*l 

0 

30 

0 

30 

0 

30 

0 

30 

1 

12 

0 

12 

0 

12 

0 

IS 

0 

IS 

0 

1.; 

0 

IS 

0 

■1 

0 

6 

0 

in 

0 

H 

0 

» 

0 

30 

0 

5 

0 

24 

0 

9 

0 

36 

0 

•i 

0 

!) 

0 

3li 

0 

9 

0 

9 

0 

12 

0 

tl 

0 

3» 

0 

14 

' 

36 

1 

0 

1 

24 

i 

0 

0 

40 

0 

24 

0 

24 

u 

1 

0 

0 

36 

0 

K 

0 

9 

0 

15 

0 

lU 

0 

9 

0 

9 

0 

9 

0 

IS 

0 

36 

0 

3li 

0 

3o 

0 

3C 

0 

X 

ELSINETJR. 


651 


or  12  btrreU 


Rlid. 

•  0 

•  0 


)  pound 

CM 


eta    • 

Mix- 
,io. 


ch,th.lutcM9tari»li,of 
liuslirll 

Jo.       • 

\ace,  th«  4  do- 

e  piec* 
'(oi,the5ilecherf 

,  ll,f  1,000  Jo.  • 
le  2,000  ■_ 

l'»l  62  riiJoll»r» 
l).-irn;l»    • 


•t. 

3U 

0 
IK 
24 
30 

U 
24 

IH 
» 

12 

» 

9 

»i 

3b 

3K 

G 

1(1 

10 

tl 

1> 


0 
0 

n 

0 
0 
0 
0 

u 

0 

0 

'    0 

■  0 
.    0 

•  0 

■  0 

■  0 

•  0 
-    0 

•  0 

■  0 

•  0 

.  u 

•  n 

■  0 
.  0 
.    0 

0 


ltarTel,ti.er«'t»'"n'i';;''"'^* 


rtt'nf  WO  ell»     •  ; 

-I  1n;l»y«^»"'^''°• 
irrel*  •  '  . 

ijSc;!;Xii2-^>^- ; 


unil."i-12t)»"el» 
„(  lilurrcli 

l"f''"-     „.'■ 
|ml,  iheSOlUt. 

Oie  lb.        ; 
lonhevls     • 


y  2  piMM     • 
I  Ciller,  the  2  Jo. 


24 

% 

b 
« 

t, 
3(1 
lb 
9 
10 
311 
15 
lit 
24 
(i 
IS 
3-, 
M. 
I» 
IS 
1'. 
M 
■K 
!\ 
X, 

3i; 
l(j 

8 


4 
*) 
30 


0 
0 
0 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 

.    0 

■    0 

•    0 

.    0 

.    0 

.    0 

■    0 

•  0 
.  0 
.  0 
.  0 
.  0 
.  0 
.  0 
.  0 
.    0 

■  0 
.  0 
.    0 

■  0 
0 


30 

30 

3() 

12 

12 

12 

11 

IS 

1.1 
19 
>l 
6 
3f 
IS 
D 
30 


\„,  „r  4  ''««'«•'  "i.^,,,i/„;,c,  Ihe  2 
TinJ,  Musral,  »»J  FroiUign.ic, 

liljueM,  the  P'l* 

I"'     '. 

In- jhippo'""' 

ilhelb. 
J"i'lw  4  thil'pound     -  ; 

i  „.vil,  II"  2  do.        • 
■,e  40  piMia    ■ 

1,-hnclH 
■tlieiJo. 


24 
9 
36 
(i 
9 
3li 
9 
9 
12 
!1 
3ii 
14 
M 


l'un.l,or40Khocta 
llleii.tteWH* 


1 
I 

2 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.    0 

.    0 

.    0 

.    0 

.    0 

.    0 

.    0 

.    0 

.    0 

.   0 


0 

36 

36 
9 

li 

10 
9 
9 
9 
K 
3li 
36 
3t> 
36 
3I> 


Memorandum  retpeclinff  ihe  Mode  of  prtrrntinp  rrrtain  Ortrehargts  of  Sound  Dutirt  on  Gvoda  Bhipped 

for  Ihe  Uallie. 
Tlmro  liiivo  liccn  iimny  rnniplriinm  of  ilic  SdiiihI  iliilv  lii'inu  ovcrriiteil  on  (frxiilH  wlilih,  n«  llioy  nr« 

not  iiiillccil  III  llii;  tiirirr,  un;  rliiirBiMlilr  ml  ruhirrm,  (I  per  iriit.  in  the  i  .inr  if  llii'  i;ii!;li»li.  Diilili,  and 
Swi'ilcs;  li  piT  cciil.  in  Ihe  ciihi'  of  nilifr  n.ilioiw;)  IIiIk  i  Ii.'ul'i'  lirini;  solely  reuiiliili'il  In  tin-  viilin-ex- 
prcuHeil  III  the  cockelH,  the  only  ilmiinieiits  liy  wliiili  Itie  CiiBtoiii-lioiise  o'llieers  iil  llie  Soiiiiil  iirii  RO- 
vcriii'il.  Tills  or iiilimti'H  ill  (lic>liippersof  uooi'Ih  limlinu  it  expedient  oceiisioim II y  lo^'lve:l  110111111:1!  vmIiio 
to  iiii'rrliiiiiilisn  not  liiihl'  lo  iiii  export  (Inly  in  Kntiliinil,  fur  exceedinL'  tlic  real  viiliie,  in  orilir  to  providu 
for  II  fiirtlier  slilpiiieiit  of  the  siiiiie  species  of  ifnods  ill  Ihi'  sHiiie  vessel  (which  entry  ciiii  ill :  lie  con- 
sidered lis  expressive  of  Hie  int'iition  lo  ship  Roods  lo  tliiil  exteiitj.  It  is,  llierelore.  »iim;esieil  lo  tho 
tiliippcrs  id'nierchaiidise  for  the  llullic,  lli.it.  hehides  Ihe  iihove-iiienlioned  noininiil  viiliii',  they  slioiihl 
ruiisc'  the  nut  nilnr  of  iht  jtoiid.^  iirlunlhi  .-^liiiiiird  to  he  inserled  on  Ihe  reverse  of  til-'  coi  ket,  ils  llieic  ia 
every  reason  to  helieve  tilut  this  real  value  will  lliun  liecoine  till!  crilerioii  liy  which  llio  Sound  duty 
will  lie  calculated.     For  insliinre,  siipposine  a  cocket  lo  rnii  thus  — 

"Know  yelliat  I'arkinson  and  (;o.  have  entered  ilritish  collons,  valuu  10,000<,  Blurling,  to  he  shipped 
per  Ihe  iNewland,  I'miicis  lliinler,  master,  fur  Hi.  I'oturiibiirRh :" 
The  iiidorsenienl  should  be  — 

"  1'.  I.  a.  1(1.    Ten  hales  ciunbrics,  value  4,701/.  5*.  BterlliiK,  shipped  on  board  tho  Ncwland,  Francla 
Hunter,  fur  Pelursburyh." 

(Hisned  by)  I'ahkinrov  nnd  (,'0. 

(Or  by  the  siuniiiR  ('iistoni-lioiise  ollicer)     N.  N. 
The  Sound  duty  will  then  probably  be  chari'pd  not  on  lli,(lo(l/..  lint  on  I.T'.IW-  r>s.    Should,  hinvever, 
the  latter  entry  be  wanliiiR,  the  lirsl  siini  will  be  the  only  crilerion  by  which  lo  calculate  the  Sound 
duly  ;  and  in  casuof  overcharge,  no  resiiiutiun  need  be  hoped  i\n—{.Hurduii:,  Kuropeuii  Commerce.) 


Navio.m'ion  of  the  lUl.TIC. 


INavio.m'ion  of  the  lUl.TIC. 
This  is  exiiibiled  in  the  followiiii;  Account  of  the  Niiiiihi.T  of  Ships  th 
tiirnliij:)  lln^  Sixiiiil  at  ilillVrenl   I'eriods,  from  the   Vear  1777  to  the 
Countries  to  which  they  belonged. 


hat  have  passed  (coina  and  ro- 
preselit  Time,  specil'yini;  the 


Cnuiilrics. 
Bri'lsh  Islands 

1777. 

I7H0.' 

17S3. 

t7S5. 

17S7. 

17S9.| 

1790. 

3J7i 

1792. 

1814. 
2.319 

1816. 
1,S4- 

1S20, 

lS2,i. 

1827. 

:.,u99; 

1S29. 

4,'0-. 

IKW. 

4,27  ij 

1S31. 

1832. 

J,  ■.-.2  1,701  j 

2,V17  2,9 J9 

4.3-19 

3,'>97 

5,1  Ml 

3,330 

llolUll.l 

2.'i«i7  2,(I'>S 

•>in 

l,'i7l  l.iaii 

1,924 

2,(^l<l 

2.ISI! 

;V,I 

S76 

S-,3 

b30 

SM 

1,10. 

1,22: 

I.0.;3 

1,125 

Sivrdcn 

l,77;»  1,SSU 

2,474 

2,138  2,39V 

K\ 

430 

2,1.141 

2,7Vi 

2,042 

l,SI9 

1,319 

l,3,MI 

1,117 

l,l»- 

l,;ii: 

1,003 

ileiiiiiirk     • 

I,1IU  1,341 

1.1% 

l,7S7 

I,:M7 

1,3 1:1 

l.ftVi 

1,362 

47(i 

7ST 

792 

»U3 

S',(J 

(•65 

744 

(j||-, 

1)35 

Truisil          •     i 

472      671 

i,OM 

l,iliS 

713 

'.14.1 

51)9 

737 

1,033 

1,014 

l,Vv| 

2,391 

3,n3s 

2,lsii 

2,2 -.1 

1,SI0 

1,7«3 

RU'sia          •    , 

47 

4J 

137 

114 

!i6 

<i 

6> 

49ri 

399 

242 

33 1 

3M 

3li7 

401 

421 

2,493 

I'liiti'il  Slatei 

■ 

3 

20 

30 

42 

41 

«s 

lliS 

169 

23(1 

191 

ISO 

I52 

179 

Is9 

France 

21 

• 

« 

211 

:ri 

III 

123 

2-i 

12 

16 

6J 

72 

103 

ISO 

I<i9 

72 

231 

Siain 
Hanover      ■ 

to 

7 

15 

10 

23 

32 

40 

22 

9 

10 

S 

4 

4 

• 

. 

. 

iij 

2I;3 

458 

413 

"457 

602 

645 

451 

642 

Imp.  (Auitria) 

a 

30 

S33 

66 

Iil 

107 

6 

40 

Daiitric 

231 

174 

'202 

lUI 

■M> 

IS6 

24il 

209 

M.tklciiliurnh 

■ 

. 

• 

. 

. 

. 

3S6 

647 

C02 

S'r. 

627 

664 

fas 

594 

OMiiiburjh  • 

• 

• 

. 

• 

2 

24 

3-. 

IS 

29 

47 

31 

31 

41 

Mi 

f.3 

7S 

Ubuk 

7S 

«2 

123 

79 

6li 

Kl 

Sfl 

t-0 

2S 

4-. 

M 

121 

99 

101 

t-0 

77 

77 

Ilreniwi 

*2 

14fl 

263 

17(i 

142 

ISI 

177 

l»s 

21s 

Ill 

69 

31 

;V> 

(■■) 

79 

^l 

SO 

•a 

31 

■ 

61 

77 

62 

l(W 

S3 

au 

36 

Ij 

31 

35 

46 

2"> 

41 

21 

Rwtoflc 

79 

104 

67 

101 

. 

224 

;u' 

33a 

Piljeciburgh 

. 

> 

• 

• 

61 

(>! 

142 

PorluKal 

12 

21 

2» 

2S 

lb 

33 

2S 

II 

42 

4H 

2 

9 

II 

, 

■ 

2 

t'nuilind 

2 

7 

10 

23 

10 

!> 

22 

21 

Niptcs 

. 

■ 

1 

Venice 

2 

2 

4 

. 

2 

(IM  6 

. 

n 

. 

• 

. 

2 

6 

12 

8 

N(ir"v\y 
Greece 

Tnllh    . 

■ 

* 

• 

l(l,2li'- 

9  7 1() 

s.sii 

9.7U 

" 

w 

794 

946 

"flj! 

S79 

1,161 

I3,4sf 

1,202 
13,21.' 

1,357 

■ 

1,53. 

!t.n,vilH,ioi 

11.2:13 

'12.114 

s.lso 

S.S7I 

10.926 

13,1(10 

13,000 

I2.94( 

12,202 

The  statement  in  this  Table  for  the  years  1777,  1780,  17H3,  and  17f*!),  lire  taken  from  the  valuablo 
work  entitled  KiiHii^rc  de  I/ini  i-Vmifni.s  iiii  jVord  de  /'  F.iirope  (loin.  i.  p  HWI.l;  the  other  yts'irs  are 
Liken  from  the  relurns  sent  by  Hie  llrilisli  consul  at  Klsineiir,  printed  •■,  \  iirlons  parliamentary  pa- 
pers. We  have  seen  no  two  retiirns  of  ttie  shipping  that  pass  the  Soiii  '  •••  I.  iiiiile  aL'ree,  tlioiicli  the 
(lillVroiices  are  not  very  material.  The  above  account,  iIioiirIi  in  man,  .  i'.  •■■is  most  iniereslinu.  ia 
defective,  inasmuch  as  it  does  not  irive  the  lonniiRe  as  well  a.s  the  niinilier  )'  llin  ships.  Since  Ih.'U, 
iiowpver,  the  lliilish  consul  has  sent  relurns  of  tin'  sliippinj.';  and  it  is  not  iii^iroliable  that  the  Danlsli 
autlinrilies  maybe  able  to  supply  Ibis  de-^ideratum  for  a  leiiRllitMied  period.  Tin"  fallini»  olf  in  tho 
ainiiuiil  of  Dritish  shippiia'  in  IN.I2  was  wladly  owing  to  the  alarm  causedby  the  prevalence  of  cholera, 
and  other  evanescent  causes. — We  subjoin  an 

Account  of  the  British  Shippins  employed  in  Ihe  Flallic  Trade  Ihrniiiih  the  Sound  in  \^K;  rxhibitin)» 
the  Number  of  Vessels  sent  out.  the  NuiiibiT  of  Voyages  pert'oniieil  by  them,  and  their  Tonnage,  as 
nscerlained  by  Ihe  Consul  at  Elsineur. —  {Papers  publislnd  bij  Hoard  of  Trade,  vol.  ii.  p.  ,53.) 


To  what  I'orls  belonging. 

Number  of  Ships  sent  out.            Tonna?e. 

Number  of  Voyasi-s  ficrfttrnied. 

A^5rei;ale  Tinuiage. 

1  Fii:l:in  1  and  W.-i1m 

Sciitlaud  • 
1  Ireiiiid  • 
1  fluenisoy  anil  Jersey 

The  Coloniea 

Tout       . 

679                                140,4(i9 

395                                 60,694 

18                                  2.193 

22                                     3,55li 

3                                         690 

l.'Ol 

1.352 

3S 

43 

6 

.103,997 

175,»'i2 

5.232 

6.914 

1,-198 

1,115                          '         197,611 

3,330                         1               5:i.1.-.33 

There  were  lost  in  Ihe  Italtic,  in  I'^liO,  It  Ilritish  ships,  of  the  burden  of  2,807  Ions;  and  S  liritish 
iliips,  of  the  burden  of  l.H2.'i  tons,  were  detained  in  it  by  the  frost  at  the  close  of  the  year,  and  obliged 
10  winter  in  its  various  porl.s. 

EMB.\RGO,  an  order  is,5ued  by  the  government  of  a  country  to  prevent  the  sailing  of 
ships, 

EMER.MjT)  (Fr.  Em>'raude  !  Gvr.  Smrlrmrd ,•  It.  Srncra/di)  ,•  Ijnt.  Smmn^dtis  ,•  Sp. 
EHineralfid),  a  precious  stone  in  liip;h  estimation.  It  isdistitiiTuished  from  nil  other  p;emsby 
its  peculiar  ennnilif  grrrii  lustre,  vnryiiiK  in  intensity  from  the  jnilest  possible  tinge  to  a  full 
aiitl  deep  colour,  than  which,  as  Pliny  has  truly  stated,  nothing  can  be  more  beautiful  and 


692 


emi:ry,  emigrants. 


^k1 


"••JOB 

C5 


IT***' 
•     1 

I  * ... 


S|)iTilic    Hnivity   from  S-d   li)  ', 
C/tcntinIri/.) 

"  l'"<ir  till' liiBl  two  rciiliirlcH  nnil  more,  llio  "lily  roiiiilry  known  lo  yirld  riiiiTiilils  i«  I'itii,  h  In  m 
Jtliy  111!  iir  ill  H;iiil.i  IV,  ainl  in  llic  valley  nl'  'ruiira.  Srvi  ral  larL'r  Hfiiinw  linNc  H|i|ii'ar>'il  in  llnrnini: 
nliniit  "J  .\  iMirK  iiL'ii  1  rill  line,  e\ii  eiliiiy  •JininccH  in  wetL'liI,  I'ur  Hie  Klii|i  rer  nl'  Munii'ii,  liiil  it  w-.t^  |,||| 
(■r  iiiiiierrei'iiiinH,  'I'lie  lart'e^'l  MiieiMiieii  kimwii  is  an  liexaumml  ervmal,  nearly  n  imlie^  Ihnl'.  aiiij 
aliiive  ■.!  in  ili  iineler.  'I  IiIh  t'eiiii  lintvever  xi'iall,  in  ho  rarely  xeen  prrlei  i,  llial  'an  mieralil  wnliuiu  n 
(law  '  Ins  |ia».<eil  into  ii  proverli.  A  line  •ilonr  of  I  larats  may  lie  valneil  nl  10/.  or  .')I7  ,  or  even  iiiorp 
if  very  |iiire.  Inferior  Hlone.s  of  1  or  2  caralH  are  «olil  at  from  l(l.<.  to  *(',>.  per  rariit  ;  anil  if  .«inalle|-  anil 
ilefi'i'iive,  at  III.1.  or  ITi.v.  perearat.  Fine  emeraliU  are  rare,  anil  in  hiiiIi  ileinanil.  that  a  parliiiilar  Kiiit 
lias  lieeii  known  lo  have  pa.iseil  inio  the  possession  of  ii  serieM  of  piirrhaner:',  anil  to  liavi.'  niaile  tlio 
tour  of  Miirope  in  Hie  loiirse  of  half  a  i-niittiry." — (Jluirr  un  Jliuniniiilx,  Sil  I'll.  p.  Idl.) 

VsWViliV  (^Fr.  /•Jiiuril,  Eiiuri;  iicr,  Smlr^rl ,•  It.  Kmcrfiliit,  Sinen^io ,-  Sp,  f'snicril ,- 
RiiH.  Ninilidnlc ;  Lilt.  Sin'iris'),  a  iiiiiu^ral  liroiinht  to  Urituiii  from  tlic  islt.'  of  Nnxoa,  wlieroit 
exists  ill  larL'i'  (juutitilios.  It  occutH  also  in  (Ji'miuiiy,  Italy,  uml  Hpaiti.  It  is  iilwny.s  in 
shajn'lcss  iiiassiv,  and  ini.vod  witli  otlu-r  iiiiiirralti.  Colour  iiitcrmi'iliatc  lu-twiTii  (;rryisli 
Mack  mill  hhii-li  uroy.  SpicKic  uravity  alvnit  '1.  JjUtitie  ulisti'iiiii.L;  ami  ailaiiiaiiiiin'. 
Emery  is  fxii'iisivciy  iiscil  in  ilii;  |ii)lisliin^  of  hunt  lioiiii.'.-*.  Ilti  lino  powder  Ih  obluined  liy 
trituration, — ( 'I'/iom^dii'.s  C/innif-fri/.) 

(lO.MKiKA.NTS. — It  will  bniswii  from  the  subjuincd  accounts,  that  thcMnimlit'r  of  omiijranl.s 
to  (.'anada  and  the  riiilcd  ."^titcs,  wa.s  very  dfcidcilly  ujrcater  in  1831  and  IS'.i'i  than  in  eiilipr 
of  the  'Z  pieeedini;  or  2  following  years.  The  falling  oil"  in  Ih:);J  seems  to  have  lieen  iiiainlv 
a  consrijueiiee  of  (he  alarms  occasioned  hy  the  hreakiiif;  out  of  cholera,  duriii]i;  the  |ire\ii)ii^; 
very  iii'ijr.ivated  state,  in  some  of  the  emiurant  ships,  ami  ut  Uuehi 


year, 


ip, 


inisiiicr; 


cir- 
ilily 


cmnsluiiie  had  less  inllueiiee  in   ISIM,  and  t!ie  emigration   for  that  yiarwasc 
greater;  Imt  it  has  since  f.illen  oil',  particularly  to  Canada,  partly  because  of  the  intiea 
jirosperity  of  this  country,  and  partly  because  a  higher  price  is  deinaiided   for  government 
land  in  Canada  than  for  public  land  in  the  United  iStates. 

Arroiint  of  the  Niimlier  of  KiiiJsraiil.s,  sneiilyiiiK  the  ('i)iiii- 
triis  wlierire  ihey  raaie,  anil  llie  Nilliiiiers  from  caili,  that 
arrived  at  liucliei.'  ilnrinu  the  Seven  Vuars  ending  willi 
\fiXt.—lParl.  Paper,  No.  70.  Hess.  1830.) 


Whcr  •  trim. 

is2i). 

1S30. 

ibJi. 

10,343 

1^3.'. 
I7,1SI 

1SJ3. 

.•>,I'J- 

IS34. 

IKIi- 

Ki.flvil  »iiJ  Wales 

a.m  1 

(i,7'K.l 

6,7!«l 

.;,()o7 

In-liii'l       • 

9.<)H 

I^,3(X1 

34,133 

2-,.>i)l 

li,OI3 

IB.JdIi 

7,  ins 

Si-o'hii.l     . 

ii,IM3 

2,430 

&,3ii4 

5,->00 

4,19b 

4,591 

2,127l 

ll.iMiliicr|{handOib- 

nltir     - 

. 

. 

. 

IS 

Nnva  Scotia,  N"\v. 

riiiii!l.ui.l,    West 

lulus,  fcc.  ii.-.  • 

123 

4-.t 

424 

546 

34".        3;w 

2r. 

l-,94i 

2s,noo 

AJVl 

.■>I.74B 

21.7  .i     30.91-1 

IJ,r,27 

tinu.t  TmIiI 

211,152 

netiirti  of  the  Niinilinr  of  F.inierntits  frniii  the  United  Kinird 
Colonies  and  Countries  I'ur  wliicli  tliey  cluarud  out,  uml 
{Pari.  Paper,  ut  supra.) 


Enchnit    • 
Smlland    • 
Ireland 

Totals 

Colonies  in  North 
America. 

Unitnl  SLitM  of 
America. 

Cape 

of  Good  Hope. 

Auslrilian  Colonics. 

1S)3.    1     IS34. 

183-1. 

18.13. 

IS34. 

IS3-.. 

1S33. 

IMI. 

ib.r.. 

32.-, 

• 

1S3.1. 

ISJI.  i    l«3.>. 

Mf-;  \    i;,->JO 

S,i92        1.9.14 
17,431       JS,.i86 

.i.iiir. 

i.AW 
9,4  ■■» 

2.',;i'i_' 

l,'J-.3 
4,7l>4 

.'-..nsi 

2.SSIII 

4,213 

33,1)71 

2J.n-io 
1,'J'JO 
2,0^4 

2o.7iO 

5lli 
•)I7 

2b1 

1 

3.317 

2'i3 

23 

131^        III 
2,MX)       l.StO 

23,S0S  1    40,000 

|-),)73 

J!',  109 

2-S 

32.') 

I.OIO 

r    , 


Total  Number  of  Emigrants,  in  ls33,  02,527— in  lb3»,  70,222— in  1835,44,488. 

Pcwscna^er  Acts — Pollci/  of. — It  appears  from  the  above  statement  that,  durinq;  1S3^, 
183-1,  and  1835,  no  fewer  than  183,237  voluntary  emigrants  left  the  I'liited  Kingdom; 
173,31'!  being  destined  for  America,  and  9,893  for  the  Australian  colonicR  and  the  (-'ape  of 
Good  Hope.  Such  being  the  extent  to  which  emigration  is  carri(-d,  the  projiriety,  or  rattier 
necessity,  of  enacting  some  general  regulations,  with  respect  to  the  conveyance  of  einigr.inU 
to  their  destination,  must  be  obvious  to  every  one  at  all  acc|uaiiited  with  the  subject.  The 
greater  number  of  emigrants  are  in  humble  life;  few  amoii'^  them  know  any  thing  of  ships, 
or  of  the  |)recautions  necessary  to  insure  a  safe  and  comfortable  voyage  :  they  ore,  also,  for  the 
most  part  poor,  and  exceedingly  anxious  to  economise,  so  that  they  seldom  hesitate  to  embark 


KMUi  RANTS. 


053 


ntiiiucH,  if  il  i1'>  not  Hur- 
fr  nl;iri'  of  Iho  more  liril- 
ilifii.'il  l>y  t!>f  <i"''l  •''>- 
i,   S.yiliia.      'I'li'wi'  'iicl 

111.  of  U  llUlfl*  liUUlT  KIZi', 

wil  one  i\Hiiin'V<'-«liii.sin 
lifcn  fouiul  crystiilliMMl. 
vii.    cap.   il.;  Tlwinsim's 

,(  ,.ni.Ti-l"lH  iH  IVrii.  wl>.  r« 
,,„v.'  i.|.i..'!>r.'<l  iM  l.iimiM. : 

,    ,„.„rlvt*ii">";t  '"",'•'•'""' 
llni  ■iini'iiii'r:i\(l\Mlli(mui 

.„  KU.  or  M'/  .  ".f  ''\';" "'""; 
„.rriiriil:anilit  siinl  .v  iu.l 

I.mI.  p.  lltl.) 

Sincniiio;  »!>•  /■>""''•'/,• 

he  UKM)f  Nft'txa,  wluTiMl 

\\  Spiiin.  I>  ■»'  '>1^^'''>'^  '" 
ormi'ilirtU'  lH-tw<'rii  Kn-yisU 
lisUMiiiii;  i>i>«l  ii'l'.'iiiniiiiif. 
mil  powder  i't  .iblaiiad  by 

\Mit  thi-  luiiulH-r  of  iMuinnmts 
431  ami  I8:i':  llvm  imithcr 
(s,.,-inslohiivi-l'<'t'»i".''"'ly 
•holorii,  iluriii«  tlif  \muoM 
a,ul  «t  Qiu'l'^H-.  'I'Uis  nr- 
r  that  yt  ar  war;  (•()nsiiicr;ilily 
ly  because  of  the  inniMsin.; 
ilcmandud   for  -.>)vcvunuMit 


11  111  '">-■,     __   ••.,,1,     rp.,i,i    I  i,, 


•^T  l^n-l,  ami  I'^^r.,  specifynistlio 
hors  llial  cleared  out  l"t  wuU- 


Australiin  Coloiiin. 
1K». 


IKJI.  1   1S33. 


3.317       2,»«  ,    1,-W 

\i>3       i3t ;     '!« 

a ' 


i,.2-22-ii>  1835, 44,488. 


statement  that,  durmR  ISA 

,m  left  the  Vnitcd  Kingdom, 

lian  colonies  and  the  Ux\^^oi 

|uried,thepropriety^orra.h<-r 

pthcUvcyaneeofemv^ra.. 
inted  with  the  i=uh,,ert.      IHl 
I  em  know  any  thin,  of  sh,rs 
|voyai;e:theyore.also,fo 
ihey  seldom  hesitate  to  embark 


in  any  chip,  howe\(r  vnit'it  fir  tlie  enuxeynnee  i>f  pa.<!<eni|er»,  or  inndenuately  Hupplied  willi 
proviMionii,  provideil  it  he  "ii/i.  I'liprMieipleil  ni.iNterrt  unil  ownern  li.jve  not  iMeii  hlcw  to 
take  iiilviiiitaije  oflliis,  ninl  in  order  to  prevent  llie  fraiid.t  lh;it  liuvo  liefii,  imil  ll):il  would  he, 
praelined  on  the  unwary,  it  hiis  lieen  found  indispensulile  to  liiy  down  Hoine  general  reuula- 
liouM  ax  to  the  inandier  of  p.issciiijera  to  Ite  t.iken  on  l)oiiril  nhip.s  ui  eouiii.iri'(|  with  their  ton- 
niiye,  the  ipiaiitily  of  water  luid  pruvisionn  uh  eoni|iared  with  the  pu-seniiers,  \e.  Ihit  this 
in  no  very  euj^y  la.-ik.  If  the  liuiitulioiiH  Ik-  too  Htriet,  that  is,  if  eouipanilively  few  pa^.^en^ern 
may  fc  carried,  or  il  tl»e  hloek  of  provixions  to  he  put  on  hoard  he  eitiier  unneeeKsarilv  largo 
or  expeii.tive,  t!ie  eost  of  enii.;ration  I.h  proportionally  enhanced  ;  and  an  arlifiei.il  an>l  -serious 
iuipeiline.'nt  is  thrown  in  the  way  of  what  oui;l»t  to  he  nmile  ax  ea.sy  a.s  piwsilile,  I'onsiMtont 
with  Hcenrily.  Hut,  on  llie  tulier  hand,  if  too  many  passeni^er^^  lie  ulloweil.  their  heaUh  in 
lialile  loMnUrr;  and  nhonld  the  supply  of  provisiiMiK  he  inadequate,  or  tlic  (pialiiy  lial,  tho 
nm.sl  serious  eonseqnenees  lu.iy  ensue.  The  Pas.'^aije  Aet  ((i  (J.  1.  e.  1 10.)  olilii,'ed  to.i  i;reat 
a  tpianliiy  of  expen-ive  proxisions  to  he  put  on  iioard,  and  was,  in  eonsecpienee,  olijecUil  to 
by  einii;rants  as  will  as  >!iippers.  The  aet,  !)  (i.'l.  e.  "1.  (art.  l»»ssKMa.Ms)  avoi.ld  ildi 
error ;  lint  it,  too,  was  deleeti\  i',  inasnnieh  as  it  made  no  provi.-ion  with  r<'speet  to  tlie  sulii.ii'ney 
of  tile  Hhip,  the  haviii'.;  a  surgeon  or  otlur  properly  tinaiilied  inedieal  person  on  hoard  siiipa 
carryinj;  u  certain  nuniher  of  passeufrers,  and  in  otiier  partieulars. 

'J'liese  dt  lleieneies  iia\e  heen  in  part  supplied  hy  llie  aet  of  I8;J.')  (.')  (V  0  W.  1.  e.  .')■,!.),  of 
wiiieh  a  full  ahstrael  is  sulijoined.       Ihit  we  douht  whether  even  it   will  eoinplelely   answer 
the  end  in  view.     Durin<;   l.S:51  no  fewer  than    17  ships,  with  pas.sen:;ers  on  Iioard,  hound 
tor  (.^uohee.  were  wrecked  on  the  pa.ssane  ;  ViJl  enUKrants  losinj;  their  lives  in  eonse(|uene«», 
while  many  morn  lost  ino-t  part  of  their  property,  and  were  reduced  to  the  greatest  didicul- 
tles.     The.se   |os.ses  prineipally    took   place   in  the  ^'ulf  and   river  of  St,  J.awrenee;  Imt  wo 
■.^lould  err  if  we  aserihed  them  entirely,  or  prinei|ially  even,  to  tl"-  diilieulty  of  the  navi;,'ation. 
Enii;;rants  to  Quehee  are  mostly  taken  out  in  ships  enu'a;;ed  in  the  timher  trade;  and  it  is 
well  known  that,  speakins;  iLj'iU'rally,  these  are  a  very  interior  class;  it  heini;  the  usual  prac- 
tice to  turn  worn-out  shijis,  unlit  to  carry  dry  car;;oes,  into  this  department.     Must  jiart  of 
the  catastro|ihies  alluded  to  may,  we  are  assured,  lie  ascribed  to  this  eircumstanee,  and  to  the 
misiconduct  of  the  masters  and  crews.     We  doubt  whether  the  clause  (7th)  in  the  jin'.sunt 
aet  as  to  llie  sea-worthiness  of  the  ship  will  bo  sulVn'ieut  to  obviate  the  disasters  arising  from 
tlie  use  of  i.nproper  vessels.     Atid  we  incline  to  think  that,  in  addition  to  what  is  sl.iied  in 
the  act,  il  should  be  further  proviiled  that  all  liritlsh  ships,  not  htandiii'^  in  the  class  .\.  or  tho 
class  Au.  of  the  new  register  (see  /mut),  should  be  prohiliited  from  undertakiui;  to  carry  pusseii- 
<;ers;  and  (hat  either  some  similar  re;;ulation  should  be  adopted  with  re.-pect  to  fori'i^ii  sliijis, 
or  tliat  liiev  siiould  be  prohibited  from  elearin'4  "ut  witli  passen,;;ers,  unless  re|)orltd  .is  sea- 
worthy and  suitalile  for  their  conveyance  by  (;iiveriiinent  surveyors  ap|ioinled  lt)r  that  ptir- 
liuse.    There  can  be  no  ([uestion  as  to  its  beini;  the  hounden  duty  of  (jfoverninent  to  lako 
every  reasonable  precaution  for  olivialinp;  shipwreck.     And,  even  if  liij^her  considerations  did 
not  make  an  ellectual  interference  imperative,  il  i.s  pretty  certain  that  the  elieck  given  to 
cniii^ration  to  Canada,  by  the  shipwrecks  and  destruction  of  life  that  have  recently  taken 
(ilace,  is  mueli  greater  tlian  any  thateoul  1  be  given  by  the  trilling  addition  that  the  adoiition 
of  somi'  such  plan  as  has  now  heen  suggested  would  make  to  its  cost. 

The  subj-'cting  of  ca|)lains  of  ships  to  an  examination,  and  the  exclusion  of  spirits  (see  arti- 
cle Sines,  .Su/)j)kineiit),  \\ou\d  go  far  to  obviate  t!»e  other  causes  of  loss.  'I'lie  abso- 
lute ]iroliiliition  of  ardent  spirits  in  emigrant  ships,  except  as  a  medicine,  has  been  strongly 
reeoiiiiiiended  by  Mr.  Uuchanan,  the  agent  for  emigrants  in  Canada.  This  recommendation 
shotilil,  we  think,  be  adopted.  It  is  partially,  indeed,  carried  into  elVect  by  the  10th  clause 
of  the  sulij  lined  act.  J3ut  the  better  way  would  be,  not  to  allow  any  spirits  of  any  sort  to  ho 
tikeii  on  b.ianl  ships  conveying  emigrants,  except  a  few  gallons  to  he  used  as  a  cordial  in 
case  it  should  be  recommended  by  the  doctor.  If  more  than  this  be  allowed,  it  will  all'ord 
facilities  for  the  clandestine  introduclioa  of  a  slill  greater  quaulily  ;  and  caniiol  he  otherwise 
than  injurious. 

The  new  aet  does  not  make  it  im|)erative  on  shi[)s  conveying  passengers  to  America  to 
have  a  surgeon  on  board  ;  and,  perhaps,  when  hound  for  iVew  Voik.he  may  not  be  riMiuired. 
But  tlie  voyage  to  Quebec  is  ofien  very  tedious ;  and  much  sulleriiig  and  loss  of  life  have 
iVi'iiueiitly  arisen  from  no  medical  olllcer  being  on  hoard  emigrant  sliij)s  destined  for  that 
jiori. 

It  has  heen  said,  that  if  we  lay  constrictions  on  the  conveyance  of  emigrants  to  Quebec,  it 
will  iiiiike  \ew  York  the  great  landing  port,  and  throw  the  business  of  their  conveyance 
entirely  into  the  hands  of  the  .Americans.  But  the  legulalioiu  enforced  in  the  subjoined 
;'.ct,  and  l!\ose  we  have  suggested,  apjily  equally  to  both  parties.  And  it  is,  besides,  true  that 
u  continuance  of  the  old  system,  attended  as  it,  no  doubt,  would  have  been  by  a  repetition  of 
the  most  appalling  disasters,  would  have  had  the  very  elli'Ct  falsely  ascribed  to  judicious 
regulations.  It  would  have  prevented  any  one  not  compelled  by  necessity — who  was 
not,  ill  iael,  a  beggar — from  sailing  in  a  vessel  bound  for  Quebec.     We  suhjoiii  the  now 


i 
S 


act;— 


3i 


094 


KMKJUANTS. 


Sam 

Ml    :^ 


o 


•1 


'I  , '   i 


llrpciil,  .Vc-Tlio  nd  (I  (IcO.  1.  r   91.  illm  l.  il  to  hf  ri-peiilfil  -  }  I. 

A"  >7i(/i  to  Kiiil  irllh  iiiiirr  Ihan  'I'hrrf  I'l  r^oiiii  nn  liiniiilfnr  trrrfl  h'irf  Tunil.  —  Mo  uliip  l'nrryin(|Kiiiii<in. 
RiTH  iVoni  iiiiy  I'lTl  iir  iilin-  In  lli.'  I  .  K  ,  nr  In  'iiiiTiiNry,  .lrr«i'y,  Alilrrin'y,  Hnrk.nr  Mini,  nn  iiny  vny 

Hiti'  I'lir  iiii>  jxitl  or  |il:ii'i'  nnt  t<(  l';ur>i|ii',  mmiI  imi  wiiliin  llii'  M<  iliirrr:in>  iin,  hIi;iII  | ri'ij  nn  jiJr 

vi>)iii;i'  w  nil  nmri'  III  in  '.t  |M'r>>i>ii'<  on  liniiril  I'lr  ivrry  .'i  tniiH  ui'  ijn-  r<'iri"lrri'il  linnli'ii  ni'  nnli  nhiii,  iji,. 
niiiftrr  anil  rrrw  Immmi;  liiilnilril  In,  unit  I'lirniliin  purl  cf,  him  li  pri'mrilnil  nnniluT;  iiinl  im  xliiii.  Iki'vihk 

ni'iri'  lliuii  oiii-  ilirk,  hIi:iII  iiirry  iiiiy  imih virx  npnii  niiy  mn  li  vn)ii;;i',  mil'  nx  xlio  hr  nl'  iliu  liriu'lil  »i 

01  li'i'l  III  leant  lirl»  It'll  ilnkn  ;  iiliil  nn  Kliip,  liiivlnif  iiiily  iiiii'  ilii  k,  ^llllll  curry  iiii>  |<a««i  n':i'r'<  npnn 
ittiv  Kin  li  v<iMt;;>',  nnli'S'4  ii  pl.iHorni  li<'  lanl  hi'iii'illi  «iirli  ilci  k.  «'•  im  in  iiH'onl  ii  npai  c  nf  iIh'  Ih'il'Ih  ,,| 
ut  li'iMl  "li  I'll  I,  mill  no  xliip  hIiiiII  have  iimri'  than  'i  liirN  nriiirllH  ;  iiinl  no  hIiIji  liivinu  'i  lii'moriicriliii 
rIiiiII  riirry  iiiiy  paHHi'iiui'rti,  on  any  xinli  voyaiii-,  iiiil>':"4  ilnri'  In-  an  iiitrrval  ol'  il  mi  Ih'h,  iiI  Iiii'.i,  I,,..' 
Iwi'i'li  till'  ill''  ''V  or  pliiiriirni  ami  lioi  ll'ior  nl'llio  Inwir  tirr,  tlir'Hiulioiil  llh'  wlmlo  rMiiU  llnrror:  pni. 
vlilril.  Hull  wliali'Vrr  hr  llir  l"iin.ii/r  orHii'  f!iii',  no  (;ri  alir  niiinlM'r  iit'ptr^oii,.  uliall  Im'  laki  ii  nn  hnaril 
nn  piiH-o'i'tfiTH,  Ilia  II  Mill' II  Im  iifii  r  llio  ralr  i  if  one  pir'^on  lor  I'vorv  HI  «i||m  rl'nlal  li-il  iil'llii'  lowrr  ilcck 
or  platroriii  iiiioi'i'upu  il  liy  i;oiiils  or  i-lori'H,  nol  lii'lni;  tlw  pmniiial  liivuiilti' ol'  hiii  li  pir^'iiH,  n'  ,\i,], 

Kliip  xli'ill  ii"t  liavi!  lu  ii:i<<Fi  III!'  Ill n  Ikt  voyaur,  nr  iilb'r  ilio  rate  nl'  oiiu  hiiiIi  pcrinin  I'nr  every  l.'i 

riear  Hiiiierlii  i.il  f''el,  il  hiiiIi  nlilp  liiive  to  piinn  llni  line-  J  U. 

<iiiiiii'i'ii  if  t\'iilir  iinil  l'riiri.ii:in-  h>  hf.  nirriiil  hii  /V.or/*  r  il\  Pniftnirfr*. — Nn  nlilp  ( nrrylnir  paKHi-n- 
Rern  i>ii  aiiv  voyatfe,  iii*  al'oreHalil,  nliall  In-  rleareil  out  lor  mull  v>  yuu"  lioni  any  port  In  llie  I  .  I\  ,  ur 
hi  llie  li-laiiiU  III' (iiierriKi'y,  ,lerney,  &i'.,  iihlesH  there  lie  nrliiiilly  lailrii  ami  mi  Iniaril  mii  li  »|i|{i  umik) 
iiml  wliol'K'iine  proviHioiiH  for  llie  iiki'  ami  ronsiiniption  ol'  Hie  lanl  piiH-'eiii.'er^,  over  ami  almve  thi' 
vicliiiillliii  ol'  the  irew,  to  the  iiiiioiinl  or  in  the  proporlmn  I'olliiwlnff  ;  \  i/..  a  mipply  il'  the  ifiillniiH  „f 

iiiirii  water  to  every  week  of  I  he  loiiipillMl  voya«e  Inr  every  paftiinijer  on  hoiiril  miili  whip,  om  ji  \\ii|i..f 
ii'liilt  larri'il  In  tanki*  or  swei't  iiivK^,  ami  a  supply  ni' 7  IIih.  weight  ol'  lireail,  lil'iiiit,  calnii'aj,  up 
lireail  Hlnll'-i,  to  every  week  ol'the  loiiipiiteil  voyau'e  I'lr  every  piiN-ieiii.'er ;  provnled.  tliiii  in  Hn'  eyicin 
fit'  one  tlilrl  oi'  win  h  supply,  anil  no  more,  7  lli.-i.  « I'liMii  of  piitatoeH  may  he  liehl  tn  he  ei|iiivaleiii  in  l 
III.  Weii'lit  of  lir'Hil,  liHiiiil.  oatmeal,  or  hreail  sinll'-,  in  ilie  .-tiipply  nf  'iiiy  hlilp  h'  iiliil  I'l  any  pl.ne  m 
North  Aim  rli  a  .  provuieil,  that  w  hen  any  '<lilp  hliall  he  ilesllneii  in  rail  at  a  pint  or  plai  e  in  Hie  i  mir^i 
of  her  voyace,  fur  the  piirpoxe  nf  tilllm.'  up  her  «ater,  a  supply  of  m  iter,  at  the  rale  helnre  menlHMii'il 
for  every  week  of  the  ■  nnipiiti  il  voyime  to  hiiiIi  purl  or  plin  e  nf  lalliii).',  uliall  he  ilefineil  In  he  a  iiiiii-' 
|»lianie  Willi  the  prnvisluliH  of  IIiIk  111  I.~^  :I. 

JV'hwAi  r  of  ()■.(/..•  rii/di.-ilr  for  /'"•,»;"  if  /  V«.«r/.  — The  till  ml"' r  of  weeks  ileenieil  In  he  neiTS'<arv  fur 
llie  Vny  iL'e  nf  any  hiii  II  :<hlp,  lu't'oriliii);  to  her  ili'Htinatlon,  sliall  liu  (luluriiiiiiL'il  hy  the  fii||nwni;,''ruli 
nf  coinpnlalinii ;  vi/.. 

I''or  11  voyiijji;  to  North  Aiiii'rirn,  10  woekn. 

—  Smith  .\inerlia,  on  the  Atlantic  (U'caii,  or  to  the  West  Coiit  of  Africa,  12  woekf 

—  the  (ape  nf  (inilil  llnpe,  I.')  Wei.'Ki!. 

—  In  the  MaiiritiiiH,  In  weekn. 
Anv  iitlier  vnyaue,  V!!  weekn.  -i,l  I 


riff\c 


to  I' ntiiimr 


I'l 


111  mill  ll'iiirr  brforr  t)i'i'nrtiirr  nf  f'l-.'.^f.'.—Tlefiiri' any  siicli  ship  shall  In 


rleareil  mil.  the  nllicers  of  i  ii-tmiiH  shall  Hiirvey,  or  cause  in  he  surveyed  hy  hoiih  cmiijieteiit  pen 
the  prnvisiiihs  iinil  water  hefnre  reipiireil  fur  the  ( luisiimptimi  of  llie  pa«seni;erH,  ami  iisi 


■nam  i.nt 


tliesaiii''aiesui'i  t  ami  unnil,anil  nhalt  alsniisierlaiii  llrit,  over  anil  .ilin\e  the  Hani".  I  he  re  is  m,  Imarilaii 
uii'Ple  sii|ipl;,  ol'  wat'T  anil  sinriH  t'nr  the  \  ii  Inillini;  of  the  crew  nf  the  ship ;  ami  such  nilicers  sliiill 
uIh'i  iiscerialii  Ihit  llie  ilirectinin  In.'reiii  cniitaiiiLd,  in  respect  of  lliu  HlliialioiiH  of  herilis,  have  liei  n 
coiiipli''il  Willi  —J  .'i. 

'J'lilil.'  if  ihr  Vrirm  if  Pror'tsiiniii  tit  he  ,^nlll  on  hm/ri/.— The  iiiiiHter  nf  every  fitch  HliipHhull  cause  a  ImIiIc 
In  he  drawn  up  oil  lie  prices  at  wliicli  any  provisimiH  or  stores,  to  he  sold  liy  any  persmi  mi  hniril  imjie 
passeii'.'ers.  iliniiiir  the  voya'.'e.  are  tn  he  siipplnd  ;  iiml  il  copy  nf  the  Hiiine.  printed  or  Wiilleii  nil', 
fair  and  le'/iMe  inanner,  shall  he  allixed  in  N"me  cnnveiiieiil  ami  conspiciimis  place  mi  lioani  salil  s!ii<i. 
lie  !  Ii.ill  he  niaiiilained  fur  C'lniinii.il  relerenie.  as  well  iliiriiiu  tile  pi'rio'l  in  wlinii  passiii. 


'iii''il 


and  llie 

pe|-i  -h  ill  In 

tahle  sli  ill  III  .'iiy 

cniiiailie.l  shall  lie  enlist  riled  as  rei|iiiriiiu  the  master  nf  any  ■'hi  |i  tn  provide  pro  vis  inn  >  nr  stmes  I'  r  tlit 


'  diiriiii.'  the  \\  liiile  of  the  vnyaffe  ;  and  no  liiL'iier  prices  III, in  are  sl.ili  d  in  siuii 


■  he  cli.irL'ed  for  such  prnvisimis  nr  stores  dnrliii.'  the  vny  iiL'e  :  hill  iioili 


III','  iiiriiii 


{iiirpi 


if  sale  tn  passei'L'ers  who  have  cmilriicled  tn  viclliil  lliei 


■Ives  iliiriii'!  the  v 


I'ftlii'ie.^.s  nf  the  Ship  1 


iyai!e 


.1  11. 


rliiiiiril  liij  Si'rrrii.  —  if  iloiiliis  arise  wlli^tlier  any  ship  aliniil  tn 


proceed  with  piissi'in.'ers,  as  lU'nresaid.  is  Heawortliy,  or  lit  I'nr  Inr  inti'lnled  voy  ii-e.  and  siicli  iliiiilu- 
are  not  ri'imiveil  tn  the  satisl'actloii  if  the  coll  -i  Inr  and  cninpiniller  nf  ciisti.ins  al  llie  pnri  trmii  hIiIi  h 
Kill  II  vessel  is  to  he  cleared  mil,  il  shall  lie  lawl'iil  for  sio'li  i  iillectnr  and  cmii|ilroller  tocan.-e  siii'lislii|i 
to  he  siirvi'ved  hy  'i  cmiipeteni  persmis  ;  and  if  il  he  lepmied  hy  iheiii,  that  such  ship  is  nut,  in  g|j,.|r 
opinion,  seaworthy,  with  relernnce  tn  such  vnyii'.'e,  sin  li  ship  shall  mil  he  clear  id  out,  iinli'ss  lliecim- 
t'.MitH  nf  such  ri'P'irt  h"  disprnved  to  Hie  salisfaclioii  uf  tin:  cniiiiiiissinnerH  nf  ciisloiiiH,  or  until  tile  liliip 
he  rendered  seaworlhv.— i.>  " 


Cipii 


.■lh.<iriir^.-  if  ilii.^  .let  to  he  kept  nn  bo<iril.—T\vii  copies  nf  Hii.s  act,  or  iihslrarts  nf  the 


provided  and  issued  hy  the  cmnnissimiers  nf  cnstmns.  and  aiitlienticaled  hy  Hie 


iecl.'r  or  cmnpnoller  of  ciislnins  at  the  p.irl  nf  d'arai 


till 


iil- 


slnll  he  delivered  tntlle  ni.isler.  on  ileiiiaiiil, 


hy  Hie  collector  or  complrnller  at  the  time  nlclearaece,  and  shall  he  kept  on  hnard  evi  ry  ship  proiceil- 
ins;  Willi  p  i--  nv'ers  as  afnresai.l.  and  mie  nf  sin  h  cnpi  'S  or  alistrailH  shall,  upon  reipiesl  made  to  llic 
master  of  ili  ■  ^liiii.  h  ■  produced  to  any  passeniier  for  his  [leriisal.-  l>  K. 

.H  .Miilinil  I'rni'iUiioi  r  III  mil  irilti  reirii  .^iiip  ciirnnnir  Illh  l'iisn-ii!;ir.i. —\it  ship  carrviiia  passeni'iTif 
iforesaiil,  e.\i  1,'pi  in  North  Amerii  a,  if  the  iiiiinher  of  passeiis.''  rs  ainniiiil  tn  nr 

ev.  Ace,  iiii- 


e  as 


to  any  p.irt  or  plic 

c.vceed   Kli).  sli.ill  clear  mil  frmii  any  p  irt   in  Hie  II.  K.,  nr  in  Hie  islands  nf  (Inernsey ,  .ler.- 

less  there  he  r:it''il,  ami  actually  serviiiL'  mi  linir'l  such  ship,  snine  p.'rs.iii  iliily  aiiliioiiz''d  in  pri 

as  a  physa'lan.  siiri:enii,  or  apulhecary 


iiii« 


111  nil  sinli  sliip  shall  put  In  s 'a,  or  prnceed  ell  Miih  vo\.e.!i', 
unless  sill  h  ni'Mlical  praclit inner  he  Ihereiii.  and  tunut  fnle  prnceeil  on  such  voy'i|>e,  lakiii!,'  with  liiiii  a 
ineillciii  '  <  lust  and  a  proper  supply  of  meiliciiii's,  iii>lriiiiienls,  ami  other  lhini;s  siiil.ilile  to  the  iii- 
ten.lifil  vo\a<:'';  ami  im  ship  carry  iiil'  pa;  sen<.'i'rs  under  the  prnvislons  of  this  act  sli  ill  clear  niil  Inr 
any  voyai'e  as  afnresii'l,  unless  there  he  aitiiilly  laden  and  mi  hnard  such  ■<hip  niediciiies  ami  nilur 


thin 
and  aviii 


llhl,' 


~-  iry  I'nr  the  medical  Ir'^atiin'iit  m'llie  pass'iiiiers  nn  hnard,  diiriiiL'  such  inlemled  viiyai.' 


ir  that  piirpnse,  iinr  unless  such   niedicines  ami  other  thiiiL's  shall  he  aili'ipiile,  in 


ainminl  and  liiiiil,  tn  the  prohalde 


evJL'encies  nf  anv  such  vnvinie 


mil,  Il 


nL'elller  Willi  sllcIl  ini'il 


liiilli 


ami  till 


slrill  also  he  put  on  hoard  evi  ry  such  ship  previmisly  tn  her  cleariiii;  mil  fur  sin  li  vnyaL' 


n  certil'n  ile  iiml  t  the  hands  nf  'i  nr  innre  niedji  al  ;ir.ii  tilimiers,  tn  Hie  I'U'ect  that  such  medicines  and 
tliiniis  have  lieeii  inspected  hy  tlieiii,  and  are,  in  their  jiidi^nieiit,  ailei|uale  In  meet  any  sm  li  prolialil'j 
cxiaencies.— 1,^  '.i. 


.S'/il/w  rarriiiiiiT 


PiiK 


n-pr.s   priihibitrd  fmni  riportiiiir  Spirits,  iVf.— Nn  ship  carryiii!,'  paFSeiisrcr? 'is 


afnresald  shall  he  cleared  out  if  there   lie  laden  nn  hnard  her,  hv  way  of  stores,  over  and  almve  tin 


stores   proper  for  the  crew,  any  (iiiaiitity  of  spirits  nr  slroin!  waters  lieymid  one  tenth  parti 


such 


quantity  us  would,  except  I'ur  thU  restrictiuii,  he  ulluyved  hy  the  ullicers  uf  ciistuuia  upuii  the  victual- 


/» 


FMKSRANTS. 


655 


-No  "I'll' ••""y'"'""'"''''' 

.,|l"inl>i"'<  ■"";''"''*'■" 

.„- •Willi  !'■•  l:.Kri..ml>"i'"l. 

!';  "'..1.1..'-.'-."  "",'; 

",u  HiKli  |Ht»o,.  lut  .very  b 
.,--Nnhliii"""\i>'«i'^;;'"'"; 

,,o,  .u.Ki'^''M'--";"^^r": 

,■    ,,,.„l.  I.l-'i".  '■:"""• '!•'" 

"'.pIvVwMi.ii''''''-''';'-'^';''} 
.'i..  i...\.ii"i"^-''i'"^"'''""' 

*      ,  „1.  I"  ">"l  '"  ■'">  !•'■"  "  '" 
■   V     t  or  111'"'-  nil"'"""*' 

''■;'.',;;;,."  ;„.,„r..u'.M,.,.>n..rt. 

;'^;.u>;j:ii.y  .I- '•""'-""'"" 


VcslCoiilof  Af'''^"'!''^'^'''" 


I«,.r„rpnnv^'Kl.''liil'Hhani'o 


|.11S 

vi'll'"'";""' 


,l„.ri'iHiiii 


liii;irilaii 


i.i,.  •  mill  ^"'1'  I'llii'T""''"'! 

;!;i;;;!;;i;i;'"'n»r>i'su.vci...u 

1""'    r.'  ,.,il..lu'^vlli.l'l«'s.,•1l- 
iirwr  xM>  '"  '   ...: ,  ,,,..1,  ,i,,,,i;is 


,,.,i,l.'.lN'  V    -  ,r„,„„l"ili 

,;,„.l|l>    <!'  ,lll"ill"l. 

liviTiill;''!'''     ',':,,;,,  prolTlil- 


Is'-liiiili.  ui""'  "■'!"' 

Is 


icsl  iiiaili:  ID  llio 
ll'-'iTS 


liiiiliiT  "I  I''"-     ■'-  ,,,,^,,v,  «ci„iin- 
I  '■■"'"    I     r      "'.I  '"  -'""  '"^'"'' 

|„S'll,  Of    I'f"'"    '.,,;„„  Willi  llllllil 


"      .-    ,V<,iiriUli'  iiill'iMii- 

Liisiuh^i'ii'';;;;'  ;  J,;"vi.ya...., 

l,_No  ..UP  carry;...  P--;--J: 


Itnn  lilM  nf  Niidi  «lilp  Tiir  thn  niiiwnril  voyir.'"  nnly,  A'cnrilliiii  ii>  lh'>  nnnihrr  nf  fftnnn*  (ntn(  Ihn  vny- 
ilKi-      i  Id. 

MiL'ttr  In  ilrlirir  /,i,.>  (./  I'liAiiriij^rr.t  lo  Ciillfliir  i/  Ciittiiw.'  -'Y\\i<  lin»lcr  of  I'Vrrv  ulilji  riirryltiK  pnil- 
i<t'iii;i'r«  iiliull.  111  lore  rli'iiriiitf  mil  hU  xtilji,  ihlivrr  In  llii'  inlliTlnr  nr  ullur  |iriiii  ijinl  ull'urr  nd  ii«|i.iiib, 
nl  Hiii'li  iinrl  'If  |iliiri',  II  llxt  Ml  wrilliiil,  luKi'llnr  »  llli  >i  ilii|iliraln  urtlic  ••  ii.ii-,  >|h'i  i(\  Inn,  iih  iiii  iiriili  ly 
lilt  limy  III",  111''  iiiiiiii',  Mill',  |iriilV. ,11111,  or  <M'rii|iiiliriii  nl  I'vrry  |ii<«iiit'<'r  nii  li.mril  "iicli  uliip,  w  iili  tint 
liiinii'  111'  ll.r  I'lirt  or  |il;ii'i'  ill  u  Imli  lir  Inili  i  unlriii  Inl  in  laiiii  liii  li  |i,'i<i>i'ii|;rr ;  iiiul  hiii  li  colli  riiir  or 
olli'T  nlDi'rr  rliall  llii'ri'ii|i<>ii  il<  livir  in  lln  iiinl  mii-lrr  a  rmiiiti  nniil  nl  mn  li  li-l  iiiuiii'il  li\  liim  ;  anil 
llin  iniiHti'r  hIiiiII  i'\lill<it  IliN  i  >iiMili'r|i  irl  ot°  lil^  i<:ili|  li«l  in  llin  i  nlli'iliir  nr  ullur  i  lii'l'  nllinT  m|'  riii- 
imiiH  at  any  imrl  iir|ilari>  In  M.  M.'«  iiiio'ikmhiim,  nr  In  II.  ^I'mniiinil  al  any  fur  Inn  |i  it.  at  »  liii  li  lhi< 
Halil  pa-'riiL'i'rK.  nr  any  111' tlii'iii,  «liall  111'  liinilril,  anil  uliall  it>'|i<ii-il  llir  h:iiiii' w  iih  mnli  <  nlln  tor  nr 
rlih  I  nlllii'r  111'  ilKlniii^.nr  hiii  li  i  n|i,ii|.  at  liH  litial  linrt  nl'  ll-i  liarilr  in  niii  li  |iiin'i'<.H|.'ii«       ij  I ' 

iiii'lir  111' a  !•   i|i  larryiiiK  painirn- 


,l/.i.- 


nt   to    linttl     Vltr't*r 


II  I'l.l 


tii't  nmiriir 


ml  /.. 


Till 


(.'irn  IIH  al'iiri-'aiiliiliall  mil.  ^vllllnlll  \ui  nr  li.r  jiirN  hiiih  ■  niixriii,  la  ml  nr  (nil  mi  xlmn-  any  |ia««i'nKi>r  nt 
any  pnrl  nr  iilari'  ntlirr  lliaii  that  at  \t  lid  |i  In?  iniilrai  Iril  In  lamlnr  |iiil  »iii  h  |i  iN^rnurrnii  xlmri'      1)  I'i. 

i/inr  Chililnii  iirr  tii  hf  roinftiilnl  I'nr  lln*  piir|in4ii  niiil  witliiii  tlir  niranlii'.' nl' tlii<  ail, 'j  iliililri'ii, 
cai'li  lii'inu  iimliT  lln*  l\\t''  nl'  1 1  yr.irK,  Imt  alinvn  tlir  hit  oI'T  yi'iirn,  nr  11  rliililriii.  I'.'irli  Ihiiik  iimlrr  tliu 
a.'i'  111'  7  yrarH,  n1i:iII  hi  all  i.iki  m  In'  rnin|iiili-il  a?<  niii'  pi'r?<nli  mil)  ;  uiiil  rlilMn..  ilinlir  lln-  iiKi'  nl'  \'t 
llimilllH  Hliall  lint  I'l*  iiii  lililril  in  tin'  niliiiliir  nf  prrnnliK.     0  I'' 

fiiny  II)  fii.ic  I'f  Ihh  iiliiiii.  H'luiy  »lii|i  ..hall  mil  .irtinilly  pi. I  In  Hi.i  anil  prniiTil  iipnii  any  iiili'mli'il 
vnyanfiin  tin-  ilay  a|i|ininli'il  I'.ir  I'l  il  |iiirpn-.i'  liy  any  innliin  I  mail  ■  hy  tin'  invmr,  niiflir.  nr  iliiilrrrr 

iir'Hinli  Kliip,  nr  iiy  tlimr  aL'riil,  u  itli   any  pa-^^i'tiu'i'r  wlin  hIiiiII  nii  tiial  il  ly  l»'  mi  liianl  Ilin  -a ,  nr 

icmly  In  prnii'i'il  mi  hucIi  iiiii'inli.l  vnyaj.-,  tlii'ii,  in  rvrry  siiili  i  i-r,  tin  in  bl^r  n|'  tin.  ^hip  ^.hall  pjiy 
inracli  anil  nvrry  pasHi'UL'iT  iih -Inll    liiivn   rniitraili'il  In  vn  lii:tl   lilmni'ir,  a  linr  at  tlir  ralr  nl'  I...  I'nr 

I'ai'li  il:iy  iliirlim  vvlilrli  I r  nIh'  hIi.iII  lir  iliialni'il  pri'Viminly  In  tin'  ai  liial  rlriirin: I  ami  linal  ili'> 

parlnii'  nl'  till'  nliip  nn  till'  vnyai.'''.  iml  tin'  wanii'  niiy  lir  rr  "Vrml  ilaily  ;  ami  ilh'  ini^ur  nlHiii  li  hIii|i 
iiliall  vicinal  raili  ami  ivrry  pasKcim.'r  at  Hliall  liavi'  iiinlrarli"l  In  lii>  Vii  tiiall  il  liy  tlir  xliip  n«  ni  r  mi 
anil  rrnlli  lln'  ilay  nn  appninti'il :  prnvjili'il  llial  tin  hiii  li  lini'  ntiall  lir  payalili'  in  ri'Hpi'it  nl'any  ilctciitjull 
of  till!  vi'HHi'l  liy  Hiri'HH  111"  wrallnr  nr  iillirr  iinivniilalili' iiii.sr.  -  i  11. 

I'lifsriiirrri  til  he  iiiiiiiiliiiiinl  fur  1"<  ll^iir.i  ii  fur  llinr  .Irrtnil.—  At  tin'  I'limt'  nf  liny  viiynUP  PVi'ry  pnr- 
doti  arrlv  iiiu  an  a  paHHi'iicr  al  any  pmt  nr  |>l  ic'  nliall,  ilnniii!  Ilii'  npaiT  nf  b  Imiiri  al'iir  arrival,  liA 
oi.lilli'il  In  riiiil:iiiii'  nn  Imaril  Hin  II  nIiiii,  ami  In  In'  pniviiliil  Inr  iiml  iMaiiiiaimil  nii  Inaril  In  llm  Haiiin 


liianmr  .11  iliiriii'_'  lln' vryaiir.  iinli'  -  it  h.-ivn  Inrn  I'vprr-i-ly  Nllpiilaiiil  lirlwn 


n  II  patiHi'iiurr  anil 


III'.'  inaHli'r  nr  "iirli  nlilp,  that  Htnli  p  iKMiini'r  sliall  imt  1 nlilli'ij  In  sin  li  maiiitinaiiri'  iliirini;  Hit'  Haiti 

\'^  liiiiirH,  nr  nnli'HH,  in  tin!  iillnrinr  prnHi'ciitinii  nl'  lirr  vnyai;i',  tin'  sliip  i|iiil  ninli  pan  nr  plan.'  witliiii 
till'  naiil  !"<  liniirH.  -  i  !.■>. 

Vniiiltir.i  III  rn.'f  i<f  Infrinfffiiiriil  iif  the  prtceiliDff  F.narlmtnlti. — If  nny  Hhip  rnrryinit  pitHHcnRKri  nn 
any  viiyai;i'  I'mm  llii'  |i.  K.,  nrllii'  UlainlH  ni'  JiimrnHi'y.  .Iithcv,  *ir..  tn  or  I'nr  nny  pnrl  nr  plain  nut  of 
Kiirnpc.  ami  not  In  tlm  Mi'ililiTrannaii.  sinll  i  arry  iinv  iiiimln'r  nt'  pa<npiiL''rH  I'Mirilini!  liy  mnrr  llian 
I  iifrsmi  ill  .'ill  llii'  prnpnrtinii  anllinri-ril  ;inil  allnwiil  liy  lliin  tiri-Hinl  ai  I  ;  nr  it'  ^m  h  >|iip  I'liall  nnt  lin 
ol  llii'  Iniu'lil  lii'lvvri'ii  ili'i  Kh  lii'I'nri'  rii|iiirril ;  nr  il'smli  a  platrnnii  as  lii'l'nri'  ilni'i  ii'il  nliall  iim  W  laiil 
iinil  i'iiiiIiiimimI  llirniii,'hiiiit  llm  u  linli' ilniatlnn  nl' hiii  li  vii\ai:i',  in  tlir  iiianmr  liil.iri' riiiniriil :  nr  if 
llii'rr  III'  mnrn  lli.iii  '2  lirrn  nl'  lif  rlliH  ;  nr  if  ilnr''  lin  nnt  tlirniiylinii.  I  In'  «  Inl''  il  lira  I  inn  nt  >m  li  vnjaijo 
riuili  an  inlirv;il,  an  is  lirl'nri'  pir>rrili(il,  lulwi'nii  tin'  iln  k  ami  tin'  llnor  nl'  llm  l"«  rr  liiT  nj'  liirtliH ; 
nr  it'siicli  .ship  !-liall  iliar  nnt  ami  piil  In  sea,  imt  hayinu  mi  linanl  >m  li  wati  r  ami  pinvi>miiH  a-  alnrt!- 
riiil,  I'nr  llm  nsnaml  I'miHiiiiiplinn  nrUm  pasHi'iiL'<'rH,nrtln'  kimi,  ami  tn  ilm  aimnini.  ami  in  ilm  prnpor- 
tiiin.  Iicl'iiri'  r(i|ilirril ;  nr  if  a  tahlr  nl'  tlir  prii  rs  nf  iirnyisimiH  nr  slnrrs  l.r  imt  I'Sliihilnl  as  Ihtnrn  rc- 
iliiirril  ;  nr  if  any  liiulmr  prirrn  llian  .iri'  naniril  In  hiii  Ii  tahh'  shall  Im  chart;!  'I  ;  nr  if  tlicrr  hi!  not  on 
iHiaril  Hinli  yrsscj  hiicIi  niriliriil  pnii  lilinnrr  as  afnrrsaiil.nr  siirli  nii'iln  incs  ami  i  llnr  t'lin::!)  nrci'ssary 
In  till'  imiliiiil  tr'^atini'iil  nf  llir  passi'iii;'  rs,  as  is  lirfnri'  n  i|niri(l ;  nr  if  sue  h  ship  shall  Im  ilcirml  mil  lio- 
I'h  list  nf  pasHi'iiifrrs  us  Iji'fnrc  imnlimii'il  liavr  lirrn  ilclivrrril  in  manni'r  ami  fnrm  .ilnri'salil  to 

•r  if  III'' cnpy  nr  alisirai  t  nf  ihis  ,icl  Ih! 
il  In  cnntiniii' nn  hnanl  smh  ship 


l.iri' 


sn 


illii 


iirli  oHii'i'r  iiH  al'nri'saiil ;  nr  if  any  hiii  ii  list  lin  \\  ilfiilly  fals 
nnt  pmilm  I'll  as  hil'nri'  rniuiri'il ;  nr  if  any  passi'ni;i'r  In'  lint 

us  lii'liirr  proviili'it ;  or  if  .any  passi'ii!.'i'r,  w  illimii  priviniis  cnnsnni.  In'  put  nn  slinri' at  any  plain  ntlirr 
llian  Ihal  al  wliii'li  till' niaslnr  hail  cniilracliil  In  I  iml  such  passi-iii.'i'r ;  tlm  inasirr  nf  sin  h  ship  shall, 
ill  ri'spri't  nf  I'liili  and  I'Vnry  slid;  nll'i'mi'.  In'  lialih',  m,  .•iiinnrirv  KMivntion,  as  is  after  mi'iiliniit'd,  to 
till'  payini'iit  nf  a  tiiir  nf  imi  less  than  .V.  imr  innri'  than  'id.'   stiilini:  llritish  iimmy 


0  If.. 


Ihf  Kiislil  I'f  Jirlmn  nf  l'iis.<nii'i  rs  iml  lnhiii  iiiriiii  vr  ohriiliriil      NnthiiiL'  Imnin  cnnlainnj  slnill  lake 


alirlili! 


any  riuhl  nf  snit  or  aclimi  which  may  accriii'  In  any  pa-s 


■r  nr  mliir  pcrsmi,  in 


rpspc 


iif  till'  lirnacli  nr  iniii-pcrlnniinmi!  nf  any  cmitract  inaili'  nr  inlcn  il  ii  '  •  lni\\  i  en  or  on  hi'liujf 


uf  HiiL'li  passi'nifi'r  nr  prrsnii.  anil  llm  niaslcr  or  ownrrs  nf  sin  li  ship.-  ^  I 


Prtisfnilii 


III  Hi 


r  II  I'f  l'iiiiillirn—'\'Uvi}  ari'  In  hi'  sued  I'nr.  pri 


till'  sinii'  nianncr  and  iindi-r  llm  sanii'  cmidilion,  as  in  llm  case  nf  pin 


•ili'il  \v  itii.  and  ili'!iriiiiii<!(l 


in 

litis  (art.  ."^M 

ill  pri 


iiltii' 


I  (a;i,lN(i)i  nr  ill"  acts  ril.'itini!  In  the  cuslnms,  or  tn  trade  nr  iia\  irali.i 


iii'.i'er  the  smiif'-'liliR 


I'inviileil,  llml 


I'l'rrimj  and  pmsecutiiii.'  imiii'lnienls  nr  inl'nrinalimis  under  this  act,  llm  ilim  inni  and  i onsen t  of 
Issiiiners  of  ciislniiis  shall   tint  hr  rt'i|iiired,  any  iIiiiik  in  such  acis  nf  parliaii.eiil  tn  the  contrary 


lioUvithstandi.H!.— ^  IH. 


Mll.-llr.^  I'f  rrs.-/'/.--  (ii  filler  intii  Iliiml  for  the  iliic  Vt.rformiinrr  of  Hfi.'iiliiliiins.—  Hi'fiire  any  sliip  carry- 
iiispas-eni/.'rs  dear  nut  from  llm  V .  K.,  or  llm  islands  of  (iimrnsey.  .lers.'V,  ic.  fnr  any  pnrl  nr  place 
niM  nf  Kiirnpe.  and  not  in  tin-  Meililerr.inean.  the  niasler  nf  s aid  ship  sli  ill  enter  inin  a  hnml  to  II,  M., 
with  mil'  L'lind  and  sullicieiil  surely.  In  he  apprnved  liy  lln'  cnlhcinr  nr  chief  ofi'u  er  nf  i  nsliiiis  at  Hie 
pnrl  nf  clearam  e,  in  tlm  sum  nf  I. ill  ill/  .  the  inndilioii  of  wliidi  hnml  sli.ill  he.  Ih.it  the  said  ship  l^i  sea~ 
wnrlliv,  and  III  it  all  the  rules  and  reL'nlaliniis  piescrihed  hy  this  act  h  r  tin'  c;uri.i',;e  .  f  passeimers  sliull 
lie  well  and  truly  performed  hefnre  ami  iliirini;  such  inleiiiied  vnyaL'e,  ami  lint  all  ;iei';.|iies,  fines,  and 
fiirl'i  iliiris,  \\  hiih  tlm  m.ister  nf  such  slii|i  may  he  senleiiced  nr  in'.jmlt'ed  tn  pay  in  respect  of  Hie 
hri'icli  nr  iinn-i>i'rfminance  nf  iiny  sinh  rules  and  remilalmns,  shall  he  well  and  iiiily  paid:  provideil 
thai  sndi  Inind  sluill  lie  wiilmut  stamps,  ami  that  no  such  Imnd  shall  li  •  put  in  siiil.ami  ili.it  no  prnsecii- 
tinii.  sail,  action,  or  inforiiialioii  shall  he  hrniiu'lit  hy  virliM!  nf  tliis  ml.  nr  hy  reasen  nf  the  hreacli  of 
;iiiy  iif  i!s  pmvisions.  in  any  of  ||.  .M,"s  pnssessmns  ahrnail,  after  the  e\pir  ilnii  nf  Vi  calend.ir  mniiths 
siiirceiliiiL'  the  cniiimem'emi'nl  nf  any  such  vnyacc,  mir  ill  the  \'  K..  nr  an;,  nf  llie  islands  hefnre  iiieii- 
tiniii'il,  afier  llm  e.vpiratinn  nf  Vi  cale'iular  nioiillis  iil'ler  llu!  teturii  nf  Hie  masi  t  tn  the  port  wliuiico  Ive 
saili'il  on  such  vovaue.— J  111. 

Kicrpii.iii  I'f  iiiii-tiniliir  .>>'//i/'.«.— Xntlii.'!!  in  this  act  shall  he  cniislnnd  loe\|iinl  to  sliijis  carryiii::  pns- 
siimers  ill  cases  in  which  tlm  niimlier  nf  prrsnns.  compuli'd  in  manner  hrl'nre  prnvided,  shall  mil  u.x- 
rpi'il  1  prrsmi  I'nr  every  fi  Ions  of  Hie  rei-islered  hurdeii  of  sudi  ship;  imr  shall  any  Hiiii);  in  this  act 
cxtenil  In  any  ship  in  the  service  of  Hie  Lnrds  of  the  .\diiiirally,  nf  II.  .M.'s  rostniasler  (Jeiieral,  or  of 
llie  KasI  India  Conipany.— J  20. 

Wii/nimii.s,.\'-r.,  ihiiiiril  in  South  Jlmrrirn. —Thi-  Hal.aina  Isliimls.  and  all  places  in  .Vtiierica  soutliwarda 
uf  tin;  same,  ::liaU  bu  Uot'ined  lo  bu  in  Soulli  America  lor  llic  purpuses  nf  this  uti.— {  21.— Sup.) 


\      I 


656 


ENGROSSING— EXCHANGE. 


.  « 


^ 


V| 


■It  '* 


c:> 


*  1 

J- 

♦  - 


^  i 


ENGROSSING,  is  "  the  buyincr  up  of  corn  ntid  other  dead  victunls  with  intent  to  sell 
them  again." — {lilnckstone,  book  iv.  cap.  1~.)  We  have  sliown  in  another  article,  howob- 
Burd  it  is  to  suppose  that  this  i)ractice  sliould  have  any  injurious  inlluence — (uiili;  p.  491.). 
But,  for  a  long  time,  most  scarcities  that  occurred  were  either  entirely  ascribed  to  tlie  inllu- 
ence of  engrossfrs  and  forestallers — (see  Fo!iKSTALLi\(i) — or,  at  least,  were  supjmsed  to  bo 
materially  aggravated  by  their  proceedings.  In  consequence,  however,  of  the  prevalence  of 
more  just  and  enlarged  views  upon  such  subjects,  the  statutes  that  had  lieen  made  for  tl)o 
suppression  and  punishment  of  engroiising,  forestalling,  Ac.  were  repealed  in  177~. — (See 
««/(■',  p.  48.'j.)  But  notwithstanding  this  rejieal,  engrossing  continues  to  be  an  indictable 
oHence,  punishable  at  common  law  by  fnic  and  imprisonment;  though  it  is  not  at  all  likely, 
were  an  attempt  made,  that  any  jury  would  now  be  found  ignorant  or  prejudiced  enough  to 
convict  any  one  on  such  a  charge. 

ENTRY,  BILL  OF.    See  Impoiitation. 

ER.MINE  (Ger.  Hermelin ;  Fr.  Herniine,  Ermine,-  Rus.  Gurno^tal),^  species  of  weasel 
(Mttslrlu  Candida  Lin.),  abundant  in  all  cold  countries,  particularly  Russia,  Norway,  Lnp. 
land,  &c.,  and  producing  a  most  valuable  species  of  fur.  In  summer,  the  ermine  is  of  a 
brown  colour,  and  is  called  the  s/ont.  It  is  in  the  winter  only  that  the  fur  has  thai  beautiful 
snowy  whiteness  and  consistence  so  much  admired. — (See  Frns.) 

IWPAUIV),  a  species  of  rush,  the  Stipa  tenacimma  of  botanists.  It  is  found  in  the 
southern  j)rovinces  of  Spain;  and  is  particularly  abundant  on  all  the  sterile,  uncultivated  and 
mountainous  districts  of  Valencia, — Beckmann  {Hist,  of  Invent,  vol.  ii,  p.  288.  Eng.  ej.) 
supposes,  ajjparently  with  good  rt  son,  that  the  stipa  ttnuci  simn  is  the  plant  described  by 
Pliny  under  the  name  of  Sparta,  who  ascribes  its  application  to  useful  purposes  to  the  C'ar- 
thagiiiians — (///.v/.  jVc//.  lib.  xix.  c.  S.).  It  is  still  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  in  anti- 
quity, being  manufactured  into  cordage,  shoes,  matting,  baskets,  nets,  mattrasses,  sacks,  (!tc. 
Cables  made  of  esparto  are  said  to  be  excellent ;  being  light,  they  float  on  the  surface  of  the 
•water,  and  arc  not,  therefore,  so  liable  as  hempen  cables  to  be  cut  or  injured  by  a  foul  bottom. 
They  arc  exclusively  made  use  of  in  the  Spanish  navy.  FJsparto  is  largely  consumed  in  the 
manufacture  of  alperi:^atcs.  These  are  liglit  shoes  worn  by  the  Valentian  peasantry,  Imvin?- 
platted  soles  made  cither  of  esparto  or  hein[>,  but  principally  of  the  former.  They  are  ex- 
tremely cheai)  and  commodiouii  in  hot  climates;  and  besides  being  in  extensive  demand  at 
home,  used  to  be  exported  in  immense  quantities  to  both  Indies;  but  since  the  emancipation 
of  Spanish  America,  this  trade  has  greatly  fallen  oil',  'i'he  Spanish  peasantry  have  attiiiiied 
to  wonderful  dexterity  in  tlie  manufacture  of  esparto.  "After  having  soaked  the  rush  in 
water,  ihi-  women  and  children,  without  either  wheel  or  spindle,  contrive  to  twist  two  ihrcails 
at  the  same  time.  This  they  do  by  rubbing  them  between  the  palms  of  their  hands,  in  the 
same  manner  as  a  shoemaker  forms  a  thread  upon  his  knees,  with  this  dillerence,  that  one 
motion  gives  the  twist  to  each  thread,  and,  at  the  same  time  unites  them.  To  keep  tiie 
threads  asunder,  the  thumb  of  the  right  hand  is  interposed  between  them  ;  and  when  that  is 
wanted  for  other  purjHises,  the  left  thumb  supplies  its  place.  Two  threads  being  thus  twisted 
into  one  of  the-bigness  of  a  large  crow-quill,  4G  yards  are  sold  for  little  more  than  \d.,  the 
materials  being  worth  about  ^th  part  of  the  price." — [lownsend's  Travels  in  Spain,  vol.  iii. 
p.  177.,  see  also  p.  129. ;  Flucher^s  Picture  nf  Valencia,  Eng.  cd.  p.  92.  and  p.  57.  &c.) 

ESTRICH  oil  ES'J'RIDGE  (Fr.  Duvet  d'aiilruclic  ,-  It  Penna  matlu  di  sirozzo ,- Sf. 
Plumuza  de  avesfrux  ;  Lat.  Struf/iionian  plnmx  molliiire.'<),  is  the  fine  soft  down  wliicli 
lies  immediately  under  the  feathers  of  the  ostrich.  The  finest  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  bea- 
ver in  the  manufai  ture  of  hats,  and  the  coarser  or  stronger  sort  is  employed  in  the  fabrication 
of  a  stutf  which  resembles  fine  woollen  cloth.  Estridge  is  brought  from  the  Levant,  Italy, 
and  other  parts  of  the  Mediterranean. 

EL^PHORUIUM  (Vter.  Euphorbienijnmmi ;  h&t.  Euphorhium  ;  Yx.  Euphorbe ;  Arab, 
Akal-nafza/i),  the  produce  of  a  perennial  plant,  a  native  of  Africa,  and  of  many  parts  of  India, 
&c.  It  is  a  concrete  gum  resin  ;  is  inodorous ;  when  first  chewed  has  little  taste.  l)ut  it  soon 
gives  a  very  acrid  burning  impression  to  the  tongue,  palate,  and  throat,  which  is  very  perma- 
nent, and  almost  insupportable.  It  is  imported  in  serons  containing  from  100  to  IfiO  llis.  It 
is  in  small,  hollow,  forked  pieces,  often  mixed  with  seeds  and  other  impurities, — (T/ioiinon's 
Dispensatory.) 

EXCHANGE.  In  commerce,  this  term  is  generally  used  to  designate  that  species  of 
mercantile  transactions,  by  which  tlie  debts  of  individuals  residing  at  a  distance  from  their 
creditors  are  cancelled  without  the  transmission  of  money. 

Among  cities  or  countries  having  any  considerable  intercourse  together,  the  debts  mutually 
due  by  each  other  ap|>roach,  for  the  most  part,  near  to  an  equality.  There  are  at  all  times, 
for  example,  a  considerable  number  of  persons  in  London  indebted  to  Hamburgh;  but, 
speaking  generally,  there  are  about  an  equal  number  of  persons  in  London  to  whom  Ham- 
burgh is  indelited.  And  hence,  when  A.  of  London  has  a  payment  to  make  to  U,  of 
Hamburgh,  he  does  not  remit  an  e(|uivalent  sum  of  money  to  the  latter;  but  he  goes  into 
the  market  and  buys  a  i)ill  upon  Hand)urgh,  that  is.  he  buys  an  order  from  C.  of  London 
addressed  to  his  debtor  D.  of  Hamburgh,  requesting  him  to  pay  the  amount  to  A.  or  his 


EXCHANGE. 


657 


lis  with  intent  to  scV. 
inotherartifle,  howab- 
ience— (""''■'P-'*^^')- 
y  nscriln-il  to  the  inllu- 
st,  wcro  9Ui)l)r>sed  to  be 
r,  of  the  prevalence  of 
had  been  mnile  for  the 
pealed  in  lV72.-(Sce 
ue8  to  be  an  indutablc 

Eh  it  is  no»  »^  »"  '•'^'^''y' 
or  prejudiced  enough  to 

9/aO.  a  species  of  weasel 
y  Kussia,  Norway,  Lnp- 
nnier,  tlie  erTninc  is  of  a 
the  fur  has  thai  beautiful 

lists.    Tt  is  found  in  the 
le  sterile,  uncultivated  and 
vol.  ii.  p.  288.  EnR.  ed.) 
is  the  plant  described  by 
seful  purposes  to  the  Cat- 
same  purposes  as  in  anti- 
cts,  mattrasses,  sacks,  «N:c. 
float  on  the  surface  of  the 
at  injured  by  a  foul  bollom. 
i  is  largely  consumed  in  the 
ralcntian  peasantry,  having 
the  former.     They  are  ex- 
iiT  in  extensive  demand  at 
but  since  the  emanciiiation 
lisii  peasantry  have  attained 
having  soaked  the  rush  in 
contrive  to  twist  two  threads 
Ipalms  of  their  hands,  in  the 
ith  this  diilerence,  that  one 
unites  them.     To  keep  the 
.en  them  ;  and  when  tliat  is 
vo  threads  being  thus  twisted 
for  little  more  than  \(}.,  the 
/'s  Travels  in  Spain,  \o\.m. 
d.  p.  92.  and  p.  57.  &c.) 
>enna  nudia  (Ii  f^lruzzo  ;^Y. 
the  fine  soft  down  which 
s  used  as  a  substitute  for  hea- 
is  employed  in  the  fabrication 
ight  from  the  Levant,  Italy, 

ium;  Tr.  Euphoric ;.\rA^. 
a  and  of  many  parts  of  liulia, 
,'d  lias  little  taste,  but  It  soon 
,i  throat,  which  is  very  jienna- 
iningfromlOOtoir-Olbs.  It 
tlier  impurities.— (i/w'«»""s 

to  designate  that  species  of 
ding  at  a  distance  trom  their 

se  together,  the  debts  mutually 
£litv     There  are  at  all  tunes. 
Indebted  to  Hamburgh;  but, 
Is  in  London  to  whom  Ham- 
\  payment  to  make  to  U.  ol 
[thelatter;but  he  goes  into 
Torder  from  C.  of  London 
pay  the  amount  to  A.  or  his 


OTtler.  A.,  having  indorsed  this  hill  or  order,  sends  it  to  B.,  who  receives  payment  from  his 
neighbour  D.  The  convenience  of  all  jiartiea  is  ennsulted  by  a  transaction  of  this  sort.  The 
debts  due  by  A.  to  U.,  and  by  U.  to  C,  are  extinguished  without  tlie  interventi(m  of 
any  money.  A.  of  London  pays  C  of  dUto,  and  D.  of  Hamburgh  pays  15.  of  ditto.  Tlio 
debtor  in  one  place  is  substituted  for  the  debtor  in  another;  and  a  postage  or  two,  and  iho 
stamp  for  tlie  bill,  form  the  whole  expenses.     All  risk  of  loss  is  obviated. 

A  bill  of  exchange  may,  therefore,  be  defined  to  be  an  order  addressed  to  some  person 
residing  at  a  distance,  directing  him  to  pay  a  certain  specilied  sum  to  the  person  in  whose 
favour  the  bill  is  drawn,  or  his  order.  In  mercantile  phraseology,  the  person  who  draws  a 
bill  is  termed  the  drawer;  the  jwrson  in  whose  favour  it  is  drawn,  th'!  remitter  ,■  the  person 
on  whom  it  is  drawn,  the  ihtiwee  ,■  and  alter  he  has  accepted,  the  (unplDr.  Tliose  persons 
into  whose  h^uids  the  lull  may  have  passed  previously  to  its  being  [laid,  are,  from  their  writ- 
ing their  names  on  the  back,  terrned  indnrscr.s  ,•  and  the  person  in  whose  possession  the  bill 
is  at  any  given  period,  is  termed  the  holdtr  or  possessor. 

The  negotiation  of  in/and  bills  of  exchange,  or  of  those  drawn  in  one  part  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  on  another,  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  bankers,  and  is  conducted  in  the  manner 
already  explained. — (See  ante,  p.  71.)  Bills  drawn  by  the  merchants  of  one  country  upon 
another  are  termed  fiirci<rn  bills  of  exchange,  and  it  is  to  their  negotiation  that  the  following 
remarks  principally  api)ly. 

I.  Par  of  Exchange. — The  par  of  the  currency  of  any  two  countries  means,  among 
merchants,  the  equivalency  of  a  certain  amount  of  the  currency  of  the  one  in  the  currency 
of  the  other,  xuppusing  the  currencies  nfliolfi  to  he  of  the  precise  >rrt<rht  and  purilj/  fixed  bif 
their  respective  mint.i.  Thus,  according  to  the  mint  regul.itions  of  Great  Britain  and  France, 
1/.  sterling  is  eipial  to  2.5  fr.  20  cent.,  which  is  said  to  be  the  par  between  London  and  Paris. 
And  the  exchiinge  between  the  two  countries  is  said  to  be  at  par  when  bills  are  negotiated  on 
this  footing;  that  is,  for  example,  when  a  bill  for  lOOA  drawn  in  London  is  worth  2,.52()  fr. 
in  Paris,  and  conversely.  When  1/.  in  JiOndon  buys  a  bill  on  Paris  for  more  tb.an  25  fr.  20 
cent.,  the  exchange  is  said  to  1ki  in  favour  of  London  and  against  Paris ;  and  when,  on  the 
other  hand,  1/.  in  London  will  not  buy  a  bill  on  Paris  for  2.)  fr.  20  cent.,  the  exchange  is 
against  Loi.<'jn  and  in  favour  of  Paris. — (See  Table  of  the  par  of  exchange  at  the  end  of  this 
article.) 

II.  Circumstances  which  determine  the  course  of  Exchange, — The  exchange  is  affected, 
or  made  to  diverge  from  par,  by  two  classes  of  circumstances:  first,  by  any  discrepancy  be- 
tween the  actual  weight  or  fineness  of  the  coins,  or  of  the  bullion  for  which  the  substitutes 
used  in  their  place  will  exchange,  and  their  weight  or  fineness  as  fixed  by  tlie  mint  regula- 
tions; and,  secondly,  by  any  sudden  increase  or  diminution  of  the  bills  drawn  in  one  country 
upon  another. 

1.  It  is  but  seldom  that  the  coins  of  any  country  correspond  exactly  with  their  mint  stand- 
ard ;  and  when  they  diverge  from  it,  an  allowance  corresponding  to  the  dilFercnce  between 
the  act\ial  value  of  the  coins,  and  their  mint  vahie,  must  he  made  in  determining  the  real 
par.  Thus,  if,  while  the  coins  of  Great  Britain  corresponded  with  the  mint  standard  in  weight 
and  pmity,  those  of  France  were  either  10  per  cent,  worse  or  debased  below  the  standard  of 
her  mint,  the  exchange,  it  is  obvious,  would  be  at  real  par  when  it  was  nominallji  10  per 
cent,  against  Paris,  or  when  a  bill  payable  in  London  for  100/.  was  worth  in  Paris  2,772  fr. 
instead  of  2,.'J20  fr.  In  estimating  the  real  course  of  exchange  between  any  2  or  more  places, 
it  is  always  necessary  to  attend  carefully  to  this  circumstance;  that  is,  to  examine  whether 
their  currencies  be  all  of  the  standard  weight  and  purity,  and  if  not,  how  much  they  ditl'er 
from  it.  When  the  coins  circulating  in  a  country  are  either  so  worn  or  rubbed  as  to  have 
sunk  considerably  below  their  mint  standard,  or  when  paper  money  is  depreciated  from  ex- 
cess or  want  of  credit,  the  exchange  is  at  real  i)ar  only  when  it  is  against  such  country  to  the 
extent  to  which  its  coins  are  worn  or  its  paper  depreciated.  When  this  circumstance  is 
tnkon  into  account,  it  will  be  found  that  the  exchange  during  the  latter  years  of  the  war, 
though  apparently  very  much  against  this  country,  was  really  in  our  favour.  The  depression 
was  nominal  only ;  being  occasioned  by  the  great  depreciation  of  the  paper  currency  in  which 
bills  were  paid. 

2.  Variations  in  the  actual  course  of  exchange,  or  in  the  price  of  bills  arising  from  circum- 
stances affecting  the  currency  of  either  of  two  countries  trading  together,  arc  nominal  only; 
such  as  are  real  grow  out  of  circumstances  affecting  their  trade. 

When  two  countries  traile  together,  and  each  buys  of  the  other  commodities  of  precisely  the 
same  vahic,  tlnir  debts  and  credits  will  be  e(iual,  and,  of  course,  the  real  excliange  will  be  at 
par.  Tlie  hit/s  drawn  by  the  one  will  be  exactly  equivalent  to  those  drawn  by  the  other,  and 
their  respective  claims  will  be  adjusted  without  requiring  the  transfer  of  bullion  or  any  other 
valuable  produce.  But  it  very  rarely  happens  that  the  debts  reciprocally  due  by  any  two 
countries  are  equal.  Thi're  is  almost  always  a  balance  owing  on  the  one  side  or  the  other; 
and  this  lial  nice  must  atV.'ct  the  exchange.  If  the  delits  due  by  London  to  Paris  exceeded 
those  due  by  I'aris  to  London,  the  competition  in  the  Lon(l)ii  market  for  bills  mi  Paria 
would,  because  of  the  comparatively  great  amount  of  payments  our  merchants  liaJ  to  mako 

88 


k  "'■    ■" 


658 


EXCHANGE. 


"•■-tan 
MW.J 


O 

"         1 


.f 

t-^- 


t 


in  Paris,  be  greater  than  the  competition  in  Paris  for  bills  on  London ;  and,  consequently,  the 
real  exchange  would  be  in  favour  of  Paris  and  against  London. 

The  cost  of  conveying  bullion  from  one  coiititry  to  another  forms  the  limit  within  which 
the  rise  and  fall  of  the  rta/ exchange  between  them  muni  be  confined.  If  1  per  cent,  sulliced 
to  cover  the  expense  and  risk  attending  the  transmission  of  money  from  London  to  Paris,  it 
would  be  indiflerent  to  a  London  merchant  whether  he  paid  1  per  cent,  premium  for  a  bill 
of  exchange  on  I'aris,  or  remitted  money  direct  to  that  city.  If  the  jjreniium  were  less  than 
1  per  cent.,  it  would  clearly  be  his  interest  to  make  his  payments  by  bills  in  preference  to 
remittances :  and  that  it  could  not  exceed  I  per  cent,  is  obvious ;  for  every  one  would  prefer 
remitting  money,  to  buying  a  bill  at  a  greater  premium  than  sufliced  to  cover  the  expense  of 
a  money  remittance.  If,  owing  to  the  breaking  out  of  hostilities  between  the  two  countries, 
or  to  any  other  cause,  the  cost  of  remitting  money  from  London  to  Paris  were  increased,  the 
iluctuatioiH  of  the  real  exchange  between  them  might  also  be  increased.  For  the  limits 
within  which  such  fluctuations  may  range,  correspond  in  all  cases  with  the  cost  of  making 
remittances  in  cash. 

Fluctuations  in  the  nominal  exchange,  that  is,  in  the  value  of  the  currencies  of  countries 
trading  together,  have  no  effect  on  foreign  trade.  When  the  currency  is  depreciated,  the 
premium  which  the  exporter  of  commodities  derives  from  the  sale  of  the  bill  drawn  on  his 
correspondent  abroad,  is  only  equivalent  to  the  increase  in  the  price  of  the  goods  exported, 
occasioned  by  this  depreciation.  But  when  the  premium  on  a  foreign  bill  is  a  consequonce, 
not  of  a  fall  in  the  value  of  money,  but  of  a  deficiency  in  the  supply  of  bills,  there  is  no  rise 
of  prices ;  and  in  these  circumstances  the  unfavourable  exchange  operates  as  a  stimulus  to 
exportation.  As  soon  as  the  real  exchange  diverges  from  par,  the  mere  inspection  of  a  price 
current  is  no  longer  sufficient  to  regulate  the  operations  of  the  merchant.  If  it  be  unfavour- 
able, the  premium  which  the  exporter  will  receive  on  the  sale  of  his  bill  must  be  incliKied  in 
the  estimate  of  the  profit  he  is  likely  to  derive  from  the  transaction.  The  greater  thiil  jire- 
mium,  the  less  will  be  the  difference  of  prices  necessary  to  induce  him  to  export.  And  hence 
an  unfavourable  real  exchange  has  an  effect  exactly  the  same  with  what  would  be  produced 
by  granting  a  bounty  on  exportation  equal  to  the  premium  on  foreign  bills. 

But  for  the  same  reason  that  an  unfavourable  ren/ exchange  increases  exiiortation,  it  pro- 
portionally diminishes  importation.  When  the  exchange  is  really  unfavourable,  the  price  of 
commodities  imported  from  abroad  must  be  so  much  lower  than  their  price  at  home,  as  not 
merely  to  afford,  exclusive  of  expenses,  the  ordinary  profit  of  stock  on  their  sale,  but  also  to 
compensate  for  the  premium  which  the  importer  must  pay  for  n  foreign  bill,  if  he  remit  one 
to  his  correspondent,  or  for  the  discount,  added  to  the  invoice  price,  if  his  correspondent  draw 
upon  him.  A  less  quantity  of  foreign  goods  will,  therefore,  suit  our  market  when  the  real 
exchange  is  unfavourable ;  and  fewer  payments  having  to  be  made  abroad,  the  competition 
for  foreign  bills  will  be  diminished,  and  the  real  exchange  rendered  proportionally  favourable. 
In  the  same  way,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  a  favourable  real  exchange  must  operate  as  a  duly  on 
exportation,  and  as  a  bounty  on  importation. 

It  is  thus  that  fluctuations  in  the  real  exchange  have  a  necessary  tendency  to  correct 
themselves.  They  can  never,  ior  any  considerable  period,  exceed  the  expense  of  transmitting 
bullion  from  the  debtor  to  the  creditor  country.  But  the  exchange  cannot  continue  either 
permanently  favourable  or  unfavourable  to  this  extent.  When  favourable,  it  corrects  itscli 
by  restricting  exportation  and  facilitating  importation  ;  and  when  unfavourable,  it  [iroduces 
the  same  effect  by  giving  an  unusual  stimulus  to  exportation,  and  by  throwing  obstacles  in 
the  way  of  importation.  The  true  par  forms  the  centre  of  these  oscillations ;  and  nlthoiic;h 
the  thousand  circumstances  which  arc  daily  and  hourly  affecting  the  state  of  debt  and  credit, 
prevent  the  ordinary  course  of  exchange  from  being  almost  ever  precisely  at  pur,  its  lliictua- 
tions,  whether  on  the  one  side  or  the  other,  are  confined  within  certain  limits,  and  have  a 
constant  tendency  to  disappear. 

This  natural  tendency  which  the  exchange  has  to  correct  itself,  is  powerfully  assisted  by 
the  operations  of  the  bill-merchants. 

England,  for  example,  might  owe  a  large  excess  of  debt  to  Amsterdam,  yet,  as  the  aggregate 
amount  of  the  debts  due  by  a  commercial  country  is  generally  balanced  by  the  aiaount  of 
those  which  it  has  to  receive,  the  deficiency  of  bills  on  Amsterdam  in  London  would  most 
probably  be  compensated  by  a  proportional  redundancy  of  those  on  some  other  place.  Now, 
it  is  the  business  of  the  merchants  who  deal  in  bills,  in  the  same  way  as  of  those  who  deal 
in  bullion  or  any  other  commodity,  to  buy  them  where  they  are  cheapest,  and  to  sell  thorn 
where  they  are  dearest.  They  would,  therefore,  buy  up  the  bills  drawn  by  othi^r  countries 
on  Amsterdam,  and  dispose  of  them  in  London ;  and  by  so  doing,  would  prevent  any  great 
full  in  the  price  of  bills  on  Amsterdam  in  those  countries  in  which  the  supply  exceeded  tht; 
demand,  and  any  great  rise  in  Great  Britain  and  those  countries  in  which  the  supply  hap- 
pened to  be  delicient.  In  the  trade  between  Italy  and  this  country,  the  hills  drawn  on  (irtMt 
Britain  amount  almost  invariably  to  a  greater  sum  than  those  drawn  on  Italy.  The  hiij. 
merchants,  however,  by  buying  up  the  excess  of  the  Italian  hills  on  London,  and  selling 


'     I 


■'     ■  \ 


EXCHANGE. 


659 


anJ.conscqnently.tho 

ihP  limit  within  which 

If  I  i>or  cent,  sull'iced 
>m  London  to  Paris,  it 
pnt.  premium  for  a  bill 
l)rcmium  were  less  than 
y  bills  in  preference  to 

every  one  woulil  prefer 
to  cover  the  expense  of 
ween  the  two  couiitrips, 
•iuis  were  increaseil,  the 
icreasetl.  For  the  limits 
with  the  cost  of  making 

B  currencies  of  countries 
rcncy  is  clej)rcciale(l,  the 
of  the  hill  drawn  on  his 
•e  of  the  goods  exported, 
i,r„  bill  is  a  consequence, 
y^of  bills,  there  is  no  rise 
operates  as  a  stimulus  to 
mere  inspection  of  a  price 
chant.  If  it  he  unfivnur- 
lis  bill  must  be  inchiilcd  in 
>n.  The  greater  that  pre- 
liin  to  export.  And  hence 
h  what  would  he  produced 

;ign  bills. 

icrcascs  exportation,  it  prn- 
y  unfovourahle,  the  price  of 
their  price  at  home,  as  not 
-k  on  their  sale,  but  also  to 
foreign  bill,  if  he  remit  one 
e  if  his  correspondent  draw 
t'  our  market  when  the  mil 
ade  abroa<l,  the  competition 
cd  proportionally  fovourable. 
J  must  operate  as  a  dul;/  on 

cessary  tendency  to  correct 
'  the  expense  of  transmitting 
inge  cannot  continue  either 
favourable,  it  corrects  itself 
•n  unfavourable,  it  produces 
md  by  throwing  obstacles  in 
ic  oscillations ;  and  nlthoiii^h 
the  state  of  debt  and  credit, 
precisely  at  par,  its  ihictua- 
n  certain  limits,  and  have  a 

lelf,  is  powerfully  assisted  by 

Iterdam,  vet,  as  the  aggregate 
I  balanced  by  the  amount  of 
Idam  in  London  would  most 
1  on  some  other  place.    Now, 
nc  way  as  of  those  who  deal 
L  -hmpcst,  and  to  sell  them 
Ills  drawn  bv  other  couutnis 
Lg.  would  prevent  any  great 
Inch  the  supply  exceeded  llio 
Ics  in  which  the  supply  hap- 
Itrv,  the  bills  drawn  on  t.rc,,t 

1  drawn  on  Italy.    'Ihe   nil- 
fhills  on  London,  and  selling 


them  in  Holland,  and  other  countries  indebted  to  England,  prevent  the  real  exchange  from 
ever  liecoming  very  much  depressed. 

in.  Negntialion  of  Bills  of  Excfirii^e. — Bills  of  exchange  arc  cither  made  payable  at 
sight,  at  a  certain  8|)ccilied  time  afkr  sight  or  after  date,  or  at  tifance,  which  is  the  usual 
term  allowed  by  the  custom  or  law  of  the  plan;  where  the  bill  is  payable.  Generally, 
however,  a  few  days  are  allowed  for  paymentbeyond  the  term  when  the  bill  becomes  due.  which 
are  denominated  days  of  grace,  and  which  vary  in  dilferent  countries.  In  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  three  days'  grace  arc  allowed  for  all  bills  except  those  payable  at  sight,  which  must 
Le  paid  as  soon  as  presented.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  usance  and  days  of  grace 
for  bills  drawn  upon  some  of  the  principal  commercial  cities: — 

[m\d.  m\s,  d\d.  d\s.  d\a.  respectively  denote  month  after  date,  months  after  sight,  days 
after  date,  days  after  sight,  days  after  acceptance.] 


Loiidim  on 


Amsterdum 

RottHfilnni 

Antwerp 

Uaml)iirgli 

Alloiia 

]>anl/.ic 

Paris* 

Uordeaux 

Hrenien 

Barcelona 


Vsiiice. 

niys  (if 

Once. 

1  m  (1. 

0 

1  ni  (1. 

r> 

1  III  (1. 

(i 

1  in  <l. 

12 

1  III  (1. 

12 

14   da. 

10 

.30   d  d. 

10 

30   (1  d. 

10 

1  m  il. 

8 

60   dd. 

14 

LoD<lon  on 

(!«nev!i 

Madrid 

(.'adiz 

nilhna 

Oilirallar 

Lcgliorn 

I.eipaic 

(ieiioa 

Venice 


nays  of 

Cirace. 

30    d  d. 

5 

2  Ill's. 

14 

CO    d  d. 

6 

2  ni  d. 

14 

2  III  s. 

14 

3  m  d. 

0 

14    d  il. 

0 

3  ni  d. 

30 

3  HI  d. 

6 

London  on 

Viennat 

Malta 

Naples 

Palcrino 

I.isliim 

Oporto 

Hio  Janeiro 

Dulilin 

Cork 


Uunce. 

Days  of 

(tnce. 

14   da. 

3 

30   d  d. 

13 

3  III  d. 

3 

3  ni  d. 

0 

30    d  B. 

C 

30    d  8. 

6 

.SO    dd. 

0 

21    d  s. 

3 

21     d.8. 

3 

In  the  dating  of  bills,  the  new  style  is  now  used  in  every  country  in  Europe,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Russia. 

In  London,  bills  of  exchange  are  bought  and  sold  by  brokers,  who  go  round  to  the  prin- 
cipal merchants  and  discover  whether  they  are  buyers  or  sellers  of  bills.  A  few  of  the  brokers 
of  most  inrtuence,  after  ascertaining  the  state  of  the  relative  supply  and  demand  for  bills, 
suggest  a  price  at  which  the  greater  part  of  the  transactions  of  the  day  are  settled,  with  such 
deviations  as  particular  bills,  from  their  being  in  very  high  or  low  credit,  may  be  subject  to. 
The  price  lixeil  by  the  brokers  is  that  which  is  published  in  Wettenhall's  List ;  but  the  first 
houses  generally  negotiate  their  bills  on  i,  1,  lA,  and  2  per  cent,  better  terms  than  those 
quoted.  In  London  and  other  great  commercial  cities,  a  class  of  middlemen  speculate  largely 
on  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  exchange ;  buying  bills  when  they  expect  a  rise,  and  selling  them 
when  a  fall  is  anticipated. 

It  is  usual,  in  drawing  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  to  draw  them  in  sets,  o'  duplicates,  lest  the 
first  should  be  lost  or  miscarry.  When  bills  are  drawn  in  sets,  each  must  contain  a  condition 
that  it  shall  be  payable  only  while  the  others  remain  unpaid :  thus,  the  first  is  payable  only, 
"second  and  third  unpaid;"  the  second,  "first  and  third  being  unpaid,"  and  the  third,  "first 
and  second  unpaid." 

All  bills  of  exchange  must  be  drawn  upon  stamps  as  under: — 

Inland  Bills  and  JVofct.— Not  exceeding  Two  Months  after  Date,  or 
Si.xty  Days  after  Higlil. 


£ 

s. 

£    s 

If    -      -    2 

0  and  not  above      5    5 

Above        5 

5 

— 

20    0 

—          20 

0 

— 

30    0 

—         ..30 

0 

— 

50    0 

—          60 

0 

— 

100    0 

—        100 

0 

— 

200    0 

—        200 

0 

— 

300    0 

—        300 

0 

— 

500    0 

—        500 

0 

— 

1,000    0 

—      1,000 

0 

— 

2,000    0 

—      2,000 

0 

— 

3,000    0 

—      3,000 

0 

- 

- 

Br  Date,  or 

ExccpdingTwo 

Mom  lis,  ice. 

£  s.   d. 

£  f. 

d. 

0    1    0 

0    1 

6 

0    1    6 

0    2 

0 

0    2    0 

0    2 

e 

0    2    6 

0    3 

6 

0    3    0 

0    4 

6 

0    4    6 

0    5 

0 

0    5    0 

0    6 

0 

0    6    0 

0    8 

0 

0    8    6 

0  12 

6 

0  12    6 

0  15 

0 

0  15    6 

1    5 

0 

1     5    0 

1  10 

0 

Promissory  notes  from  2/.  to  100?.  inclusive  are  not  to  ho  drawn  payable  to  bearer  on  demand  (ex- 
cepliiiE  baiilters'  rc-issiiuble  notes,  wliicli  require  a  ditferBnt  stamp). —Itiit  notes  for  any  sum  exceed- 
in);  no/,  niav  be  drawn  eillier  payable  lo  bearer  on  dcMiiand,  or  oltierwise. — (See  anti\  |i.  75.) 

Foreign  HilU  of  Kiclianf.'e.—1'oieifn  bill,  drawn  in  but  payable  out  of  Great  Urilain,  if  drawn  singly 
Oil  fiinie  duty  as  an  inland  bill. 
Foreijrii  bills  of  exchange,  drawn  in  sets,    s.    d.  i  s.  d. 


fur  every  bill  of  eucli  set,  if  the  sum  does 

not  exceed  100/. 16 

E.Meodiiig  100/.  and  not  exceeding  200/.    -30 
—      200/.  —  500/.     -     4     0 


Exceeding  5001.  and  not  exceeding  1,000/.  -50 

—  1,000/.  —  2,000/  .    7    8 

—  2,000/.  —  3,000/.  -  10    0 

—  3,000/.  —  -  -  15    0 


No  one  acquainted  with  the  fundamental  rules  of  arithmetic  can  have  any  difficulty  what- 
ever in  estimating  how  much  a  sum  of  money  in  one  country  is  worth  in  another,  according 
to  the  stale  of  the  exchange  at  the  time.    The  common  arithmetical  books  abound  in  examples 

♦  III  France,  no  days  of  grace  are  allowed  on  bills  payable  (i  me. 

t  111  Austria,  bills  payable  at  siglit,  or  on  demand,  or  at  luss  than  7  days  after  sight  or  date,  are  not 
allowed  any  days  of  grace. 


t\ 


I    I 


i.' 


"Hf 


060 


EXCHANGE. 


■■■■«»i« 


d» 


:si- 

rsiS 

*-'"'3  ■ 

L^'"* ' 

¥■■<  -tS 

p*.-* 

C.3 

Cai 

r*- 

?'**• 

«    3 

1    1 

*    =« 

J" 

,  ♦ 


.-'.( 


of  surli  computalions.  But  in  rondurtinirtho  business  of  exchange,  a  direct  remittance  is  not 
nlwnys  preferred.  Wlien  a  merchant  in  London,  for  example,  means  to  discharge  a  debt  due 
by  him  in  Paris,  it  is  his  busitiess  to  ascertain  not  only  the  state  of  tlie  direct  exchangu 
between  London  and  Paris,  and,  conse(|uently,  the  sum  which  lie  miit't  pay  in  London  for  a 
bill  on  Paris  equivalent  to  his  debt,  but  also  the  slate  of  the  exchange  between  Ijondon  and 
Hamburgh,  Hamburgh  and  Paris,  &c. ;  for  it  fre(|uently  happens  that  it  may  be  more  advan- 
tageous  for  him  to  buy  a  bill  on  Hamburgh,  Amsterdam,  or  Lisbon,  and  to'direct  liis  agent 
to  invest  the  proceeds  in  a  bill  on  Paris,  rather  than  remit  directly  to  the  latter.  This  ig 
termed  the  Aiiiiithation  of  exchange.  An  example  or  two  will  suflice  to  show  the  priii- 
ciple  on  which  it  is  conducted. 

Tims,  if  the  oxclmnfro  l)ctween  London  and  Amsterdam  l)e  SSs.  Flemish  (old  coinapc)  per  pound  ster- 
lini;,  and  liciwccn  Paris  mid  Amsterdam  \.i.  (iJ.  Flumisii  per  franc,  then,  in  order  to  ascurtain  wlietlier 
a  direct  or  indirect  rcinitlaiK  p  to  Paris  uonid  !)(!  most  advantaguoiis,  we  must  calculate  what  would 
li(!  ihu  value  of  the  franc  in  KuElisli  money  if  the  remittance  were  nuide  throufili  Holland  ;  for  if  it  ht- 
loss  tliau  that  resultina  from  tlie  direct  exchanpc,  it  will  olivionsly  he?  the  prel'orulile  nu)ii(r  of  rcmit- 
tinff.  This  is  deti!riniiu;d  by  statins,  as  S.w.  Kleni.  (the  Anislcrdum  currency  in  a  pound  stcrlini;)  :  Is. 
f<(l.  ricm.  (Amsterdam  curreiu'y  in  a  franc)  ::!/.:  Wd.  the  proportional,  or  arbvraled  value  of  the 
franc— Hence,  if  the  F-nt'lish  money,  or  hill  of  cxcliance,  to  pay  a  debt  in  Paris,  were  remitted  by 
Amsterdam,  it  would  re(|uire  1()</.  to  discharL'e  a  delit  of  a  franc,  or  M.  to  dischar(.'e  a  debt  of  24  t^rancs; 
niid.  tliereforr',  il  the  exchange  between  I.oiwlon  and  Paris  were  at  21,  it  would  be  indifl'erent  to  the 
Ktiftiish  merchant  w  hether  he  remitted  directly  to  Paris,  or  indirectly  via  Amsterdam  ;  but  if  the  e.\. 
change  between  Lomlon  and  Paris  were  nhore  i!4,  then  a  direct  remittance  would  he  preferable  ;  while 
if,  on  the  other  haml,  the  direct  exchange  were  less  than  'i\,  the  indirect  remittance  ought  as  plainly 
to  be  preferred. 

'•Suppose,"  to  borrow  an  example  from  Dr.  Kelly  (Universal  Cambist,  vol.  ii.  p.  137.),  "the  ex. 
chance  of  London  and  Lisbon  to  be  atC8(/.  per  milrec,  and  that  of  Lisbon  on  Madrid  500  rees  pprd<jliar 
the!  arbitrated  price  between  London  aiul  Madrid  is  3)(/.  sterling  per  dollar;  for  as  1.0(10  rees  :  (il-i/. :  | 
600  rees  :  3I(/.  Hut  if  the  direct  exchange  of  London  on  Madrid  be  35c/.  sterliiif!  per  didliir.then  Loiulon 
by  remitting  directly  to  Madrid,  must  pay  3,'>d.  for  every  dollar;  whereas, by  remitting tliroUKh  Lisimn' 
lie  will  pay  only  ,11(/.  ;  it  is,  therefore,  the  interest  of  Loiulon  ton-mit  indirectly  to  iMadrid  tliiouch  Lis- 
bon. On  the  otiu'r  hand,  if  London  draws  directly  on  Madrid,  he  will  receive  SM.  sleriirig  per  dollar; 
whereas,  by  drawins?  indirectly  through  Lisbon,  he  would  receive  only  31(/. ;  it  is,  therefore,  the  interest 
of  London  to  draw  directly  on  Madrid.    Hence  the  fullowine  rule.? : — 

"  1.  Where  the  certain  price  is  given,  draw  through  the  place  which  produces  the  lowest  arbitrated 
price,  and  remit  through  that  which  produces  the  highest. 

'•2.  Where  tin;  uncertaiti  price  isgiven.draw  ilirough  thatplace  which  produces  the  highest  arbitrated 
price,  and  remit  through  tliai  which  produces  the  lowest." 

In  ciunpound  arbitratinn,  or  when  more  than  3  j)laces  are  concerned,  then  in  order  to  find  hnw  niiirh 
a  remittance  passim.'  through  them  all  will  amount  to  in  the  last  place,  or,  which  is  tin;  same  tiring,  to 
find  the  arbitrated  price  between  the  first  and  the  last,  we  liave  only  to  repeat  the  ditferent  statements 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  foregoing  example. 

Thus,  if  the  excliango  between  London  and  Amsterdam  be  35s.  Flem.  for  II.  sterling;  between  Am- 
sterdam and  Lisbon  42(j.  Flem.  for  1  old  crusade  ;  and  between  Lisbon  and  Paris  4t)0  rees  for  3  francs : 
what  is  the  arbitrated  price  between  London  and  Paris'? 

In  the  first  place,  as  3.V<.  Flem.  :  II.  :  :  A'id.  l'"lem.  :  2s.  sterling  =  1  old  crusade. 

Second,  as  I  old  crusade,  or  100  rees :  2s.  sterling  :  :  480  rees :  2*-.  4'8(/.  sterling  =  3  franca. 

Third,  as  2s.  4'Hi/.  sterling :  3  francs  :  :  U.  sterling  :  25  francs,  the  arbitrated  price  of  the  pound  ster- 
ling between  London  and  Paris, 
jl'his  operation  may  be  abridged  as  follows : — 


1/.  sterling  = 

3i  shillings  Flem.  = 
I  old  crusade  = 

480  rees 

35  X  400  X  3       4,200 
IIciicc 


U.  sterling. 
35s.  Flemish. 
1  old  crusade. 
400  rees. 
3  francs. 

=  25  francs. 


480  X  3.}  \m 

This  abridged  operation  evidently  consists  in  arranging  the  terms  sn  that  those  which  wonid  form 
the  divisors  in  continuiMl  statements  in  the  Uule  of  Three  are  multiplied  together  for  a  c  oniiiion  di- 
visor,  and  the  other  terms  for  a  common  dividend.  The  ordinary  arithmetical  hooks  abound  with 
examples  of  such  operations. 

The  following  account  of  the  manner  in  which  a  very  large  transaction  was  actually  conducted  by 
indirect  remittances,  will  siifliciently  illustrate  the  principles  we  have  been  endeavouring  to  explain. 

In  1801,  .Spain  was  bound  to  pay  to  France  a  large  subsidy  ;  and,  in  order  to  do  this,  three  distinct 
methods  presented  themselves: — 

1.  To  send  dollars  to  Paris  by  land. 

2.  To  remit  bills  of  excliange'directly  to  Paris. 
S.  To  authorise  Paris  to  draw  directlvon  fSpain. 

The  first  of  thesi;  uiclhods  was  tried,  but  it  was  found  too  slow  and  expensive  ;  and  the  sernnd  and 
third  plans  were  considered  likely  to  turn  the  exchange  against  Spain.  The  fidluwiiig  incithod  by  the 
indirect,  or  circul.ir  exchange,  was,  therefore,  adopted. 

A  merchant,  or  bnviiniir,  at  Paris,  was  appointed  to  manaee  the  operation,  which  he  thus  conduct- 
ed :— He  chose  London,  Amsterdam,  Hamburgh,  Cadiz.  Madrid,  and  Paris,  as  the  princiiial  hinges  on 
Which  the  operation  w;is  to  turn  ;  and  he  engaged  correspondents  in  each  of  these  cities  to  support 
the  circulation.  Madrid  !ind  fadiz  were  the  places  in  (Spain  from  whence  remittances  were  to  be 
made;  and  dollars  were,  of  course,  to  be  sent  to  where  they  bore  the  liit'hest  price,  lor  which  bills 
were  to  be  procured  on  Paris,  or  on  any  other  places  that  might  be  deemed  more  advantageous. 

The  principle  being  thus  establislnrd,  it  only  remained  to  regulate  the  extent  of  the  operathui,  so  as 
not  to  issue  too  much  paper  on  Spain,  and  to  give  the  circulation  as  much  support  as  possilihi  from 
real  business.  With  this  view,  London  was  chosen  as  a  place;  to  which  the  operation  might  he  cliictly 
directed,  as  the  price  of  tbdlars  was  then  high  in  England  ;  a  circumstance  which  rendered  the  pro- 
portiimal  exchange  advantageous  to  Spain. 

The  husliiess  was  (oniiinMiced  at  Paris,  where  the  negotiation  of  drafts  issned  on  HainburBh  and 
Amsterdam  served  to  answer  tin;  immeiliate  demands  of  the  state;  and  orders  were  transiiiilted  to 
these  places  to  draw  for  the  reiiibiirsements  on  London,  Madrid,  or  Cadiz,  according  as  the  course  of 
CAchange  was  most  favourable.  The  proceedings  were  all  conducted  with  judgment,  and  attended  with 


'/■    ' 


EXCHANGE. 


C61 


lirect  vcmittanceisnot 
;„ai8chargcaaebtduc 
f  the  ilifct  cxchnngo 
,1  oiiy  in  l.on.lou  for  a 
.  bi-lwei-n  liOiiJo'i  and 

it  may  l'«  '"""'  ■'''^''''"■ 
a„d  toMirect  lu»  accent 

tothclallcr.  Hus  is 
udicc  to  show  the  i)im- 

'pKter al.lc  ..km!.-  of  ren.u- 

in  Par  s   WMO  r.M.mtnd  l.y 
'hnrL-eKlil.!  of -24  francs: 

,   vo\.  ii.  p.  137.),"tliccx- 
liMartriaaOOrm-.perdomr 

'  '^.utoM!ltlr^<l»ll«o>^lll>l'>s- 
LTiliBftl-eleforMVeintercst 
produces  the  lowest  arbitralcU 
produces  the  WgLcslarbilralod 
.1  „  in  order  to  fiiiiHiow  nmrli 
"Jp^ttUecUtrerentstutemenls 

,  ,11  RicrViiig;  between  Am- 
\[rd'parts"bOrees  for  3  francs: 

L:!:;^';^;:^.!?ti;c  pound  st«. 


lisb. 
ude. 


fe,::^cll"l».!:i^  abound  with 


■  •..„.  Tiid  tbc  pcrondand 

i"?^:f..uowS""=ti'"<"'>'^^« 

I  „lii(li  be  tbns  coiiduct- 

lerat.on,  "    'Y.^m>l'''l  »""^''*  "" 

b:;:;;t,[idrre;;;;::redtbepro- 

u„d  <"•'>"",  y/.tA,e  course  of 
i'lfij:(^!u:l"aattendedwah 


romplctc  siirceRs.  At  tbc  eomnieiicfinent  nf  the  (.per-iiioii,  Ibe  cniirsn  of  rxclianse  of  Cadiz  on  Lon- 
don was  Xfid. ;  biit,  by  tbc  plan  adopird,  Spain  i;cl  ;i'.',i/.,  or  alnive  H  per  cent.  Iiy  lliu  reniiltanre  of  dol- 
lars to  London,  ami  tunsideralile  advanlatfrs  wen'  also  uiiinrd  lij  llie  liriulation  of  bills  lliroujili  tlie 
(ieveral  places  on  tlic  ConliMcnt.— (AX/i/'s  Ciiiiibi^l,  vol.  li.  p.  l(')t>. ;  IJubocl's  h'.lemeiils  of  Cuinmcnc,  '2d 
td.  |>.  21H.) 

Law  ok  IJii.i.s  or  ExtiiANOK. 

Tb"  rhief  legal  privili<ees  appcrlainiim  to  liills  are,  first,  tlial  IIiomcIi  only  a  simply  contract,  yet  lliey 
•ire  always  pnsiiiiied  to  liave  lireii  orijtiiially  yiviii  for  a  ^rcmd  and  valnable  consideration;  anil.se- 
<(iiMlly  Iliey  are  assiijnalili!  to  a  lliird  pcrsdii  nut  named  in  tin-  liill  or  pailytotbe  eontrail,  so  as  to 
ve>l  in  tli<!  assi;:nee  a  rislit  of  ait  ion,  in  bis  own  name  ;  wliidi  rifrlit  of  act  ion,  no  release  hy  tin;  ilrawer 
to  the  acceptor,  nor  set-(ifl"or  cross  iji'manil  due  from  Ibe  former  to  the  latter,  eaii  atfei  t. 

All  persons,  wbetli  r  nii'reliants  (ir  not,  Iicmir  b  iially  qiialitied  to  contrnct,  may  be  parties  to  a  bill, 
lint  no  action  can  he  supported  against  a  piMsoii  incapa'bliMifliindInu  himself, on a'bill  drawn,  inilorsed, 
or  accepted  by  siicli  incapacitated  person ;  at  the  same  lime  the  lull  is  good  ugaiimt  all  other  compe- 
tent parties  thereto. 

Mills  may  be  drawn,  ncreptod,  or  indorsed  by  the  party's  npcnt  or  nttorney  verbally  niitbnrised  for 
the  piirpoi-e.  When  a  person  lias  smh  authority,  be  nmst  either  write  the  name  of  bis  principal,  or 
tlale  in  writin;:  that  be  draws,  &.c.  as  ayent ;  tlins,  "  per  procuration,  for  A.  H." 

Where  one  of  several  partners  accepts  a  bill  drawn  on  the  linn,  for  himself  and  partners,  or  in 
his  own  name  only,  siiib  ncci  ptance  hinds  the  parltiership  if  it  concern  the  trade.  lint  the  acceptance 
(ifoiie  of  several  partners  on  tiehalfof  himself  and  partners,  will  not  liind  the  otliers.  if  it  concern  tlie 
acceptor  only  in  a  separate  and  distinct  interest  ;  and  the  holder  of  the  hill,  at  the  time  he  becomes  so, 
was  aware  of  that  eircnmstanee.  II",  however,  be  he  a  baiiK  jidc  liolder  fi'r  a  snlbcient  consideration, 
and  had  no  such  knowledKe  at  the  lime  he  lirst  became  purMssed  of  the  hill,  no  siibseiinently  aciiuired 
Knowledge  of  the  iniscomliict  of  the  partner  in  fjiviiiy  such  security  will  iirevenl  hini  from  recovering 
on  stub  bills  aL'ninsl  all  the  partners. 

Althoiiftb  no  precise  form  of  words  is  reiinired  to  constitute  a  bill  of  exchaiifxe  or  promissory  note, 
yet  it  is  necessary  that  it  should  be  iniijable.  at  all  iriiits,  and  not  depend  on  any  conlinirenry  ;  and  that 
'it  be  made  for  the  payment  of  money  only,  and  not  for  payment  of  money  and  perl'ormance  of  Boinc 
other  act,  as  the  delivery  of  a  horse,  or  the  like. 

If,  however,  tln^  event  on  which  the  payinenl  is  to  depend  nmst  inevitably  happen,  it  is  <if  no  in\- 
portance  how  lotig  the  payment  may  bi:  in  snspense  ;  so  a  liill  is  tie^rotiable  and  valid  if  drawn  payable 

(i  weeks  after  the  death  of  the  drawer's  lather,  or  payable  to  an  infant  wlien  he  shall  beco ot  a(je 

Any  material  alteration  of  a  bill  after  it  has  been  drawn,  accepted,  or  indorsed,  sncli  as  the  date, 
Fiini,  or  time  of  payment,  will  invalidate  it:  but  the  mere  correction  of  a  mistake,  as  by  insertiiij!  the 
words  "or  order,"  will  have  no  stich  etiect. 

The  iiecotiabilily  of  a  bill  depends  on  the  insertion  of  suflicient  operative  words  of  transfer ;  such 
as  by  making  it  payable  to  A.  or  order,  or  to  A.  or  hearer,  or  to  bearer  generally. 

Aithouiili  a  bill  is  presumed  to  have  been  oriainally  drawn  upon  a  good  and  valuable  consideration, 
vet  ill  certain  cases  a  want  of  sufficient  consideration  may  be  insisted  on  in  defence  to  an  aetimi  on  si 
iiill.  Certain  considerations  Inive  been  made  illegal  by  statute  ;  as  for  signing  a  banUruiil's  certificate, 
fur  money  won  at  gaming,  or  for  money  lent  on  a  usurious  contract,  lint  with  respect  to  gaming,  it  is 
lii'lii,  that  a  bill  founded  on  a  gambling  transaction  is  good  in  the  bands  of  a  bunii  fide  bolder  ;  and  by 
^!;Cien.  3.  c.  93.  a  bill  or  note  in  the  hands  of  an  innocent  holder,  although  originally  founded  on  a  usu- 
riiais contract,  is  not  invalid. 

In  general,  if  a  bill  is  fair  and  legal  in  its  origin,  a  subsequent  illegal  contract  Oi  consideration  on  the 
inilorsenient  thereof  will  not  invalidate  it  in  the  hands  tA'aboniijUle  bolder. 

A  bill  cannot  be  given  in  evidence  in  a  court  of  justice,  unless  it  be  duly  stamped,  not  only  with  a 
stamp  of  the  proper  value,  but  also  of  the  proper  denomination. 

Jcciplavcc  of  a  Bill. — An  acceptauc(>  is  an  engagement  to  pay  a  hill  according  to  the  tenor  of  the  ac- 
reptaiice,  which  may  be  either  ubsuliite  or  qualifcU.  An  abnohile  acceptance  is  an  engagement  to  pay 
,1  hill  according  to  its  request,  which  is  done  by  tlie  drawee  writing  "  Accepted"  on  the  bill,  and  sub- 
tcriliiiig  his  name,  or  writing  "  Accepted"  only  ;  or  merely  subscribing  bis  name  at  the  botiom  or 
;icross  the  bill.  A  iianlijied  acceptance  is  wlien  a  bill  is  accepted  conditionally  ;  as  when  goods  conveyed 
to  the  drawee  are  sidd,  or  when  a  navy  hill  is  paid,  or  other  future  event  wliich  does  not  bind  the  :ic- 
ceptor  till  Ibe  contingency  has  happened. 

An  acceptance  may  be  also  partial ;  as  to  pay  lOOJ.,  instead  of  100/.,  or  to  pay  at  a  ditferiMit  time  or 
place  friuii  that  re(iuired  by  the  hill,  lint  in  all  cases  of  a  conditional  or  partial  acceptance,  the  li(dder 
slioiibl.  if  lie  mean  to  resort  to  tlie  other  parties  to  the  hill  in  default  of  payment,  give  notice  to  them 
ol'sucb  partial  or  conditional  acceptance. 

In  all  c;ises  of  presenting  a  hill  for  acceptance,  it  is  necessary  to  present  the  bill  at  the  house  where 
llu'  drawee  lives,  or  wiiere  it  is  made  jiayable.  Uy  1  &  '2  (ieo.  4.  c.  7H.,  all  bills  accepted  payable  at  a 
li;inker's  or  other  (ilaee  are  to  Ik,"  di'emed  a  general  acceptance  ;  but  if  they  are  accepted  'sayable  at  a 
iKinker's  "only,  tmd  not  otherwise  or  elsewhere,"  it  is  a  qnalilied  acceptance,  and  the  aicepior  is  iiot 
ll.ilib'lo  pay  the  bill,  except  in  default  of  payment  when  such  payment  shall  have  been  lirst  dem;iiided 
■A  llie  Icmker's.  The  drawee;  is  entitled  to  keep  the  bill  21  hours  when  presented  for  acceptance.  The 
;u(i|i|;iiiix'  of  an  inland  bill  must  be  in  irrilinir  on  the  face  of  tlic  bill,  or,  if  there  be  more  parts  liian 
llie.  (Ill  one  of  such  parts  ;  iiolhiiig  short  of  this  consiitiites  a  valid  accepiame. 

!r  a  bill  is  made  payable  a  certain  time  aflir  .■^i^r/il,  it  must,  in  order  to  lix  the  time  w hen  it  is  to  be 
I'liil,  III'  presented  for  acceptance,  and  the  date  of  the  acceptance  should  appear  thus  :  "Accepted,  July 
\A.  IMl." 

Due  diligence  is  the  only  thing  to  be  considered  in  presenting  any  description  or  bill  for  acceptance  ; 
,imt  such  diligence  is  a  question  depending  on  tiie  sitiialioti  of  the  parties,  tlie  distance  at  which  they 
iive,  and  the  facility  of  coiiiinunicalion  between  them. 

When  the  drawee  refuses  to  accept,  any  third  party,  after  protesting,  may  accept  for  tlie  honour  of 
the  bill  generally,  or  for  the  drawee,  or  for  the  indorser ;  in  wliich  case  the  acceptance  is  called  an  ac- 
uoplance  supra  protest. 

The  drawers  and  iiidorsers  are  discharged  from  liability,  unless  due  notice  of  non-acceptance  when 
liri'seiitud  for  acceptance,  or  non-payment  at  the  time  the  bill  becomes  due,  is  given.  These  notices 
imijt  be  given  willi  all  due  diligence  to  all  the  parties  to  whom  the  bolder  means  to  resort  for  pay- 
iiifnt.  Generally,  in  both  foreign  and  inland  bills,  notice  is  given  next  day  to  the  immediate  iii- 
ilnrser,  and  such  indorser  is  allowed  a  day,  when  he  should  give  t'resh  notice  to  the  parlies  wiio  ar« 
liable  to  liiin. 

Notice  may  be  sent  by  the  post,  however  near  the  residence  of  the  parties  may  be  to  each  other; 
ami  lliougb  the  letter  conlaiiiiiig  such  notice  should  miscarry,  yet  it  will  be  sullicient ;  but  the  letter 
aiiitaiiiiiig  the  notice  should  be  delivered  at  the  (ieneral  rost-otlice,  or  at  a  receiving-house  appointed 
by  that  office,  not  to  the  bellman  in  the  street.  In  all  cases  of  notice,  notice  to  one  of  several  particg 
is  lielil  to  he  notice  to  alt ;  and  if  one  of  several  drawers  be  also  the  acceptor,  it  is  not  necessary  to 
give  notice  to  the  other  drawers. 
Vol.  L— 3  K 


i.i 


EXCHANGE. 


lk.»>i 


•VI  I 

I' 

■at"'"     I' ', 


r  I 


(' 


i:.^i^ 


Upon  (he  non-BCceptnnre  or  non-pnyincnt  of  a  hill,  the.  lioliler,  or  a  piililic  notary  for  him,  nfmiiKl 
prntnMt  it;  that  is,  ilraw  up  a  notire  of  lliu  ntfiiKal  to  accept  or  pay  thu  lull,  anil  the  declaration  of 
thi>  liolitur  n|;aiii8t  BiiitaiiiinK  loxs  thorchy.  Inland  liillri  nt-eil  not  he  pruteatvd  ;  in  practice  tlipy  arc 
lliiiially  only  noted  for  non-acceptance  ;  lint  this,  wllhoiit  the  protest,  in  wholly  futile,  and  addH  nnthini; 
whatever  to  the  evidence  of  the  holder,  while  it  entails  a  useless  exptmse  on  those  liatile  to  jmy. 

Indiir.ftment  of  Rilln. — An  indorsement  is  the  act  liy  which  the  holder  of  a  nei?otialde  iristrniiieiit 
traiisfurs  his  rlKlit  to  another  person,  termed  the  indorsee.  It  is  usually  niadtMui  the  hack  of  a  hill,  ^,^n^\ 
must  he  in  writiiiK  ;  hut  the  law  has  not  prescriheil  any  set  form  of  words  as  necessary  to  the  ceriunii- 
ny,  and  in  general  thi;  mere  sicnature  of  the  indorser  is  sutiicient. 

All  hills  payable  to  order  or  to  hearer  for  \l.  and  upwards  are  negotiable  hy  indorsement ;  and  llie 
transfer  of  tliem  for  a  good  consideration,  before  they  are  payable,  t'ives  a  riiiht  of  action  against  all 
the  precedent  parties  (ui  the  hill,  if  the  hills  in  theinsejves  are  valid  ;  hut  a  transfer  after  they  are  due 
will  only  place  the  holder  in  the  situation  of  the  person  from  whom  he  takes  them. 

Dills  may  he  transferred  either  hy  delivery  only,  or  hy  indorsement  and  delivery  :  hills  payable  to 
order  ar<'  transferred  hy  the  latter  mode  only  ;  hut  hills  payable  to  hetirer  may  he  transferred  hy  tjliier 
mode.  On  a  transfer  hy  delivery,  the  person  making  it  ceases  to  he  a  party  to  the  hill;  hm  ua  a 
transfer  hy  indorsement,  he  is  to  all  intenls  and  purposes  chargi'ahle  as  a  new  drawer. 

A  bill  ori^tinally  transferable  may  he  restraini'd  hy  restrictive  words;  for  the  payee  or  indorsee, 
having  lh(!  absolute  property  in  the  hill,  may,  hy  express  worils,  restrict  its  currency,  by  indoriiii^  it 
"  Payable  lo  A.  H.  only,"  or  "to  A.  II.  for  his  use,"  or  any  other  worils  clearly  denionstraling  hi^  j,,. 
tention  to  malii-  a  reslflctive  and  limiteil  iinlorsement.  tSuchs|iecial  indorsement  precludes  thu  person 
in  whose  favour  it  is  made  from  making  a  transfer,  so  as  to  give  u  right  of  action  against  ike  sjieciul 
indorser,  or  any  of  the  precedent  parlies  to  the  hill. 

In  taking  bdls  to  account  or  discount,  it  is  important  well  to  rxaniinc  all  special  iiidorsoinonts.  I.nrj 
Tenterden  decided  that  a  person  who  discounts  a  hill  indorsed  "  Pay  to  A.  U.  or  order  )\,r  mii  use," 
discoMiils  it  suliject  to  the  ri:!k  of  having  to  pay  the  nniney  to  the  special  indorser,  who  so  liniiieil  the 
appliialioM  /()/•  wi/ H.vf  ;  thus  a  party  maybe  liable  to  pay  the  amount  of  the  hill  twice  over,  iiiiK.sa 
lie  previously  ascertains  that  the  payment  has  been  made  conformably  to  the  import  of  llieindurseiavnt. 
Al'ier  the  payment  of  part,  a  hill  may  he  indorsed  over  for  the  residue. 

I're.tnil  mini  fill'  I'uijmenl — The  holder  of  a  hill  niiist  he  careful  to  present  it  for  payment  at  Iho  time 
when  due,  or  ihe  drawer  and  indorsers  will  he  exonerated  from  their  liability  ;  even  the  hanknipicy 
iiisolveniy,  or  death  of  the  acceptor  will  not  excuse  a  iH'glect  to  make  presentment  to  the  assimiets 
or  executor  ;  nor  will  Ihe  iiisulliciency  of  a  hill  in  any  respect  constitute  an  excuse  for  non-preseiilnieiu- 
the  presenluient  should  he  made  at  a  reasonable  time  of  the  iliy  when  the  hill  is  due  ;  nnil  if  by  ihj 
known  cusliuu  of  any  trade  or  place  hills  are  payable  only  within  particular  hours,  a  preseninieiit 
must  be  wilhln  those  hours.  If  a  bill  has  a  i{ualltieil  acceptance,  the  presentment  should  heat  Ihe 
place  nienlioned  in  such  ((ualilied  acceptance,  or  all  the  parties  will  he  discharged  from  their  ubli. 
gations. 

If  a  hill  fall  due  on  Sunday,  Good  Friday,  Christmas  Day,  or  any  public  fast  or  thanksgiving  ilay, 
the  preseMtnient  must  he  on  Ihe  day  preceding  these  holidays.  By  7  &  h  fieo.  4.  c.  15.,  if  a  Tail  nr 
liole  be  payable  on  the  day  preceding  tliese  holidays,  notice  of  the  dishonour  may  he  given  llieihiv 
following  the  holiday ;  and  if  Christmas  Day  fall  on  Monday,  notice  may  he  given  on  Tuesday. 

Dills,  however,  payable  at  usance,  or  at  a  certain  lime  after  date  or  sight,  or  after  dernand,  niislit 
not  to  he  presented  for  payment  precisely  at  the  expiration  of  the  time  mentioned  in  tlii'  bills,  but  "at 
the  expiralion  of  what  are  termed  d(iij!<  lif  grace.  The  days  of  grace  allowed  vary  in  dillerent  coun- 
tries, and  ought  always  to  he  computed  according  tothe  usageof  the  place  where  the  hill  is  ilm-.— (.«!(.e 
nnii,  p.  (i.V.I.)  .\t  llamhurgli,  and  iu  France,  the  day  on  which  the  bill  falls  due,  makes  one  of  tin:  iluys 
of  grace ;  hut  no  where  else. 

On  bills  payable  on  demand,  or  when  no  tinieof  payment  is  expressed,  no  days  of  grace  an^  allinveil; 
hut  they  are  piyable  instantly  on  presentment.  On  "bank  post  lulls  no  days  of  L'race  are  claimed;  but 
on  a  bill  piyalde  at  sight  Ihe  nsu.tl  days  of  grace  are  allowed  from  the  sight  or  demand. 

Payment  of  a  bill  should  he  made  only  to  the  bidder  ;  and  it  may  be  refused  unless  the  bill  h-  pin- 
(luced  and  delivered  up.  On  payment,  a  receipt  should  he  written  on  the  hack;  and  when  a  purl  i^: 
paid,  the  same  should  be  acknowledged  upon  the  hill,  or  the  party  paying  may  he  liable  to  pay  tlit- 
amount  a  second  lime  to  a  bona  Jiilc  indorser. 

Proiiiis.'oni  JV(ili:s  and  Clirrk.i. — The  chief  distinction  between  promissory  notes  and  hills  of  exibaiije 
is,  that  the  former  are  a  direct  engagement  by  the  drawer  to  pay  them  accorditig  to  their  leimr.  wiih- 
out  Ihe  intervention  of  a  third  parly  as  a  drawee  or  acceptor.  Promissory  notes  may  be  drawn  piiyiihle 
on  demaml  to  a  person  named  therein,  or  to  order,  or  to  bearer  generally.  They  are  as.'^ignaiil  ■  -muI 
indors:ible  ;  ami  in  all  resperls  so  nearly  assimilated  to  bills  hy  3  &4  Ann.  c.  U.,  that  the  laws  wjijili 
have  been  stated  as  hearing  upon  the  latter,  may  be  generally  understood  as  applicable  to  the  Inrun'r. 
In  h'.ili.-- v.  Br  1-1/ it  has  been  decided,  in  case  an  instrument  is  drawn  so  equivocally  as  lo  remler  il 
uncertain  whether  it  he  a  hill  of  exchange  or  promissory  note,  the  holder  may  treat  it  as  cither  asaiusl 
the  drawer. 

Promissory  notes,  bills,  drafts,  or  undertakings  in  writing,  being  made  negotiable  or  transfiTiilile, 
for  a  less  sum  than  20.v.,  are  void,  aiul  persons  uttering  such  arc  subject  to  u  penalty  not  cxccediiij! 
2(1/,  recoverable  before  a  justice  of  peace. 

The  issue  of  any  promissory  note  payable  to  bearer  on  demand  for  a  less  sum  than  5/.  by  Ihe  lt;nik 
of  ■■England,  or  any  licensed  English  hanker,  is  prohibited  ;  and  by  !)  (Jeo.  4,  c.  (l.'i,  it  is  proviiled,  i|i;ii 
no  corporallon  or  persiui  shall  utter  or  negotiate,  in  Fnglaml,  any  such  note  which  has  been  inaili'  ur 
issued  Iu  .Scotland,  Ireland,  or  elsewhere,  under  a  penally  not  exceeding  2(l<.  nor  less  than  j/.  Hut 
this  does  not  exteinl  to  any  draft  or  order  on  bankers  for  the  use  of  the  drawer. 

Promissory  notes  lor  any  sum  exceeding  100/.  may  be  drawn  payable  to  bearer  on  demand  nrntliir- 
wise  ;  hill  notes  iVoiii  2/.  lo  101)/.  inclusive  are  not  to  be  drawn  payable  to  bearer  on  deiiiaiiil,  exccpl 
bankers'  re-issiiable  notes,  which  require  a  dilferent  stamp. 

A  clirrk  or  ili;ifl  is  as  negotiable  as  a  hill  of  exchange,  and  vests  in  the  assignee  the  same  ri^rhtiif 
action  against  llie  assignor.     As  to  the  presentation  of  checks,  &c.,  see  Chick. 

.\nv  person  ma  king,  accepting,  or  paying  any  bill,  draft,  order,  or  promissory  note,  not  duly  slatiipoil, 
is  li  liile  to  a  piiially  of  .^lO/  ;  for  post-dating  them,  Kill/.  ;  and  for  not  truly  .-pi.'cifyiiig  lln-  place  wlieni 
unstaiiipeil  drills  are  issued,  10(1/  ;  and  any  person  knowingly  receiving  such  iinstampeil  draft,  iil)/. ; 
and  the  b  inker  knowingly  paying  il.  100/. ;  besidi's  not  being  allowed  such  sum  in  account. 

Defure  loncliiilliig  this  article  on  iiii'rcaiitlle  iiaper,  it  may  not  he  improper  lo  inlrodnce  one  ur  two 
cam  ions  with  regard  to  acceptances,  and  aicomiuoilation  paper,  and  proceedings  in  case  of  llio  li>.>.s 
of  bills. 

I'irst,  .\  man  should  not  put  his  name  as  acceptor  to  a  bill  of  exchange  wilhoiil  well  coiislilcriii? 
whether  he  his  the  ipi'ans  of  paying  the  same  when  due,  as  otherwise  he  may  be  liable  noi  only  tii  the 
costs  of  lln:  action  agiinsi  liliiisidf.  but  also  lo  the  costs  of  the  actions  against  the  other  parlies  tii  Hie 
bill:  Ihe  shrewd  tradesman  is  generally  .inxious  to  get  Ihe  acceptance  of  his  diditor  at  a  shnrl  date, 
well  kiiowingthat  it  noi  only  fixes  the  amount  of  the  debt,  but  it  is  more  speedily  rucuveruhlu  by  legal 
procedure  than  a  book  debt. 


EXCHANGE. 


663 


iMic  notary  for  him,  nhniiM 
liilt  aiicl  the  (Iccliiralidii  of 
tesir.l;  inp'^clico  ll.ey  ar.^ 
lioUy  fiHil«.  nnti  aM»  linlliiiiK 
.  on  those  li!it>l«  to  imy. 
•of  II  iu'«otiiililL'  iiistnuiicni 
iiacoiilheliiitkofiiliill.iiml 
jusufccssarylolheciit.-iim- 

l,le  liv  indorsement ;  nnd  tlic 

,  a  rialit  of  iiction  iigaiiiHl  all 

11  trunsfer  afli't  tliey  iiru  diu; 

.nd  delivery:  ..lis  payi.1.10  to 
rninvhetriiMslerred  lyuillioi 
iilKirty  lothe  liill;  I'Ui  una 
I'ni'W  drawer.  . 

^  .  l-,.r  the  payee  or  md..r3e.., 
•t  its  nirreiu  y,  l>y  mdor*nn!  il 
I  clearly  demimstralnii!  Ins  iii- 
..rseu.ent  preclud.'s  the  puraon 
,t  of  action  against  iVie  specui! 

nU  special  indorsements.  Lord 
to  A.  IJ.  or  order  for  mtj  use," 
Hi  indorser,  wli"  «o  luniled  llio 
of  the  hill  twite  over,  nidi>s 
J  the  import  of  the  indorseincul. 

^seiit  it  forpayiiient  at  the  lime 
lial.ility  ;  even  the  hankriipHy, 
,.  nreseiitnienltollie  assimic.s 
nn  excnsf  for  non-pr<-f' ',l|"«^''l; 
.„  the  bill  is  due  ;  and  it  In  tli« 
.articular  hours,  a  preseiuiiient 
(.  nresentnienl  should  \k  at  the 
I'be  discharged  from  tlieir  obli- 

iHildic  fast  or  thanksciving  diiy. 
,r7&V<ieo.4.c.l5..iral.illnr 
.lishonour  may  be  (liven  llie  .l,iy 
nay  lie  t,Mven  on  liiesday 
or  -iulit,  or  after  demand,  nut-lit 
u.o'mentioned  in  th.' lulls,  Inil  at 
.  ..llowed  vary  in  dillerent  nmn- 
pi:„ e  wher.!  the  bill  is  due  -(S.e 
U  falls  due,  makes  one  of  the  days 

,od,  no  days  of  grace  are  allmvf.1  • 
,o  (lavs  of  L-race  are  claimed;  but 

lie  siljht  or  demand, 
b,.  refused  unless  llie  lull  be  pro- 
on  the  hack;  and  when  a  part  i. 
f  paying  xv.ay  he  liable  to  pay  tliu 

lissorv  notes  and  bills  of  exrlianjre 
'^maccordin«l..the.rl.'nor.w,.l.- 
,,rv  notes  may  be  drawn  i«|y;|  I '■ 
M-rally.  They  are  as^^i'-'nal.l"  m  1 
4  inn  c.  '.»..  that  the  laws  winch 
rst.;odasappli.abletotb.,.tnrmn 
w„  so  equivocally  as  loreuiWri 
Ilerinaytreatitase.lhetapii.ist 

b  made  nesotiable  or  transf.'rahlc, 

rubject  to  a  penalty  not  excelling 

roralesssumthanr,;.bytlinl!a.,k 

•Hieo   4,<-.(ir..  il  IS  piovid.Ml.  IMI 

„;,,.  note  whieli  has  l.e^i  inad.M.r 

eedina  Wi.  nor  less  llian  j(,    Hm 

'blVto  bearer  on  de.nand  or  otl>..r- 
!;\;^rtobe'.reroudeiuaml,eK..,a 

in  the  assignee  the  same  riiihl  "f 
;,n;ml^orvm,te,no,d.,lys.amH, 

iMvin"sueh  unstampiMl  dr.ill,  ■""• . 
iMl-uiclisum  in  account. 

', npHMvr  to  introduce  one       «^ 
iind  proceediuKS  in  case  ol  tUt  In., 

'"-«^SS:rat'asi;:^^ 
•';;:;;r:s;;:^;ly--verabiei.yie.»> 


ppconrtly,  Trnilern  who  wish  to  support  their  respectability,  and  desire  to  nuccecd  in  hiislness, 
Kboulit  be  caulioiiir  in  resortini;  to  the  destrmtive  systciii  of  cross-acconimoilatiiiii  ucceplancis  :  ii  sel- 
dom emls  well,  and  usually  excites  suspici(ui  as  to  llie  inteurity  of  the  parlies  ;  it  beliiK  an  i-speilient 
ol'teii  adopted  liy  swindlers  toilel'raiid  the  public.  Iiidcpeiideni  iif  tlie  expense  in  stamps  and  discounts, 
and  frequently  ill  noting,  interesi,  and  law  expenses,  the  danxer  atteiidiii','  such  accomnioilalKui  i:i 
sulficienl  to  deler  friuii  the  praciice.  Suppose,  for  iiislaici',  A.  and  H.  niulually  accomiiiodale  each 
<j||ier  to  the  amount  of  1,0(111/.  the  acceptances  beln^  in  the  bauds  of  third  persons  :  both  A.  anil  Ii.  aro 
lialde  to  such  third  persons  to  the  exti-nt  of  '2,INl(l/.  each;  and  sboiild  A.  by  any  iiiiforeseeii  occurrence 
be  suddenly  rendered  unable  to  meet  his  accelitances,  the  holders  of  the  whole,  as  well  llii-  accept- 
ances of  A.  as  the  acceptances  of  II.,  will  resort  to  It.  for  paymeni  ;  and  it  may  so  happen,  that  al- 
tlioupli  II.  could  have  provided  for  his  own  share  of  the  uccomiiiodatiuii  paper,  lie  may  be  unable  to 
provide  t°or  the  whole,  and  may  thus  bectuiie  insolvent. 

Thirdly,  In  case  of  a  loss  ol'  a  bill,  the  it  &  10  Will.  3.  c.  I",  provides,  that  if  any  inland  bill  bo 
Inst  or  missiii);  within  the  time  limited  for  its  paymeni,  the  tirawer  shall  on  siilliclent  security  given 
tu  inilemnify  liiiii  if  such  bill  be  found  auaiii,  give  another  bill  of  the  same  tenor  with  the  lirst. 

Lastly,  Il  is  of  great  importance  to  bankers  and  others  taking  bills  and  niUes,  that  they  should  have 
some  knowledge  of  llie  parties  frcuii  whom  they  receivi'  them ;  otherwise,  if  the  instrniiient  Inrii  out 
to  have  been  lost  or  framluli-ntly  oblaineil,  they  may,  without  ei|uivaleiit,  be  deprived  of  their  securi- 
ty, on  an  action  by  the  owner  to  recover  possession.  Lord  Tenterden  decided,  "if  a  person  take  a 
bill,  note,  or  any  oilier  kind  of  security,  under  circumstanci-s  which  ought  to  excite  suspicion  in  the  mind 
of  any  leasonalib;  man  aci|uaiiiled  with  llie  ordinary  all'airs  of  lite,  and  which  ought  to  put  him  on  bin 
guard  to  make  the  necessary  im|iiiries,  and  he  du  not,  then  he  loses  the  riglit  of  inaiiitaiiiing  posses- 
sion of  the  instruinent  against  the  rightful  owner."— (GuiMAuf/,  Oct.  'Hi,  lb*.>.ti.) 

1.  Table  containini;  the  Vai.ik  of  tiik  MoNiKsof  Account  of  difTerent  Places  (e.tpressed  in  Pence 
and  Uecimals  of  Pence),  accordiue  to  the  Mini  Price  both  of  (iold  and  Hilver  in  llngland  ;  that  is, 
3/.  17s.  lOJii.  per  oz.  for  Uold,  and  is.  ij.  per  o/..  for  Silver.— (A'c//y'i*  Cambist,  vol.  ii.  p.  M'.l.) 


V.tliie  ill  I   V:\lui!  in 
silviT.  tlolJ. 


Aix-la-Chapellc,  Rixdollar  cur- 
rent    -  -  -  - 
Ainsterdain,    Uixdollar     banco 
(aL'io  at  l  percent.)   - 
Florin  banco 
Florin  current    - 
Ponnil  Flemish  current 
Antwerp,   Pound  Flemish  (mo- 
ney of  exchange) 
Florin     (money     of  ex- 
change) 
Pound  Flemish  current 
Fioriii  current    - 
Barcelona,  Libra  Catalan 
Basil    Uixdollar,  or  ecu  of  ex- 
change 
Kixdol'.ir  current 
Berlin  Pound  banco     - 
Uixdollar  current 
Berne,  Feu  of  3  livres  - 
I              thrown  of  25  batzen 
I  Bremen,  Uivdollar  current 
i             Uixdollar  ill  t'arls  d'or 
j  Cassel.  Uixdollar  current 
Cologne,  Uixdollar  specie  of  SO 
I                  albiises 
1             Rixdollar  current  of  78 
'                  alliuses 
ronstantiiiople.l'iasl re. or  dollar 
I  Dantzic,  (inlibn  or  lloriu 
I  DuHinark,  Uixdollar  specie 
I            Uixdollar  crown  money 
I           UixdollarUanish  currency 
I  Enuland,  Pound  sterling 
i  Florence.  Lira    -            -  - 
I             Ducat,  or  crown  current 
I             Sciidod'or.or  gold  crown 
!  France,  I.ivreTouriiois 

Franc  (new  system) 
i  Francforl,  Uixdollar  convention 
j  money 

1  Uixdollar  Munt/.e,  or  in 

I  small  coins 

:  Germany,  Uixihdlar  current    - 
'  Uixdollar  specie 

Florin  of  llie  F.mpire    - 
Uixdollar  Muiilze 
I  Florin  .Miinlze   - 

;  Geneva,  Livre  current  - 
i  Florin     -  -  - 

I  Genoa,  Lira  fiiori  banco 
I  Pezza,  or  dollar  of  cx- 

1  ciiange 

,  Scudo     di     canibio,    or 

I  crown  of  exchaiiL'e    - 

HamburKh,Mark  banco  (at  nied.) 
Pound  Flemisli  banco  - 
Slark  current     - 


(/. 

31  40      31-43 


52'54 
21- 
20-72 
121-32 

123  25 

20-54 

105-(i5 

17-(iO 

28-14 

47-27 
4245 

47-25 
.10  • 
42(il 
3.-»-53 
37 -bO 

37-80 

31-38 

30-f)0 

0-45 

!)• 

.54-72 

4H-37 

44  27 

240- 

8-12 

5tv84 

9-58 
970 

37  80 

Sl-IiO 
37 -.'•0 
50- 10 
2.120 
31  50 
21 
lli-l;! 

4-UO 

8- 

45-92 

30-75 

18-22 

I,i0(i5 

14-82 


variable 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 

123-67 

20-04 

100-18 

17-70 

20  70 

47- 
42-20 

variable 
ditto 
42-90 
35-75 

variable 
39-08 

variable 

ditto 

ditto 

uncert. 

9- 


Coins. 


'  V.ilue  in  '    Value  iu 
,    .Silviif.         Goll, 


44-?8 

210- 

8-53 

59  71 

03-1I7 

9-:i8 

9-52 

3705 


variable 
ditio 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 
1013 
4-84 
7-83 

45-50 

3002 
variable 

ditto 
vuriablo 


llamburgh,  Pound  Flemish  cur- 
rent    -  -  -  - 
Hanover,  Uixdrdlar  (in  cash)  - 
Uixdollar  (gidd  value)  - 
KCinigslieri;,  (Juldeii  or  lloriii   - 
Leghorn,  Pezza  of  8  reals 
Lira  niimeta  buona 
Lira  moiieta  liiiiga 
Leipsic,    Uixdollar    convention 
money 
Rixdollar  in  Louis  d'ors 
or  Fredericks 
Malta,  .Sciido  or  crown 
Milan,  Lira  Imperiale  - 
Lira  corrente 
Scudo  Imperiale 
Sciido  corrente 
Modcna,  Lira     -           -  . 
Munich,  (iiildeii  or  florin 
Naples,  Ducal  of  1818  - 
Parma,  Lira      .           -  - 
Persia,  Toman  of  100  manioodis 
Poland,  Cnldeii  or  tloriii           -  | 
Portugal.  Milree            -           -  i 
Old  crusade        -            -  | 
Ripa,    Uixihdlar  Alberts          -  ; 
Uixdollar  currency  (agio' 
at  10  per  cent.)  -  | 
Rome,  i*cudo  or  crown  -  i 
Scudo  di  stanipa  d'oro     i 
Uiissia,  Uoiible               -  -  I 
Sardinia,  Lira   - 
Sicily,  Ounce     -           -  -  | 
Scudo  or  crown  -  | 
Spain,  Ueal  of  old  plate  -  1 
Ueal  of  new  plate  -  ! 
Ueal  of  Mexican  plate     , 
Real  vellon        -  -  i 
Dollar  of  old  plate,  or  of 
exchaiiae         -  -   i 
Sweden,  Uixdollar        -            -   ; 
Swifzerland,  Franc,  (new  sys-, 
tem)    -           -           -  -  1 
Trieste,   Florin,    Austrian  cur- 
rency - 
Lira.  Trieste  currjiicy 
Lira  di  piaz-za   -  -  I 
Turin,  Lira 
Valencia,  Libra 

Venice,  Lira  piccola  (in  the  old 
coins) 
Llla  piccola  (in  the  coins 
introduced  by  the  Aiis- 
triaiis) 
Vienna,  Florin  -  -  - 

Xante,  Real        -  -  - 

Zurich,    Florin  (money  of  ex- 
change) 
Florin  current   - 


d.     ' 

d. 

111-15 

variable 

4-2- 

4220 

39- 

3924 

12- 

variable 

40-25 

49-16 

HI  3 

8-.55 

7-79 

8-19 

37-80  .variable 


- 

3908 

21-32 

23-34 

10-41 

1053 

7-15 

7-44 

00-00 

01  00 

42-32 

42-78 

3-72 

21- 

21-28 

41  20 

41-22 

2-35 

2-40 

287t)0 

C-03 

0-27 

. 

07.34 

- 

20-94 

52-54 

variable 

.37-53 

ditto 

.V205 

5103 

79-37 

78-73 

- 

variable 

18-21 

18-82 

123-,54 

124-80 

4'.i-n2 

49-92 

■1  8H 

4  57 

5-18 

4-80 

0-48 

0-07 

2-,'i9 

243 

39- 

30-59 

55-41 

50-43 

2-214 

25-20 

4-70 

405 

11 -Ub 

39-45 


25-05 

4-73 

4-03 

11-23 

39-59 


4-25 

25 -".0 

400 

25-85 

23-50 

5-07  ivariable 


ditto 

25-03 

variable 

ditto 
ditto 


,  ! 


A 


:y 


664 


EXCHANGE. 


•^^ 


^1 1 


I 


f 


I  I 


«         ;    • 


,t 


1'     .V     * 


"v.'^".''  "/  /^/*',''"»nff<'  I'ntwcen  Enpliind  mid  tlii>  followiiiK  IMiiccn,  vi/,.  Amntorilam,  iriimJiiirBh  P,i,j, 
Mudri.l.  I.islmri,  I.cglioni,  Uoiinii,  .Niiplrs,  uiid  V.-iiiie  j  tint  nuiiu.'  Ikmiir  roinimKMl  Injiii  tlK- ii  iri n-iV 
Vulii.'  ol  tlH-ir  prinnpal  <;r.jn»,  by  n.iu|i:iriiiK  (inid  Willi  (iold,  and  Hilvcr  Willi  Hilver,  u.-cordii  c  t,^ 
tlii'ir  .Mint  Kek'iiliilicins,  mid  lo  AnsiiyH  iiiiidu  iil  lliu  l<iiiidoii  mid  I'lirJH  Miiil«.-il'runciiiud  liv  liV 
Kelly  to  the  t'oiiiiiiitti'u  of  the  IIoiiou  ol  L.irdii,  on  the  Kxpedioiicy  of  the  Hank's  reiuuiiiig  fu/li 


Anulenlain,  Lanco 

l>>.  curreni 
Hniiitiurifh 
I'ariii 
Mi.lriJ       ■ 

I.islKUl 

iinwx 
N.iplfi 
VVtitfu 


Gtild. 


Mint 
Ri^tiila- 


30  8 
II  4-5 

M  3;i 

2-.70 
37-3 
C7'4 
J!)- 1 
455 
41-22 
48.3 


Aiuyt. 


36  6-ii 

II  3H 
35  1-5 
2'i  .'6 
37-2 
«7-.'. 
4!)l) 
45'5 

40-0 


Silver. 


OM  CoJiiiK«. 


New  Coiiugfl, 


Mint 
lle)(i)l<l- 
tiuni. 


37  3 

II  «'5 

34  I 

Jl  71 

3!i'2 

W)-4I 

4lrl0 

4lj|l> 

41-42 

475 


Mint 
Asuya.     HitKula> 
tions. 


37  10-5     35    0 


II  ll-V 
3-.  13 
24  ill 

:i«o 
SH-33 

4t;> 

4S9 
40-9 


10  14-6 
32  II 
23  23 
41-7 
64-30 
■l'J-60 
4D-t 
43-9 
44-0 


Aiiayi. 


35    6-j 

10  l7-(i 
32  11-5 
23  40 

41-5 

B2H9 

4!l  5 

520 

461 


Kxplanstinni. 


ModIm  of  Eichinge. 


( Sriiillitisx  nnd  prnce  Flemish  per  poand  ilerlirig, 
i     Acio  2  prrrrnl. 

I'Inritu  anil  stivers  per  pnuU'l  sterlini;. 

Schilliiiics  and  |>t-nce  Flemish  hani-o  per  pound  sterl. 

Franra  nnd  eentinit-s  per  pound  sterling. 

Pence  sterlinc  for  the  piast.-o  or  dollar  of  exchanre. 

Fence  srerliiiK  ]icr  inilree. 

Fence  nterlinic  per  perya  of  exclnnffp. 

Vfiici:  Bterlini(  per  pezza  fuori  hanco,* 

Fence  aterliii^  per  ducat  (new  coinage  of  ISIS), 

Lire  piccole  per  |»ound  alerlinc. 


III.  All  Account  of  the  Course  of  Kxchmisc  Lnndon,  18th  of  November,  1836,  with  aome  Explana- 
tory Htuteitients. 


Cnurae  of  Eichanfte. 

Eiplanalory  Slateinenla. 

Amstenlani,  3  ina.   - 

12       4  1-2 

that  is,  London  receives 

12  florins  4  1-2  slivers  fnr  II. 

Antiverp      .... 

12       2  12 

_ 

receives 

12  diM"  2  1-2  dill.,  for  II, 

Haniburrth,  mcs.  hco. 

13      11 

— 

reciives 

ISnnris  11  scliilliuTs  haiico  for  I/. 

Paris,  3  ins. 

25      70 

_ 

recuvi'S 

2'i  francs  70centinit«  for  If. 

Fnncfiirt      .... 

151  3-4 

_ 

receives 

l.->13-4  Iial7.enfnr  II. 

PelersLureh.  p.  r.iu,  3  us,    • 

10 

_ 

Kives 

10  pence  slertia^  for  I  roulde  bank  money. 

Vienna,  elf  Flo.  2  nis. 

10      10 

— 

receives 

10  ttoriiis  lOcieutzers  for  II, 

Madrid,  3  ins. 

3-.  7-8 

_ 

Kives 

3'.  '-a  pence  sterling  for  1  dolhr. 

LPihitrn        .... 

4S 

— 

Kiv.-s 

4H  ditto  for  1  pe7.za  of  8  reals. 

deuoa           .           .           .           • 

2-.      75 

— 

receives 

2-'>  lire  Italiane  75  cent,  for  II. 

Venice,  p.  6  Aust.  livr. 

47  1-2 

— 

receives 

47  1-2  lire  piccoli  for  II, 

NaiiU-s         .... 

40  5-8 

— 

pvra 

40  5  s  pence  slerliii;;  for  1  ilucalo  di  regno. 

I-iil>on,  .10  dav«'  si,-hl 

.54 

— 

/iivi-l 

.04  ditto  for  1  niilree. 

•  Kin  Janeiro,  dillo     - 

36 

— 

ftivts 

36  dillo  for  Idilto. 

For  fiirtli(;r  .iiid  more  ample  elucidations,  see  the  articles  on  the  great  trading  towns,  in  this  Dic- 
tionary. 

[What  follows  is  extracted  from  a  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  Congress, 
ilated  May  26th,  1838  : 

The  Anieriran  dollar  contains  371,  crains  of  piirn  silver.  nr4Iflerains  of  stnndaril  silver. 
The  SpaiiLsh  diillarH  are  not  all  of  tlie  same  weiL'lit.    Those  in  circulation  in  18*i'J  were  said  by  the 
director  of  the  mint  lo  be  worth,  on  an  average,  100  cents  3  mills. 
Till!  M(-.\lrati  ilollarsare  said  to  lie  eiiiial  to  the  Spiiiiiifh. 

The  "  (Viroliis"  dollars  are  the  Span  is  li  dollars  coini'd  prior  to  the  year  ISO!),  in  the  reigns  of  Cliarles 
III.  and  IV.     They  are  said  to  he  not  superior  in  weinht  and  (inuneps  to  the  Me.\iciin. 

The  Amtirican  eagle  of  the  old  coinage,  previous  to  the  ;ilst  of  July,  Ib-tl,  cuntuined  21";  grains  of 
pure  gold. 
The  American  eagle  of  the  new  coinage  contains  232  grains  of  pure  gohl. 

The  llritish  sovereign,  when  coined,  conlaiits  113  grains  and  1^-121-1  parts  of  a  grain  of  pure  gold 
worth,  according  to  our  present  mint  valuation,  $\  t'7  T-120. 

The  Spanish  doubloon  should,  according  to  the  regiihitions  which  have  nominnlly  prevailed  since 
the  year  1T72,  contain  370  grains  of  pure  gidd,  which  would,  at  our  mint  valuation,  be  worth  1(1  ilnlliirs 
iW  cents.     Hut,  according  lo  assays  made  at  the  I.onilon  and  I'hiUidelphia  mints,  previous  to  the  year 
1829,  Sp:inisli  doubloons  contained  only  I'roiii  3(iO  to  3()2  I-IO  grains  of  pure  gold.     This  would  make 
their  average  value,  at  our  mint  valuation,  about  •SI.''  •'JfiJ. 
The  Piilriot  doubloons  are  said  to  be  eiiual  in  weight  and  fineness  to  the  Spanish, 
Till"  dilference  in  the  price  of  Spanish  and  Patriot  doubloons,  and  of  the  ditferent  species  of  dollars, 
at  N<;w  Vork  tind  I'hiladelpliia,  is  cliietly  owing  to  ditiereiice  of  demand  for  tlieni  in  foreign  markets! 
In  file  price  currents,  $i  14  '!-',>  are  assumed  as  the  par  of  e.\change  on  England.   This  practice  began 
when  llii.'  Spanish  pillar  dollars  were  in  circulation,  and  when  the  market  value  of  gcdd,  compared 
with  silver,  was  less  than  it  is  at  present.    Tlie  true  par  varied  as  the  market  value  of  gold  varied, 
when  compared  with  silver.     It  was  estimated  by  Mr.  (iailatiii,  writing  in  182'J,  at  7  per  cent,  above 
the  nominal  par  ;  by  others,  at  8  per  cent. 

Since  the  passuL'oof  the  act  of  1831,  for  rcforniingthe  American  gold  coinage,  the  true  par  cschange 
with  England,  eslimaling  gold  against  gold,  is  about  0  7-10  above  the  nominal  par. 

The  (iiiotalionsof  e.xchange  on  France  are  so  many  francs  and  centimes  payable  in  France  for  a  dollar 
paid  here.  According  to  tilt!  regulations  of  the  Frt^nch  mint,  tlie  silver  franc  should  contain  ()')'453  troy 
grains  of  pure  silver,  eiiuivaleiit  to  18  708-1000  cents  in  silver  currency  of  the  United  States.  Theijiiaii- 
tity  of  pure  silver  in  an  .\iiierican  dollar  is  eiiiial  to  that  in  5  francs  34  .^S.'i-lOOO  centimes.  Ihit  as 
foreicn  coins  are  not  a  legal  tender  in  France,  and  as  a  seignorage  of  about  U  per  cent,  is  charged  on 
silver  coinage  at  the  French  mint,  American  dollars,  when  sold  iis  bullion  in  I'rance,  are  said  to  bring, 
on  an  av(!rage,  not  more  tliiiii  0  francs  2(i  2.')-1000  centimes.  This  is,  by  some  writers,  assumed  as  tlie 
par  of  excliangeon  France.    Other  writers  assume  5  francs  34  centiim^s  as  about  par. 

The  tiuotaiions  of  e.vchange  on  Holland,  are  so  many  cents  a  guilder  ;  on  Hamburg,  so  many  cents 
a  mark  banco  ;  and  on  Hrenien,  so  many  cents  a  rix  dolhir. 

The  exact  value  of  the  guilder  of  Holland  is  39  <J7-100  cents  of  United  States  silver  currency;  but  40 
cents  are  usually  assumetl  as  the  par  of  exchange. 

The  mark  banco  of  Hamburg  is  a  money  of  account  equal  to  .35  144-1000  cents  United  States  cur- 
rency. 

The  rix  dollar  of  Drenion  is  a  money  of  account,  equal  to  80  cents  and  a  very  small  fraction  United 
States  currency. 

♦  The  currency  of  Genoa  has  consisted,  since  1820,  of  Lire  Ilaliane  of  exactly  the  same  weight  and 
fineness  as  francs ;  so  that  the  par  of  exchange  with  Genoa  is  now  the  same  as  with  Paris, 


EXCHANGE. 


666 


•rilam,  Iliiiii'i>"'R'>>  PnrJs, 
,„i.iitiMl  iruiu  Uic  iiitriiiHic 
Willi  HUVLT,  ucconliiiK  \» 

liiiu.-;!'"^'*""*'';'  ''y  I'f 

u  Uank'ii  te»uuiiii«  Cuili 


iDin  Bt  Eich«ns«- 


er  iiiilrce. 

ieJ  audi  (!>"« '<>""«•  ""*'"■ 

r  (iminiljicrlini; , 


1836,  with  Bomo  Exp\ana- 


.'2  stiver*  for  H- 

i  ,1111.1  for  11.  ,, 

criiliniM  for  W. 

"lKforlmul.l=binkmon.y. 
cieutzcn  fur  I'-,,  , 
1  iipzJi  of  S  rf  aK 
jni-  7)  cent,  tor  II- 

■  1  niilrce. 

■  I  dillo^^ 

^trading  towns,  in  ihis  Die 

the  Treasury  to  Congress, 

1  of  Btnndanl  silver. 
JationinlB'Ww'^resawlbylhB 

■  1800,  in  the  reigns  of  Charles 

0  the  Moxii'iin-  „„;„,„? 
Ib31,  contained  21 «.  grains  ot 

'fimrtsofairrainofpuregold, 

.,ave  nomii.nny  prevailed  since 

vuluatinn,  l.e  worth  It.  dnllars 

.  T™  ...iiits  nreviouf.  to  the  yt-ur 

'";;,^;"'gold.'  This  would  make 

1  lire  dirrent  species  of  dollars 
Irld  for  them  in  fore.ign  narkuts, 
I  V  Mind.  This  practice iH'gan 
I  •uke   value  of  gold,  compared 
trnmrket  value  of  goUl  varied 

l„g  in  lB2y,  at  7  per  cent.  aDove 
.coinage,  the  true  par  exchange 
nominal  par  ,^„^j 

ffn.i;c^lnmldc'.n.ainO>)-453.roy 
&  llnilU  States.  The., uan. 
L  -M  .W-VIOOO  centimes     Hn  -s 

>'•^^^;;;;;cn;le':f^S^ 

,;!;?:;!:  UaKrg,  so  many  cents 
(d  States  silver  currency  ;l.ul  40 

[l.lOOO  cents  United  States  tur- 
unda very  sroaU  fraction  United 

|e  same  as  with  Pons. 


Th«  qunlntlnmi  offdreiun  exrhnnscs  are  fur  hllN  pavniilc  sixty  days  after  ilght. 

The  iiMotatiiiiiH  oriliuiii.rttlc  <'\iliaii;.'c  arc  fur  bills  pi'iyiilili!  at  Hiijlil. 

In  the  following  tallies  ilie  letter  d.  Ntands  for  <lisi:<iuiil  and  p.  for  priuniiiin. 

A  Table  showing  tli«  highest  and  lowest  rates  of  foreign  and  domestic  ex;hangC8,  and  of  specie,  at 
New  Vurk,  in  each  year,  from  18'U  to  1031. 


nilltnn 


I 


'  (/Hldoil 
'Kr'ir'M 

illfwion 

iriiiUii-ipiiii 

!  nililiiiorc  > 

Hichiiionii 
jN.irtli  ('arolini     • 
jCli.iil"lon 
pivAiiiiih  • 
jNew  Orlcinl 
lAiiitTiraii  <tiM 

fortujiie^r  <olil     • 

■Sp.llli^ll  iloulllr)  illi 

ll'Atriol  iIouIjIoous 


SiivHrei^iis 
jHplvy  isnii'Ml 

l>|i»iii>h  ilnlhn  . 
itUnilus  ilrill.in  . 
|Mtxicaii  (InlUm  ■ 
iFi\e  fMlic  pieces  . 


\t2i. 

I  a.  I lo  II  p. 

f.  MZ  \i  l<il>33 
JO  to  11  Lie. 
pil  to  1-4  it, 
(i.ir  to  1-4  il, 
I  -I  tn  l-i.l. 
a-4  tn  I  l-i,l. 
i  \-i  In  j.l. 
■1.4  10.1.1- 

1  1-4  In  3  1-2  il. 
Mp   to  2  1-2(1. 

'  I  In  6  p. 
1 1  1-2  In  6  p. 
/Al.iriOlnl6l>|.2 
'n.li  33  1.1  lUUO 

2  1-2  I.I  in  p. 
2  I  2  tn  lU  p. 
l-2t.i2  1-2  p. 
l-2tn3p. 


lltM. 

7  1.2  tn  12  p. 
^1  2.)  In  fi  41) 
:l')to4l 
par  lo  I -J.I. 
1-4  to  1.2  J. 
1-2  In  I  .1. 

i-i   to  I    1-2.1. 

2:1-4  lo  5  1-2.1. 

1  to  3  .1. 

2  1-2  1.1  4.1. 
I  lo3.l. 
«l-2toUI2p. 
4l.i«  1-2  p 
I5,i0lo  1.8: 
IIOOIolj  50 
tit.  II  12  11 
6tnll  p. 
p-ir  tu  1  p. 


1807. 


I!i28. 


I  KID. 


»3.4tn  II  ;|.4p. 

l2l2lo5  2Tl.i 
40  1.2  In  41  1.2 
1-2(1.  topir 
I  4  In  1-2(1. 
I  21(1  I  (I. 
3.4  tn  I  |.2  d. 

3  In  li  (I. 

I  l-llo2(l. 
1  1-2  tn  3(1. 
|Mr  lo  3  (I. 

4  1-2107  l-3p. 
4  1-2  In  7  1-2  p. 
liriOtn  16  bj 
l.'ilWin  15  7,> 

K  1-2  to  II  p. 
Klo  10  1-2  p. 
pir  lo  I  p. 
1-2  In  2  p. 
14  1.1  I  p. 
I  1-2  1.1  a  p. 


n34tnll  1-2  p. 
.i  10  to  '.21  |.2 
10  12  to  42 
|Kir  tn  1-2  (1. 
p.ir  to  1  (I. 
1-2  to  I  (I. 
.1-4  10  I  1  4(1. 
3  3.4  In  14  (I. 
I  In  3  1.2. 1. 
I  to  3  1-2  .1. 
par  In  3  (1. 
3  tn  7  p. 
5  In  7  p. 

1.3  70  In  16  SO 
13  3.1(1  13Hj 
.'<  1-2  to  10  p. 
f  to  10  |i. 

1.4  lo  I  p. 

I  4  to  I  1-4  p. 

1-4  1.1  I  p. 

1  1-2  tn  2  1-2  p. 


t>  tn  lU  p. 
3  17  |.2tn3  30 
-10  I-4I041 
1-410  1.2.1. 
I  4  to  1-2.1. 
3-ttn  1-2.1. 

1  .1, 

2  to  4. 1, 

I  I -2  to  2  I  2.1. 
1  l-2to3  1.2il. 
I  lo2  1-2(1. 

3  to  6  p. 
3  tn  ti  p. 

I3  40tn  16  30 
1:3  10  In  13  30 
7  lo  S  p. 
7108  1-2  p. 
par  to  1-2  p. 
p,ir  to  1-2  p. 
par  tn  1-2  p. 
liar  lo  2  p. 


1830. 

liloi)  12  p. 

3  2-.  lo  •.  47  1.2 
W  I  2  I.I  40 
1-4  lo  12. 1. 
1-4  1(1  1-2.1. 
1-21.13.4.1. 
.1-4  to  I  il. 

I  1-2  tn  2  1-2  il. 
1  lo  2  .1. 
I  1-21(12(1, 

1  to  I  1-2  a, 

2  tn  4  1-2  p. 

2  10  4  1-2  p, 
16  10  lo  111  00 
I3  0UIO  1.43 

4  lo  9  p, 

3  1-2  to  8  p. 
par 

pir 
par 
p,Tr  In  3-4  p. 


IKIt. 

(i  I  4  to  11  p. 
.3117  to  3  27  1-2 
a'l  to  41 
par  I'l  1-2(1. 
par  I.I  1-2  a. 
1-4  1.1  1  (I. 
3  4  t.i  1  a. 
1  In  2  .1. 

1  2tn  I  1-2(1, 
1-2  1(1  I  1-2(1. 
1-2  10  I  1-2(1. 
3  lo  (i  p. 

2  1-2  In  8  11, 
13  30  1(1  16  10 
13  into  15  63 
510  10  p. 

3  to  It  1.2  p. 
par  to  I  |.2  p. 

jjiir  In  1  1-2  p- 
par  to  1  p. 
Ijiar  to2  t-2  p. 


\  Table  showing  the  highest  and  lowest  rates  of  foreign  and  domestic  exchanges,  and  of  specie,  at 
New  York,  in  oacli  year,  from  January,  1832,  to  May  Ut,  1H3«. 


Bills  nil 

1S32. 

1833.       1         IS34.                     I»3.3. 

1836. 

1837. 

1838. 

I-nii.lnii     • 

7  1-210  10  l-2p. 

5  lo8  3-4p.    2.1.  In  7  1  2  p.  U  1-2  t.i  lU  p. 

U  3-4  to  10  p.           1 

7  1-2  In  22  D. 

II  2tol0l  2p. 

Krinec 

f.  5  15  to  5  33 

3  30  lo  5  -10     5  30  1 1  5  63 

5  20  lo  3  33 

-.  22  1-2  lo  5  37  1-2  4  70  to  3  33 

)  20  lo  3  47  1-2 

ll.ill  111.1    - 

40  tn  41  1.2  c. 

3910  41           37  In  39  1-2 

'19  t.i  40 

39  1-4  to  40  1-2 

19  3-4  lo  13 

;9l(i40  1-2 

lUiiit.uig 

34  1-2  to  lie.  33tn33  1-4 

33  t.i  3« 

33  to  36 

33  1-2  to  39        ,31  to  37  7-8      I 

Hreliien    • 

•       ».■ 

•      -  lo  77  1-2  c. 

77  1-210  79  1-4 

7,H  lo  79  3-1 

79  1 -210^7        1 

■7  to  81  14 

lliftlnll 

1-4  10  12  d. 

l-2d.  tn|.2p.  par 

1.4  to  1 -2d.      1-4  In -d. 

par 

par  to  3-4  d. 

par  lo  2  d.          , 

lar  tn  2  d. 

Plii'«,lelphia 

1.4  to  1-2  d. 

1-4  In -d. 

par  to  1-4  d. 

par  lo  1  3.4  d. 

1  14  In  3d. 

Iii!tiiiiore 

1.4  In  1-2  d. 

l-l  In  3-4  .1.     3-H  In  —  d. 

3-8  In  -  .1. 

|i  ir  to  3-8  d. 
3-4  to  1  1-2  d. 

par  lo  2  d.          1 
1  In  3  (1. 

I3  4ln33.4d. 

Hicliiiiond 

3  4  to  1  d. 

3-4  lo  1  d.        3  4  I'l  1  J. 

3-4  to  1  d. 

2  In  7  1-2  d. 

]  N(.rtti  Carolini   . 

1  1-2  to  3d. 

2  1-2  d.             2  1-2  tn  -  d. 

2  |.2ln  — d. 

2  1-2  to -d. 

2  1-2  to  5  d. 

—  In  3  d. 

jI'lLirlLHuu 

1  lo  2  .1. 

2d.                  1  1-2  1.1  2d. 

1-2  In  1  d. 

1-2  lo  2  d. 

2  1-2  In  3d.         ' 

2  Id  8  d. 

iSiviiiiiali 

1  In  2  d. 

Il-2tn2d.     2d. 

1  t.i  1  1-2  d. 

1  lo3d. 

2  12tn3d. 

2  34  1.1  10  d. 

New  Orleins 

1  lo  1  1-2  d. 

1  to  1  l-2d.     1  In  1  1-2  d. 

1.2  In  1  d. 

I-2lo4d. 

31010.1.        ! 

2  1.1  12.1. 

Aiiicricaii  gold     ■ 

2  1-2  tn  6  p. 

2  10  4  3-4  p.     1-2  10  6  1-2  p. 

6  1-2  to  -  p. 

6  1-2  lo  —  p. 

6  1-2  to  16  p.      1 

7  In  9  p. 

Aiiii^ri(Mn,    new 

1 

1 

c.ii..aie 

• 

4l2laS1.2p.  2  In  8  p. 

par 

par 

par  tn  12  p. 

1.2  In  3  P. 

Snven'isns 

6  1-2  to  9  1-4  p. 

n.X  84  to  4  S5  1-2 

4  84  to  4  86 

4  84  In  5  47  1-2  4  H3  lo  5  06      | 

lleavvisumcas     . 

6  1-2  ton  14  p. 

4  l-2tnHI-2|i.  2  lo4  p. 

2  10  4  3-4  p.      1-2  toil -2  p. 

/).3  06to5  0S 

3  06  lo  5  OS 

5  06  to  3  43 

I  93  In  5  10 

I'nrluijuese  (<ol.I   - 

2  1-2  to  6  p. 

6  1-2  tn  —  p. 

6  1-2  to  —  p. 

6  1-2  to  10  p. 

par  In  2  1-2  p. 
13  90  ml  7  A3 

<|i.iiii»li  ilouhloons 
Pllnol  (loulilooKS 

/).l3731ol6  70 

16  13  In  17  4.' 13  -lO  1(1  16  6.1 

,16  12  1-2  In  17  GO 

16(10  10  17  83 

16  30  10  18  2,3 

«.13  2>tol3S0 

13  20  In  16  12  14  9010  13  60 

13  3010  1613 

131'?.  IO16  30 

13  7310  17  50 

13  33  In  16  30 

iS|ianisll  dollars     - 
'Cirilus  dollars    - 

1.2  to  2  1-2  p. 

1.2  to 4  1-4  p-  pir  10  3  1-2  p. 

1  tn  3  p. 

2  1-2  to  6  p. 

210  13  p. 

1  tn  7  p. 

1  lo2  1-2  p. 

1-2  to  4  1-4  p.  par  to  3  1-2  p. 

1  tn  3  p. 

2  1.2  to  6  p. 

2  lo  13  p. 

1  1-2  In  8  p. 

ISIciiicin  dollars  • 

par  to  1  p. 

I«r                Uiar 

par  lo  1  p. 

.par  to  1  p. 

• 

1-4  Inn  p. 

l.^nirricali  half  do. 

par 

par                 par 

|.ar 

i!ol-4to95 

liar  to  1 1  p. 

1-4  1.14  1-2  p. 

!  Five-franc  pieces 

par  tn  2  p. 

p.ar                liOlnfl31.2cls 

'MtnO-l  1-2 

'J4  tn  106 

D3lo96 

Bates  of  Exchange  at  Philadelphia  on  London,  Paris,  and  Amsterdam,  from  1788  to  181-1,  with  the 
paper  medium  of  England  valued  in  gold,  and  the  Loudon  prices  of  standard  gold  and  of  Spanish 
dollars  per  oz. 


Exchange  on. 

I'aper  ni(..liiim 

of  Kii^land 

value  I  in  g.il  1. 

London  price  of  standard  London  price  of  !;pauiih 
gold  |ier  oz.                     diilUrs  per  oz. 

Year. 

London. 

Paris. 

Alnsterd.ini. 

178.S 

3i  p. 

3  p. 

2}  p. 

— 

77  00 

1789 

3.^  p. 

3  p. 

2?  p. 

— 

77  OB 

17<H) 

2d. 

Up. 

2Jp. 

— 

77  00 

5  001  to  5  02 

1791 

2  p. 

11)  d. 

2ip. 

— 

77  00 

5  00} to  5  02 

1792 

2d. 

22  d. 

— 

— 

77  (Hi 

5  03    to  5  05 

1793 

4d. 

— 

— 

— 

77  00 

to  4  11 

1791 

4.1  p. 



5p, 

— 

77  00 

4  Hi  10  5  01 

1795 

2  p. 



2Jp. 

— 

77  00 

4  1 1  i.  to  r,  041 

17iH> 

51  d. 



— 

— 

77  00 

5  02    10  .i  05 

1797 

2d. 



par 

— 

77  00  to  77  101 

4  10    til  5  001 

179.H 

5'i  d. 

— 

5d. 

— 

77  101  to  77  OS) 

4  11    to  5  00 

1799 

7id. 



7id. 

— 

77  00  to  77  07 

5  05.1  to  5  07 

i8no 



— 

par 

77  101 

1(1  5  00 

ISOl 





— 

81  d. 

85 

5  00    to  5  11 

m-i 

Ip. 



21  p. 

8;  d. 

84 

5  03    to  5  Oil 

iw:! 

2  p. 

— 

2  p. 

23  d. 

SO 

5  02;  to  5  (Hi 

l-Ol 

7d. 

— 

par 

2}  d. 

80 

5  (10    to  5  07 

bo.') 





•J.;  il. 

80 

5  01    to  5  0,^ 

\m 







yj  d. 

80 

5  04    to  5  051 

1807 



— 

— 

2J  d. 

80 

5  Oil  to  5  "til 

1808 



— 

— 

23  d. 

80 

5  02    to  5  07 

1800 



— 

— 

23  d. 

80 

5  03    to  5  07 

1810 







131  d. 

00 

to  .'i  081 

1811 

6d. 

— 



Hd. 

84  06 

5  101  to  0  011 

1812 

10  d. 



— 

2l).f  d. 

O.i  06 

0  00    to  0  081 

1S13 

Ifid. 

— 

— 

221  d. 

101 

t)  111  to  7  001 

1814 

7d. 

— 

— 

25  d. 

104 

5  00    to  5  07 

L 

.Vdfe.— The  rates  of  exchange,  and  the  value 
from  a  table  appended  to  the  letter  of  tlie  Secret 
From  the  same  tabic  has  been  taken  the  price 
3k2 


of  the  paper  medium  of  England,  have  been  taken 
:irv  cif  the  Trpiisiiry,  of  May  29,  1830. 
ot'  standard  gold  at  London,  from  1800  to  1814.    The 
84 


'  ■  ..il 


660 


EXCHANGE. 


Mm  Ira 


( 


«1 

;  I 


( 


'*  •    i 


'-'  i 


London  pricPN  of  itnnilnrd  koIiI,  rrnin  ITlin  to  IHOO,  nnil  of  flpaniiili  itollnm,  Trom  1700  to  1SI4,  hirr 
l)P)'ii  (iiki.'n  rroni  Mnrxhnll'H  HuillHlicH  nl'  ilie  llritiHli  Kiiipiri!. 

Till'  priri-K  lit'  giilil  mill  of  Hiiaiiinli  iliilliirH  iin.'  rxprcHHiil  in  NlilllinKH  nnil  pnncn  HtcrllnR. 

CiiiiHiilrriihln  illllVri-nru  i'xInIs  atnniiK  niillinritii'H  mh  to  tln^  prli't'8  i>l' |!«lil,  nnd  tliiMli'prcclntion  of 
till-  pupiT  iiii'illiiiii,  diiriliK  till'  NiiHpi'iDiiiiii  III'  Hpi'i'li'  piiyiiiL'iitii  liy  lliu  Hank  nf  KnRlnnd. 

The  I'lilliiwini;  wn*  tin;  riitK  ol'  i'XcIiiimbi!  iim  Ktiidnnd  lit  lliiaton  nnd  Dultillinrc,  from  1800  to  INK), 
omIiraviiiK  tliu  yuarH  for  wliii'li  no  i|iiot:itlong  are  given  at  I'liiludulpliia: 


Yiar. 
INK) 

At  n.«ioii. 

Al  ILilliiiiorc, 

Viar. 

Al  llmlnn. 

At  B:lltiliinrr, 

'Ud'  to  3  p. 

2  d.  1.1  S  p. 

iHno 

1  d.  to  3|  p. 

'i  d.  to  pur 

IWIl 

1  lo5d. 

•1  d.  to  2.  p. 

mn 

3d.  lo'tp. 

ad.  Ill  piir 

IM(»2 

3il.  to}  p. 

1  d.  to  3i  p. 

IH08 

3i  to  H  p. 

|Hir  to  H  p. 

IH03 

1  to  'U  p. 

par  to  3i  p. 

180;) 

lid.  to  Dip. 

par  III  ^1  p. 

IWII 

par  to  3  p. 

par  to  S't  p. 

1810 

tii  to  7}  d. 

2  to  5  d. 

1W(I5 

1  to  0  d. 

A  d.  to  par 

Knti'.ii  nf  e.xrhanffc  at  Pliiladnlphin  on  London,  Paris,  and  Amsterdam,  from  I!^IS,  to  April,  1838,  with 
till'  paper  ini'diiim  of  riiiladelplila  valued  in  silver,  the  paper  iiiudiuin  of  Kngland  valued  in  gulil, 
and  th(!  I.undon  price  of  standard  gtM  and  Hpuiiisli  dollars  per  o/. 


Exchiivcc  on 

I'iipiT  iiifilium 

I'apiT  iiieilium 

/j'niloii  prire  of 

I/iiiilon  priceof 

Year 
ISl.-i 

valutfil  ill  AniL'. 
riciiii  silviT. 

nl'  Kit^lAn.l 
valued  III  iC'M. 

■taudjril  KoUl  per 

■Spaiiitli  ilcillan 
ptT  oz. 

.')  03  to  0  OU 

Lnn<liin. 

r.irii.         j     Ani«lFrd.-ini. 

1  d.  to  IS  p. 

23  p.                22  p. 

.5  to  10  d. 

0  to  2(ii  d. 

83  to  100 

I8lli 

lii  to  10  p. 

12  to  23  p.      7i  to  20  11. 
par  to  Oi  p.     1  d.  to  7^  p. 

7  to  10  d. 

1  to  .-i  d. 

78  00  to  82 

»  10 

IHI7 

li  to2ip. 

4i  (1.  to  par 

1  to  2}  d. 

78  00  to  H) 

.'»  01 

ISIH 

par  to  2  p. 

i  p.                        — 

par 

31  to  5}  d. 

80  OOtoM  00 

■>  05  to  .-i  (Ml 

ISIO 

1  d.  to  3  p. 

J  p. 

4i  d.  to  par 

77  101  to  HI  00 

.'>  02  to  .')  01) 

lh2(l 

1  d.  to  3i  p. 

0  d.                 fii  d. 

— 

par 

77  lOi 

4  lOi  til  .'i  (l'2 

1821 

3J  to  I2i  p. 

Od.topar      1  d.  to  par 

— 

— 

77  lOi 

4  0'  Id  4  11 

1822 

8i  to  13  p. 

par  to2J  p.    par  to  li  p. 

— 

— 

77  lOi  to77  004  Oil  to  1  II) 

1823 

5  to  12.1  p. 

H  d.  to3)  p.  1  d.  to  U  p. 

— 

— 

77  (Mi              i»  0^}  loi  my 

1821 

7i  to  11]  p. 

2id.  to2J  p.  1  d.  to  lip. 

— 

— 

77  00  to  77  09 

•1  09;  1(1  4  l().l  1 

1S25 

5  to  lOi  n. 

U  d.  to  2}  p.  lJto3p. 

— 

— 

77  (10  to  77  lOi 

4  10]  till  111 

182li  7}  to  12;  p. 

3  d.  to  S  p.      1|  d.  to  U  p. 

— 

— 

77  00 

4  09Jto4  11 

l.><27  10  to  Hip. 

i  d.  til  2j  p.  ,par  to  3i  |i. 

— 

— 

77  00 

4  Oil]  til  4  lO] 

1^2•'  »;  to  11  p. 

U  to2i  p. 

li  to  3  p. 

— 

— 

77  00  to  77  I0J4  0!t|jio4  lit 

lH2i»  (>i  to  10  p. 

i  d.  to  2i  p. 

1;  d.  to  21  p. 

— 

— 

77  09  to  77  I0i,4  0>-i  to  4  O'l'. 

1830  (I  Id  (ij  p. 

3d.  to  j  p. 

33  d. to  par 

— 

— 

77  09  to  77  101  4  mi  1(1  4  (1!).. 

1831  (ii.i  Id;  p. 

3  d.  to  3J  p. 

li  d.  to2i  p. 

— 

77  09  to  87  lOi  4  091  to  4  llli 

l'*32  7  to  II  p. 

2id.  to  1"  p. 

2i  d.  to  3;  p. 

— 

77  00  to  77  lOi  4  08Jto4  lU 

lH.t3  5  to  0  p. 

3  to  13  d. 

i  d.  to  21  p. 

— 

— 

77  00  to  77  lOi 

H.M 

2d.  to  8  p. 

}  to  7  d. 

1,'  to  5  d. 

— 

— 

77  09  to  77  lOi 

1S3.', 

7;  to  10  n. 

3.;  d.  to  lip. 

.Sd.to  11  p. 

— 

— 

77  (19  to  77  lOii 

lS3(i  7  to  lOJ  p. 

13  d.  toll  p.  2id.to2ip. 

— 

— 

77  09  to  77  lOil 

1837  7  to  21  p. 

Ud.  to  9i  p.  par  to  12i  p. 

par  to  12  d. 

— 

77  00  to  77  lOii 

1838,8  to  12  p. 

IJd.  to21p.ipar  lo33  p. 

•J  to  0  d. 

— 

77  00  to  77  m 

1 

The  rntPS  of  e.xchangc  from  1815  to  1S28,  the  value  of  the  paper  nicdium  of  Philadelphia  frnni  1815 
to  1818,  and  the  London  price  of  standard  fold  from  1815  to  1825,  have  heen  taken  from  a  talile  ap- 
pended to  the  Treasury  report  of  Mav  20,  1830. 

In  foriniiiK  that  talile,  5  francs  20  centimes  were  assumed  as  the  par  of  exchange  on  Paris,  mid  40 
cents  a  f;uilder,  as  the  par  of  e.Nchange  on  Amslerdom. 

In  calculating  the  rates  of  e.\cliaiiKe  on  Paris  and  Amsterdam,  from  1829  to  1838,  it  has  not  been 
thought  necessary  to  assume  a  new  par. 

The  prices  nf  Spanish  dollars  in  London  from  1815  to  1818,  have  been  taken  from  Marshall's  Sta- 
tistics nf  the  British  Iviiipire. 

'Hie  prices  of  standard  jiold  London  from  1820  to  1832,  and  of  Spanish  dollars  at  London  from  1819 
to  l.>32,  have  been  taken  from  tlic  "Report  from  the  Conimillee  of  Hecrecy  on  the  Uank  of  Knglaiiii 
Charter." 

From  the  '-Report  of  the  Select  (Joniniiltee  on  the  Royal  l\liiit,"  nrdered  to  he  jirinteil  .Iiini!  ?,0, 
1837,  it  appears  that,  thniifih  standard  gold  has  been  Hleailily  r,ii(iled  in  the  price  currents  siuoe  the 
year  I.S)2,  at  77  shillinijs  and  9  pence  per  ounce,  it  is  not  unfreqiiently  sold  at  77  shilliiiffs  and  101  pence. 
On  tills  authority,  and  that  of  some  late  English  papers,  the  price  of  gold  is  represented  in  the  table  as 
having  been  the  same  from  1833  to  1838,  that  it  was  from  1829  to  1832.— ^wi.  Ed.] 

EXCHEQUER  BILLS.    See  Funds. 

E.XPECTATION,  of  life.     See  I.vsuuance. 

EXPORTATION,  in  commerce,  the  act  of  sending  or  carrying  commodities  from  one 
country  to  another. — (See  I.mi'ohtation  and  Expoiitation.) 

EXCIfSE,  the  name  given  to  tiie  duties  or  taxes  laid  on  such  articles  as  are  produced  and 
consumed  at  home.  Customs  duties  are  those  laid  on  commodities  when  iiuported  into  or 
exported  from  a  country. 

E.xcise  duties  were  introduced  into  England  by  the  Long  Parliament  in  1643;  being  then  laid  nn 
the  makers  and  venders  of  ale,  beer,  cider,  and  perry.  The  royalists  soon  after  followed  the  e.\ainpli^ 
of  the  republicans  ;  both  sides  declaring  that  the  e.xcise  should  be  continued  no  longer  than  the  lernii- 
(latinn  of  the  war.  Hut  it  was  found  too  productive  a  source  of  revenue  to  be  again  relin(|iii.she(i; 
and  when  the  nation  hud  been  accustomed  to  it  for  a  few  years,  the  parliament  declared,  in  ll)49,tliiit 
the  "  impost  of  e.\cise  was  the  most  easy  and  indifferent  levy  that  could  be  laid  upon  the  people. "  It 
was  placed  on  a  new  footing  at  the  Kesloralinn  :  and  notwithstanding  Mr.  .lust ice  Hlacksicine  says, 
that  '•from  its  first  original  to  the  present  lime  its  very  name  has  been  odious  to  the  people  of  Kiig- 
land"— (C«m.  hook  i.  c.  3.),— it  has  continued  progressively  to  gain  ground  ;  ond  is  at  this  nidini'iil 
imposed  on  a  variety  of  most  important  articles,  aiid  furn:;hes  nearly  half  the  entire  public  revenue 
uf  the  kingdom. 

Tlie  prejudices  in  the  public  mind  to  which  Blackstone  has  alluded,  against  the  excise  duties,  seems 


EXCISE. 


607 


from  1700  to  1914,  harr 
mill  111''  .l.'prccintion  of 


•2(1.  I.I  piir 
2,1.  Ii>  piir 
|mr  I"  **  !'■ 
pur  to  >»  P- 
•i  lo  0  il. 


,,,1815.  to  April,  1838,  with 


03  to  0  0!) 

—  ■\  10 

—  f)  OJ 
05  to  S  06 

(« to  r.  Oil 

101  ,„  ,-•,  [Yi 
0<  lo  I  H 
(HMol  10 

o^?  to  1  O'U- 

OO:  to  4  lO'i 

io;t.i4  iii 

O'.IS  tol  11 

(Hi;  to  4  lo;- 

O'lJ  lot  lU 

()>-;-  to  •»  floj 

ox;  to  •»  "'.IS 
OOi  to  t  101 
0HJlo4  Hi 


lo  jot) 
Of)  to  t^'i 
00  to  »•<>      , 
OfltoM  00  , 
lO.i  to  81  00  5 

r  loi  !•» 

7  ioi  to  77  0014 

;  ml  to  77  09(4 
7  (Hi  to  77  lO.j  •; 

77  00  to  7;,  lOil 
77  OOto^-  Wi\ 
77  00  to  77  1.4 

■;7  OOto^i  101  •' 
|V7  0«to77l'>M 

77  00  to  77  1   M 

77  09  to  77  lOi 

77  0010  77  10  I 

,77  00  to  .7  lOi, 

,7 jmo77_10i'. 

„f  Philndolphia  from  1815 
;;r;e.ntX.fn.mata.,:.up- 

ofexcUangeonP"'''''"*^'* 
In,  1829  to  1838,  it  lias  not  been 

.en  taken  from  Marsha""^  «"»" 

bi^^:.;,:o:"meai.HUe  tabic  »s 
-Am.  £<ll 


,rryingcommoailic8  from  one 

Jh  articles  as  aveprotecil  and 
Tdilies  when  mtported  into  or 

•    i«iT-  iipinalliPn  laiil  "" 
k  soon  alter  loMiiN 

Imrliumei.tde'-  f^^;'  ,  ,,e.-  „ 
Y.uiabeluulu     .1      •;,i;,,,',,,,,j,. 

r«"  """h  a  1  s  »t  »>'''  '"'"""" 
trr.arf^i.e"nti^e  P"'-''-^^"" 
1  against  tltecxciBC  duties,  Bcems 


Kn^Unil    • 

Snilliiiil     • 
Irolaud 

1  l'iii(fJ  K.  ■ 

lUI.                     1833. 

IN34. 

/..        I.   </. 

14,6lb,M3  17    ti 

1,714,027   IH    1. 

l,Mi'i,J<)9  1(1    2 

l!<,JU6,07l     6    2 

r..      1.  ii. 

I4,!).'J,-17     1   II 
l,»i!-,SIU  13    r, 
\,-W,Mi    7    fl 

/,.         I.   ,1. 

i;i,(it,i,S:ij   ;i   7  1-4 

i,»i«,i»;i  II    1  14 

l,»>4»,2;i«  II  10  1-4 

I«,(i4.',lli0    i    il 

IV77,2W    a    U3-4 

to  havn  oriKlnalcd  more  in  the  rrgnlniionii  mnnoctml  with  tlirlr  impnaltlon,  than  In  the  npprPRiivo  ex  - 
tunt  to  wliich  tht>y  linvu  iiiiiiiellni)>it  lii'cn  i:arrii'il.  The  I'lirilillcH  iil'  KniiiVKlniB,  and  lhi>  Iraiiiln  thai 
nilKht  be  ciiiiiiiiillril  upon  llir  ri'vi'iiiu-,  miiIi'hh  a  Htrict  wali-b  were  l«rpl,  h  ivc  led  to  llic  rniu'linciil  nl 
Hcvi-ral  rather  Hnvere  reKUlaliiiiis.  'I'he  olhrers  have  been  enipiiwcreil  In  eiili'r  and  Hcareli  Ibe  lioiifieH 
III'  Kni'h  iiidlvidnalH  ax  ileal  in  e.\i'i<iiMilile  ('oiniiiodlticM  at  any  lime  of  the  it.iv,  and  In  iiiiisl  Inslaneen 
also  of  the  niuiit.  And  the  proceeilliiKH  in  raHeH  of  IraiiH^reHHldn  are  of  hiiiIi  a  nature,  that  pemoini 
may  bo  eonvlcled  in  heavy  pfnaltieri.liy  the  Hiiinniary  Jiulgiiient  of 'Jcnniinixiiionuri*  ul>.\cliic,  or  'iju«- 
ticud  of  the  peace,  withiuit  Die  iiiterveiilion  of  a  Jury. 

I''iir  the  more  eaHily  levyini:  (be  revenue  of  e.vciHe,  P.nKlandaiiil  VValen  are  divided  Into  about  50  rol- 
lectlonit,  Home  of  which  are  ealleil  by  the  iiami'H  of  parllcni.ir  loiiiitii'H,  iitliers  by  the  iiameit  of  Kreat 
lownn,  where  one  county  in  iliviiled  Into  several  collections,  or  where  a  colleclinn  cninprebemlH  Ihu 
conliijnouH  parts  of  several  cnnntieH.  Kvery  such  cnllection  ift  fiubdiviiieil  inloAeveral  dlKlriclH,  within 
which  there  Ih  a  supervisor;  and  each  ilJHtrlct  is  again  subdivided  into  out-rides  and  foot-walks,  within 
each  of  which  ther«  is  a  gua^er  or  Kurveying  olHcer. 

Abstract  of  tho  Urosg  Excise  Uevcnuo  of  England,  (Scotland,  and  Ireland,  for  1833,  lt»33,  and  1834. 


Ttif*  fip«nM^  nf  rnltrctin^  Oie  eiriM  revenue,  in  18.14, 
aiiKiuiiliMl  Ml  (irral  Hnt.iiii  In  iii.  Ii.  5  l-4d.  l>cr  crnl.  of  lite 
KHMi  iinxlucr,  .iihI  in  lrrl.iii<l  In  0/.  til.  H  l-^i.  |)fr  ilu.  Thu 
Inlal  ^rrMii  rrcripl  of  llie  mi'Im;  feveuue  in  tlie  Uuileil  King- 
(loui,  in  IH3j,  »a>  lj,2Jg,3'i2f. 


This  falling  off  in  tho  excise  revenue  is  apparent  only,  having  been  entirely  occnsloned  by  the  tranii- 
fcrence  of  the  tea  duty  from  llieexcise  to  the  customs,  and  by  the  repeal  of  certain  duties,  as  those  on 
tiles,  sweets,  starch,  &c.,  and  the  reduction  of  others.  The  e.vciso  duty  of  1W15  was  collected  (exclud- 
ing arrears)  from  (en  articles  only,  vi/..  auctions,  bricks,  glass,  Imps,  licences,  mall,  paper,  soap, 
spirits,  and  vinegar.  Of  these  the  duty  mi  glass  is  by  far  the  most  objectionable. —(See  art.  Clams.) 
But  were  il  repealed  wc  do  not  know,  now  that  the  paper  duties  are  reiluced  (see  art.  I'ai'EB),  that 
any  of  the  oliiers  can  be  justly  objected  lo.  That  on  bricks,  is,  perhaps,  the  most  exceptionable.  Tho 
table  below  shows  in  detail  tin-  quantities  and  numbers  of  the  articles  and  persons  charged 
with  excise  duties  in  lKi2,  lH;i;i,  mill  1>31,  und  the  gross  revenue  they  rrsperlively  produced 
each  year. — N.  II.  Ten  has  since  been  transferred  lo  the  customs;  and  Ibe  duties  on  tiles,  starch, 
stone  bottles,  and  sweets  have  been  repealed.  (l''or  detailed  accounts  of  the  duties  and  regulations 
atVecling  the  ditferent  articles  siibjecl  to  the  excise,  see  those  articles.) 

Ciniipleiitij  uf  F.iriae  Lmc->. — Tl'e  great  objection  to  the  e.vcise  laws,  as  tliey  at  present  stand,  con- 
gists  in  their  obscurity  and  comple.xily.  lleing  intended  for  the  guidance  of  traders,  they  iiUKlit  to  bo 
brief,  clear,  and  level  to  the  apprelieiision  of  every  oni' ;  but,  instead  of  this,  they  are  in  the  last  de- 
gree lengthened,  contradictory,  and  unintelligible.  There  are,  at  this  moment,  some  40  or  50  acts  in 
c.xistence  relating  to  the  duties  on  gbo^s,  and  from  25  to  ."iO  relating  to  those  on  paper  ;  so  that  it  is  all 
but  ini|)ossilile  for  any  one  to  tell  what  the  law  is  on  many  points.  Tbis  disgraceful  state  of  things 
might,  however,  be  easily  remedied,  by  getting  the  Treasury  to  prepare  a  short  digest  of  t lie  law  as  to 
eacii  duty,  drawn  up  in  a  clear  and  unambiguous  manner;  and  enacting,  that  a  manufacturer  or  dealer 
abiding  by  this  abstract  should  be  held  to  liavu  abided  by  the  law,  and  slioiild  not  be  liable  to  he  fur- 
ther quest  ioned  on  the  subject.  'I'lie  adoption  of  some  plan  of  this  sort  would  be  the  greatest  improvu- 
iiicnt  which  it  seems  possible  to  introducu  into  the  excise. 

All  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  the  several  Articles  charged  with  Duties  of  Excise,  in  tho  United 
Kingdom,  together  with  the  Oross  Amount  of  Duty  thereon,  during  the  Years  1H33,  11^33,  and  1H34. 
—(Papets  published  by  Board  uf  Trade,  vol.  iv.  p.  !i8.) 


Qtuntitiei  charged. 

Amount  of  Duty 

Articlet. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 

L.         :    d. 

L.       :   d. 

L.         s.   d. 

Auctionif    amount   of  Bales 
charged  with  duly           ■       L. 

Bricks           ■          -          *     ^o- 

6,523,7ia 

6,S67,396 

7,331,892 

236,319    8    0 

24.3,981   11   11 

2-.6,336    7  l0  3-» 

99'<,34ti,362 

l,103,59l,'ib6 

l,180,161,22» 

294,322  18  10 

304,942     1   II 

347,305    a    2  1-2 

Tiies             *           *           .    — 

"6,001,051 

8,293,186 

. 

38,010  17     1 

4,6-0     1     1 

Glatt.  crown             •           *  cwti. 

103,902 

129,984 

136,708 

381,839  17    0 

477,691     4    0 

502,101  18    0 

Flint         -          •          .    — 

79,4b8 

78,387 

83,32-. 

212,145    6    5 

219.483  12    0 

'233,304    8    0 

Hale          •           •           •    — 
BroAd         "           *           •    — 

12,270 

14,518 

I8,!l^22 

36,810    0    0 

43,5-6    6    0 

36,781     4    0 

5,304 

6,306 

6,766 

7,956    0    0 

9,4-|9    0    0 

10,149    0    0 

Biitlle          -            •            "    — 

3I2.3B1 

323,398 

344,014 

109,326    7    0 

113,11-9    6    0 

120,404  1,8    0 

DDIUQ 

Hnpj.            •            •            ■      Ibl. 
Liceiiies  auctioneers*           •     Wo, 

29,012,406 

.32,777,310 

39,!:4i7,497 

241,770    1    0 

272,894    5    0 

329,895  16    2 

3,628 

3,686 

3,604 

18,140    0    0 

18,430    0    0 

18,020    0    0 

BrewiTs  nt  slmiij  beer,  not 
eiceeiliiil!  20  barR-U      -    — 

8,683 

8,527 

8,496 

4,311  10    0 

4,263  10    0 

4,248    0    0 

Dillo  t'xceriliiiK  20  and  not 

eicralini!  50      •           •    — 

6,84S 

7,249 

7,276 

6,848    0    0 

7,'249    0    0 

7,276    0    0 

Dillo  eumdinn  50  and  not 
rxceedins  100     •            •    — 

9,l()5 

9,540 

9,861 

13,747  10    0 

14,310    0    0 

14,791  10    0 

Diltnexcft'ilinv  lOOftnd  not 
eici-tiiiiii!  1,000-           -    — 

I6,S8S 

17,390 

18,433 

33,776    0    0 

31,780    0    0 

36,866    0    0 

Dim  esctinliiii!  1,000  brU.    — 

l,5()4 

1,710 

1,806 

14,610  15    0 

15,395    a    0 

17,212  15    0 

llrewera  I'f  table  beer        -    — 

134 

96 

69 

217    5    0 

87  10    0 

74    0    0 

Hetail  lir.^wers,  under  tho 
act  )  (ion.  4.  c.  54.         •    — 

!iO 

50 

47 

262  10    0 

262  10    0 

246  15    0 

Sellers  of  slrc)ll«  beer  ouly, 
1,0'.  beins  brtwert          •    — 

Oil 

966 

1,074 

2,869  13    0 

3,042  13    0 

3,383    2    0 

Beer  ntailerN  "bose  pre- 

mises are   rated   under 
201.  per  annum  -           -    — 
nillo  al  20,'.  or  upward.n    -    — 

70,142 

73,390 

72,755 

73,649    2    0 

77,068  19    0 

76,392  15    0 

17,052 

17,439 

17,393 

53,713  16    0 

64,923    8    0 

54,787  19    0 

IlelaiUrsof  beer,  cider,  or 

perry,  under  the  acta  1 
\Vill.4.  c.  64.,aiii4«l5 
Will.  4.  c.  Sj.    -            -    — 

33,515 

34,976 

37,381 

70,331  10    0 

73,449  12    0 

90,997    4    0 

Dit:o  (if  cider  and  perry 

only,  uniler  tlic  said  acts    — 
Teaami  collee  de^lert      -    ^ 

188 

653 

1,054 

197    8    0 

635  13    0 

1,106  14    0 

100,191 

101,579 

103,540 

55,105    1    0 

5,'i,86S    9    0 

6-),95l  19    0 

(ihfs  niapufacturers         ■    — 

Mnllslem    •            ■            -    — 

'lis 

12,8^ 

lib 
13,243 

122 
12,89 

2,360    0    0 
23.869  10    0 

2.520    0    0 
24.346  12    b 

2,440    0    0 
23,931    5    0 

l,,.,,,a<Li', 

Paper  maker*        •           -    — 
Paper  staincrs       -           •    — 
Soap  niaken          •           -    — 
UiililUni  and  rectifier!     •    — 

59i 

582 

57 

2,368    0    0 

2,328    0    0 

2,284    0    0 

13!J 

al- 
lot 

154 

499 

450 

I5C 
47 
432 

5j2    0    0 
2.060    0    0 
4,660    0    0 

616    0    0 
1,996    0    0 
4,500    0    C 

600    0    0 
1,884    0    0 
4,530    0    0 

668 


EXCISK. 


Table— «on»J»urtf. 


^ 

0,1 


C3 


r 


'  I 


f  3 

:  I 


ArtldM. 

QiuiUilirt  charftd. 
IKM.              1(33.       1        lOi 

AbiouuI  or  IMj. 

itat 

im. 

i»U. 

|jffn«r»-<i»nhMtMrf 

I.      >, 

<i. 

/..      1, 

il. 

/,. 

1.   (L 

l)r4lrr^  in  *|>intt,  riot  b»- 

iiij^  rft.itlrr* 

No, 

3,77J 

3,(104 

,1,»i-, 

37,710    0 

0 

3»,IM0    0 

0 

3B,2M 

0  0 

Rfl^itrri  "f  s|.iriU.  whowp 

iTMiii^mm  ritoil  uiiJrr 

10/.  (Mcr  miniim  • 

^ 

3>*,4.M 

4i,nn 

30. 1(11 

m.n's  0 

0 

«1,137  16 

0 

1JI.I4I 

12    0 

bo.  do.  at  KM.  Mtin>lfr30/. 

— 

2U.Z0I 

2(1,  "C7 

:jii,3-.h 

1111,014    0 

(1 

112,92/1    !( 

0 

11,',.  IK, 

H    0 

-         201.       -      J'./. 

— 

:),7(» 

3,7."< 

3.l,(.'-, 

-2:1,3111   0 

0 

2t,l''(l    H 

0 

:ii..fi,i 

III    u 

—         ZM.      —      JO/. 

_ 

;<,ni 

2,1'19 

2,1  VI 

l\s;)i  |H 

(1 

1(1,102   13 

0 

ii,(.,. 

19    6 

—          3<l/.       —       4(1/. 

-. 

;l,»7fl 

:i,'i2'< 

3,»7^ 

3'2,'iKI   li 

0 

.12."9-,     4 

(1 

4«.«5» 

12    0 

—          •I'l/.       —      .'(W. 

— . 

^,rJ 

j,-<in 

2,;it 

£l,;l(i(l    N 

0 

2.1,0.:)    7 

0 

3V3;i7 

:l    6 

—          Wl.  k  iipwarJa 

— 

4,700 

4,'<ni 

4,N4(i 

4IV1<W    0 

0 

ftl,3N7    0 

n 

7..3(>:l 

15    0 

Mikrinnf  iilitit      • 

.. 

^4 

2ft 

23 

12    0 

0 

14    0 

0 

11 

to   U 

Ctii'itiiiu  nr  4iiy  mhf  r  tnJe 

ri<|tiiriiic  K  »>ill 

— 

U 

ee 

61 

26    0 

0 

33    0 

0 

34 

0    0 

Rrtiil  n  n(  «|  ini^  in  ln»- 

lan'l,  hi  inc  itulv  lj('rii«*l 

t<»   nrll  ciilltf,    111,   \C. 
wIhw  iii-riiiiw;irf>nilru 

iiiiiirr  J'l/.  piT. Milium     - 

^ 

w 

M 

102 

642  12 

0 

793  18 

0 

9(13 

11    0 

U).ilM.ati'W.  \  ijtiJrr:M)/. 

— 

4 

4 

7 

42     II 

0 

42    0 

u 

7:1 

10   0 

•         3u/.      -       401. 

— 

f> 

4 

7 

r.7  ir. 

u 

46    4 

0 

H) 

17    0 

—         4(M.      -       .'^.7. 

■>- 

H 

11 

n 

IIKI  l(i 

0 

I3H  12 

0 

111 

H    0 

—         ftW.  and  upwarili 

— 

3(1 

W 

,30 

491     N 

0 

(IIM  14 

n 

4119 

10    0 

Wsrch  in^krn 

— 

M 

m 

mi 

21tt    II 

0 

300    0 

0 

311(1 

0    0 

Aliki-n  nf  n«pHi  • 

— 

2.) 

27 

2H 

fii  in 

(1 

rs  14 

0 

',x 

IH    0 

HHiitfi^of  >li(in    • 

-_ 

KM 

!>a 

924 

927    3 

0 

96!l    0 

0 

970 

4    0 

MRtiurictiiren  of  tnbtcco 

'Mitl  simir 

— 

73» 

711 

72(1 

6,440    0 

0 

6.W    0 

0 

n,',5n 

0    0 

IValfm  in  <Iif»o      • 

._ 

104,(l'.'' 

U)7,7!ti 

172,3(10 

41,014  10 

0 

41,9411    ft 

0 

43,07 1 

0    0 

Vini'itar  in^kfn     ■ 

— . 

Jl 

a 

64 

27U    U 

0 

27:1    0 

0 

27U 

U    0 

I)f.ilrfn   in   fnrricn  wine, 

nni  having  ^  lici-ncf  for 

rptiiliiiK  iiJiriU,   .iiid  a 

lirriirc  lor  rrl-lililitC  tieer 

— 

l,%0 

1,950 

1,9(10 

I9,GOO    0 

0 

19,000    0 

0 

19,600 

0    0 

DimIiT'*   ill    fiTfiKii   w-.nr, 

h.ivinc  <  licrnce  tnrvlail 

U'tT,  l>nt  iKitiuviiii.t  li' 

r<-iicc  In  rt-lail  "pirits      • 

_ 

09 

83 

lis 

373  16 

0 

3^tS  12 

0 

4il3 

0  0 

Dc^ilrn    in    riirt'iifu   winet 

hiviiiif  liri-ncM  to  nfiil 

t'ci-r  iri'l  opirilb  • 

— 

23,111 

24,079 

'23,714 

4i',->33    2 

0 

80,563  IR 

0 

49,7M 

S    0 

PanH.iifc  M'Mi-ls  (in  h<i.inl 

Hliii-h  Ixtior  niid  tobiic* 

rri  iM- -MiM 

_ 

2J7 

279 

2^0 

2->7    0 

0 

279    0 

0 

2»n 

0  n 

Niirc(nr/i'^ 

• 

. 

3,792  It 

3 

3,7-|3  15 

9 

4,174 

7    6 

AuiMiini  of  itu'yon  tireniri 

Kraitled    lor  \muKia  leM 

llni,  .1  U'lr 

. 

I7,%7    ^ 

0 

l",0«0    5 

0 

IH,rt2S 

It    0 

Nf.ilt  fr.m  larU'V      • 

huih. 

36,343,OTI 

ns.'i'ii.'.ii 

3n,<!07,2«7 

4,(194,'llfi    li 

0 

5,0IH,321   14 

5 

.5,141,771 

11     :-, 

Knijii  ttfiT  nr  llii^n 

->- 

l,0-17,3'>-. 

l,i24,3«M 

l,33>'..109 

1(I4.7:1-.  10 

0 

l.>3,4.'W  16 

0 

Ki'i.i-ao 

H    0 

r.ip'  r,  til  it  chs* 

IbR. 

4!l,404,'i!iti 

.',1,»4I,K-!) 

/>1,H,V1,72I 

UI7,r,A7     9 

0 

&I9.273    4 

9 

bTyfiT 

10    3 

SiTnn,!  rl.iss 



lj,i3i,o:,n 

l(i,477.in-, 

l(i,-.-,2,l6- 

!l7,0(«     2 

2 

102,!WI   17 

II 

10:t,4il 

0  11  12 

I'l^lfUnrd,  niillboanl,  lie. 

Cttll. 

43,.ti;s 

4(>,liVi 

49,3»2 

4>',41iH     9 

6 

52,246  IN 

6 

61,(:>9 

U    3 

So.i|i,  hard     - 

yan!» 

7,140,317 

7,170,761 

H.7in,144 

W.IIIM   IH 

3 

f,!<,l2n    2 

3 

M,7!li 

16    S3-4 

Itn. 

ll9,V!3,(m.' 

I3H,I7II,7K7 

I44,.IU,043 

I,493,7SS   13 

1 

1,115,167  19 

0 

9('2,I50 

5    4 

Sift 

— 

10,3W,7(n 

1 1.731,1  .e 

10,40I.2HI 

7  •,,473  17 

4 

.59,253    4 

4 

4;l,3,1» 

13    5 

Spirits 

galls. 

a),77S,ft.>l 

21,^7),  l.Vi 

2;),;i'i7,«ui> 

4,!17>,4:1H     -. 

10 

6,2V1,-,I3  19 

2 

.5,2U,43M 

fi  10 

Starch 

Ili». 

»,07n.l2l) 

f.wwis 

4.72(>.921 

109.281    11 

!l 

119,211    (1 

2 

61,1110 

6    0  U 

^tnne  botllci  • 

CWIl. 

Ili,)i2li 

i7,(aN 

Iti.nil 

4,l>(i  10 

0 

4,2-,9  10 

0 

4,.';7 

15    0 

Swffts 

gilN. 

i-.-.tu 

122.21,7 

lJ(i,v)r, 

3,973     (J 

0 

,1,0 -,6  13 

6 

3.170 

2    1; 

rt-a  .... 

Ibi. 

3I,MH.I07 

31,W|i,BI9 

I4.427,(il6 

3,V)').K20  I'l 

r> 

3,444.103    7 

7 

l,45;,,:ti,-. 

19  10 

Vinegar 

Total   • 

galli. 

2,914,261 

2,H(,3,080 

3,1191, 2.VI 

24,2^-.  10 

J 

23,K59    0 

0 

25,7(J0 

9    0 

• • 

• • 

- •_ 

I8,2»il),ll71     (i 

2 

I!i,6l2,llj0    2 

"9 

I6,S77,292 

6    G.^4 

The  hws  with  respprt  to  the  cenenl  mamrfnient  nf  the  excise 
were  cnn'nli.iated  hy  the  1  k  ^  (ieo.  4.  c.  53.,  I'mm  which  the  fol> 
lowiiii;  p,irtir'iUrs  are  selectel  :~ 

Commisfioners.— four  conmilttlonera  constitute  a  hnanl.  They 
are  tn  !«  auhjert,  in  all  thiniTi  retalinic  tn  their  |ir<'uhar  duty,  to  the 
orteni  of  the  Treasury.  They  may  appoint  rnllectnrs  aii'I  oiher  niih- 
nr  liiintp  ntficert.  and  ^ive  (hem  «uc-h  sil.tries  and  .illo\saTice)i  as  the 
TreaMirv  shall  rlirect :  hut  they  are  not  allowed  to  inrrea^e  the  nnm* 
bernf  inferior  officers  without  the  perniimion  and  approval  of  the 
Treasury.  No  meniljer  of  the  House*  of  Coniiunns  c.ui  be  a  com- 
mis«iinner  of  excise. 

Oifficcra  nf  AJj-rwe.—  No  officer  of  excise  la  tn  vote  or  interfere  at 
any  election  of  a  nir.nber  of  parliament,  under  iiain  of  forfeilinij 
500/.,  and  belnif  rendere<l  Incapable  of  ever  holding  any  office  or 
place  nf  trust  under  his  Mijesty. 

Nn  person  holding  any  office  of  excise  is  to  deal  in  any  sort  of 
goods  subject  to  the  excise  laws. 

Any  person  bribing  nr  otFering  tn  liribo  any  nflicer  of  exf  tse  nhall 
forfeit  500/. ;  and  every  officer  accepting  such  bribe,  or  doing,  con- 
niving at,  or  permitting  any  actor  thing  whereby  any  of  the  provi* 
lions  of  the  exci«  laws  may  be  evaded  or  l)mken,  shall  forfeit  500/., 
and  bf!  declaretl  incapable  of  ever  after  serving  h'a  M.iji  sty  in  any 
capacity  whatever.  Hut  if  any  of  the  parties  to  such  illegal  tram- 
actions' nhalj  inform  ai^ainst  the  other,  before  any  proceeding!  there- 
u^mn  vh.ill  have  lieen  inBtituled,  he  bhall  be  indemnilied  a<ainst  the 
peml'ies  a'id  dis^ibilities  ini|>oscd  ffir  such  oiTences. 

/'  t,i  and  Poweri  nf  Offictrt.^W  is  lawful  for  any  ofTicer  to 
ei  ■  any  tniilding  or  other  place,  used  for  carrying  on  any  trade 
«ijl.jtTt  to  the  excise,  either  by  niu'ht  or  Ity  day  (but  if  Iiy  night,  in 
the  presence  of  a  constable  o."  peace  officer),  to  inspect  the  same,  he. 
And  upon  an  officer  making  oath  that  he  has  cause  to  suspect  that 

Soods  forft'ited  nn'fer  the  excise  acti  are  deposited  in  any  private 
nuse  or  place,  2  Cfimmis-sionersnf  i  xcise,  or  1  justice  of  the  peace, 
may  grant  a  warrant  to  the  officer  to  enter  such  house  or  place  (if  in 
the  rUeht.  in  the  presence  of  a  constable),  to  search  for  and  seize 
such  forfei'ed  giKvls. 

Sptntmn  Bonki  may  be  left  by  the  officers  on  the  premises  of  jier- 
•nnssutijert  tn  the  excise  laws;  and  any  one  who  sliall  ri-move  nr 
deface  such  hooks  shall  be  liable  to  a  penally  nf  200/. 
Iltmovifig  Goodi  to  avoid  Z>u(y.--Good8  fraudulently  removed 


or  secreted,  in  order  tn  .avoi  I  the  dii'v.  to  b-  forfeited ;  ani  cvm 
person  a««i»ting  in  fwh  removal  sball  forfeit  ami  Im?  tn-hle 
the  value  of  such  goods,  or  100/.,  at  the  discretum  of  H.e  uj«jiiii|. 
sioners. 

iihslnjetin^  (iJficrrf.—AW  person-*  who  sinll  oppmc,  nmleii,  kc. 
any  officer  nf  fXi\%r.  in  Ibr  execution  of  bis  dutv,  shall  lespectivdv' 
for  every  surb  otlence.  foiteil  ZWl.  '* 

Officers  violently  resisted  in  iit.'kinir  any  seizure  mav  oppose  fnrcf 
i  to  force;  and  III  tlie  event  of  Ihetr  wmindih?,  in.iiiiiiiig.  or  killir:r 
any  person,  "hen  so  opposed,  Ihcy  shall  be  ulnittled  to  bail,  ;iiij 
may  plead  the  general  issue. 

Justices,  mayors,  hailitls,  mnstables,  *c.  ire  required  to  assist  rx- 
cise  officers  ;  and  any  constable,  or  peace  officer,  w  ho,  on  notice  ,iiid 
reijuest,  deelities  going  with  an  excise  (dlicer,  is  to  i.irleil  20/.  fur 
every  ?*uch  nth  nee. 

Cfnimanta  nj  iimds  t.iijrf.— No  claim  shall  be  entered  fir  goods 
sel/ed,  except  m  the  real  names  of  the  prtiprietors  ot  such  goo-is. 
Claimants  are  houml  with  2  sureties  in  a  penalty  of  nm/.  tn  pay  tie 
expense*  of  cl.iim;  and  in  defatdt  there<d  the  goods  .ire  to  Le  cuu- 
denmed. 

/Voffi-f/ingj  IH  Cnirt.f  nf  f.nw.~A\\  penalties  uniler  the  exciw! 
laws  may  he  aiiel  for  and  n'covere<I  in  the  Courts  of  Hxcheiiiier  at 
Weslmins'er,  Kdinhuri^h,  or  I)ul  lin  respectively,  accnn'iiiR  as  llx 
otTence  may  hive  taken  pl.ice  in  E;iglaiid,  Scotland,  or  Irehind  ;  pro- 
vided'hat  ihe  pmref-din^s  in  the  ciurts  commence  wilhin  3  yein 
after  tlie  conmiission  of  Hk;  fdl'ence. 

Informations  for  the  recovery  of  p-nalties  against  the  excise  laws 
in  Ijintlnn  may  be  heard  .in  I  adiiidi;ed  by  any  3  or  more  of  ihecmii. 
iiiiMioners  of  excise  ;  and  in  oilier  places  such  informations  may  le 
exhibited  before  I  of  more  justices  of  the  peace,  and  may  beliearJ 
and  adjui'ged  hy  any  2  or  more  smb  justices. 

MiUentwn  of  /Vna/du.— Jus'ices  are  authorised,  if  they  sliall 
see  cause,  except  when  there  is  a  special  prrtvision  tn  the  cnntrari', 
to  mitigate  any  penalty  incurred  for  any  offence  conmiitied  agniaVt 
the  excise  Ia>%s  to  one  jutnth  part  thereof;  but  it  is  lauful  fur  the 
commisiioners  of  excise,  wln'n  they  see  cause,  further  to  iniligate, 
or  entirely  remit,  such  penalty. 

DiMtrihutuni  if  l'ennttit-i.— AW  (H-nalties  ami  forfeitures  incurred 
under  the  excise  :icts  are  tu  be  distributed,  half  tu  his  Majesty,  aod 
half  to  the  officer  or  person  who  shall  discover,  iuforoi,  or  lua  for 


FACTOR. 


000 


ml  cf  Du'T- 


l,«40 


0    0 


(),m  i«  " 

fl,b-..l    1 

H.M    0 

It    0 


1*14 

_  .  _ 

«>-* 

— ^— 

/.. 

1. 

(1. 

3t4M> 

0 

0 

lil.Mt 

11 

n 

UA.ll'i 

H 

n 

»I.Jlil 

10 

0 

f>,lKVl 

in 

« 

4«.t'''> 

\i 

1) 

a.;i.7 

:\ 

u 

i.),*>^i 

n 

0 

II 

10 

0 

M    0    0 


34   0    0 


71  1(1  0 

so  n  " 

III     H  0 

4i'«  in  0 

ao«  0  0 

!,"   W  0 

o:n  4  0 


Tin  i«  01 
u  0  " 

W  4  0 
I5H  \l  » 
M«  H    9 

3(in  0  »| 
r>a  14  , 
w.i  0  0 

6-*^    »   d       430r.   S    0 
2"J    0    " 


19,000   0   0        •».«"   0   « 


3-B  12    0 


483    0    0 


50,r*5  l«    0         40,:99    B    0 
3 -.,3  15    9  4,1,4    1    6 


1»,060    S  . 

6,0lf,3Jl  14  ft 

'''|23,43«I6  0 

(i.|'t.v!T3    4  9 

102,!W     11  I' 

iUi'i  '!*,  « 

6M20    ■^  J, 

1  iir.,itii  19  0' 
'  S9,ir.3  *  * 

5,2-.3,-.13  Ift  -i 

'  1 19,2 11    «  2 

•l,2-.9  10  ' 

3,n)8  13  • 

\   3,"<''"2    I   'i 
'.         lB,K:i9    0    I 


IH,^2S    s    n 

ri,i4i."i  II   "• 

13'1.SVI  1"  0 

bT'i.tiT'  10  3        I 

l(M,.r>l     0  11  1-2 

frl.l.'-O    0  3 

W.7!r,  16  SI3-4 

9('.M''0    ''  4 

43,3aj<  13  5 

r>,2i.i,'t3'<  ij  10     , 

lil.iiin    s   01-4 
4,J:7  It    0 
3.170    2    6 

i,4r..'i,;K.'.  IS  10 

2:-,,7liO    9   0 


' -;;;:^27^2 /J. 'B.«''^«^^ '^J'-i' 

I      ,  It,-  ,l„tv  to  b.-  forffilr.! ;  »n'l  cvm 
«/.:Mti^iscrHK,n..nl.ec,,,,,,,,,.. 

b^,t;sri;;;vsi:;i"i.a.i,..5 

Jviiha"'--'";"''"""'^'^' 

Li  nan«  "'  ""; '  "  p.,  ,.  „(  u«ll.  In  l)ay  ll« 

|,,„l)"n'"'-'VC.    ,J"  l"■l'"''•l>'''• 
r|„,  nil''""'-         ,,,„  ,„i„,t  (l,p  «ci.r  1»«< 

{:;l.'";;;hKe';:i^e,a,.d..,aybe.,«rj 

|l..rr  i»  ?  'l"'^'  ffi  cc  co.nnMl.r.l  apm.l 
nt.l":i;^ -'-•'"'"''"  ''""""" 


•fc«  ptnftlly.    *>n  proof  bftn«  ms.!r  nf  my  offlrff  Aftinv  mlli«l»Hjr  ' 
iM  nmliHiK  A  M>i/iirr,  tlm  riiiniiKMiiuit'it  luiy  dtracl  hi*  ih-irn  In  l«> 

f.iffftlr.l. 

fJdt/u  ii)i<i  .in\rmnt%in%M'—\'tnnm  wilfully  likin<  nr  nt.tkinn  Nny 
filff  ii:|th  or  .iriiriiiiilioii  M  In  ftiiy  inilli-r  r'>iiii«r(i<  I  with  llir  r*<'\M 
\\«'%  ■h.-lll,  U|Miii  lH*tni(  ninVH'''<l  of  ■uctl  urtriii  r,  ititfiT  lh«  I'AIUl  lll'l 
pciultiM  UHt-lttil  In  wiliul  ari.l  f*Tin>|  |irrjiiryi  nft  il«i«r  iirn- 
turiiit  (If  iijbiinnn<  Mtch  twr^Miit  (^  i*»-«r  or  iitllrni  f»l%rly  •h»ll. 
i[]Mm  rniivirh'Mi,  he  liitiln  In  lh>*  |l.lkttBi/ft  |  *iultii-^  liKnli-ltt  (■■  ■itti* 
i»rii.»M'm  of  (wrjiiry. 

A'tioHt  itgamtt  /]/■•»  f|/yiiYfi.  — No  writ,  miu,  n 'ns  nr  prtirPM 
ih*tl  br  wf-i  nut  iT  wrvnl  ui-oti,  iiiif  »|iall  .-iny  .viion  '"•  bnni<ht, 
rii'mt,  nr  (irnti  nivij  «)(uti«t  »uy  vtfictr  k1  Kxr^\%^  lur  rM)r  ihiii| 
.loiif  u-xler  ;irty  nr  (ha  ri(t»f  liwt,  uit'il  ^tf-'t  ^  tin-  t»xpira>i(ui  'f  I 
<ilrii<l>r  ni'Mith  I  fit  aflor  nolicv  in  wriliri«  ),  s  '>iTiiilrtiv4  rr<t  In 
•  itcll  ntl'u-rr,  •|<rriluiil(  thn  f  mn- nf  »ufh  .ulu.u,  t/v)  th--  nuurxnJ 
|.|.iri*  rt(  .ilKtilr  nf  Ihf  prrwiii  in    *  '"■■«»•  n-iiiir  it  is  tn  T   '  n  > 

irlinn  •lull  ln»  .ixhimI  »iiy  rxiiM  ^  f  >r  my  Ui.it. 

ihc  1  Jit'tw  U»(i,  iiiili'M  II  Ur  bfitiiiil/    . ,        i  i  mniiiln  .w< 
1 1  tcttnii  iImiI  Uwr  .itivt-n.     II  julxiiu-i  i  ivtn  4<.tii)»i  tUr  (iliiii- 

IjII',  Mil  I  III  livniir  nf  III'*  ilrfrliiriiil,  (h>>  Iam    r   -ItjM,  ui  rvcry  siiilt 
trii"ii.  hivi>  (r<7'/r  rnnU  .i\t4rilril  In  Itnii. 

A'.rci,(jr  Ci'tifirnlti,  4rc-.-Hy  tlit-  41  Uen.  3.  c.  •!.  i'   (#  tu.ic(«l, 


(hut  If  inir  nn«  ilwill   fnr«»,  cnuntrrfcltt  nr  hnnwin^U  riv*  mf 

tHf<i'  I  ifrtidt  ,|tf  |.'i,itirril  In  lie  fniilnt  l>V  411)  '  lliri  r  uf  I  «•  \%,\  \w 
Mull  It  4uilty  nf  fcinii),  till  Uiiif  iMnviilrtl,  tliAll  bv  tr.ui«|<irl»l 
fnr  7  ji-ifi. 

All  iiiiliui|u,%l«  i*irrviii<  nn  ^ti?  timrifM  t'll  |i'<-lr  I  In  (hr  rniilml 
nf  ih*'  fHiiw,  iiiii«i  itki*  nui  ti<"iii'v«  rviift^ablt!  jniDuHy  nii  itvt  M\ 
of  ,1'tly.  -Orr  /.i(i-iiri(. ) 

All  *ut'h  Mi-luhlii.tt*  irf  .ilvt  nhlifrl  t'l  iiinkt  rnlri*'*  nf  <•  rry 
binl  liiii(,  iiltn-,  vt-%»«  I,  <ir  ii'riKil,  t>  thr  C't*«  iniv  lw\  m  ilif  ii,uiiii 
nl  Ihf  ri'O  nv^iti-p,  Miih  thf  nflli-rr  nf  nriw  m  whinr  •urvt-y  mitIi 
liti'UllMC.  |>lirr,  \r.  tliAll  \m  tiM>ili<l.  Iiilivi  liiiU  (ntill't  rlitplnynl 
>  itn'-n'i'rcl  t  ii<  iwi  iiiantifArt'irit^  are  tr\«<riMy  li>ti|*>  iii  I  p^-n^lty 
'  '301,  l'<r  Ihf  Hut  nttlntr  j  mil  in  Hid  fVMit  nf  ii.y  4u<  h  ntlt'ii  iKf 
I  lii<ittu(nr  iirilr' tii,<  (••  \,.\y  Muh  (i«(i.tl'y,  h«'  i«  in  lx>  roinimtti^l  to 
Hi/'  Im>u»v  of  rnrrrciinii  nr  nlliPf  |)n««>ii  Inr  .1  r4l**ii-l.ir  utnnilit,  (n  be 
lir-pf  t<.  ^>  tnl  hlNiur,  .iii'l  mi'  In  bf  liU  n)r<l  unhi  iUr  Um  m(  M\t.  hu 
bffi)  (ai<^.  nr  ihf  li-riii  nf  :l  innii'lit  U\%  «  «)iin>l ;  tn  I  ir  Inim  I  cuilty 
of  1  ircnivl  nlt'-h(T,  ftlH  fktir  i«  tn  1 1-  *()/,  ;  au\  m  l|ir  fvriit  nf  ||«  itnl 
I  nriz  |iii<l,  thi'  uiinriMiiiiiiriit  i*  to  1»«  r  ir  ti  iitnitihi.—(7  ^  ^  (itTO.  -I. 
c    Jl  ^    33.) 

/Vrfiiiff  itv  >wn\\\  RTMHry  lor  lh«  rtinov«lo<  civlMAblo  eota 
iiiihliiifA.— (See  Punmlf) 


EXPORTS,  tUo  urliclrs  exported,  or  hciU  hcyonJ  neat). — (ScolMtonxs  XHU  E<port»i.) 


F 


FACTOR,  nn  nRonl  rmploycil  liy  Homo  one  indivitlual  or  indivulunlH,  to  transact  liUHineRU 
(in  luH  or  their  iiccnunt.  Ho  U  not  Kriicrully  rcsidrnt  in  tli(>  mvwv  place  an  hispriMci|ial,  luit, 
iiHiially,  ill  a  fiircii^ii  country.  He  is  aiithoriKcd,  i-itlicr  liy  letter  of  iitlDriiey  or  otherwise,  to 
receive,  liuy,  aii<l  sell  Roods  and  incrcliandisc  ;  and,  generally,  to  transact  all  sorts  ol'liusiiu'ss 
on  account  of  his  employers,  under  such  limitations  and  conditions  as  the  latter  may  chooso 
to  iiiijiose.  A  very  lur^o  proportion  of  the  foreign  trade  of  this  and  most  other  countries  is 
now  carried  on  hy  means  of  factors  or  agents. 

Factors  and  liiokers  are,  in  soiiio  respects,  nearly  identical,  hut  in  others  they  are  radically 
dilVerent.  "  A  factor,"  said  Mr.  .Justice  Holroyd,  in  a  late  case,  "dillers  materially  from  a 
lirciker.  The  former  is  a  person  to  whom  goods  are  sent  or  consigned ;  and  he  has  not  only 
tlip  possession,  hut,  in  consequence  of  its  being  usual  to  advance  money  upon  them,  has  also 
a  sjiecial  property  in  them,  and  a  general  lien  upon  them.  When,  therefore,  he  sells  in  his 
own  name,  it  is  within  the  scope  of  his  authority ;  and  it  may  be  right,  therefore,  that  the 
principal  should  he  hound  by  the  conseiiucnces  of  such  sale.  13ut  the  case  of  a  broker  is 
diffiTont:  he  has  not  the  possession  of  the  goods,  and  so  the  vendor  cannot  Iw  deceived  by 
the  circumstance ;  and,  besides,  the  employing  a  person  to  sell  goods  as  a  broker  does  not 
authorise  him  to  sell  in  his  own  name.  If,  therefore,  he  sells  in  Ilia  own  name,  he  acts  beyond 
the  scope  of  his  authority  ;  and  his  principal  is  not  hound." 

A  factor  is  usually  paid  by  a  per-centage  or  commission  on  the  goods  he  sells  or  buys.  If 
he  act  under  what  is  called  a  del  credere  commission,  that  is.  If  he  miararifee  t/ie  price  of  the 
S,(mls  said  on  account  of  his  principal,  he  receives  an  additional  percentage  to  indemnify  him 
for  this  additional  responsibility.  In  cases  of  this  sort  the  factor  stands  in  the  vendee's  place, 
and  must  answer  to  the  princi|ial  for  the  value  of  the  goods  sold.  But  where  the  factor  un- 
(Icrtrtkos  no  responsibility,  and  intimates  that  he  acts  only  on  account  of  another,  it  is  clearly 
established  that  he  is  not  liable  in  the  event  of  the  vendee's  failing. 

The  second  maxim,  that  the  principal  is  responsible  for  the  acts  of  his  agent,  prevails  uni- 
versally in  courts  of  law  and  equity.  In  order  to  bind  the  principal,  it  is  necessary  only  that 
third  parties  should  deal  bond  fide  with  the  agent,  and  that  the  conduct  of  the  latter  should 
he  cunfarmahte  to  the  common  umtifc  and  mode  of  dealinsr.  Thus,  a  factor  may  sell  goods 
upon  credit,  that  being  in  the  ordinary  course  of  conducting  mercantile  alVairs ;  but  a  stock 
broker,  though  acting  bona  fide,  and  with  a  view  to  the  benefit  of  his  principal,  cannot  sell 
.<tock  upon  credit,  unless  he  have  special  inslruciiona  to  that  effect  ,•  that  being  contrary  to  the 
usual  course  of  business. 

A  sale  by  a  factor  creates  a  contract  between  the  owner  and  buyer ;  and  this  rule  holds  even 
in  cases  where  the  factor  acts  upon  a  del  credere  commission.  Hence,  if  a  factor  sell  goods, 
and  the  owner  give  notice  to  the  buyer  to  pay  the  price  to  him,  and  not  to  the  factor,  the 
buyer  will  not  he  justified  in  afterwards  paying  the  factor,  and  the  owner  may  bring  his  action 
against  the  buyer  for  the  price,  unless  the  factor  has  a  lien  thereon.  But  if  no  such  notico 
be  given,  a  payment  to  the  individual  selling  is  quite  sufficient. 

If  a  factor  buy  goods  on  account  of  his  principal,  where  he  is  accustomed  so  to  do,  the  con- 
tract of  the  factor  binds  the  principal  to  a  performance  of  the  bargain ;  and  the  principal  is  the 
[KTsoii  to  be  sued  for  non-performance.  But  it  is  ruled,  that  if  a  factor  enter  into  a  charter- 
party  of  allreightment  with  the  master  of  a  ship,  the  contract  obliges  him  only,  unless  he  lade 
the  vessel  with  his  principal's  goods,  in  whiidi  case  the  principal  and  lading  become  liable,  and 
not  tlie  factor.  Where  a  factor,  who  is  authorised  to  sell  goods  in  his  own  name,  makes  the 
buyer  debtor  to  himself;  then,  though  he  be  not  answerable  to  the  principal  for  the  debt,  if  tho 


1 


670 


FACTOR. 


"%^i 


•  I 


i 


r  J 


'I   ,•'    i 


monpy  ho  not  pniJ,  yet  he  has  a  right  to  receive  it,  if  it  be  paid,  and  his  receipt  is  a  Hu/Iidfrnt 
dischurgc ;  tlie  factor  may,  in  such  a  case,  enforce  the  piiynient  by  action,  and  the  liuyer  can- 
not defend  himself  by  alleging  that  the  principal  was  indebted  to  him  in  more  than  the 
amount. 

"  Where  a  factor,"  said  Tiord  Mansfield,  "dealing  for  a  principal,  hut  concealing  that  prin- 
cipal, delivers  goods  in  his  own  name,  the  person  contracting  with  him  has  a  right  to  consider 
him,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  ii<<  the  principal ;  and  though  the  real  principal  may  appear, 
and  hri'ig  an  action  on  that  cont..  't  against  the  purchaser  of  the  goods,  yet  that  purchaser 
may  set  oil'  any  claim  he  may  have  against  the  factor,  in  answer  to  the  demand  of  the  prin- 
cipal." 

Merchants  employing  the  same  factor  run  the  joint  risk  of  his  actions,  although  they  arc 
strangers  to  each  other :  thus,  if  different  merchants  remit  to  a  factor  different  bales  of  goods, 
and  the  factor  sell  them  as  a  single  lot  to  an  individual  who  is  to  pay  one  moiety  of  the  price 
down  and  the  other  at  6  month.s'  end;  if  the  buyer  fail  before  the  second  payment,  each 
merchant  must  bear  a  proportional  share  of  the  loss,  and  be  content  to  accept  his  dividend 
of  the  money  advanced. — {Ikaivcs,  Lex:  Mere.) 

A  factor  employed,  without  his  knowledge,  in  negotiating  an  illegal  or  fraudulent  trans- 
action, has  an  action  against  his  princi[)al.  On  this  ground  it  was  decided,  that  a  merchant 
who  had  consigned  counterfeit  jewels  to  his  factor,  rejiresenting  them  to  be  genuine,  should 
make  full  compensation  to  the  factor  for  the  injury  done  to  him  by  being  concer:>ed  in  such 
a  transaction,  as  well  as  to  the  persons  to  whom  the  jewels  had  been  sold. 

The  office  of  a  factor  or  agent  being  one  of  very  great  trust  and  responsibility,  those  who 
undertake  it  are  bound,  both  legally  and  morally,  to  conduct  themselves  with  the  utmost 
fidelity  and  circumspection.  A  factor  should  take  the  greatest  care  of  his  principal's  goods 
in  his  hands:  he  should  be  punctual  in  advising  him  as  to  his  transactions  on  his  bi'hall',  in 
sales,  purchases,  freights,  and,  more  particularly,  bills  of  exchange  :  he  should  devi;iic  as  sel- 
dom as  possible  from  the  terms,  and  never  from  the  spirit  andlenor,  of  the  orders  h(>  receives 
as  to  the  sale  of  commodities;  in  the  execution  of  a  commission  for  purchasing  good.--,  he 
should  endeavour  to  conform  as  closely  as  practicable  to  his  instructions  as  to  the  (juallty  or 
kind  of  goods:  if  he  give  more  for  them  than  he  is  authorised,  they  may  be  thrown  on  his 
hands;  but  he  is  bound  to  buy  them  for  as  much  less  as  he  possibly  can.  After  the  goods 
are  bought,  he  must  dispose  of  them  according  to  order.  If  he  send  them  to  a  different  place 
from  that  to  which  he  was  directed,  they  will  be  at  his  risk,  unless  the  principal,  on  getting 
advice  of  the  transaction,  consent  to  acknowledge  it.* 

A  factor  who  sells  a  commodity  under  the  price  he  is  ordered,  may  be  obliged  to  make 
good  the  difference,  unless  the  commodity  be  of  a  perishable  nature  and  nut  in  a 
condition  longer  to  be  kept.  And  if  he  purchase  goods  for  another  at  a  fixed  rate,  and  their 
price  having  afterwards  risen,  he  fraudulently  takes  them  to  himself,  and  sends  them  some- 
where else,  in  order  to  secure  an  advantage,  he  will  be  found,  by  the  custom  of  merchants, 
liable  in  damages  to  his  principal. 

If  a  factor,  in  conformity  with  a  merchant's  orders,  buy  with  his  money,  or  on  his  credit,  a 
commodity  he  is  directed  to  purchase,  and,  without  giving  advice  of  the  transaction,  sells  it 
again  at  a  profit,  appropriating  that  profit  to  himself,  the  merchant  may  recover  it  from  hiir, 
and  have  him  amerced  for  fraud. 

If  a  factor  buy,  conformably  to  his  instructions,  goods  of  which  he  is  robbed,  or  wliicii 
sufifer  some  unavoidable  injury,  he  is  discharged,  and  the  loss  falls  on  the  principal.    But  if 

*  "  Whoever,"  says  Dr.  Paley,  "  undertakes  another  in.m's  Inisinefs,  makes  it  his  own  ;  ili;it  is, 
promises  to  employ  upon  it  the  same  care,  attention,  and  dilisjence,  lh;it  he  would  do  it  it  were  iic- 
tually  his  own  ;  for  he  knows  that  the  husiness  was  commitleil  lo  him  with  that  ex|ie(lation.  Aiiiliu! 
promises  nothins  more  than  this.  Therefore,  an  agent  is  not  olilitfcd  to  wait,  iniiuire,  si. licit,  riilc 
ulioiit  the  country,  toil,  or  study,  whilst  there  reniiiins  a  possiliilily  of  henefiliiiK  his  iiiiployir.  If  lie 
exert  as  much  activity,  and  use  such  caution,  as  the  value  of  the  imsim'ss  in  his  jM(l(;iuent  deserves; 
that  is,  as  he  woidd  have  thought  sullicient  if  the  same  interest  of  his  own  had  lieen  at  slake;  lie 
has  dischurued  his  duty,  althouuh  it  should  afterwards  turn  out,  that  liy  more  activity,  and  liinscr 
perseverance,  he  might  liavc  concluded  the  husiness  with  greater  advantage." — (Mural  and  Vol.  I'hil. 
c.  12.) 

There  seems  to  he  a  good  deal  of  laxity  in  this  statement.  It  is  necessary  to  disliiejuisli  lietwecn 
thos(!  who,  in  executing  a  commission,  render  their  services  fur  the  particular  occasion  only,  uilliiiut 
liire,  and  those  who  undertake  it  in  llie  ciiurne.  of  bin^im.-is,  nniking  a  re};ular  liiarue  for  their  irmilili'. 
If  the  former  bestow  on  it  that  ordiis'iry  deuree  of  care  and  attention  which  {Ur  ^rtneraliln  I'f  mtuikinii 
bi^stow  on  similar  aflairs  of  their  own,  it  is  all,  perhaps,  that  ran  he  expi'cled  :  but  the  latter 
will  be  justly  CfMisurubie,  if  they  do  not  execute  their  enL'aneiiieiits  on  account  of  cpthers  with  that  euro 
and  diligc'iice  which  a  " propidenl  and  attentirc  fiillifr  nf  n  faniilij"  uses  in  liis  own  private  Cdiiccriis 
It  is  their  duty  lo  exert  tlieins<'lves  proportionally  lo  the  exiizeiK  y  nf  the  allair  in  hand  ;  and  initlur 
to  (/»  any  thing,  how  minute  soever,  by  which  their  eiuployers  may  sustain  dainace,  nor  omit  a;iy 
thing,  however  inconsideiahle,  which  the  nature  of  tlu^  act  re<piires.  I'erhaps  the  be-l  I'lmral  ridu 
on  the  subject  is,  to  suppose  a  factor  or  agent  bound  to  exi^rt  that  degree  <if  care  and  vii.'il;ini  i^  thai 
may  he  rcanonablij  expected  of  him  by  iithi:r.t.  At  all  events,  it  is  clear  he  is  nut  to  be  leirolilcil  liy  his 
own  notions  of  the  *'  value  of  the  business."  A  man  may  neglect  busiiii.'ss  of  his  own,  ur  imt  think  it 
worth  attending  to  :  hut  he  is  not,  therefure,  to  he  excused  for  neglecting  any  similar  business  be  Iiuh 
undertaken  to  transact  for  others.— (There  are  some  very  good  obaervatiulii  on  this  sulijecl  in  Air 
SViUiam  Jones's  Etnaij  an  Bailiiientti,  2d  ed.  [i.  53.  and  pusmm.) 


'T  . 


FACTOR. 


671 


I 


is  Tccript  is  a  sufiicinit 
ion,  ami  ihc  buyer  can- 
him  in  mote  ihan  the 

ut  concealing  that  prin- 
a  has  a  rit,'ht  to  consider 
il  principal  may  appear, 
oods,  yet  that  purchaser 
the  demand  of  the  prm- 

t-tions,  although  ihry  arc 
r  ditVercnt  hales  of  Koods, 
^y  one  moiety  of  the  price 
w  sccoiul  payment,  each 
;nl  to  accept  his  dividend 

Ureal  or  fraudulent  trans- 
i  decided,  that  a  merchant 

lem  to  be  sfn"'"'^'  ^^^""^'^ 
y  heinu;  coucerjcd  lu  such 

en  sold. 

i  responsibility,  those  who 
emselves  with  the  utmost 
arc  of  his  princ'-jial's  Roods 
insactions  on  his  hehall,  m 
J  .  he  should  deviate  as  scl- 
,or,  of  the  orders  he  receives 
1  for  purchasing  goodn,  he 
ructions  as  to  the  .lualiiy  or 
thev  may  he  thrown  on  his 
«sibiy  can.     After  the  goods 
■end  them  to  a  different  place 
less  the  principal,  on  getting 

.red,  may  he  ohliged  to  mak« 
U/c  nature  and  not  in  a 
[thcr  at  a  fixed  rate,  and  their 
mself,  and  sends  them  somc- 
by  the  custom  of  merchants, 

his  money,  or  on  his  credit,  a 
ce  of  the  transaction,  sells  it 
jant  may  recover  it  from  him, 

^hich  he  is  robbed,  or  which 
falls  on  the  principal.    Butil 

1,>C8S,  nink(!B  it  bis  <nvii ;  tWit  is, 
K  l.e  woul.1  .1..U  itwm.ic- 
V  vluilmleNiM.rnaum  And  ; 
LmI  to  wail,  imiuire  ^..lult  n. 

r  .■nuiiiim?  bis  .■im>i"y';r-   "  "" 

h"      „,t-lb'^w'tb  Ur.il  cure 
^i;;;  n/.,a.;;;.ue.  nor  ;;...     -. 


the  goods  be  stolen  from  the  factor,  he  will  not  be  so  easily  discharged;  for  the  fact  of  tlieir 
having  been  abstracted  by  stealllt,  and  not  liy  vioknrr,  raises  a  strong  presumption  tliat  he  had 
not  taken  that  reasonable  care  of  them  '  Uich  was  incumbent  upon  liini.  If,  however,  he 
can  prove  that  the  goods  were  lodged  in  a  place  of  security,  and  that  he  had  not  been  guiky 
of  positive  negligence,  nor  exercised  less  care  towards  them  than  towards  his  own  property, 
he  will  not  be  held  responsible  even  for  a  theft  committed  iiy  his  servants. — {Juncn  oil  Bail- 
ments, 2d  ed.  p.  76. ;  Cliiffi/  on  Commercial  Law,  vol.  iii.  p.  308.) 

If  a  factor,  having  money  in  his  hands  belonging  to  his  principal,  neglect  to  insure  a  ship 
and  goods,  according  to  order,  he  must,  in  the  event  of  the  ship  miscarrying,  niiike  good  the 
damage;  and  if  he  make  any  composition  with  the  insurers  after  insurance,  witlunit  orders  to 
thatellect,  h'e  is  answerable  for  the  whole  insurance.  A  princijial,  at  the  end  of  a  very  long 
letter,  directed  his  agent  thus:  "Observe  the  |)reinium  on  this  value  is  also  to  be  insured." 
But  the  agent,  not  noticing  this  sentence,  neglected  to  insure  the  premium  ;  and,  being  sued, 
was  held  liable  for  the  omission. 

If  goods  are  remitted  to  a  factor,  and  he  make  a  false  entry  of  them  at  the  Custom-house, 
or  land  them  without  entry,  and  they  are,  in  consetjuence,  seized  or  forfeited,  he  is  bound  to 
make  good  the  damage  to  his  principal :  but  if  the  factor  make  his  entry  according  to  invuico 
or  letters  of  advice,  and  these  j)roving  erroneous,  the  goods  are  sei'/.ed,  he  is  discharged. 

It  is  now  a  settled  point,  that  a  factor  has  a  lien  on  goods  consigned  to  him,  not  only  for 
incidental  charges,  but  as  an  item  of  mutual  account  for  the  balance  due  to  him  so  long  as  he 
remains  in  possession.  If  he  be  surety  in  a  bond  for  his  principal,  he  has  a  lien  on  the  goods 
sold  by  him  on  account  of  such  principal,  to  the  amount  of  the  sum  he  is  bound  for. 

It  being  the  general  rule  of  law,  "  that  property  does  not  change  while  in  transitu,''  or  in  the 
hands  of  a  carrier,  a  consignment  made  bfforc  the  bankruptcy  of  a  consignor,  but  not  arriv- 
ing till  aftrr,  remains  the  property  of  the  consignor,  except,  indeed,  where  the  dclivcri/  is 
made  bi/  the  order  and  upon  the  account  of  the  consignee,  and  is  a  complete  aliennt ion  front 
the  consignor.  In  the  case,  therefore,  of  a  consignment  to  a  factor,  the  property  remains  the 
consignor's,  and  passes  into  the  hands  of  his  assignees.  When  a  factor  has  a  lien  on  goods, 
he  has  a  right  to  the  [)rice,  though  received  after  the  bankruptcy. 

Where  general  or  unlimited  orders  are  given  to  a  factor,  he  is  left  to  buy  and  sell  on  the 
best  conditions  he  can.  And  if  detriment  arise  to  a  principal  from  the  proceedhigs  of  a  factor 
acting  under  such  authority,  he  has  no  redress,  unless  he  can  show  that  he  acted  fraudulently 
or  with  <rross  ne!s;lis^ence. 

A  factor  or  broker  acting  against  the  interest  of  his  principal  cannot  even  receive  his  com- 
mission. If  lie  pay  money  on  account  of  his  principal,  without  being  authorised,  he  cannot 
recover  it  back. 

An  agent  cannot  delegate  his  rights  to  another  so  as  to  bind  the  principal,  unless  expressly 
authorised  to  nominate  a  sulwigent. 

(For  further  information  as  to  the  general  powers  and  liabilities  of  factors  and  agents,  see 
Dcawess  Lex  Mercaforia,  art.  Factors,  Supercargoes,  iSfc. ,-  Chitfi/'s  Coniinercii/l  Lau:,  vol. 
iii.  c.  '.!.;  Woolri/ck  on  Commercial  Law,  pp.317' — 329,  &c.  8ec  also  the  article  B  no  kkhs.) 
The  law  with  respect  to  the  effect  of  the  transactions  of  factors  or  agents  on  third  parties 
was  placed  on  its  present  footing  by  the  act  fi  Geo.  4.  c.  94.  Under  the  law  that  previously 
obtained,  it  was  held,  that  a  factor,  as  such,  had  no  authority  to  plrdi^e,  but  only  to  sell  the 
"iiods  of  his  princii)al;  and  it  was  repeatedly  decided  that  a  principal  might  recover  back 
goods  on  which  a  /lond  fide  advance  of  money  had  been  made  by  a  third  party,  without  his 
l>cing  bound  to  repay  such  advance;  and  notwithstanding  this  third  party  was  wholly  ignorant 
that  the  individual  pledging  the  goods  held  them  as  a  mere  factor  or  agent.  It  used  also  to 
be  held,  that  Ijoad  jfide  purchasers  of  goods  from  factors  or  agents  not  vested  with  the  power 
of  sale,  might  be  made  liable  to  pay  the  price  ofthegootis  a  second  lime  to  the  real  owner. 

The  extreme  hardship  and  injurious  inllueiice  of  such  regulations  are  obvious.  It  is  the 
business  of  a  principal  to  satisfy  himself  as  to  the  conduct  and  character  of  the  factor  or 
ai^enl  he  employs;  and  if  he  make  a  false  estimate  of  them,  it  is  more  e(]uitable,  surely,  thai 
he  should  be  the  suirercr,  than  those  who  have  no  means  of  knowing  any  thing  of  the  matter. 
The  injustice  of  the  law  in  question,  and  the  injury  it  did  to  the  commerce  of  the  country, 
iid  lVe(|nently  excited  attention;  and  was  very  ably  set  forth  by  Lord  Liverpool,  in  hi» 
speech  in  the  House  of  Lords,  on  tnoving  the  second  reading  of  the  new  hill. 

"Tliiisc  of  tlieir  Lordships  who  were  :ir(iiiainte(l  willi  rniniiicrcial  transactions,  would  know  that 
miiiii'v  was  l"ri(|ii('iilly  advaiKi'd  on  l'ooiIs,  wilhmil  its  being  possihlc  tor  the  person  advaiicinf:  the 
money  til  have  any  iVirllier  ariinaintainc  with  tin;  transactions,  than  tliat  the  lactor  was  in  actual 
piisscssinnol'the  l'ooiIs.  It  then  liecaine  a  (iMi'stinn,  putliim  fraiul  out  of  view,  it"  the  lactnr  liecann^  a 
li;iiikrn|il.  or  in  any  other  way  tailed  to  execnti'  his  eiiiiHdeinents,  whether  the  loss  shonhl  Tail  on  the 
|irhii:i|i.il  who  had  consigned  these  gooils,  or  on  the /i/ci/ifce  who  had  advain'ed  iininey  on  Iheni.  It 
li:iil  heen  of  late  ruleil.  that  it"  the  factor  were  iiitnisled  only  to  dispose  of  thi'  properly,  the  loss  must 
I'.dl  on  llie  pled'-'ee.  Me  ineiinl  to  contend,  that  this  was  contrary  to  eipiity,  and  contrary  lo  analogy  ; 
lliiii  ,1  was  disMjiproved  of  hv  high  authority,  ami  was  contrai"y  lo  the  law  in  every  country  of  the 
werld,  e\i  epi  this,  ami  the  lliiited  States  of  Aiu(!rica,  which  iMd  drawn  their  law  from  this  country. 
It  was  coMlrarv  to  eipiitv,  he  thoUL'ht,  thai  the  pledgee,  who  had  .idvatued  his  tnoiu'y  w  itiiout  any 
I'ruud.  Inn  (Uc  the  bona  Jitii  possession  of  the  goods,  should  sulfi-r.  ll<-  had  placed  m>  conhdence,  hut 
tlio  principal  who  had  appointed  llio  factor  luid  placed  cunrtdunce.  He  could  limit  hiai  in  his  operations 


"i^ 


673 


FACTOR. 


i  •<■'■'  %y 


■Mi.    4 


•%"! 


nn  .^ 


^■KkJF 


I       J 


.'      J 


n>!  h.'  p:i;i-:c,l-  111"  rniilil  ;'ivt<  liiiii  ;iiiy  kiril  orinslniorions— lio  niialit  nunlify  Ills  power— lie  wiis  bnntiA 
ti)  l;il<i'  |ir  ■faiiliuMs  lii'l'urr  pluciiiL' idiiliilrin  c  ;  and  lie  was  In  all  iciipccts  inorr  llalili-  to  siiti'i'r  I'rnin 
his  I'liilts  than  tin!  iilcd^-ci!.  'I'hi!  lailrr  knew  iinlliirii.'  (if  the  |i(jwrr  ol' the  f  ictor,  li(^  caw  only  thu 
Uoiicis,  and  advanci'd  hU  money  on  what  was  a  siilliiii'nt  siHMiiiiy  tor  rcpayiiient.  On  every  jirlntiple 
of  natural  e(inlly,  tlieretore.  tlie  loss  onfflil  to  fall,  not  on  the  ilc'di/ce,  lint  (in  the  principal,  lie  knew 
that  this  view  was  connected  with  one  very  iinporiant  (imsiion— that  of  possession  and  title  ;  Inn  it 
was  not  possilde  for  transactions  to  }!oon,  unless  the  possession  wa.s  admitted  as  the  tilli;  'o  the  floods. 
If  this  were  an  indilferent  (|iiestion,  or  a  (inestion  involvini;  only  a  few  cases,  Ik;  wonlii  not  have 
•  ailed  on  their  T,(nilsliips  to  le^'islate  on  this  stiliject ;  lint  all  the  commercial  interests  of  the  coiinlr> 
were  connecleil  with  it.  And  hi'  iniiilit  say,  he  lielleved  thai  two-thirds  of  the  whide  coiiiinerce  of  the 
rounlry  was  carrii'd  on  hy  cousianiim  <rooils  to  a  factor,  and  leavinc  it  to  his  discreti(Ui  to  disimse  (d' 
them  to  the  greatest  advantage,  sendin):  lliein  to  market  when  he  pleased,  ami  raising  money  on  ihem 
when  III!  could  not  simmI  tliem  to  market.  Hills  of  K.\cliaii2e,  flxcheiincr  hills,  and  miuiey  hiils  of  every 
(lescriptiim,  were  subject  to  this  rule.  If  a  person  eoiisimied  r..\chi'c|uer  hills  to  a  second  person,  ami 
ln!  parted  with  them,  the  third  party  who  ohtained  them  was  held  to  have  a  ri(!ht  to  them,  Connner- 
cial  proceediiifrs  were  of  as  :'iiicli  importance  as  money  proceedings,  and  he  could  not  »ee  why  they 
should  not  receive  the  same  secirity.  It  mifiht  be  asked,  perhaps,  when  this  was  felt  to  lie  so  ureal 
an  evil,  why  it  was  not  altered  lieloro  ;  hut  it  seemed  to  he  one  of  those  thincs  which  had  j-'rown  up 
gradually,  ami  which  did  much  mischief  Ik  fore  they  hecame  extensively  known.  Tly  lirsl  decision, 
he  lielii'ved,  which  estahljslied  the  law  as  it  now  stood,  was  delivered  in  1TI2;  and  hi!  niiew  that  Lord 
Chief  .lustice  (.'ihlis  had  said,  he  could  not  e.xplain  the  origin  of  that  decision.  lie  supposed  it  niialit 
have  lieen  dictated  hy  some  fraud.  That  decisicui,  the  Lord  Chief  , lustice  maintained,  was  at  vari- 
ance with  the  host  interests  of  coiiimerce,  and  had  irrown  out  of  circiimstanees  he  could  not  explain. 
I'roiii  the  tiiiii,' of  the  fust  decision,  liie  decisions  had  not  lieeii  niimeroiis,  till  of  late  years,  lie  did 
not  (loiil)t  lint  the  judtes  had  decided  accordiiiK  to  the  law  as  it  was  estaldished  hy  these  preredeiiis  ; 
lint  in  iloiiij;  that  they  had  iwpressed  their  rearet  that  these  preci.'denis  had  been  estaldished.  (Mere 
liis  Lordship  read  an  e.Mract  from  opinions  delivered  hy  the  late  I.ord  Chief  .lustice  Fdlenhor(iu!.'h,and  a 
lale.jiidjre,  Mr.  I.i.'  Hlaiic,  e.vpressinj.' (heir  re;rret,  in  decidinc  ca>es  accordiii!;  to  these  precedents.  Unit 
tliey  had  heeii  eslahlislied.)  He  inferred  from  these  opiiiioi  s,  thai  these  jiidyes,  ihoutrh  they  had  leli 
themselves  oliliued  to  decide  in  this  way,  supposed  that  the  law  was  contrary  to  the  ijeneral  analnyy 
of  otir  laws,  and  to  the  principles  of  jiisiice.  He  then  came  to  the  last  consideration,  the  hnv  of  tins 
country  lieiiiK  in  this  respect  ilitVerenl  from  the  laws  of  all  other  countries,  except  the  law  of  the 
riiited  States  of  America.  In  all  other  countries,  the  law  was  recognised  to  lie  what  he  wished  to 
estalilish  it  hy  the  hill  hefore  their  Lordships.  When  there  was  no  evidence  of  fraud,  it  was  li:ld,  \\\m 
the  iiian,  advancini;  money  on  iioods  held  by  a  factor,  should  not  sutler  for  his  t'aulls,  hut  thai  the  per- 
j.on  who  confided  in  the  factor  must  he  the  sufferer.  This  was  also  the  law  in  Scotland.  Ilu  had  un- 
derstood, too,  that  the  evils  of  the  law  were  felt  in  America,  and  that  means  had  been  taken  for 
hrinyiiiL'  it  before  the  cnntrress.  with  a  view  to  assimilate  the  law  of  America  to  the  law  of  .iiIut  coun- 
tries. If  the  iiiieslion  were  examined  by  the  principles  of  eiinity,  by  analogy  with  other  cases,  by  \\w 
authority  of  those  who  decided  in  our  courts,  or  hy  the  practice  of  other  countries,  it  would  he  fimiid 
that  the  reasons  were  slrom;  in  favour  of  the  hill,  ll  was  of  great  importance  in  conimercial  transac- 
tions, that  our  law  should  be  like  the  laws  of  other  countries.  It  was  not  the  same  with  the  laws  re- 
lative to  real  property— to  our  local  law,  if  he  liiitilit  so  call  it  ;  but  when  the  hill  was  founded  on  eipiiiy 
ami  analogy,  he  thonjiht  it  was  an  additional  reason  in  its  favour,  that  il  assimilated  our  i  uminercial 
law  to  the  commercial  law  of  other  countries.  He  did  not  know  if  he  had  made  himself  umlerstoiul, 
or  if  he  had  sulliciently  explained  the  object  of  the  hill  ;  but  the  measure  was  tonnded  in  justice,  ami 
he  hoped  to  have  their  Lordships'  consent  to  it."  The  noble  Eail  concluded  by  iiiuvhig  the  second 
reading  of  the  bill. 

By  the  new  law,  all  persons  intrusted  with  and  in  possession  of  goods  are  supposed,  unless 
the  contrary  be  made  distinctly  to  appear,  to  lie.  their  owners,  so  far,  at  least,  that  they  may 
pledge  thetn  or  sell  them  1  i  third  parties.  The  following  arc  the  principal  clauses  of  this  im- 
portant act,  6  Geo.  4.  c.  9  i. 

Factors  or  Jigenls  iiariiig-  Goods  or  Mcrchandhe  in  their  Possrasion.,  shall  be  ihcined  to  be  the  true 
Oirv.ers. — Any  person  intrusted  for  the  purpose  of  consimiinent  or  of  sale,  with  any  jjoods,  wares,  or 
merchandise,  and  who  shall  have  shipped  such  in  his  own  name,  and  any  person  in  whose  name  any 
goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  shall  he  shipped  hy  any  other  person,  shall  be  deeimid  to  be  the  true 
owner,  so  far  as  to  entitle  me  consijinee  to  a  lien  thereon  in  respi.'ct  ol^  any  money  or  nei;iitialj|e  sicii- 
rity  advanced  by  such  consignee  for  the  use  of  the  person  in  whose  name  such  coods,  wares,  er  mer- 
chandise shall  be  shipped,  or  in  respect  of  any  money  or  iiet'otiable  security  received  by  liini  to  llio 
use  of  such  consiiinee,  in  like  manner  as  if  such  person  was  the  true  owner  ;  provided  such  i  nMsiL'ni'e 
ishiill  not  have  notice  by  the  bill  of  lading,  or  otherwise,  before  the  time  of  any  adviuice  of  sin  h  nioni'y 
or  negotiabh;  security,  or  of  such  receipt  of  money  or  nepoti.ible  security,  in  respect  of  w  hie  h  siiili 
lien  is  claimed,  that  such  person  so  shipping  in  his  own  name,  or  in  whose  name  any  rnoils,  wares, 
or  merchandise  shall  be  shipped  by  any  person,  is  not  the  actual  and  binn'i  fide  owner,  any  l:iw,  iisat'e, 
or  custom  to  the  contrary  thereof  notwitlistandiii); :  provideil  also,  that  the  person  in  whose  name 
(Uich  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  are  so  shippeil  shall  be  taken,  for  the  purposes  of  llii>  acl,  in  lime 
been  intrusted  therewith  for  the  purpose  of  consignment  or  of  sale,  unless  the  coiilr:'ry  llnreid'  shall 
be  made  to  appear  bv  hill  of  discovery,  or  be  niaile  to  appear  in  evidence  by  aiiv  person  disputing  such 
fact.— J  1. 

Persons  in  Pnssessiim  of  Bills  of  lAiding  to  be  the  Owners,  so  far  ns  to  mohc  rolid  Ceiif/vii/.v.- rriim 
and  after  the  1st  of  October,  lS2(i,  any  person  intrusted  with  any  bill  of  lading,  India  wa. runt,  dock 
warrant,  warehouse  keeper's  cerlilicate,  wharliiiL'er's  certificate,  w.arrant  or  order  for  delivery  of 
(goods,  shall  be  deiMiied  to  he  the  true  owner,  so  far  as  to  give  valiilily  to  any  contract  or  aiireiiuenl 
thereafter  to  be  entered  into  by  such  person  so  intrusted,  with  any  person,  body  pcdilie  or  curiMirale, 
for  the  sale  of  the  said  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  or  for  the  deposit  or  (ileilL'e  thereof  as  a  sei  ii- 
rity  for  any  money  or  negotiable  instrument  advanced  or  given  by  such  person,  body  politic  or  (nrpi)- 
rali,',  upon  the  fi.ithof  such  documenls;  provided  siidi  person,  body  pcditicor  corporate,  shall  net 
have  notice,  by  such  document!)  or  otherwisi!,  that  such  person  so  inlriisled  is  mit  the  actual  and  huiia 
Jide  owner. — i>  '2. 

JVo  Person  to  arqnire  a  Seeuritij  upon  Goods  in  the  Hands  of  an  Jioent  for  an  anteeeitrni  lUb!,  heijondlhi: 
Jlinount  of  the  Jifsent's  Interest  in  the  Goods.—\i\  case  any  person,  body  politic  or  icirporate,  shall,  alter 
this  act,  accept  any  such  goods,  in  deposit  or  pledge,  from  any  such  person  so  intrusted,  «  ilhoiii  milico 
ns  aforesaid,  as  a  security  for  any  di'bt  or  demand  due  from  any  such  person  so  intrusted,  lo  such  per- 
.son,  body  politic  or  corporate,  before  the  time  of  such  deposit,  then  such  person,  body  polilii  or  ior|io. 
rate,  so  accepting  such  goods  in  depisile  or  plediie,  shall  acquire  no  further  interest  in  the  said  gomls, 
tir  any  such  document,  than  was  possessed,  nr  might  have  been  enforced,  by  the  said  person  Mumnisl- 
ed,  at  the  lime  of  such  deposit  or  pledge  ;  but  such  person,  body  politic  or  "rporale,  so  <ici  I'pliiigsiirll 
poods  in  di;positor  iiledgi',  sli.ill  aciiuire,  possess,  ami  enforce  such  right,  title,  or  iiiturcal  ut  iiiilllit 
iiave  been  eiifurcud  by  such  person  so  iiitruuteU.— (  3. 


'-1 


*       i 


FACTORAGE. 


673 


f,  lor,  111'  j'iiwoi.lytlM 

'.      ..,r..-is  (if  till'  tn'in'O 
;,'::'      oc:.mm..r.o  of,.,. 

r-iUin"inoii''V>'ii'liP"< 
ri, !'"'>"■'"•    <""""'''" 

,,.'."  I,.-  -ouia  iw.l  .■M.lain. 

•",  oHMo  >.'=--H.  ii';;i» 

•'7'  U^ElWM.lM.ro..L.l.,.n,la 

'""7  iwu'li  lli.'v  linil  f.iU 

J""'"'mo     e«''.miaana\o«y 

'"'•"';  r.M.   1 1.-3  l^'-^vifll"^ 
■■""'"'''xi      '     >'•  !■'«  of  vl.f 

'"     of  r-uul.itNvivsl.iM.ilmt 

""    r^nvv'wfoi.iici.aoiMHimy 

of  coeds  are  supposcil,  unless 
[  L  at  least,  that  I  >.7  may 
*p;inni,al  clauses  of  tin.  im- 

i      ..iili  uuv  C'l'"'"' ^^'"     ' 


Persons  may  contract  with  knnjrit  .7i^(•»^i^  in.  the  ontiiKini  Cuiir.'r  of  Riisinc.-i.^,  or  out  of  that  Course,  if 
within  thi.  Jiirent'.^  Jtiithnriti/.—Vrim)  »n'\  iiftir  tlio  Isl  of  (titohiT.'  I'-iO.  it  slinll  he  lawful  for  any  per 


■^' "'''^;:;"iu.nawa.r.-.t 


In.rity,  «>>  '^>'-l     '.'  is.  xvaros, 

,  will's.'  >'••'""■■'",,';.  I;  w,„si.L'.-. 

|,iui.i..M-fr';i  v:\;,:,,.,,.v,. 

Itiifpiin'i'S''^"  ;'■,,,„,■  siinii 


iliiik 


11  of  i^"""-' ;rrfoV;u-iivry  ..f 

luii  person 


,„„,v  poiiti.-  or  '-.'.'n"': 

ay  imliuc  or  rovpoiau- 


linisiml  is  not  till' 


hall  iii'i 
luUial  ami  liomi 


trl^;.t:t!ao:orUi.er«va..i..U^ 


15011,  body  poliiic  or  corporalo,  to  ronlract  with  any 
saiiio  may  hw  consiKneil.  for  llu;  piircliasr  of  sii<Ii"k.)oi1 


nl,  liilnisti'd  Willi  any  coodn,  or  lo  wlioiii  the 
fiv(!  the  same  of  and  pay  for  tlie 


and  |i 


same  to  such  aKiiii ;  iiiid  such  contract  iiiiil  payinciit  shall  hi-  liinilini;  upon  tin:  owner,  iiotwiihsland- 
inp  such  pernon,  body  pnlilin  or  rorporalo,  shall  havo  notici.  that  llii>  person  makim;  and  eiiteriim  into 


such  contract,  or  on  whoso  behalf siicli  rniitraitis  made,  is  ai 


ment  be!  made  in  the  iisiiiil  course  of  husi 
ant  ha 


1  n'.'iMit  ;  provideil  such  coiilrad  niid  pay- 
iioss,  and  Ihal  such  person,  body  |inlitic  or  corporate,  shall 
not  have  iiolka  that  such  aijeut  is  nut  aulliorided  to  sell  the  said  goods, or  l()  receive  tlie  said  imrcliase 
money.— (>  1. 

J'emnns  way  aei-ejit  and  tnkr.  Onmls  in  Pleilire  from  known  ^irrnts.—Trcim  and  after  the  passing  of  thin 
act,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  person,  body  pcdilic  or  corporati>,  to  accept  anv  such  eoods,  or  any  sucli 
document  as  aforesaid,  in  di'posit  or  pie, iL'e  from  anv  factor  or  aL'enl.  notwithstaiuliioi  such  person, 
body  politic  or  corporate,  shall  have  iioiice  that  llie  |iers(ui  inakinp  such  <leposil  or  pb'dL'e  is  n  factor 
or  agent ;  but  then  iiiul  in  lhal  case  sucli  pers(Ui.  body  pidllic  or  corporate,  shall  ai  quire  no  further  in- 
terest in  the  said  u.Pods,or  any  such  document,  ihau  was  possessed  or  niiuht  have  been  enforced  bvthu 
paid  factor  or  aijent,  at  the  time  of  such  deposit  or  plrdgi? ;  but  such  person,  bodv  politic  or  corporate, 
i^liall  ac,((uire,  possess,  and  enforce  such  ri^'ht,  title,  or  interest  as  was  posaessed'and  might  have  been 
enforced  by  such  factor  or  aiieiit.— ^  .'>. 

Kiffht  of  the  true  Oirnrr  to  follow  his  Good.t  while  in  the  Ifiinds  (f  his  .Igent  or  nf  his  ^ssi^nee  in  case 
(f  Bankniptcn.—Suthuvi  heroin  contained  shall  be  dei-med  to  d'efirive  the  true  owner  or  proprietor 
of  such  goods  from  demandiiic  and  recoverini:  Ibi'  same  from  his  factor  or  afrent,  before  the  same  shall 
have  been  so  sold,  deposited,  or  pledjied,  or  from  the  assiitnees  of  such  factor  or  at'eiit,  in  the  event  of 
his,  her,  or  their  bankrupt i-y  ;  nor  to  prevent  such  owiu'r  or  proprietor  from  demamlini;  or  recoverins 
of  and  from  any  person,  bodies  poliiic  or  corporate,  the  price  au;reeil  to  be  paid  I'orlhe  purchase  of 
such  ponds,  subject  to  any  richt  of  sel-otV  on  ihe  iiarl  of  such  persons,  bodies  poliiic  or  corporate, 
against  such  factor  or  agent ;  not  [nor]  to  prevent  such  owner  or  proprietor  from  demandiii!.'  or  re- 
covering of  and  from  such  persons,  bodies  politic  or  corporate,  such  gooils,  so  deposit. id  lu- pledged, 
upon  repayment  of  the  miuiey,  or  on  restoration  of  lin;  lo'irotiabh!  instrument  so  ailv.inced  or  given 
on  the  security  of  such  goods,  by  such  persons,  bodii^s  politic  or  corporate,  to  such  factor  or  agent; 
and  upon  payment  of  such  further  sum.  or  on  restoration  in  such  other  negotiable!  inslrnment  (if  any> 
as  may  have  been  advanced  or  given  liy  such  facwu-  or  aL'ent.  to  sucli  owner  or  proprielor,  or  on  pay- 
ment of  a  sum  eiiiial  to  the  amount  of  such  instriimenl  ;  nor  to  prevent  the  said  ow  ner  or  proprielor 
frmn  recovering  of  and  from  such  persons,  boilies  politic  or  corporate,  anv  balance  remaining  in  their 
hands,  as  the  produce  of  the  sale  of  such  goods,  afier  deductiii!;  th-reout  the  aiiionnl  of  the  miuiey  or 
nogntiabli!  iiislriimeut  so  advanced  or  given  upon  the  security  thereof;  provided  ahvavs.  that  in 
case  of  the  bankruptcy  of  any  such  factor  or  n'.'ent,tlie  owiu'r'or  proprietor  of  the  gomls'so  pliMlged 
and  redeemed  shall  be  held  to  have  discharged  pro  tuvtn  the  debt  due  by  them  to  the  estate  of  such 
bankrupt.—}  6. 

'gents  fraudulently  p'lCdfting  the  Goods  of  their  Prinripnls.— The  7  kf^  (ion.  A.  c.  2!'.  }  .ll.  enacts. 
"That  if  any  factor  or  agent  intrusted,  for  tlii'  purpose  of  sale,  wiih  any  goods  or  merchamlise,  or  in- 
trusted with  any  bill  of  lading,  warehouse  keeper's  or  wliarlinger's  ceriilicate,  or  warrant  or  onler  for 
llie  delivery  of  goods  or  merchandise,  shall,  for  his  own  hem  fit,  oiid  in  riohilion  of  good  fiiilh,  deposit 
or  pledge  any  such  ponds  or  merchandise,  or  any  of  the  said  documents,  as  a  security  for  any  mmiey 
oriicgoiiable  iiistrumeiit  borrowed  or  n^ceived  by  such  factor  or  agent,  at  or  before  the  time  of  making 
such  deposit  or  pledge,  or  intended  to  be  thereafli'r  borroweil  or  received,  every  such  oU'ender  shall 
|je  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  being  convicted  thereof,  shall  be  liable,  at  the  discreticui  id' the  court. 
10  lie  transported  beyond  the  seas  for  any  term  not  exceeding  11  ye.ars,  nor  less  than  7  ye.ars,  or  ti 
tiilTer  such  other  punishment  by  fineor  imprisoiiment,  or  by  hoili  as  tiie  cmirt  shall  i'.ward  ;  "but  no  such 
factor  or  agent  shall  he  liable  to  any  prosecution  for  depositing  or  pledging  any  such  goods  or  mer- 
chandise, or  any  of  the  said  documents,  in  case  the  same  shall  not  be  made  a  security  for,  or  subject 
Inihe  payment  of,  any  greater  sum  of  money  than  the  amount  which,  at  the  time  of  such  deposit  or 
pledge,  was  justly  due  and  owing  lo  such  factor  or  agent  from  his  principal,  together  with  the  amount 
(if  any  bill  or  bills  of  exchange  drawn  by  or  on  account  of  such  principal,  and  accepted  by  such  factor 
or  agent." 

This  provision  does  not  extend  to  partners  not  being  privy  to  the  offence;  nor  does  it  take  away 
any  remedy  at  law  or  equity  which  any  party  aggrieved  by  imy  otftMice  might  have  been  entitled  to 
asainst  such  otfemler.  And  no  one  shall  be  liable  to  be  convicted  by  any  evidence  whatever  as  an 
offender  against  this  act,  in  respect  of  any  act  (bmo  by  him,  if  he  shall,  at  any  linu!  previiuisly  lo  his 
lieing  indicted  for  such  olfence,  have  disclost'd  such  acts,  on  oath,  in  consequence  of  any  compul- 
sory process  of  any  court  of  law  or  equity,  in  any  aclicm,  suit,  &c.  which  shall  have  been  Ixinti  fide  in- 
sliliitcd  by  any  party  aggrieved,  or  if  he  shall  have  disclosed  the  same  in  any  e.xamination  or  deposition 
bel'ore  any  commissioners  of  bankrupt.— J  52. 

FACTOK.VdE,  (til  COMMISSION,  thr  allowance  given  to  factors  by  the  merchants  and 
manudictiirers,  (fee,  who  employ  them:  it  i.s  a  percentage  on  the  goods  they  purchasi-  or  sell 
on  account  of  thoir  priiicipuls;  and  varies  in  ilill'erent  countrii>s,  and  as  it  refers  to  dilVercnt 
articles.  It  i.s  customary  for  factors,  as  oh.served  in  the  previous  article,  to  insure  llie  dehts 
line  lo  those  for  whom  they  sell  ft)r  an  additional,  or  (hi  credere,  conioiissioii,  generally 
averaging  from  H  to  2  per  cent.  Factorage  or  commission  is  also  frecjucnfly  cluirged  at  a 
fortaiu  rate  per  cask,  or  other  package,  measure,  or  weight,  especially  when  t!ie  factor  is  only 
employed  to  receive  or  deliver :  this  commission  is  usually  fixed  by  special  agreement  between 
the  merchant  and  factor. 

FACTou.\ni2,  Hrukgraoe,  and  Commission  Tadlk. 


Amoimt. 

L 
I 

2 
3 
4 

5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
20 
30 


Al  1-8  per  Cl. 

/..    J.   ((. 

0    0    0  1-4 

0    0    0  1-2 

0    0    03-4 

0    0     1 

0    0    1  1-2 

0    0     13  4 

0    0    2 

0    0    2  1-4 

0    0    2  1-2 

0    0    3 

0    0    6 

0    0    9 

At  1-4  per  CI. 

~L.'V.'d.'~ 

0    0    0  12 

0    0    I 

0    0    13-4 

0    0    2  1-4 

0    0    3 

0    0    312 

0    0    4 

0    0    4  34 

0    0    S  1-4 

0    0    6 

0     1    0 

0    1    6 

Al3  8per  Cl. 

L.    s.   d. 

0    0    03  4 

0    0     1  3-4 

0    0    2  12 

0    0    3  1-2 

0    0    4  1-2 

0    0    S  1-4 

0    0    6  3-4 

0    0    7 

0    0    R 

0    0    9 

0     I     6 

0    2    3 

2  per  Cl.  At  58perCI.  Al  3-4  per  Cl. 


Vol  I.— 3  L 


At  7-8  per  Cl. 

Allp 

L.    t.  rf. 

~l..'u 

0    0    2 

0    0 

0    0    4 

0    0 

0    0    GI-4 

0    0 

0    0    8  11 

0    0 

0    0  10  1-2 

0     1 

0     1    0  1-2 

0     1 

0     1     2  1-2 

0     1 

0     I     434 

0     I 

0    t    6  3-4 

0     1 

0    1     » 

0    2 

0    3    (i 

0    4 

0    5    3 

0    U 

it. 

2  1-4 
4  3-4 
7 

■I  1-2 
0 
2 

4  3-4 
7 

ni-2 

0 
0 
0 


674 


FACTORY,  FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


*t.^ 


:■■   :f    *t: 


■••-tail 


Table— 

tontinued. 

Amount, 
i. 

Al  IS  per  CI. 

Al  1-4  per  CI. 

Al  3  8  per  Ct. 

At  1-2  per  CI. 

At  5-9  per  CI. 

At  3  4  per 

CI. 

At  7-8  per  CI. 

At  1  piT  CI. 
!■■    t.    ./. 

L.    1.   d. 

L.    t. 

rf. 

A.    J.    rf. 

/..    ..   d. 

L.   1. 

d. 

L.  >.   i 

_ 

L.  I.   d. 

40 

0    1    0 

0    2 

0 

0    3    0 

0    4    0 

0    5 

0 

0    6    0 

0    7    0 

0    8    0 

60 

0    1    3 

0    2 

6 

0    3    9 

0    5    0 

D    6 

3 

0    7    6 

0    8    9 

0  10    0 

60 

0    1    6 

0    3 

0 

0    4    6 

0    6    0 

0    7 

6 

0    9    0 

0  10    6 

0  12    0 

70 

0    1    9 

0    3 

6 

0    5    3 

0    7    0 

0    8 

9 

0  10    6 

0  12    3 

0  14    0 

80 

0    2    0 

0    4 

0 

0    6    0 

0    8    0 

0  10 

0 

0  12    0 

0  14    0 

0  16    0 

90 

0    2    3 

0    4 

6 

0    6    9 

0    9    0 

0  II 

3 

0  13    6 

0  13    9 

0  IS    0 

100 

0    2    6 

0    5 

0 

0    7    6 

0  10    0 

0  12 

6 

0  15    0 

0  17    6 

1    0    0 

200 

0    5    0 

0  10 

0  f 

0  13    0 

1     0    0 

1     5 

0 

1  to   0 

1  15    0 

2    0    0 

300 

0    7    6 

0  15 

0 

1     2    6 

1   10    0 

1   17 

U 

2    6    0 

2  12    6 

3    0    0 

400 

0  10    0 

1    0 

0 

1  10    0 

2    0    0 

2  10 

0 

3    0    0 

3  10    0 

4    0    0 

fiOO 

0  12    6 

1    6 

0 

1  17    6 

2  in  0 

3    2 

6 

3  15    0 

4    7    6 

5    0    0 

WO 

0  15    0 

1  10 

0 

2    3    0 

3    0    0 

3  13 

0 

4  10    0 

6    5    0 

6    0    0 

70O 

0  17    6 

1   15 

0 

2  12    6 

3  10    0 

4    7 

li 

5    5    0 

6    2    6 

7    0    0 

(■00 

1    0    0 

2    0 

0 

3    0    0 

4    0    0 

5    0 

0 

6    0    0 

7    0    0 

8    0    (1 

900 

1    2    6 

2    6 

0 

3    7    6 

4  10    0 

a  12 

0 

6  15    0 

7  17    6 

9    0    0 

1,000 

1    6    0 

2  10 

0 

3  15    0 

5    0    0 

6    5 

0 

7  10    0 

8  13    0 

10    0    0 

2,000 

2  10    0 

5    0 

0 

7  10    0 

10    0    0 

12  in 

0 

15    0    0 

17  10    0 

20    0    0 

3,000 

3  15    0 

7  10 

0 

II     3    0 

15    0    0 

IS  15 

0 

22  10    0 

26    6    0 

!iO    0    0 

4,000 

6    0    0 

10    0 

0 

15    0    0 

20    0    0 

23    0 

0 

.10    0    0 

ai    0    0 

40    0    0 

6,000 

6    5    0 

12  10 

0 

IS  15    0 

23    0    0 

31    5 

0 

37  10    0 

43  15    0 

M    0    0 

10,000 

\i  10    0 

25    0 

0 

37  10    0 

60    0    0 

62  10 

0 

75    0    0 

87  10    0 

100    0    0 

Amount. 

At  1  1-2  perCt.!     At  2 

per  CI. 

At  2  1-2 

lerCt. 

At  3  per  Cl. 

At  4  per  CI. 

At  4  1-2  perCt. 

A;  5  (jer  CI. 
L-    I.  li. 

L. 

/..    t.   d. 

i. 

..  d. 

/..    J 

.  77 

/..  J. 

d. 

L.    I.    d. 

/..    I.    rf. 

0    0    3  1-2 

0 

0    4 

3-4 

0    C 

6 

0    0 

7 

0    0    9 

0    0  III  3-4 

0    1    0 

2 

0    0    7 

0 

0    9  1-2 

0     1 

0 

0     1 

2  3-4 

0     1     7 

0    1    9  1-2 

0    2    0 

3 

0    0  10  3-4 

0 

1   : 

1-4 

0     1 

6 

0     1 

9  1-2 

0    2    4 

0    2    8  1-4 

0    3    1 

4 

0    1    2  1-4 

0 

1     7 

0    2 

0 

0    2 

4  34 

0    3    2 

0    3    7 

0    4    0 

6 

0    1    6 

0 

2    f 

0    1 

6 

0    3 

0 

0    4    0 

0    4    6 

0    5    0 

6 

0    1    9  1-2 

0 

2    . 

3-1 

0    3 

0 

0    3 

7 

0    4    9 

0    5    4.'M 

0    6    0 

7 

0    2    1 

0 

2    9  1-2 

0  a 

6 

0    4 

2  14 

0    5    7 

0    6    312 

0    7    0 

8 

0    2    4  3-4 

0 

3    2  1.4 

0    4 

0 

0    4 

9  12 

0    6    4 

0    7    2|.4 

0    S    0 

9 

0    2    8  1-4 

0 

3    ■ 

0    4 

6 

0    5 

4  34 

0    7    2 

0    8    1 

0    !)    0 

10 

0    3    0 

0 

4    0 

0    .n 

0 

0    6 

0 

0    8    0 

0    9    0 

0  II)    0 

20 

0    6    0 

0 

8   r 

0  II 

II 

0  12 

0 

0  16    0 

0  IS    0 

1    0    0 

30 

0    9    0 

0 

10    0 

0  !;• 

0 

0  IS 

0 

1    4    0 

1    7    0 

1  10    0 

40 

0  12    0 

0 

16    0 

1     1 

0 

1     4 

0 

1  12    0 

1  16    0 

2    0    0 

!» 

0  1 1    0 

1 

0   c 

I     ,1 

0 

1   10 

0 

2    0    0 

2    5    0 

2  10    0 

60 

0  18    0 

4     0 

1   111 

0 

1    16 

0 

2    8    0 

2  14    0 

3    0    0 

70 

1     1    0 

1 

H    0 

1   1' 

0 

2    2 

0 

2  16    0 

3    3    0 

3  10    U 

80 

1    4    0 

1 

12    0 

2    C 

0 

2    8 

0 

3    4    0 

3  12    0 

4    0    0 

90 

1    7    0 

1 

16    0 

2    .-• 

0 

2  14 

0 

3  12    0 

4    1    0 

4  ID    0 

100 

1  10    0 

2 

0    0 

2  10 

0 

3    0 

0 

4    0    0 

4  10    0 

5    0    0 

2no 

3    0    0 

4 

0    0 

5    C 

0 

6    0 

0 

8    0    0 

9    0    0 

10    0    0 

300 

4  10    0 

6 

0    0 

7  10 

0 

9    0 

0 

2    0    0 

13  10    0 

15    0    0 

400 

6    0    0 

8 

0    0 

10    C 

0 

12    0 

0 

6    0    0 

18    0    0 

20    0    0 

600 

7  10    0 

10 

0    0 

12  10 

0 

13    0 

0 

20    0    0 

22  10    0 

25    0    0 

600 

9    0    0 

12 

0    0 

15    C 

0 

IS    0 

0 

24    0    0 

27    0    0 

.10    0    D 

700 

10  10    0 

14 

0    0 

17  IC 

0 

21    0 

0 

2S    0    0 

31  10    0 

3)    0    0 

»iO 

12    0    0 

16 

0    0 

20    0    0 

24    0 

0 

.32    0    0 

36    0    0 

40    0    0 

900 

13  10    0 

18 

0    0 

22  K 

0 

27    0 

0 

36    0    0 

40  10    0 

45    0    0 

1,000 

15    0    0 

20 

0    0 

25    0    0 

30    0 

0 

40    0    0 

45    0    0 

.W    0    0 

2.000 

30    0    0 

40 

0    0 

50    0    0 

60    0 

0 

hO    0    0 

92    0    0 

100  n  0 

3.000 

4-.    0    0 

6(1 

0    0 

7".    0    0 

90    0 

0 

120    0    0 

135    0    0 

150    0    0 

4,n00 

60    0    0 

SO 

0    0 

ino    0    0 

120    0 

0 

160    0    0 

ISO    0    0 

200    0    0 

6,000 

73    0    0 

100 

0    0 

22i    0    0 

I'lO    0 

0 

20O    0    0 

225    0    0 

2i0    0    0 

10,000 

150    0    0 

2C0 

0    0 

250    0    0 

300    0 

0 

400    0    0 

450    0    0 

51)0    0    0 

FACTORY,  a  place  where  merchants  and  factors  reside,  to  negotiate  biisincs.s  for  them- 
selves and  their  correspondent's  on  commission.  We  have  factories  in  China,  Turkry,  Por- 
tugal, Russia,  &c. 

FAIRS  AVI)  MARKETS.  These  institutions  are  very  closely  allied.  A  fair,  as  the 
term  is  now  generally  understood,  is  only  a  greater  species  of  market  recurring  at  niorp  distant 
intervals.  Both  are  appropriated  to  the  sale  of  I  or  more  species  of  goods,  the  hiring  of 
servants,  or  labourers,  &c. :  but  fairs  are,  in  most  cases,  atteniled  by  a  greater  concourse  of 
people,  for  whose  amusement  various  exhibitions  are  got  up. 

1.  Origin  of  Fain: — Institutions  of  this  sort  are  peculiarly  serviccalile  in  the  c.irlier 
stages  of  society,  and  in  rude  and  inland  countries.  The  number  of  shops,  and  the  com- 
modities in  them,  are  then  either  comparatively  limited,  or  they  arc  but  little  frriiurnteil  by 
dealers ;  so  that  it  is  for  the  advantage  of  all,  that  fairs  should  be  established,  and  im^iclmiiis 
induced  to  attend  them.  For  this  purpose  various  privileges  have  been  anne.xed  to  liiirs,  ami 
numerous  facilities  allonled  to  the  disposal  of  property  in  them.  To  give  them  a  grcitcr  de- 
gree of  solemnity,  they  were  originally,  both  in  the  ancient  and  modern  world,  associiitcil 
with  religious  festivals.  In  most  places,  indeed,  they  arc  still  held  on  the  same  day  wiihtho 
wake  or  feast  of  the  saint  to  whom  tiie  church  is  dedicated  ;  and  till  the  practice  vva.<  priijiibitcii, 
it  was  customary,  in  England,  to  hold  them  in  churchyards ! — (J^icoh'.s  Law  Dirt,  mt,  /•'(;(>.) 
But  since  the  growth  of  towns,  and  the  opjiortunities  afforded  for  the  dis[)osal  nml  purrhiisii 
of  all  sorts  of  [iroduce  at  the  weekly  or  monlhly  markets  held  in  them,  the  utility  ol  liiir.'S,  in 
this  country,  at  least,  has  very  iiuich  diminished;  they  have,  also,  lost  much  of  their  ancii'iit 
splendour;  and,  thoiig'i  some  of  them  are  still  well  attended,  and  of  real  use,  a  good  numliiT 
might  be  advantageously  sujipressed. 

But  it  is  far  otherwise  in  inland  countries,  where  the  facilities  for  carrying  on  commerrial 
transactions  are  comparatively  circumscribed.  There  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance,  that 
certain  convenient  places  and  specified  periods  shi)uld  be  a|»pointcd  for  the  bringing  toi^etlicr 
of  commodities  and  dealers.     This  is  not  only  the  readiest  and  best  means  of  promoting 


,TS. 


FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


675 


t.    d. 

0  9 

1  7 

2  4 
»  i 
4    0 

4  9 

5  7 
B    4 

7  2 

8  0 
18    0 

4  0 
12    0 

0  0 
;  8  0 
!  16  0 
I    4    0 

3  12    0 

4  0    0 

8  0    0 

9  0  0 
16  0  0 
JO  0  0 
24  0  0 
28  0  0 
32  0  0 
36  0  0 
40    0    0 


M) 


0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 


/..    »•    <l- 

0    0  111  3-4  ', 

0    1    9  1-2 

0    2    8M 

0    3    7 

0    4    6 

0    5    43-4 

0    6    3  12 

0    7    2  1-4 

0    8     1 

0    9    0 

0  IS    0 

'    I    2 

1  16    0 

2  5    0 

2  14    0 

3  3    0 

3  12    0 

4  I  0 
4  10  0 
9    0    0 

13  10  0 
13  0  0 
22  10  0 
21  0  0 
31  10  0 
36  0  0 
40  10    0 

•«''    5   S 
92    0    0 

\K    0    0 

m  0  0 

2'5    0    0 
4i0    0    0 


L.    '■  d. 

0  I  n 

0  2  0 
0  3  0 
0    4    0 

0  a  0 

0  6  0 
0    7    0 

0  s  0 
0    !l    0 

0  11)    0 

1  0    0 

1  10    0 

2  0    0 

2  ID    0 

3  II   0 

3  10    U 

4  0    0 

4  10    0 

5  0    0 
10    0    0 

ir,  0  0 

20  0    0 

2i  0    0 

30  0    0 

3-.  0    0 

40  0    0 

4:.  0  0 

50    0    0 

100  n  0 

150  0  0 

200  0  0 

2-,0  0  0 

300  0  0 


to  negotiate  business  for  thera- 
Ifactories  in  China,  Turkey,  Por- 

.  closdy  allied.     A  to,  as  the 

market  recurring  at  mimnlistant 

.  species  of  gooas,  the  hiring  of 

snLlbya  greater  concourse  of 

l"Uarly  serviceable  in  the  earlier 
Jmberofshop.,  aiulthocom- 
Save  but  Utile  frr,uentoa  by 
Mbeestablishea,  aiHlmeirhaiU. 
shave  been  annexeil  to  ta,r.,au,l 
lem.     TogivetheinaR.o..tor.l.- 
rand  moaern  worbl.  a.socuueil 
l^a  on  the  same  clay  vvithb 

iyuUthepr.cti.ewa.v;olu^;H 

t   If     the  disposal  an.l  V^r^m^ 

fa   .lost  much  of  their  anciiM. 
ti;  ami  of  real  use,  a  good  number 

luties  for  carrying  on  commcrnal 


commerce,  but  also  of  softening  national  antipatliies,  and  diffusing  a  knowledge  of  the  pro- 
ducts, arts,  and  customs  of  other  countries. 

2.  KiitabUshinent  of  Eni^lish  Fairs. — No  fair  can  be  holden  without  grant  from  the 
Crown,  or  a  prescription  which  supposes  such  grant.  And  before  a  patent  is  granted,  it  is 
usual  to  have  a  writ  of  ad  quod  danmum  cxecutwl  and  returned,  that  it  may  not  be  issued  to 
the  pr,  judiee  of  a  similar  establishment  already  existing.  The  grant  usually  contains  a  clauso 
that  it  shall  not  be  to  the  hurt  of  auother  fair  or  market;  but  this  clause,  if  omitted,  will  bo 
implied  in  law :  for  if  the  franchise  occasion  damage  either  to  the  king  or  a  subject,  in  this  or 
any  other  respect,  it  will  be  revoked ;  and  a  person,  whose  ancient  title  is  prejudiced,  is  entitled 
to  have  a  scire  facias  in  the  king's  name  to  repeal  the  letters  patent.  If  his  Majesty  grant 
power  to  hold  a  fair  or  market  in  a  particular  place,  the  lieges  can  resort  to  no  other,  even 
though  it  be  inconvenient.  But  if  no  place  be  appointed,  the  grantees  may  keep  the  lair  or 
market  where  they  please,  or  rather,  where  they  can  most  conveniently. 

3.  Times  of/iolding  I'utrs  and  Murkels. — These  arc  either  determined  by  the  letters  patent 
appointing  the  fair  or  market,  or  by  usage.  The  statute  3  Edw.  .3.  c.  l.'i.  enacts,  that  the  du- 
ration of  the  fair  shall  be  declared  at  its  commencement,  and  that  it  shall  not  be  contiimed 
beyond  the  specified  time.  By  statute  5  Edw.  3.  c.  .5.,  any  merchant  selling  goods  after  tho 
stipulated  time  is  to  forfeit  double  the  value  of  the  goods  sold. 

4.  Effect  (f  Saks  in  Fairs  and  Markets. — A  buna  fide  sale  made  in  a  fair  or  open  market, 
in  general,  transfers  the  comjiletc  property  of  the  thing  sold  to  the  vendee;  so  that,  however 
vicious  or  illegal  the  title  of  the  vendor  may  be,  the  vendee's  is  good  against  every  one  ex- 
cept the  king.  But  the  sale,  in  order  to  come  within  this  rule,  must  take  place  on  t/ie  mar/eel 
day,  and  at  the  place  assigned  for  the  ntarket.  The  city  of  London  is  said  to  be  a  market 
overt  every  day  of  the  week  except  Sunday ;  every  shop  being  a  market  overt  for  such  things 
as  the  shopkeeper  professes  to  deal  in.  The  properly  of  goods  may,  however,  be  changed, 
and  effectually  transferred  to  the  buyer,  by  a  liunu  fidt  »i\\c  in  a  shop  out  of  London,  whether 
the  shopkeeper  be  the  vendor  or  vendee,  if  the  goods  are  of  the  kind  in  which  he  trades.  A 
wharf  in  London  is  not  within  the  custom,  and  is  not  a  market  overt  for  articles  brought 
there.  But  a  sale  in  a  market  will  not  be  binding,  if  it  be  such  as  carries  with  it  a  presump- 
tion of  fraud  :  as,  for  example,  if  it  take  place  in  a  back  room,  or  secret  place;  if  the  sale  bo 
covinous,  and  intended  to  defraud  the  real  owner;  or  if  the  buyer  know  that  tho  vendor  is  not 
the  real  owner  of  the  goods,  «S£;c.  It  is  very  didicult  to  transfer  the  property  of  horses,  even 
when  they  arc  sold  in  an  open  market,  without  the  consent  of  the  real  owner. — (See  Houses.) 

5.  Court  (f  Pie  Poudre, — To  every  fair  or  market  there  is  incident,  even  without  any 
express  words  in  the  grant,  a  court  oi pie  poudre,  in  allusion  to  the  dusty  feet  of  the  suitors. 
The  steward  or  mayor  may  preside.  It  has  co;;nizance  of  all  questions  as  to  contracts  niado 
in  the  market,  respecting  goods  bought  and  delivered  tliere,  &c.  Formerly  pic  poudre  courts 
were  held  at  every  considerable  fair;  but  they  are  now  entirely  laid  aside. 

6.  Clerk  if  the  Market. — Owners  and  governors  of  fairs  are  to  take  care  that  every  thing 
be  sold  according  to  just  weights  and  measures.  And  for  that  and  other  purposes  they  may 
appoint  a  clerk  of  the  fair  or  market,  who  is  to  mark  and  allow  all  such  weights,  &c. ;  charg- 
ing \d.  for  sealing  and  marking  a  bushel,  hd.  for  marking  a  half  bushel  or  peck,  and  \d.  for 
marking  a  gallon,  pottle,  quart,  pint,  (Sec,  under  penalty  of.*)/. — (22  Cha.  3.  c.  8.) 

7.  Tolls. — Being  a  matter  of  private  benelit  to  the  owners  of  fairs  or  markets,  and  not  in- 
cident to  tliem,  tolls  arc  not  exigible  unless  specially  granted  in  the  patent :  but  tho  king  may 
by  a  new  grant  authorise  a  reasonable  toll  to  be  taken.  If  tho  toll  granted  be  excessive,  tho 
patent  will  be  void.  It  is  a  general  rule,  unless  changed  by  a  contrary  custom  obtaining 
time  out  of  mind,  that  no  toll  be  paid  for  any  thing  brought  to  a  fair  or  market,  before  tho 
same  is  sold,  and  that  it  shall  then  be  paid  b/f  the  bui/tr. 

The  owner  of  a  house  next  to  a  fair  or  market  is  not  allowed  to  open  his  shop  during  such 
fair  or  market,  without  paying  stalla<^e  (toll  for  having  a  stall) ;  on  the  ground  that  if  ho 
lake  the  benefit  of  the  market,  he  ought  to  jiay  the  duties  thereon.  This  regulation  has  been 
a  sood  deal  complained  of. 

Tho  owners  of  fairs  and  markets  are  requited  by  statute  (2  &  3  Ph.  and  M.  c.  7.)  to  ap- 
point a  person  in  a  special  open  place  to  take  the  toll.  The  most  im[ioitant  part  of  thi^ 
pcrsim's  duty  has  reference  to  his  entering  the  horses  sold  with  three  distinguishing  marks, 
uiid  die  names,  &c.  of  those  who  buy  and  sell  them. — (See  JIousks.) 

,A  n  action  lies  asrainst  any  one  who  refuses  to  pay  the  customary  toll. 

{Pot  further  information  as  to  British  fairs  and  markets,  see  Cliiltyon  Commercial  Law, 
vol.  ii.  c.  9.) 

The  3  Geo.  4.  c.  ."iS.  marts,  that  at  all  fiirslicld  williin  10  iiiili'-<  of  T.'iiiple  Unr,  Imsiii.MR  ami  ainiiso- 
montsofiiU  kinds  shall  ci'iise  ;it  11  o'llork  in  thu  fveninu',  anil  iicit  nviiiintiicmi!  Iii'toii!  (i  o'clnck  in 
the  inoriiine,  iiiidi'r  a  |)iiiiiilly  nl'  IDs.  lo  lie  piiil  liy  any  in;isl>T,  iiiislrcs.-i,  or  oIIilt  pcrscin,  Inivin','  Iho 
care  or  in;iiiai;eiiu'iit  nf  iuiy'lumi^i',  simp,  ruDin,  rioiHli,  stiunliiiL',  u  nt,  r.iraviin  uv  wiisimi,  wlicru  any 
lircacliof  thi-<  onailnicnl  siiull  liavi'  hern  ciirMiMillnl.  I'liwrr  is  iilso  <riv(;ii  liy  iIk^  p;uni'  act  lo  any  '2 
juslici's  of  till-  iM'ace,  within  Ihi'ir  rospi'iiivt!  jurii'iliclious.to  put  a  stop  tcany  fair  whicli  is  lieldwUli- 
oulcliartcr,  prescription,  or  lawful  authority. 


\  \ 


678 


FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


■•■-.ml 

MMMM 


Vt"  .fttki 


..ii 


r, 


<  III 


8.  Principal  British  Fairs. — Anionir  these  may  be  specified  StDurbridgr.  in  Worrrstcr- 
shire,  Bristol  hns  two  <'onsi(lernl)lc  fuirs,  one  in  Mnreii,  and  one  in  tSeptcmher,  Kxcter 
December  f'lilr,  for  cattle,  horses,  and  most  sorts  of  cominoilities,  Weyhill  fair,  in  Hampshire 
(October  10,)  has,  probably,  tlie  greatest  display  of  t-hcep  of  any  fair  in  the  kingdom.  Bar- 
tholomew fair,  ill  Jiondon,  used  to  he  of  considerable  importance,  but  is  now  approjiriated 
only  to  shows  of  wild  beasts,  and  such  like  exhibitions,  and  might  be  suppressed  with  advan- 
tage, yt.  Faith's,  near  Norwich  (October  I  /.),  is  the  principal  English  fair  for  Scotch  cattlp. 
They  are  sold  to  the  graziers  and  feeders  of  Norfolk,  SulTolk,  Essex,  &c.,  by  whom  they  are 
fattened  for  the  Ijondon  markets,  where  they  are  met  with  in  great  abundance.  But  besides 
those  sold  at  8t.  Faith's,  large  numbers  of  Scotch  cattle  are  disposed  of  at  Market  Harborough, 
(Carlisle,  Orinskirk,  and  other  places.  Ijiswich  has  two  considerable  fairs :  one  in  August, 
for  lambs;  and  one  in  September,  for  butter  and  cheese:  it  is  reckoned  that  above  100,000 
landis  are  ainiually  sold  at  the  former.  VVoodborough-hill,  in  Dorset,  for  west  country  manu- 
factures, as  kerseys,  druggets,  Ctc.  Woodstock  October  fair,  for  cheese,  Northamptoh 
and  Nottingham  hare  each  several  large  fairs,  fur  horses,  cattle,  cheese,  &ic.  The  August 
fair  of  Horncaslle,  in  Lincolnshire,  is  tiie  largest  horse  fair  in  the  kingdom,  many  thousand 
horses  being  exhibited  for  sale  during  its  continuance:  it  is  resorted  to  by  crowds  of  dealers 
from  all  parts  of  Great  Britain,  by  several  from  the  Continent,  and  somethnes  even  from 
North  America.  Howdcn,  in  Yorkshire,  has,  also,  a  very  largo  horse  fair,  particularly  for 
Yorkshire  hunters.  Dcvi/.cs,  in  Wiltshire,  has  several  large  fairs  for  sheep  and  catlle. 
There  is  usually  a  large  display  of  cheese  at  the  CJloucester  April  fair.  A  guild,  or  jubilee, 
commencing  the  last  week  of  August,  is  held  every  twentieth  year  at  Preston,  in  Ijancashirc  • 
the  last  was  held  in  1823,  and  was  well  attended.  'J'he  October  fair  of  Market  Harborougli, 
Leicestershire,  lasts  9  days,  and  a  great  deal  of  business  is  usually  done  in  cattle,  cheese,  &r, 
Woodbridge  Jiady-day  fair  is  celebrated  for  the  show  of  Suflblk  horses.  Falkirk  fair,  or  tryst, 
is  one  of  the  most  important  in  Scotland,  lor  the  sale  of  cattle  and  sheep.  I'hc  October  fair 
of  Ballinasloc,  in  the  county  Galway,  is  famous  for  the  display  of  cattle  and  sheep;  by  far 
the  largest  proj)ortion  of  these  animtds  raised  for  sale  in  Connaught  being  disposed  of  at  it. 
The  sheep  are  generally  from  3  to  4,  the  heifers  from  3  to  1,  and  th'j  bullocks  from  4  to  .5 
years  of  age.  They  arc  mostly  lean ;  and  are  kept  for  a  year  in  Leinster  before  they  arc  lit 
for  the  Dublin  or  Liverpool  markets.  It  would  seem  that  the  number  of  cattle  and  sheep 
disposed  of  at  Ballinasloe  is  rather  declining  ;  a  result  ascribable  to  the  increase  of  cultivation 
caused  by  the  great  augmentation  of  population,  and  the  continued  subdivision  of  tlie  land. 

We  subjoin  an 


Account  of  the  Ninnlier  of  Sheep  and  Cattle,  soliland 

uiisolil,  at  the  October  Fairs  of  Ballinasloci 

from  the  Year  1820  to  the  Year  1832,  both  inclusive 

.—(AgricuUural  Report  of  1832,  p.  349.) 

1       Years. 

Shet^p  solrl. 

Sheep  uusol'l. 

Total. 

Catlle  sold. 

Cattle  unsolil. 

Total, 

1      is:n 

59,(143 

20,S33 

SO,77U 

4, -.04 

4.001 

s,-*-, 

■I        \i-i\ 

72,^34 

IO,3G(i 

t3.4(>0 

6,(:(i2 

1.222 

7,.'«4 

i        IS/: 

Tl.TIS 

I5,4r,0 

!i(),l77 

6,3_'2 

3,C93 

9,1117 

1        Kli 

7.'),t)S4 

20,315 

9'>,fl"9 

t.,r.s8 

4,,321 

I0,n09 

I>24 

77,.H>J 

C,7»6 

S4.2:M 

9,n',K 

1,4-17 

10,:-,(ij 

IS23 

72,S77 

I7,6S8 

M,26.i 

ROii 

2.254 

w.m 

IS26 

67,S08 

36,5!I7 

94,40,1 

4,393 

3.S44 

(•■,J40 

1>27 

77,075 

14,300 

91,375 

6,ti38 

1,711 

t-,349 

1I-2S 

M,374 

n,oio 

n7,3?4 

7,707 

3,S06 

11,513 

1S2!) 

71,434 

14,979                           b6.4l3 

5,677 

3,666 

9,347 

ISJO 

66,S74 

11.611                            ei,4.'>5 

5,.'-94 

i,r>f,3 

7,457 

1^31 

57,940 

■i.im                          6I,3:>9 

6,192 

1,321 

7,513 

1        I?32 

5S,053 

4,7M                           62,<J1S 

6,101 

556 

6,657 

9.  Principal  French  Fairs. — Among  these  may  be  specified  the  fairs  of  St.  Germains, 
Lyons,  Hheims,  Chartres,  Rouen,  Bordeaux,  Troycs,  aniJ  Bayonne;  but  they  are  said  to  be, 
for  the  most  i)art,  much  fallen  off.  This,  however,  does  not  appear  to  be  the  case  with  tlie 
fair  held  at  IJeaucaire,  in  the  department  of  the  (Jard,  in  July.  It  is  said  that  there  were 
from  70,000  to  80,000  persons  at  the  fair  of  1833,  and  that  the  business  done  exceeded 
160,000,000  fr.,  or  (5,400,000/. !  These  statements  are  not,  however,  ofHcial,  and  are,  most 
probably,  exaggerated;  and  it  is  admitted,  that  the  la.st  was  the  greatest  fair  that  has  been 
held  for  these  many  years  past. — {Arc/iivif:  du  Coinnierce,  torn.  iii.  pji.  230 — 24.").) 

10.  Gernum  Fairs. — The  principal  German,  or  rather  European,  fairs,  are  those  of  Frank- 
fort on  the  Maine,  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  and  Leij)sic.  'J'h-  -oncoursc  of  merr'.int.-f,  ami 
the  business  done  at  these  fairs,  is  generally  very  great.  'J'.i'-  ..  '^  copiously  supplied  with 
the  cotton  stulVs,  twist,  cloths,  and  hardwiire  ofEnglanil;  th^  -t'l.-i  and  jewellery  of  France; 
the  printed  cottons  of  Swit7,erlaiid  and  Austria ;  the  raw,  maiuifactured,  and  literary  proilucts 
of  Germany;  the  furs  of  the  North;  'J'urkey  carpets ;  Cacheincrc  shawls,  &,c. ;  and  there, 
also,  are  to  be  found  merchants  of  all  countries,  those  of  Ispahan  negotiating  with  those  of 
Montreal  for  the  purchase  of  furs;  and  Georgians  and  Servians  sujiplying  themselves  with 
the  cottons  of  Manchester  and  the  jewellery  of  Paris.  There,  in  fact,  are  met  the  repre- 
sentatives, as  it  were,  of  every  peo[)le  in  the  world,  labouring,  though  without  intending  it,  to 
promote  each  other's  interest,  and  to  extend  and  strengthen  those  ties  that  bind  together  the 
great  family  ofthc  human  race. 


'•i 


FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


c: 


urbriilgr.  in  Worcrstcr- 

(.yhill  fair. "» Humiishirc 
r  in  the  kingaom.  Bar- 
but  is  now  approi'TiatcJ 
,c9UPi.rrssedwilW.»Jva". 
rlish  fair  for  Scotch  calllc. 
■  &c  by  whom  they  arc 
abuniiancr.  But  besides 
of  at  Market  Harborougb. 

,le  l\iir«  :  one  in  August, 
;„T»e<\  that  above  100,000 
rt  for  west  country  manu- 
or  cheese.     Northampton 
,heese,&c.    The  August 
kini;doni,  many  thousand 
ed  to  by  crowds  of  dealers 
and  sometimes  even  from 
horse  fair,  particularly  \ov 
ruirs    for  sheep  and  catlle. 

il  fair.     A  guilJ.  ^"^  J"^''!«^ 
r  at  Preston,  in  I'ancashirc; 

fair  of  Market  Harborou!,'h, 
,v'done  in  cattle.  chcepo,&r, 
nrses.  Falkirk  fair,  or  tryst, 
,d  sheep.  The  October  fair 
yofcattlc  and  sheep;  by  far 

ut?ht  being  <lisposed  of  at  it. 
and  th'J  bullocks  from  4  to  5 
„  Lcinstcr  before  they  are  iit 
number  of  cattle  and  slicpp 
e  to  the  increase  of  cnltiyation 
lued  subdivision  of  the  land. 

L  October  Fj'js  of  Ballnmsloe. 


Callle  uiwolcl. 
'4,001 

3,C93 

4,321 

1,447 

2,254 

3,S44 
1,111 

3,^06 
0,G66 
1,«.3 
1,321 

'y,6 


Tcilal. 

8,'>ori 

7,'2Sl 

9,011 

10,909 

10,'>03 

lO.iCB 

S,240 

f-,;149 

ll.-iUt 

9,M1 

7,4ri1 

6,C'.7 


LTthe  fairs  of  St.  Germains, 
lonne;  but  they  are  said  to  be 
fapneartobcthecasewiththe 

f'/  It  is  said  that  there  xvcre 
U;  the  bnsiness  done  exceeded 
lowever,omcial,  aiidarcniost 

C  greatest  fair  that  has  been 

lim  iii.  pp.  230— 24r).) 

D    1  fa.rs,  arc  those  of  Frank- 

'^^oii:-ourseofmerc'.^nts,am 

,  -^  copiouslv  supplied  with 
I -,u'..  and  jewellery  of  France; 
Iuractured,a.id  library  products 
Tnerc  shawls,  &c.-,  and  there 

hanncKOliating  with  those 

fcpiiyuig  themse  veswi^ 

k-re  in  fact,  arc  met  the  rcprc 

thou-h  without  intending  it,  to 

Cties  that  bind  together  the 


The  fairs  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine  should  bei;in,  the  first  on  Easter  Tuesday,  and  tho 
second  on  liic  Moiuky  nearest  to  the  8tli  of  Septeniber.  Their  duration  is  liiiiited  to  3 
weeks,  but  they  usually  licirin  I'roni  8  to  15  days  before  their  ieiral  eoininenccment.  Accounts 
are  kept  in  rixdolliirs:  1  rixdoliur  of  account  ■=  1 J  (lorin,  or  4^  copslicks,  or  ^2^  batzen. 
The  rixdollar  -^^  U.v.  l-8(/. ;  so  that  the  par  of  exchange  is  141  bafznii  per  I/,  stcrliiic;.  '  100  lbs. 
cominoii  Fr-inkfort  weight  ==  103  lbs.  avoinlupoisi.     Tho  foot  =  1I'27  English  inches. 

'J'lic  fairs  at  riaiikfort  on  the  Oder  are  3  in  number:  viz.  Jtetninisccrr.,  in  February  or 
Atarch ;  Sf.  Maru:urit,  in  .Inly  ;  and  .S7.  Martin,  in  Novemlter.  They  ought,  strictly  si)eak- 
iiiif,  to  teiniinate  in  8  days,  but  they  usually  extend  to  l.'i.  The  Prussiun  governtiu  lit  gives 
every  facility  to  those  who  attend  these  fairs.  Accounts  are  kept  in  Prussian  money,  that 
is,  in  rixtlollars  of  2.v.  1  \^d.  100  lbs.  Prussian  =  103  lbs.  avoirdupois.  The  foot  =.  X'i'i^^ii 
Ei^lish  inches. 

Tlie  fairs  of  Leipsic  are  still  more  celebrated  than  those  of  either  Franktbrt.  They  aro 
lielil  thrice  a  year,— on  the  1st  of  .lanuary,  at  E.ister,  and  at  Michaelmas.  The  first  is  tho 
least  important.  .\l)ove  20,000  dealers  are  said  to  have  been  present  at  the  Easter  fair  in 
IS32,  and  above  13,000  at  that  of  Michaelmas.  The  Ea.ster  and  Michaelmas  I'liis  are  fa- 
mous, pai-ticulaily  the  former,  Ibr  the  \ast  iiumher  of  new  pulilicalions  usually  olfered  for 
sale,  'i'hey  are  iitleiided  by  all  tin-  principal  booksellers  of  (Jennany,  and  by  many  from  tho 
adjoiniiitjr  countries,  who  adjust  their  accounts,  learn  the  state  of  the  trade  in  all  parts  of  tho 
world,  and  endeavour  to  form  new  connections.  Most  (Jerman  publishers  have  a!,'ents  in 
Leipsic;  which  is  to  the  literature  of  (Jerinany,  what  London  is  to  that  of  (iroat  Britain.  As 
many  as  4,000  new  publications  luive  been  in  a  siiii-le  Leipsic  calaloe;ue !  The  fairs  ought 
M  chwe  in  8  days,  but  they  usually  continue  for  about  3  weeks.  No  days  of  qrace  are  allowed. 
The  holder  of  a  bill  must  demaiul  payment  on  the  day  it  becomes  due ;  and,  if  not  paid,  he 
must  have  it  protested  on  that  very  day,  and  returned  by  the  llrst  opportunity.  If  he  neglect 
any  of  these  lesjulations,  he  loses  all  risrlit  of  recourse  upon  the  drawer  and  endorsers.  Money 
of  account  at  Leipsic  same  as  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine.  100  lbs.  Leipsic  -^  103  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. The  foot  -=■  11-11  Eiiirlish  inches. — (Kelly  s  Cambist;  Manuel  Jc  Ntlkriibrccher  ,• 
Archives  (hi,  Commerce,  toin.  ii.  ji.  27.,  ttc.) 

Dr.  Urijjht  j^Mves,  in  his  Travels  in  Ifuiiij;nry  (pp.  201—223.),  an  interesting  account  of 
the  fairs  held  at  Debretzin  and  Pesth.  The  latter  has  become  the  grand  centre  of  Hunifariaa 
commerce  ;  most  part  of  which  is  conducted  at  its  fairs. 

11.  Italian  Fairs. — Of  these,  the  most  eelebr,ited  is  that  of  Sinigaglia,  a  small  but  hand- 
some town  of  the  Papal  dominions,  on  the  Misa,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Adriatic.  Tho 
fair  commences  on  the  14th  of  July,  and  should  terminate  on  the  last  day  of  that  month, 
but  it  usually  continues  5  or  G  days  longer.  The  duties  on  goods  brought  to  the  fair  a'-e 
extremely  moderate,  and  every  thing  is  done  to  promote  the  convenience  of  those  freijuent- 
iiig  it.  All  sorts  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  lace,  iron  and  steel,  hardware,  jewellery, 
brandy  and  liijueurs,  raw  and  refined  sugar,  dried  fish,  cacao,  coffee,  s[)ices,  &c.  are  brought 
here  by  the  English,  French,  Austrians,  Americans,  Swiss,  &c.  These  arc  exchanged  for 
the  various  raw  and  manufaetured  jiroducts  of  Italy  and  the  Levant;  consisting,  among 
others,  of  raw,  thrown,  and  wrought  silks ;  oil,  fruits,  cheese,  alum,  soda,  sumacli,  sulphur, 
&c.  The  value  of  the  imports  for  the  fair  of  1832  was  estimated  at  about  2,000,000/.  Ac- 
counts are  kept  in  scudi  of  20  soldi;  the  scudo  =  4v,  4,7.  very  nearly.  100  lbs.  Sinigaglia 
=  73^  lbs.  avoirdupois.  The  ell  or  braccio  measures  2.o"33  English  inches. — {Manuel  de 
Nel/icn/jycrhfr ;  Arc/iires  du  Comm>rcc,  toin.  ii.  \t.  38.) 

12.  Russian  Fairs. — These  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  well  attended.  The  most 
important  is  held  at  Nishnei-JN'ovogorod.  This  city  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Oka 
will;  the  Wolga,  in  lat.  .')0°  Hi'  N.,  Ion.  44°  18'  E.  It  is  tho  great  emporium  of  the  internal 
trade  of  Kiis.sia;  communicating  by  an  inland  navigation  with  the  Baltic,  the  Blai'k  f>ra,  and 
llie  Caspian.  '1  he  fair  was  formerly  held  at  Makarief,  84  versts  distant.  It  generally  lasts 
I'roni  ()  weeks  to  2  nuniths,  and  is  well  known  all  over  the  east  of  Europe.  The  b.azaars 
crei'teil  for  the  accominodation  of  those  who  attend  this  fair,  form,  according  to  Dr.  Lyall, 
tile  finest  establishment  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  The  sale  of  iron  and  iron  articles  is 
.said  usually  to  amount  to  above  10,000.000  roubles;  the  furs  to  36,000,000;  the  images  to 
l,:il)l),l)00.  Captain  t'oclirane  is  of  opinion,  that  "  the  fair,  in  point  of  value,  is  second  fj 
none  in  Europe;  the  business  done  being  e>tiiiiated  at  nearly  200.000,000  roubles."'  The 
.stationary  populaticni  of  (he  pli.'e  amounts  to  from  lo.OOO  to  10,000:  but  duriiiv;  the  fair  it 
is  .said  to  amount  to  120,000  or  150,00it;  among  whom  may  be  seen  (,'hinese,  Persians,  Cir- 
cassians, Armenians,  Tatars,  Bucharians,  .lews,  •'  and  a  specimen  of  almost  every  l^nropean 
nation.'' — (See  Moiltrn  Triinlkr,  art.  Jiussi<i,  p.  305.)  We  suspect,  however,  that  tlie.se 
statements  are  very  far  beyond  the  mark.  It  is  staled  in  the  Archives  du  Canunfrce  (torn. 
i.  p.  173.),  ill  it  the  total  v,ilue  of  the  inerehandise  disposed  of  at  the  fair  of  A'ishnei-Novo- 
gorod,  in  1832,  amounted  to  123,200.000  roubles.  Theatrical  exhibitimis,  shows  of  wild 
beasts,  and  other  Bartholnuiew  fiir  aiiuisemenls.  add  to  the  attractions  of  the  .scene. 

Another  celebrated  Russian  fair  is  held,  in  the  month  of  December,  at  Kiacbta,  in  Mon- 
golia, on  the  Chinese  frontier,  in  lat.  50°  20'  N.,  ion.  uncertain,  but  about  105°  E.    Tho 

3i,  a 


078 


FAIRS  AND  MARKETS. 


Ik.  '•• 


D3 


VufcjjP 


r  J 


I  i 


I J 


''    I.  ,    '  • 


town  is  small,  the  population  not  excci'ilinp;  4,000  or  S.OOO ;  but  by  fur  the  largest  part  of 
the  commerce  between  the  Russian  ami  C'liiiu'so  empires  is  transacted  at  its  fair,  and  it  is 
also  the  centre  of  tiie  political  iiitercourt^e  jjetwcen  them.  Tiic  commodities  brought  by  the 
Russians  consist  principally  of  furs,  sheep  and  lamb  skins,  Russian  and  German  broadeloth:^, 
Russia  leatiicr,  coarse  linens,  worsted  stulls,  cattle,  »Stc.,  with,  for  the  most  ;)art,  bullion. 
These  they  exchange  with  the  Ciiinesc  for  tea,  raw  and  manufactured  silk,  nankeens,  por- 
celain, sugar  candy,  rhubarb,  tobacco,  musk,  &c.  'J'he  (|uaiility  of  tea,  usini;  the  word  in  the 
sense  in  which  it  is  understoodhere,  jmrchased  at  the  Kiachta  fairs  by  the  Russians,  amounts, 
at  an  averac;e,  to  about  <)0,(i()0  boxes  a  year,  that  is,  to  about  4,200,000  lbs.;  tlie  greater  purt 
being  the  fnie  species  of  black  tea  called  pekoe.  Dut,  exclusive  of  this,  the  Russians  buy 
large  quantities  of  a  coarser  sjjecies  of  tea,  called  break  or  Tartar  tea,  which,  though  not 
thought  worth  the  trouble  of  putting  into  packages, is  largely  consumed  by  the  nomadic  Tar- 
tars and  Siberians.  According  to  the  ollieial  accounts  pul)lished  by  the  Russian  Custom- 
house, tlie  total  value  of  the  exports  by  way  of  Kiachta,  in  18:J1,  amounted  to  4,6.'i5,5:)f, 
roubles,  and  that  of  the  imports  to  fi,77.'),8.'J8  ditto.  'J'hc  Russian  trade  is  in  the  hands  of  a 
comparatively  small  number  of  merchants,  some  of  whom  arc  very  rich;  tli;it  of  the  Chinese 
is  nnicli  more  dilfused.  Conmioilities  may  be  conveyed  from  Kiachta  to  European  Russia 
cither  by  land  or  by  water.  In  the  former  case  the  journey  takes  a  year;  in  the  bitter,  it 
takes  3  years,  or  rather  3  very  short  sunimers ;  the  rivers  being  for  the  most  part  of  the  year 
frozen  over. — {Hchnitzkr,  tildtiiiiii/tie  G'eiii'rak  de  VEnipirc  dc  la  liussic,  p.  143,;  private 
amnininicdtionn  from  Captain  Ciordun,  who  visited  Kiachta  in  1819;  ({fficial  Statement 
of  the  Trade  of  the  Russian  Empire  in  1831,  <^c.) 

13.  Ea.s/rrn  Fai7-s. — The  most  important  fair  in  the  Eastern  world  istliat  held  at  Meeoa, 
during  the  resort  of  pilgrims  in  tlie  month  of  Dhalbajja.  It  used  to  be  freiiuented  by  inanv 
thousands  of  individuals  of  all  ranks  and  orders,  brought  together  from  the  remotest  corners 
of  the  IMohammedan  world;  and  though  the  numbers  attending  it  have  declined  of  latu 
years,  the  concourse  is  still  very  great. — (See  Cahavan.) 

Hurdwar,  in  Hindostan,  in  lat.  29^  riT  N.,  Ion.  78°  2'  E.,  117  miles  N.  E.  from  Delhi,  is 
famous  from  its  being  one  of  the  principal  places  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage,  and  the  greatest  fair 
in  India.  'I'hc  town,  wiiich  is  but  inconsiderable,  is  situated  on  the  (Janges,  at  the  point 
where  (hat  sacred  stream  issues  from  the  mountains.  The  pilgrimage  and  fair  are  lieKI  to- 
gether at  the  vernal  e(iuinox;  and  Euro|)eans,  nowise  addicted  to  exaggeration,  who  have 
been  repeatedly  present  on  th(se  occasions,  estimate  that  from  200,000  to  300,000  strangers 
are  then  assembled  in  the  town  and  its  vicinity.  Hut  every  twelfth  year  is  reckoned  pecu- 
liarly holy;  and  then  it  is  supposed  that  from  1,000,000  to  1  ,.'>00,006,  and  even  2,000,000 
pilgrims  and  dealers  are  congregated  together  from  all  parts  of  India  and  the  countries  to  the 
north.  In  1819,  which  happene<l  to  be  a  twelfth  year,  when  the  auspicious  moment  for 
bathing  in  the  (Janges  was  announced  to  the  impatient  devotees,  the  rush  was  so  tremendous 
that  no  fewer  than  430  persons  were  cither  tram[)led  to  death  under  font,  or  drowned  in  the 
river !  The  foreigners  resorting  to  Hurdwar  fair  for  commercial  purposes  only,  consist  prin- 
cipally of  natives  of  Nepaul,  the  Punjab,  and  Peshwaur,  with  Afghans,  Usbeek  Tartars,  &c. 
They  im[ioit  vast  numbers  of  horses,  cattle,  and  camels  ;  Persian  dried  fruits,  shawls,  drugs, 
&c.:  the  returns  an;  made  in  cotton  [)iece  goods,  indigo,  sugar,  spices,  and  other  tropical  pro- 
ductions. The  merchants  never  mention  the  price  of  their  goods,  but  conduct  the  bargain 
by  touc!\iiig  the  dilferent  joints  of  their  Ihigers,  to  hinder  the  liystanders  gaining  any  informa- 
tion. During  the  Mahratta  sway,  a  kind  of  poll-tax  and  duties  on  cattle  were  levied  ;  liut 
all  is  now  free,  without  impost  or  molestation  of  any  sort.  Owing,  also,  to  tin-  precautions 
adopted  liy  the  British  government,  the  most  perfect  order  is  preserved  ;  much  to  the  surprise 
and  satisfaction  of  tlie  natives;  for,  antecedent  to  our  occupation  of  the  country,  the  fairs 
usually  ended  in  disonler  and  bloodshed. — {Private  infarinutiun,  and  the  excellent  account 
of  Hurdwar  in  Ifuini/loii'.i  Gazetteer.) 

The  far.'s  of  Portnbeilo,  Vera  Ouz,  and  Acapuico,  once  so  famous,  arc  now  totally  desert- 
ed ;  tiiat  of  the  Havannah  is  also  much  fallen  oil". 

FA'i'HO.VI,  a  measure  of  length,  0  feet,  chielly  used  for  measuring  the  length  of  cordage, 
and  tile  depth  of  water  and  nv'nes. 

FEATHERS.  RED-FEATHERS  (Er.  Plumes,  Pliunesd  lit;  Ger.  Fedcrn,  Unfdern; 
Du.  Jirilre.frn,  Pluinien ,-  It.  Piiime ;  Sp.  i'/i<'//f/.v),  make  a  considerable  article  of  coni- 
liiorce  ;  particularly  those  of  the  ostrich,  herini,  swan,  peacock,  goose,  and  other  poultry  ;  for 
jiliitncs,  ornaments  of  the  head,  tilling  of  beds,  (piilts,  itc.  The  coarsest  part  of  the  ostrich 
})lum,it;e  is  generally  denominated  /(/,'//•,  to  which  it  bears  a  resemblance,  and  is  used  in  the 
inanul'acture  of  hats.  Many  p;uts  of  (Jreat  IJritain  supply  feathers  for  beds,  and  an  inferior 
sort  is  brought  from  Ireland.  Eider  down  is  im|)orted  from  the  north  of  Europe;  the  ducks 
that  supply  it  being  inhabitants  of  tJrcenland,  Iceland,  and  Norway.  The  eider  duck  hreeJi 
in  the  inlands  on  the  west  of  Scotland,  but  not  in  suthcient  numbers  to  form  a  profitable 
branch  of  trade  to  the  inhabitants.  Hudson's  Bay  furnishes  very  line  feathers.  The  down 
of  the  swan  is  brought  from  Dantzic,  as  well  as  large  (luantities  of  suiwrior  feathers. 


riDDLES— FISH. 


679 


fur  the  largest  part  of 

•Xet\  at  its  fii'"'.  i""'  "'^  >** 

nodilics  »)rouglit  by  the 

i,\  Gcrninn  broatk-loth;^, 

he  nitiHt  -.'art,  bullion. 

jcd  silk,  uiiuki'cns,  por- 

1,  using  the  woril  m  thi^ 

,\\w  Russians,  amounts. 

lO()lbs.;tho!?roatcrpun 

f  this,  the  Russians  buy 
tea,  vvhieh,  thouKh^  not 

ncil  by  the  noniailic  Tar- 

,y  the  Russian  Custom- 
amounted  to  4,655,5:50 

trade  is  iu  tl»e  hands  of  a 

neh;th.(tofthcChmeso 

ichta  to  European  Russia 

.g  a  year;  in  the  latter,  it 

r  the  most  i)art  of  the  year 

a  liussin,  p.  U3.;  private 

1819;  OffiCMl  Statement 

,orU1  is  that  held  at  Mecca, 
I  to  be  frequented  by  many 
T  from  the  remotest  eorners 
ng  it  have  deelincd  of  late 

•  miles  N.  E.  from  Delhi,  is 
rimage,  and  the  greatest  tair 
„  the  (iancps,  at  the  pt)ml 
rrimagc  and  fair  are  heUl  to- 
i  to  cxagi^eration,  who  have 
J00,000  to  ;500,(H)0  strangers 
'elfth  year  is  reckoned  pecu- 
,00  OOi),  and  even  2,000,000 
India  and  the  countries  to  the 
the  auspieious  moment  lor 
L  the  rush  was  sotrciuemlous 
under  foot,  or  drowned  in  the 
Ll  purposes  only,  consist  prin- 
kfghans,  Usbeek  Tartars,  &c. 
an  dried  fruits,  shawls,  dru^s, 
Unices,  and  other  tropu-al  pro- 
Lwds,  but  conduct  the  bargam 
Ltandors  Rainiiv,'  any  mtorma- 
L  on  eatlle  were  levied  ;  but 
wing,  also,  to  the  precautions 
eserved;  much  to  the  surprise 
ation  of  the  country,  the  fairs 
\iun,  and  the  excellent  account 

Lious,  arc  now  totally  desert, 
lasuring  the  length  of  cordage, 

lilt-  Ger.Fe(lcrn,B,;fdern; 
J  a  considerable  article  ot  com- 
L  goose,  and  other  poultry  ;  for 
i'he  coarsest  part  of  the  ostrich 
Lemblanecandisusedm  10 
lathers  for  beds,  and  an  mcrior 
Lnorthof  Europe;  the  duds 

lorway.  The  eider  duck  bveeJ^ 
It  numbers  to  form  a  prolitaWo 
Her  fn.e  feathers.  The  down 
lies  of  superior  feathers. 


The brd-fcathcrs  imported  in  IS'JS  amounted  to  3,103  cwt.,  yielding  fi,82f)/.  12s.  of  duty. 
The  duty  on  ostrich  feathers  during  the  same  year  produced  ilfi'i/.  8.?.  !)^/. 

FIDULEH.on  VIOLINS  ((Ser.  Vinllnm,  (Ivii^ni.-  Uu.  Vlnnlm  i  Fr.  rinlnm;\i.  VwU- 
ni ;  Sp.  f'lnlinc/i  ,■  Rus.  S/frip!zii),  musical  instruments,  too  well  known  to  need  any  parti- 
cular description.  Tho  finest  toned  viojin.s  are  those  made  in  Italy ;  they  are  usually  called 
Crcmonas,  from  the  name  of  the  town  where  they  were  formerly  manufactured  in  the  high- 
est perfection :  SSO  to  00  guineas  have  not  unfrc(iuently  been  given  for  a  (Jremona  violin. 

FIGS  ((Jer.  Fe!i!;fn ,-  l)ii.  Vi/i^m,-  Fr.  FIgue.f ;  It.  Fir/ii ,■  Sp.  Hi<rii.i ,-  Lat.  Fici,  Co- 
ricw ;  Arab.  Teen),  the  fruit  of  the  lig  tree  {Ficits  carirn),  a  native  of  .\sia,  but  early 
introduci'd  into  Eurojjp.  It  nourishes  in  Turkey,  (ireeee,  France,  S|)ain,  Italy,  iiiul  North- 
ern Africa,  and  even  sometimes  rifiens  its  fruits  in  the  open  air  in  this  country.  Figs,  when 
ripe,  are,  for  the  most  part,  dried  in  ovens  to  preserve  them ;  and  then  packed  very  closely 
in  the  small  ehe.sts  an(l  baskets  in  which  we  import  them.  The  best  come  from  Turkey  ; 
those  of  Kalamata,  in  the  Morea,  are  said  to  be  tho  most  luscious. — (77»(w.w/j'.9  Dispctv 
satorij.) 

Dried  figs  form  a  very  considerable  article  of  commerce  in  Provence,  Italy,  and  S[),iin; 
besides  atrording,  as  in  the  East,  a  principal  article  of  sustenance  for  the  poi)ulation.  In 
Spain,  figs  arc  chiefly  exported  from  Andalusia  and  Valencia;  but  they  are  more  or  less 
abundant  in  every  province.  In  the  northern  parts  of  France  there  are  many  tig  gardens, 
particularly  at  Argenteuil. 

Figs  belong  to  that  class  of  articles,  the  duties  on  which  might  be  reduced,  not  only 
without  any  loss,  hut  with  very  great  advantage  to  the  revenue.  They  are  extensively  used 
at  the  tables  of  the  opulent ;  and  would,  there  is  no  doubt,  be  much  used  by  the  middle 
classes,  were  their  price  lower.  The  importation,  even  with  the  present  duty  of  SI,-!,  firf.,  is 
about  !iO,000  cwt.;  and  as  this  duty  is  full  100  per  cent,  upon  their  price  in  bond,  it  may 
be  fairly  concluded,  that  were  it  reduced  to  S.v.  or  10s.  a  cwt.,  tho  quantity  imported  would 
very  soon  be  trebled,  or  more. 

No  abatement  of  duty  is  made  on  account  of  any  damage  received  by  figs. 
(The  duty  on  figs  has  been  reduced  from  21,s.  6rf.  to  15,?.  a  cwt.  Nearly  the  same 
may  be  said  of  this  reduction  as  of  that  of  the  duty  on  currants.  It  is  too  trilling  to 
have  much  ell'ect  on  consumption;  and  there  can,  wo  apprehend,  bo  little  doubt  that  a 
duty  of  10,9.  would,  by  stimulating  the  latter,  be  more  productive  of  revenue  than  a  duty 
of  15.?. — Sup.) 

FILE,  FILES  (Da.  File ;  Du.  Vi/kn ,-  Fr.  Limes, •  Ger.  Feilen  ;  It.  Lime),  an  instru- 
ment of  iron  or  forged  steel,  cut  in  little  furrows,  used  to  polish  or  smooth  metals,  timber, 
and  other  hard  bodies. 
FIR.     See  Pixk. 

FIRE-ARMS.  Tinder  this  designation  is  comprised  all  sorts  of  guns,  fowling-pieces, 
blunderbusses,  pistols,  &c.  The  manufacture  of  these  weapons  is  of  considerable  import- 
ance ;  employing  at  all  times,  but  especially  during  war,  a  large  number  of  persons. 

In  coiiseqiiciioe  of  ttie  frequent  occiirreiic«  of  acriileiits  from  tlii!  hiirstiiig  of  insnlFiricnt  l):irrcls,  the 
Ipgislatiire  lias  most  properly  iiiterfi'reci,  not  to  remilatt!  tlicir  nianiifiulurc,  liiit  to  prevent  all  persons 
from  nsint' or  selling  l)arrcls  that  have  not  heeii  rej^ularly /iroriv/  in  a  public  proof-hdnstr.  The  first 
act  for  lliis  piirpiise  was  p:isscil  in  ISIS  ;  lint  it  was  soon  after  siiperse I'.eil  liy  a  fnllir  anil  more  com- 
plete one,  the  55  lieo.  .3.  o.  51).  This  slatntt;  impost's  a  line  of  "2(1/.  on  any  pnrson  ufiiti,',  in  any  of  the 
progressive  stages  of  its  mannl'actnrt',  ;iny  barrel  not  duly  proved  ;  on  any  person  (tetireriiiff  the 
same,  evcept  through  a  proof-honsu ;  and  on  any  person  receiriiiir,  for  tlie  purpose  of  making  guns, 
Jcc.  any  barrels  which  have  not  passed  tlirongli  a  proof-house.  TIn.'Si.'  piMiallies  to  lie  levied  on  con- 
viction'before  2  justices  ;  with  like  penalties,  to  be  similarly  levied,  on  persons  counterfeiting  tho 
froof-miirks. 

FIRE- WORKS.  By  9  &  10  Will.  3.,  all  sorts  of  firc-works  are  declared  to  be  a  com- 
mon nuisance;  and  the  mukiitg,  caunimrto  be  made,  giviitg,  nellinir,  ov  ojjcrimr  for  sa\e, 
any  stpiilKs,  rockets,  serpents,  or  other  fire-xmrks,  or  any  cases  or  implements  for  making  the 
same,  is  made  subject  to  a  penalty  of  5/.,  to  be  recovered  on  conviction  before  a  justice  of 
the  peace.  Casting  or  firing  any  such  tire-works,  or  permitting  the  same  to  be  cast  or  fired, 
frnm  any  house  or  place,  and  casting  or  firing  the  same  into  any  house,  shop,  street,  high- 
way, or  river,  is  subject  to  a  penalty  of  20.s'.,  to  be  recovered  in  like  manner;  anil  if  not  im- 
mciliately  paid,  the  party  to  be  imprisoned  and  kept  to  hard  labour  for  any  time  not  exceed- 
ing a  month.  But  the  statute  provides,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  master,  lieutenant,  or 
cominissioners  of  his  Majesty's  ordnance,  or  those  authorized  by  them,  to  give  orders  for 
makina:  any  fire-works,  to  be  used  according  to  such  orders. 

FIRKIN,  a  measure  of  capacity,  eipial  to  9  ale  gallons,  or  7A  Imperial  gallons,  or  3,538 
cubic  inches. — (See  Wkiohts  axd  Mk.vhuhks.) 

FIRLOT,  a  dry  measure  used  in  Scotland.  The  Linlithgow  wheat  firlot  is  to  the  Impe- 
rial buslu'l  as  -'MS  to  1;  and  the  Linlithgow  barley  firlot  is  to  the  Imperial  bushel  as  1.456 
is  to  1.     (See  Wkkjiits  ami  Mkasiuks.) 

FISH  {(ier.  Fisc/ie  ;  Du.  Vi.i.sclien  ,■  Da.  and  Sw.  F(Vt ,-  Fr.  Pois^ons  ,■  It.  7V,9C(;  Sp. 
Pesmlii.y ;  Port,  i'e/a-p.9  ;  Rus.  A'li/v,-  Vol.  Ri/bi ,-  Lat.  iWcs),  a  term  used  in  natural  his- 
tory to  denote  every  variety  of  animal  inhabiting  sead,  rivers,  lakes,  ponds,  &c.,  that  cannot 


'\) 


080 


FISTI. 


*%"! 


+  *■ 


■•». 


!      I       i         I 
fl        J 


(•i 


■    ■  >    I 


rxiot  for  any  consiilrrnblc  timo  out  of  the  wator.  Hut  in  n  ninimrrciiil  )(oinl  of  view,  those 
IihIk'h  Diily  iiri!  rrfcrrod  to,  tiiat  urr  ciiiifrht  l)V  iinm,  ami  uscii  cillicr  an  fooil  or  lor  xoinc  other 
useful  imrposp.  Of  these,  herriiif;,  flalnion,  rod,  ijilehanl,  niacUarel,  turliot,  iohster,  ovHter, 
whale,  &{•.,  are  anionff  the  niont  iin|iortaiit, —  (Met!  the  dinereiit  urticlcH  uiiiler  tliene  litleH.) 

The  KU|ii)!y  of  li«h  in  the  seas  rouiu!  Uritain  is  niont  aiiundaiit,  or  ratiier  (|iiile  ifiexiiaiisli- 
bit'.  "  'J'iie  eouNtH  of  tSreat  Britain,"  nays  !Sir  John  ISoroiitjliH,  "doe  yielil  nuch  a  continued 
ura  harvest  of  Kain  and  benefit  to  all  thone  that  with  diligenee  doc-  labour  in  tiie  same,  tiiat 
no  time  or  season  of  the  ycare  passeth  away  without  some  ajiparent  nieanes  of  ])rolitableem- 
pioynient,  esjiecially  to  such  as  apply  themselves  to  lishiiif^ ;  wliieh,  from  the  be^finnini;  of 
the  year  unto  llie  latter  einl,  roiitinuelli  upon  some  jiart  or  other  upon  our  eoastes ;  and 
these  in  such  infniite  shoales  and  inidtitudes  of  lishcs  are  olVered  to  the  takers,  as  may  justly 
move  admiialion,  not  only  to  strangers,  but  to  those  that  daily  are  employed  amongst  tlieni." 
"That  this  harvest,"  says  Mr.  Barrow,  "ripe  for  gathering  at  all  seasous  of  the  year — with- 
out the  labour  of  tillage,  without  expeuse  of  seed  or  manure,  without  the  payment  of  rent  or 
taxes — is  inexhaustibK",  tlu!  extraorclinary  fecundity  of  the  most  valuable  kinds  offish  would 
alone  all'onl  abundant  proof.  To  enumerate  the  thousands  and  oven  inillious  of  eggs,  which 
are  impregnated  in  the  herring,  tlie  cod,  the  ling,  and  indeed  in  almost  the  whole  of  the  escu- 
lent fish,  would  give  but  an  iiiadeipiate  idea  of  the  prodigious  multitudes  in  which  they 
llock  to  our  shores;  the  shoals  theinsi'lvcs  must  be  seen,  in  order  to  convey  lo  the  niiiul 
any  just  notion  of  their  aggregate  mass.''     (For  an  account  of  the  shoals  of  herrings,  see 

IlKUItl.Xi.) 

But,  notwithstanding  these  statements,  there  has  been,  for  these  some  yeirs  |)asf,  a  grow- 
ing  complaint  of  a  scarcity  of  such  lish  as  breed  in  the  (Channel ;  and  it  is  allirmed,  in  the 
report  of  tlu;  Commons'  committee  of  18:3^,  on  the  Channel  fisheries,  that  the  fact  of  such 
scarcity  existing  has  been  completely  established.  'I'he  committee  ascribe  it  to  various 
causes,  but  principally  to  the  destniction  of  the  s|iawii  or  brood  of  fish,  by  fishing  with 
trawl  or  drag  nets  with  small  meshes,  near  the  shore,  during  the  brev^ding  season ;  a  prac- 
tice prohibited  by  several  statutes,  which  seem,  however,  to  have  (.  I. en  into  disuse,  'i'lic 
committee  rei)resent  the  (ibhermeii  as  being  generally  in  a  very  de;'-i-jscd  stale,  and  that  the 
business  is,  tor  the  most  [nirt,  very  unprofitable.  We  believe  thii;.  t!  is  is  the  fact;  but  we 
do  not  know  any  period  when  the  same  might  not  have  been  said  vvith  quite  as  much  truth 
as  at  present.  Smith  has  remarked,  that  from  the  age  of  Theocritus  downwards,  fishermen 
have  been  (iroverbially  poor — (^Wealth  (if  Nations,  vol.  i.  p.  107.)  ;  and  a  library  might  be 
filled  with  the  acts,  reports,  })lans,  tracts,  <S:c.  that  have  been  printed  in  this  country  during 
the  last  'Z  centuries,  containing  regulations,  schemes,  suggestions,  &c.  for  the  improvenient 
of  fisheries  and  lishermen.  But  it  is  not  too  much  to  say,  that  not  one  of  these  well  ineant 
endeavours,  notwithstanding  the  enormous  expense  incurred  in  carrying  some  of  thcin  into 
clfect,  has  been  productive  of  any  material  advantage;  and  we  sec  no  reason  to  think  that 
tlie  suggestions  of  the  late  committee,  su)>posiiig  t;.ey  were  to  be  acted  upon,  would  have 
any  better  success. 

The  injury  done  to  the  breeding  grounds  might,  perhaps,  he  obviated  ;  but  besides  this, 
the  committeo  lay  much  stn^ss  on  the  encroachments  of  the  French  and  other  foreign  fisher- 
men, and  on  the  licence  given  to  import  foreign-caught  turbot,  <!icc,  duty  free!  We  confess, 
it  appears  to  us  (juite  visionary  to  suppose  that  these  circumstances  can  have  much  influ- 
ence. Our  lishermen,  living  u|)on  the  very  shores  of  the  bays  to  which  tlie  French  are  said 
to  resort,  have  advantages  on  their  side  sullicient,  surely,  to  insure  them  a  su[)eriority,  with- 
out  the  forcible  expulsion,  supposing  that  could  be  accomplisiied,  of  tlieir  foreign  competi- 
tors. A  man  who  does  not  succeed  in  a  business  carried  on  at  his  own  door  so  well  as  one 
who  resides  100  miles  oft",  must  look  for  the  cause  in  liis  want  of  skill  or  industry;  and 
should  seek  rather  to  improve  himself  than  to  discard  his  rival.  The  jiroposition  for  exclud- 
ing turbot,  tScc.  of  foreign  catch,  is  one  that  ought  not  to  be  listened  to  for  a  single  moment. 
Such  exclusion  could  not  be  of  the  slightest  advantage  to  the  British  fishermen,  unless  it 
occasioned  a  rise  in  the  price  of  the  fish ;  and  we  need  not  say,  that  if  the  legislature  be  to 
interfere  at  all  in  the  matter,  its  interference  ought  to  have  for  its  object  the  lowering,  and 
not  the  raising  of  the  prices. 

All  that  it  is  possible  to  do  for  the  fishery,  by  relieving  it  from  tithes  and  other  burdens, 
and  facilitating  the  disposal  of  the  fish  in  the  markets  of  this  and  other  countries,  ought  to 
be  done :  but  except  in  so  far  as  its  interests  may  be  promoted  in  this  way,  and,  [lerhaps, 
by  some  new  regulations  for  jireserving  the  brood,  we  do  not  see  what  more  is  to  be  done  by 
legislative  interference.  It  will  be  seen  in  our  articles  on  the  herring  and  whale  fisheries, 
that  the  bounty  system  was  attended  with  vast  expense,  without  leading  lo  any  useful 
result. 

Exce[)t  in  London  and  a  few  sea-port  towns,  the  consumption  of  fish  in  England  is  not 
great,  'i'he  price  in  the  metropolis,  though  it  has  been  a  good  deal  reduced  of  late  years, 
is  still  very  high.  This  has  been  pretty  generally  believed  to  lie  in  no  small  degree  owing 
to  the  salesmen  of  Billingsgate  market  being  able,  in  a  great  measure,  to  regulate  both  the 
su^jply  of  the  article  and  its  price.     Tlie  late  committee,  however,  declare,  that  though  they 


FLAX. 


081 


iul  xmn\  "f  Vu'W,  those 
f.u)il  or  ti)r  f«'>mP  "<1^p' 
lurl.01,  lol-st'-r.  oyntcr, 

vid.l  Huch  u  c-ontmucd 
hiLour  in  tin',  w^inu-,  thut 
„„-u.u-Bofl.rot.tal.UM-m- 

,  Iroin  the  l»-t;'«>""'U  "f 
ui..)U  our  ooa-*H's  ;  nml 
tlu.Uikrrs.i>si<>ayjusllv 

Jonsoftheyi-ar-vv.th. 

UlluM»0'"'''". "!"'.", 
,..,\.lc  Uiiuls  of  li«h  wouUl 
„  iniHion,*  ..f  W.'S  wl>"'h 
ost  t\u- whole  ..ttluM..™- 

uullitu.W'''  in  wlmh  thoy 
or  to  conv.-v  to  t>»'  ">>"^* 
lie  shoaU  of  herrings,  see 

,  gome  yors  past  a  crow- 
a,Hl  it  in  alV.rn.ed,  m  the 
,rii-s,  llv.it  tlie  tact  of  su.-h 
iUeo  ascribe  it  to  vanouH 
,a  of  Onh,  hy  hshiii','  with 
,  brc'Mling  season  ;  a  i-rac- 
,c  1. 1. en  into  ilisusc  1  he 
i„„.i.u.cil  state,  un.l  that  the 
ivSlis  is  the  fact;  hut  wc 

,,i  vvAh  qnilfi  ='^  """"'^  ^""^^ 
•ritus  uownvvaras.  fishermen 
r  ^  ;  and  a  lihrary  nu^ht  be 
nted  in  this  country  duniis 
,s  &c.  for  the  inn.rovemont 
not  one  of  these  well  meant 
carrying  some  ot  them  into 
sec  no  reason  to  think  that 
be  acted  upon,  would  have 

obviated;  but  besides  this, 
■nch  and  other  foreign  hsher- 
^c.  duty  free!  We  eontess, 
,,,u-es  can  have  much  lufla- 
[„>  ^vhich  the  French  are  ««d 
lure  them  a  superiority,  vv.lh- 

u>d,  of  their  forei.^n  cx,ini)eti. 

'U  own  door  so  well  as  one 

;„l  of  skill  or  industry;  and 
The  proposition  tor  exclud- 
ttened  to  for  a  single  moment, 
c  British  fishermen,  unless  t 
I  that  if  the  legislature  be  to 
]r' its  object  ihelowcruig,and 

Lm  tithes  and  other  buniens 
I  and  other  countries  ough  o 
led  in  thisway,and,perha», 
L  what  more  is  to  he  dcme  by 
tlu-rring  and  whale  hsher- 
tilhuut  leading  to  any  uselul 

lion  of  fish  in  England  is  not 
Cdeal  reduced  of  late  years, 
,  Pin  no  small  degree  owing 
I  I'ealure,  to  regtilate  both  e 
lever,  declare,  that  though  they 


have  not  niinulely  examined  the  subject,  it  dors  not  appear  Ihftt  n  ly  improper  iiopoly 
or  injuriouH  regulations  rtuhxiHt  ciilicr  in  the  mode  of  „u|)plyiiii{  ihi  market,  or  ii.  hcoulo 
of  the  ti.sh.  JIail  imy  such  exiwted,  the  recent  estalilislimeiit  of  ll,/'  Hungerfor^,  'narkiill 
woiiKl  have  tended  materiidiy  to  counteract  tlieir  inlliience. 

Mr.  Harrow,  in  a  valualile  article  on  the  lislieries,  in  Ihc  Supp/riiKiil  tn  the  Kurf/rfuji^tiiia 
liriliiniiicfi,  has  estimated  ilic  value  of  the  rntirr  annual  prodme  of  tlic  fnri'iijn  and  donifH- 
tie  fisheries  of  (ireat  Hiitaiii  at  H.HOO.OOd/.  Hut  it  is  adiiiittiil  by  every  one  who  know« 
any  thing  of  the  subject,  that  this  estimate  is  very  greatly  e.\airi;erated.  \Ve  doubt  much, 
whether  the  entire  value  of  the  fisheries  can  bo  reckoned  so  high  as  H,r)00,0O(>/. 

Rr^iiliiiinii.i  iif  III  Iiiipiirliiiiiin.—Vrri'h  tisli.  Ilrilish  taken,  iinil  iiii|icirtril  in  Uriti^li  slii|is;  nnil  t'roHh 
turlmts  iu\il  liihsliT!',  JKiweviT  l;ikrii  nr  iiM|Hirtril ;  iiwiy  i»;  liiidril  in  llic  I  iijtiil  Kjimilnjii  witlinut  re- 
port, eiilry,  iir  \v:irr  iiit.--(:i  &  1  /I  ill.  1.  c.  .'I'J.  j  'i.) 

Krcsli  tisli  ( it' every  lii  11(1,  111"  Iir  ilisli  til  kin  !.M\iul  inijinrti'd  in  llrllisli  slii|is  ;  iinil  iVisli  lu!i-iiers  'iinl  tiir- 
liDtH,  Imwi'vor  t:ik>'rj,  or  in  wliiiti'viT  Hliips  iniinirtcij  ;  anil  cnriMl  tisli  nl'  evi'r.\  Kind,  ut'  Uriii-li  t:ikini{ 
:oiil  inriiiL'.  ini;iiirl>'(l  in  llritisli  Flii|i>i  ;  h!iiiII  Im'  ini|i(irle{|//Yi'  "/  nil  iliiliis,  and  ^llllll  not  lie  ilri'mrd  to 
lii<  iinliiili'il  In  iiiiy  I  liiirL'i'  id' iliity  iiii{iiised  liy  ioiy  ni  t  lierrut'iir  to  li>'  inndi'  uii  llie  inipcirKititiii  of 

L'odijs  (.'I'MiTallv  ;  pruvidi.'d  lluil  ln'i'iirc  iiny  .nn''/ ,/i.«/(  siliiill  lie  rntrrrd  fri t' ilnty,  iis  liiinu  iil' Hncli 

i.iKIn!;  and  i  nrhi^',  the  inastrr  id'  tlie  ship  linpinlinu  the  s:iine  shall  nmke  nnd  sniisrrllii'  a  dii  larution 
het'.>re  till'  <  III! 'I  iiir  or  riiinplndlir.  that  sni  li  llsh  wan  aclaally  cunglit,  taken  In  llriti.-^h  ships,  and 
iiired,  wlinlly  hy  his  Maji.'sty's  snhjerts.— ij  II. 

Kiidi  III'  I'cirrinii  taUini!  nr  rurinL'.  or  in  tundsn  vpbhi'Ih,  except  tiirbntN  and  lidisters,  (itncklisli,  live 
eels,  uiif  liovies,  »tnr(;eiiM,  hiitar[;ii,  and  caviare,  pnihiliiled  to  he  inipurti'd  im  pain  id'  turlritiire. — {  58. 

[The  following  t.ablo  cxhibit.s  the  nmomit  of  dried  and  pickled  fish  exported  from  the 
Initcd  States,  from  1803  to  18:j7  inclusive. 


Yean. 

Drint  run. 

I'iokltvl  Kl.h.         1 

Vi'.irg. 

llriitt  Fish. 

I'icklc.l  Fish. 

i8o:t 

(jH.nid.nao 

•S'ii'O.ooo 

1S21 

.?i:r,s.-,'TK 

«t2i'i|,hl3 

ISO  I 

a.Kin.ooo 

(ilO.dllO 

ls22 

t'lCili.THO 

210.108 

1H().-, 

2,(l.'iS,(ll() 

:ti-,(ioo 

1.S23 

731.021 

270.777 

iwm 

2,1. '1(1,(1(10 

;iiiti,(i(io 

ls2l 

87.i,t''S,'; 

2(13,010 

1NI7 

),8'.1(1,(I00 

,1(12,(100 

ISA'S 

8;'0,,1.'i(i 

218,117 

IMH 

t''2:f,(i()0 

08,000 

lS2(i 

(102,7  12 

2.'i7,lsO 

ls(l<> 

l,l-J.'i,()(IO 

282,000 

1827 

717,171 

210,270 

lt<10 

i»i:i,oiio 

211,000 

1828 

810,020 

21(1,737 

1811 

7.'>T.()00 

,10j,000 

182!) 

717,.')  11 

220,.')27 

IS  12 

5'.l\J,(ll)0 

140,000 

1.830 

S.'iO.OOO 

22.-,,ilS7 

181.1 

210,000 

81,000 

18.11 

(i2,-|,3iJ2 

.101,441 

ISU 

I2s,ni)0 

50,000 

1832 

710,000 

.1(in,hl2 

lsl5 

4iU,0(IO 

218,000 

1833 

713,317 

277,073 

181fi 

(1,1.'), 000 

221,000 

183t 

(130,38 » 

223,200 

1817 

Loo.i.ooo 

.125,(MI0 

1835 

783,h03 

221,020 

1S18 

1,0.11,000 

317,000 

18.10 

740,40.1 

221,420 

ISli) 

i,(«a,(ioo 

409,000 

1837 

0s8,500 

181,333 

1820 

060,000 

538,000 

1 

^m.  Ed.} 

(FLAG.  Any  of  her  Majesty's  subjects  hoisting  the  Union  jack  in  their  vessels,  or  any 
pendants,  <S:e.  usually  worn  in  her  Majesty's  ships,  or  any  Hag,  jack,  pendant,  or  colours 
whatever  in  imitation  of  or  resembling  those  of  her  Majesty,  or  any  ensign  or  colours  what- 
ever other  than  those  prescribed  by  proclamation,  1st  of  .lanuary,  1801,  shall  forfeit  for 
every  such  olVeiice  not  more  than  .500/.  (.s/c  in  orig.)  —  (4  it  rt  W'i/l.  4.  c.  1  ;3.  §  11 .) — Sup.) 
FIjAX  (Cier.  F/uchs  ,•  Uu.  V/asch  ;  Fr.  Lin  ,•  It.  and  Sp.  Lino  ;  Uus.  Len,  Ltm  ,■  Pol. 
Len ;  Ij'aU  Lin u III),  iu\  important  ])lant  {Linum  Ufiitatissimuiii)  Ihat  has  been  cultivated 
from  the  earliest  ages  in  Great  Britain  and  many  other  countries;  its  fibres  being  manufac- 
tured into  thread,  and  its  seed  crushed  for  oil.  Generally,  however,  we  have  been  in  the 
habit  of  iiiiiiorting  a  large  jiortion  of  our  supplies.  The  premium  given  by  the  legislature  to 
fjrce  the  cultivation  of  llax,  have  had  very  little  olfect;  the  fact  being,  as  Mr.  Loudon  has 
stated,  that  its  culture  is  found  to  be,  on  the  whole,  less  profitable  than  that  of  corn.  When 
allowed  to  ripen  its  seed,  it  is  one  of  the  most  severe  crops. 

The  principal  sorts  of  flax  imported  into  this  country  are,  Petersburgh,  Narva,  Kiga,  Revel, 
Pernau,  Liebau,  Memel,  Oberland,  and  Dutch  flax.  The  Petersburgh  and  Narva  flax  are 
nearly  of  the  same  quality,  the  latter  being  but  little  inferior  to  the  former.  Both  sorts  come 
to  us  in  bundles  of  12,  !),  and  (5  heads.  The  Kiga  flax  seems  to  deserve  the  preference  of 
nny  iiniioited  from  the  Baltic.  It  is  the  growth  of  the  provinces  of  Marienburg,  Druania, 
Thiesenhausen,  and  Lithuania. 

Till!  host  Marjenlmrc  is  called  simply  Marienburg  (M),or  Miirienlmre  clean;  the  sernnd  quality, 
ml  ((iM);  and  the  third,  ;•/.>■((■«  ilreijliiiiid  (MT>'i  ■■  of  the  three  other  provinces,  the  lirst  (luality  hears 
till'  iiiiliie  of  riikiner;—-M-  Dniiniia  riil;il--ir  (l>U),  'I'hirsrnlunifen  ml;il:rr  (Tit),  and  J.itliiiaiiiii  rakilier 
(1. 11).  The  rut  tlii.v  of  llii'se  thnii,'  provinces  is  the  seioiul  tiuality  :  and  to  the  third  quality  belong  the 
/)j</.-(ii(i  ami  I)(1(/,«7h(i  cunW  ami  RtJI;  tin,' /iij/iriiii.^fcr  (I'N)  ;  and /in/s  three  hunil  (111)).  Bailslnh  and 
luiteriiu.'irr  are  the  rel'nse  of  the  raLif.er  lla.v.  and  the  three  band  ajiain  the  refuse  of  the  fnriuer  sorts, 
and  iiinsiqueiitly  very  or.linarv.  'I'lie  Ui'Vel  and  I'ernau  nuisists  of  Marienbur!:,  cut,  rifleii,  hnfs 
Ihreeliiiiiil,  ami  Ihree  ba'nil.  'I'he'l.ieliau  ami  Memel  lmowIIis  are  distinguished  liy  the  demuniuatinn  of 
/our and  Ihree  Intiid.  These  two  sorts,  as  well  as  ihe  Dberlaml  lla.x,  coiue  from  Konigsberg,  lUbing, 
itc,  and  are  little  esteemed  in  the  liritish  markets. 

Flanders  or  Dutch  flax  is  well-dressed,  and  of  the  finest  quality, 

8G 


11* 


14 


082       FLAX-SCFJ),  FLOTSAM,  JETSAM,  AM)  LACJAN. 


•1 


a^ 


ri 


*     ( 


/■ ,       1' 


. '  .  f 


Flux  i-i  rxlt-nHivrly  cullivntoil  in  Ki:.Vl)t.  Of  lulf  yoiir>t,  Motnr  iif  fhr  It'ilimi  p'lrtx  wliirh 
uscil  to  lit'  Hii|)|ilicil  l'ri)tii  l{ii-ini:i,  liii\r  licrii  I'nlly  Hii|i|ilii'(l  mi  lower  trrinx  tVniri  Altxutulrin, 

The  I'lniriniuin  titui.v,  or  IS'cw  /riiliiii(l  (lux.  Im  wiid  to  rxci'nl  cvi  i y  otlur  ('[u'cicH  m 
Htrt'iiKlli  lit'  I'llirc  iiiul  vvliilcnrHs  ;  i|ihilili('><  wliicli  (it'  il  rciilly  iih.hhchh  tliciii  in  llic  ilt'tjrcn 
Mati'd)  miHl  niiiki-  it  pcculiiirly  Wt'll-littcd  for  liciiK;  nnulc  into  i';niviiiH  an.!  cordiinf.  Il  Ikh 
Ihth  oi)l!iincd  within  tlii-KC  ll-w  yciiiH  iit  Hccond  hand  I'roni  Sydury  and  \  an  Dicnan'M 
Land;  the  imports  from  thcni  liavini^  mnonnti'd,  in  IHMI,  to  ir),7','.'>  cwt.  Atl('m|)tit  aro 
now  ni;d<ini;,  iiut  with  what  hucci'kh  rtninnn  to  he  wvn,  to  rai.sc  it  in  this  country. 

\A'!u'n  lln\  is  hrouirht  to  tin-  |irin('i|ial  Itussian  |)ortH  whi'm-r  it  \*  Hhippcd,  il  is  rlassHicd 
acfordinp;  to  its  ipialitics,  and  mailr  up  in  hinidh's  hy  sworn  iiis])('ctorH  {hnirhc-s)  appointed 
liy  Koveininent,  for  the  as.<i)rtinent  of  tiiat  and  all  nthcr  nuTchandise.  'I'lusc  I'unciion'irieH 
arc  said  to  p.'rform  their  liisk  with  landahle  iinpartiidity  and  exactness.  A  ticket  is  iiilaciied 
to  eveiy  hnni!l((  of  assorted  flax,  containini,'  the  names  ot'  the  inspector  and  owner,  the  sort 
of  lla\,  and  the  |)eriod  when  it  was  selected  or  iuHpecled. —  (.See  Jlii-ie.)  (Jood  llax  shoiijii 
be  of  a  flue  hritflit  colour,  well  Hcparated  1'roni  the  tow,  codilla,  or  coarser  portion  of  the 
plant;  and  of  a  loner,  fnic,  and  Ntroni?  I'lhre.  In  purchasing  llax,  it  in  usual  to  i-mploy  at^entH 
wholly  devoted  to  this  peculiar  business. 

()f"u;H;,lll  cwt.  of  llax  and  tow  imported  into  (Jrcat  Hritain  in  1831,  62.1,i;.'i0  cwt.wcro 
brousbt  from  Russia;  1 28,2:)  1  cwt.  from  the  Netherlands;  I()l,72lt  cwt.  from  rrussin; 
B.'i.aa'I  cwt.  from  France;  1,41.')  cwt.  from  Italy;  l.'),27.')  cwt.  from  New  South  Wall's,  &c. 
Almost  the  whole  of  this  tjuantity  was  retained  for  home  cuusumption.  'i'hc  duty  was  re- 
cently reduced,  and  is  now  only  hi.  a  cwt. 

Flax,  llin  proilaru  or  iiianiifactiiro  of  Kiirope,  not  to  tin  iinpnrteil  for  linaie  ronsiniiplinii,  rxrcpi  In 
Urilisli  sliips.  or  in  sliips  nf  llie  coniilry  nf  wliirli  it  is  tlie  prndiice,  or  of  tlic  nunitry  fnirii  nliii  li  ii  j^ 
iinpiirli'il.dii  piiiii  nf  forli'iliire  of  lliu  ;i(iii(ls  anil  1<I(I/.  Iiy  Hie  iiiaslcr  of  llii'  nliip.--  i.'UV  I  Hill.  I.  c.  M  ) 

We  siilijiiMi  uu  uccouiit  of  Hie  cliurges  on  tin;  iniiiorliilitm  of  tliu  tlill'ereiil  Hiirls  of  llax  fruiu  I'llers. 
burgh  aiKl  Kijia. 


Ckar^e,  at  Fclrnliurith  nri  12  Ilrait  Flai,  per  ton. 
Circa,  16  bobbin)  -;  63  poodi  —  I  ton. 

Tiity,  fi-10  cnp.  per  Iiercovitz 
ijuiimnlitie  (liily,  I  pfr  criil.  .  > 

Adttitiuiut  liuty,  10  per  cent. 


Cuitoiii'tiouse  charzes,  4  per  cent, 
npcfivinit  ^fiil  vveji(hiti<,  4(1  cnp,  pnr  lx)bbin 
Ilrnckiti/,  I  roi:h.  p.T  hrrcovitz     • 
niu'tini!,  75  cctp.  per  ilitio  .... 
Lighterage  incl  attendance  to  (  miutadl,  8  roub.  per  60 
pttodi       ...... 

Mai, 

Brolieiage,  60  cop.  per  Ion  ... 

Fixed  charges 
Brotceragp,  1-2  per  cent. 
Cnriiiinniion  an't  t-xfra  charges,  3  per  cent. 

Sfamii,  \A  liiT  cent.  ?  i  n  ,  „.  ^ , 

Bn.iiirace  ./„  I.ill,,  M  per  cent.  I  '^  I'"  «"<• 
aru  charges  viryitig  according  to  the  (iricea  paid. 

Hi(a  (lax  is  bought  at  bo  much  per  iltippoun'l.    6  1-6  shippound 
=;  1  toil. 

Thf  rharifes  of  importation  are  the  Bame,  or  nearly  so,  as  on  Pe* 
tersbur^h  ll.ix. 


/,. 


I>m. 

cap. 

■M 

i 

0 

34 

3 

40 

K.  37 

78 

!>l 

U 

40 

-   « 

,'10 

•   4 

72 

.   8 

40 

8 

0 

0 

60 

B.  73 

C9 

Ch.irgrs  ht're,  per  ton,  taking  the  price  at  4V. 

Insimnrp,  I2t.  ft/.  p(;r  cent,  an  I  pulicyt  during  the  sunf 
iiier,  \  T  liiiil  rinks 

SCMKI'I  liutll 

Kn  ieli',  say  hh,  6d.  per  ton  \a  full 
Cufiiiiiia  .... 
Lii)'liii[(  ch:\r^es 


n  6  <( 

0  h  t 

2  12  tt 

0  I  H 

1  11  U 


Disntuiit,  3  3-1  per  rrnt.  (being  loM  at  0  months*  crclil)    I    l.)   u 

•046 


Brokerage,  1*2  per  cent. 

horn  by  tare,  2  per  cent. 


/.-  1    11    H 

-     0     18    0 

I.  tJ    13    H 


I  ton. 


Umi.  tor. 


OHrnlFlax. 
26  t>obliin«       bJ  piKKis 
Fixed  charees  at  Fulemluir^'h  .inmunt  to 
Thr  ntlier  fh^iritt**  wnie  an  en  12  heail ;  tiic  chirifps  of  im- 
pfirt  II, ay  hv  ca'Ifd  tlir  siiiie  ni  on  Ii  ln-:i'l  rilso,  ([>..  .jif 
fcrrnce  beirn;  only  on  thf  v.iliie ;  vhii-h  innkcs  iht-  in 
(timiict',  (lisffuint,  mi  lin»keri/n,  of  Ii-m  nrnciiut.    T|,e 
increase  (if  fixed  cliiret^  at  I'l  tiTHburgh  isouin^  to  (lie 
larger  number  of  bobhins  in  'he  ton. 
eilf.i.l  Fl;ix. 
47  hnbhins  =  (>3  p'loJs  ~  I  Ion.  Ruii.cuj>. 

Fixed  fharife',  prr  ton  ...  •    91    i»i 

Other  cliarKt'!!,  urie  wpra. 

FI. AX-SEED,  on  LINSEED  (Fr.  Lin,  Graine  de  Lin ,-  Gcr.  Liemarit ,-  Du.  Lj/n- 
zaad ;  It.  Liihscme  ,■  Sp.  Linaza  ;  VnrX..  Linhuca  ;  Vo\.  Siiinie,  Iiitiiue  ,■  Km.  .^emja  kn- 
janoe  ,-  Lat.  Lini  .semen),  the  seed  of  flax.  It  contains  a  frroat  deal  of  oil,  wliicli  it  yields 
by  expres-sion ;  and  is  cultivated  cither  that  it  may  he  used  in  sowing,  or  sent  to  the  crush- 
ing mills  to  ho  converted  into  oil. 

As  the  quality  of  the  crop  depends  much  on  the  seed  employed,  a  good  deal  of  care  is 
requisite  in  selecting  the  best.  Generally  speaking,  it  should  lie  chosen  of  a  bright,  brown- 
ish colour,  oily  to  the  feel,  heavy,  and  (juite  fresh.  Dutch  seed  is  in  the  highe.tt  estimation 
for  sowing;  it  not  only  ripens  sooner  than  any  other  that  is  imported,  hut  jiroduccs  larger 
crops,  and  of  the  quality  that  best  suits  our  principal  manufactures.  American  seed  pro- 
duces fine  flax,  but  the  proceed  is  not  so  large  as  from  Dutch  seed.  British  fla\-soeil  is 
.sometimes  used  instead  of  Dutch ;  but  the  risk  of  tlie  cro[)  misgiving  is  so  much  greater, 
"  that  those  only  who  are  ignorant  of  the  conso(|uences,  or  who  are  conipellej  from  iiecfssity, 
are  chargeahle  with  this  act  of  ill-judged  parsimony." — (Liiiidon's  Eiiri/.  af  Aisriculliirc.) 
Crushing  seed  is  principally  iinjiorttul  from  liussia,  but  considerable  quantities  aro  also 
brought  from  Italy  and  Egypt.  Of  2,759,103  bushels  of  lin.-eed  imiiorted  in  lt-:M,  2,^10,702 
were  brought  froin  Russia,  172,0i»9  from  Prussia,  ll)(i,294  from  the  United  States,  105,4'18 
from  Italy,  9H,847  from  Egypt,  .'53,738  from  the  \ctlu;rlands,  &c.  The  duty  is  1«.  a 
quarter;  and  the  price,  in  December,  1S33,  varied  from  4.'J.v.  to  Ms.  a  (juarter. 

FLOTSAM,  .IETS.'\M,  A\n  LAGAN.  In  order  to  constitute  a  legal  wnvk.  the  goods 
must  come  to  land,  If  they  continue  at  sea,  the  law  distinguishes  them  Iiy  the  foregoing 
uncouth  and  barbarous  appellations  :  Jliilmiin  is  when  goods  continue  floating  on  the  surface 
of  the  waves ;  jetsam  is  when  they  are  sunk  under  the  surface  of  the  water ;  and  /i/ijuji  is 


•iiiKtVoin  AU'Mitiilrm. 
■virv  "tl>*'>  "I"'''"""  "> 
,   tl,;-!..  ii>   «l»'  ^\''«';''" 
H  iv.,,1  cori!'..'.!.'.     II  r\M 

V     lUl.l   Villi     1)H-"»''IH 

:,'■,  (wt.     All'ii>l>l'*  '"" 

I.  Tlx ^<'  l'iiiiiii"ii»f"''< 
«!.  A  li.k.'l  is  iilliu'lu'd 
.,,,'r  mul  "vv.i.T,  tlu-  m.rt 

'(•oarwr   i">rli"i»  "''  '^>« 
4  usuiil  to  I'lui'loy  a«.'i.lH 

1H31,  02^  "•'^•^  cwt.v.oro 
7-i'i)  cwt.  from   rniwsin; 

pii'o...  'I'l"-  ''"*y  ^^"^  '"• 

,niiu-  roTiHUir.li'i""'  f  \irpl  in 
'::.,t  M.n»  of  llnx  ir.im  I'^U-rs- 

,er  ion,  li.kinO'"'!"-"'' ■"*■''•/..    ,.    d. 
„.„vl,.ulKy,a>'riusnH-.u,n-    ^     ^  ,^ 


FLOUR. 


083 


nn  ill '""  ; 

■•,„g.oUatOmontli';cn'lit)    1^   U  » 


0  5  1) 

2  12  B 

0  I  t 

1  II  U 


(Ijcii 

I  tare,  2  per  «">■ 


/„  5  ir.  » 

.    0    18   0 

;,.  a  13  » 


V;;atl^'"A..rsl.i.''^v,u«lollic 
ll.iiu  i<>  111'  '""' 

Gcr   hknmiit  1  I'"-  J-,'/"' 

L-c, /"'V/»f  .•  Kii-'.  ^^'lya/f/'- 
atcloalof  oil,xvhi<-hilyu'lJ9 
jsowing,orB.nttothccrusU- 

Lvrd  a  Kond  doul  "f  <-«re  '» 
I  be  chnscMi  of  a  l.right.  brown- 

Vl  in  in  t\io  l>i«lH-st  ostiiiyation 
inuiortiHl,  l.ut  i.nHluoc.  urgct 
«<-turi>s.  Amrri<Mn  scod  Fo- 
il, .ei-a.     «riU''li  tV.»vse(-d  is 

L„(,ivin.;  is  «'>  '""'•'»  '^^"'''!"' 
I.,,v<-onipelkdfroin..ocr^..ty. 

t.ra.U.^n.ltU.■.^-^2 
C    &c.     The  duty  is  1«.  a 

k;;;^c-..u.tho,ooas 

Ir.Uinuc  lloatins  on  ibc  .u  Uc^^ 
Le  of  llic  water  raiiit /..-:,'«"« 


when  thoy  arn  niink,  but  tio<l  to  n  rork  or  buoy  to  be  foiinil  nptiiin,  —  {ninchstnnf,  book  i.  r. 
H.)  For«'>ii;ri  lii|uorM,  broiii^ht  or  roniin "  into  (triMt  lti'i(;iiii  or  Ircliiiul,  ns  ilorclir't,  flot*ain, 
ft.v.,  iiri<  I'o  |iuy  tli»  Hanio  ilulifit  and  rcc>  .m^  thu  Hainu  ilrawbarkx  bh  iiitiiilar  lii|iiorH  regularly 
miporti'd. 

FliOlR  ((icr.  Frinr^  tiir.fil,  Sr/nmelmrlil ,-  I)u.  lilorin  ,•  I'lntr  ilf  fiiriur ;  h,  Fiore  ,• 
S[).  t'/iii ),  tbi)  iiioiil  of  vvliciit  CDrn,  tirii'ly  urouml  mid  Hillrd.  'I'licrc  iirc  ihri-o  qiiiiliiii's  of 
flour,  dpi»oiniiinti'(l  _/(>>/,  itccoiiJii,  uitJ  IhirJn,  of  wliich  the  fir«t  ih  tho  parent. —  (ISoo  Cou5r 

LaWH    \  ♦!!  (JolIX   'rilAIIK.) 

[For  the  firnt  lidib^  wliich  followN,  witb  tlie  nccorupiinyinR  rriniirku,  we  nre  iiideliti'd  to  Mr. 
Hiizurd's  vtibiabb'  jouriiiil,  entitled  "  Vnifid  Slates  Coiumirciiil  auil  Sfdlislirtil  lii<xi'slrr." 
See  till' riuiiibcr  of  October  Dill,  IHH!).  Tilt)  siuoiul  table  ih  taken  from  the  IMiiladelpliia 
Coinrnmiul  Li*t  of  March  9lh,  183'J. 

Exports  of  Flour  nnil  Whnat  from  1700  to  18M. 


1 

ItuillfN  nf  \^ti«at 

Avrmjn 

Inipc-linn  i,r    ' 
our  111  'liHorciil 

1 
lUrrfU  ii(  lliiir  | 

frT^f        V,.l,„„ffln,„    1 
turricn    "P"r"-.l.>uv...  1 

Jitiiiitity  nf  (lour 

flll|'|iL>il  I'l  Kll<- 

Expfirtitit 
lliHir  froiii 

1 

1 

1700 

riportrj. 

Vl  hi'.it  in 
Eu<ian(l. 

|jl.>cti. 

iXlKMtf.t. 

lar  nl  I'lu- 
l.lilfl)'tllA. 

nnf  pri'M  III 
l'hilalcl|>lii;i. 

Uin).    Harrtlft,  \ 

1 

lanvli. 
Ilarrcls. 

l,121.l.',8 

.V3.  a 

2.11,107 

721,023 

.*5  50 

1791 

i,()iH,:i:io 

17.  2 

.321, .178 

OIO,IM 

5  22 

3,234,735 

. 

niia 

N53.7tHl 

41.  9 

430,07  1 

821,161 

5  25 

4„TiM.i;iO 

. 

nos 

l,i5i).:i:5 

47.10 

422,075 

1,071,039 

5  IK) 

6,310.370 

. 

10.900 

niM 

fiOH,71l7 

.10.  H 

300,711 

810,010 

0  90 

,1.837.109 

- 

13.700 

1705 

111,273 

72,11 

227,171 

0(S7,3tV.l 

10  60 

7,2f.0,lll 

. 

18,000 

I7(m 

31.22(1 

70.  3 

100,0.11 

72,1,191 

12  50 

9,001,915 

. 

4,300 

17«7 

ij.c.'jri 

.'.2.  2 

138,002 

511.0.33 

8  91 

4,504,2IMI 

- 

14,000 

I70H 

In.oii 

50.  4 

100,175 

567.118 

8  20 

1,(..13.975 

. 

9,500 

171)0 

lO.O.'ill 

(iti.ll 

- 

5l9,2li5 

9  66 

6,610,090 

. 

,14,400 

Irir'i 

2(i,hJ3 

no.  3 

.325,818 

053,0.-.2 

9  80 

0,139,092 

172,8)5 

20,000 

ICOl 

23!),!I2'J 

11.1.11 

3 12,005 

1,102,144 

10  40 

11,10,1,417 

479,720 

38,000 

|H(12 

2.sn,2Nl 

f.7.  9 

420.012 

1,1.10,218 

6  on 

7,97M11 

208,7  14 

28,200 

1S03 

fi.S(l,115 

57.  1 

325.915 

l,311,h.13 

6  73 

8,82.8,771 

203,127 

15,432 

IKOt 

127.024 

(iO.  5 

39l,iMll 

810,008 

8  23 

0,000,305 

7,140 

14,067 

1H05 

1N,041 

87.  1 

419,372 

777,513 

9  70 

7,541.876 

.30.7.12 

l>.,19fl 

IHlrt 

Nn,7H4 

7(i.  9 

471,. 121 

782,724 

7  30 

5,713,h85 

127,019 

10,997 

1H07 

77l').814 

73.  1 

709,559 

l,210,h|9 

7  17 

8,901,202 

323,908 

20,142 

ISOS 

87,330 

78.11 

400,411 

263,813 

S  69 

1,501,005 

2.922 

42,402 

boo 

3il3,KM> 

01.  5 

591,975 

810,247 

0  91 

5,817,100 

1.19,711 

19,476 

IhlO 

32:),024 

103.  3 

527,267 

798,431 

9  37 

7,181,298 

92.130 

12,119 

11*11 

216,H33 

92.  .1 

707,501 

1,445,012 

9  95 

14,377,809 

.3>.|C3 

10,340 

1S12 

53,H32 

122.  H 

1,215,097 

1.443.102 

9  83 

1I,189,.126 

28,429 

37,025 

1*13 

as.S,530 

101).  1) 

1,220,832 

1,200,012 

8  92 

11,217,602 

. 

5i7 

IM4 

. 

72.  1 

708..MH 

193,274 

8  60 

1,602,150 

- 

1,217 

HIS 

17.034 

03.  8 

1,116,011 

802,739 

H  71 

7.511,4.10 

104,885 

1,920 

ISIH 

02,321 

70.  2 

1,121,101 

729,053 

9  78 

7.130,138 

5,572 

1,135 

1M7 

Wi.l07 

91.  0 

1.3.30.702 

1,479,198 

11  69 

17.291.824 

700,001 

.3s,017 

1(^1^ 

100,S08 

83.  H 

1,20  ■.,105 

1,157,097 

9  96 

11,5.(0,002 

389.530 

30.543 

lt|9 

h2.or.5 

72.  3 

1,107.791 

750,000 

7  11 

5,3.37,112 

51.817 

12,085 

Is20 

22,137 

6.1.10 

1,877,109 

1,177,030 

4  72 

5,155,009 

171.772 

45,369 

1IJ21 

2.'.,H21 

51.  .1 

1,707,3.10 

1,0.16,119 

4  78 

5,018,248 

94,.141 

22.635 

1S22 

4,418 

43.  3 

1,590.970 

827,865 

6  58 

5,417,351 

12.096 

47,247 

1S23 

4,272 

.11.  9 

1.. 1.17 ,72 1 

710,702 

0  82 

5,100,708 

4.212 

46,210 

h2l 

:         20,373 

f.2.  0 

1.711.100 

91.16.702 

5  62 

5,601,971 

70.873 

41,901 

^•r> 

'          17,000 

m.  6 

1,S82,011 

813.906 

5  10 

4,150,920 

27.272 

40,003 

1S2() 

4.'-),l(i« 

56.11 

2.031, ,1.15 

857.h20 

4  65 

3,9^8,803 

18,.3,15 

33,040 

1S27 

22.182 

50.  9 

2.0»8,459 

H0!',490 

9  23 

4,542.2.14 

53,129 

54.023 

1S2S 

8,006 

00.  .1 

2,200,078 

800.809 

5  60 

4,820.1.30 

23,2.18 

35,720 

1K20 

4.007 

00.  3 

2.220,219 

8.37,385 

fi  33 

5.300,6 17 

221,170 

11,783 

ISliO 

4.1,2.80 

,      04.  3 

2.S51.S70 

1,227,431 

4  83 

6,02^,5(M) 

.320,182 

71,749 

is:!i 

40^,010 

00.  4 

3.05S.393 

l,s00,529 

5  67 

10.213,010 

870.430 

|H32 

8-i,;iot 

1     .18.  8 

2.015.010 

801,919 

S  72 

4,917,337 

95.918 

31,419 

if<;!a 

.32, 121 

i     52.11 

1    2.815.006 

955,708 

5  63 

5,.380.974 

22.207 

51,4.35 

1H31 

30,018 

1     46.  5 

;    2.911.811 

835,3.12 

5  17 

4,318,770 

19.0^7 

26,812 

i>:ts 

47,7fi2 

'      39.  4 

2,8.10,418 

779,396 

5  88 

4,182,8 18 

5,376 

16,976 

is;ttj 

2,0t;2 

4'^.  0 

2,512.416 

501. 100 

7  99 

4,0.1H,1 16 

161 

1837 

17,303 

1      5.1.11 

2.005.793 

318.719 

9  .37 

2,9^0,397 

183S 

6,291 

i      63.  4 

2,.140,079 

448,161 

7  79 

3,491,174 

8,295 

"  The  preceding  table  exhibits  a  general  view  of  the  flour  and  wheat  trade  of  the  United 
States,  for  forty-nine  years.  The  first  column  shows  the  exports  of  wheat,  which  in  1790 
amounted  to  1,1'24,458  bushels,  and  in  18H8  to  only  6,291  bushels.  The  following  state- 
ment shows  the  same  divided  into  periods  often  years,  and  their  annual  average. 

Ilu.hpli.  BiislirN  per  un. 

1790  to  1799 5,319,190  -        -        -    .13.1,919 

1800  to  1809 2,72,1.360  -        -        -    272,330 

1810  to  1819    -        -        -        -  .        _        .     1.310.359  -        -        -    134.035 

1820  to  1829 175,272  -        -        -      17,527 

1830 10  lb38 085,290  ...      70,143 

Total  bushels,  10,283,471 
Being  a  yearly  average  of  209,666  bushels. 


^ 

■**» 


•^^ 


SI"'** 

■f   J 


.'a^ 


,1 1 


'!- 


684  FLOUR. 

The  second  column  exhibits  tho  aiinuiil  average  price  of  wheat  in  Enpluiiil  as  published 
in  the  Iioiiilon  Ciazeltp,  ami  the  Ibllovving  stuteincut  shown  the  average  of  each  period  often 
years  from  1770  to  1838. 

8.  d. 
ITTOtolTT'J '•5.0 

i:n()  to  i7h(» ir).  a 

IT'.HI  to  17m> r..').!! 

IMKMo  IM)'.) t>2.  2 

1M(»  to  I.SKI -    Ki,  8 

1S2()  to  lv2it --SH.  5 

1»3()  1(1  IftHS 55.  1 

Making  the  annual  average  price  Cl.v.  (id. 

In  the  third  column  is  the  inspection  of  flour  in  the  different  places  in  the  United  States, 
ns  far  as  it  can  be  ol)taincd. 

From  1790  to  1793  inclusive  is  for  Philadelphia  only  ;  this  was  obtained  from  the  books 
of  the  i»;-;>cctor  for  tiiat  period. 

Fron,  1800  tlie  amount  of  inspection  is  taken  from  the  tables  originally  formed,  with  great 
labour,  by  a  gentleman  long  engaged  in  the  Hour  business,  and  published  first  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Price  Current,  and  continued  to  the  later  ilutes  in  the  Commercial  List.  It  is  to  he 
regretted  that  complete  returns  from  the  whole  United  States  could  not  be  obtained,  and  in 
sonic  instances  these  are  estimates — so  that  they  can  only  enable  us  to  form  some  idea  of 
the  amount.  From  1800  to  1811,  we  have  no  account  of  the  inspections  in  Philadelphia  or 
Kew  York.  From  1800  to  1803,  we  have  only  those  in  Baltimore,  to  which,  from  1803  to 
181 1,  the  inspections  in  Alexandria  are  added.  1813  shows  the  inspections  in  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore  and  Alexandria.  From  1813  to  1818  inclusive,  we  have  the  inspections  of  Phil- 
adelphia, New  York,  Baltimore  and  Alexandria.  In  the  next  year  (1819),  arc  added  Rich- 
mond and  Petersburg — and  to  these,  in  the  next  two  years,  Fredericksburg.  From  1822 
to  1829  inclusive,  are  embraced  the  inspections  at  New  Orleans,  to  which  in  1830  to  1836 
inclusive,  Falmouth  is  added.  In  1837,  Falmouth  is  deficient,  as  are  Fredericksburg  and 
Falmouth  in  1 838. 

The  exports  of  flour  from  the  United  States  in  each  of  the  forty-nine  years,  are  shown  in 
the  next  colunm — which  we  have  divided  into  periods  of  ten  years,  as  follows : 

Barrcli.  Ter  ami. 

1790  to  1799 7,104,4:!6  -  -  -  710,443 

1800  to  1809    -        - 8,9,'iH,721  -  -  -895,372 

1810  to  1819 10,120,498  -  -  1,012,019 

1820  to  1829 -    -  9,052,930  -  -  -  905,293 

1830  to  1838 7,741,078  -  .  -  800,18(5 

42,973,263 
Annual  average  of  the  whole  period  877,000  barrels. 

The  average  prices  of  flour  are  given  each  year  for  Philadelphia,  in  the  next  column,  as 
published  a  few  years  jince  in  the  Price  Current.  The  following  shows  the  averages  of 
periods  of  ten  years. 

PhilaiUl|plii,l. 

1790  to  1799 .--.--..$7  87 

1800  to  1809 -- 7^9 

1810  to  1819 9  39 

1820  to  1829 5  54 

1830  to  1838 6  45 

In  the  next  column  is  shown  the  amount  of  the  Exports  of  flour  each  year  calculated  at 
the  average  Philadelphia  prices. 

Then  follow  the  quantities  of  flour  exported  to  England  from  1800  to  1838,  being  in  the 
former  172,815  barrels,  and  the  latter  8295.  The  largest  quantity  ever  sent  there  appears 
to  have  been  in  1831,  viz.,  879,430  barrels.     In  1837,  none  was  sent  there. 

In  the  last  four  years  large  importations  of  wheat  and  flour  took  place. 

Wheal.  Flour. 

Pushrls.  Dnlliint.  Cwt.  Ilnllars. 

1834    ...    238,769  ...     198,647  -  -  -  39,397  -  .  .    (19,976 

18.36  ...  583,898  ...  493,1,59  -  .  -  21,269  -  -  -  62.341 

18.37  -    -     3,921,259  -   -    4,154  .329  -  -  -  30.709  -  -  -  122,(i51 
1638'  ...  894,536  ...  896,560  -  .  -  12,731  -  -  -  44,273 

In  the  last  column  are  given  the  exportations  of  flour  from  Canada,  as  published  in  the 
Montreal  Gazette,  from  1793  to  1830,  the  remaining  years  are  from  other  British  documents. 

During   the  period  embraced  in   the  preceding  tables,   there  has  been  a  succession  of 

important  political  and  commercial  changes,  calculated  to  affect  the  prices  of  tiio.=e  most 

essential  articles  of  subsistence.     We  notice  a  few  of  them  derived  from  the  tables  heietolbrc 

published,  and  other  sources. 

1790,  '91.  '92.    Pence  ;  and  fiivotiralile  seasons  in  England. 
1793.     War  with  rrnncn  roniinenccd  1st  February,  1793  ;  favourubli;  scukoh. 
1794  to  1801.    Wnr  with  France. 
,      1794  to  179i.    Delicieiit  crops 


FLOUR. 


685 


I  Enc;laiKl  ns  published 
Tc  of  each  period  of  ten 


.1.  (1. 

IS.  0 

45.  9 
M.ll 
82.  3 

SH.  5 
55.  1 


CCS  in  the  United  States, 

obtained  from  the  iiooks 

niially  formed,  with  groat 
',lished  first  in  the  Phila- 
.mercial  List.     It  is  to  be 
I  not  l)e  obtained,  and  m 
as  to  form  some  idea  of 
,cctions  in  Philadelphia  or 
c,  to  which,  from  1803  to 
,spcctionsinPhiladel,.hia 
ve,  the  inspections  of  1  hiL 
ar  (1819^,  arc  added  Uich- 
^dcricksburg.     From  18-22 

towhichinl8;?0tol83(. 

as  are  Fredericksburg  and 

•  ♦ 

ty-nine  years,  arc  shown  in 
rs,  as  follows : 

rer  am). 

.  895,372 
1,01'2,019 
.  905,2(13 
I        .  800,186 


,hia,  in  the  next  column,  as 
ving  shows  the  averages  of 

Fllila(Ul|ilu.>. 
-   §7  W 
.     7  ^9 

.    y  30 

.     5  54 
.     6  45 

flour  each  year  calculated  at 
,,1800  to  1838,  being  in  the 
intity  ever  scut  there  appears 

s  sent  there. 

lok  place. 


IS 


Flour. 


Jv.\. 

39.397 

21 ,209 

.09 

2,731 


lliilbrs. 
09.970 
02.341 

122,051 
44,273 


Canada,  as  published  in  the 
from  other  British  documents, 
■re  has  been  a  succession  ol 
iffect  the  prices  of  those  most 
fvcd  from  the  tables  hevetolorc 


ITWu    Wheat  waa  7/.  pnr  qoiirtor. 

1797.  Sus|)cnsii)n  (if  s|>ccie  |iii\  ineiilg  by  Bank  nf  rnijIaiKl. 

1798.  Soasniis  less  iiiifaviiiirarilt'. 

1799  anil  lf*00.    Hail  seasons,  crup  slinri  oiic>  I'Diirtli  in  1790.  and  a  scarcity  of  bread  corn  in  1800. 

ISOI.     Oond  cro|),  fullciwcil  liy  pearo  in  1M)2. 

If'fl2  and  1H03.     (J.mkI  siiasons,  avrraL'i'  cnips  ;  war  roroiniMiMicnil  May  IS03. 

18(11  and  IHO'i.  Scarcilv  in  Spain  ;  di'liticnt  iriip  in  i;n(!lanil  in  lh04;  avi'rago  crops  in  1S05,  '6,  and 
•7;  IH03to  1H15;  second  war  willi  franco. 

ISOS.     Partially  deficient  crops  ;  act  of  I'arliamenl  restrictins  nentral  trade. 

1H08,  1809.     Einliarmi  in  II.  S.  .Inne  0;  peaci;  willi  .Spain  ;  liieat  ileficieiicy  in  Kngiand. 

1810.     Good  crops  in  England  ;  1811  deficit'iicy. 

1812  ami  1813.  War  between  Aincriua  and  Kngiand;  favourable  crops  in  England,  but  currency 
depreciated. 

1814.  War  between  England  and  America  ;  nearly  an  averane  crop,  but  creat  import, and  decreas* 
of  charges  of  prndnclion,  coiisecinent  on  peace  ;  hanks  in  the  I'niteil  Stales  suspend  specie  payments. 

1815.  Honaparte  surrendered  himself  to  the  lliiglish,  .luly  15;  peace  between  America  aiid  Eng- 
land ;  full  average  crops  in  Ensrlainl. 

1810.  Hank  of  England  partially  resumes  specie  payments ;  peace  ;  great  and  general  deficiency 
of  crops. 

1817,  1818.  Not  exceeding  an  average  crop;  the  ports  open  from  November  1818  to  February  1819, 
teaviiigon  hand  1,000,000  quarter*  of  wheat;  1817  lianks  in  the  United  States  resumed  specie  pay- 
ments. 

1819.  Somewhat  below  an  average  crop. 

1820.  Hank  of  England  resunnid  issuing  gold.     Exceeding  an  average  crop, 

1821.  '22.     Average  crops  ;  isa.i,  scarcity. 

1624.    An  average,  and  nearly  an  average  in  1825. 

1826  and  1827.     Average  crop. 

1828.    Scarcity;  1829,  averairo  crop. 

1830.    Full  average  crop,  and  1831  nearly  an  averaie. 

1832,  '33  and  '34,     Above  an  average  crop,  and  183.')  considerably  above. 

1836.  Above,  and  1837  billow  an  average  ;  in  1835  a  revolution  in  Spain.  December  IC,  18.15,  great 
fire  in  New  York  ;  war  between  Mi'xico  and  Texas,  revolution  at  Lisbon. 

1830,  18,37.     Crops  in  the  United  States  short— importations  of  foreiin  Hour,  wheat,  and  potatoes. 

1837.  Ureal  commercial  embarrassments  in  the  United  States;  suspension  of  specie  payments  by 
the  banks  of  New  York,  May  10;  by  others  soon  after;  e.xlra  meeting  of  Congress;  troubles  in 
Canada. 

1838.  Specie  payments  resumed  in  the  United  States. 

The  following  statement  will  show  some  facts  respecting  the  early  exports  and  prices  of 
flour  and  wheat  in  Pennsylvania. 

F.zporls  of  Flour. 


t7'2!) 

35,438  baiTds 

r 

at 

III.  bd. 

per  cwt. 

equal  to 

D.2 

57 

17M 

t7M 

38,570      ilo. 

10    6 

do. 

do. 

2 

4.> 

1730 

1731 

B(j,639      do. 

S    0 

do. 

do. 

1 

aa 

1731 

1749 

C7,092      ilo. 

16    6 

do. 

do. 

3 

SI 

1749 

17.iO 

»i,09i      do. 

12    6 

do. 

do. 

2 

92 

17:-)0 

17il 

I0S,695      dn. 

12    0 

do. 

do 

2 

SO 

17,il 

I77t 

25-2,744      do. 

1771 

\ni 

2.<4,872      do. 

av 

enge    2 

74 

1772 

1773 

205,967      do. 

1773 

F.zports 

of 

nil  cat. 

71.500  buslicU 

at 

Sn.  lid. 

or  47  cents. 

37,(i43     do. 

3     4 

•14    do. 

53,3J6      do. 

2   6 

33    do. 

4'i,775      do. 

S   3 

70     do. 

S6,745      do. 

4    0 

W    do. 

7e,s-n    do. 

8  10 

51     do. 

)li;  season. 


Upon  comparing  the  preceding  statement  with  the  tables,  it  appears,  that  for  the  last  eight 
years,  the  exports  of  wheat  from  the  whole  United  States,  were  not  as  great  as  they  wer« 
from  Pennsylvania  alone  100  years  ago  ;  nor  with  only  two  exceptions,  will  they  exceed,  in 
the  last  25  years,  the  exports  from  Pennsylvania  60  years  ago.  And  the  exjiorts  of  (lour 
for  the  last  3  years  from  the  United  States,  are  not  double  the  amount  of  exports  of  that 
article  from  Pennsylvania  60  years  ago ;  while  the  average  prices  of  both  articles  have 
increased  probably  three  or  four  fold.  Upon  comparing  the  exports  of  flour  in  the  table,  we 
find  the  exports  for  the  last  few  years  less  than  they  were  50  years  ago  ;  and  that  for  several 
years,  with  a  few  exceptions,  there  has  been  a  gradual  diminution  in  the  tjuantity  of  e.vporla 
of  this  article.  On  the  other  hand,  viewing  the  inspections  from  the  same  districts  of  the 
United  States,  we  find  that  they  average  nearly  alike  for  the  last  10  years,  rather  diminishing, 
however,  than  increasing  in  quantity.         *         *         *         * 

It  appears  to  us  important  that  more  attention  should  be  paid  by  the  slates,  if  not  by  the 
general  government,  to  the  inspections  of  flour,  as  a  means  of  ascertainiii'j;  more  nearly  than 
can  now  he  done,  the  actual  consumption  of  the  country.  It  is  true,  that  from  the  inspections 
we  can  form  no  very  correct  idea  of  the  consumption,  as  vast  quantities  of  the  flour  eoiisumed, 
even  in  the  cities,  are  not  inspected,  as  is  also  nearly  all  that  is  consumed  in  the  interior  of  the 
country.  But,  as  a  census  is  to  be  taken  next  year,  may  not  some  provision  be  made  for 
ascertaining  the  number  of  mills  and  their  operations  during  the  present  year  ]  also  of  the 
quantity  of  wheat  grown  1 

The  comparative  price  of  flour  has,  by  some  political  economists,  been  considered  a  good 
test  of  the  value  of  money  at  different  periods ;  if  it  be  so,  the  preceding  data  enahle  us  to 
furnish  the  following  comparison. 

We  have  shown  that  prices  in  Pennsylvania,  at  difllerent  periods,  from  1729  to  1751, 
averaged  $2  74  per  barrel,  at  which  rate  $1  would  purchase  71  53-100  pounds;  and  the 
average  from  1790  to  the  present  time,  is  $7  43,  at  which  rate  Si  would  purchase  only 
26  41-100  pounds,  the  former  being  1  40-100  cent  per  pound,  and  the  latter  3  78-100  cents 
ptir  pound  ;  showing  money  to  be  less  available  now  for  the  purchase  of  this  most  important 
article  of  subsistence  in  the  proportion  of  nearly  three  to  one.  But  on  referring  to  the  table, 
it  will  appear  that  the  highest  prices  and  greatest  exports  arose  from  demands  for  Europe." 

Vol.  I.— 3  M 


1 1 


it' 


686 


FLOUR. 


I 
i    I 


as 


1^ 


o 


■> 


» 


^— '   (^   ^     ff    '^^   ^—    '^ 

T  e*?  o  cQ  o  o  o 


c  "T  c;  w  --  •— ■  ^  I-  M  w  ~  CI  c  If:  I-  — ■  I - 

c>i  — I  o  -^  c*  5*:  o  o  e^  '-o  I—  c;  s^  x  j^  -^  o 


«  M  I'  m  (o  w  X  o  o  o  o  o  o  ("^  cr>  ^  »;  I--  c:  'Ti 
I  -  cr.  I  -  u-.  3i  1^  —  o  CJ  o  ic  o  /.  — •  —  *-  ^  ti  '-i  (Tj 

^^  O^  O^  »C^  -^^  0_  X;^  O  Ci  C^  P3^  C;^  «  C-^  M ,  --^  ^;  '-T,  ^^  'C 

oTtD  tooD'og -T^i-^o  i-^c~o  tyTcr'/To  ®  "  *■;  £t  L: 


»:::59r::'}SiG?^:::r'ri 


5  'N  -C  (r»  ?>  C»  O  t  <i  Vt<  rjc,  C^  :/)  C>-.  5  'JO  in  CO  X;  o 

5  Oj^CC  •3' »o  —  (N  t- 3  ^^"^^^^'-o  I-;";,*";— "^^i  I- 


I  ji 


FOOT— FREIGHT. 


687 


-  V    •  «-;  —  —  (7»  ^  •'^  f ' 

"^  l"  "   -n  ^  I—  Ti    Li   *■■ 


I    I 


no  1 


p|  i  8  S  ?^  >"  '^  -^ ""  '^  "■ 
ITo  o  o  o  '■J  2  r^  fi  '^"i  5  ri 


FOOT,  a  measure  of  length,  consisting  of  12  inches. — (See  WKifjiiTs  A^n  Mkasi'iiks,) 
FORESTALLING,  the  buying  or  contracting  for  any  cattle,  provision,  or  merchandise, 
on  its  way  to  the  market,  or  dissuading  persons  from  buying  their  goods  there,  or  persuading 
Ihem  to  raise  the  price,  or  spreading  any  false  rumour  with  intent  to  enhance  the  value  of 
any  article.  Several  statutes  had  from  time  to  time  been  passed,  prohil)iting  forestalling 
under  severe  penalties.  But  as  more  enlarged  views  upon  such  subjects  began  to  prevail, 
the  impolicy  of  these  statutes  became  obvious.  They  were  conse(iucntly  repealed  in  1772. 
But  forestalling  is  still  punishable  at  common  law  by  fme  and  imprisonment.  It  is  doubtful, 
however,  whether  any  jury  would  now  convict  an  individual  accused  of  such  practices. — 
(  Wealth  of  Nufions,  vol.  ii.  p.  409.) 
FRANKINCENSE.     See  Rosix. 

FREIGHT,  the  sum  paid  by  the  merchant  or  other  person  hiring  a  ship,  or  part  of  a 
ship,  for  the  use  of  such  ship  or  part,  during  a  specified  voyage  or  for  a  specified  time. 

The  freight  is  most  commonly  fixed  by  the  charterparty — (see  CiiAiiTKui'AnTY)  —  or 
bill  of  lading  —  (see  Bill  of  Lauino)  :  but  in  the  absence  of  any  formal  stipulations  on 
the  subject,  it  would  be  due  according  to  the  custom  or  usage  of  trade. 

In  the  case  of  a  charterparty,  if  the  stipulated  payment  be  a  gross  sum  for  an  entire  ship, 
or  an  enfire  part  of  a  ship,  for  the  whole  voyage,  the  gross  sum  will  be  payable  a'though  the 
merchant  has  not  fully  laden  the  ship.  And  if  a  certain  sum  be  stipulated  for  every  ton,  or 
other  portion  of  the  ship's  capacity,  for  the  whole  voyage,  the  payment  must  be  according  to 
the  number  of  tons,  &c.  which  the  ship  is  proved  capable  of  containing,  without  regard  to 
the  quantity  actually  put  on  board  by  the  merchant.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  iiiorchant 
have  stipulated  to  pay  a  certain  sum  per  cask  or  bale  of  goods,  the  payment  must  be,  in  the 
first  place,  according  to  the  number  of  casks  and  bales  shipped  and  delivered ;  and  if  ho 
have  further  covenanted  to  furnish  a  complete  lading,  or  a  specific  number  of  casks  or  bales, 
and  failed  to  do  so,  ho  must  make  good  the  loss  which  the  owners  have  sustained  by  his 
failure. 

If  an  entire  ship  be  hired,  and  the  burden  thereof  be  expressed  in  tlic  charterparty,  and 
the  merchant  bind  himself  to  pay  a  certain  sum  for  every  ton,  &c.  i.f  goods  which  he  shall 
laile  on  board,  but  does  not  bind  himself  to  furnish  a  complete  lading,  the  owners  can  only 
demand  payment  for  the  quantity  of  goods  actually  shipped.  But  if  the  merchant  agree  to 
load  a  full  and  complete  cargo,  tliough  the  ship  be  described  as  of  less  burden  than  shi' 
really  is,  the  merchant  must  load  a  full  cargo,  according  to  the  real  burden  of  the  ship,  and 
he  will  be  liable  for  freight  according  to  what  ought  to  be  loaded. 

The  delivery  of  goods  at  the  place  of  destination  is  in  general  necessary  to  entitle  the 
owner  to  freight ;  but  with  respect  to  living  animals,  whether  men  or  cattle,  which  may 
frequently  die  during  the  voyage,  without  any  fault  or  neglect  of  the  persons  belonging  to 
the  ship,  it  is  ruled,  that  if  there  bo  no  express  a'^recmcnt  whether  the  freight  is  to  be  paid 
for  the  lading,  or  for  the  transporting  them,  freight  shall  bo  paid  as  well  for  the  dead  as  for 
the  living:  if  the  agreeni''  ,t  be  to  pay  freight  for  the  ladinir,  then  death  certainly  cannot 
tlcprivc  the  owners  of  the  freight ;  but  if  the  agreement  be  to  pay  freight  for  tranxportlns; 
them,  then  no  freight  is  due  for  those  that  die  on  the  voyage  because  as  to  them  the  contract 
is  not  performed.  These  distinctions  have  been  made  in  the  civil  law,  and  have  been 
adopted  into  the  modern  systems  of  maritime  law. 

Freight  is  most  frequently  contracted  to  be  paid  either  by  the  whole  voyage,  or  by  the 
month,  or  other  time.  In  the  former  case  the  owners  take  upon  themselves  the  chance  of 
the  voyage  being  long  or  short:  but  in  the  latter  the  risk  of  the  duration  falls  upon  tho 
merohaiit;  and  if  no  time  be  fixed  for  the  commencement  of  the  computation,  it  will  biggin 
from  tlie  day  on  which  the  ship  breaks  ground  and  commences  her  voyage,  and  will  con- 
tinue during  the  whole  course  of  the  voyage,  and  during  all  unavoidable  delays  not 
occiisloited  by  the  act  or  neglect  of  the  owners  or  master,  or  by  such  circumstances  as  occa- 
sion a  suspension  of  the  contract  for  a  particular  period.  Tlius,  the  freight  will  be  payable 
for  the  time  consumed  in  necessary  repairs  during  a  voyage,  provided  it  do  not  ajipcar  that 
the  ship  was  insufficient  at  the  outset,  or  that  there  was  any  improper  delny  in  repairing  her. 
In  ihe  absence  of  an  express  contract  to  the  contrary,  the  entire  freight  is  not  earned  until 
t!in  whole  cargo  be  ready  for  delivery,  or  has  been  delivered  to  tho  consignee,  according 
to  the  contract  for  its  conveyance. 

If  a  consignee  receive  goods  in  pursuance  of  the  usual  bill  of  lading,  by  which  it  is 
Mprrsscd  that  he  is  to  pay  the  freight,  he  by  such  receipt  makes  himself  delitor  for  the 
iVfight  and  may  be  sued  for  it.  But  a  person  who  is  only  an  agent  for  the  consignor,  and 
who  is  known  to  the  master  to  he  acting  in  that  character,  docs  nut  make  himself  personally 
answerable  for  the  freight  by  receiving  the  goods,  although  he  also  eniors  them  in  his  own 
name  at  the  Custom-house. 

In  some  cases  freight  is  to  be  paid,  or  rather  nn  equivalent  reconi|)rnce  made  to  the 
owners,  although  the  goods  have  not  been  deliviTcd  at  the  ])Iaco  of  destinution,  and  tl'ough 
the  contract  for  conveyance  be  not  strictly  peifarnuHl.  Thus,  if  part  of  the  cargo  be  thrown 
overboard  for  the  necessary  preservation  of  the  ship  and  the  remainder  of  the  goods,  and  tho 


688 


FREIGHT. 


ft 

a 

■J- 

f 


■  +  > 


t 


»■■ 


>v  A'- 


ship  afterwards  reuch  tlio  place  of  dostiiiiitioii,  tin-  value  of  this  part  is  to  be  answered  to  the 
niorchaiit  by  way  of  general  averau;i',  and  the  valiii'  of  the  freight  thereof  allowed  to  the 
owner.  So,  if  the  master  be  couii)elled  by  nccvsisity  to  sell  a  part  of  the  cargo  for  victuals  or 
repairs,  the  owners  must  pay  to  the  merchant  the  price  which  the  goods  would  have  fetched 
at  the  place  of  destinuliun  ,•  and,  therefore,  arc  allowed  to  rharge  the  merchant  with  the 
money  that  would  have  been  due  if  they  had  been  conveyed  thither. 

When  goods  are  deteriorated  during  the  voyage,  the  merchant  is  entitled  to  a  compen- 
sation, provided  the  deterioration  has  proceeded  from  the  fault  or  neglect  of  the  master  or 
mariners ;  and  of  course  he  is  not  answerable  for  the  freiglit,  unless  he  accept  the  goods, 
except  by  way  of  deduction  from  the  amount  of  the  comiHjnsation.  On  the  other  hand,  it^ 
the  deterioration  has  proceeded  from  a  principle  of  decay  naturally  inherent  in  the  commodity 
itself,  whether  active  in  every  situation,  or  in  the  confinement  and  closeness  of  a  ship,  or 
from  the  perils  of  the  sea,  or  tlie  act  of  God,  the  merchant  must  bear  the  loss  and  pay  the 
freight ;  for  the  master  and  owners  arc  in  no  fault,  nor  does  their  contract  contain  any 
nsurance  or  warranty  against  such  an  event.  In  our  West  India  trade,  the  freight  of  sugar 
a!id  midasses  is  usually  regulated  by  the  weight  of  the  casks  at  the  port  of  delivery  here, 
which,  in  fact,  is  in  every  instance  less  than  the  weight  at  the  time  of  the  shipment;  and, 
therefore,  the  loss  of  freight  occasioned  by  the  leakage  necessarily  falls  upon  the  owners  of 
the  ship  by  the  nature  of  the  contract. 

DilftTont  opinions  have  been  entertained  by  Valin,  Pothicr,  and  other  great  authorities  aa 
to  maritime  law,  with  respect  to  the  expediency  of  allowing  the  merchant  to  a!)andon  his 
goods  for  freight  in  the  event  of  their  being  damaged.  This  cpu'stion  has  not  been  judicially 
decided  in  this  country.  "  The  only  point,"  says  Lord  Tcndcrden,  "  intended  to  be  proposed 
i'v  me  as  doubtful,  is  the  right  to  abandon  for  freight  alone  at  the  port  of  destination :  and  in 
point  of  practice,  I  have  l)cen  informed  that  this  right  is  never  claimed  in  this  country."  — 
{L(uc  iif  Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  7.) 

Freight  being  the  return  made  for  the  conveyance  of  goods  or  passengers  to  a  particular 
destination,  no  claim  arises  for  its  payment  in  the  event  of  a  total  loss ;  and  it  is  laid  down 
by  Lord  Mansfield,  that  "  in  case  of  a  total  K  .-s  with  salvage,  the  merchant  may  either  take 
the  part  saved,  or  abandon." — (j4iiy//,  part  iii.  c.  7.)  But  after  the  merchant  has  made 
his  election,  he  must  abide  by  it. 

It  often  happens  that  a  ship  is  hired  by  a  charterparty  to  sail  from  one  port  to  another, 
and  thence  back  to  the  first —  as,  for  example,  from  London  to  Leghorn,  and  from  Jjeghorn 
back  to  London  —  at  a  certain  sum  to  be  paid  for  every  month  or  other  period  of  the  duration 
of  the  employment.  Upon  such  a  contract,  if  the  ivhok  he  one  entire  vvi/ugc,  and  the  ship 
sail  in  safety  to  IiCghorn,  and  there  deliver  the  goods  of  the  merchant,  and  take  others  on 
board  to  be  brought  to  London,  but  hap|)en  to  be  lost  in  her  return  thither,  nothing  is  due 
for  freight,  although  the  merchant  has  had  the  benefit  of  the  voyage  to  Leghorn:  but,  if 
the  outward  and  homeward  mj/agcs  he  di.fttnct,  freight  will  be  due  for  the  proportion  of 
the  time  employed  in  the  outward  voyage.  "  If,"  said  Lord  Mansfield,  in  a  case  of  this  sort, 
"  there  be  one  entire  voyage  out  and  in,  and  the  ship  be  cast  away  on  the  homeward  voyage, 
no  freight  is  due  ;  no  wages  arc  due,  because  the  whole  profit  is  lost ;  and  by  express  agree- 
ment the  parties  may  make  the  outward  and  homeward  voyages  one.  Nothing  is  more 
common  than  two  voyages  :  ivhererer  there  are  two  voyages,  and  one  is  perfinned,  antl  the 
ship  is  lost  on  the  homeward  voyage,  freight  is  due  for  the  first." —  {K.  B.  Trin.  Term,  16 
Geo.  3.) 

It  freijuently  happens  that  the  master  or  owner  fails  to  complete  his  contract,  either  by  not 
delivering  the  whole  goods  to  the  consignee  or  owner,  or  by  delivering  them  at  a  place  short 
of  their  original  destination ;  in  these  cases,  if  the  owner  or  consignee  of  the  goods  rfmre 
any  Ijcnr/tf  from  their  conveyance,  he  is  liable  to  the  payment  of  freight  according  to  the 
proportion  of  the  voyage  performed,  or  pro  rata  ilincris  peracti ;  and  though  contracts  of 
this  nature  be  frequently  entire  and  indivisible,  and  the  master  or  owner  of  the  ship  cannot, 
from  their  nature,  sue  thereon,  and  recover  a  rateable  fi  eight,  ox  prorata  itineris ;  yet  he 
may  do  so  upon  a  fresh  implied  contract,  for  as  much  as  he  deserves  to  have,  unless  there  be 
an  express  clause  in  the  original  charterparty  or  cintract  to  the  contrary.  A  fresh  implied 
contract  is  inferred  from  the  owner's  or  consignee's  acceptance  of  the  goods.  Many  di/n. 
culties  have,  indeed,  arisen  in  deciding  as  to  what  shall  amount  to  an  acceptance  :  it  is  not, 
however,  necessary  actually  to  receive  the  goods ;  acceptance  may  ho.  made  by  the  express 
or  im{)lied  directions,  and  with  the  consent,  of  the  owner  or  consignee  of  the  goods,  but  not 
otherwise. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  the  owner  of  the  ship,  who  is  originally  entitled  to  the  freight, 
sells  or  otherwise  disposes  of  his  interest  in  the  ship  ;  where  a  chartered  ship  is  sold  before 
the  voyage,  the  vendee,  and  not  the  vendor,  or  party  to  whom  he  afterwards  assigns  tlie 
chartirpany,  is  entitled  to  the  freight.  13ut  where  a  ship  has  been  sold  during  the  voyage, 
the  owner,  with  whom  a  covenant  to  pay  freight  has  been  made,  is  entitled  to  the  freight, 
and  not  the  vendee.  A  mortgagee  who  does  not  take  possession,  is  not  entitled  to  the 
freight. 


FRUIT— FUNDS. 


689 


Is  to  he  finswcre'l  to  the 
thereof  aUowcd  to  the 
\io  carRo  for  victuals  or 
'oas  WOUUI  have  fetched 
the  merchant  wub  the 

is  entitled  to  a  compen- 
e.Tlect  of  the  master  or 
S3  lie  acce\it  the  rooGs, 
On  the  other  hand,  if 
ihercntinthecommoJity 
111  closeness  of  a  ship,  or 
bear  the  loss  and  pay  the 
leir  contract  contam  any 
rade,  the  freight  of  sugar 
[he  port  of  delivery  here, 
ac  of  the  shipment;  and, 
falls  upon  the  owners  of 

1  other  great  authorities  as 
e  merchant  to  al)andon  his 
tion  has  not  hecii  judicially 
,  «'  intended  to  he  proposed 
port  of  destination:  and  in 
aimed  in  this  country.  - 

r  passengers  to  a  particular 
alloss;  and  it  is  laid  down 
.'  merchant  may  either  take 
er  the  merchant  has  made 

ill  from  one  port  to  another, 
Leghorn,  and  from  l.v^\mn 
r  other  period  of  the  duraunn 
e  mtlrc  voijage,  and  the  ship 
Merchant,  and  take  others  on 
rturn  thither,  nothmg  is  due 
voyage  to  Leghorn:  but,  ij 
be  due  for  the  proportion  o« 
insfield,  inacaseofthissort, 
av  on  the  homeward  voyage, 
dost;   and  hy  express  agrcc- 
.asesone.     Nothing  is  more 
l„done/.sper/-r",er/,aiullhe 
'  "  __  (K.  B.  Tnn.  lerm,  16 

Icte  his  contract,  either  by  not 
llivering  them  at  a  place  short 
ponsignec  of  the  goods  dcme 
U  of  freight  according  to  the 
\ti  ■  and  though  contracts  ot 
I  or  owner  of  the  ship  cannot, 
I  or  pro  r«/r)i//«e'-'s.-y«^t  he 
fcerves  to  have,  unless  there  be 

Ic  contrary.  A  f^-^:';  '"^l'.',^f 
L  of  the  goods.  Many  m- 
lu  to  an  acceptance  :  it  is  not, 
1  may  l«  made  hy  the  express 
lonsigncc  of  the  goods,  but  not 

Linally  cnlillod  to  the  freight, 
Ta  chartered  ship  is  sold  before 
L  he  afterwards  assigns  Uie 
f  been  sold  d-<W"A' the  voya^. 
[vide,  is  entitled  to  the  freight, 
Eon.  i.  not  entitled  to  the 


The  time  and  manner  of  paying  freight  arc  frequently  regulated  by  express  stipulations 
in  a  chartcr[)arty,  or  otlicr  wriltcu  ciintrart ;  niul  when  that  is  the  case,  tliey  nnist  bo  respected ; 
but  if  there  be  no  express  stipulation  contrary  to  or  inconsistent  with  tlie  right  of  lioi,  the 
goods  remain  as  security  till  tiie  freight  is  paid ;  for  the  master  is  not  bound  to  deliver  them, 
or  any  jiart  of  them,  without  payment  of  the  freight  and  other  charges  in  respect  thereof, 
but  the  master  cannot  detain  llic  cargo  on  board  the  vessel  till  these  payments  be  made,  as 
the  merchant  wouM,  in  that  case,  have  no  opportunity  of  examining  the  condition  of  tho 
goods.  In  England,  tho  practice  is,  when  the  master  is  doid)tful  of  payment,  to  send  such 
<40ods  as  are  not  recpiired  to  be  landed  at  any  particular  wharf,  to  a  public  wharf,  ordering 
the  wharfinger  not  to  part  witli  them  till  the  freight  and  other  charges  are  paid.  No  right 
of  lien  for  freight  can  exist,  unless  the  freight  be  earned  ;  if  the  freightei'  or  a  stranger  pre- 
vent the  freight  from  l)ecorning  due,  the  ship  owner  or  master's  remedy  is  by  action  of 
damages. 

(For  further  information  and  details  with  respect  to  this  subject,  sec  tho  art.  Ohatiter- 

PAiiTT,  in  this  Dictionary;  yliW/ (Lord  Tenterden)  on  the   haw  of  Sh'ipjiin^,  part  iii. 

c.  7. ;  Cli'itttfs  Coininerciul  Law,  vol.  iii.  c.  9. ;  Miillni  de  Jure Muritlmo, book  ii.  c.  4. ;  iVc.) 

[The  American  reader  may  have  recourse  with  great  advantage,  for  information  on  the 

subject  of  freight,  to  KcnCx  Caiiimnilitri/  idi  Aniericiin  Law,  Lecture  47th.  —  Am.  Ed.] 

FIJI  JIT  (iier.Ohnl,  Frikhle,-  Du.  Onff ,.  Ft.  Fruif ,-  h.  Fmlla,  Frultc ,-  Sp.  Fntta,' 
Rus.  Owosclihch  ,•  Lat.  Fniduin).  This  appellation  is  bestowed  by  commercial  men  ui)OU 
those  species  of  fruit,  such  as  oranges,  lemons,  almonds,  raisins,  currants,  apples,  &c.,  which 
constitute  articles  of  importation  from  foreign  countries. 

FULLER'S  EARTH  (Ger.  Widkercrde ;  Du.  Yolllurdc ;  Fr.  Terre  a  fnuhn  .■  It.  Terra 
da  punrutori ;  Sp.  Tierra  de  bafiin  ,-  Rus.   Schiffcrnaia ;  iiAt.  Torn  fill /onu  in),  a  species 
of  clay  of  a  greenish  white,  greenish  grey,  olive  and  oil  green,  and  sometimes  spotted  colour. 
It  is  usually  opaque,  very  soft,  and  feels  greasy.     It  is  used  by  fullers  to  take  grease  out  of 
doth  before  they  apply  the  soap.     The  best  is  found  in  Buckinghamshire  and  Surrey. 
When  good  it  has  a  greenish  white,  or  greenish  grey  colour,  falls  into  powder  in  water, 
appears  to  melt  on  the  tongue  like  butter,  communicates  a  milky  hue  to  water,  and  deposits 
very  little  sand  when  mixed  with  boiling  water.     The  remarkable  detersive  property  on 
woollen  cloth  depends  on  the  alumina,  which  should  be  at  least  one  fifth  of  the  whole,  but 
not  much  more  than  one  fourth,  lest  it  become  too  tenacious.  —  {T/ioiu.iini's  C/icinlstn/  ,• 
Jainesun^s  Mincralogi/.)     Malcolm,  in  his  Stirvci/  of  Siirrei/,  published  in  1809,  says  that  ho 
took  considerable    'ains  in  endeavouring  to  ascertain  the  consumption  of  fuller's  earth,  and 
that  he  found  it  to  be  about  6,300  tons  a  year  lor  the  entire  kingdom,  of  which  about  4,000 
tons  were  furnished  by  Surrey. 
FUNDS  (PuiiLic),  the  name  given  to  the  public  funded  debt  due  by  government. 
The  practice  of  borrowing  money  in  order  to  defray  a  part  of  the  war  expenditure  began, 
in  this  country,  in  the  reign  of  William  III.     In  the  infancy  of  the  practice,  it  was  customary 
to  borrow  upon  the  security  of  some  tax,  or  portion  of  a  tax,  set  apart  as  a  fund  for  discharg- 
ing the  principal  and  interest  of  the  sum  borrowed.     This  discharga  was,  however,   very 
nrely  ellected.     The  public  exigencies  still  continuing,  the  loans  were,  in  most  cases,  either 
continued,  or  the  taxes  were  again  mortgaged  for  fresh  ones.     At  length  the  practice  of 
borrowing  for  a  fixed  period,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  termed,  upon  tcriiiiiiablc  annuities,  was 
almost  entirely  abandoned,  and  most  loiins  were  made  upon  Intermiuabk  annuities,  or  until 
such  time  as  it  might  be  convenient  for  government  to  pay  olfthe  principal. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  funding  system,  the  term  fund  meant  the  taxes  or  funds  appro- 
priated to  the  discharge  of  the  jjriucipal  and  interest  of  loans  ;  those  who  held  government 
securities,  and  sold  them  to  others,  selling,  of  course,  a  corresponding  claim  upon  some 
fund.  But  after  the  debt  began  to  grow  large,  and  the  practice  of  borrowing  upon  inter- 
minable annuities  had  been  introduced,  the  meaning  attached  to  the  term  fund  was  gra- 
dually changed ;  and  instead  of  signifying  the  security  upon  which  loans  were  advanced,  it 
has,  for  a  long  time,  signified  the  principal  of  the  loans  themselves. 

Owing  partly,  perhaps,  to  the  scarcity  of  disposable  capital  at  the  time,  but  far  more  to 
the  supposed  insecurity  of  the  Revolutionary  establishment,  the  rate  of  interest  paid  by 
government  in  the  early  part  of  the  funding  system  was,  comparatively,  high.  But  as  tho 
country  became  richer,  and  the  confidence  of  the  public  in  the  stability  oi  government  was 
increased,  ministers  were  enabled  to  take  measures  for  reducing  the  interest,  first  in  1716, 
andagiiin  in  1749. 

During  the  reigns  of  William  III.  and  Anne,  the  interest  stipulated  for  loans  was  very 
various.  But  in  the  reign  of  (Jeorge  II.  a  dillereiit  \  ractice  was  adopted.  Instead  of  varying 
till!  interest  upon  the  loan  according  to  the  state  of  the  money  market  at  the  time,  the  rate  of 
interest  was  generally  fixed  at  time  or  three,  and  a  half  per  cent. ;  the  necessary  variation 
being  made  in  the  princii)al  funded.  Thus,  suppose  government  were  anxious  to  borrow, 
that  they  preferred  borrowing  in  a  ;t  per  cent,  stock,  and  that  they  could  not  negociate  a  loan 
for  less  than  4A  per  cent. ;  they  ellected  their  object  by  giving  the  lender,  in  return  for  every 
100/.  advanced,  150/.  3  per  cent,  stock ;  that  is,  they  bound  the  country  to  pay  him  or  his 
3m  2  87 


690 


FUNDS. 


r  J 


'>'!'; 


'II' 


-■  I 


V      ■     1 
'n 


assignees  4/.  10s.  a  year  in  all  time  to  come,  or,  otherwise,  to  cxtiroiuish  the  ilebt  by  a  pay- 
ment of  150/.  In  consequence  of  the  j)rcvalciit'e  of  this  practice,  ic  principal  of  the  debt 
now  existing  amounts  to  nearly  two  Jiflhs  more  than  the  sum  actually  advanced  by  the 
lenders. 

Some  advantages  arc,  however,  derivable,  or  supposed  to  l)c  derivable,  from  this  system. 
It  renders  the  management  of  the  dcl)t,  and  its  transfer,  more  simple  and  lommodious  than 
it  would  have  been,  had  it  consisted  of  a  great  number  of  funds  bearing  tlilForent  rates  of 
interest:  and  it  is  contended,  that  the  greater  field  for  speculation  aflbrded  to  the  dealers  in 
stocks  bearing  a  low  rate  of  interest,  has  enabled  government  to  borrow,  by  funding  addi- 
tional  capitals,  for  a  considerably  less  payment  on  account  of  interest  than  would  have  been 
necessary  had  no  such  increase  of  capital  been  made. 

Were  tliiH  a  jiropor  placo  for  cnicrini:  upon  fiirli  disciissinns,  it  would  bo  easy  to  slinw  that  thn  ad- 
vanliigcs  now  referred  to  are  really  of  very  IriHiiifr  iniporlniice  ;  and  tliatllie  inetliodof  fnndinj;  by  an 
increase  nf  eapilal  lins  lieeii  a  iiiosi  iiiiprovidi'tit  one,  and  iiiiisl  injurious  to  the  piildic  Interests.  Hut 
it  would  lieipiile  foreign  from  Die  olijeilsiif  tills  work  to  enter  into  any  exaniliiatlouof  biicIi  (|ue»tlons: 
our  rcadi.TS  will,  however,  find  them  fully  investigated  in  an  artlrle  in  the  IKtd  No.  of  the  Kdiiibiivifh 
Revietr.  Here  we  have  merely  to  consider  funded  property,  or  government  aecurities,  as  transferable 
or  ninrki^tahle  coimnodities. 

It  would  be  foreign  to  the  object  of  this  work  to  enter  upon  any  examination  of  the  com- 
parative advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  funding  system.  Perhaps,  on  the  whole,  the 
latter  preponderate ;  though  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that  the  former  are  very  considerable.  The 
purchase  of  funded  property  atVords  a  ready  method  of  investment ;  and  as  neither  the  Bank 
of  England,  nor  any  of  the  London  private  banks,  allows  interest  upon  deposits,  it  is  plain 
that,  were  if  not  for  the  facilities  given  by  the  funds,  individuals  unable  to  employ  their 
savings  in  some  branch  of  business,  wouhl  derive  no  advantage  from  them,  unless  they  re- 
sorted to  the  hazardous  expedient  of  lending  upon  [irivate  credit.  In  Scotland,  where  the 
public  and  private  banks  are  universally  in  the  habit  of  allowing  interest  upon  deposits,  the 
advantages  o)  funded  investments  are  not  ([iiite  so  obvious,  though  probably  as  great;  for  it 
may  be  doubted  whether  the  banks  could  aftbrd  interest,  or  whether,  indeed,  they  could  be 
conducted  at  all,  without  the  aid  of  the  funds. 

An  Acenniil  of  the  Total  Nnmher  of  Persons  to  whom  a  ITalf  Year's  Dividend  was  due  at  the  last 
Half-yearly  Payment  thereof,  nn  eaeh  Deseription  of  Public  Stork,  and  on  each  Description  of 
Terminable  Annuities;  distinguishing  the  Number  ri'spectivciy  of  those  whose  Divideiuls  fur  the 
Half  Year  did  not  exceed  5/.,  ]()/.,  ML,  100/.,  '21)0/.,  3(10/.,  500/.,  1,000/.,  2,000/,,  .l.tlOO/.,  -l.Olin/.,  ,'),nno/., 
and  the  Number  of  those  whose  Dividends  e.xceed  5,000/. ;  distinguishing  also,  in  those  above  1  Olio/., 
the  Divideiuls  due  to  any  Public  Coinpanv,  or  to  more  than  a  single  Name. — (Pari.  Paper,  No.  -Jui. 
Sess.  1S;I3.) 


Not  exceeding 

If 

-~ 

fp 

l=S 

^ 

.>: 

'c  0 

.J 

■SO 

-J    I'cS 

Toul, 

5/. 

101. 

so;. 

loot 

200/. 

3001. 

5001. 

i 

g 

«     ■ 

§ 

-Jrt 

0     a    - 

•^ 

a 

=    0 

n 

A I 

-J- 

£« 

n-' 

Number    to    whom   divi- 

< 



■< 

— 

•«: 





cJphds  were  payable 

On  3/.   piT    cfiil.    re-  > 
diire<l  rtnnuiijps        •  \ 

10,317 

4,745 

Il,6,«l 

3,473 

2,175 

742 

453 

231 

53 

24 

9 

s 

s 

3 

12 

33,r,8 

On  a/.  IOj.   I'.T  cent.  }  ' 
reiiucfiJ  aiimiilifs     •  y 

7,019 

4,362 

10,173 

2,909 

1,561 

411 

251 

112 

15 

21 

5 

4 

nil 

1 

5 

26,849 

On  3/.  I0».   i-cr  cent,  t 
aiiiiuitii's  ISI8         - 1 

I9S 

162 

309 

211 

127 

57 

3S 

50 

3 

3 

nil 

nil 

nil 

1 

3 

1,232 

On  41.  jK'r  cent.  annui>{ 
tics.  I  Sit)                  .5 

>^* 

1,601 

993 

2.014 

512 

312 

92 

59 

15 

4 

1 

2 

1 

nil 

ml 

nil 

0,616 

On  Innt;  annuities 

9,078 

4.212 

S.38I 

1,516 

723 

IS7 

99 

34 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

nil 

24,221 
4,5.-3 

On  annuilka  for  terms  t 
of  ^  t-ars        -           ■  S  . 

1,519 

787 

1,632 

351 

ITS 

56 

32 

20 

4 

nil 

2 

nil 

nil 

nil 

2 

On  3/.  per  cpnt.  conso-  \  ' 

28,722 

13,749 

32,601 

9,612 

6,2S6 

2,141 

1,424 

7C9 

1.53 

18 

16 

20 

7 

13 

21 

95.55,i 

On  3/.  pi-r  cent,  annui-  } 

ISO 

- 

ISO 

40 

27 

4 

2 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

447 

Or    'U'W  3/.    lOf.   per ) 

1 

■ 

2G,8S1 

14,698 

29,370 

6,648 

3,1:9 

765 

431 

204 

28 

20 

4 

I 

2 

4 

9 

82,194 

On   WW   :')/.  per  cent.  ? 
annuities      -           -J 

3-. 

31 

107 

36 

20 

3 

4 

nil 

1 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

nil 

237 

On  ;iiiijii'i(.s  for  terms  ) 
of  jears        •            -  J  . 

1,(»6 

833 

1,757 

333 

2-..fi41 

161 

37 

34 

12 

1 

nil 

l.'il 

1 

' 

nil 

1 

8 

4,839 

Tntrtls   . 

ST.ITfi 

.t4.fi4^ 

"S.,7(r. 

1-1.701    4,.|p-i 

2,^2t 

1.367 

266 

40 

35 

'l' 

24 

6(1 

279.7M 

*  Diviilends  payable  lOtli  of  Ottoher.  t  Dividends  payable  on  .5tli  .lannarv.  ; 

The  preceding  account  of  the  number  of  dividend  warrants  issued  in  the  half  year  ending 
with  flie  ."ilh  of  January,  18:53,  is  a  very  important  document.  The  large  number  (87,17fi) 
of  holders  of  sums  not  producing  above  •'i/.  of  half  yearly  dividend,  is  principally  to  be 
ascribed  to  the  circumstances  already  mentioned  as  jieculiar  to  the  banking  system  of  ilic 
metropolis;  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  their  number  would  be  materially  diminished 
were  the  Scotch  system  adopted  in  it.s  stead.  It  is  evident  from  this  account,  that  the  num- 
ber of  persons  having  a  direct  interest  in  the  funds  is  nnieh  greater  than  it  rejiresents.  The 
dividends  on  the  funded  projieity  belonging  to  the  Eijuitable  and  other  insurance  companies, 
the  difu'rent  banking  ('oinpanics,  &c.  are  |iaid  upon  single  warrants,  as  if  they  were  due 
to  so  niaiiy  private  individuals;  whereas  thry  are.  really,  paid  to  these  individuals  only  k'- 
cause  they  act  as  factors  or  trustees  for  a  vast  number  more.    It  is  consequeiitlv  tjniti'  .JjsurJ 


FUNDS. 


691 


isli  the  debt  by  a  pay- 
,  nrinoipal  of  the  debt 
ually  advanced  by  the 

oMc,  from  this  flystem. 
,,nd  .ommodious  than 
arinc;  dilTercnt  rates  of 
(Torded  to  the  dealers  in 
rrow,  by  funding  addi- 
,t  than  would  have  been 

.  „a,v  to  show  thnt  tlio  ad- 

',,      iml)li.-  iiittTCBts.    Hut 

I'll  No   of  tli«  K(/l/i'""J,''> 

examination  of  the  com. 
.eilmp.,  on  the  whole,  the 
■e  very  considerable,    i  he 
•  and  as  neither  the  Bank 
t  upon  deposits  it  is  plam 
s  Lnable  to  employ  their 
rom  them,  unless  they  re- 
In  Scotland,  where  the 
/interest  upon  deposits  the 
„h  probably  as  great;  for  It 
rthcr,  indeed,  they  could  be 

Tiu-idcnd  was  due  at  llie  hst 
V  "'"'wl,o«ri  ivukM.as  fnr  the 


&BpaynWeo.,5tb.lu.mary.  ■, 

kued  in  the  h^lV''7«TlS 
1    The  hiTge  number  (,w  ^i  <nj 

Idividend,  is  primipally  t?  !>« 
ltothebanUinu:systemoftl>. 

lould  be  materially  diminished, 
t"  this  account,  that  the  num. 

loater  than  it  represents.  Ihe 
Ind  other  insurance  company. 
Larronts,  as  if  they  ^^ en  due 
ir  to  these  individuals  only  k- 
lit  is  consequently  .piito  .'.^surJ 


to  pretend,  as  is  sometimes  done,  that  iiny  interference  with  funded  property  would  ufTect 
only  280,000  individuals  out  of  a  population  of  2r),000,000.  Any  attack  upon  the  divi- 
dends would  really  be  destructive,  not  merely  of  the  interests  of  those  to  whom  dividend 
warrants  are  issued,  but  of  all  who  depend  upon  them  :  it  would  destroy  our  whole  system 
of  insurance  and  banking,  and  overspread  the  country  with  bankruptcy  and  ruin.  Not  only, 
therefore,  is  every  proposal  for  an  invasion  of  the  property  of  the  fundholders  bottomed  on 
injustice  and  robbery,  but  it  would,  were  it  acted  upon,  be  little  less  ruinous  to  the  commu- 
nity than  to  the  peculiar  class  intended  to  be  plundered. 

The  following  Table  has  been  calculated,  in  order  to  show  in  which  of  the  public  funds 
money  may  he  invested,  so  as  to  yield  the  greatest  interest.  It  gives  the  prices,  diil'ering  by 
1  per  cent,  from  50  to  93  for  3  per  cents.  &c.,  at  which  they  all  must  be,  to  yield  the  same 
interest ;  so  that,  supposing  the  3  per  cents,  to  be  at  80,  a  sum  invested  in  them,  or  in  the 
3i  per  cents.,  will  yield  the  same  interest,  provided  the  latter  be  at  935 :  if  the  3^  per  cents, 
be  beldw  this  sum,  it  will  of  course  be  more  advantageous,  in  so  far  at  least  as  interest  ia 
concerned,  to  invest  in  them  than  in  the  3  per  cents. ;  while,  if  they  be  above  93^,  it  will  be 
less  advantageous. 

To  get  the  true  value  of  the  different  funds  at  any  particular  period,  in  order  to  compare 
them  accurately  together,  it  is  necessary  to  deduct  from  each  tlie  amount  of  interest  accruing 
upon  it  from  the  payment  of  the  last  dividend. — (For  further  details,  sec  ante,  p.  87.  and 
p.  247.) 

Tabic  showing  tlic  Prices  tlii!  dilTiTont  Funds  must  he  at  to  produce  nn  equal  Interest ;  and  also  the 
annual  Interest  produced  l)y  100/.  Sterling  invested  at  any  of  those  Prices.  


SperCent. 
Prici'. 


3i  Vf 
rni 


Cent, 
rice. 


£ 

£  s. 

</. 

.')() 

M    0 

8 

ftl 

59  10 

0 

S3 

00  13 

4 

S3 

01   10 

8 

54 

03    0 

0 

S.-i 

fit    3 

4 

SC. 

Gj    0 

8 

S7 

00  10 

0 

5H 

07  13 

4 

59 

OS  10 

8 

60 

70    0 

0 

01 

71     3 

4 

fi'J 

72    0 

8 

0.1 

73  10 

0 

fit 

71  13 

4 

fi.'i 

75  10 

8 

00 

77    0 

0 

07 

78    3 

4 

OS 

79    0 

8 

fifl 

80  10 

0 

70 

81   13 

4 

71 

82  16 

8 

4  |>er  Cent. 
I'rice. 


5  [HT  Cent. 
Pl'ict;. 


Interest.     Sli'rLLiit.   SJ  per  Cent. 
I'rice.  Price. 


£   n.  d. 

()0  13  4 

08  0  0 

09  0  8 
70  13  4 

72  0  0 

73  6  8 

74  13  4 
70  0  0 

77  6  8 

78  13  4 
80  0  0 


£  .-■. 
83  0 


85  0  0 


81  6 

82  13 

84  0 

85  6 

86  13 

88  0  0 

89  6  9 

90  13  4 

92  0  0 

93  0  8 

91  13  4 


80  13  4 

88  0  8 

90  0  0 

91  13  4 
93  6  8 
95  0  0 
90  13  4 
98  6  8 


100  0  0 


101  13 
103  6 


105  0  0 


100  13  4 

108  6  8 

110  0  0 

111  13  4 
113  0  8 

115  0  0 

116  13  4 
118  6  8 


£  s.  d 
0  0  0 
5  17 
5  15 
5  13 
5  U 
5 
5 

5  5 
5  3 
5  1 
5  0  0 
4  18  4 
4  10  9 
4  15  2 
4  13  8 
4  12  3 
4  10  10 
4  9  6 
4  8  2 
4  0  U 
4  5  8 
4  4  6 


4 
2 
1 

9  0 
7  1 
3 
5 

8 


£ 

72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 


£  s.  d. 

84  0  0 

85  3  4 

86  8  8 

87  10  0 

88  13  4 

89  10  8 

91  0  0 

92  3  4 

93  0  8 

94  10  0 

95  13  4 

96  10  8 

98  0  0 

99  3  4 

100  6  8 

101  10  0 

102  13  4 

103  10  8 

105  0  0 

106  3  4 

107  6  8 

108  10  0 


4  per  Cent. 
Price. 


5  per  Cent. 
Price. 


£  s. 
'.Ki  0 
<V7  6 
98  13 

100  0 

101  6 

102  13 
101  0 
105  6 
lOti  13 

108  0 

109  0 

110  13 

112  0 

113  6 

114  13 
110  0 

117  6 

118  13 

120  0 

121  6 

122  13 
124  0 


</.  £ 

0  120 


Intereit. 


121 

123 
125 
120 
1 28 
1.10 
131 
1;j3 

i:<5 

130 
138 
110 
141 
143 
14) 

i;o 

118 
0  1 150 
8  1 151 
4  1153 
0  il55 


s.  d.  1 

0  0  1 

13  4  I 

0  8 

0  0 

13  4 

0  8 

0  0 


3 

2 

1 

0 

3  18  11 
3  17  11 
3  10  11 
3  15  11 
3  15    0 


0 

0 

3  14    0 

13 

4 

3  13    2 

0 

8 

3  12    3 

0 

0 

3  11     5 

13 

4 

3  10    7 

0 

8 

3    9    9 

0 

0 

3    8  11 

13 

4 

3    8    2 

fi 

8 

3    7    4 

0 

0 

3    0    8 

13 

4 

3    5  11 

6 

8 

3    5    2 

0 

0 

3    4    6 

The  fidlowing  is  an  account  of  the  progress  of  the  National  Debt  of  Great  Britain,  from  the  Re- 
volution to  the  present  time  :— 

Account  of  the  Principal  and  Annual  Charge  of  the  Public  Debt  since  the  Revolution.* 


Dfbt  at  the  Revnlulinn,  in  I6S9  -  ■ 

Eiceji  of  debt  contracted  durinft  the  reign  of  William  III.  above  debt  paid  off     • 

Ilebt  at  tlie  accession  of  Queen  Anne,  in  1702  ...... 

Delit  contracted  during  Queen  Anne's  reign    ..-■.-- 

Dflit  at  Itie  accession  of  Cieorjte  I.,  in  1714      ....... 

Debt  paid  oil*  during  the  reign  of  George  I.,  above  debt  contracted 

Del)t  at  Ihe  accession  of  George  II.,  in  1727    -.-..-. 
Debt  conincled  from  ilie  accession  of  George  II.  till  Ihe  peace  of  Paris  iu  1763,  three  years  after 
tbe  accessiua  of  George  III.  ......... 

Debl ;  ,  ITC.1       -  -  -        _ 

Pai.t  uiiriii<  peace,  from  1763  to  177j  ......  .  .  - 

Debt  at  llie  roninienrenipnt  of  the  American  war,  in  1773    ...... 

Dfbt  iv.nlraded  during  tbe  American  war      ........ 

Debt  at  llie  conclusicui  of  Ihe  American  war,  iu  1784  ...... 

I'aiJ  during  pcice,  fi-onl  178-1  to  1793  ........ 

Drbt  at  tin'  coinmen  enii'nt  of  the  French  war,  in  1793       ...... 

Debt  c'jnlrarle.1  doling  llie  Freucll  war  ........ 

Tohl  fniiicil  an  1  unlun i(il  debt  on  the  Ist  of  Fcbmar}',  1817,  when  the  English  and  Irish  ex- 
cbeiiuers  were  consoliilalefl  .-•-..•■.- 

I   Debt  cancelled  from  the  1st  of  February,  1817,  to  5lh  of  January,  1836       .... 

Debl,  anJ  charge  thereon,  5th  of  January,  1836         •■ .  ■  -^ 


Principal, 
FiiikIcI  :iui 
I'nlun.lid. 


Interest 

and  Manage* 

Inent. 


L.    iwjia 

ir),T3cl,.U<) 


J.,        ;!9,S35 
1,271,087 


ii).;iM4,Tnj 

37T50,(jlil 


1.310.942 
2,040,416 


5l,l;'i,"U3     I  ;l,3',l,338 

2,0.>3,lj:i     I  l,133,S07 


62.092,238     I 
^6,773,192     I 


3!*,Nl'i.430 
10,2^l,7<l3 

12S.:>.1.i;3'i 
121,2>7.MW 


2,217,531 

2,634,500 

4,852,031 
380,480 


24'J,^'>l.ti2-< 
1 0.301. 3,i0 


2,19,3 'lO.  I  IS 
uOI  :»:;Mi 


84",8'i(1,19l 
53,211,1)73 
767.03>,81C 


4.471,371 
4,9»0,201 

9.431,772 
2)3,277 


9,20S,493 
22,829,696 


3-'.03B,191 


2,'^94,674 


29,143,517 


•  This acc'unt  has  liei'n  male  up  parity  from  the  lalile  in  Dr.  Hamilton's  work  on  the  National  l)et)t  i3r.l  e  I.  p.  IW.) ;  partly  from 
Ihe  fori,  I'lijicr,  Ko.  Itii.  Scss.  1834 ;  aud  parily  from  llic  AniMat  fiitaiux  liouk,  for  the  year  eudiiig  oih  January,  1830,  pages  14.  99.  &  104 


^ 


692 


FUNDS. 


' 

^  ^ 

ct: 

V'l; 

'I  . 

■»rv,un 

r. 

■^     :■ 

M 

^ 

»i:i   : 

«  .  "i 

U'^ 

I 

i^mft^,^ 

*.  j 

i^ 


FUNDS. 


003 


"  j=  =   c  >  C- 

•««■=■—  i2  !£ 

F-5  -^  ^  S  3  -^ 

,   ■*  a  s  ^  ° 
=  -:  =   '^  a 

«  to  3  'Z;  ^  3 

rt  _r  —  r  i^  ij 
■^  ^  S  .H  ^^ 

c  ijE  =  M  "I 
C  2S  rt  o  P.'S 

- 1;  a.  o  -3 
ca  X.  rt  a  =  5 

H  ____ 

J  CO  I-  t>  -'  2J      '~ 


u 


—  •-  3 

o  c  = 
.=  s  a- 


; :::  S  3    S, 


CO 

CO 


IT.  Z> 


4)     t; 

u        C 


•a 


'/3 


•5  5 


\n 


Is  V    is   ^a 

■  -  3  r,  ■-  tn  HN 

■  -^  _,.  1.  c  ->  q 


c"' 

^  c 

2 '•3 

C   3 

in 

3 
O 


■3 

-a 

V 
•3 
B 

C^ 
B 
3 

t3 
B 
C3 

■a 


i«  i 


3-?, 


"   g  CO  "3  '-'>  ''3 


The  atntpmenton  pnp;c  fiftl,  shows  thnt  n  mliirfion  of  5:^,2 11, OVf)/.  was  ofTiTtrd  in  tha 
principal  of  Ihe  nationiil  ilehf.  nnd  of  S,S!)4,fi7'l/.  in  tho  aiinniil  ciinrcc  on  nccount  ihoroof, 
luHwoon  Tcbruary,  1817,  niul  .Inntmry,  18:!(i.  The  debt,  at  llm  la-it  nuMi'.inncd  piridtl, 
int-luilcs  tlu<  stock  crcatoii  hv  the  fiintViriR  of  tho  loan  of  iri.OOO.OOd/,  in  \H'.V\  for  lu-hoof  of 
the  slave  jiropriutors.  The  <liniinution  has  licrn  hrouslit  nlmiit  |>artly  by  tin*  iipplicalion  of 
sairpius  revenue  to  buy  \ip  stock,  but  more  by  the  reduction  of  the'ititerest  on  the  '1  and  5 
jicrccnt.  stocks  existiufrin  1817,  and  by  that  jiaid  on  the  unfunded  debt.  'I'lic  total  annual 
savins  by  the  reduction  of  interest  between  18'^2,  when  tiie  lirst,  and  1821,  when  llie  last, 
reduction  was  made  (that  of  tlie  4  per  cent,  annuities,  mentioned  in  former  im|)ressions  of 
tliis  work),  has  been  2,:ir)r),845/.;  and  considerable  as  this  is,  it  would  have  been  more  than 
three  times  as  Rreat,  but  for  the  pernicious  practice,  previously  pointed  out,  of  funding  large 
nominal  capitals. 

We  subjoin  a  brief  notice  of  tho  diflcrcnt  funds  or  stocks  constituting  the  public  debt,  as 
it  stood  on  the  f)th  of  January,  1836. 

I.    FlNDS     IlKiVlllNa    l;,TKttHST    AT    TlIIlKK    PElt    CeNT. 

1.  Snuf/i.  Sm  Debt  and  Anmu'lie.i.  —  This  portion  of  the  debt,  nmountinR,  on  the  ."ith  of 
January,  18;{(),  to  10,H4,.'J84/.,  is  all  that  now  remains  of  the  capital  of  the  once  famous, 
or  rather  infamous,  South  Sea  ("ompany.  The  ("ompany  has,  for  a  considerable  time  past, 
ceased  to  have  any  thinp;  to  do  with  trade:  so  that  tiie  functions  of  the  directors  are  wholly 
restricted  to  the  transfer  of  the  Company's  stock,  and  the  payment  of  the  dividends  on  it; 
both  of  which  operations  are  performed  at  "the  South  Sea  House,  and  not  at  the  Bank.  The 
dividends  on  the  old  South  Sea  annuities  are  payable  on  the  f>l\\  of  April  and  10th  of 
October ;  the  dividends  on  the  rest  of  the  Company's  stock  are  payable  on  tho  Gth  of 
January  and  ijth  of  July. 

3.  Deld  (ftie  fo  Ihc'Bank  o/ /:;n^'/«Mrf.  —  This  consists  of  the  sum  of  II, 01.'),  100/.  lent 
by  the  Bank  to  the  public  at  3  per  cent. ;  dividends  payable  on  the  .')th  of  April  and  10th  of 
October.  This  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  Uaidi  capital  of  10,»14,7.')0/.,  on  which 
the  stockholders  divide.  The  dividend  on  the  latter  has  been  8  per  cent,  since  1833. — 
(See  ante,  p.  86.  and  p.  89.) 

3.  Buuk  Annuilies  created  hi  1726.— The  civil  list  settled  upon  George  I.  was  700,000/. 
a  year;  but  having  fallen  into  arrcar,  this  stock  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  cancelling 
Excheipier  bills  that  had  been  issued  to  defray  the  arrear.  "The  capital  is  irredeemable; 
and  being  small,  in  comparison  with  the  other  jmblic  fund?,  and  a  stock  in  which  little  is 
done  on  speculation,  the  price  is  generally  at  least  1  per  cent,  lower  than  the  3  per  cent. 
consols." —  (CoAe/t's  edit,  of  Fairmau  on  (he  Funds,  p.  40.) 

4.  Three  per  Cent.  Consols,  or  Consolidated  Annuities.  —  This  stock  forms  by  much 
the  largest  portion  of  the  public  debt.  It  had  its  origin  in  1751,  when  an  act  was  passed, 
consolidating  (hence  the  name)  several  separate  stocks  bearing  an  interest  at  3  per  cent. 
into  one  general  stock.  At  the  period  when  the  consolidation  took  ))lace,  the  principal  of 
the  funds  blended  together  amounted  to  9,137,821/. ;  but,  by  the  funding  of  additional  loans, 
and  parts  of  loans,  in  this  stock,  it  amounted,  on  the  5th  of  January,  1836,  to  the  itnmense 
sum  of  356,768,258/. ! 

The  consolidated  annuities  are  distinguished  from  the  3  per  cent,  reduced  annuities,  by 
the  circumstance  of  the  interest  upon  them  never  having  been  varied,  and  by  the  dividends 
becoming  due  at  different  periods.  The  stock  is,  from  its  magnitude,  and  the  proportionally 
jroat  number  of  its  holders,  the  soonest  affected  by  all  those  circumstances  which  tend 
to  elevate  or  depress  the  price  of  funded  property ;  and,  on  this  account,  it  is  the  stock 
which  speculators  and  jobbers  most  commonly  select  for  their  operations.  Dividends  pay- 
able on  the  5th  of  January  and  5th  of  July. 

5.  Three  per  Cent.  Reduced  Annuities, — This  fund  was  established  in  1757.  It  con- 
sisted, as  the  name  implies,  of  several  funds  which  had  previously  been  borrowed  at  a  higher 
rate  of  interest;  but  by  an  act  passed  in  1749,  it  was  declared  that  such  holders  of  the 
funds  in  question  as  did  not  choose  to  accept  in  future  of  a  reduced  interest  of  3  per  cent. 
should  be  paid  off, — an  alternative  which  comparatively  few  embraced.  The  debts  that 
were  tlius  reduced  and  consolidated,  amounted,  at  the  establishment  of  the  fund,  to 
17,571,574/.  By  the  addition  of  new  loans,  they  now  amount  to  125,851,977/.  Dividends 
payable  on  the  5th  of  April  and  10th  of  October.  > 

II.    FCNIIS    ItEAHINR    UTOHE   THAN"    ThHEE    PEH    CeNT.   INTEREST. 

1.  Annuities  at  3^  per  Cent.,  1818.  —  This  stock  was  formed  in  1818,  partly  by  a  sub- 
scription of  3  per  cent,  consolidated  and  3  per  cent,  reduced  annuities,  and  partly  by  a 
subscription  of  Excheciuer  bills.  It  was  made  redeemable  at  par  any  time  after  the  5th  of 
April,  1829,  upon  6  months'  notice  being  given.  Dividends  payable  on  the  5th  of  April 
and  10th  oi  October.     The  capital  of  this  stock  amounts  to  10,861,104/. 

2.  Kaluied  3^  per  Cent.  yl//Hi/i7/<.s.  — This  stock  was  created  in  1824,  by  the  transfer 
of  a  slock  bearing  interest  at  4  per  cent.    (Old  4  per  cents.)    It  is  redeemable  at  pleasure. 


694 


FUNDS. 


n^l 


1 1 


t" 


I 


-^   4 


Dividenilst  payable  5th  of  April  ami  10th  of  October.    Amount  on  the  5th  of  January,  I83(t, 
63,4;«i,Hr)t)/. 

y.  Niw  UA  per  Crnf.  AnntiUlcs.  —  Tliis  stock  wns  formed  by  the  act  11  (Jro.  H.  p.  13, 
out  of  the  Mtock  known  by  the  name  of  "  New  4  per  ccntH.,"  nniotintinu;  on  the  5ih  iif  Jan- 
uary, 1830,  to  144,331,212/.  The  holders  of  lliis  4  per  cent,  stock  had  llicir  option  either 
to  subscribe  it  into  the  new  oj  per  cent.  arinuitieH,  or  into  a  new  5  p('r  cent,  stock,  at  thcr 
rate  of  100/.  4  per  cents,  for  70/.  .')  per  cents.  Dissentients  to  be  paid  olf.  Only  4()7,7l;)/. 
new  ii  per  cent,  stock  was  created  under  tiiirf  arrangement.  'J'b(!  sum  rccpiired  to  pay  dis- 
sentients  was  2,(510,000/.  The  new  3A  per  cent,  stock  thus  created,  anioiinti-d  on  the  5th 
of  January,  1830,  to  140,. 057,00 1/.     Dividends  payable  5th  of  Jatuiary  and  5th  of  July. 

4.  New  5  per  Cent.  —  Amount,  5lh  of  January,  1830,  438,241/. —  (Weo  previous 
Article.) 

III.  Annuities. 

1.  Lnns;  AnnuHles.  —  These  annuities  were  created  at  difTcrent  periods,  but  they  all 
expire  together  in  1800.  They  were  chiefly  ffrantcd  iiy  way  of  |)remiums  or  douceurs  to  the 
subscribers  to  loans. —  I'ayablo  on  the  5th  of  A|)ril  and  10th  of  October. 

2.  Aiinui/ie.i  per  4  Geo.  c.  22.  —  'I'his  annuity  is  j)aynble  to  the  Bank  of  England,  and 
is  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  the  "  Dead  weight"  annuity.  (Sec  ante,  p.  85.)  It 
expires  in  1807.     It  is  equivalent  to  a  pcrpitiud  annuity  of  470,31!)/.  10s. 

3.  Aniniit'ics  per  48  Geo.  3.,  10  Geo.  4.  c.  24.,  and  3  <V  4  VV7//.  4.  c.  14. — These  acts 
autliorised  the  commissioners  for  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt,  to  grant  annuities  fur 
terms  of  years,  and  life  annuities;  acce|)tint];  in  ])aynicnt  either  money  or  stock  accordinn;  to 
rates  specified  in  Tables  to  be  approved  by  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury.  No  annuiiics  nro 
granted  on  the  life  of  any  nominee  under  15  years  of  age,  nor  in  any  case  not  approved  by 
the  commissioners.  Annuities  for  terms  of  years  not  granted  for  any  period  less  tiian  ten 
years.  These  annuities  are  transferable,  but  not  in  parts  or  shares.  Those  for  terms  of 
years,  payable  5th  of  January  and  5th  of  July;  and  those  for  lives,  5th  of  April  and  10th 
of  October. 

The  terminable  and  life  annuities  granted  under  the  above  acts,  amounted,  on  the  5th  of 
January,  1830,  to  4,188,809/.,  being  equal  according  to  the  calculations  of  Mr.  Finlaison,  to 
a  corresponding  7>c;7;c/Ma/ annuity  of  1,970,019/. —  {Par/.  Paper,  No.  457.     Scss.  183G.) 

Irish  Debt.  —  It  seems  unnecessary  to  enter  into  any  details  with  respect  to  the  public 
debt  of  Ireland.  The  various  descriptions  of  stock  of  which  it  consists,  an<l  their  amount, 
are  specified  above.  The  dividends  on  the  Irish  debt  are  paid  at  the  Bank  of  Ireland  ;  and, 
in  order  to  accommodate  (he  public,  stock  may  be  transferred,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  holders, 
from  Ireland  to  Great  Britain,  and  from  the  latter  to  the  former. 

Exchequer  Bills  are  bills  of  credit  issued  by  authority  of  parliament.  They  arc  for  vari- 
ous  sums,  and  bear  interest  (generally  from  1 W  to  2Af/ perdiem,  per  100/.)  according  to 
the  usual  rate  at  the  time.  The  advances  of  the  Bank  to  Government  are  made  upon 
Exchequer  bills;  and  the  daily  transactions  between  the  Bank  and  Government  are 
princij)ally  carried  on  through  their  intervention.  Notice  of  the  time  at  which  outstanding 
Exchequer  bills  are  to  be  paid  ofl"  is  given  by  public  advertisement.  Bankers  iirefer  vesting 
in  Exchequer  bills  to  any  other  species  of  stock,  even  though  the  interest  be  for  the  mont 
part  comparatively  low ;  because  the  capital  may  be  received  at  the  Treasury  at  the  rate 
originally  paid  for  it,  and  the  holders  being  exempted  from  any  risk  of  lluctuation.  Ex- 
chequer  bills  were  first  issued  in  1090,  and  have  been  annually  issued  ever  since.  The 
amount  outstanding  and  unprovided  fur,  on  the  5th  of  January,  1830,  was  29,(188,050/. 

India  Slock  and  India  Bonds  are  always  quoted  in  tlic  lists  of  the  prices  of  the  ])ul)lic 
funds.  The  stock  on  which  the  East  India  Company  divide  is  0,000,000/. ;  the  dividend 
on  which  has  been,  since  1793,  10^  per  cent.;  and  is  to  remain  at  that  rate  during  the 
continuance  of  the  charter.  India  bonds  are  generally  for  100/.  each,  and  bear  at  present  "i\ 
per  cent,  interest,  payable  31st  of  March  and  30th  of  September.  In  selling  them,  th^' 
interest  due  down  to  the  day  of  sale  is,  with  the  premium,  added  to  the  amount  of  i!ie  bills; 
the  total  being  the  sum  paid  by  the  jmrchaser.  'I'he  premium,  which  is,  conHe(iuciitlv,  the 
only  variable  part  of  the  price,  is  influenced  by  the  circumstances  which  inlluencc  the  price 
of  stocks  generally,  —  the  number  of  bonds  in  circulation,  &c. 

The  price  of  stocks  is  influenced  by  a  variety  of  circumstances.  Whatever  tends  to 
shake  or  to  increase  the  public  confidence  in  the  staliility  of  government,  tends,  at  tiic  same 
time,  to  lower  or  increase  the  price  of  stocks,  'i'hey  are  also  allectcd  by  the  state  of  the 
revenue;  and,  more  than  all,  by  the  facility  of  obtaining  supplies  of  disjiosable  capital,  and 
the  interest  which  maybe  realised  upon  loans  to  responsible  persons.  From  1730  till  the 
rebellion  of  1745,  the  3  per  cents,  were  never  under  89,  and  were  once,  in  June,  1737,  as 
high  as  107.  During  the  rebellion  they  sunk  to  70;  but  in  1749  rose  again  to  100.  In 
the  interval  between  the  peace  of  Paris,  in  1703,  and  the  breaking  out  of  the  Aincrican  war, 
they  averaged  from  80  to  90  ;  hut  towards  the  close  of  the  war  they  sunk  to  51.  In  1792. 
they  were,  at  one  time,  as  high  as  96,    In  1797,  the  prospects  of  Uie  country,  owing  to  lh» 


FUNDS. 


606 


hoSthof  Janunry.lsaB, 

tho  act  U  (;.•"■;»• 'l-i:^- 
ii.uini?  on  tho  5ih  ..t  .I'..n- 
„.k  \m\  ih.-ir  <M.ti<«n  .-itlicr 
r  5  PIT  ciMit.  Klork.  at  lh(^ 
njoir.    Only  407.7  n/. 
,  Humr.Mii.ir.vltoimy.hs- 
it.-.l,  iinioiintra  on  ttv  .)lh 
„nu.ry  luul  Stli  "»'  J^'y- 
,38,341/.— C««-^  F«^i''"« 


•rrnt  pcrioilH,  but  they  nil 
Tniiunw  or  douceurs  to  the 

the  Hank  of  England,  and 
ty.     (Sco  ante,  p.  85.)    It 

■.$\0/.  10s. 

V\7//.  4.  c.  14.— Theso  arts 

debt'  to  grant  nnnuiticH  for 
monoy  or^torkacrordingto 
I'teasury.  No  annuitu-Yiro 
in  any  case  not  a^iirovi'd  by 

for  any  period  less  than  iai 
shares.     Those  f.>r  terms  of 

lives,  5th  of  April  and  10th 

icts  amounted,  onthc^ilhof 

lculationsofMv.I''iul^';|''n.to 

,,,fr.  No.  457.     SOS.S.  18.JG.) 

.Is  with  Tusiiect  to  the  public 

it  consists,  and  thoir  amount, 

atthcBankof  Ireland;  and, 

at  the  pleasure  of  the  holders, 

lament.    They  arc  for  vari- 
diem,  per  100/.)  acconhnsto 
Government  are  made  upon 
,.  Bank  and  Government  arc 
the  time  at  which  outstandmg 
nient.     Bankers  prefer  vcstrng 
the  interest  he  for  the  moA 
a  at  the  Treasury  at  the  rate 
any   risk  of  lluctuation.    Ex- 
jiillV  issued  ever  snice.     Ihc 
rv, -1836,  was '29,088,950/. 
as  of  the  prices  of  the  public 
Ic  is  6,000,000/.;  the  dividend 
remain  at  that  rate  duriniT  the 
[M  each,  and  hear  at  present 'i.^ 
lomher.     In  sellinB  them,  th. 
ded  to  the  amount  ol  the  bills; 
,    which  is,  consequently,  the 
uces  which  inlluence  the  pncc 


n. 


Tstances.  Whatever  tends  to 
(overnment,  tends,  at  the  same 
talso  allected  by  the  state  ot  the 
IpVies  of  disposable  capital  and 
Ifc  persons.  S'ron»  lV.U)t     the 

Id  were  once,  in  June,  1/ -57,  a* 
lin  174'J  rose  ap;ain  to  UH).  in 
LingoutoftheAniericanwar. 

Ivar  they  sunk  to  .^.l.  In  -  -^ 
lets  of  Uie  country,  owing  to  tha 


BUCcesHns  of  the  French,  the  mutiny  in  the  fleet,  and  other  advcrne  eircumHtance.«,  were  by  no 
meann  favourable;  and,  in  cniiHequence,  the  price  of  .1  per  cent,  sunk,  on  the  SOtli  of  Sep- 
tember, on  the  inteliiKenco  truiwiiiriiin  cf  an  attempt  to  nei,'ociate  with  the  French  republic 
having  faihid,  to  47g,  being  tlio  lowest  price  to  which  they  have  ever  fallen. 

Prices  of  3  per  Cent.  Consoli,  in  February  and  Aimnst,  uatli  Voar  lince  ItiW.— {Report  of  Hank  Com- 
mittee.) 


Ynn. 

I'rice  of  CntiMiti. 

Vran.                                                          I'rice  of  Connili.      1 

1820.  I'pliriiary 
AiiKnnt 

1821.  Kchniiiry 
AuKiist 

1822.  Kehraary 

AllRIIHt 

1823.  reliriiary 
Ancniit 

1824.  I'elirniiry 

AllRllNt 

1825.  Kfliriuiry 

AURllHt 

(')8|  per  cent. 
<17J       - 
73'      - 

801      — 
73        - 
82J      - 

m    - 
m    — 

03J      — 

87J      - 

1820.  rcbrimry 

AllRIIHt 

1827.  I'Vliriiary 

AiiRilst 
ISaS.  I'eliriiary 

AllRIISt 

182'J,  I'Vliriiary 

AllRIISt 

1830.  I'Vliriiary 
AllRIISt 

1831.  I'ehriiary 

AllRUHt 

77J  percent. 
7i»i      - 
82  i       — 
801       — 

m   - 

H7i       — 
WiJ       — 

h«;     — 
1)14     - 

II0|      — 

77^      - 
81^      - 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  prices  of  the  different  descriptions  of  British  funds 
during  the  6  days  commencing  with  Saturday,  the  14th  of  December,  1833. 


IVacriptinn  of  Stock. 


Hank  Block,  dividGnd  8  per  cent. 
3  per  cent,  reduced 
3  per  cent,  consols  for  account 
3\  per  cent,  unnuities,  1818 
34  per  cent,  reduced    - 
New  3i  percent,  annuities 
New  •>  per  cent,  aniiuities,  1826 
New  5  per  cent. 

I,nnganniiitle8,expire5.lan.  1800 
New  annuities,  Jan.  and  July 
goutli  Bea  stock,  dividend  3i  per 

cent.   -  -  -  - 

Do.  old  annuity,  dividend  3  per 

cent.  -  -  -  - 

Do.  new  annuity,  dividend  3  per 

cent.   -  -  -  - 

3  per  cent,  annuities,  1751 
India  lionds,  24  per  cent. 
Kxclieqiier  liills,  14d.  100/. 
I  Bank  slock  for  account 
I  liiillaslock,dividend  lOJ  per  cent 


S.HurJ.iy. 


210  11 

874  ft 

m  i 

96}  4 
103}  i 
16}  15-16 


210  11 

874  J 
8.Si  ft 

90}  i 

103}  t 


22.<i.24s.pm 
43.4. 44«. pill 
210  11 


Mnnihy. 


22s.24s.pni 
1.3s.44,?.pni 
210  11 


Tuesday.       \Vf(lm'8iIay.  ;    TInirsil.iy.  ■        Fri'lay, 


2104  11,1 
87  i  I 
88} 

90i  i 

103} 

103 


22s.21g.pm 


12.,. 
211 


210)  Ui 

87} 
88} 
00} 
904  } 

1034  i 
lOJ  15-10 


21U  11 

871-  i 
8SJ 

1034  i 
lO'f  15-16 


20«.22,?.pm 


2114  11 

87?  8 
88 J  89} 

90}  7 

1031  i 

10  15-1617 


pin  41«.42ji.pni 


20s.21.«.pni'21s.— .i.prn 
4l£.42s.pin,4U.42i,'.pm 


Agreements  for  the  sale  of  stock  arc  generally  made  at  the  Stock  Exchange,  which  is 
frequented  by  a  set  of  middlemen  called  Jobbers,  whose  business  is  to  accommodate  the 
luivers  and  sellers  of  stock  with  the  e.xact  sums  they  want.  A  jobber  is  (.'enerally  pos- 
sessed of  considerable  property  in  the  funds;  and  he  declares  a  price  at  which  he  will 
cither  sell  or  buy.  Thu.s,  he  declares  he  is  ready  to  buy  3  [ler  cent,  consols  at  85^,  or  to 
sell  at  85J  ;  so  that,  in  this  way,  a  person  willing  to  buy  or  sell  any  sum,  however  small, 
has  never  any  diffieully  in  finding  an  individual  with  whom  to  deal.  The  jobber's  profit  is 
generally  i  per  cent.,  for  which  he  transacts  both  a  sale  and  a  purchase.  He  freijuently 
confines  himself  entirely  to  this  sort  of  business,  and  engages  in  no  other  description  of 
stock  speculation. 

We  borrow  the  following  details  from  Dr.  Hamilton's  valuable  work  on  the  National 
Debt  :— 

"  A  liargain  for  tlie  sale  of  stock,  being  agreed  on,  is  carried  into  execution  at  the  Transfer  OfBce.at 
1)1H  l!;\iik,  or  tlie  South  Sea  House.  Fur  tills  purpose  tlie  seller  makes  out  a  note  in  wrltiuR,  which 
foiilains  the  name  and  desiRiiation  of  the  seller  and  purchaser,  and  the  sum  and  dt.'scription  of  the 
stock  to  be  transferred.  He  delivers  tliis  to  the  proper  clerk  ;*  and  then  tills  up  a  receipt,  a  printed 
t'oriii  111' wliic  h,  with  blanks  is  obtained  at  the  oHice.  The  eliTk  in  the  mean  time  examines  the  seller's 
ni'ciiiiiits,  and  if  lie  find  him  possessed  of  the  slock  proposed  to  he  gold,  he  makes  out  the  transfer. 
This  is  siL'iied  in  the  books  by  the  seller,  who  delivers  the  receipt  to  the  clerk  ;  and  upon  the  pur- 
chaser's siRiiing  his  acceptance  in  the  hook,  the  clerk  signs  the  receipt  as  witness.  It  is  then  delivered 
to  the  purihiiser  upon  payment  of  tile  money,  anil  thus  the  business  is  completed. 

"ThislMisiness  is  Renernlly  transacted  by  brokers,  who  derive  their  authority  from  their  employers 
!iv  jiinvers  of  attorney.  Forms  of  these  are  obtained  at  tlie  respective  otfices.  Some  authorise  the 
briiker  to  sell,  othi^rs  to  accept  a  purchase,  and  others  to  receive  the  dividends.  Some  conipreheiid  all 
tliusi'  olijects,  and  the  two  last  are  Reiierally  united.  Powers  of  attorney  aiithorisinc  to  sell  must  be 
deiiiisiteil  ill  the  proper  otiice  for  exaiiiiiialioii  one  day  before  selliiig:  a  stockholder  acting  personally, 
after  iiraiitiiiL'  a  letter  of  attorney,  revokes  if  by  implication. 

'•The  person  in  whose  name  the  stock  is  invested  when  the  hooks  are  shut,  previous  to  the  payment 
of  the  (liviilends,  receives  the  dividend  for  the  half  year  preceding;  and,  therefore,  a  purchaser  diirinjl 
the  currency  of  the  lialf  year  has  the  benetit  of  the  inti'rest  on  stock  he  buys,  fnuii  the  last  term  of 
payment  to  the  day  of  transfer.    The  price  of  stock,  therefore,  rises  gradually,  ciricci.i  paribus,  from 

♦  The  letters  of  the  alphabet  are  placed  round  the  room,  and  the  geller  must  apply  to  the  clerk  who 
has  hi.s  station  under  the  initial  of  his  name.  In  all  the  ofiices,  there  are  supervising  clerks  who  join 
in  witnessing  the  transfer. 


% 


600 


FUNDS. 


■f 


i" 


I 


tiTin  In  liTiii ;  niid  whnn  ttm  ilivldcml  i«  paid,  It  iindcranfi  n  full  nqiml  thrrnto.    ThiH,  tlir  .1  prr  rent. 
pitiimilN  Hlhiiild  III'  lili/lii'r  llhin  ,t  |h'r  iciit   ri'dmi-d  liy  i  pi-r  I'cril.  t'rciiti  lln-  Allmr  April  In  I  In-  .'illi  nl'.liil^ 
lllld   Crniii  llu«  IMill  111'  (lilidtiT   In  llw   ')lll  iiC  Jiiiiil  irv  :  "lid   nlmilld    In- lin   lillirll   Invvi-r  I'rnill  lllr  'illi  nf 
.liinii:irv  In  Hk'  'iIIi  i>t'  M  inli,  iiinl  rrniii  llii<  .'iili  nf  .Inly  In  lli)>  IHlii  iif  Oclidiiir  i  iiiid  llilii  Ix  iiL'iirly  llur 
riiKiv     Ari'iili'iiliil  <  Iri'iiiiHtaiii  r«  iiiiiy  nrniNJnii  il  nllL'tii  ili'vlatiuii. 

'•Till'  ill\i'li'iid<  nil  till'  iliU'ri'iit  iilnrl(H  Id'liii  paynlili' ill  ililfiTiTil  IrriiiB,  Il  U  In  llir  pi'^'T 'd' llii; 
ctnck-linlili-ri  In  liivr^t  lliiir  prnpi'rty  In  kiicIi  a  inaiiniT  in  M  draw  Ihi'ir  Imiiiiiii'  i|iiiirl'rl> . 

"  'I'lii'  liii-iini'iiH  111'  HP  'nilaliiiii  in  |liii  hIih  k<i  In  Iniiint'd  nii  lint  varlallnii  nl'  lln-  priif  nf  ulnck,  w  lilidi 
il  prnli  ildy  li'iidii  In  hhimi'  rniiaiiiiri'  In  mipiiort.  It  inimUlH  In  ImivIiik  nr  HidlMiit  iitnrk  iii'i'nidniir  in 
thr  vIrwH  t'lilcrlaliii'd,  liy  tliiixu  who  i.'ii|{ii|{u  III  IIiIh  IiiihIiiunh,  iiI' ilm  prnl)uliilily  iiI' tlic  viiliii:  riMini; 
or  falllni!. 

"'I'IiIh  liiiHlnt'KH  In  partly  (■niidiK'trd  liy  pi'r»nnn  wlm  Imvc  prnpi'rly  In  the  fiiinl)<.  lint  ii  pr.inliii  hIhii 
pri'ValU  annul!.'  tliii«i>  wlm  liavi-  no  hiiiIi  prnpiirly,  nl°  ('iintrarlliitf  fur  llir  nali*  iit'  -ilnrk  nil  ii  fiiliiri'  ilav 
III  II  piiri'  iiilrri'd  on,  I'lir  ttxaiiipli',  A  may  mjri'i'  In  ^,■ll  In  II.  Kl.lKlli/.  nl',')  prr  ii'iit,  nini  k,  to  hr  Iraiu'- 
fi'rri-d  III  '20  ilayH,  I'nr  II IHHI/.  a.  lias,  In  I'lirl,  iin  niicIi  nlmk  ;  lull  II'  tlin  prlii'  mi  tliii  dii>  iippninti-il  liir 
till*  lranr<ri>r  lii<  mily  '>•*,  In?  may  piircliaHi'  an  iiiiii'li  iih  will  I'lialilit  liliii  In  riillll  liU  liarL'iiiii  I'nr  .'i.Mlli/ , 
mill  IImin  ualii  '2IIII/.  hy  lli<>  traiiHiirlinn  ;  nil  llir  nllii<r  hand.  It'  tlii<  prio'  nl'  that  Hlmk  nlnnild  risi'  in  li'j, 
liu  will  limr  2IIII/.  Till'  huHliiiiMn  In  unnrrally  Hi<ltli:d  wit  limit  any  actual  piirclnMii  td' Hi  nek,  or  Iraintl'ir ; 
A.  payliit;  in  II.  nr  ri'ii'lvliiu  Irmii  liliii  lliu  ditrvruiicu  hi>twi!t>n  tliu  price  nl'  ■tuck  nil  thu  dny  of  HHttlu- 
iiipiii,  and  till'  prli'n  nKnird  nii. 

"'riiln  practlcn,  wlilih  iiiiiminlH  to  nnllilnit  I'l.-ni  tlinn  a  waniT  rnnrirrninu  tlio  prii'i'  nf  dlnck,  Is  imt 
finnrllmii>il  liy  law  ;  yrt  it  In  carried  on  In  a  irrrtl  (!\ti'iit  :  and  iih  ii)>lllii>r  parly  can  hi!  cniiijii'lli'd  hy 
law  to  iinph'ini'iil  lh<'Hi>  birualiiH,  IlKdr  hii|ihi-  nl'  hniinnr,  and  tlin  ilmuracr  iitlrndinu'  ii  hrrai  li  nl'  mn. 
tract,  ari'  llii^  prini'i|ili>H  hy  which  tin'  IiiihIiii'i'.h  I.m  Hiip|i<irli'il.  In  Ihi'  laniinaKi'  ol'  Ini'  Him  k  Kxchaiiui', 
Uw  hiiycr  U  ciilh'il  ii  Bull,  mid  Ilii;  Hi.'llcr  a  Mcur,  iinil  llir  prrHun  who  ri'l'iiHCH  to  pay  !iIh  Ih^h  ih  i  alliil  ^ 
I.amr  i)iirl< ;  and  lhi>  iiaiiicii  of  tliuii!  (li't'aulturM  nru  uxliihited  In  IIh;  rttuck  ExcliuiiKC,  wliuru  tlivy  dure 
not  appiiar  ivfU'rwards 

"TlirHt!  harifaiiiH  aro  liHiially  niadn  I'nr  certain  days  tlxeil  l.y  a  coininittee  of  Iho  Htnck  I'xcliaiini., 
rnlh'd  sellliiiif  ilain',  of  which  then'  are  a  limit  M  in  thr  year  j  viz.  one  In  each  of  the  innnlliH  nr.laniiaryl 
Feliriiary,  Ajtrll,  May,  .Inly,  AiikiihI,  Octnlier.  and  Nnvenihr'r;  and  they  are  iilwayHoii  'lin'mlay,  \Vn|' 
lii'silay,  ThiirHilay,  or  Friday,  lieini;  the  ilayn  on  which  the  ciiinniiHHlonerH  for  the  reiliictinn  nf  |||,.  n.^. 
tinniil  ih'lit  III  ike  piirchasen.  The  Hetllinir  dayx  in  January  and  .Inly  are  alwayn  the  lir:'!  ilay.n  nf  |||,' 
opening  of  the  Hank  liookH  for  piihlic  IranHfer  ;  iinil  thcKe  dayn  are  nolltied  at  the  Hank  w  hen  ilie  cnii- 
■nJH  are  hIiiii  In  prepare  fur  the  ilivlileiid  The  price  at  wliich  tilock  Is  Hold  to  he  Irainiferred  mi  iIh; 
next  setlllni!  day,  ii  called  thi<  price  on  arroiint.  Soini'tlnieH,  itiHtead  nf  c|nHiii){  the  accuiiiit  nn  ilii>  hmI. 
tliii|{  day,  the  ntnck  in  carriuil  on  to  a  future  day,  mi  nuch  terniii  an  the  partien  aijrm!  un.  Tliln  is  called 
a  riinliniiafiiin. 

"  All  the  hiinlnens,  however,  which  is  done  In  the  nt'ickn  fur  lime.  In  not  nf  a  KatiihUiiR  tmiiire.  In  a 
place  of  so  exteiiHive  coiiiiiierce  an  I.mnlnn,  opnleiit  iiierchanin,  who  pnsncnn  property  in  lln;  fiiailH, 
and  are  iinwillini!  lo  part  with  it,  have  freiinently  oci  anion  lo  raine  iiionoy  for  a  nlinrt  liiiie.  'Ihcir 
renoiirce  in  lliin  cane  in  to  mil  for  money,  and  liny  for  nc.i'miiit ;  and  althuuKli  the  iiinney  ral^id  in  i\\\^ 
luanner  costn  iiinre  than  the  li'Kal  IntiTi'st,  it  atrnriln  an  inipnrtant  uccuuillioilatiuii,  and  it  may  lie  ren- 
dered Hirictly  h'Kal  and  recoverahle."— (Third  ed.  pp.  311— 317  ) 

(Flniis  (Amkhican). — The  subjoined  statemcn*  v.li;  not,  we  hope,  be  uniiuerrsiinjr. 

It  givc»  a  view  of  the  most  prominent  facts  vith  ri'spect  to  il^e  puiilic  funda  of  the  principal 

American  States ;  exhibitinij,  ainon>;st  other  particulars,  tiieir  rcsppclive  amounts,  the  pe- 

riods  when  they  are  redeemalile,  and  their  prin;  in  London  in  January,  1839. — (VV't7/e;j. 

/lalPn  Lht,  S.5th  January,  1839.     [See  article  Siocks. — Am.  Ed.] 

Account  specifying  the  separate  Debts  of  each  Slate,  unU  thu  Periods  when  the  same  arc  redocm- 

ahle,  &).. 


Funds. 


Ahl>aiiin         h  \icr  cent. 

Do.    Sterling     dn. 

l)o.  do. 

In<li.-ina,  do. 

Mo.  6  per  cent. 

Illinnif,  (Jo. 

Kentucky,  Jo. 

Loiiisiaua,  Slrlg.  5  per  ct. 

Do.  do. 

Do.  do. 

Do.  do. 

Do.  6  per  cent. 

Maryland,  4  1-2  percent. 

Do.  5  per  cent. 

Do.  6  per  cent. 

MassachnRelts,  5  |ier  cent. 

Do.    .S'erling    do. 
Mississippi,  do. 

Do.    bterlinc     do. 

Uo.  6  per  cent 

New  Tork,      5  jier  cent 

Do. 


Uo. 

Ohio, 
Do. 


do. 

do. 

6  per  cenl. 

do. 


fenniylvania,  S  per  cent. 

Do.  do. 

Do.  do. 

Da  do. 

Do.  do. 

Da.  do. 

Do.  do. 

Do.  do. 

1)0.  do. 

Do.  do. 
South  Carolina,     do. 

Tennessee,  6  per  cenl. 

Virginia,  do. 

Do.  5  per  rent. 


Redeemable. 

Amninil 
III  DoiUri. 

II.-.2 

.•lOo.nno 

ISiS.59.(iS 

i.ooo.neo 

IS63 

3,'.0(l.iH)0 

it.6i.e6 

i,6(X).noo 

iniii 

2oo,oon 

t&76 

.1,1 00,0(10 

11^68 

20''.  000 

IS41 

l.kOO.OOO 

IM.1 

Kl.).334 

1844-J7-,50.52 

7,000,0110 

taw 

150,000 

IS67 

. 

IM7 

1859 

7!)0,000 

IS70 

3.0(10,000 

IS-.7 

1  .ono.nofl 

IS8S 

3fll),000 

itns 

500,000 

I8.i0 

l«8 1.66-71 

li'iOO.OOO 

ISM 

3,IJ4  270 

ISIS 

877,000 

ISBO 

liO.OOO 

IH'iO 

4,000  000 

ISi6 

400.000 

1109-40-41 

1,296,0(10 

IS46 

300  000 

ts'iO 

i,0(X).'on 

mu 

2,000.0:10 

ISil 

3,2(12.500 

IS-.8 

2,7m.  162 

ISig 

1  070.661 

IS«0 

,i.64«,8S0 

1862 

2  28-.,40O 

ISfiS 

1,700.000 

IS66 

L.  200,000 

IWS 

lSi7 

400,000 

1845.S1.52-i>4 

2,000,000 

Price  in 
tiondo.i, 
J.iii.  2j. 


92 
b3 


93 


96  1-2  to  6 
102 

100 

103 
93 
93 

99  to  99  1-2 


90       I 

92  3  4      \ 

92  10  92  1-2 

93        J 

93ei(liv.  r 

95  1-2      ' 

{95I096    I 

95        I 

93       \ 


Funds. 


/nojrfiotnlfit  jinnkf. 
t'nite.l  .Stiipi,  s  per  ct. 
I.OI115  am  St  le,  10  do. 
flllik  tit  l.'iiiiii.ini,  8  1)0. 
Do.  of  N.llrlrinl,  do, 
N.  0,  (  anil  t  II.  Co.  do. 
Do.  Ciiv  n\iik,  do. 
MiisiMiiipi  l'linten,IOdo. 
TennessiT,  9  per  '■ent. 
Fl'inla,  6  per  cent. 

Do.  (!o. 

Baltimore  City,    5  per  ct. 
Ciinideii   k  Aiiiljoy   H.\il 

w.iy,  do. 
Delnv.ire  &  Raritan  C.iiial 

Bonds,  6  per  cenl, 
Anier.  l.if,',  7  1-2  percent. 

III.  J(i  Trust  Co. 
D'l,  CertiliMtps,    5  per  ct, 
N,  V.  I.ilB  (t  Trust,      do. 

Do.  ilo  ' 

Do.     City,  do.' 

Neiv  Orleans  CilT.  6  do.    I 

Do.  .5  per  cent,  j 

FliiladelphiaCity,  do.        I 

Do.  .^  Keailiii«  Railway 
Phil.ilelphiaCily,  6pi-rcl,; 

Do,  C'liintry,  do, 

Ptiil,  ^  Healing,  Sptrct. 

R.  R.  Doiids   ■ 
Harrisburjch  ft  Lancaster, 

5  ■  er  cent. 
Rictiinond   Railway  B.ls,, 

Opert-enl. 
Lehlili  Oal  k  Nav.  B  Is., 

.5  per  cent. 
Morrii  Canal  k   Pankin|;j 

Cum  p.      6  per  cent. 

Do.     Notes     do. 


Pedeemable. 


1SS8 

Ifi-O 

1H70 

IITO 

ISTO 

1S70 

m70 

IS70 

IK-iS.60.02.61 

l>>fl0 

1800 

1864 

ISGI 


1'61 

IMii. 
I'd" 
I  -61), 
1 1-64 
1«63 
1S61 
1ST} 
I'til 
I81K) 

1^:60 


IS«0 
1858 
1846 


.;-0 
•  V) 
56  51 


Anmuiit 
in  Dol  ais. 


SVOfO.OOfl 
2,00(1,(1(1(1 
4,()iiO,lioo 
4'.II.(I0II 
4,(1(1.1,1^ 
1,1110,1  HO 
3(1iO,l")0 
2,(Hi'l,(ilXI 
1,000.0(11) 
500,000 

t.  210,000 

/,.  225,000 

2,000,000 

250,000 
l7',n(V) 

2,000,000 

L.  210,000 
82.000 

L.  200,000 

4.100,000 
i     3,000,COO 


Price  in 
l/iii(l(in, 
J.>ii,  25. 


£,.25. 


92 

m.  lOi, 

85  ex  div, 
90 
99 


Ttie  dividends  nn  the  above  Pennsvlvinia  loans  are  pivihle  half  yearly,  on  the  1st  days  of  February  and  Aurust,  at  the  Bnuk  pf  Ptrm- 
tytvania,  Philndtljihia,  exreptin:;  lliu  loan  of  281b  of  March,  l!UI,  for  120,000  .lolian,  tvbich  Is  payable  at  the  tauie  bank  on  tbt.'  Ut  of 
January  and  July,  eacb  year,— .S'uji.) 


FURS,  FUR  TRADE. 


607 


,10  Tim".  Ill'' ^P'' C!"- 
'  X,;  rr..n.  11...  Ml.  ..I 
,',,;.  „i..l  lUiH  U  l.ii.rly  ti..> 

,,  It  U  In  H.r  l"'W«!r  "f  ll>« 
ininc  ciiiiirl'Tly  .,,.,. 

•;..•  prl.-.- -'I  •'""•'< 0^'.'' 
H    li.tf   Kloi'li  ....uul.niilo 

^J.ly  of  «l.c  v.Uu.  r.-m« 

,  fmxU.    Hiitii|.">"l''"»''" 
,1      rHlc..k  .....>  fHt.in'.lMv 

'::;! >  ""'rr'n.';" 

'         :   „.k  .U,mM  rlM.  to  .,-i. 
...,,.•  Hi. Ilk, <"  triiMnliTj 

,r  i„    ly  '••.>l>  •'"  e.....l.cll.Ml  l,y 
„;;'„n,..H....kKxcl.an);r. 

.lltco  of  Ihn  Hln.k  Ky  1.1U.U0, 
uofii.o...o.;;i'^"  •"'uvX' 

/hi  y '«•'>'''■'*'•■'''' '''';■',?■ 

:.;-!..« lhouccou.a  on.. ;;h,. 

^,o\h.  «H  i>ro|HTiy  in  il.«  V,'.'."'*' 
'..f.,r  11  whorl  uu..'.    Tlinr 

oSuvUon,""'!  it '"">''«'«"■ 

;,  we  hope,  be  uni.Urrrstinp. 

nu\.lic  fuuJB  of  llie  i.rnuii.al 

respective  amount-,  t he  pe- 

in  January,  1839.-C  VVd^cn. 

»\s  when  tUe  game  are  rcilcem- 


Price  in 
1  .  ,1.  I  Ani"Uiit  i^iiiJcn, 
I  PtflK-malile.  |  ;„  i)„i  a„.  |    j,,,  2i. 


>,;  nf  0.10(1 
2,iion,«« 

4,()H0,I»X) 

4'.l),(lfll) 

4,(10,1.1100 

1,0(10,1  (Kl  I 
3  Il(l0,l«)0  I 
2,|»'|).(«W 
),000,0(X) 
500,000 


L.  210,000  I 

/,.  22:',,0(X) 

2,000,000  I 
'  2J0.0O0  I 


Cl. 

IBfiO 

.«-o 

n. 

.170 

1). 

i><:o 

0. 

IH70 

n. 

imn 

n. 

1^70 

it. 

l(«7fl 

It. 

|K-,H.6O.02-61 

1"» 

:t 

i6:.o 

M 


IS^Ol 


let.    I'M 
|ln.    .M.<-'0 
tin  1  l«t«-',0 
liio  '  1  -W-Se  iil 
'  l^M 

k.»y'  ism 

ISiiO 

ISCO 

Iter,! 

Ills., 


92 


n'.oon 
2,000,000      IW-  i<". 


t.  210,000     85  HI  dW. 
82,000  flO 


F'O^I 


I8G0 

I  1858 

1946 


99 


I  L.  200,000 

4,100.000  1 
I     3,000,C0O  I 


i^t^^^^^^^^ 


FIITIS,  ill  conimirco,  tin-  hUIhh  of  tliirirciit  iniincils,  cuvi-rrd,  for  tin*  iiinxt  pirt,  witli  tliick 
full*  liir.r,  the  ini.fr  HJilit  lirini;  coiivcrtcil  l>y  a  poruliar  pnict'i'it  into  a  Hurt  of  Irutlier.  I''ur«, 
jircvidiinly  to  ihrir  uiiilrr'»i)ii.'i  lUi.^  pruciNs,  an'  di  iioiniiiiiti'il  pr/lri/. 

Ui'iivor  fur,  friiiii  itn  ('\li'i..,<ivi'  unc  in  ilu'  hut  .n.ii.i.f.irtiin',  is  a  mtv  iiiiport.int  rommrrciul 
articti',  Tliiit  nmilr  iihc  of  in  this  <'iiiiiitry  is  ^ih.mst  riiti.rly  lirmmiil  from  \.iitli  .XiiicrK'n. 
It  is  Kfiiiluiilly  hiTiimint;  sciircrr  iimi  iliMrcr,  hcinn  nuw  ulitiin.ililc  milv  in  (•i»i..-.iiliT;ili|i'  (|ii.iii- 
lilies  from  thi-   nio-t  norlhi'.ly  uinl   iii;u-fi'Hsihli>  ilLslriclH.     'I'iic  fur  of  the  miililli'-uni'il  or 

youi.K  aniituil,  cullfil  ciih  hciivrr,  is  iiiomI  I'sln -il.      It  is  tlii'  fii.i'st,  most  flossy,  and  taki'H 

thi"  l.i'st  dyo.  Fitcli,  or  llu>  fur  of  the  lilrhct  or  poliMMt,  is  prii.ciiially  impirti'il  from  (}«r- 
tnany  :  it  is  Hofl  and  \v;inii,  hut  the  unpliMsant  Hint'll  which  adiirrcs  to  it  ilc|iri';i-;('s  itn  valiir. 
Marti'ii  and  iiiinit  (a  (iiminutivi-  Hjn'cifs  of  oiler)  arc  princi|i:illy  imported  fiom  the  Ij.ited 
.Siuli'M  and  ('anadi.  The  fur  of  ihe  lousipn.sh  or  niU(>!;  ral  (a  liimii.utive  s|ie('ies  of  heaver) 
is  imported  in  vast  ipiiniliiies  from  oiir  pot^Hes^ions  in  iS'oilh  Ameriea  ;  which  al-o  supply 
us  with  eonsiih'rahle  ipiaiililies  of  otter  skins.  iN.ilria  Hkins  are  pri..oipally  liroiiu'hl  from 
JUioiKM  Ayres.  'I'lw  iiu)ro  valuaMe  furs,  as  ermine,  Hahle,  iVe,,  eoine  priiieijially  from 
HuHsia. 

FlJIt  TRADK.  We  arc  indebted  for  the  f  ijlowin'.;  details  with  respect  to  the  fur  trade 
to  one  of  the  most  exteiiHivu  and  intelligent  fur  inereiiaiitM  of  London. 

"  Tlioiijjli  practlriilly  eimiiu'eil  in  ll.i!  I'l.r  trailc,  1  I'c  ir  I  «li  ill  lie  alile  In  H:iy  litlli'  will,  rcsaril  lo  it  not 
jilrt'iidy  k..o\vn  to  yon  ;  lint  w  ere  I  lo  wrile  on  llm  Hiilijocl,  I  ulimild  iliviili'i  lla-  Inide  iiilo  'i,  or  ralliur 
3c\Mitt:tt. 

"  I,  Till!  t»t  rlaiit  would  rnniprlKe  nrtli'los  of  nontusiiv  ;  an.oi.g  wl.kli  I  nlioiild  prii.cl|mt!y  n.nnlier 
nn  liii...eiii<e  variety  of  lanil)  Mki.m,  varyliiu  no  uiilcly  iVoiii  imi  I.  niliir  i.i  xi/.e,  qaillly,  I'idoiir,  and 
vdliie,  llial.  to  II. "''i  |iersiiii.j,  they  vvoiihl  appear  as  the  pnnliii  e  of  hii  many  dillcrciii  h\i>  cles  of  aiil- 
niiilti.  Tlli'se  liiiiih  Kkli.s  are  priiiliii'td  in  all  parts  of  .li  .  ^'I.iln',  anil  an^  every  \\  lieri'  nnisiinieil :  hut 
ll.cy  fiiri.i.  In  p.rtii  iil  ir,  an  e^isenlial  part  of  ilie  dress  of  ilmiisanils  aiiionu  llii>  lower  rhinses  in  lias- 
Hi:.,  I'nla.id,  l'',aHt  I'r.iHsia,  llnni^ary.  Ilulii'iiiia,  ami  .Sa\iiny.  In  Itns^ii  and  nil. er  cold  cl.ii.atuti,  the 
rki...'<  of  various  i  it  her  animals  may  he  iiiiii^idereil  as  iirlichs  of  ailn.il  iiecessily. 

"•J.  'I'lic  2d  ilass  would  in  a  ..leasi.re  I'nriii  pari  of  Hie  lirsi,  as  il  :iUii  cDinprises  fiir»  which  throinh 
hiliil  and  fai-liiiin  li.ve  now  liecnine  art  ides  of  neies-ily.  I  shnnld  here  e.iiimeral"  all  II. use  diirerenl 
f,kii.s  ro.ninoiily  railed  luittuif;  furn.  I'ew  who  are  ma  aiiinai.ileil  Willi  lliis  hraiich  of  Ihe  far  tr  ido 
run  for...  an  idea  of  Us  I'xleiit.  It  h  pre  ads,  of  noirse.  over  ill  p  iris  ofilie  yhdi,.  where  hals  are  worn, 
ziiil  rei|nires  very  siiiieiior  jiiduini'iit   and  i'iiM»lder:ilil,.  capital  lo  condiii  I  it  sue 


sfl.llv. 


The  fi.rii 


niiw  used  for  l.al  iiialunt;  are  heaver,  ll.llsl|lla^ll,  iiitcr,  nutria,  hare,  and  ralihil  ;  lint  each  of  these  may 
be  Hill.divided  In  2H  d.tVereiit  sons  or  classes. 

"  Neiitria,  or  ni.lria,  is  (Mi.iiparalively  a  new  arlide.  It  hniiaii  lirst  lo  hu  iiiiporled  in  larL'e  i|iiaiiti- 
lii'sahiiiit  IHlll,  frmii  llie  Spanish  possessimis  in  Siiiilh  Ameriea. --(See  .NiiTlilA  )  'I'lie  skin  is  used 
fur  ilillereiil  pnrpiises,  heini;  either  dressed  as  a  pellry,  or  cut  (shnrii)  as  a  haltii.i;  fur;  and  if  wull 
tiiiliiiifii'liired  and  prepariMl,  it  lie.rsson.e  resenililame  to  hnaver  fur,  and  is  used  for  simiiir  pi.rposes. 

"It.  Under  the  lid  and  last  class  1  should  hriim  all  those  fiirs.  whlili,  lliiiii!.'h  conlina  illy  .^olil,  mid 
u^imI  in  Inline  use  i|ii'ilititles,  liiiist  still  le:  consldereil  mere  artii  les  nf  f.isliioii,  as  their  value  varii'S  ac- 
(iinliiiK  lo  the  whims  and  faiicies  of  dillerent  .laliia.s.  Thert?  are,  hnwrfver,  evceotimis  ainoiia  tliesii ; 
ami  i.iiiiy  furs  may  he  considereij  as  slaii.lard  articles,  siiico  lliey  are  always  used,  tlumgU  their  pricu 
IS  iiiiich  ialliienced  hy  cliaiii.'es  of  fashion 

"This  class  comprises  an  endless  variety  of  furs,  as  under  it  may  he  liroiight  the  skins  nf  iiiiist  aiii- 
ni.iU  in  ovistencu  ;  alninst  all  of  them  appeaniii;  oKasinnally  in  the  trade. 

"  Kara  heiiia  entirely  the  produce  of  nature,  which  can  i. either  he  cnllivaled  nor  Increased,  Ihoir 
TiiliiR  is  not  intliieiii'eil  hy  fashion  .ainiie,  hut  depeiiiU  mate.iallv  on  the  l.'UL'er  or  smaller  sii|iplles  ru- 


ler; 


cd.    The  weather  has  (irent  InMuence  nn  the  iinalily  and  iinanlily  nf  furs  inipnrted  iViiiii  all  i|iiiir- 
s  i.f  the  Klolie  ;  and  this  circiimsl  nice  reii  lers  Hi'  I'lir  tr.iile  more  ilillic'ilt,  peril. ips,  and  pr. 


lliiin  .iny  other.     The  iiiiality,  and  coiisei|iieiitly  Ihe   price,  nf  many  fms  will  dill'er  evi'i-y  jear.     It 

III  he  completely  impossihli!  to  stale  the  value  nf  the  d.irereiil  articles  nf  furs,  Ihe  trade  lieiiii;  the 

1  have  often  seen  the  s.inie   articles  rise  and  fall   Hid.  211(1,  and  IlllO  per 


won 

iiinsl  tiiirliiatin!;  imaiiinal 


eiit.  ill  the  course  of  a  tw  elveinonth  ;  nay,  in  several  instances,  in  the  space  nf  I  iiinnlh  only. 
".\iii  niL'Ihe  furs  which  always  rank  very  lii'.'h(tliniii;li.  liki^  all  the  re-l,  they  cliaiiiji' in  Viiliie.)  may 


lie  spi 


•cilied  the  Silieri  ui  sahle,  and  the  hiack  and  silver  f.i.\.     These  arlicles  are  at  all  times 


conipara- 


...I'iy  very  scarce  .ind  cniiimaiiil  lii|;h  prices. 

"the  chief  supplies  of  peltries  are  received  from  Iliissia  (particularly  the  Asiatic  part  nf  th.at  em- 
pire), and  fmtii  .N'ortli  America.  Hut  inaiiy  ntlier  cniiiilnes  prndiice  very  lieailtifiil  anil  useful  fiira  ; 
aiiit  lliiiii'-'li  Wi^  are  most  iiidehted  to  Asia  and  Anieric.i,  KairiMie  furnishes  a  very  coiisideralde  iinan- 
lily. AlV.ia  and  Australia  are  of  Utile  iiiipnnaiice  to  the  I'nr  inule,  as,  from  their  siliialinn.  they  fiir- 
iiwli  hill  few  articles,  anil  consume  still  less.  From  llii!  fnriiier  we  draw  leopard  and  tijjer  skins  (the 
iiiost  lu'liiilil'iil  of  tint  species),  while  Ihe  hh/i/ prodiiciinii  of  Ihe  latter  is  the  l.aiiL'iron;  this,  hnw- 
i'ViT,  is  never  used  as  a  fur,  being  chielly  consumed  hy  leather  dres,ser9  and  tanners  for  the  sake  of 
ilj  pi'll. 

"Bi'sides  niinierniis  private  traders,  there  are  several  liir  cnnipaiiies  nl  very  Innf;  standing,  who  in 
v.iriniis  ciiiintries  do  a  ure  it  aii.imiil  of  hiisiiiess.  Aiiioni;  lliest  ,  the  lliidsnn's  l!ay  ('nmpiiiy  (in  l.oe- 
ilnn)  deserves  to  he  meiilinneil  lirst,  not  only  front  the  e.Meiil  of  their  hiisinuss,  but  because  il  Is  onu 
nf  ll.e  oiliest  chartered  conipanies  in  lliujland. 

••The  A riiaii  l"nr  t'onipiny  (in  New  Vorkl  stands  next.     They  ctiiedy  trade  to  London,  whillier 

tlicy  send  the  produce  of  the  tlii'ited  States  and  nilier  parls  i\<  Nnrtli  America, 

"The  3d  company  is  the  llnssian  American  (in  Moscow i.  They  trade  tn  the  Russian  pusaessiniis  on 
tlin  western  coast  of  ,\nrtli  America,  whence  Iliey  draw  their  supplies,  which  are  chielly  ccinsiiined  in 
Iliisniii. 

"The  4th  and  last  company  of  any  couseciiience  is  Ihe  Diiiish  fJreenlaiid  Company  'in  (,'i)|ienha- 
fen).    They  do  but  a  very  limited  hiisiness  ;  exposin:;  their  goods  for  sale  once  a  yi;ar  in  tJopen- 
>n. 
rho  principal  coiisiiniplion  of  the  t'nrs  w  liicli  I  should  hriiii;  iiinler  the  head  nf  the  ed  class,  i.s  m 


liasen. 


China,  Tnrkev.  and  Iliissia,  and  iii.ioiil'  the  iiinre  civilised  cniiiitries  of  V 


land,    (terniaiiy  consumes  a  considerable  ipiantiiy 


rii 


partii'iilarly  in  Kiig- 


lilllu.    Ill  Africa,  none  hut  the  ligyptians  w 


ir  tor.     In  Aiistrali.i 


e  coiisiimp  inn  of  Aiiierii  a  is  cnmpuralively 


me  is  ronsiiined. 


Hattiiiu  I'urs  are  used  Ihroiiphinil  r.iimpe  (u   'h  the  excepiimi  of  Turkey  and  (ireecel.  and  in  Ame- 
rica J  l.iit  by  far  the  principal  Irude  in  these  arliclea  is  carried  on  in  Lundun  and  Nuw  York. 
Vol.  I.— 3  N  88 


:AMk  \ 


■ '  I  i 


698 


FUR  TRADE. 


CS 


Si 


•Sj^i 


■1^ 


t  -I 


I' 


■  I 


'  1 


I    ^ 


,1  ■ 


*:  ( 


"Most  of  thecnmpnnins  soli  their  pnndshy  public  Hnlc,Bnd  tlie  prinripal  fur  fairs  nre  held  at  Kiachta 
(on  tlic  borders  of  Cliiiia)  ;  Nislinei  Novogorod,  between  Moscow  and  Casaii,  in  Russia  ;  and  twice  a 
year  at  Leipsic. — [8ee  I<'aiii8.] 

"  It  is  u  rennirl<able  feature  of  the  fur  trade,  that  almost  every  country  or  town  which  produces  and 
exportH  furs,  iniportH  and  consumes  the  fur  of  scuue  other  pl:ice,  freciuenlly  the  most  <iislant.  It  i» 
but  seldom  that  an  article  ia  consumed  in  the  country  where  it  is  produced,  though  that  country  may 
consume  furs  to  a  very  great  extent." 

The  following  details  with  respect  to  the  North  American  fur  trade  may  not  be  unin- 
teresting : — 

This  trade  was  first  practised  by  the  early  French  settlers  at  Quebec  and  Montreal ;  and 
consisted  then,  as  now,  in  bartering  fire-arms,  ammunition,  cloth,  spirits,  and  other  articles 
in  demand  among  the  Indians,  for  beaver  and  other  skins.  In  1670,  Charles  II.  estiililishcd 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  to  which  he  assigned  the  exclu.sive  privilege  of  trading  with 
the  Indians  in  and  about  the  vast  iidet  known  by  the  name  of  Hudson's  Bay.  The  Com- 
pany founded  estfiblishinents  at  For»«  Churchill  and  Albany,  Nelson  River,  and  other  places 
on  the  west  coast  of  the  bay.  But  the  trade  they  carried  on,  though  said  to  be  a  profitable 
one,  was  of  very  limited  extent ;  and  their  ronduct  on  various  occasions  shows  how 
thoroughly  they  were  "  possessed  with  that  spirit  of  jealousy  which  prevails  in  some  degree 
in  all  knots  and  societies  of  men  endued  with  peculiar  privileges." — {Europaiii  Sil/k- 
ninitd,  vol.  ii,  p.  268.)  Mr.  Burke  has,  in  the  same  place,  expressed  his  astonishment  tiiat 
the  trade  has  not  been  thrown  open.  But  as  the  Company's  charter  was  never  confirmed 
by  any  act  of  par''nmcnt,  all  British  subjects  arc  lawfully  entitled  to  trade  with  those  re- 
gions; though  ii(  the  difficulties  attached  to  the  trade,  the  protection  required  in  carrying 
it  on,  and  th  :  ..guised  hostility  which  private  traders  have  experienced  from  the  agents 
of  the  Compu.  _ ,  the  latter  have  been  allowed  to  monopoli.se  it  with  but  little  oppcsitiiin. 
In  1783-4,  the  [irincipal  traders  engaged  in  the  fur  trade  of  Canada  formed  themselves  into 
an  association  known  by  the  name  of  the  North-West  Company,  having  their  chief  esta- 
blishment at  Montreal.  This  new  company  prosecuted  the  trade  with  great  enterprise  and 
very  considerable  success.  The  course  of  their  prorecdings  in  their  adventurous  umlcr- 
takings  has  been  minutely  described  by  Mr.  Mackenzie,  one  of  the  agents  of  tiie  company, 
in  his  Vtij/iifre  from  Montreal,  t/uviiirfi  the  Continent  of  America.  This  gentleman  in- 
forms us,  that  some  of  those  engaged  in  tliis  trade  are  employed  at  the  astonishing  distance 
of  upwards  of  4,000  miles  north-west  of  Montreal !  A  very  numerous  caravan,  if  we  may 
so  call  it,  sets  out  every  year  for  Lc  Grand  Portage,  on  Lake  Superior,  where  they  meet 
those  who  have  wintered  in  the  remoter  establishments,  from  whom  they  receive  the  fur.'; 
collected  in  the  course  of  the  season,  and  whom  they,  at  the  same  time,  furnish  with  frcsli 
supplies  of  the  various  articles  required  in  the  trade.  Fort  Clieprywan,  on  the  Lake  of  the 
Hills,  in  Ion.  1 10°  2C'  V/.,  used  to  be  one  of  the  most  distant  stations  of  the  servants  of  the 
North-West  Company ;  but  many  of  the  Indians  who  traded  with  the  fort  came  from  dis- 
tricts contiguous  to,  and  sometimes  oven  beyond,  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

'i'he  competition  and  success  of  the  North-West  Company  seem  to  have  rou.sed  the  dor- 
mant energies  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  The  conflicting  interests  and  pretensions 
of  the  two  associations  were  naturally  productive  of  much  jealousy  and  ill-will.  Under  the 
auspices  of  the  late  Ear!  of  Selkirk,  who  was  for  a  considerable  period  at  the  head  of  the 
Hud.son's  Bay  Company,  a  colony  was  projected  and  founded  on  the  Red  River,  which  runs 
into  Lake  Winnipec.  The  Norlh-West  Company  regarded  this  establishment  as  an  en- 
croachment upon  their  peculiar  rights ;  and  the  animosities  thence  arising  led  to  the  most 
violent  proceedings  on  the  part  of  the  servants  of  both  companies.  At  length,  however, 
the  more  moderate  individuals  of  each  party  began  to  perceive  that  their  interests  were  not 
materially  dill'erent;  and  the  rival  companies,  wearied  and  im|)overished  by  tlieir  di.sseii- 
sions,  ultimately  united  under  the  name  of  the  Hudion'.s  Bat/  Fur  Canipani/,  which  at 
present  engrosses  most  of  the  fur  trade  of  British  America,  'i'he  most  im|)ortant  part  of 
the  trade  is  still  carried  on  from  Montreal  in  the  way  described  by  Mr.  Mackenzie. 

Accordins!  to  Mr.  Illiss,  the  number  and  value  of  the  furs  and  peltries  exported  from  Urilisli  America 
to  all  parts,  in  1831,  were— 


Beaver     - 

Hear 

Deer 

F(ix 

I.ynx 

ISI  i  1 1 X          ~ 

JV,-.         £     *.    ,/.                         £     .S-.  d. 

120,0 14  all     5     0    -    -    158,fih0    0    0 

3,8.'.0  —10     0--        3,8')0     3     0 

015  —  0     3     0     -     -             90  15     0 

8.:fi5  — 0  10     0     -     -        4..382  10    0 

58,010-0    8     0     -     -      23,201     0    0 

9.208  —  0     2     0     -     -            020  Ifi     0 

375,731  —  0    0    t)    -    -        0,:i03    5    G 

1  fnun  Halifax  and  St.  John's  estimated 

the  United  salutes  by  inland  trade 

Racoon    - 

Tails 

Weasel     - 
W(dverine 
Wolf 

at  the  average 

JV,..        £  a.   d. 

325  at  0  1  (i 
2.200  —  0    1     0 

31  —  0  0  0 
1,7 14  —  0  3  0 
6,917  —  0    S    0 

!  annual  value  of 

£ 

-  -         21 

-  -       111 

-  -           (I 

-  -        2til 

-  -     2,;t7S 

s. 

7 
10 
17 
Ii 
III 

I'p 
0 
II 
0 
0 

Musk  rat  - 

I'ndesrribei 
Exported  to 

j;-.2(i.i,:u6 

-  15,011(1 

-  10,1(0 

o 
n 

0 

n 

n 
(1 

Sterling 

23l,.l(12 
£211,010 

4 

II 

(Statistics  of  Trmlv  and  Industry  of  Britifh  America,  p.  29.) 
Afcordinp  to  Mr.  MTJreitnr,  the  value  of  the  fnrs  aiitinally  exported  from  lirilisli  Aniericii,  aiiMiiiiilcJ, 
ai  an  averaae  iiflhe  5  yeiirs  ending  with  1832,  to  about  210,000/.  sterling  a  year.— (/Jriiis/i  JVi;/(/i  Ame- 
rica, 2<l  edit.  vol.  ii.  p.  5U4.) 


FUSTIAN— GALACZ. 


699 


,r  fairs  n re  held  BtKiaehIa 
'n.iiiUiiss'"!  "mliwicea 
town  which  prmlHcesanrt 
ilv  the;  most  (lifUmt.  II  im 
1,  though  that  country  may 

trade  may  not  be  unin- 

ebec  and  Montreal ;  and 
spirits,  and  other  artidos 
0  Charles  II.  esfal.lish.'d 

niivilege  of  trading  with 
uason'sBay.    The  Corn- 
on  Kiver,  and  other  jilaci-s 
ugh  said  to  be  a  iiroiitable 
,us  occasions  shows  how 
ch  prevails  in  sonic  desrcc 
,„C9."— {European  Hellk- 
sed  his  astonishment  that 
larter  was  never  confirmed 
cd  to  trade  with  those  re- 
tection  required  in  carrying 
xpcricnced  from  the  agonls 
t  with  but  little  oppositum. 
lada  formed  themselves  into 
ny,  having  their  chiet  esta- 
e  with  great  enterprise  and 
,1  their  adventurous  un('cr- 
the  agenUs  of  the  company, 
lerlcu.    This  gentleman  in- 
\  lit  the  astonishing  distance 
umerous  caravan,  if  we  may 
e  Superior,  where  ihcy  meet 
whom  they  receive  the  lui^ 
iame  time,  furnish  with  tresh 
eprywan,  on  the  Lake  nt  t he 
slations  of  the  servants  otllio 
with  the  fort  came  trom  dis- 
ountains. 

seem  to  have  roused  the  dor- 
ms interests  and  pretensions 
isy  and  ill-will.     l-"Jer  the 
le  period  at  the  hrad  ot  the 
[on  the  Red  River,  which  runs 
this  estahlishmenl  as  an  tn- 
lu-nce  arising  led  to  the  most 
panies.     At  length,  however 
e  that  their  interests  were  not 
[impoverished  by  their  a.sseii- 
]i„ii  Fur  Conipann,  which  at 
-rhe  most  important  part  ol 
Jil  by  Mr.  Mackeniie. 
L  exported  from  British  America 


%    i 


.V...      £ 

1 325  at  0 

Iwo  —  0 

31  -  0 

I  017  -  0 


(i. 
(i 
0 
« 
U 
0 


knnual  value  of 


i;-2(i.i,;mi  !i 

.    15.(1(10    0 
.    lO.liO    (I 


2;H.|,.lC,>i    'J    n 
£211, UK'    •»    '^ 


lu,strvo.fBriMJi.nmca,\y'i9.) 
1  e    ..,  llriiish  AMii-riiM,  »i"""ii"'"> 


The  North  American  Fur  Company,  the  leading  directors  of  which  reside  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  have  long  enjoyed  the  principal  part  of  the  Indian  trade  of  the  great  lakes  and 
the  Upper  Mississippi.  But,  with  the  excejition  of  the  musk  rat,  most  of  the  fur-clad  ani- 
mals are  exterminated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lakes.  The  skins  of  racoons  are  of  little  value; 
and  the  beaver  is  now  scarce  on  this  side  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  further  north  the  furs 
are  taken,  the  better  is  their  quality. 


Account  of  the  pr 

incipal  Furs  import 

ed  in  1831, 

the  Countries  whence  they  were  brought 

, and  the 

Quantity  furnislied  by  each  country. 

Ciiuntriei. 

Hejr. 

Eeaver. 

Filch. 

Marten. 

Miriz. 

Musquash. 

Nulrin. 

Oder. 

Prussia     - 

- 

_ 

2,lti8- 

(ierniaiiy  - 

- 

115 

186,409 

21,139 

688 

7,028 

Ndtlierlands     - 

- 

53 

21.418 

517 

. 

- 

44 

Krance 

- 

. 

30,620 

27,070 

- 

702 

2,000 

Britisli  N.  Ame- 

rican colonics 

.1,094 

93,1(1!) 

_ 

112,038 

30.742 

7.37,740 

. 

21,6.36 

United  States  - 

13,180 

7,45<J 

. 

50,083 

70,120 

27,000 

.'>2,l.30 

1,401 

Huenos  Ayres  - 

- 

. 

_ 

_ 

_ 

. 

420,960 

All  other  places 
Total    - 

Ii28 

118 

- 

2,354 

2,011 

157 

9,971 

117 

17,602 

I00,<»44 

243,705 

214,107 

103,561 

772,693 

494,067 

23,198 

Of  these  imports,  tlie  heaver,  fitch,  and  marten  were  mostly  retained  for  liomn  consumption.  A 
larce  iiundier  of  bear  and  otter  sUins  were  re-exported  to  (Jeriiiany;  and  no  fewer  tlian  ,')92,117  inus- 
iHiash  sltins  were  e.xported,  in  1831,  !■>  tlie  United  States.— (ftiW.  Paper,  No,  .550.  Sess.  lt-.33  ) 

The  imports  of  ermine  are  inconsiderable,  haviiii?  only  amounted,  at  an  average  of  1S31  and  1832,  to 
2,107  skins  a  year.  , 

Tlie  duty  oil  furs  produced,  in  1832,  34,079/. ;  and  that  on  sltiiis,  not  being  furs,  18,093/.  13.?.  Orf. 

China  is  one  of  the  liest  marlsets  for  furs.  Tlie  Americans  began,  with  tlieir  diaractiristic  activity, 
to  send  furs  to  Canton  very  soon  after  tlieir  flag  liad  appeared  in  the  Eastern  seas  in  17M;  ami  they 
still  prosecute  tlie  trade  to  a  considerable  e.xtent,  tlioiigli  it  has  rapidly  diiclined  within  the  last  3  or  4 
years.  Tlie  Americans  procure  the  furs  intended  for  tlie  China  markets,  partly  from  the  American 
i'lir  Company  already  alluded  to,  and  partly  from  Canada  ;  but  tliey  h!ive  also  been  in  Ibe  habit  of 
sending  out  ships  to  the  north-west  coast  of  America,  which,  having  purchased  large  qiiantities  of 
skins  from  the  natives,  carrying  them  direct  to  Canlon.  Recently,  liowever,  this  trade  has  been  ma- 
terially diminished,  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  the  regulations  of  the  Kussiaii  government,  wlio  do 
not  permit  the  American  traders  to  cruise  so  far  north  as  tliey  did  formerly. 

FUSTIAN  (Ger.  Barchent  ,•  Du.  Fuslein  ,-  Fr.  Futainc  ,•  It.  Fusfagno,  FruKfa'^no  ,• 
Sp.  Fustan;  Rus.  Bumasea,-  Pol.  Barclian),  a  kind  of  cotton  stuft",  wealed  or  ribbed  on 
one  side. 

FUSTIC  (Ger.  Gelbliolz,  Fudick,-  Du.  Gcdhout ,-  Fr.  Botsfaune  de  Brcsil;  It.  Legno 
rriallu  de  Brmilio  ,•  Sp.  Palo  del  Brasilamarillo),  the  wood  of  a  species  of  mulberry 
(Morns  tincforin),  growing  in  most  parts  of  South  America,  in  the  United  Slates,  and  the 
West  India  islands.  It  is  a  large  and  handsome  tree ;  and  the  timber,  though,  like  most 
other  tlye  woods,  brittle,  or  at  least  easily  splintered,  is  hard  and  strong.  It  is  very  exten- 
sively used  as  an  ingredient  in  the  dyeing  of  yellow,  and  is  largely  imported  for  that  pur- 
pose. Of  ().335  tons  of  fustic  imported  into  Great  Britain  in  1831,  1,G83  tons  were  brought 
from  the  British  West  Indies,  1,354  ditto  from  Cuba  and  the  foreign  West  Indies,  1,013 
ditto  from  the  United  States,  990  ditto  from  Mexico,  510  ditto  from  Colombia,  705  ditto 
from  Brazil.  Fustic  from  Cuba  fetches  full  35  per  cent,  more  in  the  London  market  than 
that  of  Jamaica  or  Colombia.  At  present,  the  price  of  the  former  varies  from  10/.  to  12/.  a 
ton,  while  the  latter  varies  from  8/.  to  9/.  a  ton.  The  consumption  amounts  to  about  0,000 
tons  a  year. 

Zante,  or  young  fustic,  is  really  a  species  of  sumach  (Rhus  cotinus  liin.),  and  is  quite 
distinct  from"  i\\c  moru.i  tinctoria,  ox  old  fustic  the  latter  being  a  large  American  tree, 
while  the  former  is  a  small  European  shrub.  It  grows  in  Italy  and  the  south  of  France, 
but  is  principally  exported  from  Patras  in  the  Morea.  It  imparts  a  beautiful  bri<j;lit  yellow 
dye  to  cottons,  &c.  which,  when  proper  mordants  are  u  .^-d,  is  very  permanent.  It  is  con- 
veniently stowed  amongst  a  cargo  of  dry  poods,  as  it  may  be  cut  into  pieces  of  any  length 
without  injury.  Dniy  a  small  ijuatitity  of  this  species  of  sumach  is  im[iorted.  Its  jirice 
iluotuates  considerably.  In  August,  1833,  it  was  worth,  in  the  London  market,  from  9/.  to 
1 1/.  a  ton. 


G. 


(GALACZ,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  on  the  left  bank  of  (he  Danube,  between  the  confluence 
of  the  Serefh  and  the  Pruth  with  that  river,  in  lat.  45°  25'  X..  long.  28°  E.  It  is  ill  built 
and  dirty  :  population  supposed  to  amount  to  12.000.  The  tnulc  of  the  town  is  chiefly  car- 
ried on  by  Greek  merchvnts,  but,  within  the  last  few  years,  some  foreign  houses  have  formed 
estalilishtnents  in  it.  'I'hough  at  a  considerable  distance  inland,  Galacz  may  be  said  to  bo 
the  port  of  the  Danube ;  and,  were  the  political  jealousies,  and  other  olistacles,  that  have 
hithorto  so  much  obstructed  the  navigation  of  this  great  river,  once  removed,  it  would,  no 


l\ 


700 


GALACZ. 


Co 


I 


*ki 


I?  I 


t    !  '      !. 


'I       ( 


i'    ,' 


t 


doubt,  become  a  first-rate  emporium.  Tlic  treaty  of  Ailrianopic,  by  rescuing  the  provinces 
of  Moldavia  and  Wallacliia  from  TurkLsh  despotism  and  inisrulo,  will  contribute  not  a  little 
to  this  desirable  result,  llecenlly,  indeed,  Galacz  has  been  rapidly  rising  in  importance. 
Steam  vessels  have  been  established  on  the  Danube,  from  Presburg  to  Galacz,  and  thence, 
by  the  Black  Sea,  to  Constantinople  and  Trebizond.  The  advantages  of  which  the  free 
navigation  of  the  Danube  cannot  fail  to  be  productive  to  all  the  countries  that  it  traverses, 
and  especially  to  Hungary,  of  which  it  is  the  natural  outlet,  seem  to  warrant  the  belief  that 
its  vast  capacities,  as  a  commercial  highway,  will  be  daily  more  and  more  developed, 

Kntranrc  to  Oalucz. — Of  tho  lliroe  principnl  niotillis  of  I  he  river,  the  Soiilineh  (iiiiddin)  iiioiith,in  lat. 
45°  10'  ;<0"  i\.,  limp.  29°  41'  20"  1'!.,  is  thit  only  one  acces.'sililfi  hy  vessels  of  coiLsidf  rable  hiirdi-n.  'i'lie 
depth  dl'  water  on  the  bar,  at  its  eiilriiiice,  varies  fioin  10  to  l.t  and  14  feet,  aceijrdinL'  to  the  season  of 
tliu  year,  and  the  direction  of  tlie  wind.  From  the  bar  to  nalacz  and  Brailnff,  still  hi;.'her  np,  there  is 
nowhere  less  than  18  feet  wtili^,  and  In  many  places  from  fiO  to  70  feet.  \  cssels  of  'aW  tons  lie  close 
to  the  iitiays  of  Galacz.  The  shores  at  the  month  of  the  river  beina  low,  and  bordered  with  reeds  tmd 
shoals,  ve.ssels  iiilendiiijr  to  enter  IIk!  river  generally  make  the  small  rocky  islet  of  I'liidonisi,  or  .Ser- 
pent's Isle,*  in  lat.  45"  15'  l.V  N.,  lonp.  3IF  10'  ■M"'V..,  wheiici;  the  Soillineh  motith  bears  W.  by  s., 
distant  '23  miles.  At  the  entrtmce  to  it,  on  the  sotith  shore,  is  a  wooden  tower,  but  (though  the  con- 
trary be  sometimes  stated)  no  livhlhotisc.  Lighters  are  ffenttrally  stationed  withotit  the  bur,  into  wliicji 
lar-jt;  ships  discharge  a  part  of  their  cargoes  ;  and  pilots  may  peneriilly  be  oblained  from  them  or  oilier 
vessels.  .\s  the  current  is  sometimes  vitry  strong,  and  dittiitilt  to  stem,  the  establishment  of  steam 
tugs  at  the  moiuh  of  the  river  wonlil  obviate  the  principal  diiliciilties  incident  to  its  navigation. 

Frost  nstiully  sets  in  on  the  Uuiinbe  in  the  month  of  December,  and  continues  till  the  month  of 
Mtircli ;  in  18,'i.'!,  however,  there  was  no  frost.  Treights  in  the  ports  of  the  Uanube  are  alwiiyg  from 
2U  to  25  per  cent,  higher  tlian  in  Odessa  ;  premiums  of  instirance,  on  the  contrary,  are  not  lilshor 
tlian  at  the  latter,  except  on  such  vessels  as,  on  account  of  their  si/.e,  are  obliged  to  discharge  at  the 
river's  mouth. 

Miney,  IVtifflits,  and  Meanurea. — These  are  principally  Turkish,  for  which  see  Conbtantinopi.e  • 
but  Russian  .and  Austrian  coins  are  in  general  circulation. 

ExpurtK  mill  ^H/)or^•^.— Moldavia  anil  \Vall;ichi,i  are  very  prndtictivf?  provinces,  being  fruitful  hntli 
of  corn  and  cattle.  From  60,000  to  80,000  head  of  cattle  are  aniumlly  fattened  for  sale  in  the  two  [iriii- 
cipalilies.  A  pair  of  good  oxen  commonly  cost  from  TO  to  Kl  riitibles.  Ntimeroiis  herds  are  aniiiially 
sent  into  Ansiria,  parlictilarly  from  Aliildavia.  Now  lliat  the  principalities  are  sniijeileil  to  reiiilar 
governnieiits,  and  that  ii  iiiarktit  has  been  opened  fur  their  products, there  can  be  little  doubt  that  they 
will  rapidly  improve.  The  principal  articles  of  export  from  Galacz  are  wheat,  of  which  the  (iiiaiility 
might  be  indeliniii'ly  increased,  tallow,  hides,  live  ciittle,  talt,  butter,  wool,  iV.e  ;  and  to  these  injulit 
be  added  timber,  (!ax  anil  hemp,  Ciiviar,  &e.  lliit,  if  the  navigation  be  improved,  which  it  seems  alt 
but  certain  will  be  the  case,  UrailofF  and  (i.ihic/.  will  become  dipdl.i  for  the  prodticis  of  niingary  and 
'rransylvania.  The  imports  consist  of  cofl'ee,  sugar,  and  other  colonial  products,  raw  anil  nianiifac- 
tiireil  cotton,  iron  and  hardwiire,  oil  and  olives,  rice,  soap,  spices,  &c.  ;  at  present,  however,  llieyara 
quite  inconsiderable,  compared  to  what  they  would  be  were  civilization  consideriibly  e.vlemiuil  iii  ijm 
countries  adjacent  to  the  lower  Danube,  ami  still  more  so  were  it  to  become  the  great  highway  fur  the 
conveyance  of  foreign  products  to  Hungary.    Subjoined  is  a  — 

Statement  of  the  Quantities  and  Value  of  the  Merchandise  imported  into,  and  Exported  from,  the 
Port  of  Galacz  in  IbSii.— {Consular  Hetiirn.) 


Imports.                                             1                                              Eiports. 

Articles                          j    (Quantities. 

Value.       I                          Articles. 

Quantities,  j      Value. 

Almonds         ...  cwts. 

("arot«              .            .            '      ^- 
t'loth,  American          .           -     lbs, 
CoHee   -            .             -            -      — 
t'olton,  raw     .           .          -     — 

twist   .           .           .  packets 
niaiiufactures             •     — 
figs      ....  cwts. 
Incense            .            -           -     1I)S. 
In>ii,  English  .            .            -  cwts. 
0,1       ■           .           .           •     — 
Olives  -           -            .           •     — 
Pepper             .            .           .     lbs. 
l<.-iisin3             -            -           .  cwts. 

KlCB       •               •               -              .       — 
Kmiii      ■            .             .            .      _ 
S.iap      ....     lbs. 
Su^ar   ....  cwis. 
Tin       -          -           •           -     - 
Wax    ■            .           .           .     _ 
Wines  •           -            ■           •     — 
MrSLellanegus - 

Total 

3,000 
7.500 

»,yo-. 

226,100 
70,750 
3,500 

3,7.50' 
66,600 

7.500 

5,000 

8,750 

56,600 

S,7:50 

8,751) 

750 

234,700 

2,500 

25 

375 

500 

L. 

9.000 

3,937 

•1.1  S7 

21.000 

9,373 

6,562 

22.500 

5.625 

4,SS0 

I4.lii5 

33,750 

10,687 

4,500 

13,125 

19,6J7 

3,037 

10,123 

16,S75 

.5,625 

6,750 

'.',.'50 

l!,250 

Butter  ....  cwts. 
Cattle,  oxen     -            -            .No. 
C(tWS       .              -             .      — 
horses    .            ■            .      — 
sheep     .           .           .     — 
Iliilcs,  ox          •           .            .     — 
Salt       ....  cwts. 
'I'allmv              .            .            .      — 
Wheat             .           .           -  kilos.t 
W'ines              .           .           .   galls. 
Wool    ....     lbs. 
Miscellaneous .... 

t  Of  2  chelwcrti  each. 
Total 

17,500 

6,000 

3,!!00 

.■i.liOO 

I0,0>10 

15,1100 

30f,0fl0 

20.000 

31 '.000 

166.666 

424,500 

/.. 

45,000 
31,250 
'24.223 
22,!)50 
3,7.56 
26,250 
I3i,0«( 
SO.OW 
112.V0 
.5.625 
16,^73 
7,500 

254,232 

527,M5 

S/(i>/)iHi'.— M.  Ilagemcister  gives  the  following  return  of  the  shipping  which  entered  the  Danube, 
by  the  rioulineh  mouth,  in  the  following  years,  with  their  destination  ;— 


Years. 

Ismail. 

Rerii. 

Galacz. 
113 

Brailoff. 

Turkish  Port). 

1S30 

84 

sa 

n 

31 

1831 

184 

IS 

180 

22 

30 

IS32 

158 

17 

451 

61 

s 

I8.W 

32 

:i 

202 

170 

37 

is:i.l 

37 

2 

lt6 

l!-5 

2'i 

*  This  island  was  famous  in  antititiity  for  its  temple  in  honour  of  AchiHes,  to  whom  it  was  sacreil. 
It  was  called  /.cure,  or  the  While  l.~land,  from  the  myriads  of  sea-fowl  by  which  it  was  ti>iiially 
covi.'red.  There  seems  to  be  no  good  I'luiiidatinn  for  the'  moilem  imlion  of  its  being  infested  vvilli  ser- 
pents. It  is  singiilir.  however,  seeing  that  it  is  now  annually  passed  by  numbers  of  Ihiropeaii  ships, 
tint  il  should  not  have  been  visited  by  any  trtiveller.  It  luiiy  lie  expec'led  to  contiiin  some  remains 
of  uutiquity. — (Mee  Clarke's  Tiaceh  iu  Jiuaia,  Turkti/,  i^c.  tfvo.  edit.  vol.  ii.  p.  31)1—401.) 


GALACZ. 


701 


-escuing  the  provinces 
contribute  not  a  little 
rising  in  importance, 
to  Galacz,  and  thence, 
^c*  of  which  the  iree 
'ntries  that  it  traverses, 
warrant  the  belief  that 
more  developed. 

msiVral.10  b-ird.M..     ll.e 
cc.ir.linL' to  tlie  season  .It 

p";cls  of  :iOO  10119  lie  close 
.in.or.lcrcd  with  r.^iMla  ana 

V\vl  ol  l'lii<ioni*t,  or  Ser- 
„     mouth  l.car«  W  l.y  S., 

w  -r,  hut  (though  the  rnn- 
witho.it  the  liar,  into  which 
Xahiea  from  them  or  ot\ier 
tl  e  eslahlishnient  ol  slcain 
iPnt  to  its  navigation, 
loutinties  till  the  nionlli  of 
c  lii  niihe  arc  always  Iron, 
u^  contrary,  arc  not  hiplier 

obliged  1<''1'*"^"'"S«""'° 
hich  sec  CoNsTANTisori.E; 

rovinrcs,  being  fruit  fill  both 

,,,.,1  for  i^ah^  in  the  two  iirin- 

nieroiis  licnls  are  annua  ly 

n  Van  be  little  ilouht  that  Ibey 
wheat,  of  whi.h  the  uuantily 
?,ol  vl-  ;  ami  to  tlies,-  niiuMit 
i  m.rove.l,  which  it  i=eeiii3  all 
V,c  products  of  Iluntiary  and 
pr.xUicts.  raw  ami  inaiuifac- 
an.rosent,  however,  lliey  are 
.  . ,  iisiderablv  exieiuleil  ui  the 
omevl^treal  highway  for  the 

1  into,  and  Exported  from,  the 
I.) 

Export*. 


Quantifies. 


Value. 


.  cwls. 
.    No. 


>  cwts. 

.  kilin.t 
.  galls. 
.     lbs. 


6,000 

3,a)0 

1i,«10 
tO.MU 
IS, 000 
300,000 
20.000 
31 ',000 
ItiS.UtW 
424,)00 


I.. 
4'i,000 
3<.2yi 

3,1.i0 
2r,,2'i0 

ISi.WO 
90.0CO 

lU.Vfl 

KATn 
7,500 


kach. 


W7,W3 


ling  w 
111  : — 


Uich  entered  the  Danube, 


Turki'h  Port!. 


Ikailoff. 

r.7 

22 

lit 
170 

l'i;^.;:^s>rt:o;r  hi.. 


In  1835,  202  vessels  arrived  nt  fJalarz  ;  of  wliicli  P  were  Rritisli,  'LO  Russian,  17  Austrian,  60  TJreek, 
49  Turkish,  17  Ionian,  4  Sardinian,  2  Saiiiian,  1  Wnlladiian,  1  Helgiaii. 

Duties. — An  ttd  valorem  duly  of  3  per  cent,  is  levied  on  all  articles  of  nierchnndlse  imported  into,  or 
exported  from,  the  princi|ialities  of  Moldavia  ami  Wallachia.  (ioverninent  reseives  to  itself  the 
power  of  prohibiting  the  exjiurtaiion  of  any  an  it le,  but  it  has  to  give  ii  month's  previous  notice  of  any 
Mich  prohibition. 

O.ilai;/.  is  a  free  port ;  that  is,  a  port  at  which  all  commodities  may  be  landeil,  wnrelioiiseit,  re-cx- 
porlerl,  anil  consumed  in  the  town,  free  of  duly.  Quarantine  regulations  are  strictly  enforced  at 
<;alac/,,  iiiil'Fs  performed  previously  to  entering  Hie  river. 

Ismail  nd  Ki'iii,  ports  ol'the  Russian  province  of  llessarabia.  are  situated  on  the  Danube,  and  arc 
both,  but  especially  Ismail,  a  jiood  di^al  nearer  its  nioiitli  than  (Jalacz;  hut  they  are  much  less  con- 
siderable in  point  of  commi'rcial  importance.  Having  little  importation,  their  trade  is  conlined  almost 
entirely  to  the  exporlatioii  of  corn,  and  even  in  this  respect  they  are  very  inferior  to  Galacz  and  Brai- 
loff.     They  are  subject  to  tlie  Hussian  duties  and  regulations. 

We  hive  irleaned  tlii'sc  particulars  fr.mi  a  variety  of  works,  but  principally  from  the  valuable 
Reimrt.  hij  M.  I)e  Uaaemei.itcr,  on  the  Commerce  of  the  Black  Sea,  Kng.  'iVuHs.,  pp.  b3— 05.,  &c. ;  Piinli/s 
Sailims  Directions  to  the  ISlark  Sea,  p.  HI,"),  &c. 

Mouths  of  the  liiiuuhe. — Tliere  is  a  great  discrepancy  in  the  statements  of  ancient  authors  as  to  the 
jiumber  of  channels  by  which  the  Danube  poured  its  waters  into  the  Eiixine.  (Cetlurii  J^''iitiiia  Orbis 
^^utiqui,  lib.  ii.  cap.  fi.)  A  similar  discrepancy  exists  at  this  nioiiient ;  some  authorities  atlirii'lng  that 
it  has  four,  others  five,  and  others  six  or  sevcui  mouths,  lint,  as  stated  above,  there  are  only  three  of 
any  cmisid  'r.itib!  niagnilinle,  viz.  the  Kilia  month  on  the  north,  and  successively  tlie  Sonlineli  month, 
and  the  lOdrillis  nioiilh.  Hiit  besides  the  e.  there  are  other  channels  of  inlV'rior  importance,  of  which 
two,  at  least,  are  still  more  to  the  south  than  Ih  !  Kdrillis  mouth.  In  aiiliipiity,  the  most  southerly 
clianiu.'l  was  the  deepest,  and  li.st  suit 'd  for  the  purposes  of  naviL'atioii,and  was  thence  called  Sacrnvi. 
(See  Cellariiis,  lit  suprii.)  It  is  not.  however,  to  be  wondered  at,  that  in  the  conrsi;  of  so  many  ages, 
very  great  changes  slinnid  have  taken  place  in  the  channels  of  llie  river.  It  seems  probable  that  the 
Ostium  iSiieruiii,  or  soiitliern  channel  of  the  aiicii'iits,  may  have  run  between  Ciirsiim,  now  Ilircliova, 
and  the  lake  Ilulniijris,  now  Kassein,  which  cmmnunicati's  with  the  F.iixine  at  Kara  Kernian,  formerly 
Islropolis,  and  at  a  point  still  more  to  the  south.  At  any  rate,  there  certainly  w-as  a  channel  in  the 
route  now  pointed  out  [lyjinrilh,  Abrvn-e  ilr  la  Grognqihic,  Jincitinie,  tiim.  i.  p.  .'111".):  and  as  it  is  ,i 
good  (leal  more  to  the  south  than  the  Ivdrillis  mouth,  with  which  the  Osliiun  Sarrinn  lias  been  coni- 
inonly  identilled,  it  would  seem  to  have  the  best  claim  to  Ihi!  distinction  of  being  syiionynious  with 
the  latter.  This  channel  is.  in  fact,  still  partially  open,  and  it  has  b('en  recently  stated  that  the  Aus- 
trian government  is  seriously  eiitertaiiiiiia  a  project  for  makiiiL'  it  navigable.  'I'here  can  hi-  no  doubt 
dial  if  this  could  be  (/tr,'cti'd,  it  would  be  of  much  iiiiporlaiice  to  the  trade  w  ith  Hungary  and  the  coun- 
tries on  the  upper  part  of  the  river,  by  materially  shortening  the  river  navigation,  and  facilitating  the 
transit  of  ships  and  goods  lo  and  from  the  Ulack  Sea. 

Steaui  A'liriurnlioii  if  the  Danube. — A  reuular  line  of  steam-boats  for  the  transportation  of  passengers 
and  merch.imlise,  is  established  on  the  Diiiube  from  Presbnrg  (Hiinitary)  to  Galacz,  by  an  Austrian 
company,  entitled,  "  First  Company  for  Navigation  by  Steam  on  tlie  Danube." 
"'I'liree  boats  are  running  on  tbis'line,  viz. 

The  Paiinonia  (3(i-horse  power),  from  Presbnrg  to  Pesth. 
The  Francis  1st  (bO-horse  power),  from  Pesth  to  M<ddavia. 
I  'le  Argo  ('lO-liorse  power),  from  Orsova  to  Galacz. 
i     passi'imers  and  merchandise  change  boats  at  each  of  the  stations  indicated  above. 
•    .le  lieiL'lit  of  Orsova,  rocks  which  are  strewed  in  the  bed  of  the  Danube,  for  the  extent  of  about 
„Mi,nie,  not  periniltiiii:  steam-boats  to  pass,  {joods  are  transported  by  tlat-hottomed  boats,  which, 
coiwlMcted  by  skill'ul  boatmen,  j^lid.;  throuiih  thi^  rocks,  and  pass  them  w  itiioiit  accident.*     Passengers 
(ilseinbirU,  lind  make  by  laiiil,  a  circuit  which  occuiiies  twi:iity  hours.     This  part  of  tin'  journey  is  at 
til  ir  exp  Mise.     An  agent  of  tlw!  comp:iiiy  at  Orsova  arraiiL'es  with  them,  on  reasi.iialile  terms,  for  the 
prici!      This  crossing  over  will,  however,  be  shortened  by  the  repairs  about  to  be  niiide  on  an  ancient 
Uoman  causeway  running  iiearlv  paralhd  with  the  bed  of  the  river. 

"Till!  necessity  of  previous  aVr.insemciits  willi  the  Turkish  government  has,  for  the  present,  pre- 
vented th:!  company  from  removing  this  obstacle.  It  has.  however,  expended  large  sums  in  removing 
recks  from  other  pi>inl~,  in  riMiioviiig  sand  hanks,  and  in  dealing  the  lied  of  the  river. 

'•A  fmirth  steam-boat,  'The  Maria  Dorothea,'  of  Tfl-liorse  power,  is  expected  before  the  winter 
(is:i4),  lo  extend  the  line  from  (;alacz  to  Constantinople.  During  w  inter  this  boat  is  intendeG  for 
temporary  service  between  Smyrna  and  Constantinople,  until  the  return  of  spring  and  the  opening  of 
the  naviiration  on  the  Danube. 

'•Two  other  boats  are  held  in  reserve,  to  be  used  in  case  of  accident  or  repairs  to  any  of  the  four 
rcuiilar  boats."  ...„.,  .         „  .     ,. 

Accordimr  to  the  regulations  published  by  the  company,  the  prices  for  the  extreme  points  of  the  line 

are  as  follow  : — 


Pasaeii^ers.  one  place,  two  places. 

Frnm  Prestmris'o  Gilirz  ( iescndins)  •    4S  flnr.        77  flor. 

Fniin  Mnllavi.i  li>  I're-Mire  (asceiiiliii»)        -    14  ilo.         21  do. 
Chil  Iri-ii  nf  10  Vfars  lialf  pnre. 
PisscLijers  ,ire  allowfil,  I'ri-e  of  charite,  SO  poimiis  nf  lus^ase. 

Trice  ff  transport        Insurance  on  c.icli 
Merclianilise.  pi'r  100  lbs.  wiih. 

out  insurance. 
1  llorin  I:>  kr. 
I    do.    30 


Frnm  IVsUi  In  Mntdivia 
Friim  .Moldavia  In  I'e.lh 


luO  ll.rins  of 

value' 

i!J  kr. 

•Ii  do. 


On  merchandise,  tV.e  above  rates  only  apply  to  such,  the  value  of 
which  din  s  nut  exceed  7C  ItnrilLS  for  every  lOO  jlis.  \\i  iiht. 


Merchandise,  the  vahre  of  which  is  more  cons 
declared,  and  will  piy  according  to  value,  at  Uie  fn! 
transport  fioin  Vienna  lo  Galacz:— 

Per  ICO  lbs.  wilh- 
Merchandise.  out  iiisurAnee. 

Iron  and  scithes  •  •    !■  tinrins  20  ki'.^ 

Furniture  and  bulky  articles    •    !)    do. 
Other  articles,  cniiiprising  those 
calli-d  nf  l.el}  sic 


,  ihust  be 
,,\  in.;  rales,  for 

Insnrauce  per 
1011  llurinl. 


4j  kr. 


•    6    do.    SOdo.j 
This  last  Table  gives  Vienna  as  one  of  the  extreme  points  of  the  line ;  because,  in  fact,  the  great 


*  The  rapids  in  this  place  have  received  the  name  of  the  "  Iron  Gate."  All  vessels  asceiidinir  the 
river  have  to  be  lowed  up  against  the"  sireatn  ;  an, I  the  water  is  fieiiiiently  too  shallow  to  piMiuit  the 
ilcsient  of  any  but  the  smallest  class  of  llal-lmttonieil  hnats.  The  Kiituans  under  Trijaii  hail,  with 
riiiial  iiiilusiryand  saL'acitv,fornieil  a  road  or  path  along  the  river's  •■iIl'i'  for  facilitatim;  the  i'|i'.raliiiii 

(iftnwiim.of  ivhiih  the  reiiiains  are  still  extant,  with  an  iii^^ci  iplion  c eemorative  olthe  i  (Uiiidetion 

nf  the  works.     It  has  I n  proposed  to  overcimie  the  dithciilties  in  the  way  of  the  naviL'iilion,  by 

rcnnvalinn  the  old  Ronrin  road,  and  deepening  the  clianml  conti'.Mious  lo  it.  Hut  it  rarely  happens 
tliil  alleiiipts  to  improve  the  iiaviL'ation  in  the  bed  of  a  river,  under  any  thing  like  siinihir  ciriiim- 
stiiiices,  are  even  loleralilv  successful  ;  and  provided  it  cmibl  be  aciomphslied,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  proposal  for  cutting  ii  literal  canal  sutlicienlU  larue  to  admit  the  steam-hoats  and  other  craft 
naviL'ating  the  river,  is  hv  far  thr  most  lii,elv  means  of  ohviatieg  the  ilillii  iiltii'S  in  (|iiestion.  At  iill 
cviiils,  it  is  to  be  hoped  'that  suinething  etl'ecnial  may  he  spreilily  accomplished  in  reference  to  Ibia 
iinportanl  snliject.— (For  some  details  with  respect  to  the  "  Imn  (iaie,"  and  the  navigation  of  the 
Danube,  fiom'l'resburg  to  Uouslchuk,  see  Mr.  iiuin'd  I'uijajre  Dvirii  (Ac  Danube,  vol.  i.  pamm.) 
3n  2 


702 


GALANGAI^GALLIPOLI. 


:>  ]i 


«$=* 

^ 

**'i 

E\i        ^ :  ■' 

r-^      V 

O      f^' 

r* 

fcv^ 

ri 

;•  J 

IV 


♦       I 


object  nr  the  company  ia  tlin  cstahllshmRnt  of  a  direct  communlcttion  between  the  capitals  of  the 
Austrian  states  nnd  of  the  Ottoman  Pinplre. 

"lis  first  intention  was  to  make  VIennii  tlie  point  of  departure  for  its  steam-bonta;  hut  the  sinunsi- 
ties  of  the  Danube,  between  it  and  Presburi;,  interposed  a  tterious  obstacle.  RiRbteeii  nr  twenty  hours 
are  necessary  to  pass  tlie  distance  between  tliesu  two  towns  by  tlie  river;  whereas,  by  land,  it  is 
performed  in  five  or  six  hours. 

"The  ronipany  has,  therefore,  determined  to  erect,  either  at  Preshnrg,  or  at  Raab,  a  vast  entrepflt 
Whicli  will  he  connected  with  Vienna  by  a  rail-road,  upon  which  sleani  cars  shall  transport  all  mer- 
chandise coniina  from  the  north  and  midille  of  fierniany,  on  its  way  to  the  east,  by  the  Danube. 

"The  o(fi(!e  of  the  company  is  at  Vienna  :  its  charter  is  for  15  years.  It  is  privileeed  by  eoverninent 
gratuitously  to  draw  frmii  the  Imperial  coal  mines  of  Moldavia  the  coal  re()uired  for  the  congumption 
of  its  boats.  Its  capital  consists  of  1,12U  shares,  each  of  SOO  Horins.  The  dividend,  in  1831,  was  lixedl 
at  7  per  cent. 

"From  the  day  on  which  the  first  steam-boat  of  the  company  shall  have  entered  the  Black  Sea,  it  de- 
clares that  the  enterprise  no  lonjier  belonsrs  solely  to  the  Austrian  Slates,  but  that  it  belongs  to  Kurope. 
"It  is  announced,  that  the  company  coiilemplutcs  extending  its  line  of  steaiu-boats  from  Constan- 
tinoplt!  to  Trebizond. 

"This  extension  will  depend  on  the  results  which  will  have  been  obtained  by  the  experiment 
between  Oalacz  and  Constantinople." 

The  above  statement  was  published  more  than  a  year  ago,  and  we  regret  that  we  have  no  recent 
information  to  communicate  respectiiiK  the  stateof  this  important  nndertakini.  The  Russian  irovern- 
nienl,  to  whom  the  treaty  of  Adrianople  give  possession  of  the  mouths  of  the  Danube,  has,  it  is  said 
refused  to  permit  any  steam-boats  to  pass  in  and  nut  of  the  river  without  payment  of  toll.  Hut  the 
power  oillussia  to  im|)ose  this  toll,  conformably  with  existini;  treaties,  has  been  questioned;  and  till 
this  distMile  be  ailjiisled,  the  undertaking  will  necessarily  snder. 

Junrlinniif  the  Daniihc  and  the  Rhine.— .\.  project  has  been  for  some  time  on  foot  in  Bavaria,  that 
would  add  (.'really  to  ibe  importance  of  the  free  navigation  of  the  Danube.  This  is  for  cultiiic  a  canal 
from  VViirizhoiirg,  where  the  M.iync!,  vvliich  flows  into  the  Rhine,  ceases  to  be  naviL'able,  to  the  Danube, 
between  Doiriuwerlh  and  Ingoblstadt.  Were  this  accompllsbrd,  an  internal  communication  by  water 
would  be  established  throughout  all  the  vast  countries  stretching  from  the  shores  of  the  Netlierlaiufs 
to  the  Hlack  Sea  ;  so  that  prodnci'  shipped  at  llotlerdam,  or  at  Galacz,  might  be  conveyed  from  one  to 
the  other  in  the  same  vcss<'l  i  The  cost  nf  the  canal  in  iiue-tion  is  estimated  at  8,()(M)  000  florins,  and  a 
coujpany  has  been  formed  for  its  construction.  The  llavari.in  governnn'Mt,  whicli  is  a  liberal  patron 
of  every  umlerlaking  likely  to  promoti!  the  public  prosperity,  has,  we  believe,  engaged  to  subscribe  a 
fourth  of  the  sum  required.  But  we  have  not  liNiriiud  what  progress  has  been  nuulu  iu  the  uiider- 
lakiiig,  wliicli  is  truly  of  European  importance. — .Siip.) 

GAL.\NGAL  (Ger.  Ga/ganl ,-  Du.  atul  Fr.  Gahnga ,-  Rus.  Kalgnn ,-  Lat.  Galanga,- 
Arab.  Kusttulk ;  Chin.  Lauiuhin),  tlic  root  of  the  galum^n,  brought  frotn  Cliina  ami  the 
East  Indies  in  [lieces  about  an  inch  long,  and  hardly  A  an  inch  tliick.  A  larger  root  of  the 
same  kind  (Greater  GahtnsruJ),  an  inch  or  more  in  thickness,  is  to  be  rejected.  It  ha.s  an 
aromatic  smell,  not  very  grateful;  and  an  unpleasant,  bitterish,  extremely  hot,  biting  taste. 
It  should  be  chosen  full  and  ))Ium|),  of  a  bright  colour,  very  firm  and  sound :  12  cwt.  are 
allowed  to  a  ton. — (Letuis's  Mit.  Mvd.,-  MH/ium'fi  Orient.  Cunt.) 

GALBAXTIM  (Fr.  Gulhmmm  ,■  Ger.  Mtlterharz ,-  It,  Galbam  ,■  I-at.  GaVmnmi; 
Arab.  Barziid),  a  species  of  gum  resin  obtained  from  a  perennial  plant  {Gulbtinum 
nfficinalc)  growing  in  Africa,  near  the  (,'ape  of  (rood  Ho|)e,  and  8yria  and  I'ei-jiia.  It  is 
brought  Id  this  coiuitry  from  the  Levant  in  cases  or  chests  containing  from  100  to  ;?!!()  lbs. 
each.  The  best  is  in  ductile  masses,  comi)osed  of  distinct  whitish  tears  aggluiinatcd 
together  by  a  pale  brown  or  yellowish  substance.  It  is  generally  much  mixed  witli  stalks, 
seeds,  and  other  impurities.  The  separate  tears  are  considered  as  the  best.  When  the 
colour  is  daik  brown  or  blackish,  it  is  to  be  rejected.  It  has  a  strong  peculiar  odour,  and  a 
bitteri.sh,  warm,  acrid  taste. — (  Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

(GALLIPOLI. 
Account  of  tlie  (Quantity  of  Oil  exported  from  Oallipoli  in  British  and  Neapolitan  Bottoms,  in  1833 

nnd  I'^l!,  inuetlier  wiih  an  estimate  of  the  Value  of  the  same  formed  on  the  Quotations  in  the 

Giornalc  deile  Due  Sicilie, 


Fn  Rritisti  veMcU 
la  Neaiulitau  do. 

In  British  vctwIs 
111  Ncipulilau  do. 

> 

Total    - 
Tot.il    - 

1833. 

' 

Quantity. 

Value. 

In  S.ilnis. 

ts.sm) 

6, '•01 

In 

Imperial 
Tons, 

J.t,2-. 
9H 

3,56!) 

Prime 
Ducils. 

'.«t. 

Cash  (  liar^es  and  nuly. 

Tol,il. 

Sleriiii!;. 

Ducats. 

Slerlins. 

I^ucats, 

Sterling. 

.lV,31fi 
|i;2,407 

L.  77,Vr, 
27.')0-. 

l3.i.2fH 
36.72 -1 

I..  22,731 
6,310 

:'>S3,(»1<) 
iH'J,l32 

/,.  ini1271i 
3l,2i-, 

23,700 

613,723 

103,4  0 

169,018 

29.041 

732,741 

I34,4!)l 

183 

4. 

1 

2B,«7!) 
3,X())« 

3.733 
1,H73 

C71.P7-. 
(-11., 1(10 

llli,''6-. 
IIB.llOS 

l'*l,6W 

32,-22 
3I,V,9 

14,321 

361. 1 1* 
l,022,^9>) 

H9.->S7 
177,^07 

327,494 

60,.i27 

8,406 

l,:-.13,17'> 

263.173 

.%8.S32 

l,8'<3,027 

Statement  of  the  Number,  Tonnage,  and  Crews  of  Vessels,  distinguishing  the  rounlries  to  whicli 
they  belonged,  which  entered  inwards  and  cleared  oiilwanls,  at  the  Port  of  (J.illipoli,  in  1835. 


Fl,vt<. 

Kutere<l. 

Cleared. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 
1,317 
12,534 
11,239 

Crews. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Creivs. 

Hrilis', 

Itauovrrian 

Nea{mlilan 

Total   - 

12 

1 
82 

81 

898 

12 

1 

82 

1,317 

88 

12,831 

81 

5 

898 

93 

981 

93 

14,239 

984 

Suf.) 


0\rLON— GARNETS. 


703 


,een  the  capitals  of  the 

,  honts  J  but  the  sinunsi- 

:"V,lUca9,l.ylai>'l,'t» 

„t  nnah,  a  vast  entrcpftt 

'  ,  hy  Ihc  Uiimihe. 

,r  vilP2e<l  hy  Bovernment 

,tPrp<lthcBlnckSca,it.\c- 

turnt  tl'«>'>"S''»"^"'r'"- 
|Ji',„.bouls  frou,  Conslun- 

jtaineil  by  the  experiment 

rpt  that  wfi  have  no  recent 

imp  on  foot  in  Bavaria,  tlmt 

.  vtlicliisalilterMpiitrdn 
".■"*'  ,ei"eiltosnl.«crilma 
;|-^S;:u^;;:aeiutheunaer. 

Knlunn  ;  T.at.  Ga/anq:a  • 
;usht  from  China  an,    the 

,Uk-k      A  larger  root  ot  the 

toberejooUHl      Ithasan 

exlrcmoly  hoi.  biting    astc. 

rniand  sound:  12  cwt.  are 

Sah^  from  100  to  n  0  lb. 

whlli^^h  tear.  agsUi.raXed 
illy  nuich  mixed  wUh  stalks 
7  a.  the  best.     When  the 

strong  peculiar  odour,  and  a 

1  vmnolitan  Boltoms,  in  IS'M 
fenc^louth.auotat.o.>Biu.he 


Value. 

Yrisi  aiiJ  nuly.  ! 
Slerliiis-    I 


Tolixl. 


lIuMls- 


Slerlin!. 


mu.i 

■^^1       iM,4niJ 


i.i.:i2i    I  i,»^3n"_ 


islui."  Vlu!  ('onnuies  !;>  vvliicU 
,;fl"rrlot-OMln..'H,mlNb._ 


III 


GALLON,  a  measure  of  caparity,  both  for  dry  and  liquid  articles,  containing  4  quarts. 
By  5  Geo.  4.  c.  74,,  "  the  Imperial  Kailoii  shall  be  the  standard  measure  of  capacity,  and 
shall  contain  10  lbs.  avoirdupois  weight  of  distilled  water,  weighed  in  uir  at  the  tcrnperaturo 
of  62°  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer,  the  barometer  being  at  .30  inches,  or  277'274  cubic 
inches;  and  all  other  measures  of  capacity  to  be  used,  as  well  for  wine,  beer,  ale,  spirits,  and 
all  sorts  of  liquids,  as  for  dry  goods,  not  measured  by  heaped  measure,  shall  bo  derived, 
computed,  and  ascertained  from  such  gallon ;  and  all  measures  shall  be  taken  in  parts,  or 
multiples,  or  certain  proportions,  of  the  said  Imperial  standard  gallon."  The  old  English 
gallon,  wine  measure,  contained  231  cubic  inches;  and  the  old  English  gall<m,  ale  measure, 
contained  282  cubic  inches.  Hence  the  Imperial  gallon  is  about  \  larger  than  the  old  wine 
gallon,  and  about  \  less  than  the  old  ale  gallon.  By  the  6  Geo.  4.  c,  58.  §  G.  it  is  enacted, 
that  from  and  after  the  5th  of  .lanuary,  1826,  whenever  any  gallon  measure  is  mentioned 
in  any  act  of  parliament  relative  to  the  excise,  it  shall  be  taken  and  deemed  to  be  a  gallon 
Imperial  standard  measure. — (See  Weiciits  an«  Mkasuiiks.) 

GALLS,  OR  GALL-NUTS,  (Fr.  Guiles,  No>x  de  ^alle ,-  Ger.  Galhtpfcl,  G alius  ,- 
It.  Galle,  Gulluze ;  Lat.  Galw  ,•  Arab.  Afis  ,■  Hind.  Miijoiiphol  ,■  Pers.  Muztt),  are  ex- 
crescences produced  by  the  attacks  of  a  small  insect,  which  de[)osits  its  eggs  in  the  tender 
shoots  of  a  species  of  oak  (Qucrcus  Infccloria  Liti.),  abunuur*  'n  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Persia, 
&c.  Galls  are  inodorous,  and  have  a  nauseously  bitter  and  astringent  taste.  They  are 
nearly  spherical,  and  vary  in  magnitude  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  hazel  nut.  When 
good,  they  are  of  a  black  or  deep  olive  colour;  their  surface  is  tubercular,  and  almost 
prickly ;  they  are  heavy,  brittle,  and  break  with  a  flinty  fracture.  They  are  known  in 
commerce  by  the  names  of  wliifc,  i;rcen,  and  blue.  The  white  galls  arc  those  which  have 
not  been  gathered  till  after  the  insect  has  eaten  its  way  out  of  the  nidus  and  made  its  escape. 
They  are  not  so  heavy  as  the  others,  are  of  a  lighter  colour,  and  do  not  fetch  so  hig-h  a 
price.  'J'he  green  and  blue  galls  are  gathered  before  the  insect  has  escaped ;  they  are 
heavier  and  darker  than  the  former,  and  are  said  to  allord  about  one  third  more  of  colouring 
matter. 

Galls  are  of  preat  importance  in  llir  arts,  lioinR  very  extonsivrly  nsed  in  dyeing,  and  tlm  nianufnc- 
tnre  of  ink,  fif  wliiili  they  forin  one  (if  the  principal  inurcdients.  Tln-y  are  ilie  nnist  powi.'rfnl  of  all 
tlic  vejietahle  aslrin^'ents  ;  and  are  frecineiitly  nsed  witli  (!re;il  etVcet  in  tiiedicine. 

Tlie  ancients  reckoned  the  eull-niita  of  Syria  superior  to  every  otlu>r,  anil  tin'y  still  retain  their  pre- 
eaiinence.  They  an;  principally  exported  from  Aleppo,  Tripoli,  Sniyniii.  and  Said;  those  hronitht 
from  the  lirst  come  chielly  from  Mosul,  on  the  western  hank  of  the  Tigris,  alinnt  ten  days' journey 
from  Aleppo.  The  real  Mosul  calls  are  nminestionahly  the  best  of  any  ;  hut  all  that  nri'  (rallicred  in 
the  surroiitulini?  country  are  sold  under  this  name.  Those  from  Caramania  are  of  a  very  inferior 
quality.     The  fjalls  UM!t  with  in  India  are  earried  thither  fnun  I'tirsia  l>y  .\ral)ian  nierehaius. 

It  is  Hot  nmisunl  to  dye  the  whitish  iiallnuts  hine,  in  order  to  incre.ise  tlu'ir  >iilne.  The  fraud  is, 
however,  (leleclcd  hy  tlie  deeper  blue  tinue  that  is  llins  imparled  to  tlieni;  and  'ly  their  being  perfo- 
r.iled,  and  liL'hter  than  the  s-'enniiie  Idue  aalls. 

The  prii-i;  of  trails  in  bond  varies  in  the  London  market  from  ft^.i.  to  85,?.  a  cwt.  The  duty  is  5s.  a 
cwl.— (Ill cit's  Cijrlopirdiu;  Bancrufi  on  Caliiitrs  ;  Jiin.-lie'i--  J\Fat.  liulira,  •l^'C.) 

GAMBOGE  (Fr.  Gomme  guile,-  Ger.  Gummigutl ,-  It.  Gomma  s^iiltu ,•  Lat.  Gummi 
gutla",  Cumboi^ia;  Arab.  O.ssariimvutid,-  Siamese  and  (Jambojan,  lioiii;),  a  concrete  vege- 
tr.lile  juice,  or  gum  resin,  the  produce  of  the  Gdrdnia  Cambni^l/i.  a  forest  tree  of  the  genus 
wliich  affords  the  niangostein,  the  most  exquisite  fruit  of  the  East.  The  districts  which 
yield  gamboge  lie  on  the  east  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  between  the  latitudes  of  10° 
and  13°  north,  comprising  a  portion  of  Siam  and  the  kingdom  of  Cninboja,  whence  its 
English  name.  It  is  obtained  by  making  incisions  in  the  bark  of  the  tree,  from  which  it 
exudes,  and  is  collected  in  vessels  placed  to  receive  it.  In  these  it  assumes  a  tirin  consist- 
ence; and  being  forme  J  into  orbiciilar  masses,  or  more  frequently  cylindrical  rolls,  it  is  at 
once  fit  for  the  market.  It  is  of  a  bright  yellow  colour,  opaque,  brittle,  bre.dvs  vitreous,  has 
no  smell,  and  very  little  taste.  Spccitic  gravity  1-22  When  taken  iiiteniiilly,  it  operates 
as  a  most  violent  cathartic.  It  forms  a  benutit'ul  yellow  pigment;  for  which  purpose  h  is 
principally  used.  The  Dutch  began  to  import  it  about  the  middle  of  t!ie  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. The  greater  part  of  the  ganibogc  of  coininerce  first  lin<ls  its  way  to  Bangkok,  the 
t^iaincse  capital,  or  to  Saigon,  the  capital  of  lower  Cochin  ('liitia;  from  these  it  is  carried 
bv  junks  to  Singapore,  whence  it  is  shi|>ped  for  Europe.  Its  price  at  Singapore  varies,  ac- 
cording to  (piality,  from  '•)()  to  80  dollars  per  picul.  Dark  coloured  jiieces  should  be  rejected. 
—{Cr(iirfi)rd's  Einbasm/  la  Siam,  p.  42.').;   Tlioninnu'.s  C/ieiiushi/.) 

GARNET,  GARNETS  (Fr.  Gmmts  ,-  Ger.  Gninnleu,  Graiifihlrin  ,-  It  Granat!  .- 
Lilt,  driinuli ;  Ros.  Graiiahioi  latinvu  ,-  Sp.  Griuutdax).  There  are  two  species  of  garnet, 
the  precious  ami  the  common.  The  colour  of  the  tirst  is  red  ;  and  hence  the  name  of  the 
mineral,  from  its  supposed  resemblance  to  the  (lower  of  the  pomegranate ;  passes  from  Co- 
lumhine  .d,  to  cherry  and  brown  red;  coinmo.dy  crystallised.  External  lustre  glistening, 
internal  shining,  vitreous;  transjiarent,  sometimes  oniy  traiisiucent;  specific  gravity  408  to 
4'31.  The  colour  of  the  common  garnet  is  of  vaiious  shades  of  brown  and  green.  DiH'er- 
ont  colours  often  appear  in  the  same  mass:  translucent;  black  varieties  nearly  opaque: 
specific  gravity  from  3'66  to  3-7;'). — {Thomson's  Clinnhlrj/.)  The  fuiest  varieties  come 
from  India,  and  some  good  specimens  have  been  received  from  Grceidand.     When  large 


704 


GAS  COMPANIES. 


I 


I 


1^  I 


'  r 


J     1 


and  free  from  flaws,  garnets  arc  worth  from  ?.l.  to  n/.  or  fiA,  nnd  even  more ;  bnt  stones  of 
this  value  are  of  rare  occurrence,  and  always  in  demand. — {Maivc  on  Diamonds,  ^c. 
8ded.  {).  11.3.) 

GAS  COMPANIES,  the  term  usually  applied  to  desit^nate  the  companies  or  a«Boeiations 
estahlished  in  most  large  towns  for  lighting  the  streets  and  houses  with  gas. 

Every  one  must  have  remarked  that  most  species  of  coal,  when  ignited,  give  out  large 
quantities  of  gas,  which  burns  with  much  brilliancy,  yielding  a  great  quantity  of  light  as 
well  as  of  heat.  Dr.  Clayton  seems  to  hav(!  been  the  first  who  attempted,  about  17;l(J,  to 
ap|)ly  this  gas  to  the  purposes  of  artificial  illumination  ;  but  his  experiments  were  upon  a 
very  limited  scale,  and  no  further  attention  was  paid  to  the  subject  till  more  than  half  n  cen- 
tury afterwards.  At  length,  however,  Mr.  Murdoch,  of  Soho,  instituted  a  series  of  judicious 
experiments  on  the  extrication  of  gas  from  coal ;  and,  by  his  ingenuity  and  sagacity,  suc- 
ceeded in  establishing  one  of  the  most  capital  improvements  ever  made  in  the  arts.  Mr. 
Murdoch  found  that  the  gas  might  be  collected  in  reservoirs,  purified,  conveyed  by  pipes  to 
a  great  distance  from  the  furnace  where  it  was  generated;  and  that  it  nfVords,  by  its  slow 
combustion,  when  allowed  to  escape  through  small  orifices,  a  beautiful  and  steady  light. 
This  Rreat  discovery,  which  places  Mr.  Murdoch  in  the  (irst  rank  among  the  benefactors  of 
mankiiid,  was  first  brought  into  practice  at  Kedruth,  in  ('ornwall.  In  1802,  it  was  applied 
to  light  Mr.  Murdoch's  manufactory  at  Soho;  in  1805,  it  was  adopted  by  Messrs.  Phillips 
and  Lee,  of  Manchester,  in  the  lighting  of  their  great  cotton  mill ;  and  is  now  employed  in 
the  lighting  of  the  streets,  theatres,  and  other  public  buildings,  factories,  «Scc.  of  all  the 
considerable  towns  of  the  emj)ire ;  nnd  also  in  most  considerable  towns  of  the  Continent 
and  America. 

Gas  light  is  indebted,  for  its  rapid  diflusion,  not  more  to  its  peculiar  softness,  clearness,  and 
unvarying  intensity,  than  to  its  comparative  cheapness.  According  to  Dr.  Thomson  (.V«n, 
to  Enci/.  Brit.  art.  Gun  Liixhtu),  if  we  value  the  ((uantity  of  light  given  by  1  lb.  of  tallow 
in  candles  at  Is.,  an  equal  cjuantily  of  light  from  coal  gas  will  not  cost  more  than  2jV/, 
being  less  than  a  finirtli  pari  of  the  cost  of  the  former. 

Oil  and  other  substances  liiive  been  used  in  furnishing  gas  for  the  purpose  of  illumina- 
tion, but  none  of  them  h;is  answered  so  well  as  coal.  Most  of  the  oil  gas  establishments 
have  been  aiiandoned. 

The  construction  of  gas  works  on  a  large  scale,  and  the  carrying  of  pipes  throimli  the 
streets  and  into  houf-es,  «fec.,  is  very  expensive,  and  requires  a  large  outlay  of  C!i])ital. 
Hence  most  of  the  gas  lights  in  the  dilVereiit  towns  are  supplied  by  joint  stock  companies. 
Many  of  them  have  turned  out  to  be  very  profitiible  concerns. 

The  subjoined  'i'able  contains  a  statement  of  the  most  important  particulars  connected 
with  the  principal  gas  companies;  viz.  the  number  of  shares  in  each,  the  nominal  amount 
of  each  share,  the  sums  actually  paid  up,  the  market  jirice  of  shares,  the  divideiwl  |iaviiii!n 
on  them,  <S:c. — (Trom  the  Share  List  of  Mr.  Charles  Edmonds,  Broker,  o  ' 


-(I 
12th  of  October,  18:3.3.) 


lange  Ailcv 


Names  of  Compania 


I2,nnn 

5,00(1 

1.(101) 

1 .000 

10.000 

TO.riOd/. 
o.ooo 
.o.ooo 

5,000 

2,000 

4,000 

b.200 

4,0110 

(iOO 

Olio 

2,500 

000 

70 1 

2,100 

1,500 

750 

i,;u'2 

4,250 
2t0 
300 
800 
200 
IHO 
0(10 
240 


lOasLielit  and  Coke  Chart.  Company 
Ditto.  Ni'vv  (London) 
City  Cl.oiid  111)  ... 

Djito.  New  (London) 
Iiiilierial  (London) 
Dillo  deiienliiri'S      -  -  - 

I'hd'ni.x,  or  Soulli  London  - 
llrilish  (London)      ... 
iI)ilto  (Connlry)        -  -  - 

Ditto  dehi-nlures      .  -  -, 

ilnilejH'iidint  ... 

Eqiiit:il)le      .  .  -  - 

fJeni'Tii!  United  Gas  Light  Company 
Imni'iiiil  Continental 
Hriiiltbrd        .  .  -  . 

Ilri'iiiford       -  .  -  - 

Huh  .... 

Hiirnsloy       -  .  -  - 

l!iriMin!.'liain  .  .  . 

Hiriniiiiiliani  nnd  Staflbrdshirc 
llriiiiiiori        -  .  .  - 

Biii'liton  New  -  .  - 

liriiihton  (Jeneral      ... 
m.iMilinrn     -  .  -  - 

Itiislol  .  .  ,  - 

Cinlerlinry  .  -  .  - 

Clndli'iiliiini  -  -  . 

<"ovpnlry 

Derliy  .... 

Dover  .  .  -  . 

Dnrlley  -  -  -  - 

lOxoier  .  -  -  . 


Aninuiit 

of 
Mnrts. 


Pi  ill  lip. 


Price 
p«r  Share. 


£ 

50 
50 

100 

100 
50 

100 
50 
40 
20 

100 
.•iO 
50 
50 

100 
25 
50 
20 
10 
50 
50 
20 
20 
20 
10 
20 
50 
.SO 
25 
50 
50 
20 
50 


£ 

s. 

50 

0 

10 

0 

100 

0 

CO 

0 

50 

0 

IOO 

0 

H!) 

0 

It. 

0 

10 

0 

30 

0 

25 

0 

44 

0 

51 

5 

20 

0 

50 

0 

10 

0 

10 

0 

.50 

0 

50 

0 

20 

0 

18 

0 

10 

0 

60 

0 

50 

0 

- 

- 

£  f. 

50  0 
10  0 

105  0 

120  0 

4^)  15 

100  0 

4S  0 

21  12 

22  0 

lo:!  0 

45  0 

24  0 
+1  0 

.■ir.  0 

45  0 

25  0 
H3  15 
10  0 

110  0 

100  0 

14  n 

12  0 

18  0 

12  0 

41  10 

00  0 

75  0 

2(1  0 

55  0 

51  0 
22  0 
70  0 


Diii'lcna 
per  Aiiir.jin. 


fi  per 

(i  per 

10  per 

•'i  per 

■"  \)-r 

4  per 
0  per 

1/.  per  » 
1/.  per.. 

5  per 
(i  per 

4  per 

5  pi  >• 
l/.Ki.s'.pi 

10  per 


Ulvi.iciBl! 


rent. iMay,  Nov 
cent.  ,'\Iiiy,  Nov 
eeiil.  Aliir.  Sept. 
eeiii.  .Mar,  Sept. 
eeiii.  April  Oct. 
rem.  .I;in.  .Inly, 
i-eni.  I'rh.  Kw'n. 
Iiiire.  .April, Oct. 
Ii^irc,  ..\pril,  Oct. 
cent.  .liui.  .lulv. 
cent.  .■\jiir..«ii'pi, 
cent.  April.  Oct 
cent.  M:ir.  Srpt. 
■rsh.  Tel).  Aiij;. 
<ent.|      iM;iy. 


10  per  cent.  Teb.  Alip.  i 

j.Miir.  Sept. I 

10  per  cent.  Miir.  Si'pi.l 

4/.  per  sli.     jAiiril,  Oct.' 


.?i  per  cent. I 

5  per  cent.! 
10  per  cent  jreli.  An;;. 

5  per  r"iit.  ,Ian..l'jly. 
7i  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 

6  |)er  cent. 

0/. 


,  more-,  b"t  stones  of 
u-c  on  Dut»iond.%  M- 

,mrnnir9  or  a^socintioiw 

itll  ens. 

,  ignited,  pWc  out  argc 

eat  quantity  of  MU  as 
.lemptoJ,  about  17.M.,  to 
,,pri;nent8  wen.  ui)on  a 
lUmorcthanhaUa.rn- 
utcd  a  Bcrics  of  juaiciou« 
,nu\iy  and  HaRarity,  sue 

made  in  the  art..     Mr. 
r,cd,convoyrdby  1»PP«1» 

a    it  affords,  by  .•«  «low 

eautiful  and  .t.-ady  l.gh t. 

amonR  the  ben.-tactors  ot 

In  1802.  it  was  a,.i. bed 

lopted  by  Messrs.  Phdhi-s 

.  and  is  now  en.i.  oyed  n 
,'factorics,  &C.O  ./Vho 
lie  towns  of  the  Continent 

uUar  softness,  clearness,  and 

V   „.nl)r  Thomson  {Sup. 

S^^W^by  I  lb.  of  .>dl.,w 

inot  cost  more  than  2^(/., 

for  the  purpose  of  illnmina- 
3f  the  oil  gas  csf..bhshn,enl. 

orrvinR  of  pipes  thronch  tliR 
ef  a Tarpe  outlay  of  casual. 
icd  by  joint  stock  oomi.unies. 

portant  particulars  connected 
Crach,tbenom..>u».noun 
hrtvcs  the  dividend  imyidilo 
.at  Mcr,  of  Change  .Mlcy 


Price 
Sliare. 


lO    0 

0  n 

0 
■>o   0 

1^  15 
10  0 
13  0 
21  \-i 
2'i  0 
03  0 
45  0 
21  <> 
+1     0 

:i(i   0 

45     0 
25     0 

•^•^  15 


Dui'lii"! 
jirr  All"  ""• 


Divi'lends 
\  ^\.a1  It. 


C, ,pr  cent.  May,  Nnv. 
Cm"  cent.  >liiy,  N"V. 
10   .erfei.l.  Mar.  Si'pt.l 

.-,  ,„.rc.M.t.  A|ii-il Oct. 
.1  ,er.-em..l:»i..l<.ly. 
,-.  lerc-.Mit.  IVh.  .\»'J.  I 
hi  Hersliiue.  Aiir\l,(Hl.i 
;';;sl.:ue.  .Mml  (M. 
V„,.reent..liui..l^ily- 
■f,  irreenl.  Miir.  r<i'Pt.l 

4  McrcMil.  April-"''! 
;,,.,■  rent.  Miir.S.'pl.j 

lu.'ltlM.er>^l..  Vv\y\n^- 
lOpereeiit.       i>ii>>- 

rob.  A"?.  ! 
iMiir.  Sept. 


GENEVA. 

705 

Nnmbrr 
of  Sliilri'a. 

Namrf  of 

Conipaiiies. 

AllHMltlt   1 
(if         j 

Sh-ires. 

I'li.l 

up. 

Trici, 
|itT  share. 

DiVliI,*!!  1 

jicr  A;  mini. 

I)ivi<l('iids 
l.,i>»M,-. 

7S0  'iifiil  VitriMoiitii 

-            .            . 

20 

IS 

0 

13    0 

3J  per  cent.  Jnlv,  Jan. 

tiiiill'iirj 

-            «            „ 

25 

29 

0 

23     0 

U. 

(lOI)   ll.lil:i.x 

... 

25 

ai 

0 

30     0 

1,200  |l|wwi(h 

-            .            . 

10 

. 

12    0 

12.<. 

Mar.  Sept. 

bm  l^li'  lit  Tlmnnt 

-            .            . 

85 

20 

0 

22    0 

5  piT  cent. 

Jan.  July. 

10(1   Kldilei'iiiiiistcr 

-            -            . 

50 

. 

_ 

53     0 

5  piT  ec'tit. 
10/. 

201    I.<'«mI» 

-            .            _ 

100 

100 

0 

105    0 

I.eiiestGt 

- 

90 

50 

0 

05    (1 

3/.  10.». 

Jannary. 

220   l.i^wis 

-            -            - 

25 

25 

0 

23    0 

4  per  cent. 

January. 

500  Liverpool 

-            -            . 

100 

loo 

0 

4.00    0 

1M.         , 

I'VI).  Ani?. 

200 

IMiililslone     - 

-            -            . 

50 

50 

0 

100    0 

9  per  cent. 

Mar.  Sept. 

200 

i\i'\v<:asll('-uii(lnr 

-Mno 

25 

320 

N.'wpnrt,  Isle  of  VViglit      - 

50 

^ 

_ 

1«    0 

1/. 

512   .\orlli:iiii|itoM 

-           _           _ 

20 

1!) 

0 

20  10 

320   Niiltlii|,'liaiii 

-           .           . 

50 

50 

0 

96    0 

8  per  cent. 

120   (t.M'oril 

-           .           . 

L-iO 

130 

0 

3,200 

I'aisltiy 

-           -           . 

50 

(iOO 

I'nplar 

-           _           _ 

50 

_ 

27    0 

(iOO 

Porisea  Island 

- 

.50 

53 

0 

47    0 

5  per  rent. 

Jan.  July. 

2..100 

Piirlahlo 

-           .           . 

100 

20 

0 

IH  10  (lis. 

10,000 

I'lyinoiitli 

- 

M) 

70    0 

5/. 

July. 

1,000 

4mO 

Ralclitr 
Kocliilale 

-           -           - 

100 
25 

60 
15 

0 
0 

40    0 
par 

58    0 

4  per  cent. 

Mar.  Sept. 

240 

Udi'liestcr     - 

-           .           . 

50 

.50 

0 

.3/. 

1,000 

.Sli.Mlield 

-           -           . 

25 

IH 

5 

5H     0 

10  piT  cent. 

1,000 

Slirewslinry 

-           -           - 

10 

12  10 

V2s. 

Jannary. 

144 

Stncklon     "  - 

-           -           _ 

55 

_ 

_ 

204 

Warwick      - 

-           -           . 

50 

_ 

„ 

50    0 

5  ppr  cent. 

March. 

400 

Wakfticlil     - 

-           .           _ 

25 

- 

. 

- 

2/.  10.--. 

1(]0   Wiirrington 

-           -           . 

20 

_ 

_ 

21)    0 

10  per  cent. 

1,0110   Wicnii 

-           .           - 

10 

- 

« 

210   Wdnlwii'h     - 

-           -           . 

50 

30 

0 

- 

10  per  cent. 

MO   Wdlverluiinpton 

-           -           . 

20 

20 

0 

20     0 

■ 

(100   Worcester    - 

- 

20 

- 

10     0 

4  per  cent 

[Gas  works  for  lighting  have  been  introduced  into  the  United  States  at  Hostoii,  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  (Del.),  Baliimore,  Pittsburg,  Louisville,  New  Orleans, 
and  .Mobile ;  and  are  all  of  them  conducted  by  johit  stock  companies, — by  one  eomiiany 
only  in  each  place,  excepting  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  where  there  are  two.  With 
the  exception,  also,  of  that  in  Pittsburg  and  the  two  in  Philadelphia,  they  are  conducted 
under  the  usual  organization  of  joint  stock  corporations. 

In  the  three  cases  just  mentioned,  the  general  features  are  the  same.  The  stock  is  heid 
by  individuals ;  and  the  management  is  confided  to  trustees.  The.se  trustees  are,  in  the 
Northern  Liberties,  annually  chosen,  one  half  by  the  municipal  authorities,  and  one  half  by 
the  proprietors;  l)Ut,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  proper  and  Pittsburg,  they  are  chosen  by 
the  former  exclusively.  Li  all  these  works,  the  nmnicipal  authorities  have  granted  the  pri- 
vilege of  laying  down  pipes,  reserving  to  themselves  the  right  of  redem|ition  at  the  original 
cost,  for  the  benefit  of  the  corporations  respectively.  'I'hose  works  have  no  legislative 
charters. 

The  success  which  has  attended  the  works  in  Philadelphia  is  attributable,  in  a  great  mea- 
sure, to  file  strict  regulations  adopted,  to  prevent  the  leakage  of  the  gas  in  the  minute  rami- 
fications of  the  j)ipes  conducting  it  through  the  buildings  that  are  lighted. — Am.  Ed.] 

GENEVA  (Du.  Genever ;  Fr.  Geniarc  ,■  Gcr.  Gaud,  Genever  ,•  It.  Acqxiadl  Ginepro; 
Lat.  Juii'prri  arjun  ,•  Sp.  Al^iki  dc  Embro),  a  spirit  obt;\ined  by  distillation  from  grain, 
rectified,  with  the  addition  of  juniper  berries.  The  latter  give  to  the  sjnrit  that  peculiar 
flavour  by  which  it  is  distinguished,  and  arc  also  said  to  render  it  diuretic.  Geneva  is  a 
corruption  oi  aciiin're,  the  French  term  for  the  juniper  berry. 

B'  ■  the  best  geneva  is  made  in  Holland,  where  its  manufacture  is  carried  on  to  a  very 
irrc  Mit.     The  distilleries  of  Schiedam  have  long  been  famous,  and  are  at  present  in  a 

very  pui.perous  condition.  Schiedam  geneva  is  made  solely  of  spirit  obtained  from  rye  and 
liavley,  flavoured  with  juniper  berries.  It  becomes  milder,  and  ac(}uires,  as  it  gets  old,  an 
oily  flavour  disliked  by  tlie  Hollainlers;  hence  nearly  the  whole  of  the  "Schiedam"  is 
exported,  jirincipally  to  the  East  Indies.  There  are  no  fewer  than  .^00  distilleries  in  Schie- 
dam, 100  in  other  parts  of  Holland,  and  not  more  than  40  in  Belgium.  The  entire  annual 
[iroduce  of  the  distillery  in  Holland  is  estimated  at  2,000,000  ankers,  or  20,.'J00,000  wine 
lalloiis,  of  which  about  two  thirds  arc  exported. —  {Clucl,  Description  G tugraphique  des 
Fuijs  Ba.t,  p.  92.) 

In  nntliinir,  perhaps,  liaa  llie  destrnctive  effect  of  heavy  taxation  Ix'en  so  strnnaly  i-xhiliited,  as  in 
till'  Iraile  i>l"  i-'i'iiev.i.  It  app-ars  rnnn  llie  l':irl.  Paper,  No.  21S,  rtcss.  1S20,  tliat  iliiriii!,'  Ilie  10  years 
onilina  Willi  17S0.  when  the  duty  on  f;eiu'Va  was  almnl  U)s.  tln'  wiin-  iralloii,  the  average  aiimial  con- 
siimiiiinii  in  (ireal  llrilain  anioiinleil  in  aliiiiil  HO, 302  lmIIhiis.  lint  in  HNi,  .Mr.  Pill  reiliiced  llu'  diilies 
ti)0.>'.  a  Kallnii ;  ami  the  eU'ecl  ot'tliis  wis(!  and  jxditic  nii'asiiri' was  smh,  that  in  the  next  decennial 
jitriod  tlie  average  imports  lor  home  consinnptioii  ainounted  to  4 14,M)1  yullous '.    Frum  1790  to  1606, 

89 


,i  1 1 


706 


GENOA. 


■^•S 


5t5 


V- 


if 


tho  diillPR  niictiinted  from  7.«.  M.  In  1  Is. ;  l)iil  ns  ilio  tnBin  for  cpnovn  Imil  hocn  formed,  and  an  thn  dii. 
tirn  on  (illiiT  xpiril.s  liail  Ikmmi  i.jciiiistMl  in  alionl  tliii  s  ujii-  |irii|)(nlii)ii,  lliii  ciini«uiii|ili(iji  went  (Mi  iiicrcus 
ins,  Iwivi.i'.'  I)i;i-fi.  iit  an  avTau.'  ol'tli.'  10  y^  irs.  an  lii;4li  iih  ",'J;,:i.".1  lmIIimis  a  \v.:\r.    Tliirt  wa;.  Ili,'  inaxl' 
liMMiiiifriMisiini|(l(i)n.  Mr.  Van.^illarl  h(miii  allcv  luc  ui  liin  iiiunH|>li'icnii<  carcir.  and  lininciliatilv  rni»H(i 
tlic  (Inly  from  1  Li.  to  2(».<.  H,/. ;  tli)>  r(inHi'i|niMiri>  nCilii.-'  hurcaMi!  Iiejntf,  lliat  in  llii;  10  yrara  Kiicliiig  wi'li 

ISIO,  llicavcrai.'fion»uni|Hion  auK It'll  lo  only  27  V.H  Kallims.    Siinu  llnni  llii-  (inlics  liave  CDjuinnt'd 

stationary,  lii'iriK  at  this  niiinii'nl  2'i.«.  t),/.  ilii.  Iiii|i"rial  Kallun,  on  an  ilr  wliidi  niav  ii.' I ujn  jn 

bond  fnr 'i.t.  3(/.  or 'Av.  (W. ;  TInMlntlcHon  r ami  BritiHiiMpirilH  Inivint  liccn  niatcrially  r'l'ilnicd  riiirine 

the  IU9t  lOywus.  lliL'consnniiilionof  pencva  liaHKoniMin  procri'ssivrlv  (liniiniHliini.Miil'il  now  ainonnts 

BH  appcar>  froni  tin,'  siilijoiio'il  oHici;.!  Hlatfini'iil.  I i  ii  on'  than  •i-.i.iioo  nallon.-i ;  Imiiij;  only  une  ihiilu', 

fourth  part  of  wlial  it  ainonnli'il  to  duriiij,'  tlu'  10  Vf'urH  cMdinj.'  with  l.'-OO  ! 

In  Irclainl,  the  ctrocls  of  tliiri  fehnlc.  .-e  .ly.slcin   liavn  In nn>r>>  injurious  llinn  nppcara  from  ijiji, 

Tiilili!.     DnrinK  tin;  4  years  endinij  with  IMK).  tlii^  hooks  of  iln-  Irish  Cnstoni-honsc  show  that  thero 

wore,  lit  an  avuragi-,  bi,h'28  gallinis  of  t'cncva  i-nicrcd  for  hinni-  consninpli producin;.',  at  tint  tlirn 

duty  of  7.<.  3i(/.,  3!t,'J-2;».  II  year;  whiTras,  notwilhslaiidiiiz  thn  v.ist  incri'iist' of  population,  the  con- 
sumption  of  cciiirva  In  Iri'lanil,  in  \KVl,  was  only  l.ioi  gallons,  and  the  rcvrmnt  only  I,, 177/. 

To  make  any  liiiuthcin'd  coniimMilary  on  anch  statinii'iits  would  biMisidcss.  Onr  iiolity,  if  \vc  nmy 
npply  this  term  to  so  riivollin),' u  display  of  short-si(;lileil  rapacity,  Ins  had  no  other  etl'eit  than  to 
lessen  the  piildic  revenue  and  enjoyments  of  the  people,  to  injiire  our  trad-.' wilh  Holland,  and  to 
foster  and  (iromote  the  niinoiis  and  ilestriielive  prailiei!  of  RiiintiiiliiiK.    The  e.\(iriiilant  diiiies  on  t'e- 

nevu,  hrandy,  and  toliaeio,   have  led  to  the  fonnali f  the  euiisl  Kiiard  anil  the  preventive  witer 

guard,  cost  in;.'  toijolher  hitweeii  100,000/.  and  r;00,(10il/.  a  year;  and  yet,  tiotwillisiandiiip  this  eimr 
liimia  outlay,  and  iioiwithstandinf!  the  iiiniimerahle  peiinllies  iiiid  piinishiiienlsto  which  heii  expnseil" 
Ihe  trade  of  the  sinnt.'(;ler  is  not  put  down.lmt  is,  on  the  uonlrary,  in  a  peculiarly  Hoiirishiiii,' conditii,,, .' 
and  so  it  will  Lonlinne,  in  despite  of  every  thing  that  tan  he  done  for  its  suppression,  till  these  duties 
be  adei|nalely  reduced. 

We  helieve  onr  (lin  inannfaclnrers  have  nolhinff  to  apprehend  from  a  rednctlnn  of  the  dntjps  on  it,. 
neva  to  l(l.<.  a  (.'allon.  The  lower  classes,  who  are  the  creat  consumers,  prefer  lOiifc'lish  L'in  to  evirv 
other  stimulant  ;  and  now  that  the  duties  on  juniper  herries— (s.e  lii:iiuii;s)-are  reduced,  iis  iiiialiiv 
may  he  materially  iiimroved.  Hut  nolhiii«  would  have  so  niiich  inlliieiice  in  this  respect  as  the  adini/ 
sion  of  Keiieva  at  a  inoderate  duty.  It  would  also  h.ive  the  heneliciul  ellecl  of  putting  iin  end  to  i!ij 
maiiiifactiire  of  the  spurious  compounds  sold  under  its  name. 
The  regulations  as  to  the  imporiatioii,  &c.  of  goiievu  are  similar  to  thosu  airectiiig  Krandv  j  which 

881!. 

An  Account  of  the  Numher  of  Gallons  (Imperial  Measure)  of  Oeneva  entered  for  !Iome  (-'onsuinpllnn 
in  (ireat  Britain  and  Indaml,  the  Kates  of  Duty  on  the  same,  and  the  entire  Nett  I'rodnce  of  tlie 
Uutv,  each  Year  since  IHH. 


^u.iiititiefl  rctiiiird  for  Home 

Nell  Proiluce  of  Duty  (Customi  and  Excise.) 

tlilpsnf  Dijfv  per 
tin|ii;r],i|(iill,.„',i:„3,„„„ 

Years, 

and  Kxoj  f). 

C.reil 
liriliin. 

Irdl'i.i. 

Uriilcil 
Kiilitttoiil. 

Great  Britain. 

Ireland. 

Viiited  Kins;toni. 

Gt.  Britain. 

IrelsuJ. 

lini>.  (InlOlmp.  C,  ill. 

Iinih  Gall. 

£         s.     d. 

£      .9.     d. 

£        s. 

(/. 

£    s.    ll. 

£   s.  (/ 

1814 

Il',»,302 

0,072 

1.55,.374 

168.559  13     3 

5,581  18    5 

174,141  11 

8 

1     2     0} 

0  17    3J 

181.5 

I21,'.08 

4. 146 

128,951 

139.768  13     3 

4,029    8  11 

113,798    2 

2 

1810 

I0:t,073 

1,30.) 

105,278 

116,967  12  11 

1,359  15     8 

118..327     8 

i 

1817 

105,183 

2,174 

107.0.57 

118.837   19  10 

2,012  16     0 

120.850  15 

10 

1818 

!l,3,25j 

3,032 

116,287 

127,503  18  11 

2.772    3    3 

130.275     2 

2 

ISI'J 

102,523 

3.121 

105,647 

114,799  13     7 

2,795    2    9 

1I7,.59J  16 

4 

1    2    7; 

1820 

105.0(17 

3.383 

108,450 

114.903  15     2 

2.913  17  11 

117,817  13 

1 

1821 

8!Ui3 

3,324 

92,767 

100,965  15     9 

2,910     2  10 

103.905  18 

/ 

1H22 

88.1)70 

2.917 

9I„587 

99.981    Ifi     2 

2,.523  14     3 

I02,.505  10 

5 

182.'? 

82.784 

8,164 

90.918 

93.112    0     0 

7,020  14     5 

100,162  14 

5 

. 

1    2   8 

1824 

lil.tiO.i 

412 

90.017 

101,0,><9  12     3 

472    7  11 

10l„562     0 

2 

1825 

8;),701) 

1.000 

8 1.709 

94.463     2     1 

1,115  17  II 

95,609     0 

0 

1826 

(•.7.07i» 

2.081 

69,160 

7.5..5.53     5  10 

2,:!:i7  10  11 

77,^90  16 

9 

1     2    C 

1    2   6 

1.827 

50.700 

1,908 

52.668 

57,204  11   11 

2,117  12     6 

59„352     4 

5 

1828 

43,037  1 

2,223 

45,260 

48.4;i3     9     1 

2,500  11   10 

60,934     0  11 

1829 

35.301 

1.815 

37,146 

39.647  17    2 

2,075  12     6 

41,723     9 

8 

|8:iO 

29,(HJ()       1,703 

30,799 

32,650    0    0 

9,018     0     0 

34,6(H     0 

0 

I8;u 

2i.510  ,     1,388 

23,898 

25.33 i    0    0 

I, .562     0     0 

26,894     0 

(I 

1832 

20  S'Jt)  1     1, 102 

22,301 

23,514    0    0 

1..577     0     0 

25,091     0 

0 

GENOA,  a  maritime  city  of  Italy,  once  the  capital  of  the  famous  rc[itiblic  of  that  name, 
now  of  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia.  It  is  situafeil  at  tlie  liotloin  of  llic  cxtoiisive 
gulf  to  which  it  gives  its  name;  the  light-house  being  in  lat.  44°  24'  40"  N.,  Ion.  8°  .5a'  i),5" 
E.  Population  80,000.  Genoa  is  otic  of  the  finest  cities  of  Europe.  In  general,  tlie 
streets  are  inconveniently  narrow  ;  but  some  of  the  principal  ones  are  moderately  wide,  and 
consist  almost  entirely  of  public  buildings,  and  private  palaces  erected  during  tiie  period  of 
her  prosperity.  Being  built  on  a  rising  ground,  in  the  form  of  iin  amphitheatre,  the  appear- 
ance of  the  town  from  the  sea  is  most  magnilicent,  and  justifies  the  epithet  given  to  her 
of  "  la  superba." 

Porl.—'V\\K  harbour  is  siinicircular,  the  diameter  being  ahoiit  1,000  fathoms.  It  is  nrtillciiil.  Iicin^ 
formed  by  two  ijigantic  moles  having  opposite  directions.  Tli.'it  on  the  ea.«t  side,  called  the  idd  mule 
{violu  rrrcliui)y  projects  from  the  centre  of  the  city  W.  by  S.  It  is  about  2f0  fathoms  in  length,  and  has 
a  battery  near  its  middle.  The  new  nude  imalo  niiiiro),  on  the  oripusile  side  of  the  pun,  adjiiJDsiJii] 
8oiitliern  extremity  of  the  siihiirb  of  .S.  I'ietro  d'Arena,  projectine  about  210  fal bonis  I'roin  slinrc  in 
an  E.  S.  E.  direction.  The  mole  heads  bear  from  each  other  i\.  V..  by  I',  and  S.  W.  by  \V..  the  dis. 
tame  between  them,  forming  the  entrance  to  the  harbour,  being  about  350  f.ithoms.  The  lit'lit-limisic 
is  without  the  port,  on  the  we.st  side,  near  Ihe  extremity  of  a  point  id'land.  and  (diitignoiis  to  llie  Iml- 
toniofth:-  new  nude.  It  is  a  lofiy  sinnre  tower;  aiid  as  it  stands  on  a  liiL'h  rock,  ami  is  paiiili'd 
white,  it  is  visilde  in  clear  weatlier  at  a  great  distance.  Tlien^  is  also  a  harliniir  light  at  the  exlreiiiily 
of  the  new  mole.  There  is  no  ditlicully  in  entering  the  harbour;  the  grmiiid  is  clean,  and  tlieri' Is 
plenty  of  water,  iiarlicularly  on  the  side  iiext  the  new  luole  ;  care,  however,  must  he  taken,  in  coming 


GENOA. 


707 


„  formed.  «"'">".'*"'''"" 
"„  ,U..u^v>■<.l....l»l:rK.s- 
,  ln,\  it..u..Mlv..lf  y  r!U*.Ml 
'•,l'ov:.r««i"l>"«.  «•''''', 

,  .,M\  rVdiin'il  (luring 

S  '^*'""«""";"'r• 
'".uo    .V.'r  ..nWlllr.n.o 

1  tlw  i.rfv.'iiuvi-  wilier 
';;::;v      s.^MUn!:U.>.nu,r. 

V;'   u  n(.urwirn.l.M.niuliUuu  ; 
Sre".>on,U»iUcscau...>. 

..„i,„tU.noftluMlut\eMm|!.:- 
'^      .■  r  I'liL-li-ih  uuilofviry 

•intl.rrr*.i..MtastlM^»'Uiiis- 

;;;^norpuAu>t;an.M,uoi.,e 


Crom  tho  wost,  to  pivn  thft  licht-lionsf!  point  n  gnnd  nll'iii!.'.  Mmlorntc  sl/od  morrlinntnifln  rnmnionly 
oiu'lior  inside  Itic  nld  mule,  ciinliiiiiou!"  Id  I'm  pnrlo  frnm-o,  i<r  licMMird  \viiri'li(in!-i'«,  hiiviiiR  a  linwscr 
iimili!  l';iHl  1(1  llic  riKilt!.  iind  iin  iinclKir  aliciid.  Men  i\(  wnr  nnd  llic  liiriri'st  (  Iiism  (if  incrrliiintnicn  limy 
nnclKir  iiiHide  llii;   i  pw  mule.  Inil  llicy  mii-'l  iml  niiiK!  lim  iieiir  Hie  flmre.     Sliips  siiiiieliiiii';<  iiiirlior 


103 


,  aiTeciing  l!nA5<"v  ;  which 


1  f,,r  llonu"  Ccns'umptinn 


'      ami  Exti  I'). 


Kin?liini 


|r;;;;;7rcrubUc  of  that  name, 

To  24'  40"  N.,  Ion.  S    ^i  •« 

Le.  arc  moderately  ^K^e.  »nj 
'^  ercdclduriuRtUcFruHlof 

Inn  fivthnms.    It  r  ,^,  ,„„,„ 

|,„{3:.0lAtl..ii..^.  ^ll.cM- 

llOWCVLT,  111"- 


witlioiii  Mir  liiirliiinr  in  from  III  in  2.'i  lull 


llie  iinlil-liiiiim!  Iieiriim  N.  '_  \V.,  dislaiit  2  nr  H  iiiilen. 


TIk!  S.  W.  winds  (icnision  ii  lieavy  swell  lint  the  liiillcim  is  clay  and  Indils  well.     VVilliin  the  luwii  nti' 
two  rather  shallnw  liiisiiis  dcsiciied  t'nr  (sallies  and  small  iradinu  vi'scels.     There  is  also  an  aiseiial. 

Jl/wnfi/.— AceiinnlH  were  I'drinerly  kept  al  (Jemia  in  lire  of  -Ml  Milili,  each  siililo  conlaiiiiiiR  l"i  ili  nari ; 
niid  money  was  divided  inio  h«Hci)  and  /w»ri  </(  liaiico.  Itiil  sinii!  llie  Isl  of.laniiary,  l^-'i",  the  aiicieiil 
method  of  rerkdiiim!  has  ceased,  and  accounts  are  now  kepi  in  lire  Italiane,  iliviile(i  into  ceiiis.  'I'lio 
weiL'ht  and  linriiess  of  Hie  new  coins  are  pr(U'isely  the  saiiKi  as  lliose  of  |.'ranc(^ :  so  that  llie  par  of  ex- 
rhiiiiKe  •  2l'7''lire  perpiiiiinl  slerlimr,  if  eslimaled  in  silver  ;  and  2:i"2n,  if  esliinaled  in  t'ldd.  Oidd  lire 
<li  liaiifo  are  eijiial  to  .')  new  lire  very  nearly. — (Mniiicl  ilr  .\'rllirrbricliir.)  Sales  of  incnliiinilise  con- 
tinue, however,  to  lie,  for  the  most  part,  iniidu  in  the  old  currency.  Thu  prices  );ivi;n  in  a  Hiibseiineiit 
part  (if  this  article  are  in  it. 

The  HanU  of  (Jeniia,or  of  iSt.  fJeorge,  was  oni;  of  Hie  most  ancient  and  clelirated  linnUs  of  circulation 
and  deposit  in  Kurope.  Until  17  hi,  wlien  the  hank  was  pill,i{!e(l  liy  tie:  Aiislriaiis,  it  was  ciislimiary 
to  make  all  hills  of  e.vclian(;e  drawn  upon  (Jenoa  piyalde  in  Ixnini;  lint  since  then  they  liave  uenerally 
iietiu  made  payalili;  in  money /hiici  i/i  banco.  In  l(-Oll,  when  the  rreiich  were  liesieced  In  (ieima  hy  tlm 
Austrians,  they  look  the  Ireutiure  of  the  hank  to  pay  their  troops,  'llie  estublishiiient  has  never  re- 
covered Ironi  this  blow  ;  HOiiin  warehouses,  and  apart  of  the  town's  revenue,  were  assi;,'ned  to  it,  but 
they  yield  a  very  poor  dividend.     It  is  no  loniier  used  as  a  place  of  deposit  for  money. 

li'ci'r/itg  and  Measures. — Tile  pound  is  of  two  sorts  ;  the  /)(-,<»  .lallilr  ---■  •l.'^'.ll.;  Kni-'lish  crains,  and  the 
jiesu  srossn.  Tile  latter  is  10  per  cent,  heavier  Hian  Hie  former  ;  hence  Hie  canlaro  of  1011  His.  peso 
sottilR  =  69+9  Ibg.  avoirdupois  ;  and  the  caiitaro  of  10(1  Ills,  peso  (irosso  ^^  7lih7.')  lbs.  avoirdupois.  Tlio 
latter  Is  used  for  weiKhini:  bulky  commodities  ;  thu  former  is  used  in  the  weighing.'  of  gold  and  silver, 
und  of  all  comiiiodiiies  of  small  bulk. 

Corn  is  measured  by  the  iniiia  of  8  quartc  or  96  gonibettc ;  1  mina  =  3i  Winchester  bushuU  nearly. 
Salt  is  sold  by  Hk?  mondino  of  8  mine. 
Of  liquid  measure,  lUO  pinti!    ~     I  barilla. 

2  barilla  ^=    1  iiiezzarola  =  39i  English  wine  gallons.    The  barilla  of  oil  =  17 
Enclish  (gallons. 

Of  loni!  measures,  the  pnlmo  =  9-72.'i  English  inches.  The  canna  is  of  3  sorts;  the  canna  piccola, 
used  by  iradesmen  and  manufaclnrers,  =  9  paline,  or  b75  En|!lisli  inches  ;  Hie  canna  grostia,  used  hy 
nieicliaiits,  -  12  paliiii  -  1167  Knglisli  inches  ;  anil  the  canna  used  at  the  Custom-house  =  10  palmi  = 
<j7-2^  English  i  iclies.    The  braccio  =  2',  palmi. 

Xdi'iiriition,  i^T.— In  1831,  there  entered  IhedilTercnt  portsof  the  Sardinian  slates,  3,701  ships  ;  hut  the 
greater  number  of  these  must  have  been  small  coasting  vessels,  as  llieir  airgreirate  liiirden  did  not  e.t- 
oeeil  ns  1,217  Ions.  If  we  deduct  about  a  third  for  Sardinia,  liy  far  Hie  largest  pro|i(irliiin  of  llie  reinaiii- 
der  must  have  entered  and  cleared  out  at  (ienoa.— (.^rr/iicf.s  ((«  Cdmwcifc,  loin.  ii.  p.  H9.)  — In  IS32, 
M  Itritish  ships  of  Hie  Imrdeii  of  13,178  tons,  arrived  at  Cenoa.*— (Pur/.  Paper,  No.  700.  Sess.  lN',:f.) 

Trade,  <S-c. — Gfiioa  is  the  entrepot  of  a  large  extent  of  country  ;  and  her  roinnierce, 
thoiiRh  inferior  to  what  it  once  wa.s  is  very  considerable,  and  has  latterly  been  increasing. 
She  is  a  free  port;  that  ia,  a  port  where  goods  may  he  warehoused  and  e.xported  free  of  duly. 
The  exports  consist  partly  of  the  raw  products  of  the  adjacent  country,  .such  n-  olive  oil  (an 
article  of  great  value  and  importance),  rice,  fruits,  cheese,  rags,  steel,  argot,  &(. ;  partly  of 
the  products  of  her  manufacturing   industry,  such  as  silks,  damasks,  and  velvets  (for  the 
production  of  which  she  has  been  long  famous),  thrown  silk,  paper,  soap,  works  in  marble, 
alabaster,  coral,  &c. ;  the  printed  cottons  of  Switzerland,  ami  the  other  products  of  that 
country  and  of  the  western  parts  of  Iiombardy,  intended  for  the  south  of  Europe  and  the 
Levant;  and  partly  of  the   various  foreign   jiroducts   brought  by  sea,  and   placed  in  porta 
franco.     'J'he  imports  principally  consist  of  cotton  and  woollen  sfiills;  cotton  wool,  mostly 
iVo in  Egypt;  corn  from  the    Black  Sea,  Sicily,  and  Barlmry  ;   sugar,   salted    lish,  spices, 
colVee,  cochineal,  indigo,  hides,  iron,  and  naval  stores  from  the  Baltic ;  hardware  and  tin 
])lates  from  England  ;  wool,  tobacco,  lead  (principally  from  Spain),  wax,  &c.     Corn,  barilla, 
Gallipoli  oil,  cotton,  valonia,  sponge,  galls,  and  other  jiroducts  of  the  countries  adjoining  the 
Black  Sea,  Sicily,  the  Levant,  &c.,  may  in  general  he  had  here,   though  not  in  so  great 
almniinnce  as  at  IjCghorn.     'J'he  various  duties  and  ('ustom-house  fees  formerly  charged  on 
the  transit  of  goods  through  Genoa  and  the  Sardinian  territories  have  recently  been  abolished. 
This  will  have  a  very  benelicial  influence  on  the  trade  of  this  port,  particularly  as  regards 
the  importation  of  raw  cotton  for  Switzerland  and  Milan,  as  well  as  of  the  dilierent  descrip- 
tions of  colonial  produce, 

glateinent  of  the  (luantitiea  of  sonic  of  the  Principal  Articles  of  Colonial  and  other  Raw  Produce 
imported  into  Genoa  in  1830, 1831, 1832,  with  the  Slocks  on  Hand  on  the  Istof.lanuary,  1832  and  1833. 


Slcick,  1    Sli.ck, 

1 

Mnrk,  i 

Stork, 

An  ides  ini  ported. 

IS30. 

1831, 

IS32. 

Isl  ,l.iri.i  1st  .I.iri. 

Articlts  iin])orteJ.  1 

1830. 

IS3I. 

1832, 

Isl  Jan. 

1st  J.IIl, 

s.riOfl 

' 

1.32.  1    i!-a;i. 

1 

1!.32. 

1833. 

1  Cocoa,  all  (jmls.      bass 

l3,-,(i0 

3,200 

3,400 

1,330 

Siiircfl,  I'l'i'iitT,  lbs. 

2,0->0,(  00 

900,001 

1,300,000 

. 

33,000 

1  Cnfffr'.  rtiun          •     tons 

l,!H(i 

l,.'W« 

2,9,30 

110 

t80 

I'iiiieiitd    -    — 

132,000,  143,(00 

130,00(1 

93,000 

Collnn.  ditto        •  bales 

S,rt70 

13,700 

10,6(10 

4,130 

1,030 

C.is^ia  li,.iie.i,ra. 

790 

530 

820 

40 

Corliiiieil            -      ll»5. 

I'l.i.O 

29.0011 

7,1,1  00 

33.(X)0 

64,000 

(llUO       ■      ITIllS 

1,'DO 

Fish,  Co'lfiRh,       quint. 

36,90(1 

3l,V)ll 

34.1  00 

7:.o 

Sug.ir*.  lo.ives,  c.isks 

310 

175 

83 

30 

45 

St  ckfi>h        — 

20,:  00 

lf.,9C0 

22,000 

I.BOO 

criislieil         — 

2.7' 0 

2,r!.o 

2  8,30 

130 

310 

I'llclianis,     lihds. 

2.:,M) 

3,0r-.0 

5,200 

ll.'i\niiiiah,   Isf. 

S',2no 

i:i,3oo 

13,1  0 

2.1,0 

4,3CO 

Hfirji.o   •    brls. 

5,100 

430 

m 

Pr.l7.il          ca-,?s 

6,410 

6,101 

4.'-00 

88(1 

1.040 

Hides,  lirit'd  and  dry 

dilln            h.\i% 

4i00!      B.4a 

11. .id 

2,100 

2,500 

stili'd             -  niiinK 

118,400 

G2,-.00 

8C,4(X1 

5,roo 

3,200 

K.  Ill.li-.        - 

2,300      12  201 

24,001 

Iu<li?o,  Pencil    •    cast 

r.TO 

(6(1 

6J0 

;>90 

1^0 

roi*..Kico,  csks. 

4, '.70       2,4(:( 

4,31.0 

4P0 

470 

Spanish    sernii* 

mr-i 

27.^ 

7(>2 

1,070 

t,120 

Tin  iilales        Ltixes 

4.930      2,t00 

6,500 

850 

1,700 

j  I^ead       •           •    pif;s 

24,300 

23,^W 

21, -.00 

16,2(0 

17,000 

1 

♦  We  are  not  sure  that  this  is  the  correct  readiiifi,  the  title  to  the  nccmint  beirg  d|;nwii  up  in  so 
fliiveidy  a  way,  that  it  is  not  easy  to  say  wliethe.r  it  means  that  84  ships  urrrived  and  84  departed,  or 
Hut  '12  arrived  and  -12  departed. 


708 


GENTIAN— GIBRALTAR. 


et: 


to 


r  I 

t.     a 

I    .... 


!..' 


I" 


Slntcnictit  of  tlin  rrlnflpnl  ArlicloH  iif  lUnv  Proiliiri!  c.vpnrli'il  I'ruiii  Onnn.  witli  II  fir  Vrkcn  tUcte 
on  till'  l-it  III'  Jiiiiiiary,  inn,!.  In  t'orhi  fniiirii  (ilniiil  ,  In  Ifiiliari  Miinry,  Wi'ltrlilM,  anil  Mcauun^i,  aiul 
I'ri'i'iin  lliiaril  In  l^iigllsli  Money,  W'uiglils,  anil  MciiiiHrt'M.— (Kruin  thB  Circular  uf  Oranla,  Balfuur, 
and  Co.) 


n)h 


■nl< 


Almnnilii,  iiu'eet,  Sicityi 
Art(nl,  whim    • 

le  I  i;;irlilej 
nnrill:i,  Mcill.lll 
BrilliHtxiii:,  imi^ll 

roll 
CaiilliAri'tes     - 
Clii-eii-.,  i'.iriiirsan 
Coltnii,  Mako 
Cri-aiti  of  Mrlnr 
Kssi  iic«  uf  Lt'ri;.lniot 

It-iniiii 

G.ills,  I  tiikey,  blue 

in  sorli     .  -     — 

Gum  Ar.ibic,  picked  •    — 
ii.  wjrls      •  -     — 

Hemp,  Holii^na,  (li^MeJ, 

lit         ■  -    liv. 

2J         ■  •    — 

f^nleii      •  -    — 

ctml.i.5e,  lit  •    — 

■il  .  -    _ 

Fit!ilinnrit,  Ut       '    — 

Liqiinrirt'  |i.u  e,Calabria  — 

S>cili.ia     •  •    — 

LinBPcd  •  •    — 

Madder  mnts,  Cyprus, 

.inl  Smyrna      •   lol» 

Tripoli     •  -    — 

Manila  iij  rt.ikfs  •    — 

in  snr:(,  Ornci     •    — 


61        In  0 

4U       —  4H 

■1.!        -  4t 

14        —  0 

7|.2—  0 

13        —  It 

7-7 

ijO      —  n,o 
los      —loo 

10  —  11 
B  1-2  —  9 
7—0 
4  3-4  -     1 

2>        —  2K 

11  —   12 


—  44 

—  2U 

—  76 

—  71 

—  0 

—  40 

—  37 

—  37 

—  f.7 

—  45 

—  0 


7  1-2  -  8 

7  1-2  —  8 

60        —  fO 

29        —  .10 


TriBiii  Kii;<li%l, 

Moiiry.  iii.l 

Weights,  free  on 

boanl. 

/..    ..  d.  1 

Kiporti, 

Cien^a  Ititrs 

III 
Porlo  traiiC'i 

rriceln  Kinlilh 

.Mi'lay,  aii.l 

Weixlils,  freeoii 

board. 

\tla. 

/..  ».  d.: 

ICO    3     R  10 

fwl. 

Oil.r.cno.i,  iiipt'rflne  liv. 

rO| 

In  106 

bri.      M  19    2  'unof 

\hO   '  '-'^   ^ 

— 

lino      •           •    - 

88 

—  00 

-     4-|  16    ;ii    iM 

1  Ii    3 



Ihi'ldtin^           •     — 

78 

-   SO 

—      40  14    n/'nal. 

_ 

0  10    4 

— 

(iailiiioli,  Sicily, 

1 

_ 

S    7    7 

Inn 

and  Lvvaiil      — 

61 

-  6'2 

-      29    7    91- 

— . 

9    8    3 

— 

npiiini       ■           •    — 

ir> 

—   10 

lli.      0  14    3  III. 

1 

0    ti  lU 

lb. 

I'aper,  Florell.l,I.llb«.— 

7 

-    7  1-4 

p. rill.    0    4   lllrni  of 

\m  0  0  ii-H 

— 

Mi'iii.  Mill       - 

r, 

-     3  1.4 

if  171    n    3    u;    ITi 

_ 

II    0    7'9 

— 

Almaivi,  Ifilbi.  — 

H 

2—     9  1.4 

^llrel^    0    «    3  »IlMH 

1 

2  19    7 

CHI. 

(Jiiickiolvtr          -   «(>>" 

42 

—     0 

lb.       0    2    lllll'. 

^. 

0    8    9 

lb. 

Itit'r,  l/onibarily    •   liv. 

20 

-  21 

I.Mllh.     0  ir>  llH-wt. 

.. 

0    fi  III 

— 

Silllmver,  new       •    »oli 

Ull 

—     0 

lb.    i  0     1     2 

lb. 

_ 

0    4  II 

— 

Sall'ron       •           •    liv. 

3i 

—  30 

-    1   1   12    4 

— 

__ 

6  13     1 

CWl. 

Snap,  while           -    — 

48 

—  48 

1501b. 

1    l:-<     0 

cwl. 

_ 

3     1     (> 

— 

inaiblfd            •    — 

41 

—  46 



1    1.'.     7 

— 

^. 

II     3    8 

.— 

Shu.iiac,  Sicily       •    — 

22 

—     0 

22.>lb. 

0  !0    9 

— 

"~ 

S     1     8 

>- 

Sponicc»,  line  and  *u- 

pcrlinc    •           •    — 

4 

—     . 

lb. 

0    A    4 

lb. 

l-)0  S4     1     7 

ton 

Steel,  Milan,  No.  DO  — 

29 

_  ji 

LWIb. 

1    2    U  cwl. 

-  m  10  fi 

-^ 

No.    0  - 

29 

._  '  1 

1    2    6 

— 

-  34     l>     1 

— 

No.  1  «  2.  - 

27 

—     '^, 

_ 

0  1ft    7 

— 



J8     9    3 

— 

T.lllnw        .             .     — 

M 

—  M 

»_ 

1   15    7 

— 



21)    U     7 



Valoiiia       .            -    — 

10 

—   18 

_ 

0  12    9 

.. 

._ 

.'«    6    7 



10(1 

2  18  10 

c»vt. 

Grain,  Hhe.il,  Ill.ick 



2    3    3 

— 

SiM.infl       ■    — 

20 

—  23 

mina 

2    1    7 

iiuart. 

150 

1   19    2 

i|r. 

dillo,  bard       -    — 

22  1.2  -  23 

2     1    7|lnip. 

Beans,  Alcxan* 

1 

2     1     2 

civt. 

dri.i,  new     •    — 

13 

—     0 

_ 

1     3    6 

— 

— 

2     1    2 

— 

old       •    — 

11 

—     0 



0  19  10 

-^ 

— 

0    3    8 

lb. 

Corn,  Indian         ■    — 

14 

-    18 

_ 

1   12    C 

— 

— 

0     1     4 

— 

TVirrt.— 'I'ho^e  of  iiinfri»  are,— on  cott"n,  fisli.  tallow,  and  valonia, 
4  per  cent.  ;  bcinp,  I  per  cent. ;  w(h>I,  116  for  lOO  Itm. ;  ,ilinond», 
wai.and  (!j1I»,  104  fir  100  lbs.!  liinger,  112  for  100  lbs  ;  «in<ar  in 
loaves.  2  pi-r  ecu'.;  ra^v  silk,  1  ounce  per  lb.  Alum,  arKol,  an. 
chovies,  barilli,  l.rainly,  flnur,  iron,  !ead.  sallpclre,  Ii  .s,  hidi-s  pep- 
|ier,  jniiipe'  berries,  pi'iinlce  sloiu',  ra'rs,  rai>iiis,  rice,  cream  of  tirlar, 
e«ieiices,  iiiiii  ksilV' r,  sliiimac,  steel,  and  soap,  have  no  lare;  for  all 
oilier  arii  lissoM  by  »eiih',  I0(i  lbs.  are  i<iven  for  every  100  lis. 

Thelossof  weiKhion  iniiioriai  nns  from  ibr  place  of  giowlh,  partly 
arising  from  dill',  rence  of  lare,  varies  as  follows  :— 


I'er  ceiii. 
Supr  in  chests  rrom  Rio  de  Janeiro,  loses       •    I  to  3^  taking  3  12 

li><s,  dillo 3  —  4  I  anob.n  as 

chests  from  Pernambuco        •        •        •    4  —  Ii  ("niiial  to  I 
chi's'i  from  Itiliia  ....    6-inlc»*t.  Kn?. 

Itoxes  from  llavannih  and  Cuba    •        •    '1  —  t,  Makinir4  1.2 
musr-tvadoiii  caitks  f rum  Cuba  and  I'nrloRicii  12  -  1',  (     dil'o, 
Importatioiis  from  other  ipiarlers  w  here  the  rares  allowed  .ire  (,n 
a  par  with  those  of  Genoa,  ijenerilly  render  tuU  weiisid  ;  Hav.iiiiiali 
box  viuars  from  the  Ciiited  Slates  render  I  to  2  per  cent,  more  than 
full  wiifht. 

GENTIAN  (Grr.  Enzlan  ,•  Fr.  Geutlane;  It.  Uenziann  ,■  Sp.  Jenciana  ,•  Rue.  Enztan ; 
Lat.  Gotliana),  the  roots  of  two  alpine  iihiiits,  Gvntiuna  lufen  and  Gentlana  purpurea, 
found  growing  in  Switzerland  and  Austria,  the  Apennines,  the  Pyrenees,  and  in  North 
America.  Those  brought  to  this  country  come  from  Germany.  They  are  in  piecns  of 
various  lengths  and  thickness,  twisted,  wrinkled  on  the  outside,  and  covered  with  a  brown- 
ish grey  cuticle.  They  have  no  particular  odour;  and  the  taste  is  intensely  bitter,  without 
being  nauseous. — {Tliomsuii's  Dispcnsutory.) 

GHEE.    See  liuxTEn. 

GIBRALTAR,  a  famous  fortress  near  the  southernmost  extremity  of  Spain,  and  con- 
tiguous to  the  narrowest  part  of  the  strait,  to  which  it  gives  its  name,  joining  the  .Atlantic 
and  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  36°  6'  30"  N.,  Ion.  b°  21'  12"  W.  It  is  situaftd  on  the  west 
side  of  a  rocky  mountain  or  promontory,  the  Mons  Cu/pe  of  the  ancients,  projccling  into 
the  sea,  in  a  southerly  direction,  about  .3  miles,  being  from  ^  to  '}  of  a  mile  in  width.  The 
southernmost  extremity  of  the  rock  is  called  Europa  Point.  Its  nortlicrn  side.  t'lMiiting  the 
isthmus  which  connects  it  with  Spain,  is  almost  perpendicular,  and  wholly  inaccessible; 
the  east  and  south  sides  are  so  rugged  and  precipitous  as  to  render  any  attack  iijion  ihcm, 
even  if  they  were  not  fortified,  next  to  impossible  ;  so  that  it  is  only  on  the  west  liidc,  front- 
ing the  bay,  where  the  rock  declines  to  the  sea  and  the  town  is  built,  that  it  can  lit^  attacked 
with  the  least  chance  of  success.  Here,  however,  the  strength  of  the  fortilicalioiis,  ami  the 
magnitude  of  the  batteries,  are  such,  that  the  fortress  seems  to  be  impregnable,  even  though 
attiicked  by  an  enemy  having  the  command  of  the  sea.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1704, 
but  the  fortifications  were  then  very  inferior  to  what  they  are  at  present.  'I'owanis  llie  end 
of  the  American  war,  it  was  attacked  by  a  most  formidable  arniaineiit  fitted  out  jointly  by 
Spain  and  France;  but  the  strength  of  the  place,  and  the  bravery  of  the  garrison,  dcl'eutcd 
all  the  efforts  of  the  combined  powers.  Population  about  17.000,  exclusive  of  the  troops, 
which  usually  amount,  in  times  of  peace,  to  from  3,000  to  4.000. 

The  bay  of  Gibraltar  is  spacious;  and,  being  protected  from  all  the  more  dangerous 
Vi'inds,  affords  a  convenient  station  for  ships.  Two  moles  have  been  constructed  at  a  vast 
expense,  for  the  protection  of  the  shipping.  The  old  mole  projects  from  the  north  end  of 
the  town,  N.  W.  by  N.,  1,100  feet  into  the  sea:  the  new  mole  is  H  mile  more  to  the 
south,  extending  outwards  about  700  feet;  it  has  an  elbow  formed  by  the  shore,  and  in 
winter  large  vessels  anchor  inside;  the  farthest  out  in  from  5  to  6  fathoms.  The  plan  on 
the  opposite  page  gives  a  better  idea  of  the  position  of  Gibraltar,  as  well  as  of  the  Straits, 
than  could  be  derived  from  any  description.  It  is  taken  from  Captain  Smyth's  beautiful 
chart  of  the  Mediterranean. 


CIBRALTAR. 


709 


';t!; of  (I rani.,  Balfour, 


Moimy.  1"''    I 
Wtliclil'i*"'""'! 

om    M.    WI9  yi^\ 

_«3  (z  iiu  V|"'«H 

-   ^»  '  S'p 

II..      0  n    *, 
0    4  II 

II  n  «. 

0  ti  a,', 

0    1    111" 

oir.  11  , 

-    !   1  12    *  , 
|,50U,.    .H« 

,?2:.lb.!  0  10    9| 


—  25 
1.2-  23 

_     0 

_   n 
-  18 


miM 


,     I     tl(\u»rt.; 
2    \    7|1"'1<' 

13    6- 

0  10  10     - 

1  12    0     - 


1 


Janeiro.  loJM 


.''Vin'av^k'i'ja'^ 

1  1  r       '       " 


3 4  1,  arinli^'  a» 

\    4  _  fi  f  i(|ii»l  In  I 
luco       •       ■        .    6- 10 !  ot.  Ku«. 

•    „ 'i      '       .    ,1  — h  IUkini.'4  1.2 
h»n(lCul.a    •  „.  ,  .2.i-,\    .linn. 
C>,M  ai»l  >"1'"  ,  u  .^r.-.  M b«'o.l  .ire..n 

p.Jencia»a;llvi8.£nr«an; 

e  Pyrenees,  ana  m  North 
w     They  are  in  i-iecpa  of 
and  covered  with  a  brown- 
is  intensely  bitter,  without 

tremity  of  Ppain<  ^"VT 

name!  ioi"i'"^  ''>^'  •^*^''"^'' 
Tu  ituatinl  on  the  west 

he  ancients,  rro].;e.mg  -to 

h  of  a  mih^  in  \vulth.     1  he 
k  northern  .ide.iV.ntin,  ho 

\r  and  wholly  iiv.u-ceHs.We , 
{c  any  attack  upon  t^l^em, 
llyontliewo.t.ac>jn^ 
built,  that  It  can  he. uuked 

Lofthclbrtiricalions,aultUc 

,.  impregnable,  even  tlm^ 

taken  by  the Kn,h.h...l't). 

\,   ,,rps,>nt.     Towanls  lUe  ciiu 

L!;;;«tf.«j»»'>>;£,S 

Ivrrv  of  the  sanison.  dtltatca 
T(3,  exclusive  of  the  troops, 

fl  all  the  more  darj^rou. 
(vP  been  constructed  at  a  vw 
r  -nf  from  the  north  end  of 
hloleU  mile  more  to  the 
rrned  by  the  shore    -;n 

paptl  Smyth's  beautiful 


Trade,  VnVVrnl  Tmpnrtnnrr,  ^r,  —  fJiiirnltur  in  of  ron.Milerahlo  coniicqupncc  an  a  com- 
tnerrial  Rtation.     Bcirii;  a  fire  port,  sul>jc<'t  to  no  duticH  and  few  rcHlrictionw,  it  in  a  convc- 
nifnt  cntriput  for  the   English  and  'Jther  forci.;n   gmuls  ilostined   for  tiie   Hupply   of  the 
contiRUous  Spanish  and  African  provinces.     In  this  re.-ipi-ct,   however,  it  has  ^really  lUlleii 
oir.     This  haB  been  owinj;  to  a  variety  of  Cannes  :  partly,  and  jirincipaliy  lurhaps,  to  tho 
in«ociirity  and  appreliension  occasioned  l>y  the  fciir  of  peHtllential  disi'u-.en,  the  place  never 
having  recovered  from  the  elVects  of  the  dreadful  eontiiirion  by  which  it  wan  visited  in  1804  ; 
partly  to  larpte  qunntiticH  of  tho.so  goods  being  now  kept  at  Malta  and  (lenoa,  that  were 
formerly  kept  at  (iihraltar ;  and,  more  recently,  to  tho  making  of  ('adiz  a  free  port.     Thia 
measure  has,  however,  been  revoked;  but,  notwithstanding,  it  is  not  nt  all  probable  that 
(iibraltar  will  ever  again  be  of  much  importance  as  u  trading  station.     In  1831,  the  ilectured 
value  of  the  various  articles  of  British  produce  and  manufa.ture  exported  to  (iibr.iltar,  was 
QeT.SS.V. ;  l\\e  iijjici'al  value  of  the  foreign  and  colonial  products  exported  to  it  during  tho 
eame  year  lieing   1'2I,343/.     The  trade  witli  Gibraltar,   or  any  British  dependency   in  the 
Mediterranean,  may  be  regulated    by   an  order  in  council ;  and  any   goods   imported   or 
exported  contrary    to  such  order  shall  be  forfeited,  together  with   the    ship  importing  or 
exporting  the  same. —  (6  Geo.  i.e.  1 14.  §  73.) 


1T6 


i?*'^ 


1    C    A 


is 


12 


,f^ 


10 


-!. 


t 


f%    40 


Minnces  tn  PI„v.-\.  point  .ind  liylit-hriHi-  of  TarilVi,  in  tat.  30- 0  W  N.,  Ion.  5"  3.5'  IS"  W. 
TheliphNhouHe  WHS  erect'd  in  1813.  nn.l  .Up  lipl.t  rovolvrs  B,  Cabrita  P..i„t,  C,  Ei.ropa  ro.n  ,  he 
•■xlremitv  of  the  rnrl<  of  Gihrnltni'.  D,  town  and  fortress  of  tViiIa.  on  tlic  \rrican  u.iist.  L,- /■'"'« 
Cema  Bay  F  Point  Leona.  O,  Point  Cirrs.  The  soumliiigs  and  the  diriction  of  the  currents  are 
marlied  in  the  chart.  Variation  in  the  Straits,  22°  31'. 
Vol.  I.— 3  0 


i* 


'I  ■'■ 


710 


r.ILD— GLASS. 


%^ 


kStsu 

C3 


'  \ 


i  f  I' 


Thp  rofti  vnJiiP  of  Oilirnltnr  to  frrcnt  Driliiiti  rotiKintH  in  its  Importnnrc  in  o  militnry  nnj 
nnvul  point  1)1"  view;  in  il«  li.'int;,  in  f;iit,  llic  ki'v  of  tin'  Moditt'rruni'un  ;  iiinl  in  iti  iitliirdirnf 
a  convcnii'iit  inid  Hccurc  Ntntion  fir  tin-  outfit,  ri'frcHliint'iit,  rfpnir,  ami  ni-conunitiliitinn  of 
our  Hlii|H  of  wiir  nnd  nicri'liiintnirn,  'i'hi'  ri'vcrnn'  collirti'd  in  thr  town  iiniiinhtr4  to  from 
nO.OOO/.  t  >  lO.OOOA,  which  in  aliout  Municiiiit  to  dcfniy  tin)  pnldic  civil  cxiH'nditnrc  of  tho 
place.  'I'hc  rxpcnsi!  iiinnially  incurred  in  (Sreitt  itriliiin  on  account  of  tin!  niirrison,  in  il,iio 
of  peace,  arnnunlH  to  aliont  «il(),()l)l)/.  —  a  Hniall  Muin  compared  with  the  iin|iortant  poliiicul 
and  coninierciiil  aiivantanes  it  in  the  nu-auH  of  HecurinR. 

.Arinci/.— ThoclIVclivi- iir  Imr'l  ilnll  ir  -  ii-  id;  llii' nirn'iii  ilollivr  liwlfiij  pmlnmtnd  ftt  ■(  hnnl  dnlhrt 
■=  '/«.  ln^/.  III)  i|4  anil  ipiiirtiiH  (irimlli  liiinl  iiinl  ciirruiit  il'illiirH  arc  tliii  riiiiiiu,  liuhii;,  tliii  loriiinr  i',il , 
and  till!  Iatti!r   ■  I  \-\iit. 

Ai'i'iiiiiitH  art!  kf  |it  In  ciirri'nt  ilnlliirH  tpc-idH),  dlvlilnl  Inti)  t4  ri-alx  i>f  10  i|ii!irtiiK  each  ;  13  ri-nW  ciir- 
r'rx  y  iicikc  ii  mlt  or  h  in!  d'lllar,  liy  uliicli  (.'nodri  iirii  IxiiiKlit  utid  mild  ;  and  ■'<  of  lliuHti  reals  arc  i:(iiiHi- 
dcri'd  iM|iial  In  3  HpaiiUh  ri!  iIh  vi'|Ii>ii. 

(•Iliriill  ir  druwH  on  London  In  vll'i.'Ctlve  dollam  of  13  rtMiln,  and  London  on  (liliraltar  in  ciirrunt  duU 
lar-  of  H  rcalH. 

Till'  evi'liaiisi'  of  nitirallar  nn  (^aill/.,  and  oilier  rItli'H  of  i4|iain.  In  In  liaril  dnllartt  at  u  pi'rciMitui;i>, 
wliii'li  V  irli!M  niiHJ.Ii'ralily,  and  iiuiHlly  In  t'lvmir  of  (;j'irallar. 

ll'iijr/,1^  ami  .Mriifiiffa  lire  lliiDie  iif  Hnt'laiid,  i'iiri'|iiiiiir  the  arriilia  «»  SS  llin  Kiiflinh  ;  train  h  »n|i| 
by  till'  r.iMciia,  .I  (iT  wliicli  niaki'  1  Wjm'lii'Hlcr  i|iiarlrr ;  wine  U  Hiild  liy  tlie  uallnn,  l(M>  cil'  wliii  h  ;i„) 
C(|iril  to  KHII  Kmu'IhIi  wine  itiillnMs.  — (.•^iic-  Papci-.i  Imdhifure  Finance  Ciiiiiiiiilltc  ;  FAinhurgh  Oa-.ellrcr ; 
ini^h.-'g  Spain  in  IH:tO,  vid.  il.  |>.  Klil.  Ac. 

(Jllil),  or  (ilJILD,  a  company  of  merchnntx  or  manufucturcrM,  whcnco  tiko  huiJHofguch 
ConipanioH  are  denominated  (iild  or  (>nild  Mail!). 

(jIIiIj,  a  mcuMuro  of  capacity.     Wco  VVkioiith  and  Mr\suhks. 

CifN.  Enirlish  (geneva,  or  gin,  is  made  of  Hpirit  olitained  from  oat«,  barley,  or  malt, 
rcrtilied.  or  redi  .tilled,  with  the  aildition  of  juniper  lierricM,  oil  of  turpentine,  &e.  All  Kpiiitu 
manufactured  in  England,  and  inont  of  the  Neotrli  and  Irish  Hjiirits  iinixirted  into  Em-liitid, 
arc  suliiected  t)  the  pro''ess  of  reclilicution.  English  gin  is  naid  to  bo  one  of  the  most 
wholesome  Hpiritrt.  —  (.See  NeiiiiTS.) 

CiIN(iEH  ((Ser.  hi^unr ,-  Dii.  (iembe-,-  Fr,  Clliiirnnhre ;  It.  Zinztni;  Sp.  Jmj'hrr, 
Aiirniriliie  ;  Huh.  Iiihr,-  \,aU  Z  ni;  I'Vr  ;  Vcm.  Xiiiiarliir/  ,-  Arab.  Zi'iiiribrtl),  tlie  rcits  of 
a  plant  {Ainnmnm  Z  n'^iher),  a  native  of  the  East  Indies  and  China,  hut  which  wi.';  early 
carried  to  and  sue  eeds  very  well  in  the  West  Indies.  After  the  roots  are  diia;,  the  hest  aro 
8ele(!lpd,  scraped,  washed,  and  dried  in  the  sun  with  '^leat  care.  This  is  called  ich  tr  <ilii^ir  ; 
while  the  inferior  roots,  which  are  scalded  in  lioiliiej;  water  before  beint;  dried,  are  ilcriDiiii- 
nated  III .ch  iiinsx'r.  I'rcserved  t;iiit;er  is  made  by  Rcalding  the  green  roots,  or  the  routs 
taken  up  when  they  are  young  and  lull  of  sap,  till  they  are  tender;  then  pecliiiir  them  in 
cold  water,  and  putting  them  into  a  thin  syrup,  from  which  they  are  shifted  into  the  jars  in 
which  they  come  to  us,  and  n  rich  syrup  poured  over  them.  Dried  ginger  lias  a  puntfciit 
aromatic  odour,  and  a  hot,  biting  tasto.  It  is  imported  in  bai^vi^  endi  containing  almut  a  cwt. 
'J'he  white  brings  the  hi'.;hest  price,  being  nvire  pungent  and  better  llavoured.  'I'h''  exteriiiil 
characters  of  goodness  in  both  sorts  of  dried  ginger  arc,  soundness,  or  the  being  free  IVnin 
worm  holes,  heaviness,  and  finnncss;  the  pieces  that  arc  small,  light,  and  soft,  or  very  frialilc 
and  fibrous,  should  be  rejected.  The  best  preserved  ginger  is  nearly  traii.;|ni'eiil ;  it  should 
be  chosen  of  a  bright  yellow  colour ;  rejecting  that  which  is  dark-coloured,  libniu.s,  or 
Btrin'jry. — (Hfilliiin'f  Orient.  Cuniniercc  ,■   T/ioinsiiii'.s  Di-pensalori/.J 

Till'  r(Oisiiiii|ili'iii  of  (rin;:fir  is  lint  trillin!?,  not  r.xcccdini;  5,0(10  cwt.  a  year.  Tliis  is  prinriiirilly  to  Im 
nscrllied  to  ilic  o|»|)r(!<sivo  duties  willi  wliiili  it  is  liiirdcin'd,  tln'y  liuiiiir  no  less  than  '2/.  l:t.<.  a  i  wt.  nn 
forcJL'ii  niiiL'i'r,  and  ll.s.  on  that  l)ri>ii!!ht  IVoiii  a  Itritisli  (Misscssion.  The  rHVciiiii' ilrrivi'd  t'roiii  il  is 
alioiil  .t.^.'iO/.  ,1  year  ;  a  sum  wliiih  niii'lil  he  doiihh'd  hy  ri'ilm  iiiu  tile  diitii's  loi  all  il"S'  rl|iliniis  i>ri.'iii- 
Rcr  to  7.S  a  cwt.  Ol'.").,'!l,'>  cwt.  of  (.'ini-'cr  iminrli'd  in  I8;il,  .t,.')5l  raitie  from  llie  ltriti>h  West  ImiIjcs, 
HClfrom  till'  I^ast  India  Company's  possuasions  and  C<;>lon,HU7  fruni  the  Netlicrlamis,  and  1110  iVdia 
Western  .M'riia. 

CiINSEXfi  (J)\\.  Glnsenii,  Ginsrm  ;  Ft.  Gln.snts;  ^  Ger,  Krriftwerz'l,  Glnsenir ,-  \u 
GinKeuir  ;  Sp.  ./•'  sfimr ;  ('hill.  Yiinsu/u  ,■  Tart.  Or/io/r/),  the  root  of  a  small  plant  {I'lUiux 
qiihtqu'fitHinii  liin.),  growing  in  China,  Tartary,  and  several  parts  of  North  .\iiu'rica. 
'J'he  latter  i.s  what  we  generally  see  in  England,  and  is  an  article  of  trade  to  t.'hina,  wliidi 
is  its  only  market.  Irirge  ipiantities  were  formerly  exported  from  this  country;  hut  il  is 
now  carrie<l  direct  to  ('liina  hy  the  Americans.  It  is  sometimes  ex[)orted  crn.le,  and  si)me- 
times  cured  or  clariCit'd.  VVilliin  these  few  years,  it  has  heen  discoveie  1  in  the  Hiiiiilava 
mountains,  and  small  ipiaiitiiies  have  heen  thence  sent  to  Canton;  hut  the  sjiccul  ilion  li.is 
not  siii-cccded.  Il  is  only  aliniit  :J()  yea  s  since!  it  liegan  to  he  sent  fmm  America  to  (.'hliin. 
Previously  to  th(!  present  century,  tile  (Jhinesc  drew  their  supplies  from  the  wilds  id" Tar- 
tary. and  tht!  root  hriiight  an  exorhifant  piice.  Oii.le  ginseng  now  sells  in  the  C.uiI'm 
market  at  fro  n  HO  to  71)  doll.irs  per  pieul,  and  prepared  at  from  71)  to  SO  doll  irs.  In  \A'\i, 
there  were  sent  from  the  Ifiiitcd  .States  to  China,  407,007  Ihs.  of  ginseng,  valued  at  U9,;i03 
dollars. —  {l''-lrn>P   'iif  .ri/uil.dil.) 

[The  ipiantity  of  tp'iscng  evporled  from  the  United  Stales  to  China,  in  18.37,  aniounteJ  to 
21'-J,«9')  poinds,  value!  u  ^ID^.'jt-^. -.1  'i.  E  I.] 

GLASS  ((Jer.  and  Dii.  r;/  V ,.  Fr.  IV/v,  Vrrrc ;  It.  Vctm ;  Sp.  Vhlrin  ,■  Rus.  Silekla; 
Lat.    Vilrant),  a  transparent,  brittle,  factitious  body.     It  is  formed  by  mixing  together  some 


CLASS. 


711 


utitncp  in  a  niilitnry  nnd 
,.i,u  ;  una  in  i»^  iilVi.r.linit 
r,  mill  ncc'>inin<Hl;vti<>ii  ol 
,',  low II  mn'Oii'l"  to  from 
\'  civil  oxiM'iiilitiirfoftho 
,toftl.«Ki»rrison,  in  Im.o 
ilU  the  imiiorlant  j)olUicul 

,,.„lm.it.Mlnl  ',  ht»r.l  dn\l:.M 
l„e.l.ulni!,ll»>«.>rM...r      l,.r, 

,,„,,rh.*  •■"'•I'l  12  r.MilH  ciir- 
i„l  itollU.^Hor.'iiUiiriMimiKl- 

noMdil'riilliirlncurr.mlilul- 

hnril  .loll""  »»  "  |i«cciUaRn. 

ai  llH,  I'.iiBli"*' ■  eriinH'<"l'« 

rrt,  whence  the  holU  of  iuch 

?r'om  oats,  barley,  or  malt, 

,„ri.onli.io.  &'••     All-'P'^lf 

,iriH  iniportoil  into  Ln^l;ul.l, 

lii.l  to  be   ono  of  tlic  most 

It  ;fcH:rro;  Bj..  .A'»»/W. 
,r«l..  ;?;/<i,'fft'r/).  O'"-  '•'""*' "' 
I  Chinii.bnl  vvhi.'h  wuv  .-arly 
Lhc  roots  are  ilns;,  the  l.cst  are 

This  is  calW-d  »■/(/■  «•'";'"•  .• 
fore  beini;  dricl.  are  .l.-nomi- 
the  creiMi  roots,  "r  the  root^ 
.Muler;  tl.rn  pc-lincr  tbrm  m 
hrv  are  shifte.l  into  the  jais  m 
Urieil   BiMRer  ba*  a  \>\mmt 
,  e.ipb  eontainin;!  almut  a  cwt. 
PtU-r  llavoure.l.     'n,.M.xt.Tn,,l 
,l„c.s  or  the  b...n«  tree  torn 
V  lisrht,  an.l  soft,  or  very  IriaM. 
L, .early  lr;m-lneenl;  it  should 
\  U  ilark-eoloured,   fibrous,  or 

:;arNe\trUmls,a,ulU)0  1rom 

,.r.  Kniflwerz'l,  Clnse"!^.-'^^- 
oroolofasn,aUl.laul(/V'!"a, 

Veral  parts  of  North   Anu'ru-a. 
(rucleoftradeto.nii.uj    .u. 

Id  from  this  country ;  1'  it  it  « 

Ii„K.s  exported  eru.le,  and  sonic- 

|!"ndise;.ve,elintUe    I>.n.:i)a 

;nton;butthes,een.non    - 

L  sent  from  A.n.ne.  ..<>•• 
1  .^uDPlies  from  the  wild.,  t  l,u 
Pl..  now  sells  in  the  C.j^:m 

Lm  70  to  SO  dolus       ..    ^I- 
L  of  ginseng,  vaUied  at  JJ,.>UJ 

1 10  China,  in  1837,  amounted  to 

l,.„  .  Sp.  Vhlr!o  ;  R"^.  •''^'^'•'''• 
fo;.U'by  mixing  together  somo 


sort  of  Milirflom  oarth,  an  fine  «and,  or  poiuiiii',1  flitit,  wiili  an  alkali,  nueh  nH  iioda,  pofiish 
nr  pearliiNh,  and  NnhjeetinK  thnn  to  a  sinniL!  he  it.  Ily  tliix  nieiiMN  ilicy  are  incited  into  a 
tranN|iiirent,  noO,  (i<inieioiiH  iimHN,  that  may,  wlii'ii  hot,  he  tonned  into  (h  n  piatcH,  h«>iit  and 
Hiiaprcl  in  every  ponHilile  way.  VVlicn  cool,  it  Immoimch  hriltle.  niid  in  dftiominiiteil  (jliiHri, 
T.illiari;p,  niinium,  liorax,  the  hlmk  oxide  of  inaii'.'ani'sc,  iVe.  iire  Noiiii-liineN  iiHt'd  in  tlio 
iiinnut'.ietnre  of  KlasH,  iiceonlinij  to  the  imrpowes  lo  which  it  is  to  he  np|ilicil, 
'i'he  kinds  of  jjluss,  hiiiI  their  innrcdienlH,  are  stated  liy  Dr.  I're  as  follows  :  — 


"TtnTr  .irc  5ili»iiiirt  kiri'l*  nf  «),,«•  at  prt'^rnl  tnirinfartiirp  I  i— 

I.  J'liiii  <!'*  nr  il.iHiif  I  n.\,  I.  I'lili' |lau,<'r  (l.iMril  pur.>  «r«l«l 

:l.  I'm.«ii  <U«t,  ilir  li.tl  >vin.lo\»  iiliui    I.  |lriia<l  |l.m,  a  oiarir 

Hln<lniv  K'aM  ;  1.  Hntl|i<  nr  ciMirte  Krerit  kUw 
"  I.  fUnt  tihi.t*,  mi  iuiiir<l  l't-('4iiitt  iif  thp  ,iljrnut«  iturnlifrit  wn^ 

rridii  'Ily  i'iii|'Im)«.I  hi  t|  r  I'ltiii  ti(  iruuiiU  fliiila,    II  !■■•  imw  ina<le  uf 

(Irti  lullnw  itii(  i-(ini|)oiitiiii)  1  — 

t'linlifl  j.iiin  Aiii'l 10  pirtl. 

I.iih.trirr,  nr  ml  IcaJ W  ~ 

rurilirl  |..  irliih 50  — 

"T(»  cnrm'l  ll'«  irnrn  ci,lniir  ilerivfrl  from  ffinilnniilile  mtltpr,  nr 

(llldf  lit  iiiiii,  n  Mil,'  til  Ilk  "«"li-  "(  liciimiii'v  \^  [X  Mill,  .mil  »>Mir. 

ttni.R  iiiire  :ui<l  ani'iiic,    'I'lic  liiaiftii  li  acrdiniitiitied  iiiiially  in  nUuil 

:I0  hoiim, 

"i.  I''nte  ft/rtjt.  — Cifwiil  rirhnnal,.  of  iiaiI.i,  pnictirni  t'V  ilt'Com 

|<(«iii(  rininiMii  till  niOi  |H-.irluh,  ii  «lli|>liiyc,l  aa  llic  llul.     Tlie 

jinijiorti'in  nf  rlii'  ni.ilrnala  ia — 

I'lim  uii'l 4!1 0 

Dry  mil'mrlmniitp  of  loJa    .       «        ■    il't  i 

I'lim  (|tiu-kliiiiti t'O 

Nilr I  /» 

Br  kill  plain  nUn        ....    2iO 1000. 


Almiil  70  paili  111  (iioci  pl.iif  |hu  ni.iy  t.«  riiii  oil  fmni  Ilium  m«t«. 
r>ala 

",1.  Crnuti,  or /tnr  tl'iii'tiiw(lt,ut,—'V\n%  I*  lo-i  leof  aiivl  vifriJltal 
liy  flir  lltii  ilrr  Urilll  tniliurnrlitrrtt  Iv  lliriiiri.ifHin  of  art  mvmI  OH 
tlie  hiiiMi  ai  <l  lri«ll  ahDrrN.     'Mie  imn' a|ihr..\t!<l  iiiiii|>oh  'iiiii  ta- 
lly Klrnaur*.        liy  Wui|(ht 
Fiiii' B.inil  piirillrd         .       .       .     fi       .       .    ^ki 
Itral  krip  iriiunl    .        •        •        .     II         .        .    .tlO 

"  1.  h'niil  (iliiii.— Thia  la  nimtg  nf  a  mitiim  nf  a'iap.|i<,il»r»' 
w:utc,  krip,  .tii'l  .iiiiil  Til**  llrat  ititfrftllrnl  cnttsl,ta  nf  linir  um.  i  fitr 
rniilrririir  llir  :ilk>li  of  Ihn  aojp  lH>ilrr  caoatic,  the  ioaoliililf  ii>ail«r 
of  Ilia  ki'tp  or  liaiilli,  ami  a  (|Utiilliy  of  aMJI  ami  Hairr,  <ill  in  a  i,aaly 
aia  r,  'Vhr  prriHirliona  iircra^iriU  v;ity.  2  ol  tlir  Maa  i>,  I  of  Iclp. 
ami  I  of  a,ri<t,  lorin  a  prrlty  Krai,!  tiroa<l  tfl.iaa.  Tlu-y  are  iiiix«ii 
to<i-lli,-r.  .Irii-I,  aii.l  frilli'l. 

"5.  ll'JtIlr  liltuM  ia  titr  roiinw^l  kiml.  If  ia  l»ii  Ip  of  "nappr ra* 
wanti'  aii'i  rivrr  aaii<t,  in  profiorli'ina  Ml  li  pranicu  inua'  'M,  ."iniiift 
acionliiii  In  ihf  (|ii»n'i'y  '  f  'In*  wa^lr  ;  lonn  ao-ap'tioilcra  -■"•'iMi  fliir, 
ninre  aaliiiB  inaltt-r,  an  i  ol.'.ra  Ipfca,  (-'.  i  their  'i-I'i^.  L'oiiiiiinn 
laii'l  at.d  linir,  with  a  .'  t .  e  coninitju  da  .i.'l  utg  j.t  ,  fornt  a  cheap 
r'tli'.oufiir  hulllo|lau." 


1.  Wxlorinil  N'lticrs  wUh  res/jirt  In  a/fiys.—'V.  (t  maniii'ict'Of'  oC  ghm  U  one  <  •  the  very 
hishest  beauty  iuul  uliiity.  It  is  most  prohahle  that  w-  t  ■  intle',0;v',  lorviiii  w(i:i('erful  art, 
as  W(?  are  for  the  Rift  of  letters,  to  the  IMm'iiicians.  AcMrdiie:  .o  Plinv  (///.s7.  Nit/,  lib. 
xxxvi.  c.  "0.,)  i;hiss  iiuii  heeii  made  for  many  nn;es,  of  'uni'  fuuii-l  M'lr  Ihe  oiouth  of  iln'. 
small  river  Delus  in  Phceniria.  "The  rejiorl,"  says  lie,  '-iM,  itut  !iicc"M>  of  a  nier'iinut 
ship  lailen  with  nitre  (fossil  alkali  J  havin!?  used  snmi  jiieec'Siii'it  to  .«nj.<>i'r  vh'' I'ottle  .  [  luced 
on  the  fires  they  had  made  on  the  saml.  were  surjirised  t<i  •<((■  p'lT'"  ftiro.ed  ')f  u  friiiivluci'it 
pulistance,  or  ^lass.  'I'liis  was  a  siillicient  hint  for  lhc  .  lai.iifuct'.iri .  Iiii;e'i.i!iy  ((»:.  ttf,  el 
iiiijini'iiKi  sdltrflii)  was  immediately  at  work,  to  iiri-iiMv.^  i'.,(.  jiri'iees:-  ihui'  '>a[<pii>;  liiuvV't'^d. 
Hence  the  mau;netieal  stone  came  to  he  aililed,  (:<.•  .1  iiii  idoi  t!;'tl  it  couii,  Pid  no'  on'y  if.^ti, 
hut  kIuss.  'J'ln\,'  also  used  clear  pehhles,  shells,  iiiul  fv/ssi!  sand,  Ifi';,;;-  !;(ii.is  is  s:iil  ',0  lu 
formed  of  native  crystal,  and  is  on  that  account  puiterior  '0  evei-y  ot'i  •■.■,*  I'iin'n  eiai)  ffht^t, 
is  prepared  with  liijlit  dry  wood,  to  which  copper  and  ritre  arc  uude.i,  th'.'  ':'..«•  tteie^  yiinci- 
pally  lirouKht  from  Ophir.  It  is  occasionally  tini;ed  wiili  di'Verent  eidoisr^.  Scnii'tiniCb  it  i« 
lirousht  to  the  desired  shape  by  heinj»  blown,  sometinm:  by  heir'^  |:;rftii.i'i  on  r.  utile.  nMil 
fioiiietimcs  it  is  cmhossod  like  silver."  fSidon,  he  adds,  is  i.imojs  fo"  ;1  1-,  maiinfiiitur.'.  U 
was  there  that  mirrors  were  lirst  invented.  In  Pliny's  lime,  giiibs  wu;  made  in  l!u',y,  of  fino 
sand  on  the  shore  between  Cunin>  and  the  liUcrinehay. 

Glass  was  manufactured  at  Home  into  various  articles  jf  con\«"iioi('J  and  oriniiKint 
Pliny  mentions  that  Nero  p;avo  f),00()  sesterces  (.'iO.OOO/.  >iceL,diii:\;  tc.  thi  c  nlin.iry  n'."thoJ 
nf  reckoniner)  for  two  t^lass  cups,  each  havinc;  two  handles!  'I  Li'.-o,  Iio'.vi:''er,  I'lii^i  ho-.-a 
liceii  of  an  immense  size  and  of  eX(|uisito  workmanship;  for  glass  was  lliei  u\  >.•  inirriOii  i-,se« 
fordrinkiiiR  vessels,  and  was  used  even  in  the  form  of  bottles  in  which  to  keep  wine  •-(iVai'i. 
Upifr.  lib.  ii.  22.  40.,  and  lib.  iv.  80.) 

'riieie  is  no  authentic  evidence  of  glass  beino;  used  in  windows  Drrvionvly  to  the  th;cd  Mr 
fourth  century;  and  then,  and  for  lom?  after,  it  Wiis  vscil  only  iji  einircl.t  .  .ud  other  public 
buildings.  In  this  country,  even  so  late  as  the  lalti  r  i>;irt  of 'hi-  sixtci'iuh  rons  ,iry,  gla.ss  waa 
very  rarely  met  with.  In  a  survey  of  Alnwick  Castlo,  m;.  'e  n  ,'  'i?.'!.  it  is  itated — "And, 
because  throwe  extreme  winds,  the  glasse  of  the  windmvc-i  of  this  ii  d  i  '.h'l  my  lord's  castles 
and  houses  here  in  the  country  dooth  decay  and  wa.^fe,  \i  were  ^ood  tl.,-  v.hiile  leights  of 
cvcrie  windowe,  at  the  departure  of  his  "ordshipp-  fr'  ;  1  1  ingc  at  an^-  of  his  said  castels,  and 
houses,  and  dowring  the  tymc  of  his  lordship's  o',.--  nc".  o;  Pllicrs  l',iii).e  in  them,  were  taken 
(loune  and  lade  up  in  safety:  And  at  sonche  ♦^■if  as  athii  his  lordshippe  or  anie  other  sholde 
lye  at  anie  of  the  said  places,  the  same  r,ir|i  tlic-n  be  set  iippe  of  newe,  with  smalc  charges, 
whereas  now  the  decayc  thereof  sb  I'l  up  verie  costlie  and  chargeable  to  be  repayred." — (Nnrlh. 
Hntisli.  Honk,  xvii.)  Sir  F.  M.  td.ii  thinks  it  probable  that  glass  windows  were  not  intro- 
duced into  farmhouses  n  England  much  before  the  rei'^n  of  James  I.  They  are  mentioned 
in  a  leas'  in  Ifil.'),  in  a  parish  in  SutVoik.  In  Scotland,  however,  as  late  as  KiGI,  the  win- 
dows of  i,rdinary  country  houses  were  not  gla/.ed,  and  only  the  upp-r  parts  of  even  those  in 
the  king's  palaces  had  glass  ;  the  lower  ones  having  lwi>  wooden  shiitlcrs,  to  open  at  pleasure, 
and  admit  the  fresh  air.  From  a  passage  in  Harrison's  l)i>n-''plii,n  of  Enir/and,  it  may  be 
inferred  that  glass  was  introduced  into  country  houses  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.     He  says, — 

♦  If  this  lie  a  rorriTt  description  of  t!it>  iiliit^s  of  Iiulia  in  tlu^  aiio  of  Pliny,  it  lias  since  falliin  otT 
very  iiiiicli  ;  Indi.'iii  plass  b.'inf;  mnv  almnt  llie  very  wurst  lli:it  is  iiiaiU'.  Al  present,  Um  Hindona 
miiniifactiirf  it  of  fra|;nii'nls  of  liroluMi  irlass.  cin-irl/  sand,  ami  iiiipnrc  sittla.— an  artit  Ic  found  native 
in  many  parts  of  India,  Muliciilarlv  in  llio  Minlli.  'lai'  lurii  Ufs  art'  m>  had  that  tlioy  tannitt  melt  our 
cniiiimin  ImiIIIi;  uliss  -  (//<i'»i/M;i".<  .l/w.«i"-c.  vol,  iii,  p.  :!TU.)  Tlic  jjlai^s  of  Cliiua  is  much  hetler  than 
thutof  India,  lliougli  still  very  inforioi:  to  tliul  of  Kuropii. 


'    !  n. 


712 


GLASS. 


i 


I 


«1 
*   ■ 


I     \ 


i  I  ■ 


..  i 


{;^ 


A. 


"  Of  old  time,"  (meaning,  probably,  the  beginning  of  the  century,)  "  our  countrie  houses  iij- 
stead  of  glasse  did  use  much  lattisc,  und  lliat  made  either  of  wicker  or  fine  rit'ls  of  oko  in 
cheekcrwise.  I  read  also  tiiat  some  of  the  butter  sort,  in  and  before  the  time  of  the  Saxons, 
did  make  panels  of  home  instead  of  glasse,  and  fix  them  in  wooden  caimes  (casements)  ;  but 
as  home  in  windowes  is  now  (1581)  quite  laid  dovvne  in  everie  place,  so  our  lattises  are  also 
growne  into  disuse,  because  glasse  is  conic  to  be  so  plentiful,  and  within  verie  little  so  good, 
cheape,  if  not  better  than  the  other."  Glass  is  now  introduced  into  the  windows  of  almost 
every  cottage  of  Great  Britain ;  and  in  this  cold,  damp  climate,  it  ought  rather  to  be  considered 
as  a  necessary  of  life,  than  as  the  most  elegant  and  useful  of  conveniences.  What  Dr. 
Johnson  has  said  as  to  glass  deserves  to  be  quoted. — "  By  some  fortuitous  liquefaction  was 
mankind  taught  to  produce  a  boily  at  once  in  a  high  degree  solid  and  transparent,  which 
might  admit  the  light  of  the  sun,  and  exclude  the  violence  of  the  wind;  which  might  extend 
the  sight  of  the  philosopher  to  new  ranges  of  existence,  and  charm  him  at  one  time  with  the 
unbounded  extent  of  the  material  creation,  and  at  another  with  the  endless  subordination  of 
animal  life;  and,  what  is  yet  of  mere  importance,  might  supply  the  decays  of  nature,  and 
succour  old  age  with  subsidiary  sight.  Thus  was  the  first  artificer  in  glass  employed,  though 
without  his  own  knowledge  or  expectation.  He  was  facilitating  and  prolonging  the  enjoy- 
ment of  light,  enlarging  the  avenues  of  science,  and  conferring  the  highest  and  most  lasting 
pleasures ;  he  was  enabling  the  student  to  contemplate  nature,  and  the  beauty  to  behold 
herscK"— (Rambler,  No.  9.) 

Venice,  for  a  long  time,  excelled  all  Europe  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  but  was  subse- 
quently rivalled  by  France.  The  inaiuifucture  was  early  introduced  into  England  ;  but  it  was 
not  carried  on  to  any  extent  previously  to  the  ICth  century.  The  first  plates  for  lookiiin-- 
glasses  and  coach  windows  were  made  in  1673,  at  Lambeth,  by  Venetian  artists  under  the 
protection  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  The  British  Plate  Company  was  incorporated  in 
1773,  when  it  erected  its  extensive  works  at  Ravenhead,  near  St.  Helen's,  in  Lancashire. 
The  manufacture  was  at  first  conducted  by  workmen  from  France,  whence  we  had  previously 
brought  ail  our  plate  glass.  But  that  which  is  now  made  at  Ravenhead,  at  Liverpool,  and 
London,  is  equal  or  superior  to  any  imported  from  the  Continent. 

It  is  dillicult  to  form  any  precise  estiuiato  of  the  value  of  the  glass  annually  produced  in 
Great  Britain.  We  believe,  howe  ; .,  that  it  cannot  amount  to  loss  than  2,000,000/.;  and 
that  the  workmen  employed  in  the  ditferent  departments  of  the  manufacture  exceed  .')0,000. 

2.  Duties  on  Glass. — The  glass  innniifactnrn  is  suhjorted  to  the  excise  ;  and  it  is  ditlicnlt  to  say 
wliether  tlie  rcaiilatioiis  under  which  tlio  duly  is  cliarped,  nr  tlic  duty  itself,  be  most  oppressive.  The 
we;illh  and  popiilntion  of  tlie  country  liiive  ninrn  tliiui  donlded  since  1T!H) ;  and  we  are  well  conviiiriKi 
that,  liad  the  glass  niunnfacture  not  been  interfi-red  with,  it  would  iiave  increased  in  a.  still  (jrealer 
ratio.  Hut  instead  of  advancing,  it  has  po?itivrly  decliueil ;  and  is  actually  less  at  this  inoinem  than 
it  was  40  years  ago  1  Ho  extraordinary  a  result  is  wholly  to  be  ascribed  to  the  exorbitant  excess  to 
which  the  dnties  have  Iieen  carried.  Instead.  Iiowever,  of  submitting  any  remarks  of  our  own  in 
vindication  of  this  view  of  the  subject,  wc  sliall  take  tin;  liberty  of  laying  before  the  reader  the  tnl- 
lowing  extract  from  the  speccli  delivered  by  Mr.  I'oiilett  Tlioin|i.-^oii,  in  lite  House  of  Coininoiis,  Stiih 
of  March,  183(1,— a  speech  which  coniliines,  in  u  degree  rarely  exiiibited,  a  familiar  know  ledge  of  prac- 
tical details  and  of  sound  scientific  principles.  That  the  administration  of  which  the  Kight  Hon,  (ien- 
tleman  is  a  distinguished  member,  has  not  yet  proposed  the  repeal  of  this  oppressive  tax,  is  not,  we 
are  sure,  owing  to  liis  colleagues  (littering  in  opinion  witli  )iim  as  to  its  impolicy,  hut  is  wliolly  to  he 
ascribed  to  other  causes— to  tlie  res  dura  et  re<rni  vovitas — the  ditficulty  of  fuuling  a  substitute,  ami  tli," 
urgency  of  the  claims  for  relief  advanced  by  others. 

"The  gross  duty  on  glass  for  the  year  lb'28  amonnted,  in  (Ireat  Britain  (exclusive  of  Ireland),  to 
950,10.'^^,  and  the  nett  duty  to  58(5,770/. ;  the  ditliirence  being  either  retiirneil,  or  sacriliceil  in  the  col- 
lection. And  here  I  would  entreat  the  House  to  remark,  that  for  ttii!  sake  of  such  a  sum  as  .')01),()()0;., 
a  charge  of  collection  on  nearly  1,000,0(10/.  is  incurred.  Tlie  duty  is  (ii/.  \wt  ponnd  on  (lint,  but  e(uiii! 
to  "id.  from  the  mode  of  its  collection;  in  othi-r  words,  upwards  of  100  per  cent.;  tht  glass,  when 
made,  selling  for  l.s.  to  \.i.  'id.  This  duty,  too,  is  very  much  reiluced  from  what  it  was  ;  and  here  the 
House  will  observe  an  admirable  illn.siratioii  of  the  etVect  of  heavy  dnties  on  consiimpticu),  :ind  con- 
sequently on  revenue.  In  1701,  the  last  year  on  which  the  duty  was  1/.  !.•>'.  S(Z.  per  cwt.  for  plate  and 
flint,  and  other  kinds  in  proportion,  the  quantities  paying  duty  were  as  follow  : — 

Flint  aiil  rlilr^  nrn^'i.  Crfurn.  Pollle. 

Cwt.  07,015    .        -        -        -    20,e07    ...        -    83,'.)!0    .        -        -        -    227,176 

The  duties  were  successively  raised  to2/.  Os. ;  and  at  last,  by  Mr.  Vansittart,in  pursuit  of  his  favourite 
theory,  in  1813,  to  4/.  18^. !  and  let  us  see  the  result.     In  IBlli,  the  consumption  had  declined  to 

Plate.  Rroa'l.  Crown.  RntHp. 

Cwt.  29,000    -        -        .        .      6,140    ...        -    55,502    -        .        -        -     l.W.SOS 

In  1||5.  eovernment  saw  a  part  of  their  error,  and  reduced  the  duty  by  one  half,  still  leaving  it  too 
highVbut  mark  the  etfect.  In  l!528,  the  last  year  for  which  I  hav(!  the  returns,  tlie  consuinptioii 
rose  to 

I'htp.  Prr.\'l.  Crown  Po'lli'. 

Cwt.  68,131    .        -        .        .      0,050    -  -        -    90,003    -        -        -        -    224,St)4 

Still,  howe<er.  only  about  the  same  as  in  1701.  It  .ppears.  therefore,  that  notwithstanding  the  in- 
crease  of  population  and  general  lii.vury,  the  consumption  has  been  kept  down  by  \our  improvident 
system,  and  is  actually  now  less  than  it  was  85  years  ago.  lint  here, again,  the  duty  is  tar  from  belii|r 
the  greatest  evil.  Let  any  one  turn  to  the  act  :"  he  will  liiid  32  clauses  of  regnlations,  penaltii's,  and 
prohibitions  :  all  vexatious  to  the  inaniifaclnrer,  and  all  to  be  paid  fur  bv  the  i)iililic.  I  have  said  that 
the  duty  on  Hint  glass  is  (W.  per  ponnd  ;  the  glass,  whi'ti  made,  selling  for  l.v.  Ihit  the  excise  otlicer 
has  the  power  of  imposing  the  duty,  either  wh.'U  the  glass  is  in  tin;  pot,  '.hi.  per  piMind,  or  after  it  has 
been  turned  ont,  at  Ck/.  ;  the  glass  when  turned  out,  gaining  100  percent.  It  Is  found  mor"  adviin- 
tageous  to  the  revenue  to  exact  the  dnty  on  glass  In  the  pot,  at  3(/. ;  and  in  this  way  the  diilv  is  raised 
to  7(/.    Nur  is  this  all.    Thu  iiiunufacturer  is  Urivea  by  this  methud  iiitu  the  necessity  uf  producing 


GLASS. 


713 


Dur  countrie  houses  in- 
■  or  fine  rifts  of  oke  m 
the  time  of  the  Saxons, 
almes  (casements) ;  but 
[,  so  our  lattises  are  also 
tiiin  verie  little  so  good, 
)  the  windows  of  almost 
[it  rather  to  be  considered 
nveniences.     What  Dr. 
rtuitous  liquefaction  was 
1  and  transparent,  which 
nd;  which  might  extend 
[lim  at  one  time  with  the 
endless  subordination  ot 
the  decays  of  nature,  and 
1,1  glass  employed,  though 
nd  prolonging  the  enjoy- 
^  highest  and  most  lasting 
and  the  beauty  to  behold 

re  of  glass,  but  was  subse- 
•d  into  England;  but  it  was 
le  first  plates  for  lookmg- 
Venctian  artists  under  the 
mpany  was  incorporated  m 
^t  Helen's,  in  Lancashire, 
whence  we  had  previously 
ivenhead,  at  Liverpool,  and 

''class  annually  produced  in 

less  than  3,000,000/.;  and 

manufacture  exceed  r)0,000. 

,,.iso;<>n(1  it  is  difficult  to  .ay 

"o  •  .  n.t  we  ure  well  c.nvin.  ed 
■.,.'      -retised  in  a  still  croiUer 

lyAlvl'^'it'''**''""'"'^"''''? 
J  W  tl.e  exorbitant  excess  to 

'  Sin.  l..tt.ro  tlic  vniulertlutM- 

:;";i/^,ucl.thcUi,U.lon  .en- 
r  tliis  oppressive  tax,  is  loi,  «e 
LsimiKlHV.I.ut  is  wholly  to  >e 
fy  of  tending  a  substitute,  andth. 

k-itnin  (exclusive  of  Ireland),  to 
ttuvneit,  or  saim""  ■■■  ^, 

U'  ke  ol  sucli  11  Slim  as  .')09,00n;., 
Iw  m '.  poitnd  on  tlint  iM.t  eiiiml 
riio  icr  cent.;  tin  jilass-wlicn 
U  wtatHwas;.}"rtlu.ret^ 
llM  OS  on  consuuiplion,  I'lid  coii- 
iu   Is  M.  per  cwt.  for  plate  and 

[is  iiolloW  :— 

■""  Bottle. 

-    227.170 

Lit^ar.,m  pursuit  ofliisnwourite 

|,BU11.1>1«>"  "•I'i  '"'  „„I",. 

.     155,595 

t.  iw  one  lialf,  still  leaving  it  to" 
V^lurrelurus,  the  consumption 


Il    - 


Boitti'. 
2'24,Sfi4 


Irp'tlial  nntwitlislandinL' llio  in- 

lin!X  for  l.s'.     """,.       or  a  ter  it  tii'9 

r  ,11  is  way  the  duty  is  raised 
luid  111  >'9  ,^^  .>  gj.y  uf  pruducms 
Id  into  11'"  uei.essiiy  "'  i 


frei^urnlly  an  article  wlilcli  lie  does  not  want.  lie  makes  the  fine  class  from  the  middle  ;  the  coarser 
from  llir  iop  and  hollom  of  the  put.  He  Ireiiiienlly  wants  only  line  glass,  and  he  would  re-melt  tli» 
<ln\  of  tile  I'liai'ser  parts  if  lie  had  not  paid  duly  upon  It;  but  of  course  he  is  unalile  to  do  so.  All 
the  iiliss  nianiifactiirers  wlioin  1  have  consulted,  ajrree  that  the  wlioht  cost  of  the  excise  to  the  con- 
suiiiir.  Iiesidcs  tile  duly,  ivliich  is  100  |ier  cent.  Is  25  piT  cent. ;  niul  besides  there  is  great  inconve- 
iiieiii-.'  iuiil  opiiri'ssion  iroiii  the  frauds  that  are  daily  taking  place.  And  observe  the  ell'ucl  which  ia 
prudiiced  upon  your  trade,  both  at  lioiiie  and  abroad. 

"  A  nianiificMirer  who  has  lately  travelled  through  France,  the  Netherlands,  and  Oermany,  has 
assured  iiie  that  our  nianufiiciiirers  ronld  advaiila'.eonsly  copi;  with  foreiitners,  were  it  not  for  the 
<lmies  inipnsed  liy  the  govi'niiiKtnt.  Labour  is  as  cheap  in  this  country,  onr  inginiiily  is  greater,  and 
the  niileiiaU  are  also  ;is  cheap;  it  is,  then,  the  vexations  onerous  duly  alone  that  gives  the  foreign 
inattiifictiirer  the  advaiita;.'e  ovi'r  the  I'higlish.  iJiil  the  elfect  of  the  (luty  goes  furlher  :  it  operates 
to  prevent  all  iinprovement  in  the  article-;  liecause,  to  inijiiove,  I'xperimenis  must  be  made;  but  a 
man  with  a  duly  of  12')  per  cent,  over  his  head.  Is  not  very  likely  to  make  many  ex|)eriinints.  This 
arL'iinieiit  applies  especially  with  respect  to  cidotirs.  A  manufacturer  has  assured  me  that  he  has  never 
been  ahl.;  to  pnidiice  a  beautii'iil  red,  because  the  duties  have  prevented  his  trying  the  necessary  ex- 
perini'Mils,  wliliniil  his  incurring  a  great  risk  or  loss.  Tlins  a  iniseriible  duly,  amouiiliiig  to  only 
500,900/.,  and  upon  wliich  a  charge  of  10  per  cent,  is  made  for  collecting,  is  allowed  to  impede  cur 
native  imltistry,  and  to  put  a  slop  to  all  improveiiieiit,  and  be'  a  source  of  endh^ss  oppression  and 
fraud.  I  re.'illy  cannot  believe  thai  the  legislature  will  resist  such  an  appeal  as  the  maiuifacturera 
of  ibis  article  ( cniUl  make  to  them,  or  refuse  to  relieve  them  from  the  gratuitous  injury  whitii  is  in- 
dicted on  iheiii." 

'Phi'  following  accounts  show,  belter  than  any  reasoning,  the  injurious  influence  of  the  existing 
(Itilies.— li  sti'iid  of  increasing,  tis  it  certainly  woiild  have  done,  hiid  it  not  been  crushed  by  exorbitant 
diilies,  the  !;lass  manufacture  has  gone  on  protiressividy  dei  lining  from  the  period  when  Mr.  'I'lnnipson 
made  the  exeelli'iit  speech  now  (pioted,  down  to  the  present  day.  The  falling  I'lf  In  the  lioltle  glass 
(lepartiiietit  is  particularly  striking.  The  dtilies  being  so  very  high,  the  necessity  of  giving  drawbacks* 
on  the  glass  exported  opens  a  wide  door  to  every  species  of  fraud.  If  the  duty  iiiusi  hi;  kept  up,  it 
ought,  at  all  events,  to  be  rediiciMl  a  half,  and  siniplilied  as  inncli  as  possihle.  This  would  materially 
relieve  llie  niaiiitl'aclnre  ;  and  would  n.il,  we  feel  ciuilideiit,  occasion  the  smallest  loss  of  revenue.  It 
is  iiHieslrous,  indeed,  to  se(^  destructive  duties  tenaciously  (lefende<l  on  the  stale  and  stupid  pretence 
of  their  bei:'g  necessary  to  the  preservatiiui  of  the  revr;niie,  when,  in  point  of  fact,  there  is  not  a 
single  instance  in  which"  they  have  been  reduced,  that  the  revenue  has  not  increased. 

I,  Account  of  the  iViimbor  of  Glass-houses  respectively  employed  in  the  Manufacture  of  Broad, 
Crown  I'liiil,  I'l.ite,  and  Conimoii  llotlle  Glass,  in  each  Year,  from  1829  to  1S32  inclusive,  in  the 
United  Kingdom. 


Tnrs. 

Broad  Gl.iss. 

Crown. 

Flint. 

I'lalc. 

Couni'nii  Bottle 

1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 

2 
2 
2 
2 

28 
25 
24 
28 

51 
54 
55 
59 

3 
2 
2 
2 

42 
39 
36 
39 

II.  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Flint,  I'late,  Ilroad,  Crown,  a  il  Bottle  Glass,  charged  with  the 
Duty  in  each  Year,  from  1829  to  1832,  respectively,  with  the  Katos  of  Excise  Duty  and  Revenue 
accruing  t hereon. 


Rjle                !  Rule 
lean.    /  '"'       '>f       Plate.  |    cf 

l.llvS.    I|,|„y                        |,)„,j. 

li.Ke 
Brravl.  1    <| 
,Du>. 

Ree 
Crown.       of 
Duty, 

n^.til,- 
Cila.<s. 

R.llf 

(if 
Duly. 

Cross  Duty. 

Uraulxiok. 

Revenue. 

(■„■'.. 
IS'2'I  7!\'2  0 
b  1)  7-.\912 
1^:!1  7...6I9 
1^3-2  7j,7:  1 

V.         Cirt.    i     s. 

50    11.4811  CO 
i:'.:;oi  > 

15  967! 
12,270  1 

6..-61 
4,>>15 
.5.915 
5,301 

30 

Cwl.      J.    ((. 
1 11,.' 62  73  6 
96.5I>5 
100,0-6 
103,902 

Cut.        I. 

.1S'2,S9»      7 
310,793 
293,^-6H 
310,3t)5 

•^31,899  18  10 
725,597     1    3 

:::6.512    o  i 

71^,097     3  11 

[.       !.  d. 
221.791  17  2 

l^2,678    4  8 
201.152    2  0 
189,565    7  8 

L.       J.  d 
607,015    1  8 
512,918  16  7 
5;;2,359  18  1 
558.531  16  3 

III.  Account  of  the  Qnaiitilic?  of  Uritish-made  (Jlass  retained  for  Home  Coiisuniption,  with  the 
iiiiporls  of  ForeiL'ii  (;lass  entered  fur  Home  Ciiiisuniiition  ;  llie  Atnount  of  Customs  Ptily  on  the 
Later,  and  the  Nett  Kiivenue  arising  from  Uritish  Glass,  in  each  Year,  fnuii  1829  to  l!:'32,'bolh  iji- 
clusivii. 


Brilisli. 

Foreign.                                              | 

Ve.iis. 

Flint. 

C'll. 
49.00 1 
l:\()63 

iS,sS7 
19,552 

riate. 

Broid. 

Crown. 

Bollle. 

(•«■(, 
209,Mi2 
165,519 
1  I3.9S9 
151,705 

Plate. 

.S.;.  r  II. 

1.763 

1,136 

863 

717 

Crowii. 

Bottle. 

Revfcinie  on 
F-  li-i^ri 
(ilass 

Nett  Revenue  on 
lililsh  OlaM. 

18-29 
IVllI 
IM!I 
l,->32 

Cirt. 
14,299 
13,9.57 
11,796 
11,990 

Cwt. 
6,861 
4,845 
5,915 
5,304 

t'w". 
97,134 
84,178 
83,527 
90,253 

Cwl. 
152 
101 
101 
25 

I^'unrts. 
761.778 
713,768 
693.151 
615,526 

16,708 
16.411 
15,sil 
1 1,532 

/..          ».   H. 
610,397     1  8 
52ti,.507  16  7 
516,518  18  1 
513.999  16  3 

(Compiled  from  the  Purl.  Papers,  Noh.  3ti4.  and  717.     fio«s.  l&3:i.) 


3.  Tif;;n'.n>'om  fit  (o  thr  ^fnnn''acture  of  (Iht's  —  T!  t*  t-xrisp  ro- 
pruli'l'ids  ^vit  ■  '» i|  e  I  t'l  kIiss  lie  miriifr.'xis,  rnmi'Iex.  ami  cut'  rce  I 
uiilfi  lieAvy  jiiii:iifi'-«.  Wt!  fill  n"'ue  only  ;*  fe.v  uf  llir  ieaitiii^  le- 
piilitiii  ».  -Ml  l'I  ibv  m  ikt-rs  iiiusi  'ak"  uu' i  litviu-e,  rt-new^lile  nii- 
miilly,  rtiiicli  ('  -s'-.  21):.  (r  e.ith  '^iass'Ii'iit-ie ;  an  I  'h.-y  must  i.itke 
t'litry  t"  'M'-  'ir-x'  eiiise  nllu'' nf  ;»  1  wiirkliiuscs  fiinncc''.  p'fs,  j)  t* 
rhwii!  i-rs,  11.11  .litiiX  a  rhrs,  *varplniii!it'»,itc  iiii-iir;\  |it'in'1y  ol'-MO/. 
N  I  l"it  IS  HI  If  rtr-r-.'!'.!  \-  i'h'iil  eUii  K  tu'il"v  lioiiii'  pii'.  inu^  iiivice. 
in  \^^i•ill.^  I'l'  Hir'iiii''  nf  1  liimiiisf.  tlu:  \^e  iri-t  m  until,  -m  I  species 
iif  c'l  V  ■''■  1'^  'I  r  f^l-  Kf  -'f  'T  iid'icr  eiveii  ainl  .i  ^^\ml  Mkfii  I'v 
I  f  'irK-'-r,  Tiy  nil  )v  i.il  nr  pri-[  ar.i'ioii  Iit^  put  iu'o.Tny  [jnt,  i  lu'i.al'y 
of  'liJ    IS  I  ciuf  I ;  I  111  if  thi;  iinrinltcture  he  of  lliiit  tclats,  tie  |ip< 

ml  )  in  JfH>.'.    Mii:':rK-:ii  '    '  

K'{iiiiiiii'j'"ctn'-,rt'  th.-iri. 


au'!  nn^k  Iht*  p'ltsas  they  tfiink  fi';  ^ny  attempt  tnnb»-triiof  theofllreM 
Mifuiplnye  t  imur^.i  (t'lnliy  ntMiH)/,':  the  CMUiitiTleriii<.  alteiii.;^,  or 
elVaciii:{  'any  maiks  in'  li*  l.y  the  tiHloiis  is  vi>ittit  \\^\h  a  jfiialij^  of 
■'CO-. ;  a  pt!ii:»l'y  "f  2i  O;  hcli.ir  aho  mpnst'il  itp-in  any  t-nt-  pmcuriiiff 
or  cfpiij  i\inif  at"i's  h  iii<.!oiu\  OHittrrsare  etititlfi  u*  take  saiuple-v 
II 't  r.vft-filii*  4  niiucfi  in  ail.  nil  >{  each  pot;  payiiK  (nr  them,  it 
(leiiiai.  Ifii,  i-'2«/.  an 'imice.  Tin-  wlmlfMiC  'he  m<tal  intcinlid  lo  bn 
hi;».iut".ioturt'-i  iiit'>  C'lMii'Mi  t;l.^^s  ImtiU-s  is  to  he  wiirktd  "iihin  16 
h  ui-s  I'fxt  ;ifn  r  llu'  saiut-  -.In'!  he  he^un  ;  ami  when  tte  htiittes  a'C 
ilrp''siieit  in  the  amuM  i--^  .irches.  luahi.ric'uifr*  are  asain.  in  the 
ptetenre  cf  'he  nUiirr.  tit  chat'-Te  each  p"'  «  iih  f'tsh  nia'eriils,  nther 
than  hr  ikcii  i;las-<.  m-i  l-t^s  thin  'lO  Ih.-i.  weiah'  ;  aud  (ietiaralious  are 
f  11 1  III  ^''a?".  arv  alo  wd  [\  h'mrslitr  i  lo  t-c  tlelivei-i-il,  in  x^riiiinj,  cf  the  m:mler  of  smh  bottles,  cm  pcuilty 
f'.-rth  '  tPinc  sp.'ciri.'-l  inihi-ir  iinlicps.  I  nf  100/. 


EiiTifinf  ih«ii  ni'ilies  Ui.i'le  are  In  he  ini.le  in  wri'-ii?.  noon  oaih,  j       Mauuficturers  nf  fflass  hnt'lcs  are  to  affix  proper  hnnks  or  itaplo, 

ml  'Iifiiiu'i.s  pan!  mnnthly  in  lyui-Inn.  ami  ever\  fi  wctk-*  in  the  j  wilh  snih-s  anil  wtiifl.'s,  'o  be  npprnvtii  of,  in  «rilini;,  ly  llie  aur- 

cmiiiltv.    Du'v  upon  m>tcr',  ils  tost  or  ipoilel  is  iM-iwcl  fnr.  upon  vt-vnrnr  su)ifnis.tr.  umltr  a  penalty  of    Oi. ;  the  M\v.e  ativ  falie  or 

liuepr'o'tf  huii'^  lua'eof   lu-  l.ic'.    cfflceis  at  all  Imit"*.  hy  «l-t\  ami  i  iu-Iutlifinif  ^■ -iles  ur  wt-iglits  in  the  weighing  of  bottles,  iucuri  \ 

niglit,  are  to  luve  access  to  wuikhuusuit,  &c.,  tu  gauge  thu  uialcriaU)  <  peially  uf  iUO/. 

3o2  90 


i-n 


714 


GLASS. 


t 


t   * 


*    3 
I    J 


Notices  are  not  tn  lie  given  for  (Imwlni?  out  bott!es,  but  only  he-  or  any  other  h^vy  substance,  other  tljan  flint  ^hn,  or  pliial  z;\mo,  w 
tweeii  8  o'clock  in  llie  mnrnin;  ami  G  in  the  afhTiKinu  '  tiroif  glass,  or  cimivh  glass,  in  anv  ra  k,  hox,  or  chest  cnnuinin? 

No  crown  kIiss,  orOtrnian  sheet  glass, or Ijrna'l  or  spread  window  flint  t^Iass,  &c.  |tacltini  or  packed  ^)r  expnrtalinn  on  drawback,  ihe 
;UsH,  shall  lie  made  of  greater  thickness,  exclndini?  thu  centre  or  peisoii  so  oltendint;  shall  fir  each  such  ollencu  forfeit  200/..  and  all 
lulllon  aiid  the  Bi-lvaj(e  or  rim  thereof,  than  one  ninth  part  of  an  -ncli  Klas'*,  hnik,  sUnie,  or  other  heavy  subsiance  coutajnevl  (hereia 
inch,  unless  nntice  shall  )iave  been  given  that  il  w.is  intenled  to     sli.ill  lie  forfeited. -('>2  (ycn,  3.  c.  77.  sect.  7.) 

manufacture  the  nie^al  into  plate  glass,  and  the  duty  on  platf  glass  be  j  Any  person  allerin*or  def  icirip  any  marks  on  any  cask,  box,  &e, 
paid  thereon  —(See  the  Statutes  in  Burn's  Juitue,  Maniolt's  ed,  vol.  i  containing  gl  tss  for  expnrta  ion,  exprt-siing  the  weii^ht  aiiil  tare  uC 
li.  pp.  IH6— 22s.)  such  cask,  &c.,  or  the  weight  of  tht)  glass  therein,  or  the  ••■ne  or 

For  an  account  of  the  duties  on  foreign  glass  imporJed  into  Great     place  of  packing,  or  the  number  of  the  cask,  fitc,  shall  for  each 
Britain,  and  the  drawback,  itc.  allowed  upon  the  exportation  of  Bri*  '  o.lence  fttrfeit  200/.,  with  the  gl.iss.— Sect,  8. 
tiih-ni  da  gK'^j  see  I'arijf.  The  (dJicers  nf  excise  are  to  bnuid  or  mark  every  ca'ik.  box,  &c, 

4.  KxpurtaUon  nf  (//as*.— It  is  enacted  by  staf.  6  Geo.  4.  c.  1 17.,  of  ijlas-,  for  expitrtatioii  with  the  letters  K.  (l. ;  and  if  any  cask,  &c, 
(hat  no  (lint  gl  lis  shall  be  entitlcil  lo  the  dniwback  nn  expnrtati  n,  j  of  glass  so  branded  be  not  put  on  board  within  12  Irnirs  after  thft 
if  it  be  not  of  the  upecitic  gravity  nf  3,000,  that  of  water  being  :  branding  thereof,  or  if  any  cask,A;c.  an  braii  led  be  found  on  land 
1,000;  and  if  It  be  not  worlH  at  least  lb/,  a  pound  for  home  con-  I  afier  12" months  from  the  lime  when  suth  glaw  was  patked  for  ex- 
luniijllnn  at  the  tiine  when  ii  is  entered  for  exportation.    All  (lint  j  porlation,  the  same  sliall  be  forfei'ed.    Anv  person  oliliteraiine,  de- 

_1_.:  __.. 1   r _._.:_..     _r   1     -c.      ......._      n  ruj^ r       f-_;. .  -    -i..  ..: ■.  _     4i.,.  _■-, .:. I   !...*»..-     .„'(..-i'..;(  .)/wii        ij„_.    n 


It 


.lass  entered  for  exnurtation,  of  less  specifK  gravity  than  3,000,  or  of 
fess  value  than  I  If/,  per  pound,  Is  forfeited,  and  maybe  aei7ed  by 
anv  ollicer  uf  excise.— Sects.  24,  2». 

'The  fcxpor'er  of  glass  is  to  make  oath  tliat  he  believes  it  to  be  en- 
tirely of  Urilish  manufacture,  and  that  the  duties  iniiiosed  upon  it  by 
law  have  been  paid.  F'ersons  wilfully  taking  a  false  aaili  in  this 
matter  are  li  ible  to  Ihu  pains  and  penalties  of  perjury.— (55  Gai.  3, 
c.  13.  sect.  3.) 

Security  by  bond  is  to  be  given  (usually  fnr  a  lareer  siiin  and  a 
greater  quamity  of  ffvjiis  than  are  intended  to  be  expor'ei),  ihat 
glass,  on  the  expurtaiion  of  which  a  drawback  is  allowed,  slitll  I.e 
•hipped  wiihin  I  nnn'li  after  the  date  of  such  secur  ly  ;  bul  If  the 
Commissi. inera  be  satisfied  that  the  shipment  of  the  clait  wi'hin  the 
spec i tie  I  time  h:is  been  prevented  by  iM>me  unaviiidabie  accident, 
tney  may  grant  fnriher  lime,  not  exceeding  3  mundis,  (or  the  ship- 
ment thereof.— Sect.  7. 

No  tlra»vback  is  to  be  allowed  upon  the  exportation  of  used,  old, 
or  second  hand  elas*.— Sect.  9. 

Bv  Stat.  54  Geo.  3.  c.  97.  sect.  6.  it  is  enacted,  that  no  drawback 
•hall  be  a!lov\ed  for  any  regular  panes,  squares,  or  reetaiignlar  ii^ures 
of  spre.»d  iilass  or  o'dier  win  low  gla<t,  any  part  of  u'liicti  sha.I  con- 
list  of  or  include  the  bullion  or  thick  centre  part  nf  thi-  fable  from 
which  sncli  panes,  sijuares,  or  rectangular  figures  bhall  have  been 
cut  or  i.aken,  or  any  pirt  cf  the  said  bnllinn,  unless  no  si  \f  of  any 
such  pa  es,  ftc  sliall  measnie  less  than  8  inches;  ii.'r  sha'l  any 
drawback  le  i!lt»\vel  forrny  In/enges,  any  part  whereof  shall  rtm- 
sist  rf  or  inclij  le  the  bullion  or  thick  centre  part  of  tlie  table  fr*>m 
which  such  lozenges  shall  ha\c  been  tak-n.  or  any  p.art  of  liie  bul- 
lion, unle  s  no  side  of  any  such  lozenge  shall  measure  le-s  than  S 
inchts;  nor  unlevi  the  distance  between  'he  two  obt'.se  ani^b.'S  of 
each  such  I'lzei, re  sluil  measure  S  inches  at  the  (east;  imr sliati  .any 
drawback  be  allowed  for  any  Inzengei  imt  cinlaining  the  builiin  or 
thick  centre  part  of  the  table  from  which  such  lozenges  shall  have 
Leen  cut  or  Iak?n.  or  any  part  of  ihe  bullinn.  unless  the  distance  be- 
tween the  two  obtuse  angles  oi  «  very  such  lozenje  shall  measure 
3  1-2  imhes  at  bist ;  and  all  window  elas<,  tnv  part  whemf  shall 
include  or  consist  of  Ihe  bnlliiui  or  thick  centre  part  of  the  table 
from  u  hicli  the  s.ame  ihall  have  been  cut  or  'aken,  an  1  which  s-hill 
be  of  any  other  shape  or  of  less  dimensions  than  a^  af 'resa  d.  shall 
be  define  I  lu  I;e  tvaa'c  ^!a\s;  ajid  if  any  person  shall  knowluiily 
enter  or  ship  Tu'  exportation,  in  order  to  ob'.ain  any  drawlcuk,  any 
panes,  stjiiaies,  or  leclangul  ir  licurc*  or  Inzenices  nf.ipreal  wjn  low 
gl.xss.  coiiininily  kn  '«  n  by  the  iiutie  of  Li-i  nti  sl't'f.  it  o'li  r  ^^  In- 
dow  alas*,  not  being  spread  glass  as  aforesaid,  C(tntainiii«  or  includ- 
ing the  bullion  or  thick  part  nf  tie  (able  frcun  uhich  such  panes, 
squares,  rectiir^ular  firures. or  lozt  nae.i  r.f  spread  glas^  or  ether  win- 
dow u'l  ^s  re:.i.t  ctivtiy',  «  Itith  shall  not  l,e  of  thedin,ei.Mon»  in  titat 
beh.alf  aft)re«ii  I,  such  person  shall,  for  every  p:»ck:UP  coidaiuing 
anv  snrh  u'ass  Siient  red  orhhipped  contrary  to  this  .act,  furfeit  I0<V. 

fty  fi2  Geo.  .1.  c,  7"  sect.  6.  i;  is  eiiarle  I,  that  no  iila-s  whatsr^e  er 
made  in  Givat  Britain,  rr  male  in  In  Ian  !,  ai.d  inipor'e  I  iii*o  Great 
Bri'ain.  slia'l  be  pukerl  fnr  exportation  on  drawl. .irk,  in  any 
package  niT'e  wi'h  any  void  space  in  or  between  Ihe  component 
parts  thereof,  bu'  all  suVh  glass  ^halI  be  packed  ff>r  exp  prtation  in 
casks,  b'lxes,  or  eliests  only,  and  in  which  tfie  exporter  shill,  pre- 
vioustnthr  1  asking  of  such  irl  iss  ihertnn,  have  col  or  sunk  a  sutfi- 
cieiit  nunderof  circular  cavitn-s,  eath  thereof  not  bss  than  1-4  of 
an  incli,  nor  more  than  I  1-3  inch  in  diameter,  to  receive  llii-  seal  di- 
rected to  be  put  on  such  package,  and  for  the  purpose  of  proiec'ing 
such  seal  ft-ani  I  c'lm  des'Mye  I.  -b  laced,  brrtktn,  or  daiuaifed  ;  and 


facin-r,  aliirimr,  Kc,  tlie  aforesaid  juUer);,  ti'lortV-it  200/.— Sect.  9. 

By  ')6  Geo.  3.  c.  lOS.  it  is  enacted,  that  n>  drawback  shall  be  paij 
for  exportation  of  any  grnund  or  polished  plate  j^las  mule  in  Great 
Ih'i'aiii,  unless  such  glass  be  exjmrted  in  rectangular  plates  of  the 
sii't:  of  6  inches  in  leinith  by  4  inches  in  bre.ilth  at  tiie  le.a»t,  and 
unless  each  plate  of  such  glass  be  li-ce  fnin  stains  and  bli-  cis,  and 
be  psrf-'ct  a'.d  fit  for  imine  Hate  use,  as  and  for  grnund  and  polished 
plate  itlass  ;  and  if  any  person  shall  pack  or  ship  for  exportaii()n  on 
drawback,  any  pla'e  of  plate  gla«s  u^  ginund  .md  pr)li-.h-d  plate  glass 
made  in  Gn-at  Britain,  which  is  not  plate  glass,  or  has  not  been 
groun  I  and  polished,  or/vhich  abnll  befnigu  glass,  or  of  less  di- 
mere  ion  or  thickness  thritighoid  linn  af-irtsait,  or  shall  be  slaiiied, 
or  blistered,  or  iniperfect,  or  not  iinujediately  At  for  use  us  crouiid 
and  pftlislied  pla!(  elass,  or  any  o'lter  sr-rt  of  ^1  »ss  with  any  ground 
and  poliOieil  plate  glass,  the  sai'ne,  .and  all  the  Kiass  therewith,  shall 
be  f.rfeited,  and  Ihepeuoii  so  ollending  shall  forfeit  for  each  such 
packag"  100/. 

Ai.y  I  erwiii  packing  for  evportation  on  drawback  any  ungrnund 
or  unpoli.hel  plate  ;.;l:iss  of  lessor  greater  dmen-«ions  lii  thirkness 
and  size  than  as  last  aforesaid,  or  any  f  ml,  imperfect,  or  iiumer* 
cliantable  ungmund  or  uenrdished  plate  -.'h'-s,  in  any  package,  with 
oramopTs'  ai.v  other  kind  of  glass,  the  same,  and  all  the  elass  there- 


Ih, 
eai  h  ; 


iliill  be'ffnfeiled,  and  the  person  so  'dlending  bhall' forfeit  for 
Hi  h  package  100/.— ('iG  flto.  3.  c.  \09.  st-cl.  4  ) 


where  any  sucli  ffh^s  shall  bepickel  for  exp'Ttaii^ 
box,nrches*.  each  such  cavity  shall  Iweut  and  sunk,  one  part  ih.'reof 
on  the  elijeof  the  Ijil  or  cover,  and  the  other  on  Ihe  hide  of  such  i 
box  or  chest,  hi  that  each  such  swl  may  be  cnnvenien  Iv  plue  1  by 
the  pr  per  o|Tic.  r  of  excise,  part  on  the  wood  of  such  li  i  or  cover,  ' 
and  the  resi  hie  on  'h  ■  w-md  of  the  si  )e  of  e.ach  suc'i  box  or  chest ;  ' 
and  nodrawbirk  "hall  be  pa i' I  for  any  i{1a«s  not  packed  in  a  cask,  '■ 
lh)X.  or  chest  as  aforesaid,  nor  for  anyttliss  p  eked  in  anv  box  or 
cliest  not  bavii.t:  a  <iiflicieril  nundier  oi  such  cavities  :  pr-'vi  !e  !  that 
nolbinie  herein  shall  prohibit  the  packing  of  whole  or  liaf  tables  of  ' 
sprea  I  gt  ^^s,  tir  of  crown  triass  or  any  c  'niniori  bottles  ma  le  (if  com* 
uiorp  Ii'.i'Ie  nic'a'.  in  atiy  cate  or  oilier  package  whalsoevtr.  i 

Frauduitiit  I'-uhnitc'.-^U  any  person  shall  place  any  brick,  stone,  ' 


By  17  Gen.  3.  c.  i^O.  it  is  enactel,  that  if  gla>s  shipped  for  draw, 
liack  be  fraudulently  unshipjxid  or  n  landed,  every  person  in  any 
vise  concerned  or  assisting  in  Ihu  s.iii.e  shall,  over  and  above  all 
olher  p'-nai'ies.  forfeit  for  evtry  huch  i»ii;  nee  100/. ;  .and  every  pt  r- 
son  knowingly  entering  any  hrrken  or  irn-ite  g/n.w  for  exp'irlatinn 
upon  a  drawback  ^ln^l,  exclusive  of  all  oilier  pains  and  penalties, 
foifrit  ion/.— Sect.  S7. 

By  tiGeo.  4.  c.  t  <".  it  is  enacted,  that  ever)'  persrm  shipping  or  in 
lending  to  ship,  or  being  about  to  ship,  in  Inland,  any  ptaic  slass, 
broad  class,  or  crown  glass,  for  expor'aiian  on  drawback,  or  fur  the 
rniinvil  thereof  to  Gnat  Rrilaln.  alnll  .ilve  J4  hours*  i.oiiceof  such 
iri''-ii'ioii,  and  of  Ihe  place  of  shiiiping.  to  the  nearest  collector  or 
ofhcer  of  excise;  and  smh  C(d  lector  and  otri:er  .are  required  there- 
upon to  attend,  and  to  cause  all  such  lilass  '"  be  wei;rbed  and  mea- 
sured ;  and  in  case  such  i-'lass  his  not  been  chireeil  with  the  re- 
spective duliei  under  ih''  pti)\i3  nns  of  this  act.  an!  is  aho'jt  lo  Ik' 
removed  to  Gnat  Britain,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  collector  or 
odicer,  and  be  is  remiirc  I  lo  charge  all  buch  glass  wiih  du'y  ,at  the 
n  speciive  rates  of  u*v  n.a(^•  p'  yable  by  Ibis  act  on  such' sort  nr 
kind  of  glass  respect i^  ly;  and  upon  paym  nt  of  such  duty,  it  sSall 
be  la-vfiil  for  such  >  <  rtnr  or  omc.  r  to  grnit  a  certificaie  of  the 
payment  iif  ^ueh  du'y,  to  accompany  siuh  glass  upon  such  reniovpd, 
and  to  le  produced  .at  Ihe  p^rt  r-f  entry  in  Greal  Brit.iin ;  ;ii.J  ju 
ca>e  a!,y  --uch  irlass  u  hich  s'  .ill  have  !.  -en  duly  charsed  with  the 
rcspec'ive  duties  payable  by  this  act  tliall  b.^  entered  f )r  expmtati.in 
to  f>ieigii  par's  tijion  dn\vl  a- k.  or  !t  suit  an!  rene.ved  to  Great 
Britain,  it  shi'l  be  lawful  for  such  collector  or  officer,  npon  proof 
that  such  duties  have  been  paid,  or  Iiavi- been  cbaitud  and  dulv  se- 
cured to  he  paid,  tn  grant  a  cert iticate  of  Ihe  paj  nient  of  such  duty, 
or  a  certificate  Ihat  such  tin"y  bts  been  charged  and  is  .'uly  s'-ciired 
t'>  be  paid,  'o  acconqtanv  such  ala-s  n),oii  such  esportatinn  to  foreiju 
p-ir's  or  such  removal  to  Great  Hnlain,  ai; !  tole  there  pro  hicid  as 
aforesiid  ;  and  if  it  any  time  any  pers 'ii  shall  expnri  or  ciit«rt)r 
exportation  from  Ireland,  upon  'Irawback,  or  shall  remove  orseod 
from  Iridand  to  bt-  btou'.:ht  toGrea'  Rtit.Tiii,  or  shall  biiug  into  Great 
Bri'ain,  any  pla'e  slass,  broad  tlxss,  or  crown  gins*,  nnaccninpanied 
I  any  cask.  I  by  such  e  rtilira'e.  conta'niiiT  si.ch  jLiri' ula-'s  as  afiresiii  I ;  or  if  auv 


p'  rs'>n  shall  refuse  to  produce  such  certificate  at  the  port  nf  entr>'  in 
CJn-at  Britain,  or  shall  for.;e  or  counterfeit  any  certificate  required  in 
this  act,  <tr  shall  make  use  of  or  dt  liver  any  talseor  untrue  certificnte 
as  and  f-T  a  certifnaie  retpiired  by  this  act;  all  such  glass  respect- 
ively shall  be  forfei'ed.  and  may  be  si  iz'd  byanynfllcer  nf  excise, 
and  the  person  m  nlfiMid'us  shall  forfeit  '>00/. :  provided  a  ways,  that 
if  any  plate  e!ass.  bn^ad  irlass,  ctoau  gla^s  «l,icli  shall  have  hecn 
prtviiusly  St  lit  to  In  dm  I  fnun  (Weat  Britain,  on  dra'.*ta(k,  sin'l  .it 
any  Imie  .aficnvarls  be  sent  or  rem  vi-d  tn  G-eit  Hrilaui,  ihe  nlenf 
•  !uty  lo  be  cbaru'el  ftirrfoii  as  af  insi  d  shat!  be  equal  and  according 
to  thf  ra"e  nf  tlrawba-  k  now  payable  thereon  respectively  when  «• 
|)orled  to  foreiKti  paits.— Seel.  7. 

(Wo  endeavoured  to  sliow  under  tliis  head,  in  the  Didinnan/,  that,  the  duties  nn  glass 
had  l»een  practically  most  injurious;  llmt  tlu^  were  carried  to  an  oppressive  height;  thai 
the  mode  in  which  they  were  im)>osed  operated  tojjreveiit  improvements  in  tiie  manuiatture; 
that  they  were  not  fairly  charged;  that  they  o^-casioned  a  great  deal  oftVaud;  and  had  re- 
duced the  consumption  of  glass  far  helow  the  limit  to  which  it  would  otherwise  have  attain- 
ed. These  conclusions  have  hren  corrolioratetl  ti>  the  fullest  extent  h-y  the  statements  and 
reasonings  in  the  clahorateand  ahle  /\V/?/v7  of  the  Commissioners  of  Ex<'ise  iiitpiiry  on  Glas.s. 
These  gentlemen,  after  examining  minutely  and  carefully  into  the  whole  snhject,  eonchuio 
their  report  **  hy  urging  the  expediency  of  the  repeal  of  the  duty  at  the  earhes't  possible  pe- 
riod, and  hy  e\]>ressing  our  conviction  that  no  fax  atn  co/nol/te  marc  (I'j'cfiom,  or  be  more 
at  variance  with  all  stiutid princip/r.s  tf  taxation,  than  this  (htti/  on  ir/ays,'^ 

Uiit  thotiirli  all  parts  of  this  lax  lie  viiMoiia  in  princijtle,  nnd  liifftilv  nbjccliniiiiiiN'  in  llu^r  prartical 
reniilrs.  iln-y  arc  not  all  alikf  liiol.  Tin-  cotiiniissiniMMrt  sliowt'd  ihat  Ihe  diitv  nn  Hini  tiliiss  \v!is  the 
ninsl  (ibji'ctiditiihlt*  of*  any  :  anil  they  distini  ilv  sialiti.  Ihat,  ''  iinlr^s  soriK'  iiM^Tial  *  liani:t'  shall  inki' 
place  On  U»e  amount  and  mode  urdiarghig  tin;  diity),thu  revcmic  from  tliu  nianulaclunir  olllintglafc^ 


GLOVES. 


715 


\ 


.r  tlnti  flint  5l"»i  "'  pi""'  S'*?"' " 
l,  k  l»i«  or  chrtt  cniunuims 

„,._becl.  H_  ^^U  ^j^  &j. 

"'MJerrK  (";'"■!'' "'y'^')''''t,'^- 

V^';V'\,,"-n  "'■'"'•"'"'?;'''• 

^cteil.tlal  n'  n  ,„  Great 

e,|,„r  .■<!  in  '^S,'u\,  m  tw  le.i.it,  ami 
4  Indies  ;■■  '',?:  Van.l  Wlvm.ai,.l 
'^'^,r..™  fn'"rnuuJ.nrtpoli.l..l 
"'  ,  LTi'  mrk  or  stiip  f'<r  rarDrlauon  on 

^■",  'V  1.  r.?i■■Sl"'.'""""'''l■ 
"   .    i 'n  iV   ."nil.  orsl«ll  tK  .linuMl 

:';;i;ig'SiV,rteu.or«cusud. 

'■?"',  iMvf.ul,  imiierfbcl,  nr  uunOT- 

'°"^?-^.l'Kj"«;:;ipP«Hor.drav». 
s  cnMiclilM'  »  S'  ''„^n  m  my 

'in-'-^';;,',;:irovyan,l»bnveait 
'«  '"    '    1   ,'',rc.-  100'.;  an.i  every  )..r- 

.  1  ihni  every  t'cwn  sliirp'"?  or  in 
:  »'"""  '"  ''','';■,.  In  Stack,  or  for  the 
'"■  f"'."'',n  r  ?  e™  our,-  ..olice  of  ..cl. 
1  nriiain,.»lnn  ,.vi-  ,  cnilecli-r  or 

ice  of  •''"I'l""'-,'  ,n  er  :,  c  rennire.l  Ihere- 

„„e  „|1  ,nrt.  i^™",^,  '  hj^ea  with  llie  re- 
h  ulnss  1...S  im    '    f\™"J,  i,  al..«t  to  Ik- 

''"•  "  "^'  „    il     Vi  .B'.as5  «i.l.<li,'ya-,  llie 
rel  In  clr.ii,;<-  i"  ;^"'A  f,  „;.,  on  snrli  -wt  or 

,<.,nroroRU;r  '    -  ,„ch  remoyj. , 

, ,,  .u„y  h.s  been  '^'',';f  .'.jporta'ion  tn  toreisn 
„v  smli  ela-»  "1""  "  '"^  ''l''/,,  ,re  pro luc.a  as 
,„  (■„.,;„  P,r,lan.,  ^  ; '  !"  j'^ "  ^  or  on"  r  I  .r 
":V""°  '■'ijr.nck,    r'lSl  remove  or  ^-n^ 

""',';'' r  rev  lii  ail .  or  »!"»  '"  ■'"«  """  ^"■V! 
ulilloGrea  i""""'      „i„,.  „„accompaniei 

,  ;„,./  si'i'li  !'■''  ■,,;',£  at  tlie  port  of  entry  m 
,,rn,U,re  Mich  ;■' J  '  ''",\.'Vrii' He  mpiirel  in 
f'''--'%''Vi;T,'.r»n   alse"rn,,trnecer,,f,cala 

,,,,,„re,l  b    t  i«     '     "  ^   _^^^.^^^^  ^^j  ,,. 

'•  ■""'  ',"1  r  ,fe    %Oni.     rrovule.l  a  «ays;l>« 
r,„«»liaU  f'"l''i'^ '""•     '  ■  I,  ,,,:,l|  have  liee.i 

■•  "■"'  "'  r;"-a  1  .  alV  he  equal  -.nl  accnrlin? 

•;:';;;:';I,ai^!i^"'"..-Fc,iv.:ty.vhc„e.. 

10  a..  o,.i.re.<s.vc  lu-.i-ht ,  th. t 

't...l.l  ollttTwise  have  aUatn- 
aoxtont,  byUu-.tat.M,KMtt.and 

Z.  .It.-  -»»"i'-  -''>.i"'''  '■";;■  t 

a„tv  allho  t^avliosl  imss.ble  pt- 
''•'''''''''"'Vr  >1    liu'u.'s)mUtiil.i' 


11.11 


pv 


must,  in  n  great  detrree,  be  sacrifi.cil,  nrid  the  persons  who  rtirry  nn  that  manttfartitrn,  under  the 
resnlatinim  and  stibject  to  the  diities  pri'scrilied  Oy  law,  imist  either  be  driven  out  of  tlic  trade,  or  left 
to  rarry  it  on  iit  a  rtiinoiis  loss." — (13(A  Kepurt,  p.  .50.) 

Such  a  representation,  coinins  from  siici'  a  nuarter,  could  not  he  disrcpardtd  ;  and  we  are  clad  to 
have  to  state  that  the  duty  on  fliiit  glass  has  btien  iiholished,  and  th'it  in  lieu  thereof  a  duty  of  0^.  Sd. 
is  to  he  charceil  on  every  lOOIlis.  wei'jlitof  the  (luxed  material  or  metal  from  which  such  class  is  made. 
Instead  of  the  late  drawback,  tliere  is  to  be  in  future  a  drawhaclt  of  l^v,  Drf.  on  every  lOOIIis.  of  Hint 
glass  e.xpor.rid.  Tliere  arc  also  some  new  regulations  as  to  the  drawlmck  on  German  sheet  glass,  &c. 
—  (.See  j*c<  5  .S-  6  nui.  4.  c.  77.) 

This  alteration  will,  no  donht,  be  a  material  relief  to  the  manufacturers  of  flint  class,  ■''till,  how- 
ever, it  is  not  such  us  the  trade  and  the  public  had  a  riirht  to  expect.  The  total  cross  produce  of  the 
plass  dutii.s  in  1837,  was,  in  Encland.  8.37.278/. ;  in  .Scotland,  50,200/. ;  and  in  Ireland,  10,379/. ;  imikin? 
together,  903,857/.  But  from  this  Ims  to  he  deducter'  f.ir  driiwhacks  and  other  allowances,  203,737/., 
so  that  there  only  remains  010,120/.  of  nett  rcvenu.,  ;  i.'id  even  this  has  to  he  still  t'lirther  reduced  by 
dediictinc  from  it  the  expenses  of  collection,  whicl.  ar\  very  heavy.  Now,  surely,  it  cannot  he  said, 
that,  for  the  sake  of  a  paltry  sum  of  less  than  000  1)00/  a  year,  we  must  depress,  and  all  hut  ruin,  an 
important  manufacture, capable  of  an  indehnite  exter  •  m,  by  hurdenins  il  with  an  unequal,  vi'xatious, 
and  most  oppressive  duty!  Had  the  duties  on  glass  prodiu'ed  1,500,000/.  or  2,000,0(10/.  a  year,  their 
retention  iniL'ht  have  been  excused  from  the  impossibility  of  sacriticincand  the  dilliculty  of  replacing, 
so  large  an  amount  of  revenue,  liut  the  sum  which  they  yield  might  he  easily  dispensed  with,  and  as 
they  have  been  pronounced  by  thi;  highest  aiitborilies  to  lie,  in  all  respects,  most  ol.jeclioiiable— to 
have  every  quality  tliiit  a  ta.x  should  not  have,  and  nut  one  that  il  should  have— we  do  hope  that  they 
may  be  anmng  the  first  to  be  repealed. — Sup.) 

[The  gla.ss  consumed  in  the  United  States  is  for  the  most  part  of  domestic  production. 
This  was  valued,  in  1831, at  ^3,000,000  ;  hut  its  value  is  now,  doulitle.ss,  niueh  greater.  The 
most  noted  manufactories  of  it  arc  at  Boston  and  Pittsburg. — Am.  Ed.] 

GLOVES  (Ger.  Himdsrfiuhe ,■  Fr.  Ganl.i;  It.  Giianti,-  Sp.  Guiinfes ,•  Rus.  Rukawizu, 
Perlschatki,  Golizii),  weW  known  articles  of  dress  used  for  covering  the  hands,  usually  made 
of  leather,  but  frequently  also  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  &c.  The  leather  used  in  tlie  manufacture 
of  gloves  is  not,  properly  speaking,  tanned,  but  prepared  by  a  peculiar  process  that  renders  it 
soft  and  pliable.  Some  sorts  of  leather  gloves  admit  of  being  washed,  and  others  not. 
Woodstock  and  Worcester,  but  particularly  the  former,  arc  celt'brat(.'d  for  the  maiiulacture 
of  leather  gloves  of  a  superior  quality ;  in  which  a  great  number  of  women  and  girls,  as  well 
as  men,  are  employed.  The  produce  of  the  Worcester  manufacture  has  been  estimated  at 
about  42,000  dozen  pairs  of  oil  leather,  or  beaver  gloves;  and  470,000  dozen  pairs  of  kid  and 
lamb-skin  gloves;  the  value  of  the  whole,  when  finished,  being  about  37.'i,000/.  Besides 
Worcester  and  Woodstock,  London,  Yeovil,  Ludlow,  and  Leominster  are  the  principal  seats 
of  the  leather  glovr  manuficture.  Gloves  are  sometimes  sewed  by  machinery ;  but  this  is 
done  only  to  improve  the  work  by  rendering  the  stitches  more  correctly  e<iui(listant,  as  it  is 
not  cheaper  than  tnanual  labour.  Limerick  used  to  be  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  a  sort 
of  ladies'  gloves,  called  chicken  gloves.  liarge  quantities  of  cotton  gloves  arc  made  at  Not- 
tingham and  Leicester. 

liijliiencc  of  Hi-pml  of  Prohiliilion  of  Imporlali<in.—'T\\v.  importation  of  leather  gloves  and  mitts  was 
formerly  prohiliiti'd,  under  the  severest  |)eiialties.  This  prohihilion  h:id  tlii' cli'ei  t.  by  prevenliiig  all 
competition  anil  emiilatitm  with  the  foreigner,  to  check  iiM|>rovenieiit,  ami  to  reiidir  Itiitisli  glovi's  at 
once  inferior  in  quality  and  higli  in  price.  Tills  system  was,  liowever,  permilt.-d  to  continue  till  1825, 
when  the  prohibili.m  was  reiiealeil,  and  gloves  ali.nved  to  lie  irii|)urted  on  piyinent  of  duti.'s.  which, 
though  high,  art?  not  pndiibitory.  This  unMsiirt'  was  vehemenlly  opposed;  and  many  pr:..(lictions  were 
made  ol^tlie  total  ruin  of  the  manufacliire  ;  hul  iii  this  as  i  i  every  similar  instance,  exp.'rii^nce  has 
Bbn«n  that  the  trade  had  not  been  really  beiielited  j  but  that,  im  tli  ■  c.intrary,  il  hail  I  eeii  injured  by 
the  prohibition.  The  wholesome  comp.tition  to  which  the  m"iinfact.,..'rs  now  fell  themselves,  fur  the 
lirst  time,  exposed,  made  them  exert  all  tlieir  I'lieru'ies  ;  iiiid  it  is  adniitleil  on  all  hands,  that  there  has 
been  a  more  rapid  imr'roveuient  in  tile  luanufactiire  liiiriiig  the  last  halt'  il.i/.in  yeiirs  llian  in  tlie  pro- 
vioiis  lialicentiiry.  There  is  still,  no  doiil.t,  a  great  deal  of  complaining  ofa  ibn-ay  o!'  Ira.le  among  the 
leather  glove  manufacturers  ;  but  we  are  assured  that,  if  there  he  any  real  I'oiiniiation  fiT  their  com- 
plaints, it  is  ascribahle  far  more  to  the  growing  use  of  liome-made  cotloii  gloves  tliaii  to  tlie  imiiorta- 
tion  of  foreign  leather  gloves  ;  and  had  it  not  been  for  the  improved  fabric,  and  greater  cheapness  of 
British  leather  gloves,  that  has  grown  out  of  the  new  system,  il  is  ahundaiilly  certain  that  cotton 
gloves  woiilil  have  gained  still  more  rapidly  on  tln'in.  In  point  of  fact,  however,  it  does  not  appear 
tliattliere  has  been  any  falling  off  in  the  leaiher  glove 'rade.  t>n  the  contrary,  the  ftir  iuf'reiice  seems 
Id  lie  that  it  has  materially  increased:  at  all  events,  there  has  heen  a  very  consideralilr  increase  in 
the  number  of  skills  bro.ight  from  abroad  to  be  used  in  llie  niamifai  lure,  aid  conseiiuenlly  in  the 
iiiiiiilier  ot'  pairs  of  gloves  produced  from  such  skins  ;  and  tlieie  is  no  reason  for  thinking  that  it  is  at 
all  dili'.'rent  with  the  other  di'parluients.  _ 

Leather  gloves   iiiiisl  le:  iiuportel  in  packages,  ciinlnaiing  each   100  dozen  jitirs  at  least,  and  m 
vessels  of  70  tons  burden  or  upwards,  on  penalty  of  tori'  ilnre.--(7  Gen.  -1.  c.  :8.  i  7.) 
AiToinit  of  Ih'.  Nnniber  of  Dozen   Pairs  of  Habit  Hhives,  Men's  (Jloves,  and  Women's  Cloves  and 

Mitts,  imported  into  tlie  United  KinL'dom  ;  tile  Amount  of  Uiity  paid  lln^reon  during  the  Years  1828, 

18-29,  and  18.10;  and  the  Kates  of  Duty. 


Years. 

nitiil  Gloves. 

Men's  Glo 

ves. 

10 
6 
3 

.pair 

Women's  Gloves 
and  .Mitts. 

Total  qumtily 
of  Leather  (il'.M'S 
anil  Mil.s  ilnjiDrle^t. 

I).':r,i.       Pa  is, 

100.2f)(l         I 

7'2.0(IO        5 

91,1-20        9 

iW.705        5 

120,380        0 

To'al  Receipt 
of  Dutv  on  1. either 
Gloves  M,i  Mil's. 

18-28 

18-2i) 

1^30 

1831 

183-2 
Rates  of  duty 
tliroiigli.Mii  the 
wlinle  period 

Dfiztii.      Va  n. 
0<,),501         7 
•15,ti70       5 
0-2,9-25       10 

4.'*.perdo7,.pair. 

75 .:.!!. 
27,008 
2.1,035 
25,013 

5s.  per  do? 

Ihzin       Pnna. 
3,(>-25         8 
2,7n1        0 
3,187        8 

7.S.  per  do/.. pair. 

/..          ,.      d. 
21.053     3     8 
1.5.510  15    8 
)  9.188     1     7 
21.818    0    0 
27,100    0    0 

im. 


716 


GOLD— GOTTENBURGH. 


Accnnnt  nf  the  tinmber  nf  Lnmh  nnrt  Klil  Pkitis  rmcrcl  for  Hnme  Cnnsnmpfinn  \n  tliB  Twplre  Ynaw 
fiiiliiif;  with  lH3I,with  nn  Kstitiiiile  uf  thi- Uuiinliiy  cil' (Jlovfs  which  siicli  Skirm  would  pimlucc, 
on  ihe  ejuppositioii  tliat  Iroiii  uucli  120  tikiui  thcrii  wuuld  bu  iiiuiiiiriicturud  itt  Un/.uii  I'uirii  of 
Gloves. 


kOH 

I  I 


'     '    1 


a 


I  *■ 


s  , 


Vnn. 

Numi'CT  of 

Niliiiber  of 

Tnlal  Lamb 

Dnz.  (flnvf^l 

Ninnbrrnf 

Niiml;pr  of 

Tn'.il  Ijinib 

lln/.  GlnvM 

Lamb  Snins. 

Kid  Skiiii. 

and  Kid. 

f.ll'Il  Ye.u. 

182,88!! 

L.-iriib  Nkiiiii. 

Kjd  !>kiiis. 

:uid  Kid. 

cich  \f.ir. 

1S20 

!m,8|7 

280.413 

1,219,200 

1820 

1,713,778 

575,533 

2,319,311 

317,880 

1821 

l,2()2,n2<> 

2l2,<»9fl 

l,415,0'i5 

2IO,7.'ifl 

1827 

2,719,397 

C  10,803 

3.390,200 

508,5.'«; 

18-22 

l,!lU-l,ti51 

408.523 

2,317,174 

347,502 

1828 

2.917,470 

001,039 

3,822  215 

.'>73.:)no 

182;) 

1.(171.143 

497,144 

2,471,.')S7 

370,7-28 

1829 

i,»::o,3yo 

69S.001 

2,fi'a8,9!M 

391,314 

1821 

2,m,wr, 

(i3l,0!)5 

2,833,290 

421,980 

1830 

l,S.'-,9,8.')0 

1.080,209 

2.910,0,',9 

441,900 

1823 

2,0'J^')53 

771,022 

2,870,0;.'> 

430,,500 

1831 

2,892,934 

1,008,307 

3,901.241 

585,180 

GOLD  (Gcr.  Gold,-  Du.  Gotid .-  Da.  and  Sw.  Guld,-  Fr.  Or.-  It.  and  Sp.  Orn,-  Port, 
Giro,  Guru ,-  Rus.  Sutofo ;  Pol.  Z/oto  ;  Lat.  Aurttin  ,•  Arab.  Tt'ir  and  Zelicb;  Sans.  Swarnit,- 
Malay,  Mu,s),  the  most  precious  of  all  the  metals,  seems  to  have  been  known  from  the  earliest 
antiquity.  It  is  of  an  orafige  red,  or  reddish  yellow  colour,  and  has  no  perceptiiile  taste  or 
smell.  Its  lustre  is  considerable,  yielding  only  to  that  of  platinum,  steel,  silver,  and  mercury. 
It  is  rather  softer  than  silver.  Its  spccifu;  gravity  is  19.3.  No  other  substance  i.^  equal  to 
it  in  dui-tility  and  malleability.  It  may  bo  beaten  out  into  leaves  so  thin,  that  one  grain  of 
gold  will  oover  .'JOJ  square  inches.  Thcc  leaves  8'"  only  7Vf7};tn^  of  an  inch  thick.  But 
the  gold  leaf  with  which  silver  vvirj  is  covered  has  o-iy  y  „  of  that  thickness.  An  ounce  of 
gold  upon  silver  is  capable  of  being  extended  more  than  1,300  miles  in  length.  Its  tenacity 
is  considerable,  though  in  this  respect  it  yields  to  iron,  copper,  platinum,  and  silver.  From 
the  experiments  of  Scckingen,  it  appears  that  a  gold  wire  0-078  inch  in  diameter,  is  ;!apable 
of  supporting  a  weight  of  1.50-07  lbs.  avoirdupois  without  breaking.  It  melts  at  33°  of 
Wcflgwood's  pyrometer.  When  melted,  it  assumes  a  bright  bluish  green  colour.  It  expand.s 
in  the  act  of  fusion,  and  consequently  contracts  while  becoming;  lid  more  than  most  metals; 
a  circumstance  which  renders  it  less  proper  far  casting  in  moulds. — {Thnin.son\'i  Cheinisfri/.') 
For  the  quantities  of  gold  produced,  and  the  j)laces  where  it  is  produced,  see  Pukcious 
Mktals. 

GOMUTI,  on  EJOO,  a  species  of  palm  (Bnras-vm  Gomiifm,)  growing  in  the  Indian 
islands.  A  valuable  product  is  obtained  from  this  palm,  resembling  black  horsr  hair ;  it  is 
found  between  the  trunk  and  the  branches,  at  the  insertion  of  the  latter,  in  a  matted  form, 
interspersed  with  long,  hard,  woody  twigs  of  the  same  colour.  When  freed  from  the  latter, 
it  is  manufactured  by  the  natives  into  cordage.  Its  fibres  are  stronger  and  more  durable,  but 
less  pliant,  than  those  of  the  cocoa  nut,  or  coir — (sec  Com;)  and  is,  therefore,  filter  fjr 
cables  and  standing  rigging,  but  less  fit  for  running  rigging.  The  native  shipping  of  the 
Eastern  islands  of  all  kinds  are  chiefly  equipped  with  cordage  of  the  gomiiti;  and  the  largest 
European  shijiping  in  the  Indies  use  cal)les  of  it.  It  undergoes  no  preparation  but  tiiat  of 
spinning  and  twisting;  no  material  similar  to  our  tar  or  pitch,  indispensable  to  the  preserva- 
tion of  hempen  cordage,  being  necessary  with  a  substance  that,  in  a  remarkable  degree, 
possesses  the  (juality  of  resisting  alternations  of  heat  and  moisture.  The  gomuli  of  Amboyna, 
and  the  other  Spice  islands,  is  the  best.  That  of  Java  has  a  coarse  ligm-nus  fibre.  Goinuti 
is  generally  sold  in  twisted  shreds  or  yarns,  often  as  low  as  1  dollar  a  picul,  and  seldom  mo.-o 
than  a.  Were  Eurofiean  ingenuity  applied  to  the  improvement  of  this  material,  there  seems 
little  doubt  that  it  might  be  rendered  more  extensively  u.seful. — (Cmwfurd's  Eunt.  Arc/tip. 
vol.  iii.  p.  42.5.) 

GOOD  HOPE,  CAPE  OF.     Sec  Capk  Towx, 

GOTTENBl'RGH,  oii,  more  properly,  GOTHABORG,  on  the  south-west  coast  of 
Sweden,  bordering  the  Cattegat,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Gutha,  lat.  57°  42'  4"  N.,  Ion. 
11°  .57'  4.5"  E.  Population  2 1,000,*  and  increasing.  Vessels  do  not  come  close  to  therity, 
but  lie  in  the  river  or  harbour  at  a  short  distance  from  the  shore,  goods  being  conveyed  from 
and  to  them  by  lighters  that  navigate  the  canisls  by  which  the  lower  part  of  t!ie  town  is  in- 
tersected. The  depth  of  water  in  the  port  is  17  feet,  and  there  is  no  tide,  bar,  or  sh:iliow. 
A  vessel  entering  the  Gotlia  must  take  a  pilot  on  board,  whose  duty  it  is  to  meet  lier  ^  a 
league  west  of  Wingo  beacon.  After  Stockholm,  Gottenburgh  has  the  mo.st  extensive  com- 
merce of  any  town  in  Sweden.  Iron  an  !  steel,  the  former  excellent,  but  the  latter  inferior 
to  that  made  in  England,  form  tlu-  piiucipal  articles  of  export.  They  arc  brought  from  the 
rich  mines  of  Wermeland,  distant  about  200  miles  ;  being  conveyed  i)artly  by  the  lake  Weiicr, 
partly  by  the  'I'ri)llhn;tta  canal — (see  (Javals.) — and  partly  I'y  the  river  Gotiia.  The  exports 
of  iron,  in  1831,  amounted  in  all  to  21,039  tons,  of  which  1.5,400  tons  were  taken  by  the 
United  Slates,  and  4, .5 1 1  tons  by  England.  The  original  cost  of  iron  is  supjiosed  to  lie  in- 
creasi'd  about  .5  per  cent,  by  the  expense  of  its  conveyance  to  Gottenburgh  ;  an. I  the  shippins; 
charges,  inclusive  of  the  export  duty,  are  about  10  per  cent,  additional.  The  next  iircit 
article  of  export  is  timber,  particularly  deals,  which  are  also  furnished  by  Wermeland.    Of 

♦  This  is  thfi  jiopulation  as  given  in  the  l-ycimar  Mmanac  for  1832;  according  to  the  Consul's  report 
it  in  under  18,000. 


GRACE,  DAYS  OF— GREECE. 


717 


i„  i\i0  Twelve  Yn»W 


2  310,311 

3  3'.MI,W0 
3>22'215 

2'.Ht',0.'9  i 

3,yui-2^i 


3t7,t*t^« 

r,T3.:!n(i 

391,311 

4ii,wn 

5H,■i,•l!^0 


It.amlSp.Oro;rort. 


.  It.  ami  >-K'  -'  .  ' 
known  from  the  earliest 

,,;  eel,  HiWer,  and  mercury 

her  subsumcc  is  equal  to 

'  «„  thin,  that  one  Rrain  of 

of  an  inch  thick.     But, 

it  thickness.     An  ounce  of 

iSSSlt.^;-^- 

akin--.     It  "■'=*^^  f  ^       1 
J  Krecn  colour.    Ilex,.anJs 

vS  more  than  most  mcal«; 

U  is  produced,  sec  Piuxiou. 

.,„>)  growing  in  the  Indian 

•Clatter,  in  a  matted  iorm, 
^^tnf^edfronUheblt.^ 

-riftsrs's 

r-'Vhe^:^.v-hippingofthc 

„f  tie  somuti;arultW.  large. 

,,  r„i  Dreirtration  hut  tlwi  oi 

^^^^^  to  the  pre^erva. 

,r,t    in  a  remarkahle  desrcc, 

,      'ThccomuliofAmhoyna, 

/rse  li-ti'"'o"^  fibre.    C.oniuti 
"n  of  lht"v,aerial.  there  .ocms 

nn  ihe  soulh-west  coast  of 
:\.  ?  i.t  57°  42' 4"  N.,  Ion. 
.i.aonotcomoclo.5e  totluni}, 

.lit    ai  ditional.      i  "i 
■'livnished  by  \Vm._^J-j: 


rt 


these,  the  exports,  in  1 831,  were  52,866  dozen,  of  which  40,600  dozen  went  to  Great  Britain, 
and  the  residue  to  France,  Holland,  .%c.  The  other  articles  of  export  are,  linen,  sail-cloth, 
tar,  copper,  alum,  glass,  cobalt,  manganese,  linseed,  oak  bark,  bonis,  juniper  berries,  cran- 
berries, rock  moss  for  dyeing,  &c.  Grain  is  sometimes  imported  and  soinclimes  exported. 
The  principal  articles  of  import  are  sugar,  colVeo,  tobacco,  cotton  yarn  and  twist,  salt,  indigo, 
and  dye  woods,  South  Sea  oil,  rice,  herrings,  wine,  spices,  &c.  In  18;)  1,  529  ships,  of  the 
burden  of  63,075  tons,  entered  Gottenburgh.  Of  these,  68  ships,  carrying  16,770  tons,  were 
American ;  and  41  ships,  carrying  5,131  tons,  British.  The  rest  belonged,  for  the  most  part, 
to  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark.  About  80  vessels,  of  the  burden  of  14,000  tons,  belong 
to  the  port;  but  the  native  shipping  is  decreasing. 

Tlerrinf!  Fislierii. — nnttenl)ur(ili  \ise(t,  iit  no  dislant  pnrioH,  to  l)o  one  of  the  prinripal  seals  of  tho 
herring  tisliery  ;  hut  »t  present  this  hrancli  of  indiit^try  is  (|iiile  extinct,  and  it  lias  always  heen  very 
capricious  Krom  IS.'iO  to  15?8,  iireiit  iiuanlities  of  lii;rrings  were  talten  ;  from  liSb  to  UitiO,  iliey  lett 
the  coast;  duiiii);  the  next  IT,  years  they  were  again  ahnndant ;  hut  I'riini  1075  to  1747,  lh(^y  entirely  dis- 
appeared. I'roni  1717  to  1770,  they  were  alxindant,  18(1,014  harrels  heing  taken  in  1703,  iind  151,183  in 
1708.  I'"roni  1780  to  17U'.t,  tlie  lishery  was  very  goml,  from  110,(100  to  liiO.UOO  harrels  heini;  anmially  ex- 
ported. In  1804,  tlie  export  was  70,512  harrels.  In  1808  and  1800,  lisli  were  very  scarce  ;  and  in  Isl3 
they  entirely  disappeared,  and  have  not  hitherto  returned  ;  so  that  Gottenburgh,  instead  of  e.vporting, 
at  jiresent  imports  ronsiderahle  supplies  of  herriims. 

The  customs  duties  pioduced  in  1831,  740,732  dollars  banco,  or  53,552/.  Both  iron  and  timber  pay 
duties  on  expuriaiion,  hut  tliey  are  not  very  heavy. 


Cuttam-hnfue  Rctfrt'.^tjons  nitrf  Pirt  (7inr?fj,— On  arrivin?  in  ] 
port,  no  person  is  alloweil  lu  board  or  to  leavt;  .1  vessel  till  slie  be  in  . 
custOily  of  Uie  olTu'trs  ;  wlio,  h.i\  int;  insjiccte.!  the  manifest  .irul  pa- 
pers, srnJ  Ihem  to  tin;  Ciistoni-huiise.    An  ntVieer  is  uppointed  lo 
superinteTid  the  nnlnudin?  and  also  the  loading.    'Jdie  puUic  charites 
of  all  ports  on  a  Swedish  ship  aii>l  on  a  rurei|;n  ship  not  pi  ivilei^ed. 
each  of  300  loos  burden,  nnloadili^  and  loading  mixed  caricnes  at  ' 
Ootlenbur^ii,  would  be,  on  the  lortiier  24/.  6j,  Tii.,  on  the  latter  d9/. 
Hi,  Id.    O.I  a  privileged  fuiei^n  ship  the  charges  are  the  s;iine  .as  on 
a  Swedish  ship. 

M'arfAotiviiijf  .s'l/srrni.— Goods  may  be  hoi.ded  for  any  length  of 
(ioie,  on  payim(  \-2  per  rent,  ad  vahnm  for  the  first  i  years,  and 
1.2  per  cent  annually  thereafter. 

Cyntmivtio/J,  Crtiltt^  lf,-e. — Tli*  nsnal  rate  of  commission  is  2  per 
cent.  Goods  are  coninionly  sol  1  on  credit.  Raw  sn^ar  at  9  months, 
witli  3  months'  interest  tu  the  seller.  Other  goods  at  3,  4,  and  6 
monlbs. 


Bankingt  ^c— There  are  no  public  or  private  banking  establish- 
ments at  (tottenburKh  for  ttie  issue  of  notes,  but  the  national  l>anic 
h.as  two  ollices  lieie  which  advance  limited  sums  of  money,  al  5  per 
cent,  on  the  security  fif  po-'ds,  and  in  discount  of  bills.  .Some  of  the 
Kn:;lish  insurance  companies  have  atfeiits  here,  who  do  a  t;<Kid  deal 
of  business. 

Sia  f'jri*,  It'aUr,  ^-c— These  may  be  had  here  of  excellent 
ouality  and  cheap.  IJeef,  I  I*id.  per  lb.,  best  rye  bread  2  \'2d.  per 
111.,  and  but'er  iia,  per  lb. 

Fnif^ht  to  I  oniion,  in  If32,  from  \0i.  a  ton;  deals,  per  Peters- 
burgh  sianii.tr.l  hundted.  2/.  lUv. 

Mf)n>  y,  tl  eitf/ir.T,  MtaKitre.i.  .^c,  same  as  at  Stochhehn,  which  see. 

In  conipiliiitf  this  attide,  we  have  made  use  of  the  Consults  Jin- 
sttvrj,  date-l  lU  h  of  Jnninry,  t^33  ;  Vixi\  Tran-ts  in  the  \ottli  of 
£uri.fjf,  vol.  iv.  pp.  21J7— 2;o. ;  l/ddy's  Eurotitan  L'onttucrcc,  p.  314,; 
and  some  valuable  yrwatc  cummuittcatwhs. 


Commercial  Policy. — But  for  the  perverse  policy  of  its  povernment,  the  trade  of  nottenbnrgh,  and  of 
Sweden  in  general,  would  be  far  greater  than  it  is.  Its  rich  and  exhaustless  mines  and  forests  furnish 
an  ample  supply  of  equivalents  for  whatever  might  be  imported  into  (he  country  ;  hut  instead  of  al- 
lowing tlie  energies  of  the  nation  to  he  employed  in  tliia  safe  and  natural  channel,  irovernmeiit  lias 
attempted,  by  a  system  of  prohibitions  and  In^avy  duties,  to  raise,  coute  nui  coiite,  a  nianufai  taring  in- 
terest, and  to  imike  tSweden  indcpendinl  of  foreiirners '.  In  consequence,  a  gncd  many  cotton  and 
woollen  mills  have  been  cstiiblished  in  ditferent  parts  of  the  country.  It  would,  however,  be  absurd 
to  iniasini'  tiiat  they  should  ever  be  able  to  fnriiisli  products  ai  so  cheap  a  rate  as  they  may  be  im- 
ported for  from  this  and  other  countries  eitjoying  superior  facilities  for  the  prosecution  of  manufac- 
taring  industry.  This  forced  system  is,  therefore,  doubly  injurious  to  I'iwiMlen  ;  first,  by  lessening  tlie 
foreign  deniaiul  for  her  peculiar  products,  and  secondly,  by  diverting  capital  and  indu.stry  into  tlie  least 
productive  channels,  forcing  the  inhahitartts  to  pay  an  artificially  eitliaiicitd  price  fur  some  liichly  ne- 
cessary articles,  and  encouraging  smnggling.  But,  pernicious  as  tlie  system  is,  so  great  a  proportion 
of  the  scanty  capital  of  Sweden  is  now  embarked  tinder  its  a-gis,  that  ihe  return  to  a  better  order  of 
things  will  lie  a  work  of  much  ditiiciilty.  It  need  imt  surprise  u«  to  learn  that  the  imposition  in  this 
country  of  oppressive  discriminating  duties  on  timber  from  the  north  of  Europe  had  a  material  in- 
flaence  in  stitnulating  the  Swedes  to  endeavour  to  dispense  with  foreign,  that  is,  with  Urilisii,  nia- 
nafactured  articles ! 

GRACE,  DAYS  OF.     See  Exchange. 

GRAPES  {Ger.  Trauhen  ,•  Ft.  liaisi'ns  ,•  \i.  Grappnli,  Grnpp'i ;  Sp.  Ulm!>,  Racimos ; 
Lat.  Uvx),  a  well  known  fruit,  produced  from  the  vine.  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  and 
Italy,  as  well  as  some  parts  of  Germany  and  Hungary,  produce  grapes  which  yield  wines 
of  various  (jualities  and  flavour,  many  of  them  excellent.  We  import  green  grapes  from 
Malaga  and  some  other  parts  of  Spain ;  they  are  brought  packed  in  jars,  and  secured  from 
damage  by  means  of  saw-dust,  plentifully  strewed  between  the  layers  of  fruit.  The  grapes 
grown  in  Great  Britain  in  the  open  air  are  much  smaller,  and  by  no  means  so  luscious,  as 
those  of  foreign  countries ;  but  tiiose  raised  in  hot-houses  are  quite  equal,  if  not  superior, 
to  the  former.  Grapes  are  imported  not  only  in  their  natural  state,  but  dried  and  preserved, 
in  whicl\  latter  state  they  are  denominated  Kaisins  ;  which  see. 

(GREECE. 

Tariff  of  Port  Charges  in  the  Kingdom  of  Greece. 

Tmina^c. 

In  the  ports  of  Syra,  Naiiplia,  I'ireus,  Marathoucnsis,  I'ylos, 

Calamata,  Navarino,  and  Patraa. 


t;i:;^.g  to  the  consul's  report 


On  vessels  under  ^  tons 

-  of       20  — 

-  above  20  — 
In  Ihe  other  [lorts;— 

On  vessels  under  o  tons 

-  of       20  — 

-  above  20  — 

Permit  of  Departure. 
On  vessels  under  .5  tons 

-  of  fnnn  .'i  to  20  tons 
_      _       21  .    f,0  — 

-  _       ,r,|  .  mo  — 

-  —      101  .  200  — 

-  —     301  •  and  above         ■  • 


Ihs.  Lep. 
free. 
0      9 
0    12 


free. 
0 
0 


Drt.Lep. 

-  free. 

-  0    50 


free. 

0  50 

1  00 

2  00 

3  00 
6    00 


Lighthouses  (only  where  there  is  one). 

On  vessels  under  o  tons  .  -  .  , 

—  of  from  5  to  20  tons 

_       ..       21  •    50  —  .  .  .  •      1    00 

_       _        61  ■  100  —  •  .  .  .      2    00 

—  —      101  -  200  —  .  .  .  -      5    00 

—  —      201  •  3lfl  —  .  .  .  •      8    00 

—  —  301  and  above  -  -  •  •  9  00 
When  gunt'owder  reiiiains  on  board,  for  every  2  1*4  lbs.  per 

month  of  30  diys  .  .  ■  -      0     2 

Whei<  it  is  place.l  in  the  public  magazine  for  the  same 
qua.itity  and  time  •  •  -  •  -      0     3 

0.'.ffn'n/ioiiJ  OH  the  Tannatce  Dii'y. 

1.  Vessels  arrivin,;  from  abroad  loaded,  and  w  Inch  discharge  their 
cargoes,  and  de|,art  Inade  ',  pay  Ihe  whoie  dutv. 

2.  Vessels  artivioi;  froni  abroad  loa.ltd,  and  which  depart  in  t>al- 
last,  pay  two  thirds  of  the  duty,  which  is  also  exacted  if  thev  urivtt 
ill  ballast,  dud  depart  loaded. 


I  I 


!l 


718 


GRINDSTONES. 


If  J 


I 


3.  Venels  arriving  fmm  ahmati  inbnlliut,  and  deparfiiir  wiihnut 
lA'litiT,  or  :irriv'ii.'  :iiil  r^puiini^  \»iili  cir^o,  ;inJ  iril  ilia^ii.iigiitg 
any  dl'  i',  |>iy  r-it-  Miinl  of  tluMluty. 

4.  Vifi  i-l<i  ill  .uii;  lr'>iti  ;in<I  f^oiiit;  t)  anoHier  |iort  of  tlio  kinj^dom 
pay  hilt  nne  ha  i  ff  tli'-  tlu'y. 

0.  A  Vbascl  is  coniiiJered  ai  loadeJ|  whether  shu  be  so  fully  or 
partiaity. 

Kxreptionx. 

1.  Every  veiscl  f)rceJ  t'l  enter  a  jjort,  either  by  a  slnnn  or  in 


connequence  of  damase,  is  exempted  froin  all  charge  during  ei^ht 

d.iy, 

i.  Every  vewel  fnterin<  a  port  from  wha*pver  caiiar,  and  destined 
In  aii.iiliei'  jmhI,  and  Hit-  ini^li-r  nf  which  ithiil  ininii'^liiitfly  niakt;  a 
declaniiion  to  t;  p  ci|ila  n  rif  flu-  [jort,  ihit  he  his  n"  intfijlion  ti  her 
of  lo.idintf  or  (tischir^ing  liis  nools,  nuy  reiuain  five<l.i)s  wiilmut 
piyini(  aiiV  duly  exi-c^it  ttie  .ixhi-lioust' duty.  He  is  ptinnilied  atiio 
roViTflvcor  to  deliver  letleri  orniuney,  unleu  otherwise  provilcil 
far  ly  »peci:il  urdiiiaiue*. 


SlnietiK'nt  of  ili«  Number  (tf  Vessels,  their  Tonnaae  iinii  Crews,  und  thr  Invoice  Value  or  itieir 
Carpoed  ;  distiiimiisliiiK;  also  llie  Comilries  to  wliirli  tliey  belongoil,  which  entered  inwards  and 
cleared  uiitwardH  at  the  princi|>al  I'oiiii  witliin  the  Consulate  of  the  Mureu,  vi^.  I'uiraa  and 
Nuuplia,  in  tlie  Year  isa4.— (Cu/ifiw/ttr  Hetum.) 


— '■  ■       ..-f..- 

CouDlriM. 

FORT  OF  PATRAS. 

1 

luw 

irds. 

Outvvartls. 

Invnicfi 

Invoice 

Ships. 

Tom. 

Crews. 

Value  nf 
Ca  runes. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Crews. 

Value  uf 
C.»r!;oeH. 

/,. 

I.. 

Briliih 

31 

4,542 

272              30,077 

29 

4,238 

253 

117,5jj 

Austrian 

14 

1,1.0 

159         1 

14 

1  429 

I5'l 

1 

Greek 

141 

7,96S 

1,692 

135 

7,621 

1,619 

JeMuilem 

1 

101 

13 

1 

101 

13 

loiii.iii 

219 

3,151 

1,104          \-    ffi,I48 

212 

3,130 

1,101 

f    13,261 

Nenpolitin    - 

IS 

1 

135 

8 

402 

M 

Papal 

2 

62 

19 

2 

162 

19 

Sardiuian 

Total 

3 
426 

S2S 

37       0 

3 

404 

S2S 

37 

. 

18,(^42 

3,431                 C2.J'2i 

i:,nii 

3,2«6     1 

i30,sin 

POKT  OF  NAL'l'LIA. 

/,. 

/,. 

Brilish 

6 

809 

49 

8,020 

4 

542 

32 

1,!100 

AnsrriaQ 

11 

1,907 

6,I!'S 

4 

6t0 

■ 

740 

French 

2 

. 

978 

Greek 

201 

. 

47,152 

708 

• 

. 

22,656 

Inniati 

6 

299 

34 

7J7 

Saiiios 

6 

. 

. 

437 

Turkish 

Total 

2 

- 

■ 

31 

233 

• 

63,543 

716 

■     i     ■           -     1       2-,,2<l6     1 

JV.  B.— Tlie  value  of  the  cargoes  in  the  port  of  Naiiplia  is  supposed  to  he  10  per  cent,  under  llio 
real  value.  The  I'ost  Ollice  Uegistiir  dous  nut  specify  the  vessels  sailing  in  ballast.  In  Patras  the 
entries  uf  the  Ionian  trade  include  vessels  and  hoats. 

Statement  of  the  Nnniher  and  Tonnage  of  Vessels  with  the  Value  of  their  Cargoes,  \vlii;;h  entered 
and  cleared  at  the  Port  of  Syra  in  the  Year  \835.—(.Coniiular  Return.) 


Counlriej. 

Entered. 

Cle.ared. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Invoice  Value 
01  Cargoes. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Invnice  V.'.lue 
ot  L'ar;;ofs. 

Rritish 

Greek 

French 

Ionian 

Kussian 

Austrian 

Sanlinian 

Olloiiiau 

American 

Jerusalem 

Total 

58 

9S9 

10 

61 

61 

€8 

17 

164 

1 

3 

8,3B 

68.802 

1,477 

5,264 

11, .355 

14,733 

3.246 

3,477 

240 

2SI 

L. 

126,977 

233,161 

5,514 

9,780 

18.2113 

34,459 

6,11  2 

10,929 

197 

1,C2I 

63 
2,293 
10 
60 
44 
63 
17 
S6 

3 

8,339 

67,348 

1,477 

51228 

9,818 

13,446 

3,246 

2,066 

240 

281 

1.. 

381,961 

4,fi45 
3,192 
3,20) 

13,219 

30O 

1,422 

107,267 

445,343                     2,635 

111,480 

406,572 

Statement  of  the  Number  and  Tonnage  of  British  Vessels,  with  the  Nature  and  Value  of  th(!ir 
Cargoes  whicli  entt^red  and  cleared  at  the  Port  of  Syra,  distinguishing  the  Countries  to  and  from 
wliicli  they  sailed,  in  the  Year  1835.— (Cwn.vK/ur  Hetum.) 


GRINDSTONES,  flat  circular  stones  of  difTorent  tliameters  and  thickness,  mountcJ  on 
•pintiles  or  axles,  and  made  to  revolve  with  dillbrcnt  degrees  of  velocity,  emj[)loycd  to  poiish 


GUAIACUM,  GUAYAQUIL. 


719 


pted  from  all  =''"?'"""■"'« '''"' 
from  wliVrver  cam"-.""'!  .lortincd 

,,.  Invoice  VuK.c  of  tl.eir 
"Moreu,  V.^.  I'ultas  and 


A  tobe  10  per  =',"' p^^,^^  the 
liling  in  ballast,    i"  »  " 

.ftlieir  Cargoes,  whbhcmetea 
Consular  Relurn.) 


b.?S'Ji.™"i£i 


Tonutse. 


Cleared. 
Invoice 
Carnocs. 


274 


4,U3 
3,1M 

398 

me 

133 
t4 

f,339 


Nature  of  Cargoes.  ] 


I  c  Miiifl  cargo,  1  ir.. 
I  \  ballast. 


<Orieinal.«V:vrtof 
J    oriL'inal  carE". 

l\)iiuiili'lo. 
hn  tialuist. 
Ulillo. 


Ditto. 


Sup.) 


Itprs  nn.l  thirknrss,  mounteJ  on 
B  vclocUy,  emi-loyed  to  rm.. 


Jstrot  nrticles,  to  give  nn  C(li;c  to  cutliii'i  instruinciita,  &r.  Grindstones  not  in  constant  u«o 
are  commonly  turned  by  winch  liiiinMcs;  hut  at  tSlicHii-Id  and  otiu-r  |)lari'«,  vviicic!  polisiu'd 
articles  and  ctillcry  are  extensively  manut'actured,  large  nuniberrf  of  grindHtont's  being' 
mounted  in  buildings  appropriated  to  tliat  purpose,  called  grind  or  blade  niili.s,  are  turned  by 
straps,  acting  on  their  axles,  the  moving  power  lieiiig  either  water  or  steam.  'J'iic  i<tone  best 
suited  to  form  grindstones  is  what  is  called  a  sharp-grit ;  it  being  chosen  finer  or  coarser 
grained  according  to  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  destined,  'i'he  princi|)al  giindsloiio 
quarry  in  England  is  at  (iateshead  Fell,  in  the  county  of  Durham ;  where  they  are  produced 
in  vast  numbers,  not  only  for  home  use,  but  for  exportation  to  all  parts  of  tlie  world.  But 
those  principally  iti  use  ut  ShelKeld  arc  mostly  quarried  at  Wickersley,  in  Yorkshire. 

They  arc  classed  in  eight  difierent  sizes,  called  foots,  according  to  their  dimensions,  as  in  the  ful> 
lowing  Table:— 


Denominatioui. 

Diameter. 

Thickness, 

No.  in  a  ()lialJron. 

Dennniiiiatlons. 

Diameter. 

Thickncu. 

No.  In  a  Chaldron. 

1  Font 

2  Fools 

3  Foots 

4  Foots 

Ihc  a. 
10 
14 
20 
28 

Uichea, 
2 

'^ 
4 

35 

27 

18 

9 

.5  Foots 

6  Foots 

7  Fonts 

8  Fonts 

India. 
35 
42 
50 

r>6 

India. 
5 
6 
6 
8 

5 
3 
li 

1 

A  grindstone  foot  is  8  inclins :  tlio  size  is  fniind  by  adding  the  diameter  and  thickness  tnpother. 
Thns.  a  stone  56  inches  diameter  by  8  thick,  mtikiiig  togctlier  til  inches,  is  an  8-1'oot  stone,  of  H  iiiclic8 
each  foot. 

Besides  the  above  sizes,  grindstones  are  made,  when  ordered,  of  any  intermediate  dimensions: 
many  are  made  mtirli  larger  than  any  oflhe  abovo  ci/.cs  ;  snine  as  large  as  70  iiirlies  djanieler,  and  14 
or  15  inches  thick,  which  are  a  great  winght,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  1  cwt,  1  qr,  14  lbs.— (/ices',*  Vyclo- 
padia;  Bailey's  Survey  nf  IJiirliuiii,  p.  43.) 

firinding  is  an  iinlieallliy  and  (laiigernns  employment.  For  some  purposes,  the  sloni'S  are  made  to 
revolve  with  an  e.xtri'ine  di'grce  of  velocity  ;  wliitli  ii.akes  tliem  occasionally  tly  m  pieces.  Hut  the 
greatest  nnnoyaniK  to  which  llie  grimier  is  evposed.  It  from  his  inhaling  the  miiiiiK;  panicles  of  stone, 
and  of  iron  and  sled,  that  are  always  Hying  abniil,  partiuilarly  in  the  process  Iprmt'd  dry  grinding. 
Cniilrivanci's  have  been  siiL'gested  for  obviating  Ibis  serious  incoiivciiii'me  ;  but  wlii'lhi'r  it  be  owing 
to  their  inisiiiialileiiess,  or  the  carelessness  of  the  workmen,  none  of  them  has  succeeded  in  practice. — 
(TreaUne  on  Iron  and  SUcl,  Lardncr'n  Cyclnpirdia,  p.  293.) 

GUAIACUM,  on  LIGNUM  VIT.E  (Fr.  Gayac,  Boh  saint;  Ger.  Porkhaln ,-  It. 
Guujiico  ;  liiit.  Guakicum,  Lignum  vilx  ,-  Sp.  Guogaco),  the  wood  of  a  tree,  a  native  of 
Jamaica,  Hayti,  and  the  wanner  parts  of  America.  It  is  a  dark-looking  evergreen,  growing 
to  from  40  to  ."iO  feet  in  height,  and  from  14  to  18  inches  in  diameter.  The  baik  is  hard, 
smooth,  and  brittle ;  the  wood  is  externally  yellowish,  and  internally  o.'"  a  blackish  brown 
colour.  Lignum  vita;  is  the  weightiest  timber  with  which  we  are  acquainted,  its  specific 
gravity  being  1'333.  It  is  exceedingly  hard,  and  difficult  to  work.  It  can  hardly  be  .<plit, 
but  breaks  into  pieces  like  a  sttjne,  or  crystallised  metal.  It  is  full  of  a  resinous  juice 
(iftfatttc),  wliich  prevents  oil  or  water  from  working  into  it,  and  renders  it  proof  against 
decay.  Its  weight  ami  hardness  make  it  the  very  best  timber  for  stampers  and  mallets;  and 
il  is  admirably  adapted  for  the  sheaves  or  pulleys  of  blocks,  and  for  friction  rollers  or  castors. 
It  is  extensively  used  by  turners. 

The  gutiii'C,  or  gum,  spontaneously  exudes  from  the  tree,  ai  d  concretes  in  very  pure  tears. 
It  is  imported  in  ca.-iks  or  mats;  the  former  containing  from  1  to  4  cwt.,  the  laiter  generally 
less  than  1  cwt.  each.  Its  colour  ditlers  considerably,  being  partly  hrowni>h,  i)arily  reddish, 
and  partly  greenish ;  and  it  always  becomes  green  when  left  exposed  to  the  light  in  the  open 
air.  It  has  a  certain  degree  of  tranr;iarency,  and  breaks  with  a  vitreous  fracture.  When 
pounded,  it  emits  a  pleasant  balsamic  smell,  but  has  scarcely  any  taste,  although  when 
swallowed  it  excites  a  burning  sensation  in  the  throat.  When  heated,  it  melt.s,  dillusing, 
at  the  same  time,  a  pretty  strong  pungent  otlour.  Its  specific  gravity  is  1'229. — (See  Vcgtt. 
Sub.,  I.i'Ij.  of  E'ifirf.  KnowMge  ,•  T/ioinfoii\i  Chem'stiy,  S(c.) 

(GUAYAQUIL,  a  city  and  port  of  Colombia, on  the  western  coast  of  South  America,  lat. 
2°  II'  21"  S.,  long.  79=  43'  W.  Population,  according  to  Captain  Hall,  20,000.  The 
town  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  about  6  or  7  leagues  from  the 
Isln  Verde,  or  !)  leagues  from  the  Isia  Puiia,  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayai|uil,  ojposite  to  the 
moutii  of  the  river.  Ships  bound  lor  Guayaquil  generally  call  at  the  I.sla  Puna,  where  ex- 
pert |iilots  may  be  had,  who  carry  them  up  to  tlie  town  by  night  or  by  day,  according  to  the 
state  of  the  tides.  The  town  is  old ;  but  as  the  houses  arc  of  wood,  and  it  has  frequently 
sull'ered  from  (ires,  much  of  it  is  comparatively  modern,  and  has  a  good  appearance.  There 
is  a  dry  dock  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  where  several  ships  of  a  superior  construction 
have  been  built. 

Notwithstanding  the  revolutions  to  which  it  has  been  subject,  fltiayaqnil  has  a  considerable  com- 
nicrie.  Its  priiiciiHil  article  of  export  is  cocoa,  of  which  lart'C  (inaiitities  are  shippeii ;  anil  next  It.  it 
are  liiiilier.  loliado,  crilio  wool  used  in  stulliiig  nialtr(!sses.  &c.  The  principal  iirliiles  nf  jinpnrt  are 
liritisli  iiiiii'iil'ailiired  coltnns  ami  hardware,  silks,  wine,  tlmir,  &e.  We  subjoin  an  aiconnl  of  the 
niiihlier  aed  iniiiiiigi;  of  the  vessels,  with  tliu  value  of  their  cargoes,  that  entered  and  tluared  out  at 
tiuayaiiuil,  in  lb35. 


t;i'. 
iiiii' 


il-    I 


f 


720 


GUERNSEY,  GUMS. 


Htnlenipnt  of  (he  Niimlier  and  Tniiniice  of  Hrilmli  VchhwIh,  willi  tlio  Naliire  nnd  Viiliie  of  their 
CiircuL'H,  «  hii  h  I'lili'reil  luiil  cli-urud  ul  the  I'otl  of  Giiuymiuil,  diHtiiiguiiihiiiti  Ihu  Turtg  to  und  iriiiu 
which  thu  Hiiiiiu  Hiiilcd,  In  lt)35. 


I 


^ 
^ 


f 


Si 
>  -J 


r* 


y. 


I'otli. 

Inwardt. 

Oulwardi. 

Vcueli. 

Toiinaj<e. 
770 

210 
225 
331 
212 

II-. 
223 

Value  of 
C'arjioea. 

L. 

13,446 

200 
S,6lS 
15,22U 

Nature  of  Cargoes. 

Vessels. 

Tnnna;e. 

Vnluenf 
t.irgi.es. 

Nalure  of  Cargoti, 

V'alparaiko 

Sm  nia>    • 
Milzaii.in  • 
Fla.  Arena 
Sle.  i:lciia 
Calho 
Malaga       . 

Cadiz 
S.intamler 
Realejo 
I'uiita 

Tolal    . 

a 
II 

2  Hriliih  llianufacturej. 

1  ditto    and    wine. 

2  rinur,    wine,    aud 
specie. 

nallast, 
Dilln. 
Ditto. 
Salt. 

British  manufacture*. 
Wiix',s  lk.<,and  linlish 
manufactures. 

4 

2 

! 

1 
1 

1        II 

230 
223 

210 
331 
220 
212 

L. 
bll 

113 
7,124 

6,031 

11,328 

1,000 

2  Cocoa.    2  ballast. 

1  Timber.    1  Billail. 

Cocoa. 

Ditto. 
Dillo. 
Uillo. 
Uallast. 

2.086 

34,475 

. 

2,086 

23,436 

Stat«ment  of  thr-  Numhrr  and  Tonnitce  of  Vesspla,  with  the  Value  of  their  Cargops,  which  entored 
inwurdrt  and  rlittired  outwards  at  the  I'urt  of  (iiiayaiiiiil,  distlnguishlnf!  the  Countries  to  wliicli  the 
same  hi'.lonHod,  in  the  Year  1835.— (C«n*«tor  Return.) 


Counlrio. 

Inwards. 

Outwards. 

Remarks. 

Vessels. 

Tonuage. 

Value  of 
Cargoes. 

Venels. 

Tonnage. 

Value  nf 
Cargoes. 

nritish 

Colombian         -           .           .           - 
I'nited  Statet    -          .           .          - 
French   .          -          -           .          - 
Sar.tinian          .          -           .          - 
Haniliurg           .... 
Diiiish  .          .           .           .           • 
Mcxicaa           .... 
Chilian                .... 
Peruvian           .... 

Total 

11 
12 
19 
4 
5 
1 
2 
13 
11 
45 

2,0SG 
1,727 
5,421 
1,0J7 
1,475 
101 
407 
1,582 
1,716 
6,888 

/.. 

34.475 

14,040 

46,352 

4,208 

8,620 

1,11(10 

3,000 

16,834 

25,680 

67,470 

The  same  u 
entered. 

L. 

25,436 
5,4-0 

71,765 
7,S25 

10,714 
3,000 

ii,r.oo 

22,376 
12.225 
40,088 

About  one  third 
of    the  nuntlier 
of  vessels  enter- 
ed as  reruvian, 
and  son  e  enter* 
ed   as  Mexican, 
beloig    10    this 
port,    but   Here 
put  under  those 
colours  fnr  bp|. 
ter      protection 
dnrini;  ihc  ri'vo- 
lutionof  1^34. 

123 

21,430 

221,6S0 

210.429 

For  further  particulars,  see  Ulloa,  Voyairc  HUtorique  deVAmerique,lom.  i.  pp.  141—178.;  UalVa 
Voyage  to  Chili.  Peru,  J['c.,  vol.  ii.  pp.  101—138.,  tc— Sup.) 

GUERNSEY.  For  the  peculiar  regulations  to  be  observed  in  trading  with  Guernsey, 
Jersey,  &c.,  see  Impoiitation   and  Exportation. 

GUMS,  RESINS,  GUM-RESINS.  In  commerce,  the  term  gum  is  not  only  applietl  to 
gums  properly  so  called,  but  also  to  resins  and  gum-resins.  But  though  these  substances 
have  many  properties  in  common,  they  are  yet  sufficiently  distinct. 

I.  Gum  is  a  thick  transparent  fluid  that  issues  spontaneously  from  certain  species  of 
plants,  particularly  such  as  produce  stone  fruit,  as  plum  and  cherry  trees.  It  is  very  adhe- 
sive, and  gradually  hardens  by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  It  is  usually  obtained  in  small 
pieces,  like  tears,  moderately  hard,  somewhat  brittle  while  cold ;  so  that  it  can  be  reduced 
by  pounding  to  a  fine  powder.  When  pure,  it  is  colourless:  but  it  has  commonly  a  yel- 
lowish tinge  ;  it  is  not  destitute  of  lustre  ;  it  has  no  smell ;  its  taste  is  insipid  ;  its  specific 
gravity  varies  from  P3I61  to  1*4317;  it  readily  dissolves  in  water,  but  is  insoluble  in 
alcohol.  Gum  is  extensively  used  in  the  arts,  particularly  in  calico  printing,  to  give  con- 
sistence to  the  colours,  and  to  hinder  them  from  spreading.  It  is  also  used  in  painting,  in 
the  manufacture  of  ink,  in  medicine,  &c. 

The  only  important  gums,  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  are  gum  Arabic  and  gum 
Senegal. 

1.  Gum  Arabic  (Fr.  Gomme  Arabiqtie  ;  It.  Gomma  Arabica;  Gvr.  Arabinche  gummi  ; 
Arab.  Tolh),  the  jiroduce  of  the  Acacia  vera,  a  tree  growing  in  .\ral)ia,  and  in  many  parts 
of  .\frica.  The  gum  exudes  naturally  from  the  trunk  and  branches,  and  hardens  by  expo- 
sure to  the  air.  "  'I'he  more  sickly  the  tree  appears,  the  more  gum  it  yields ;  and  the  hotter 
the  weather,  the  more  prolific  it  is.  A  wet  winter  and  a  cool  or  mild  summer  are  unfa- 
vourable to  gum." — {Jack  on  s  Morocco,  p.  84.)  It  is  in  irregularly  shajwd  pieces,  hard, 
brittle,  and  semi-transparent.  When  pure  it  is  almost  colourless,  or  of  a  pale  yellowish  hue; 
being  insipid,  inodorous,  and  dissolving  completely  in  the  mouth.  Specific  gravity  1'.31  to 
1"43.  It  is  often  inixeil  with  gum  Senegal.  East  Inilia  gum  .Arabic  is,  though  a  useful,  a 
spurious  article,  not  being  the  produce  of  the  aciicia  vera,  but  of  other  species  of  plants. 
The  be.st  gum  is  either  imported  direct  from  Alexandria,  Smyrna,  Tripoli,  Moiriulore,  Tan- 
giers,  <Sr,c.,  or  at  second  hand  from  them  througii  Gibraltar,  Malta,  and  the  Italian  ports. 
The  price  depends  principally  on  its  whiteness  and  solubility,  increasing  and  diminishing, 
according  as  the  article  has  more  or  less  of  these  qualities. — {Thomson's  Dispensatory, mi 
private  information.) 


GIINPOWnER. 


721 


iture  an.1  Value  nf  their 
i,,j5  the  I'ortB  to  and  Iroiu 


(ulwarJ** 


.■iilmMif         Nilure  of  C»riira:>. 
i;.ir(;fM.  I 

^^11    I  2  Coco*.    21)ilUst. 


143 


1  1  Timber. 
I  Cocoa. 


1  BtUut. 


6,031     1  I'll'"' 

11, 326       I""" 

1,OUO     1  l>i"" 


ll.ilbst. 


I     S5,436_  I   ____ _ 

uoir  rnrirnoi,  which  eiitnrcrt 
Jlue  countries  ...which  the 


Remirki. 


About  one  iWnl 
(if    the  imnilicr 
of  vcsiuIj  enter- 
n\  as  I'criivijn, 
aiiti  too  e  enter- 
eil  as  Mrxiian, 
belms    to    tins 
port,    liut   were 
put  uii'ler  Hiouc 
colours  for  bet- 
ter      protection 
iluriiia  ilie  r.vo- 
lutionof  I>i34. 


210,429   I      lutimi^l 


i«,  torn-  i-  PP' 


141—178. ;  Uall's 


1  in  trading  with  Guernsey, 

n  Eum  19  not  only  applied  to 
But  though  these  substances 

.inct.  .  .      „f 

,uslv  from  certain  species  of 
■berry  trees.     It  «  very  adhe- 
It  is  usually  obtained  ui  smal 
Id ;  so  that  it  can  be  reduced 
.  but  it  has  commt.nly  a  yel- 
ls taste  is  insipid ;  it^specfic 
in  water,  but  is  insoluble  in 
n  calico  printins,  to  g.v'c  con- 
It  is  also  used  in  painting,  in 

,v,  are  gum  Arabic  and  gum 

hica  ■  Ger.  Arabhchc  gnnmi ; 
in  Arabia,  and  in  many  parts 

,ranches.and  hardens  by  expo- 
";.n  it  yield.-,  and  the  hotter 
ool  or  mild  summer  are  un  J- 
rretmlarly  shaped  pieces  1  arJ. 
SoroLpaleydlo-hiue; 
loulh.     Specific  gravity  131  to 
r\vabicis.thoughauseuU 
but  of  other  species  of  plants. 
;vr.ia,Tripoli,Mo..tadore,  Ian- 
;^Mata,and  the  Italian  port., 
t;    ncreasing  and  d.nunishmg. 


At  nn  nvoriBi^  nf  tli<<  1  yours  onilimr  with  I'^lt.  I'n'  iiiiii  Aruliir,  cnlcrpil  fi)r  rnnsiimplinn  .Timmntfid 
to  lH-.^TIcwI.  11  year.  rri'viiiiiNly  to  liisl  ycur  (Ihll'i),  llii-  iliilyoii  piiiii  .\r;ililc  from  ii  llrilish  iinsisit.ssiiin 
wax  fix.  a  cwt.,  and  rrniii  oiIht  |iaitN  It2.«. ;  liiil  (lie  diity  <ui  it  :iiid  all  iitlicr  cniiiH  Ih  ihiw  iImiiI  lit  fis. 
a  cwt.  witlKiiil  rc'j.''iril  to  I'liiiiii.  Of  7,7'^1  cwl  of  cum  'Arnlilr  iiiiporiiil  In  \K\i>,  Tripoli,  Harliarv.  and 
MoroiTo  ItirnJslii'd  Q,(lf).'t ;  lluypi,  57'.i;  (;ilirallar,  l,r>H7;  Italy,  1,111);;  .Mall;.,  ,tli7  ;  tint  llasl  Indies, 
l.tXI'J,  \,f.  Till"  ri'dticiiori  of  lite  dnly  on  I'lrcit'ii  ¥,\\\\\  will  inoril  pmlialily  occasion  nn  incriMsit  of  tho 
imports  fruni  lln-  MiMlllcrr.'iniaii  anil  .Moiiadntit.  Tho  pririt  of  unin  .\raliic  in  liond  in  tin'  London 
iimrkfil  was.  In  Di'Cfinln'r,  !■''!;!,— I'.asi  India,  from  31.f.  to  liS.s.  pur  cwt.;  Turktjy,  from  ll)(t.<.  lo'Jlla-. 
jKtr  do.;  and  llarliary,  from  5(),v.  to  l()(l«.  per  do. 

2.  (jitvi  S'-nrrrfif.  principally  brought  from  the  l.sland  of  that  name  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
in  olitaiiicd  from  various  trees,  but  chiclly  from  two ;  one  called  Vcreck,  which  yields  ii  wliito 
gum;  the  other  called  Nchurl,  whicli  yiclils  a  red  gum;  varieties  of  the  acacia fjrniiimlftra. 
Gum  Arabi-  is  very  often  mixed  with  gum  Senegal.  'I'lic  laller  is  nearly  as  pure  as  the 
former,  but  it  is  usually  in  larger  mas.ses,  of  a  darker  colour,  and  more  clammy  and  tena- 
cious. It  is  the  sort  of  gum  principally  employed  by  calico  printers.  It  was  vvuth,  in  Uc- 
oember,  KSn.l,  duly  (fi.s'.)  ])aid,from  7.') v.  to  '/S.v.  a  cwt. — {Thinnmn's  C/iciiiistrj/,  Thwt^on's 
DiKpeimalory,  Ainsl/e\i  Materia  Indica,  cVc.) 

II.  Resin.i.  for  the  most  part,  e.xudo  sponlaneously  from  trees,  though  they  are  often  ob- 
tained by  artificial  wounds,  and  are  not  uncommonly,  at  first,  combined  with  volatile  oil, 
from  which  they  arc  separated  by  distillation.  They  arc  solid  substances,  naturally  brittle ; 
have  a  certain  degree  of  transparency,  and  a  colour  most  commonly  inclining  to  yellow. 
Their  taste  is  more  or  less  acrid,  and  not  unlike  that  of  volatile  oils;  but  they  have  no 
smell,  unless  they  happen  to  contain  some  foreign  body.  They  are  all  heavier  than  water,  their 
specific  gravity  varying  from  I-OISS  to  1'1862.  They  dider  from  gums  in  being  insoluble 
in  water,  whether  cold  or  hot ;  while  they  are,  with  a  few  exceptions,  soluble  in  alcohol, 
especially  when  assisted  by  iieat.  When  heated,  they  melt ;  and  if  the  heat  be  increased, 
they  take  fire,  burning  with  a  strong  yellow  flame,  and  emitting  a  vast  <iuantity  of  smoke. 
Common  roain  furnishes  a  very  perfect  example  of  a  resin,  and  it  is  from  this  sub.stanco 
that  the  whole  genu.s  have  derived  their  name.  Rosin  is,  indeed,  fretiuently  denominated 
resin.  The  principal  resins  are  Animi,  Elcmi,  Copal,  Lac,  Labdanum,  Mantic,  Rnsin, 
Snndaracfi,  Tacurnahac,  &c.  ;  which  see,  under  their  respective  names. — {I'/waisvn'a 
Chemistry.) 

III.  Gum-rcsii}.t,a  class  of  vegetable  substances  consisting  of  gum  and  resin.  They  dilfer 
from  resins  in  this — that  they  never  exude  spontaneously  from  the  plant,  beinn  obtained 
either  by  bruising  the  parts  containing  them,  or  expressing  the  juice,  which  is  always  in  a 
state  of  emul.sion,  generally  white,  but  sometimes  of  a  dilVerent  colour,  or  by  making  incisions 
ill  the  plant,  from  which  the  Juice  flows.  The  juice,  being  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  sun, 
is  condensed  and  inspissated,  till  it  forms  the  gum-resin  of  commerce.  Gum-resins  arc  gene- 
rally opaque,  or,  at  lea.st,  their  transparency  is  inferior  to  that  of  resins.  They  are  always 
solid,  and  most  commonly  brittle,  and  have,  sometimes,  a  fatly  appearance.  When  heated, 
they  do  not  melt  as  resins  do;  neither  are  they  so  combustible.  Heat,  however,  commonly 
softens  them,  and  causes  them  to  swell.  They  burn  with  a  flame.  They  have  almost  always 
a  strong  smell,  which,  in  several  instances,  is  alliaceous.  Their  taste,  also,  is  often  acrid, 
and  always  much  stronger  than  that  of  resins.  They  arc  usually  heavier  than  resins.  They 
are  partially  soluble  in  water,  but  the  solution  is  always  opaque,  and  usually  milky.  Alcohol 
partially  dissolves  them,  the  solution  being  transparent. 

The  most  common  gum-resins  are  Alots,  Ammonia,  Euphorbium,  Galbanum,  Gumbnge, 
Myrrh,  Olibanimi,  Saf^apcnum,  Scammony,  &c, ;  which  see  under  their  respective  names. 
—{Loudon's  Ency.  of  Agricult, ,-  T/wtiisoii's  Chemistry.) 

(lUNPOWDER  (Ger.  Pnlver,  Schiesspulver ,-  Du.  Buskruid;  Da.  Krudt,  Pulver ,- 
Sw.  Krut ,-  Fr.  Poiidre  ,-  It.  I'olvere ,-  Sp.  and  Port.  Pokora  ;  Rus.  Porock  ,■  Pol.  Proch  ; 
Lat.  Pulvis  pyrius).  This  well  known  inflammable  powder  is  composed  of  nitre,  sulphur, 
and  charcoal,  reduced  to  powder,  and  mixed  intimately  with  each  other.  The  proportion  of 
the  ingredients  varies  very  considerably  ;  but  good  gunpowder  may  be  composed  of  the  fol- 
lowing proportions;  viz.  7G  parts  of  nitre,  1.5  of  charcoal,  and  9  of  sulphur.  These  ingre- 
dients are  first  reduced  to  a  fine  powder  separately,  then  mixed  intimately,  and  f  )rmcd  into 
a  thick  paste  with  w.ater.  After  this  has  dried  a  little,  it  is  placed  upon  a  kind  of  sieve  full 
of  holes,  through  which  it  is  forced.  By  this  process  it  is  divided  into  grains,  the  size  of 
which  depends  upon  the  size  of  the  holes  through  which  they  have  been  squeezed.  The 
powder,  when  dry,  is  put  into  barrels,  which  are  made  to  turn  round  on  their  axis.  By  this 
motion  the  grains  of  gunpowder  rub  against  each  other,  their  asperities  are  worn  otV,  and 
their  surfaces  are  made  smooth.  The  powder  is  then  said  to  be  glazed. — {Thomson's 
Cktmistry.) 

Dr.  Thomson,  whose  learning  is  equal  to  his  science,  has  the  following  remarks  with 
re.spect  to  the  introduction  of  gunpowder  into  warlike  operations: — "The  discoverer  of  this 
compound,  and  the  person  who  first  thought  of  applying  it  to  the  purposes  of  war,  are  un- 
known. It  is  certain,  however,  that  it  was  u.sed  in  the  fourteenth  century.  From  certain 
archives  quoted  by  Wiegleb,  it  appears  that  cannons  were  employed  in  Germany  before  the 
year  1372.  No  traces  of  it  <  \n  be  found  in  any  European  author  previously  to  the  thir- 
Voi.  I.— 3  P  91 


i.,rt. 


782 


GUNNY— HAIR. 


«1;  ■'* 

c3 


1 


M 


)  i 


trcnth  century  ;  but  it  Bcem«  to  have  bcon  known  to  tho  ChinPKc  lonj?  Iipforn  thnt  prrioJ. 
Tliprn  is  rrason  to  heliovo  that  cannons  were  used  in  the  hnttlc  of  (Jressy,  winch  v/nn  fought 
in  1:340,  Tiiey  Hrein  even  to  have  liet-n  uhwI  three  years  earlier,  at  the  HJefie  of  AIi^cnj. 
ra»;  but  before  thin  time  they  tnuBt  liavo  Iieen  Itnown  in  (irrmariy,  aw  there  is  a  i)ii'c(>  of 
ordnance  at  Aniherfl;, on  wliieh  i»  inscribed  the  year  IIIOJ.  IJdt^er  Uacon,  who  die;!  In  I'^i'jJ, 
Itnew  tho  |)ro|)ertit'H  of  guiipowdet;  but  it  does  not  follow  that  he  Wim  ac(|uuinte(l  with  il>; 
oii|ilication  to  dre-arnis." — ( 'riunnswis  Chemistri/,)  For  further  [larticuIarH  an  to  the  intro- 
duction of  camion,  :-  e  that  article. 

Till'  iiiniiiifiirtiirc  iiiid  »ul(>  iil'cnniinwilcr  In  rrciilnled  hy  nevernl  utatiitf'H,  Uy  tli'"  H  f!no.  3.  r.  t\\.  jt 
in  rMiiclcd,  tliiit  iid  iiiTHon  nIiiiII  iiMr  iiiIIIh  or  ntlii'r  ciiuiiirs  Tnr  iiiiikliit'  pinipiiwilcr.  iir  ni',iiiiit';ii'tiirliiir 
till'  Haiiic  III  iiiiy  way,  i-xcrpt  In  niillH  and  ntliiT  pliiciw  wlllcll  urrr  artiialhi  tii  ryin'rm-r  ill  llic  iMm..  df 
piissiiiij  li.i'  ;u't,  (rr  wliiih.  It"  rrnolcd  iiflcrwnrdri,  have  Ih'cii  sinirtliincd  liy  ii  lici'iici',  iind'T  p;iiii  cjI' 
iVirri'iliiiL'  till'  irMiipiuvili^r.  und  'ii.  a  pniiinl.  Il  U  I'lirllirr  iMiartcd,  lliiil  no  mill  wnilii'd  l>y  pi'^lli',  ami 
liKiKilly  ti'i'iMi'd  a  pi'sili'  iiilll,  hIiiiII  lir  ii.hi'iI  in  iiiakini;  uaiipnwilir,  imuIit  iIiii  aluivi'-iii'Millnni'd  pi'ii.iliy  ; 
mill  lliat  nil  iiiiiri' llian 'Kl  IIm.  Ill' pinipiiwdi'r,  iir  nialt'riiiU  Id  III' iiiadi'  I'llii  (.Miiipiiwilrr.  Hliall  ln'  niaili 
at  any  nni'  tinir  uiiiIit  a  sinuli'  pair  nt'  niill-Hlnnr^,  on  pain  nf  rnrl'i'llinu  nil  iilinvi^  III  Ihs.,  and  'i.i.  tin- 
cvrry  piiniid  ;  iinr  Khali  iniiri-  lliaii  Klcwt.  Iin  ilrii'd  in  any  nni'  iiliivi'  nr  placii  ill  any  one  liii.i'.  nmli'r 
rorlViliirr  1)1'  all  hIikvc  llial  iinaiility,  and  *is.  I'ur  uvcry  piniiiil  llirmif.  'Ilw  povviliT  i\iilln  en  rt"i|  m. 
lialili'.  Criiviiiirsl,  Saddli'sriinilir.  iiiiil  llri'di'.  in  Siij^si'v.  prrviiin.-.|y  Id  1772,  are  eXL-iiipteU  Iniiii  lln- 
ul)"Vr  rrL'iilaiiiMis  sii  l:ir  as  relates  to  llie  inakiiiL'  of  line  rowliii}.'  pinviler. 

Nil  il.ali'r  in  In  keep  inure  llian  2(10  llis.  of  (iinvder,  nor  any  person  iiol  a  dealer,  nnre  than  'Ollis.,  in 
till'  eii  lis  of  l.oiidoii  or  Wcsliiiinsler,  or  wiliiin  ,1  miles  tlierenf.  or  williin  any  oilier  city,  lii.'roiiiMi,  or 
market  luu  n.  or  1  mile  thereof,  or  williin  two  miles  ut  llie  kin!.'"s  palaies  or  magazines,  or  1  a  mile  nf 
any  parish  ehiirrli.  on  pain  of  forfeiture,  and  'is.  per  lli. ;  exiept  in  llc(tiisi;il  mills,  nr  to  tliu  aiiioina  ni' 
iiilll  Ills,  fur  the  iisi'  of  eollieries,  within  tilMI  yards  of  I  hem. 

Nol  mine  ilian  2.''>  liarrels  are  to  he  larrieil  liy  any  land  rarriat'e,  nor  more  than  200  barrels  liy  water, 
Hiili"js  u'diiis  liy  sea  or  ('oasiwisi'.  each  hnrrel  not  to  iimtain  more  than  Kinili.-'. 

All  vrsM'ls,  e?.ee|it  his  Majesty's,  (•oiniiii:  intii  the  Thames,  are  to  put  on  shore,  nt  nr  lielow  lllack- 
wall,  all  the  ijiiiipowiler  tiny  have  on  hoard  cMeeilinL'  'i'l  llis.  Vessels  (iiilward  lionnil  are  nut  to 
rec.iiv"  on  Imiird  more  than  "IjIIis.  of  L'nnpowiler  previously  to  their  arrival  at  lilarkwall.  The  Trinity 
House  have  aiilhorily  to  appoint  seari  her!!  to  iiisp<'i't  ships,  and  .searrli  for  (.'iinpowder.  All  the  (rnn- 
Iiiiw'h'r  foiinit  aliove  2.1  Ihs.,  and  the  harrels  eoniainiiii;  il  and  Is.  for  every  Hi.  aliove  tliat  ipianiity, 
are  forfeiled  Any  person  olislrnrtiiii.'  an  ollirer  sean  hiiiL'  for  coniealed  cnnpowder  is  liahle  to  a 
pen, illy  of  111/.     Tlie  places  of  deposit  for  Loinpowiler  are  ri'Siilaleil  liy  the  ."it  (leo.  3.  c.  LIU. 

'i'lie  e.vportatioii  of  itnnpowdrr  may  he  prohihiied  liy  order  in  eoiimil.  Its  importation  is  proliihited 
on  pain  of  forfeiture,  t>.\ee|it  liy  llieiiie  from  llis  Alajesty  ;  such  liieiRU  to  he  granted  for  t'ariiisliiiinlijy 
Wajesly's  stores  only.— (0  (leu.  1.  r.  IDT.) 

'I'lii'  act  1  Will.  l.  I'.  It.  pruliiliits  the  niaiiiifai'tiiro  and  keeping  of  Bini|inwder  in  Ireland  hy  any  per- 
son who  has  not  olitained  a  liienee  from  the  I.ord  l.leiiteiKint  ;  sin  11  liienoes  may  lie  sesperHJe.i  en 
nol  he  from  the  ehief  seeretary,  anil  any  one  selliii!.'  jriinpowiter  dnrinir  the  Hiispensiun  of  sinli  lireiid) 
uliall  forfeil  ,0(111/,  (Jnnpowiler  makers  under  this  act  are  to  return  nionlhly  airoiints  of  their  slock,  Ate. 
to  the  chief  secretary.  This  act,  wliicli  conlains  a  variety  of  re,striclive  clauses,  was  limiteil  to  uiiu 
year's  dnratioii,  but  lias  lieen  prolonjred. 

(lUNNY  (Hind.  Tut;  Brii.  6'///)/),  a  .strong  coarse  sackcloth  manufactured  in  Bengal 
for  making  into  bags,  sacks,  and  (lacking  generally,  answering  at  once  the  tsvo  pnr|iiisps  for 
■which  canvass  and  hasl  are  used  in  Europe.  The  rnateriid  fi'otn  which  this  article  isinauu- 
facf ured,  is  the  fibre  of  two  plants  of  the  genus  Corchorus ;  viz.  Corchnrus  ollluriun,  and 
Corrhiirus  capsiilarls  (Bengali,  pat) ;  both,  but  particularly  the  first,  extensively  cultivated 
throughout  Lower  Bengal.  Besides  a  large  domestic  consumption  of  gunny,  the  whole  rice, 
paddy,  wheat,  pulses,  sugar,  and  saltpetre  of  the  country,  as  vvcll  as  the  pepper,  colfec.  and 
other  foreign  produce  exported  from  Calcutta,  are  packed  ii.  '.-ags  >  -  o-ieks  made  of  thi.s 
article.  'J'here  is  also  a  considerable  exportation  of  manufactured  bags,  each  comntonly 
capable  of  containing  two  maunds,  or  about  KiO  Ib.s.  weight,  to  Prince  of  Wales  Isiaml, 
Malacca,  Singapore,  Java,  and  Bombay.  In  1828-29,  the  number  exported  from  Calcutta 
was  2,205,206,  of  the  value  of  166,109  sicca  rupees,  or  about  16,000/.  sterling,  showing  the 
price  of  each  sack  to  be  less  than  2d. — ( Wallic/i ;  Roxburgh  ,•  Bdl'a  Review  cftlie  Exknial 
Commerce  of  lieu  gal.) 

GYPvSU.il,  oil  SULPH.VFE  OF  LIME,  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the  Continent, 
and  in  Derbyshire  and  Nottinghamshire.  When  reduced  to  a  powder,  and  formed  into  a 
paste  with  water,  it  is  termed  planter  of  Parifi,  and  is  much  u.sed  for  forming  casts,  &.c.  It 
is  also  used  for  laying  floors;  and  has  been  advantageously  employed  as  a  manure. 


H. 


I    • ', 


•I  V 


HAIR,  HuMAjr  (Ger.  Haare,  Mettschen-haar ;  Du.  Hair,-  Fr.  Cheveux ;  It.  Cnpelll 
umani ;  Sp.  Caliellos  ;  Lat.  Capil/i),  "Human  hair  makes  a  very  considerable  arlicle  in 
commerce,  especially  since  the  mode  of  pcrrui|ues  has  obtained.  Hair  of  the  growth  of  the 
northern  countries,  as  England,  &c.,  is  valued  much  beyond  that  of  the  more  southern  ones, 
as  Italy,  Spain,  the  southern  parts  of  France,  &c.  Good  hair  is  well  fed,  and  neither  tno 
coar.se  nor  too  slender;  the  bigness  Hindering  it  less  susceptible  of  tlie  artificial  curl,  ami 
disposing  it  rather  to  frizzle;  and  the  smallness  making  its  curl  of  too  short  duration.  Its 
length  should  be  about  2o  inches  ;  the  more  it  fulls  short  of  this,  the  less  value  it  beard."— 
(Enci/.  Brit.) 

Haik  of  Bjbasts  (Ger.  Haare,  Huhaare;  Du.  Hair  ;  Fr.  Foil;  It.  and  Sp.  I'elo,-  Lat. 


IIAIR-POWDER,  HALIFAX. 


723 


lorn?  I'pfiw  that  pcrioil. 
Urcssy.wUichwHHfoughr. 

•r,  at  the  meR"  "''  M'^'"'*'- 
,„y,  iw  t»ii>ro  is  a  i>M'ci-  ol 
li'iicon,  who  iiic;l  m  f-:'.)2, 
[.  wi>H  ac(iuaiiit'^'l  «"'»  i'^' 
imrliculars  M  to  the  intro- 

,„    „v  111- n  <"!<"' :':•••''''•'' 

}        „r,.>""r<i.l   1H.  IMH.M.I 

:      Vv,.-.n.'i.ti..;u.;li;.'.,,.liy; 

1  uT    ll'OV,-10ll.s..».wlO..   m- 

.',,:, .ow.lrr  luillH  .■rr.f.l  ut 
,  17:-2,  uro  oxumiilt^a  trmi.  Ihn 

,''i,|v;il.T.r.orethniiEOll.H.,in 

i,     ny<.U..T.ity.l.''r-'»''''";; 

;,^.:;iium','.rto»l«oa.nn.u,lo! 

,„or<-  llirtn  200  barrels  by  wutcr, 

:„";?,I"sl.or«,  at  or  b.;low  Ilb.ok.. 

.ir..utwar.l  b.>'i"«t  i'rn  nnt  10 

1       iMi.kwiill.   Till' Trimly 

MwS-wM.^.     Mill..'.:"- 

'■"'''f'vT;r'.-'''i.w      ' 

:/i''^uVin'pi.'rtiu'i''n'iM'.r';li'''iV''' 
tiobeBrautL-dlurfuri.i.bu.gbiB 

„„Mnw(l.'r  in  Irolan.l  by  nny  yer- 

:'hlvm-'^-''>'"''«''^'''^'r'^^ 
;;ivc  clauses,  was  I.uiU.mI  U.  ono 

cloth  manufacturril  in  BenKal 
,,  at  once  the  two  pnrposos  tot 
;,u  which  this  artu-\,Msnv,u.u- 
.  viz   Cunhoriis  olitonuK.mA 
'the  first,  extensively  cultivated 
ntion  of  gnnny,  the  whole  nee 
well  aB  the  i.e[.l.er,  e..llee  and 
,  .,„j,  ,  ,•  oK-ks  made  ot  tlus 
i;ctured  hags,  each  co.nmoii'.y 
,t    to  Prince  of  Wales  Island, 
m'n.her  exported  froi"  l^;'lf  "11^^ 
I  lOOOO/.  8terlinff.shown.sthe 

,.  /jt7/'s  Review  <•/  the  Exiemd 

various  parts  of  the  Continent, 
„  .^  j.nwder,  and  formed  n.to  a 
used  for  forming  easts,  &c.  u 
Miiploycd  as  a  manure. 


,,,-;..  Fr.  C/(ei'm.r,-  Tt.  ( <f'h 
osaveryconsideraUenrlicleiu 

■  ,:,i      Hair  of  the  growth  ol  the 
,,l,;t  of  the  more  southern  ones, 

,,irisweUfed,.uuimtherto 
';\,,de  of  the  avtir.c.al  curl,  and 

curl  of  too  .horl  duration.    Us 
f  this,  the  less  value  it  l'ear». 


nc 
I 


rr.roili  It.andSp.iV/o;Lat. 


Prllcn).  The  hnir  of  horses  is  extensively  used  in  the  mannfiicture  of  chairs,  sofas,  saddle!*, 
•Sec. ;  while  the  liair  or  wool  of  heavers,  hares,  nilihits,  iVc.  is  iiiik  h  em;p|o\e(l  in  liie  iiuiiiu- 
liwture  of  hats,  «fer. 

HAIIM'OWUER  ((Jcr.  I'ltdir  .■  Fr.  rmu/rr  ,)  pnwirer  ,•  It.  rvlrnr  ifi  ci/yrl ;  t^p.  I'olim 
dc  pi/iicu),  is  used  as  un  ornament  for  the  hair,  ami  generally  made  from  starch  pulverised, 
and  sometimes  perfumed.  A  tax  of  I/.  \h.  Cuf.  n  year  is  laid  ii|M)n  all  persons  who  wear  hair- 
powder.  Dillerent  statutes  prohiliit  the  mixing  of  hair  powder  with  starch  or  ulaliustir. 
And  hair-powder  makers  are  prohiiiited  having  alahastcr  in  their  euslody. 

HAlilFAX,  the  capital  of  Nova  fScotia,  on  the  south-east  coast  of  that  |irovii)ce,  lat.  44° 
30'  N.,  Ion.  03°  28'  W.  It  is  situateil  on  a  peninsula  on  the  west  side  of  Clielmcto  Hay, 
and  has  one  of  the  finest  harhours  in  America.  Population,  exclusive  of  the  military,  uliuut 
18,000.  The  town  is  irregularly  huilt,  and  most  of  the  houses  are  of  wood.  'I'he  Rovern- 
ment-houso  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  edifices  in  North  America.  Halitiix  was  li.undcd 
in  1749. 

/'()!•(. —  Tlie  best  iiinrk  in  siiilinc  for  Iliilifiix  Is  Sainliro  liglit-lioiisc,  on  a  siiinll  nIiiihI  nlf  Ihc  ciipi'  of 
llie  same  naiiii!,  on  llic  west  sIiIm  ol' llir  enlriincc  In  llie  IrirlMiiir,  in  liil.  11 '  .'.0',  ImiL'. 'ill  Ifi'.  'IIk' 
Unlit,  wliii-li  is  lived,  Ih  am  li'd  uliovi'  \\m'  Icvrl  (if  llii"  si'ii ;  iiml  ii  il  un  liiueiil  nf  iiililliTy,  «  illi  two 
:j|-|iiiunili!is,  is  iijioii  (Inly  a(  llie  lii'lil-lioii  e.  fitiii;;  at  ri';:iilar  iiiti'iviiJM  iliirii!;  Ibe  riMiliiMoiM'i'  nf  llie 
dense  fn(;s  wllli  wliicli  tills  pari  nf  the  coasl  is  very  iioii  li  infc^li'il.  — ( t'o),/(f i',  '/'nhh.-  ,//.-  I'liiniiiults 
Po.<ili(i)is  Oioiiniphiiiiies,  p.  7s.)  Tlie  iniirse  i  ill  n  llie  harbnnr  fur  In  ri-'e  ships,  iifier  passii'L'  Saialim  li(!lil, 
is  belwrnii  Ijii^  main  land  on  llii!  west  and  Maciiali's  Island  nii  lli"  cast.  On  a  spil  prnji'i  liiiL'  fiinii  llic 
laller,  a  li):lil-liinise  Inis  recently  been  i  unslniiled  ;  and  wIkm  lliis  is  seen.  KJiijw  iray  run  in  willioiit 
fear.  'I'he  hiirhoiir  is  defended  liy  several  preliy  slmna  fi'iis.  .-'Iiipn  iismmIIv  am  hnr  abreast  of  the 
town,  where  the  harbniir  is  rallier  iimre  lliaii  a  mile  in  wiillli.  After  L'railo;'.lly  i:arr<  wiiiL'  to  about  ^ 
of  that  width,  it  siiihleiily  e.\|)amls  into  a  iiidde  sheet  of  wOer.  railed  Iteillnrd  liasiii,  cninpl'lely  land- 
locked, Willi  deep  water  thrnn!.'liniit,  and  ( ajialile  of  lucnniinixlmin;;  ihe  while  navy  (d'foeal  Hritaiii. 
Till.'  Inirbniir  is  accessible  at  all  times,  and  is  rarely  impedeij  by  iie.  'I'hcre  is  an  cMi'iisive  rnyal  duck- 
yard  at  Halifax ;  which  iliirliii!  war  is  an  iiiipnrlant  naval  stalimi.  beini.'  partii  iilarly  well  cab  iibiled 
i'nr  the  slndter.  repair,  and  niillil  of  thi!  Meets  criiisin)j  on  the  Ainerican  coa>l  and  in  the  West  Indies. 
IMr.  M'd'recnr  has  severely,  and,  wc  believe,  justly,  teiislired  the  project  fur  the  removal  of  the  dock- 
yard friMii  Halifax  to  llerinnda. 

7'rai/c,  iVc.  of  Ilntifiix  (ind  Xura  .Sfo/ifl.— Halifax  H  llio  seat  of  a  coiisii'eralde  fi-hery  ;  but  tlie  P.ritiRll 
colonists  seem  to  be,  fur  what  reasmi  il  H  not  easy  in  say,  b.ilh  je^s  eiiterprisinu  aiiil  less  snccessfii! 
fishers  lliaii  the  New  Ijisilamlers.  'I'lit!  principal  trade  oi'iln-  town  and  the  prnv  ince  is  with  llie  West 
Indies,  (ir(;at  llrilaili,  and  Ihe  Diiiled  States.  To  Ihe  firmer  tlii'y  expnrl  dried  and  pii'l.bd  |i^h,  In  in  her, 
coals,  crindsloiies,  cattle.  Iloiir,  butter,  cheese,  o:its,  pniiilnes,  Aie,  They  export  the  s;iiue  urlules  !.• 
the  sniilherii  purls  nf  ihe  I'nileil  States,  and  (ij  psiiiii  In  the  ea>lern  ports  nf  IXew  lliiiiland.  To  (ireai 
lirilain  they  send  timber,  deals  ;  wliale,  cod,  and  si'al  oil  ;  Inis,  iVc.  The  primipal  rxpnrls  of  limber 
lire  from  I'ii  ton  on  the  St.  Lawrences  The  imports  consist  principally  of  cnhiiual  prndiice  fmni  the 
\Vcsl  Indies  ;  all  sorls  of  manufactured  ;;oo(!s  frniii  (ireat  Hrilain  ;  ami  of  (Inur,  liimber,  iVc.  from  the 
tiiiled  Slates,  principally  fur  exportation  to  the  West  Indies. 

The  cnvernment  packets  sail  rejinl  irly  once  a  month  from  Halifax  to  Falmoiitli ;  'ml  packet  ships  to 
Liverpool  li.ive  recently  been  estaiilislnd,  which  are,  in  all  respects,  superior  to  I  le  Inrnier.  '1  here 
ari!  also  re;.'iilar  packets  from  Halifax  to  Uoslon,  New  York,  and  the  West  Indies.  A  steam-boat  plies 
cniistantly  between  llalifax  and  the  littli.'  town  of  Uartiiionth,  on  llie  opposite  side  of  the  liarbmir. 

Ill  \t-16  a  company  was  formed  for  iiiakiii(!  a  caiinl  across  Ihi-  country  Iium  llalifax  to  the  basin  of 
Miiias,  which  unites  with  the  boitoni  of  the  Hay  of  Kiindy.  The  navij;ation  is  fnrmed,  for  tin;  iiinsi 
part,  by  Sliubeiiacadic'  lake  unit  river.  The  lejiislaliire  (:ave  l5.fP0/.  In  this  nnderiakiii;; ;  but  it  ban 
not  liitl'.ertii  been  completed.  Tliu  excavated  part  of  llio  eana!  is  ('U  feel  wide  at  to|i,  Uli  feel  at  boltiiiii, 
and  is  intended  to  admit  vessels  drawing  H  I'l'i'l  water.  It  seems  very  iinestionable  wbelli.'r  this 
cuiial  will  be  profitable  to  the  shareholders  ;  bul  tlieru  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  would,  if  finished,  be  of 
considerable  service  to  Ihe  trade  of  Halifax. 

There  are  two  private  baiikimj  romiianies  at  Halifax.  Acrnunt,=t  are  Icept  in  poutiils,  shillings,  and 
pence,  the  same  as  in  KiiL-land,  and  the  weights  and  measures  are  also  the  same. 

Aliniit  1(11)  large  snuare-rigged  vessels,  and  about  Ihu  same  miiiiber  of  lar^e  schooners,  with  several 
Biiialler  craft,  belong  to  Halifax. 

The  total  revenue  of  Nova  Scotia  for  the  year  1831,  including  balances  and  arrears,  was  sr),(il8/. ; 
the  expenditure  during  the  same  year,  o.vcluaive  of  that  incurred  on  account  of  the  fe'iirrison,  beint; 
114,870/. 

We  borrow  from  the  valuable  work  of  Mr.  M'Ciregor  tlie  following  statement  as  to  llie  trade  of  Nova 
Scotia  in  18:12 :- 


fraduce  ot  the  Fisheries  rxpirted  in  the  Year  eniliiijs  5lh  of  ] 

Jauiiiry,  IK13. 

/..        J.    rf. 

IfiO.WO  cwt.  (Irv  liJIi,  nt  tOj. 

Hi,u:o  0  0 

3',li4  lairi'ls  |iiikle.l  tish,  at  t.'iJ.    • 

2T.V()i  111    0 

j.iill  Uixes  »iiiiiki-.l  herrioKS,  al  3j. 

1.2!ili    3    0 

:04  lulls  oil,  al  mi. 

l!,i.:.-ll    0    0 

51,'JIS  seal  skins,  at  Ij.Oi.   • 

Total       • 

3,SU3  17     0 

127,4j.-,  10    0 

rniduce  ot  Agriculture. 

/..        .T.     d. 

Ilirlev  anJ  nals,  3  47S  bushels,  at  2.i. 

317  IH    0 

I'litalo.'s  anil  turnips,  61,712,  al  U.  tjJ. 

ifijS  12    n 

0iliiiral,71iirrp|s,  at  20(.      . 

7    (1    0 

;  VhX'Si'Kl,  10  huslieU 

2  10    0 

1  11  iriica  citile,  horsfs,  shepp,  and  swine,  926 

vjI'IO 

't,C!!n    0    0 

1  Hullir,  ch:-fse,  anJ  lanl,  83,7-24  U.S.  value     • 

4..'>(i    4    0 

1  Cniilitnii's,  4!'o  <:illon8 

24    (j    0 

j  A;.|i|f.,  2tJ0  b.xrrc  s     - 

nm   0   0 

1  llttf  anJ  pork,  434  Ijirrcls    • 

Tol.al 

i,;w2  0  u 

15,.5S3    8    0 

TitHlucc  rf  llie  Mines,  expoi  tcil. 


Coats,  12,020  chniilrons,  .it  2'.t. 

Dilto.  In-Ill  Cap.  Krelou,  :l  .ti"^?  rhalJrons 

(.ypsuiii,  4J,')0S  tons,  a'  tO.t. 

Diito.  Iiniii  Cai.,'  nrili.r.  t2S  1-2  ln:is 

Uriiitistunei),  lli,24i',  al  ;jU<.     * 


/..  .. 

1.-i,li2'.  0 

.-,vi7l  IS 

22,7i4  0 

3  S  .I 

2S,,-I)0  0 


Total 


I    10^329    0    0 


Produce  of  die  Korests. 


Square  timber,  3:^,191  tons,  at  I5.r,      - 

lli'alsanil  iiii'h  iMKinis,  y,9Sl,(00 

IjthwocKl.22S  loads 

Siavi-s,2,7l4,CieO 

Shiiiskf,  3,U2.0('0      ■ 

Handspikes,  2,3H) 

Oars,  poles,  &c.,;i,.-94 

Masts  an  I  spars,  t>.12    . 

llonps,  2i^li0 

Value  of  ti.s.ler  shipped  from  Cape  Breton 

Total 


/.. 

t. 

rf. 

2>'.f>l3 

.1, 

0 

24.2>0 

0 

II 

22S 

0 

0 

It.M'.) 

n 

0 

2,2-1 

10 

0 

ll'i 

0 

0 

4r, 

0 

0 

2..D 
l;4 

0 

1 

0 
3 

l,S/72 

0 

0 

62,447 

16 

3 

Thebaluiceof  exports  consists  of  various  articles,  tiansliiiiped,  principally  West  India  produce, 
tea  from  Cliiim,  &.i;. 


734 


HAMS,  HAMnilRGH. 


Account  of  vi'Msi'U  rnlnrcd  InwiinlH  In  ilic-  I'nri  of  llalifiix  niiil  Nnvn  ^rntli  irnnrnlly,  In  Iho  Vear 
cniling  Stii  (if  Jiiniiury  IMH  ;  iiiiil  iil'  iIicimu  clciiri'il  iMitwiiriU  fnilil  tlio  hiiiiiu. 


I 

I 


i 


r  i 

1 1*. 


i     » 

i 


Countrltt. 

Inwanli. 

Uutwtnli. 

Shipi. 

Tom. 

Mfh. 

Hhlpi. 

Tons, 

Mm. 

Ilnltcil  Kingdnni     •        -        • 

no 

n.iM 

3,317 

101 

35,420 

1,171   ~ 

llorilt'iiiix        .... 

3 

a:.i 

10 

<)|iorti)             .... 

1 

11)0 

U 

1 

113 

0 

(•iicriiai'y  niiil  JorHuy     • 

3 

a-u 

au 

Cliill/, 

. 

. 

1 

CO 

0 

Hiiiynm          .... 

2 

2,'.l 

i'f> 

Mi'llH'l     ..... 

4 

wn 

41 

Ilrilii<li  Wi'Ht  lnili(!ii 

asii 

a7.o'i;i 

i,r.03 

8'.« 

27,430 

1,721 

rctiTslMirKli  .... 

1 

•i-ii 

\'i 

Ilrili.-<li  N.  A    I'dlnnii'ti    . 

1,01)1 

(i:i,(iir> 

3,7^1 

1,101 

60,100 

4,048 

A/iirrH  iind  Madcirii 

a 

|H7 

lU 

■i 

3.'iO 

10 

Miilai/a  i\iicl  (iihrallnr     - 

7 

Kit 

4(1 

3 

237 

13 

I'litiMi'M  vi.'HRcU  from  Iniliit  or 

Kllllipi!            .... 

. 

. 

. 

1 

ir.o 

1.1 

I'liiti'd  Stairs,  llritiHli  vcHNrU 

.107 

.11,113 

1,.VW 

3(»H 

31,0f.il 

l,S(W 

Dlllii,         furi^ijjM  vusHidH 

77 

-,'.Hl 

413 

:r, 

!•„'.  10 

4ii| 

llrazil 

A 

I,.1H1 

IW 

lU 

1,3S4 

^a 

MiiiiriliiiH        .... 

I 

IN7 

10 

(Jaiiliiii            .        .        .        - 

1 

SOI 

4H 

Al'rici 

. 

. 

. 

1 

00 

7 

II io  Jaiii'iro   -        -        .         - 

1 

ISI 

H 

Ilavuiiiiuh      .... 

-      - 

. 

. 

3 

101 

11 

Total* 

1.050 

itiiviM" 

~0.1I73 

1.0115 

1««,617 

O.ltVJi 

(SiM!  M-drrgor'n  lirili.^h  Jliiinien,  'h\  ri\.  vol.  i,  p.  4*^1.  4b3,  &c. ;  J\lii 
passim  ;  I'uprrs  laid  bij'ure  the  h'liiuiice  Comiiiitlrc,  i^c.) 

HAMS  (Cut.  .S'f///»/f^rt  ;  Vu,  Hatnmen  ;  Ft.  Jarnljonn  ,■  It.  rrosciutti ;  Sp.  ,T imonen  ,• 
Tlus.  ()/i-i)rt)/:ii),  tho  tliitflis  oftlic  lioi;  snitcd  and  dricil.  V'ork,  Hants,  WiltH,  dim  Cumber- 
land, in  England,  and  JJnmfrii's  and  (Jullovv.iy  in  Scotland,  arc  liie  counties  most  famous  (or 
producing  lino  lianis.  'I'hosc  of  Irclan<l  arc  cnniparnlivi-ly  coarse  and  witliout  flavour. — 
(See  l).\co.\.)  The  hams  of  Portugal,  Westphalia,  and  Virginia,  are  cxijuisitrly  flavoured, 
and  arc  in  high  estimation.  The  imports  of  bacon  and  hams,  princiiwUy  the  latter,  amount 
to  about  l.Il.'iO  cwt.  a  year.     The  duty  is  very  heavy,  being  no  lens  than  28,<i.  a  cvvt. 

[Much  attention  is  paid  in  the  I'nitcd  States  to  tlie  curing  of  hams.  Those  from  Virginia 
and  \ew  Jersey,  especially  the  Ihirlington  hams  from  the  latter  state,  uro  little,  if  at  jiII. 
inferior  to  the  Westphalia.  Large  quantities  of  them  are  cured  in  Maryland  and  Ohio,  und 
exported  to  the  other  atatcs  of  the  Union. — Am.  Ed.] 

HAMBURGH,  a  free  Hansealie  city,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river  Elbe,  about  70 
miles  from  its  mouth,  i'n  lat.  M"  S'i'  Cil"  N.,  Ion.  <J°  58' 37"  E.  Population,  l2.-),()00. 
Hamburgh  is  the  greatest  commercial  city  of  Germany,  anil,  perhaps,  of  the  (Continent. 
Siie  owes  this  distinction  principally  to  her  situation.  The  Elbe,  which  may  be  navigated 
by  lighters  as  far  as  Prague,  renders  her  the  entnpot  of  a  vast  extent  of  country.  Advau. 
tage,  too,  has  been  taken  of  natural  facilities  that  extend  still  further  her  internal  navigation; 
a  water  communication  having  been  established,  by  means  of  the  Spree  and  of  artificial  cuts 
and  sluices,  between  the  Elbe  and  the  (Jder,  and  between  the  latter  and  the  Vistula;  so  that 
a  considerable  part  of  the  produce  of  Silesia  destined  for  foreign  markets,  and  some  even  of 
that  of  Poland,  is  conveyed  to  Hamburgh.  —  (See  Canals.)  There  is,  also,  a  co;  luni- 
cation  by  means  of  a  canal  with  the  Trave,  and,  conseiiueutly,  with  the  Lubec  uiul  the 
Baltic,  by  which  the  necessity  of  resorting  to  the  difllcult  and  dangerous  navigutiun  of  the 
Sound  is  obviated.  Vessels  drawing  14  feet  of  water  come  \\\>  to  the  town  at  all  times;  and 
vessels  drawing  18  feet  may  come  safely  up  with  the  spring  tides.  The  largest  vessels  some- 
times load  from  and  unload  into  lighters  at  Cuxhaven.  The  trade  of  Hand)urgh  embraces 
every  article  that  Germany  either  sells  to  or  buys  from  foreigners.  The  exports  [irincipally 
■consist  of  linens,  grain  of  all  sorts,  wool  and  woollen  cloths,  leather,  flax,  glass,  iron,  cojiper, 
smalts,  rags,  staves,  wooden  clocks  and  toys,  Hhcnish  wines,  spelter,  &c.  Most  sorts  of 
Baltic  articles,  such  as  grain,  flax,  iron,  pitch  and  tar,  wax,  ttc,  may  generally  be  bought  as 
cheap  at  Hamburgh,  allowing  for  dilference  of  freight,  as  in  the  ports  whence  they  were 
originally  brought.  The  imports  consist  principally  of  sugar;  cotHjc,  which  is  the  favourite 
article  for  speculative  purchases;  cotton  wool,  stulls,  and  yarn  ;  tobacco,  hides,  indigo,  wine, 
brandy,  rum,  dye-woods,  lea,  pepper,  &c.  Being  brought  from  many  dilVerent  places,  then- 
is  a  great  variety  of  quality  in  the  grain  found  at  Hamburgh  ;  but  a  large  proportion  of  the 
wheat  is  inferior.  Some  of  the  barley  is  very  good,  and  fit  for  malting.  'I'he  oats  are  focii 
of  various  ijualities.  The  customs  revenue  is  found  to  amount,  one  year  with  another,  to 
from  30,000/.  to  35,000/.  The  rate  may,  perhaps — (sec  puM),  be  taken,  on  imports 
and  exports,  at  a  rough  average,  at  5s,  3(/.  per  cent.,  whi<'h  would  give,  at  a  medium, 
12,380,000/.  a  year  for  the  value  of  the  trade  in  articles  subjected  to  duties;  and  adiliiic; 
2,000,000/.  for  the  trade  in  articles  exempted  from  duties,  we  have  14,380,000/.  as  the  total 


HAMntrROH. 


725 


H„  goncrnlly.  In  tl.ft  Year 
)iii  lliB  »ttino. 


rromnlO  .•  Sp.  J  ivme^  : 

Ha»t«,  WiH«.  '>'••'>"'"'7■ 
tl,ccouuli^sm.>Hltam..ustor 

jr«o  .uu\  without  flavour. - 
in,  arcrxquUitrlylbvourca 
;;j;eii.nUy  the  biter,  au.ount 
,  l,,.s  than  'iSs.  a  cwt. 
hum^.    Those  trom\.rRnua 
testate,  arc  little  .    at  Ml 
fun  Maryland  and  Oh.o.  and 

of  the  river  Elbe,  about  70 
T'  K  Population.  r^.'.OUO. 
:.  perhaps,  of  tl>o  ContinnU 

nj:,  which  may  bo  navja^d 

,1  extent  of  country.     Adx.iu- 

uther  her  internal  navigation; 

heSpreeandol-amhrudcut 

,  ter  and  the  Vistula;  BO  Iha 

'markets,  and  some  eveu  o 
f  Thcrei..also,aco..nnuni- 
tlv.  with  the  lAd.ee  and   he 
d'dangerous  nav.gut|on  ot  the 
,tothetownatallUmes;a"d 
l2      The  largest  vessels  some- 
tr"ade  of  Hamburgh  embraces 
nors      The  exports  principally 
,;iheMlax,  glass,  iron,  copper, 

L-ter    &c.     Most  sorts  ot 
'%Cy  generally  be  bought  as 

the  tmrts  whence  they  were 

oirJe,  which  is  the  favounle 

|„,lol,aeeo,  hides, indigo,  wine 

l,,n  manv  dilTerent  places,  then, 
lut  a  large  proportion  01  the 

'^.malting.    '^'I't "Mr  t 
,.t    one  vear  with  ano  her,  to 
e  ;°  0.  be  taken,  on  imporls 

r,M  <rive.  at  a  medium, 
'"'■'•T  toduXes;andaadin? 
rKulaSoO/.  as  the  total 


) 


annu.M  value  oft'ie  Import  and  ovpurt  Inide  ofihi-  put!  Ami,  an  llie  larj^est  portion  nf  tliiii 
imini'iMe  trade  i-i  in  our  haiid.>,  it  Mill  In*  tKrcssury  <h<<t  W"  xliould  Ih)  a  little  fuller  tltttll 
ordinary  in  our  detaili  ai  to  tl>i«  K^^'at  emporium. 

Miiitnj     Ai'i'diinlH  iir.'  I<i'|il  lit  IIiiiiiliiirKli  in  marc*,  illvlilnil  Into  10  aoU  or  ichllllngii  lillin,  nml  tin- 

■  Cllllllll|li4  llltll    VX  |lt'lMllll|Iri  IllllH. 

AniiiiiilM  ,»ri'  111-11  Im'|pI,  |'iil|i'iit!\tly  In  cxclmnup*,  in  poiiiiiN,  (n'lilll|ii|'<.  uiiil  ihmicc  I'Ii'MiI'Ii.    Tlli' 
|Hiiiiicl  I'liiisisirt  i\\''i\  (' row  IIS,  ",]  lli:il   rn,  7'  iiiiircH,  tlO  >('lillliiiL'it  I  li'iiilnh,  iiiiil  '.^111  u'ri'lcH  I'lcinl'li. 


I'll.'  iikihIi-4  III  I  iri'iiliiihiii  III  lliiniliiii'L'li  urn  ilivulril  liiln  /n 


•  mill 


iit'niit  inuiirij. 


•I'll!'  r. 


I  iiii>r  roii- 


hIiiIi*  nt'llii*  ^llllM  liiHi-rilii'il  III  llii'  liiMikM  III  III!'  bank  ii|i|iimili'  in  ilir  ii:iiiii'H  nt'ilniHi'  wlm  liivr  iIi'|iiinIii'iI 
hjil'I'Ih  iir  hull  inn  in  Ilir  liank.  Unneti  In  iiilriiiFiii'iilly  wnrlli  iiliiiiil  '.K\  jirr  ri'iil.  liinri'  tliiiii  nivnnni,  but 
III)'  .i:'ii»  Ik  niiiiliiiilly  viiiyliijt-  (I'nr  iiii  lurniiiil  olilii!  Hiiiik  iil'  lliiiiiliiir|[.  kim.  Hanks  (I  (iiiki(I>).) 

or  llii!  ciiliM  III  I  in  iil;iiiiiii  III  II  iiMliiir!:li.  Ilic  rl\ili>ll:ir  Iriinn  iiml  ilm  rixilnlhir  nirrrtit  iirr  IIik  iiiiiMt 
roiniiiiiii.  'I'lii!  svriKlit  III'  ilii'  I'liniKr  Ih  iml  iiiiirni'iii ;  hut  Dr.  Ivi'lly  I'Hiiiiiitli'i  il,  iil  ii  int'illiiiii,  lit  II'IIU 
\'.\\\i.  uriiiiiH  |iiiri'  Kilvir  1«.  tiji/.  Tlie  curriiiit  ri.xilolliir  -  lilf*  U  Kriiiim  '.U.t^'^d.  very  iiciirly.  The 
llaiiiliiiruli  unlit  itiK'iit  ■%  \d. 

'I'akiim  I  111'  iiii'iui  VII I  Ml'  111' I  III'  rlxilnllar  hiimn  at  .M'l/.  Htrrlliiir,  it  I'nllinvH,  that  M.  tili'rliiiE  ■»  l.'t  iimrrs 


3'7  Hi'liilliii;ii  h.inin,  or  I/.  i.ti'rlliiK 


.Ti 


III 


II/.  I'hini-li  hainn.     iNnlixi'il  /mr  ol' cMJiHniJt!  run,  liiiw'i'Vi;r. 


'|:ililislii'il  Ih'lwi'i'n  l.iiniliii  iinil  ll.iiiilinruli.  nn  iii'iniiiit  ol'llii'  iliii'limlimi  nf  l<aririi.     I/.  Hlirl.    -  II) 


liiarr't 'J  «i  liilliiiL'H  llaiiiliiirali  lurrriii  s.nr  I  iniir  riirri'lil      1 1  ■"■(i.  Hk'il.— (A'i'////'j(  (Jiiiiibmt,  lliuiiburj/li.) 


I  Uiiiii'i 


'I'lie  cniiiliii'ri'i.il  wt'iulilH  iir 


II  t'niinilH 


H'cillliti'  (I lilt  .l/i 
'i  l.nlliH 

It)  Oiliii^i's    -  1  I'niiiiil     I     h  l,iH|iiiiiiii|»  T=  I  Ci'iiiiicr. 
100  ITainhiiiiili  iiiniiiils      Idii  ^  lli«.  a\  niiilii|ii.M      H'.i  ^  Uim. 'troy      Is  l.'t  kilngrniiiliicH    OMhs.  of  Am- 


I  l.lijiniinil.   I  S^  Ct'iitnem  -  1  Hliippound. 


Bterilaiii.     A  xtnnc 


llax  Is  'ilMliH.      A  hiniii'  nf  wiinl  nr  fcallirrri  is  lll|li» 


III  tiHlliiialiii'.'  Ilii!  rarrii(!;i>  nf  kiiiiiIm.  iIio  Klii|i|inuiiil  ix  rt^cknliiiil  lit  3M)lliH, 


Tlie  iiirartiiri'!!  for  liijiiiils  are, 


'i  IIi'SSI'Ih 


I  Huariicr. 


3  (iuartiiirti       I  Kaiii'u 
'i  KaiiHiDi  I  KliiliKcli. 

Tlio  aliiii  il*  i'i|ual  to  :i- 

A  rn 


SSiiiliL'i'nd  ^=  1  Nli'rtc'l, 
4  VirrlrU    ■■  1  I'.iiiii'r. 


Kill 


I  Aliiii  or  4  Ankf^m. 


ft  AhniH  or  ■)      ,  .. 
21  Ankers    >  "  " 


uiler. 


anil  till'  fiiiliT  In  'i'iD.^,  I'.nuliHli  winn  U'lllniis, 


sofwinn      In.vlinft     lilirrii'M.    Tin;  nxlinfi  nr  linL'>lii'ail  in  nf  variniiH  illnienslniis.     1  nxlinft 
Freniliwinu      O'i  in  Iil  HtiihueiiK  ;  an  nxlinft  nf  liriiiiily      lid  stuliiirii.".     A  pipo  nf  SpaniMh  wiiii;      110  to 
lOII  HtiiliKeiiH.     A  Inn  nf  limr  in  IMHliih^eiis.    A  pipe  of  oil  Ih  bUUIIiM.  nctt.     VVIiuluuil  ia  uoU  pur  liurrel 
uf  OhIi'i  kiiii      ',i'i  Kuit.  wiiio  ^alloiiH. 
Tlio  dry  int'amiri'H  are 


4  HpinlH       ^-  1  nimtriiis.   I     3  Vn*n         =-  1  Solmirel 


'i  lliniteiiis    ■■  I  rusH. 


II)  Si'lii'llVIs  -  I  Wisp, 


Wisp*  =  1  I.aHt. 
li  Last     =  1  Siluck. 


Thi^  Last  -  11-2  Willi- lii'Sl  I' r  i|  nan  ITS.     A  kci'l  of  iniils  yii'lils  frniii  H|n  II  laslH. 

'I'lii'  lliiiiihur|.'li  fnnt  1  II  'is'l  l',iii!lisli  iiiilii's.  'I'lin  Ithiiirland  fnol,  iisimI  liy  fiiirincers  nml  laiiil  cur- 
ve) ors,  -  l'i'3li  incliuu.  The  Urabunt  ell.  most  coiiiiiiuiily  UHed  in  tliu  nieunuruiiieiit  uf  piucu  ifooiU, 
n-a7'.')H.'>  Inches. 

A  ion  ill  till-  lailinB  of  n  ship  is  (."'iiernlly  rcikoneil  at  '10  rlihlc  feet.  Of  thlncs  ttint  are  soM  liy  iium- 
lii'i,  11  1,'rnss  lliniisanil      1,'2(10;  ii  (irnss  hiiiiilri'il  -  I'JO;  a  riiiy  -'JIO;  u  coimnnn  nr  small  tlmiisainl  = 


1,0110;  a  slinik  -IH);  a  sloits      •M;  ii  Ijrnss 


12  i|ii/i:ii. 


F.ilMrln.  —  Wt'  reuriit  that   no  in 


ilirials  exist  hy  which  it  is  possilile  to  give  any  nicnunl  of  Ihn 


qinil 


lily  anil  value  nflhe  iliiri'reiil  iirlirli's  cxporteil  frnni  llaiiihiir|{li.— (l''nr  sniu."  |iarlinilan  as  In  llie 
CollN  I, AWN  AMI  CoiiN  TiiADi;.)     I.iiii'iis  lire  oiii' nf  llw.'  iiinst  iiiiimnint  urlitlcsnf 


Iraili' 


export.    'I'lii'y  are  u'l'iu'riilly  snhl  by  tin'  pieri'  ;  hut  llii're  an'  (jrcal  iliU'i'iiniris  in  llie  ilinii'i 

f  ilill'i'ri'iil  ili'iiniiiiiialiniis.     'I'iii'  fiillnwiiii;  'I'lihli'  is,  tiii'ii'l'nri'.  nf  iinpnri.'inci',  as  il  ixhihils  the 


Ills  ili's('ri|iliniis  nf  liiiiMi    ilsii 


illy  ini't  with  III  lianiliinuh,  witli  Iho  l.'ii^'th  and  breudtli  ot  tho 


dill'ereiil  piecea.    It  also  gives  their  cost  uii  huurd,  in  sterling,  on  Isl  January,  IsaO. 


DMcriplioDi.                           1 

L,cn|!lll. 

WiJIh. 

Sold. 

Ci«t  I'll  Iliiard,  in  S'erlin?.             1 

Yard,. 

J'arrfj. 

£  s.    d.      £   .■>. 

d.     £  i>.  d. 

Platilhis  roynles   -           -           - 

35 

1  "1 

per  piece. 

0  15  lU  to  1   10 

3  to  1  19    4 

Urown  Silesias 

35 

1.1 

— 

0  12    0  —  0  18 

2-1    4    2 

llritiniiiiis             ... 

7 

1  ,i 
Y6 

— 

0    .1     0  —  0    7 

7  —  0    9  10 

Ditto    -           -           -           - 

7 

n 

e 

— 

0    7    7  —  0  12 

1  —0  15    1 

Dnwiiia      .... 

671- 

\r, 

If 
iff 

— 

1  14    9-2    5 

4-2  12  11 

C'leas  i"l  la  Morlaix     - 

071 

— 

1  13    3  —  3    0 

6  —  4    3    2 

LislailoB     .           -           .           - 

43 

— 

0  IH    2-1    7 

3—110    3 

While  sheetings 

SO 

— 

1  19    4  —  2    8 

5  —  3    6    6 

Plain  lawns           ... 

8^ 

if 

ifl' 

— 

0    0  10  —  0  18 

2-110    3 

(■|i'ar,li!,'urcd,atid  worked  lawns 

8J 

— 

0    7    7-0    9 

1-0  13    7 

Araliias      .... 

2U 

7 

B 

— 

0    9    1  —  0  12 

1  —  0  18    2 

Clii'cks.  No.  2. 

171 

— 

0    4    ()  — 0    5 

4  —  0    0  10 

Striped  and  checked  books 

43 

:i 

per  3  pieces. 

0  13    3  —  0  15 

1—0  IS  11 

IlKsr-h  rolls     ... 

:i5 

II 

per  piece. 

0    9    1  —  0  15 

1  —  0  18  11 

Linen  for  coarse  bags 

:i5 

1  !> 
iff 

— 

0    9    1  —  0  15 

1-1    5    8 

Osnaliurghs    - 

-    - 

- 

f    per  100     "i 
(■(double  ells  i 

3    9    7-4    3 

2  — 4  10    9 

TecklenburRlis      -           .           - 

.    . 

. 

— 

3    0    0  —  3  12 

7-3  15    7 

Till'  IMalillas  mid  Dritannias  come  principallv  from  Silesia ;  the  freas  from  l.iisalia,  &c.  Osna- 
liiiri'lis  are  made  of  llaxeii,  and  Tecklenburghs  oi"  hempen,  yam.  Linens  are  sold  with  a  discount  of 
1  per  cent. 

Imports.— Wo  subjoin  an  account  of  the  imports,  consumption,  exports,  stock,  and  prices,  of  some 
of  tlie  principal  articles  imported  into  Hamburgh,  during  each  of  the  ten  years  ending  with  the  Isi  of 
Jan.  1830. 

3p2 


^^'P 


•i  ■<.  :.\ 


726 


HAMBURGH. 


I 


S3 


?3 


i  ■■ 


n 


u 


ID 


A" 


12. 


3~  =11111111' 
s<  (N  7 '^  1^ 'Vi' T  TT 
(5         ooQCXaor-r-«' r-wo 


-  1.  /j  t3  2;  «S  S  rM  O  f  -N  *i 


5-  'gSSS8SSgS8 


ijj  'Xi  ti  Xi  sj  aj  '/.  j:>  tii  fi  Ji 


s 

1-1  V 

c  *     ^ 


32 

I-  «*  vn  ^  es  n  « cf .1  *^ 


ri  M 1*;     *f  *i     ^ 

«  ~  •-      PI  -^  o>  o 

I   I    1 

'^  T"  T 


3      £   I    '    I    ' 


sj        «N  "^  V  CJ  S  in  CO  r 

•     >i'  -I?     "n  X3  --  T  o 


02; 


^§ 


g  O  •*>  >r>  fp  *J  i)  01  in 

—  n  cic  CO  rt  ^  'O  t:j  fM 


^3 


orcr-  — (-1— ■^'^e• 
'^  —  -T  '«i :».  o  ^  n  c 
»»  -TO  I     — 


<f      ^  i- 1'  c  M  1-  trj  •n  I'  to 


SiS§S§S&!?iS 


;    .  I  5j    .     ««  — rt  — —  —  — --w 
3-3  '   4,=      0  I    I    r    1    I    I    t    I   I 


iJil 


Q  ,-  '->  5  'H  -n  ■^  ..'  I-  p  c  o 
jO-N  5  I- -1^0  -^  i-S  -  I: 

(M  lO  yj  O)  I-  o  o  "IS  I'  y5  X 


S8 


S-'ii--; 


O  1*  or  Ol  O  - 


rg  -^  Men  ' 

cm  or)  n  en 


jS5^ 


r^-    3 


-  —  Ol         —  O)  ■—  T) 


to  Tn  M  rt  'O  in  to  in  If) 


Sg9s';=S.5oS'.^ 


-g  i-a 


SSS 


Si 


2^ 


1 


— 1-»  r-  ^ 
o  r    I    I 

cb  c*  M  'f 


J  —  -  —  o  I-  t  ir-  o 


-=;::)  S  -  J  3  .n  '  rj  5  o  /■  £ 
h^  I-  "^^  —  —  -•  ~'  CO  iH  m  *i  J> 


cio-ieS'^q-,? 


es  '.a  I-  X  C)  3  —  * 


S25^^i 


•^    ^ 


:  2      ^ 


:  ^*      . .  ir  fo  w  «  2  12  2  "'  2 

3        -      I     I      I      I     I     I      I     I     I 


frtiMTjO—n  —  OM 


■-r 'n'*'  X  t^o  at  ad  » I-- 


■^   SSSl'i'S'fs'88 

QD  !^  •*  i~-  '^  •*  (fi'isr  •f'jT 


5  I-  ■«  ffJ  C 

1  «»  -M  *^J  (. 


!§aS?5 


Cd 


-;  s 


J'^SiSS? 


%s.\ 


§S§SiiS; 


;s;:s 


i^  rn  -I  -vi  .^1 S  rt  rn  S  rt  rt 
c«  /.  X  X  X  .-/  5n  ./.'  0(5  /.  en 


S^     £  I    I    I   I    I   I    I   I   I 


3  p'^^sspgsate 

p     CO  ■^  ^  "f  ui  (rfyfirTrt  eo 


;.  —  co'^'i''"'n*"'f'«>'«n'"iRn  eo* 


ss 


I  ii|o||g§i3 


t/^  cr  J,  jtj  J.  ui  c/  «.  x  X  on 


3  -^ 


3-3 


Y  -f  -N  -f      p^i      r-l  T 
M-^^  —  M       —       --  — 

£  I   I   I    I   1    I    I    I  7 

««  — 

(o  m  '<0  tn  u  tn  CO  1^  CO  r- 


23  — rt?3?5oPi^  — 

Pi  j,  I  -  -T  -»■  io  c  'J  ^  — 


I  cr  en  or,  o  'Ji  Vj 


•  ■v  f^  r 


T-  O  —  "N  C^  J. 


S3 


CO  -n  t-  T  o)  o 
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eo  vn  Tea  ^toco  »rrt     "" 


i;  r.  o  rt  _  i?5  —  —  *i ro  a;  — 
"fi  •-*  CO*  'ri  1-^  CO  rt  "rf  >ri  CO  fo  •? 


.3        —  S  C^  X  O  >*  —  T  X  JO 


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SAippin;!'.— Tlio  ghipa  arriving  al  II;imliiiri:h  in  the  undermentioned  years  (ending  30t!i  of  Septem- 
ber) have  been  as  under:— 


From  the 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1S31. 

1832. 

1833.    1 

1834. 

1835. 

lOiist  Indies 

12 

H 

13 

8 

8 

17 

21 

10 

llrnzil    - 

71 

85 

82 

94 

93 

103 

79 

91 

Wi;st  Indies 

115 

84 

102 

129 

113 

130 

119 

131 

United  Htatea   - 

42 

40 

23 

42 

44 

41 

63 

41 

Miiditorranean 

(i2 

63 

61 

01 

54 

(■(2 

76 

65 

S|iaiii     -           -           . 

15 

20 

20 

24 

20 

49 

36 

45 

I'<)rtiii;al      ... 

18 

10 

28 

16 

13 

17 

29 

36 

France  ... 

H6 

01 

65 

47 

107 

12 1 

105 

149 

(Jroal  Hrilnin 

529 

'"  j7 

710 

6.'>2 

672 

9.')0 

926 

1,002 

^etllcrluIld3 

312 

595 

375 

290 

3^7 

500 

.'iOO 

614 

llaltic           .           -           - 
Totals 

2'J2 

338 

413 

385 

3^5 

5b3 

645 

580 

1,594 

<    1,097 

l,9-22 

1,748 

1,8'JO 

2,570 

!    2,738 

2,815 

Repair  nf  Ships,  Sea  Stores,  ^-c. — Materials  and  labour  belnp  cheap,  Hanilmrirli  may  be  repardcd,  in 
so  far  as  respects  expense,  as  ii  ravoiirablo  place  for  caretMiiii?  and  rcpalrins,'  ships;  Imt,  liavini!  no 
docks,  tlicsi'  operations  are  inconvciiiuntly  performed.  All  articles  of  provi.slon  may  be  obtained  in 
great  abundance  and  at  moderate  prices. 

An  Account  of  tlie  Prices  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Ships'  Provision  at  Ilamburgli  in  1831,  stated 
ill  Imperial  Weights  and  Measures,  and  in  Sterling  Money. 


Jjmiary    - 
April 
July  ■ 
(Ictobrr    • 
December 

Pork. 

Beef. 

Ilutler  (equal 
1"  Cork 
Thirls) 

Sh\p  liread. 

Seconds 
Flour. 

F.ydani 
Chffse. 

Peas. 

Jamaica  Rum. 

I'er  liirrel 

of  2no  lbs. 

Nctl. 

Pit  Birret 

of  220  lbs. 

^L■I1. 

Per  Cwt. 

Per  nxst  of 
112  lb,. 
Nell. 

Per  Frirrel 

of  ICIi  lbs.           Per  lb. 
Nett. 

Per. 

Inq.erial 
<liiaitfr. 

Per 
Iiiq  eriit 
(lailon. 

t.  d.        1.  d. '  .T.  rf.        T.  d. 
■\H  0  to  30  0     4'i  0  to    0  0 
3(i  0  —  38  0     48  0  —  50  « 
57  0  —  t>4  0    43  0  —  48  0 
norif.           42  0  —  43  6 
59  0  —  (iO  0  1  42  0  —  43  0 

.».  (/.          s.  (/.  ■    s-  i/.          s.  d 

HI  0  to  70  0     13  6  to  14  li 
(i2  0—  69  0  '  13  n—  17  0 
4'>  0  —  36  0     13  0—140 
30  0—  74  0  1  12  0—    0  0 
34O-680I  11  6—  120 

J.  d.       J.  rf.   rf.            1/. 
27  0  to  2-i  11     4        to  4  1-2 
30  0—  :!2  0  1  4  1-4-  4  1  2 
21  0—  27  0  1  4  1-2—  4  3-4 
ai  0  —    0  0    4        —  4  1.4 
23  0  —    0  0  1  4        —  5 

T.  d,        .1,  d. 
31  0  to  37  0 
31  0—  33  (J 
27  0  —  2-1  0 
2!l  0—  33  B 
'29  0-  34  0 

t.  d.        I.  d. 
3    1  to  3    7 
3    2—4     t 
2    9—  3  10 
2    6—3    4 
2    3-3    3 

Fuel.-Co. 

1)0. 

Fresh  hn-( 
Fre«h  pr.rl 

\ls.    19  mircs 
2't  iiiarrs 
,  2',».  m.  10  30,1 
,  It.  S-i.  (o  3j. 

current,  or  about  22.t.  6^^  per  ton,  Hritish  we 
•urnul,  or  almut  i!7>.  6d.  per  ton,  Brilisll  we 
.  per  cwt. 
!<!.  per  14  lbs. 

E;ht,  in  larje  quantities. 

gilt,  in  small  quantities,  frc."  on  board. 

JV".  B. — The  prices  include  the  cost  of  the  packages  of  all  the  articles,  excepting  cheese  and  peas. 
In  September  iind  October  no  pnrk  \v;is  to  be  had  in  a  wlmlesale  way. 

Freiirht.-!. — The  dill'i.'rent  ship  afieiits  ciiL^tged  in  the  tradi?  with  (Jrcat  ISritaiii  liiive  published  a  Table 
of  freights;  but  as  they  are,  iiotwithstaniliii!.',  materially  iiitiueiiced  by  the  deniMid  at  the  time,  the 
season,  &c.,  it  seems  niinecessary  to  insert  it. 

Qiiiiraiiti:ic  Is  enlbrcetl,  when  occasinn  requires,  at  Hamburgh,  and  U  perfomed  near  Cuxhaven. 

Tnrilf. — 'VUf  customs  duties  at  llaiiibiirgh  .are  as  moderate  as  po.-^sibb'.  lii'iiij.'  only  1  per  cent,  rid 
ralnrtm  on  exports,  and  J  pt;r  cent,  on  Imports  ;  but  In  tnilh  they  are  not  , initio  so  iiimh,  being  calcu- 
lated In  money  of  one  valine  and  p:ild  in  money  of  less  value.  The  ilmy  is,  in  f  11 1,  islliiialed  ;ii 
banco  marks,  white  it  is  paid  in  current  marcs,  wliUli  ;ire  more  than  20  per  cent.  iiDib'r  the  former; 
sn  that  In  reality  the  Import  duty  is  only  about  2-r)lhs  per  cent.  A  lew  yetirs  ago  ii  was  11  per  cent., 
but  the  cnnipetilior.  of  the  Altona  merchants,  where  there  are  no  duties,  obliL'ed  the  aiilhoritles  at 
Hainbnrgli  to  reduce  these  duties  to  the  pri'sent  li^vel.  There  is  no  inspection  of  l'ooiIs  at  the  Cus- 
tom-house. The  merchant  makes  oath  to  the  nett  weight  of  the  article,  and  to  its  value  at  the  cur- 
rent prices  of  the  day,  and  on  this  the  duty  is  assessed; 

The  following  articles  are  free  from  both  Import  and  export  duties,  viz. — 

1.  liinen,  rags,  tlax  yarn,  hemp  ytirn,  cotton  yarn,  raw  sheep  and  lamb's  wool. 

2.  Wheat,  rye,  oais,  barley,  bnckwlumt,  and  malt. 

3.  llnwroimht  copper  and  brass,  plates  of  copper,  raw  zinc,  tinned  and  tintinned  iron  plates. 

4.  Cash  and  coin,  nnwrouglit  gold  and  silver,  and  scrapings  of  the  iireciuus  metals. 

5.  Pamphlets  and  printed  works. 

Articles. free  frnni  Import  Vvtij. 

1.  Timber,  staves,  and  fire  wood  brought  down  the  Kibe  or  in  carriages  into  the  city,  the  latter  with 
the  exception  of  that  coming  from  the  sea. 

2.  Merchandise  coiniiii,'  by  post,  if  tin;  goods  for  the  same  indiviitual  do  not  exceed  the  value  of  50 
inures  banco. 

Jlrtirha  free,  from  F.rport  Diilii. 
1    All  articles  man'ifactured  in  Ilamburi-h,  and  all  I'oreiL'ii  manulaclures  worked  up  in  the  city. 

2.  Small  p;tckages  of  100  lbs.  weight  ami ler,  proviileri  th.'ir  value  do  not  "\ci  ed  100  m;ircs  banco. 

■jV  H.— \ii  iiuport  diitv  of  4  scbillliigs  current  is  pa\  able  upon  lemon-  ami  ora,.gis,  for  the  whole 
chest  to  1.000;  'ischilliiiL's  current  for  Ihe  ',  i  best  to  50(1 ;  ;ind  lor  casks  In  llie  same  proportion. 

Theilnlies  are  the  same  wlielher  V  :)  Imporlalioii  be  etfeiled  by  llainliiir!.'li  or  by  loieign  ships. 
r,xclnsiV(Mif  the  above  or  customs  dniii's,  most  articles  of  provision  imporleil  for  Ihe  consumption 
(it  lh(!  town  ari' sniijecl  to  an  excise  (Inly.  .     „,,         ,,      ,        , 

aiatlc  /)«?!.>■.- liesldes  the  duties  levied  pt  Hamburgh,  all  articles  passma  up  the  Mbe  to  Hamburgh, 
wlii'Iber  for  transit  or  not.  pay  duties  to  Hanover  al  nninshaiisee.  near  S  adc.  I'licse  dtitie.s  are 
rated  accordinL' to  a  tariff,  and  arc  cnmimtcd  I'roni  the  ship's  maiiifesl.  bills  of  l.idimj.  and  cockets, 
wliitli  have  all  to  be  sent  on  slaire  for  lh:il  purpose.  (Vi  some  iirlicles,  particnb.rly  thosi;  ot  llntlsU 
niainiliicinre,  these  rluties  are  verv  hcavv.  beiiii;  freiinently  innih  liiruer  than  Ihc  llamburiih  duties  ! 
They  ;ire  parllcnl;  rl  L'rievoiis,  tO("i,  from'  heavy  penalties  lielnL'  iiltachcd  even  to  Hie  sli;;hlest  nnin- 
tcMtiniial  mistakes.  "  ll  Is  reallv  surprising,  considering  Ihe  source  id'  Ibis  nnisaiice,  that  it  shoiibl  not 
have  been  abaleil  long  au-o.  It  1  lillht,  al  all  events  h;ive  1 .  en  expei  led  tleil  llnlish  ships  and  goods 
wnnld  have  been  exeinlUed  Iron  such  a  lax.  We  do  hope  iliiit  some  portion  ol  the  pnl'lic  attention 
will  be  directed  to  this  crj  Ing  cil.  With  what  lace  lan  we  protest  against  the  conduct  ot  1  russia 
nndollier  Oermanstiites  in  thr  iwing  obstacles  in  Ihe  way  of  ihe  free  navmation  ot  ihe  Mbe,  when 
we  suhinii  wi'liont  a  murmur,  to  similar  proceedings  on  the  part  of  Hanover  !— U''or  turthcr  particu- 
lars, see  S'lAUK  ) 


728 


HAMBURGH 


I 


^^ 


ii  * 


1 ,1 


'(•    ' 


.  r  + 


'     '    j  i 


Travsit  GoniU  nro  totally  exempted  from  duty.  Tlicy  are  such  only  ns  arrive  at  Ilambnrch  direef, 
and  which  an;  neitlier  sold  nor  excliansi'tl  while  in  li '•  <  ily.  'J'hr  lilicrly  nl' transit  is  liinitcd  lo  tho 
term  of  3  nuinlhii  from  tlie  tinm  of  receivin),'  tlic  IriinMi  lirkot ;  hue,  niKjn  aiiplicatioii  licin}.'  made  for 
0  |)rolonj;alion  of  tliu  tPriii  previonsly  to  tlm  cxpiralioii  of  tin;  tirst  Ii  months,  it  is  praniud  on  pay- 
ment of  i  per  cent,  on  the  hanco  value  of  the  coods  ;  hut  under  no  circumi'taeices  iH  thi;  term  ex- 
tended heyond  0  monthij.  If  the  poods  he  not  tlien  exjjorted,  they  become  liable  to  the  ordinary 
duties. 

JVdviiration  of  the  Elbe,  Pilolage,  i^t.— The  mouth  of  the  Elbe  is  encumbered  with  sand  banks.  The 
channel  leadini;  to  (^uxhaven  is  hounded  on  the  norlh  by  the  Vo^el  Sands  ami  North  (Jrijundji,  and  on 
the  south  by  I'  '  Sihnarhorn  Sands  and  Ncuwerk  Islaiul.  On  Ihi'  laMer  thrrc  are  '2  lit'lil-lionse.-.  and 
2  beacons,  and  on  ;i.c  .Schaarhorn  is  anotlier  beacon.  The  lJ!;ht-houses  on  Nouwcrk  Ivl.ind  are  about 
700  yards  apart  ;  the  most  sontlicrly,  which  is  also  tlie  iiiosf  elevated,  beinft  in  lal.  .'i:!^  M'  67"  N.,  bin. 
go  2(11  .10"  |.;.  It  is  128  feet  hisjli,  beinis  twice  tlu!  heiplil  of  llie  oilier.  The  channel  is,  in  some  places, 
hardly  J  of  a  mill!  wide.  The  outer  red  buoy,  in  Ihe  middle  of  the  chaniiid,  al  its  nii>nlli,  hears  from 
Helijiolaiid  S.  K.  by  S.,  distant  miarly  211  inib'.s.  iiiit  the  best  mark  in  entering'  the  lOlbe  is  the  lloating 
light,  or  si;;nal  ship,  moored  2  miles  N.  W.  by  N.  of  the  red  buoy,  in  11  fathoms  at  low  water.  Tliis 
vessel  nevi'r  leaves  her  station,  unless  coni|ielled  by  ice  in  the  winter  season.  liy  nifjlit  she  exhibits 
a  lantern  lisilit,  ,S8  feet  above  deck.  ,and  in  fo,"L'y  weather  rinaa  a  bell  every  quarter  of  a-,  hour.  A 
second  siiriLil  ship  is  stationed  tt'^  mile.s  S.  Iv  by  Iv  from  I  hi;  llrst,  at  ihe  westernmost  pcjini  of  a  sand 
bank  dividlnj  the  fiir  way  of  the  river.  She  is  rii/ired  like  :t  fialliot,  to  disliii'juish  her  by  day  from 
tilt!  liist  siL'nal  ship;  anil  ditrins;  niv'ht  she  (jxhihils  tini  liL'lits,  one  18  t'eet  above  Ihe  other.  'Ihe  dis- 
tance froiii  the  outer  red  buoy  to  (,'u\liaven  is  about  Iti  miles  ;  tlienci;  to  (I'liicksiailt  tin;  course  is  eiist, 
28  miles  ;  l'r(un  the  lalter  to  Slade  the  course  is  snuth-easKirly,  il  miles  ;  and  then  easterly  to  Ilaiii- 
burL'li,  1^  miles.  The  channel  Ihrouf-'hont  is  marked  with  black  and  white  buoys,  which  are  iiumliered 
and  speclMid  in  the  charts.  The  black  ones  are  to  tlu;  left,  in  passing  np  the  river,  on  the  starboard 
or  riHlit-haud  side,  and  the  while  on  the  larboard  siile. 

Every  vessel  coming  from  sea  into  the  Elbe,  and  drawing  4  feet  water,  is  directed  to  take  a  pilot  on 
board,  and  must  pay  pilotage,  though  she  do  imi  lake  one.  However  well  the  signals,  lights,  beacons, 
and  buoys,  may  be  arranged,  an  exp<'rienced  pibil  is  very  necessary,  in  case  of  a  fog  in  the  njgbi,  or 

of  a  storm.     To  take  in  a  pilot,  a  vessel  imiisI  leave  to  by  the  pilot  galliot,  w  liich  lies,  in  g 1  wea!lier, 

near  ihe  red  buoy,  and  in  bad  weather,  N.  N.  E.  Ironi  Neuwerk.  and  is  known  by  having  al  the  flag- 
Ktairan  adinir.il's  Hag,  and  a  loim  streamer  Hying  at  the  top,  If  the  pilot  boa;  have  no  pilot  oil  board, 
or  if  the  weather  be  so  bad  that  the  pilot  cannot  leave  In-r,  she  lowers  her  Hag.  and  then  lite  vessel 
coming  in  iiiust  sail,  with  the  signal  lor  a  pilot  hoisted,  to  Cuxhaveu,  and  heave  to  there,  where  .she 
is  certain  of  getting  one. 

There  are  no  docks  or  (luays  at  Haniburgh  ;  and  it  is  simrular,  considering  the  great  trade  of  tjip 
port,  that  none  have  been  constructed.  Vessels  moor  in  the  river  outside  of  piles  driven  into  the 
ground  a  short  distance  from  shore ;  and  in  this  situation  iln^y  are  not  exposed  to  any  dinger  unless 
IIk;  piles  i;ive  way,  which  rarely  happens.  Thi're  is  a  sort  of  inner  harlionr.  I'cirnied  liy  an  arm  of  Uio 
Kibe  wliiili  nitis  into  Ihe  city,  where  small  crall  lie  and  discharge  llieir  cargoes.  I.aru'er  vessels  load 
and  uiiloa;!  IVoiu  their  moorings,  by  means  of  liirhters.  These  cany  ll;e  uoods  from  and  to  tin;  ware- 
houses which  front  Ihe  variiuis  small  arms  and  cliannels  of  the  river,  and  the  canals  tarried  from  it 
into  diH'erent  pans  of  the  city.    The  charges  on  account  of  lighterage  are  extremely  modi;rate. 

PtTt  (7irui:c^— The  charges  of  a  putilic  nature  i'.ayal)lc  by  vepseh 
enterio;  the  imrt  of  t[aiiiliti)i;li,  uiiI.Kuiii  ^  ami  Ina.li'ns,  aie  [illotaje 
and  la^ta^^e.  Tiie  sfj.aiate  itejiis  of  which  are  givt  ii  in  tlii'  follow- 
ing T.ible. 

Pdotase  nnit  I.a^tn^e.—Thc  Hanilureh  nil.its,  generally  speak- 
ing, take  charge  of  vessels  only  from  the  lim  Ihivy  to  Fnuhurgh  or 
Glu'k\tiiitl,  Ihe  jnlota.;e  for  which  is  regulated  by  law  of  the  IStU 
of  February  ,  17,>0,  as  folhnvs: — 


Vessels  coming  northwards,  and 
colliers         .       .       .       , 

All  vessels,  smacks,  and  kayen 
drawing  ni'iii-  tlian  4  feet 
waler,  antt  in  l.lllast     - 

Vessels  iaieu  iH:h  >alt  or  corn, 
whercscj-ver  liiey  may  come 
from     -       -      "- 

Vessels  which,  besi  les  sail,  corn. 
or  ball  IS',  Ime  one  third  of 
the  carg'i  consisting  of  piece 
goods    .        -        .        -        . 

Vessels  laden  wi'h  herrings 

Alt  vessels  lalrii  with  wine,  oil, 
vinegar,  tiam  oil,  iron,  teid, 
packafes,  or  bai^s,  and  all 
vessels  roniint  frun  foreign 
pans,  whether  la  ien  or  not  - 

All  smacks  Koine  between  Hol- 
land, Krieslan  I.  and  Hani.  I 
burgh  with  pifcp  goo '8         -  ■' 


For  each  Font  llanilmrgh 

Measure  which  a  Vessel 

draws.* 


c/:  w  :n 


a** 
•C  M 


Marks  Currency. 


2    0 


3    0 


4    0 


4    0 


3    0 


3    0 


4    8 


6    0 


Rn<lish 
Motiev. 


.  d. 

4 


2    4     3    6 


3    6 


5    3 


4    8 


Pih/tagc  raruii}. —Thi'.  above  piinta.re  is  nrred  if  vrsseJs  arp 
bn'iijihl  lib  f.Ar  a^  fnyl  ui^h  or  (iluiKslaill,  ami  v\  V.m  In  ui  slits'*  of 
V.  ill  I  or  wc.i'.hcr,  which  stiiloni  h<pi!i'i<s.  'hf  II 'ii.hijrirh  ythis  tako 
vessels  to  ll'ttUubergh  or  Natmuhlai,  they  are  lo  jjay,  without  dii< 
linction— 

Marcs  ninmcy.  d.  ste. 

To  Wittojihrrch        -        -        -    1    0  HO 

—  NtMinml.h'ii  •        •        -    I     8  lil    0 

Pilotat;e  ail  the  /TdJ/.— For  pilnlatce  the  whole  vv.ny  tr  iii  Ciix* 
havi-n  (o  Hatiil)ureh,  there  is  no  t.il;Ie  ol"  ralt'h,  f'-r,  nmtT.iilv  sjitak- 
iiitft  tlie  Hainhur^h  pilots  do  not  take  vessels  uji  I'l'Vi  nil  fi.»  uh. 

Frrtn  Ji'Hiih  (o //u/i./'i/Mr/i.— Vessels  are  i:niei 'Ily  pi'otcil  from 
Boesch  to  Hanihiir!;h  l-y  Danish  or  Hanoverian  piiot.si  to  whom  ilia 
custninary  lo  jiay  3  in-iiTS. 

/larlioifr- mastiffs  ChaT^ii. — Ry  a  {'uslnm-hnnse  onier  of  the  I6th 
of  UecembtT,  1^16,  Ihe  nain-iur^h  harbour-masler  is  not  eiitilM  to 
fees. 

iMsta^t  and  CuHmn-bonse  CKar^es.—hr'iWsU  an't  other  foreien 
vessels  pay  the  sune  as  Haniburjjh  vesheis.  }nr  clfarin?  in  ai;*.' 
clearing  out,  no  sepamte  chaises  are  made;  vtsliin?  tlie  pert  is 
cnnsidereil  as  unc  voyage,  and  the  charges  en  vessels  are  paid  as 
follows : — 

For  vessels  arrived  with  cargoes  from  the  undermentioned  ptace«: 
viz.  :— 


7    0  I 


6    0    14    8     7    0: 


Half  Pdutfige  wt/y.— M  B.  In  case  Ihe  HamhurRh  p'lots  enter  a 
vessel  only  « iilnn  the  first  buoy  beyond  fhe  Rus-harken,  Sran?tly. 
or  Cuxhaven,  half  the  aim ve  n.entiimel  pilf>lat?e  is  pinl.  AN  p  h.lf 
pilotage  nins'  he  paid  at  all  events,  whether  the  vessel  l.as  taken  a 
pilot  from  the  pilot  (galliot  or  not 


Tlie  F.ast  Indies 

,  West  Imlics.  North  and  Snuth  America  - 
-Portugal,  fipain,  and  the  Medi'erraneiin  - 

'I'ho  rest  nf  Ihe  Kurnpt-an  pnr's 

Holland,  KaM  FMeh!and,tlie  Weser,  Kjder, 
anti  Jitllind 

For  vessels  under  20  commercial  lasts* 
I     without  distinction       .        •        .       . 

Vessels  arriviti?  and  departing  in  ballast, 
cif  npua-ds  of  .0  commercial  laMs 

For  all  vessels  laden  with  coals,  ^vood.  or  lurf,  no  lastage  ie  paij, 
pniviiled  Iliey  do  not  take  return  ciryie^. 

Iltiff  /-(Mmt'c— Vessti'*  arrivim;  in  ballast  and  dft.T'ine  wjlha 
car«n  pay  half  the  \bove  lasla^e,  atrnnlin^  I '  (heir  d'  slinailnn. 

A*.  Ji. — F.xcinslvc  of  Ihf  a'^ove  durs,  "hieh  arf  all  remarkably 
modera'f,  vessids  comini^  to  the  p^rl  ot' H.uid'ur'ili  .ire  tphli/cl  ta 
piy  certiin  'lueH  lo  Hanover,  called  Stafe  n,-  Rnin^haiht'ii  diiei. 
I'hese  are  r»tt*d  acconlinic  lo  Ihe  niiiitber  of  111- \('s(  I's  '.i.ists,  and 
are  over  and  above  the  Sladc  du'.ies  on  the  c.ir/o.— (F',r  Ihe  ittiiis, 
see  Stadt ) 


For  every 
Con.nrcr. 

Slerling. 

cial  1.1. t. 

3    0 
2    8 
i    0 
1    8 

0  3   6 
0.1   -, 
1!  2    4 
0  1    9 

0  12 

0  0  10  1-2 

0    4 

0  0    3  1-2 

0    8 

00    7 

'  Siiteen  feet  Knfliflh  arc  equal  to  17  feet  Hainhursh. 


*  It  ii  difficult  to  determine  the  exact  ra'ionf  ;i  li*l  to  a  ton,  but 
it  may  be  taken  at  aboiit  3  or  2  3-1  t*.  1.  P  i1  in  Haniburirh  all  ves- 
sels are  measured  by  ihe  barbonr-niaster ;  aj  d  it  is  upon  his  report 
thai  the  l.istage  is  calrula:ed. 


tVarchotiaiitfT  Sv.v/cm— '''his  hns  not  hi^en  introdiirnd  al  ITntiihtirph ;  nor,  frnm  the  smnllrtess  of  the 
duties,  18  it  iicccHkary,  though  it  would  svmui  tliat  tlie  time  during  vvtiicli  ^ood^  ure  allowed  to  ho  in 


HAMBURGH. 


729 


rrive  at  ITainl.itrBli  ^<«^  • 

;;,o  liubl«  t..  the  urd.uiiry 

■e,,  will.  Mml  hntjks-  Jl'« 
„u\  Nortli  (irduiKU.  and  on 

•   i.,i  '■.»-'  'ii'  i'   ^•'  '""■ 

is  dircrtP'Ho  takfi  a  pilot  on 

"''^;r;^r'^flu:-";^m  or 

;,l;n.i';;.toth.-r.-,wlu:re.Ue 

. ,     ■   »  iiin  irrr-it  trade  of  tlic 
"•''V"!,f   "w  s  "    iv-n  into  the 

'r;;:."dro'u,y.i:u,,..rn,jij^. 
^^--^-"V\:^rvo::"i::'™s 

'■  *'"'*■'",    i-run'uul  to  the  war.-- 
-nile^f  Unieafron>U 

ire  cxtren.iily  nioder.ile, 

„/,  or  (;'"''•■'""";,"'  I  ,'i,„r'li  V'l""  '■•>'''= 


-     1    0 

.  1  » 


d.  J(s- 
14    0 

ai  0 


-For  iMlntJKe    1''^,"",,.  „,.,;,.r,,,lv  siitak- 

l)»iii!.h  or  Uaiioveni"  ln"" 
'•         „      (•n.inm-li'rase  orJcr  nf  the  I61I1 
^r-Tr^r,firbr"uUvi»--"-''^>'> 

-Si:c;a;8-™v™ei,are„a,a« 
,„.car,o«  from  the  «nJ.rn,e.,lio.M,,hc»: 


„1  s.iulh  Amcnoa  - 
lie  MfU'crraiieau  • 

••111  ivr's       ■        • 

l,iheWesi'r,l-.5J"- 

)  commercial  lasts* 

ilriiarliin  in  ''"""'i 
cii'n.ercial  lasts      • 
„„hcnal..wcv„l.or.uvf,nola,.agei.p..^. 

ikc  rrfv.rn  "ra"<'<-  ,  ,,„  „.ins  with  1 

|.„1,  arrivn«  '" ',^''' ', ',?,  r  .l.s.nniiou. 
..laslaze.aaoMnJ    '    '  ,  r,,,„„|„bly 

iinnver,  "lleil  Mate    ^^  ^.^  ...mIs,  and 

,„i  t„  the  ""•"''^f ''V,  io.-lF'.r  the  il™i>, 


\e 


II 


^^.ine  the  exact  ratio  ot^ta.  to  a. nj.W 


|;;,s£;;j;:a«-'^" 


tmnstVK  mifiht  he  advantageously  extended.  The  warelionse  rent  of  a  nuartpr  of  wlieat  may  be  about 
Ijrf.  slerlin<r  |>i'r  tmnilh,  and  of  a  ton  of  siiji'ir,  ahoiii  ihl.  ;  lnit  tiierf;  art*  no  t'lM^-ii  rates. 

Ctf.ifiiin-hoiisfi  He^■ftllltions.—(h\  passing  Stade»  ihe  niiistisrs  of  vrs.-*)*!s  u\hM  snid  their  papers,  in- 
cluding the  nianift'st,  bills  of  hiding,  and  corkets,  on  sliore,  that  tin?  amount  of  the  Stade  dutirs  may 
be  ealcnliitiMl.  On  the  vessel's  arrival  at  Ilamhnrgli,  the  broker  reports  her  *o  the  (.'nsiom-honsc.  and 
^'ives  his  guarantee  for  paynnuit  of  the  duties  ;  lie  eiihcr  delivers  her  paper?:,  nr  undertakes  to  (hdiver 
them  as  soon  as  ihey  ean  he  :,'ot  from  Stade,  and  upon  a  receipt  bein*:  prculnced  for  the  Stade  dulies 
by  the  Hanoverian  authorities  at  Hamburgh,  the  vessel  is  allowed  to  unload.  On  elearinir,  a  manifest 
of  the  outward  targo,  together  with  the  ronsnl's  rertilicate  of  the  reirnlarity  of  tin;  ship's  papers, 
must  he  pi(»diieed  at  the  (.'sioiu-liouse  by  the  broker,  wlio  obtains  in  return  a  clearance  ceriilicatc, 
authorising  the  vessel  lo  go  to  sea. 

Crriltty  Hrukeraire.  S^'c. — Almost  all  goods  are  s(dd  for  ready  money,  with  an  allowance  of  1  per  cent, 
for  discount,  Souu;tinn;s,  bni  not  unfrequently,  sales  are  made  at  2  or  3  nionllis'  credit,  a!u!  in  sucii 
cases  a  iiigher  price  is  obtained  than  for  casii.  Sometimes  sugar  is  sold  to  the  sugar  baker  at  this 
credit. 

JIrok*^rs  are  positively  forbidden  to  act  as  merchants  or  factors.  They  are  licensed  by  the  Senate, 
and  must  conform  to  tlie  establisiiod  regulations. 


rtrikcrafe  is  paiJ  wliolly  hy  Ilift  aellftr,  and  .imnuptii  lo— 

'■  Fivi:  sixths  p<'r  c.-i.t. -in  i-nWiti,  ruifnn  twis',  cnc  m,  r  .chlneil, 
copper,  Ul'.vs,  in<Ii,i<r),  H,.imif,i  jlurcl  <'.*/'  ,  nai/kt  vm.  .-u.5ar,  .ml  Ita*. 

"One  pt:r  emit,  on  anu-Hto,  c\ii.p\ufe,  ciiin.ini"ii.  cir 'a.itnns*, 
cis.si.i*,  cinvfs*,  ilruis  iii«t  denniniiiaictl*,  tUnr  -kiiis,  .fji-  wokIh, 
Riniier*,  ,]a  aji*.  mare*,  rmtnifis^,  pi  pjtf  r,  piiiu'n'o.  pDiiMiCs.  1Vm|- 
van  Liirk,  qiHTcitnin  l<;irk,  net-'.  (..iltprirL-.  8irs.Tji;irill;i*-,  slu'Il.ic'', 
lnni;iriiiiU*',  iMl.acc)  in  Icivf-s*  aik'  t<iI»Mco  steiiib*  of  the  growth  of 
the  Tnitwi  St.iU's  nf  Am.  lira,  whule  oil*,  vanelloes-. 

";V.  Ji.  T  hjccn  steins*  of  all  other  rrisjin,  a'-;:\r-,  .in-l  other 
niannfiictnml  iwliicco,  pay  2  per  cent. ;  ill  otiitT  leaf  anJ  roll  in- 
tiacof)*,  1  1-2  per  rtiil. 


Pfipper  1^  sold  per  U».  in  schill.  tnnco ;  discouii'.  1  ppr  cent. ;  gnoiX 
weislit.  '-2  p)-T  reut. ;  tire,  it'  in  single  I  .iles  o(  UOiJ  Uh.,  3  Ibs.^  in 
doul.It;  hales,  C  ILs 

(luerritmn  huk  Is  soM  per  100  lbs,  in  nurcs  currency;  azio,  20 
pff  rent. ;  diH-rmnt,  2  per  cent. ;  i:no.l  wei'.;!i'.  1  prr  c  uf.  To  Je- 
{iTiiiine  the  t.nc,  the  Aincricm  tare  ii  reihioi;t!  to  li.iiiil>urt;ti  \veit;ht, 

Hicf  ia  soil  per  I(i0  Iba.  in  nnr^s  Innco;  iliicnuut,  '  |  er  ct-nt. ; 
V'fii  wcij^ht,  I  pi-r  rent. ;  tire,  real ;  and  bupi:;  tare  lor  tierces, 4  Iba.: 

Rnnt  rt  s^-l  f  ptir  30  qmrts  in  rix^Itll.  cnrrenry,  a;io  uncertain. 
Siixar,  rav?  4  yi  chyeJ,  i-*  ^'^l^l  j.er  Ih.  in  l.iucn  groats,  wiih  .1  rn- 
hite  fif  y  I'.mU  y4^  ceiit. ;  (liseount  1  (jtr  ct*i.t.,  anJ  Mmielimfs  I  1-2 


*' One  and  a  half  per  ccr.t.  on  wine,  hrandy,  rum,  an  1  nrmck,  if     percent.;  Hnzl!  frf  Ilivaiin.ih  tiif'',  Ennd  wrisjhl,  3  4  p<r  cent., 
«oM  in  pare  Is  amountin?  to  3,000  nines  Iniico  and  up-vards.  r*al  tar«;  siiper-lafc,  10  Ihs.  for  Urazil,  and  0  I'-n.  for  llav.iniiah 

*'Twii  prr  ctat.  on  'lilto,  f  r  saUfs  (.f  and  under  3.000  iinrcs  banco,  ■  vu^ar,  per  clit-at.    Muscvados  in  casks.  t;orid  weight,  1  jier  cent. ; 

"III  ancfiori  rhe  si*|lin«  broker  is  entillel  to  I  I*J  per  rent,  and  the  j  tue.  if  the  cisks  Wfigh  upwards  of  I,(X:OIbs.,  is  j  er  cent.  ;  if  less, 
piirchaMii!;  It  iRer  to  Z  per  cent.,  without  re/ard  to  Uk'  am.'uut."'        i  20  per  cut.    CIr.yed  siriarc,  loM  weight,  I  per  cenl. ;  tare.  IC  per 

All  artirit^  nnrktd  i*i  [  iv  tlu-  bn>ker.a?c  i  efoie»ii:('(,iiuntrd,  if  the  [  c*'ni.     K.Tvt  India  siisrars,  in  In^s,  i<nn  1  weight,  3-4  per  cent.;  tare 
'jiianlitv  sold  amouniH  to  (>'jO  niirrs  banco,  or  higher  ;  for  !i.i.:»l!'T  |  ff.r  white.  4  to  '1  lbs. ;  tor  brown,  6  fn  7  lbs.  " 
loifl  of  les?  Iliaii  GQO  niarrs  b.inro,  and  down  to  l.'jO  mares  banco,  riie  ;       Tea,  per  Ih.  in  schill.  currency,  a^in  uncertain  ;  discount,  1  per 


bwkeraice  is  paid,  wiih  the  atldilion  f/ one  hilf,  ;tnd  undt-/ 150  ' 
inarrs  barico,  the  duub!e  is  a'lowtM.  All  other  iiKrcliindtn.'  |)iys  I 
I  1-2  (MT  cent,  at  lea>;t  for  salfs  not  excee-iin?  150  m-ircs  banco.  j 

It  is.  however,  to  l>e  cbs.  rved,  tliat  all  aunninitatjntis,  in  y,r  i\^''r-  I 
tion  to  the  ani(»iii»  sold,  arc  only  to  I'C  mid.  r.tood  f..r  sale  bv  j  rivate 


pent,;  tzm'\  wei^rbt.  1-2  per  c  id.  Tare  of  Imhea.  in  chests"  of 
400  lbs..  :0  lbs.:  f.f  IV)  t'.  1^0  lbs.,4'>lbL;  All  bl.rk  tea,  iiS  lbs., 
fare:  <reen.  21  lbs.  K^r  tlie  re^iu'a'i'iii  of  tlie  .Made  I'.nty,  the  nett 
weight  should  likt^wise  be  iiitntinne!  in  the  bill  of  'adiu'r, 
_.,.._,  Tobacco. — Ui-if  tnbaccfi  is  sold  piT  lb.  in  s' hill,  banco.  ag;in  oncer- 
contract,  and  iiMt  for  tlii^^e  by  auction  ;  a-d  even  nd  fur  ^u'.li  oriinte  '  tain  ;  disccunt,  I  12  per  cent. ;  soikI  weight,  1  \  er  cent ;  tare  per 


.^,iles,  where  a  broker  has  iii.ule  the  purchase  of  a  lari^er  ruantiiy  of 
;:i)ods  above  the  siid  annunl  of  (fiO  marcs  banco,  an.l  has  ai'tt  rward.< 
divided  i*  into  smaller  lots, 

Condittot}^  of  Sale.'- hiiports.—CoB:p  \^  snld  per  pound  in  scbill. 
^anc') ;  discount,  I  per  ceut, ;  cood  weight  1-2  per  cent.  Tare  ia  ai 
f.lli.'ws:  VIZ.  Oil  ca.dis,  real  *veitfht :  on  ba<s  of  I  JO  lbs.  or  less,  2  lbs. ; 
alxive  \3t)  lbs.  and  not  ab'.vo  (SO  lbs..  3  It  §. ;  above  1«0  lbs,  and  not 
r-^cee  ling  200  llrt..  4  lb<.  (»:i  Mocha  bale.=  r.f  al>out3(i0  1!m..  14  lbs.; 
iteOO  Ibs.j  30  lh.t.    On  Houvb..ii  sin^^'e  biles,  2  lbs  ;  nn  double,  4  lbs. 

Cotton  ■•  (io!d  f>er  lb.  in  scliill,  banco;  discount.  I  per  ecu*.;  ^'imi 
wii^ht.  I  jier  cent. ;  (nre  nu  bales,  Wt.-st  ludlat:  and  Norili  Ainctinn. 
4  per  rerd. ;  ";i  square  bale^,  6  per  cent.;  on  Rouib.Ty  and  Sut^it 
tjaje*,  8  per  cent. ;  nn  Hourl'on  bales  and  Ma-. ilia  wroT*.  6  per  cerd.; 
0.1  fariceas  an  !  Guiana  «nult  sernui,  10  per  cent.  For  the  re<nla- 
lion  of  the  St.ade  dn*y,  all  pack  ges  should  be  called  ba^s,  ai:d  not 
Lild,  in  the  bill  of  i.-jlir.z. 

Ea-il  India  piece  poods  are  soil  per  piece,  in  mirc<  banco;  dis- 
count. I  p  r  cent.  Knr  sivin^  in  the  St.v'e  duty,  if  more  than  30 
piecei  ai-e  in  a  bale,  the  muuber  of  pieces  sboul  I  not  be  mentioned 
ill  the  bill  of  lalin.;,  but  onU  the  numbiT  of  bales. 

Flniir  is  «rd'l  per  100  lbs,  In  marcs  enrrenoy,  iiticf  rtain  agio ;  dis. 
count  I  percent,;  if.ir.d  weisht,  I  percent.  ;  t:ire,  ^Olbs   perbr.rrel. 

Fustic  is  sold  per  100  lbs.  in  marcs  currency  ;  aui".  .20  per  cent. ; 
ilistount.  1  per  cent.  ;  eond  weight,  1  per  cent.  ;  and  Ireipientlj  an 
ailinvanoe  in  weight  if  made,  if  the  ^vo^d  is  not  very  solid. 

Iiidii:!)  IS  wild  per  lb.  in  scbid.  banco  ;  discount,  I  per  cent. ;  enol 
we'iriil.  1-2  per  cent. ;  lite,  if  in  senuis  upwar^ls  of  120  lbs.,  22  lb?.; 
ill  1-2  "Prons  less  ibao  120  Uk.,  20  Ibr..  ;  in  chests,  real  tare. 

l/ig\voo  1  is  sold  like  fustic— A'.  /?.  To  avoid  a  hiih  Stade  duty, 
the  nett  weight  of  all  dye  woods  should  be  staled  in  the  bills  of 
Uding. 

The  usual  charge  for  commission  is,  on  sales  2  per  cent,  and  1  per  cent,  for  del  r rcrfcrc,  if  such 
pnarantee  he  re<inired  ;  on  purchases,  2  per  cent.  Under  particular  agreements,  the  rates  soinolinUiS 
varv  considerably  from  tlie  above. 

Hiinkimr,  /».s//Mi7frc,  i\''c.— Tor  an  account  of  the  Bank  of  Hamburgh,  pee  IUnks  (roRKioN).  All 
ports  of  insnranees  are  elfected  at  ll;imbnrt:h.  A  niunieipa!  resrulation  compels  the  insurance  of  all 
lioti«es  vitbin  the  city,  tiie  rate  varyinu'  arciirdiiiir  to  the  nnntber  of  fires,  and  the  amount  of  loss. 
Miirine  insurance  is  [n'imipally  eiVecieii  by  joint  stork  cinnpanies.  of  which  there  are  several;  thitir 
loiiipeliliiui  has  redured  the  premiums  to  Uie  Uiwest  level,  iind  the  business  i,<  not  understood  to  be 
pr(dilalile.  'I'he  lii^li  dulies  on  pfdicies  if  insurance  in  this  cotintry  has  led  to  the  insuriim  of  a  good 
iii:iiiy  Knulish  sliii)s  at  Hamburiili.  Life  insurance  is  not  prosociiled  in  (iermany  to  any  considerable 
extent  ;  !)Ul  some  of  tlie  Knglish  compajiies  have  agents  here,  who  are  said  not  to  be  very  scru- 
[)tilons. 

/?'(nftn';iM/.— Considering  the  vast  number  of  merHiaids  and 
trales'  peojile  at  HambMr^h,  bankrupliy  itoea  nnt  seem  t  >  be  lif  iVc- 
quent  occurrence.  Dnrin:^  tb,-  3  years  ending  wilh  Isil,  the  mim- 
tiT  (>f  declared  bankrupts  and  the  amount  of  tluir  debts  were  aj 

i.inier:— 


cask,  SO  lb,-.  IJn7il  leaf  in  serous;  ta-e  't  per  cent,  in  rolls; 
cmisNr.  in  bajikets  of  about  100  lbs, ;  sro^i  1  \vei<Iit,  I  lb.  per  basket; 
tare.  14  lbs.  if  the  banket  iti  packed  up  in  linen,  and  12  lbs.  if  with- 
out lii'cn.  I'orto  K"ci  rolls,  <ood  weijrb.t,  I  Jur  cent.;  no  tare,  as 
the  roils  are  welzhid  by  them-ielves  Hr-a'/'l  rolls,  in  serons  of  400 
tdfiOO  lbs  ,  are  .'lold  per  !tt.,  in  scliillin'i^  banco;  ioml  wei-jht,  3-4 
per  rent.;  fate,  S  lbs.  per  .s^  ron.  Tobacco  sterns  per  100  lbs.,  in 
marcs  currency,  a^io  uncerbiln;  diH^^un'.  I  1-2  per  ci-id. ;  ^ooj 
wfii^bt,  I  per  cent.;  tare,  if  in  ea-ks,  rt  d  wrtcht ;  if  [)acke.l  up 
with  cords,  2  to  4  per  cent,  accordnr  to  th-?  tbielinew  of  the  rnpe. 
As  there  is  a  ^rea*  dilTetciice  in  the  .'italeduty  f.'T  the  diiltrent  sols 
of  tf.baci'Oj  it  is  necewirv  that,  on  hhlpoin^  Itaf  tobacco,  there 
should  be  iii';erli:d  in  the  bill  of  lading,  J.iaf  T'-bacco^  omitting  tho 
W(  iflit.  Willi  tobacc  J  iti  roll*,  unty  the  number  if  p,uk.i«jes  con- 
taining roll  tobacco,  an  I  the  lurtt  ucieht,  wiibout  mentioning  the 
nu'.id  ernf  rdl*,  ^bouM  appear  in  the  bill  of  iadinsr. 

(il.ass  (window)  is  sold  per  chrst,  in  marcs  cnirency,  a^lo  uncer- 
tain; other  i^l.iss  ware  per  piece,  ib /tui.  or  InJti  ire  I.  in  Rcbiltingsor 
niarrs  currency,  with  unceitain  ai;io  ;  discount.  I  per  cent. 

Hares'  w-tol  is  sold  per  2  lbs.,  in  marcs  currency,  a,-;in  uncertain  ; 
d'  fount,  t  per  rent. 

Hare  skins  ((lerman,  crry)  are  snld  per  100  pieces,  in  rixdoll. 
banco.  Kussiau,  srey,  per  104  pieces,  in  rixioll.  buico.  White,  in 
uiMTs  currency,  a*io  uncertain  ;  d  sci'unt,  1  per  cent. 

I.-nn  is  soli  per  100  lbs.,  in  scliill.  currency,  agio  uncertain;  dis- 
count, I  per  cent. 

C'ipper  is  sO  1  per  100  lbs.  in  Rclii!!,  banco  ;  iliscouid,  I  per  cent. 

The  exchiii'.'e  busines  .'one  at  H.tm  urnh  is  very  ereat ;  for  be- 
sides the  business  nf  the  place,  mo-t  of  the  nierchanta  in  the  inland 
towns  have  their  bills  ne^(:tiatcd  there. 


1629. 


Niiniter 
■  i  ili.ik- 
'    p;id*. 


69 


Amoimt  of 
Uebti. 


I. 

10U.94S 


i«nn. 

1S3I. 

Nlltiilrr 

(.f  H.i'k- 

riipls 

93 

Aninunt  nf 
Debts. 

Ntilnlu'r 
rupu 

117 

Aninunt  of 

A. 
277,615 

Eu(  this  accnunt  does  n.  '.  inejuib^  the  failuren  »f' Ib-I  by  private 
fiiiiiironnse,  and  "{  whic'i  no  public  notice  is  *aken.  The  increase 
iu  ISII  il  owing,  in  a  great  measure,  to  the  failure,  fer  111,000/.,  ot 


a  company  which  Ind  lent  their  money  iniprovldently  on  house?, 
kc.  Much  of  the  business  Inuisacled  at  Han  bnr;h  beiuii  on  com- 
mission and  for  acciuint  of  houses  abroad,  the  tai  ore  of  fnreijtn  mer- 
clian's  is  a  pre'alent  source  nf  b.inkiupliy.  Another  source  of 
lankiuplcy  is  loaves  on  irools  impitti-d  rr  expirte'I  on  speculation, 
an.i  oecasiunallv  lossis  in  the  funis,  in  «hi(h  a  (?f>od  deal  of  ijandiiing 
ffoeson  here,  K.\peuRive  living  is  no'  iieny  so  prevalent  a  source 
of  bankrnptcv  here  as  in  London  ami  other  t.l;icct. 

Tht  'aw  ot  I landuiruh  iinkts  3  daises  of  bankrupts:— the  unfor- 
tunate, the  careless,  atid  the  iraudulent.  'I  he  fird  idasfi  consists  of 
tliosf  whose  bocks  show  tint  misfortune  alone  has  occ.isioneil  tba 
(unkruptcy :  that  the  party  has  all  aleir.;  |ivi-l  within  hisprnhable 
incnnie,  and  nn  account  lo  liii  assignees  comple'ely  ftr  all  his 
bnsen.  Wb'icvcr  isa'jtid«ed  by  the  court  to  I  el-,n<  to  this  class 
(which  contains  but  few  in  nunber),  is  consideieit  entirely  free 
f.oni  his  .jebls,  and  is  not  subject  to  be  ralU-d  upon  hereafier.  The 
second  and  nmsl  nunurons  cla*-s,  eoi. tains  these  termed  "careless** 
baikiup's.  riu-se  a-e  p.rsoiis  u  ho  havo  entered  into  speculations 
exceeding  lhcirim*3.rt,  who  Inve  gone  on  for  a  cousiderablo  tiuio 

93 


730 


HANSEATIC  LEAGUE. 


Co 
"  • 


^,      i    ! 

..  ,1 

.1 

I  I 

i    ■ 


•f 


lifter  the;-  f'Min!  thrir  afliirs  in  arrear,  who  have  live  I  beyond  i»u'ir  | 
iiiL'niiit,  U^v-  not  kff)t  ilicirbfM'ka  in  cvnl  (irlrr.an  1  -^ifnrii.    'I'licy  , 
are  h:t\if-  tnl.e  CMnliited  in  pris-jn  for  a  perini  of  3itr  6  in<iriilii;  iii ', 
provileil  thfv   h.ivt*  tint  (nil  a  tliviileiil  of  40  per  Cfiil.,  riiiy  Iju 
cilleil  upon  for  i>iyiiicnt  of  their  d  bt  af 'cr  r*  years  from  their  Jis- 
char^e.     If  a  cl.iim  lit-  nude  hy  any  crelilor  aficr  ihia  lapieof  time,  I 
the  bankrupt  i-  iiMijt*.!  In  pay  whitt-ver  sum  he  ii  able  for  Ihe  be-  I 
iiefit  of  Ins  crt-ditnrs.  He  must  swcir  Iha'  he  rimiot  piy  iny  thins, nr  ' 
not  above  a  certain  sum,  without  dttprivin:;  himself  and  his  family  of 


npCMsarics.    Kvpfv  5  veani  the  claim  may  be  reneatM.  All  cirelfnti 

I'lnkn,].!*  nr- disiblt-1  from  hnMiiii<  oHices  of  linnour.  Thu  third 
cl  l■«^  cniitiiii*  tht"  "  frauduh'nt"  bankr\ipis,  who  an;  liabh*  to  lie  int* 
priMiO'-d  ii-cnr  !in?  (n  the  fXisnt  nf  rheir  frauds,  for  a  limite  i  jwrioil 
or  cvt-n  for  life,  besides  beinif  rendered  Incanible  of  hoMlnit  any 
office  whitpver.  Should  a  bankrupt  ahscon-l,  lie  is  called  np-m  by 
ptiMic  idverti-«('mL-n'  to  anpeir  by  a  crtaiu  day,  in  default  of  whjcb 
he  is  ^^y^  t^e  I  i  lr:M]  liilent  binkfupt^and  his  iiamo  is  posted  up  ou  a 
black  board  on  the  Ii]xchaiii;t'. 


-'   i 


Citizevship. — Fnrpijfiinrs  cannot  rslahlisli  tlinnisclvps  ;is  ni(!rnli!inlH,  nr  c'lrry  on  any  husiness  in 
their  own  imnieH,  at  llanilmr^'h,  witlK.i.t  liccimiiii!;  hnrulirri ;  anil  to  In;  iiianiiructnrer!),  Iliey  nin^t 
alfo  enter  llie  cnlld  or  mrporatioii  pernliar  to  tlie  Iraili'  uwy  iiiciin  lo  folknv.  !)nt  to  lieconie  a 
burgher  one  has  only  to  comply  witli  certain  forms  ami  pay  cirlain  fi.'c^s,  whicli  i'  i  ni  :,  in  nil,  exceed 
10/.  He  tlii'ii  hccoines,  ill  thu  eye  of  the  law,  ii  Ilanibnrgli  isunject ;  and  enjoys  all  'liu  rights  und 
privileges  of  a  native. 

General  liemnrks. — The  trade  of  Hamburgh  is,  in  a  c;rcat  measure,  passive;  that  is,  it 
tlcpends  more  on  the  varying  wants  and  poliey  of  others  than  on  its  own.  There  is  nothing 
of  such  vital  importance  as  the  free  navigation  of  the  Elbi?  to  the  prosperity  of  Hamburgh, 
and,  indeed,  of  all  the  countries  through  which  it  Hows.  This,  too,  is  a  matter  of  paramount 
consequence  as  respects  our  interests;  for  the  Elbe  is  the  grand  inlet  by  which  British 
manufactures  find  their  way  into  some  of  the  richest  iiiul  inost  extensive  Euroi)ean  countries. 
The  princi|)Ie  that  the  navigation  of  the  Elbe,  the  llliine,  the  Weser,  (Stc.  should  be  quite 
free  along  their  whole  course,  was  distinctly  laid  down  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in  1815. 
But  no  general  tariff  of  (iutie.s  being  tl.an  ostalilished,  this  declaratioii  has  hitherto  had  no 
practical  effect.  Prussia,  who  is  endeavouring  to  bolster  up  a  system  of  home  manufactures, 
has  laid  heavy  transit  duties  on  articles  passing  liy  the  Elbe,  and  has  prevailed  on  .\nhalt, 
and  soine  of  the  smaller  states,  to  follow  her  example.  The.se  duties  amount,  on  some  of 
the  coarser  sorts  of  British  woollen  goods,  to  no  less  than  60  per  cent,  ud  valorem,  and  are, 
even  when  lightest,  a  great  ob.stacle  to  trade.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  just  sense  of  their  own 
real  interests  may,  at  no  distant  period,  open  the  eyes  of  the  German  governments  lo  the 
impolicy  of  such  proceedings.  It  is  in  an  especial  manner  for  the  interest  of  Saxony, 
Austria,  and  England,  that  the^^e  duties  should  be  abolished ;  and  thei-  influence  in  the 
diet,  if  properly  exerted,  might  countervail  that  of  Prussia.  .So  long,  however,  as  the  Stade 
duties  are  kept  up,  it  would  be  folly  to  imagine  that  much  attention  should  be  paid  to  our 
remonstrances  against  the  Prussian  duties.  If  we  cannot  prevail  on  Hanover  to  emancipate 
our  commerce  from  oppressive  restrittions  and  i)urdens,  we  need  hardly  e.tpect  to  succeed 
with  any  other  power.  Were  the  Stade  duties  and  those  in  the  u[)per  [larts  of  the  Elbe 
wliolly  abolished,  we  have  little  doubt  that  in  a  dozen  years,  the  trade  of  Hamburgh  would 
be  nearly  doubled  :  an  increase,  which,  Iiowever  advantageous  to  her,  would  be  far  more 
advantageous  to  the  extensive  countries  of  which  she  is  the  grand  emporium. 

In  compiling  this  article  we  have  niaile  nse  of  OtUhi'.-!  Eiirnpean  Co:awtrrc,  pp.  112— WO;  Ronlansz's 
F.nropeun  Commerce,  pp.  ;)l)2 — 320;  the  DicHnnnitire  Je  Cummtrct:  iKncij.  Jlctlwdii/iie),  tome  i.  p|(.  H — H^; 
and  of  the  Circiildrs  n\'  Berenbcrir,  Oosr^lrr  tiinl  Co.,  Jiiii!i:r.-,iin,  Holier,  auil  Co.,  and  other  eminent  iner- 
clianls.  We  have  al.so  het:n  nnich  indehled  to  Mr.  Confal  Cunniiiir's  Jlnsirers  to  Ihe  Cirriilar  (^{icrici. 
Tliat  t'unctionary  has  replied  to  the  varions  (]aesiions  siiltmilled  lo  him  in  a  way  that  does  eciual  credit 
to  his  inilnslry  and  intellicence.  I'roni  the  clrcinnstance  (d'no  oliicial  r..'turiis  heini;  piililished  or  oh- 
taiiKihli!  ;it  lland>nri;li,  the  riitiirns  of  imports  L'iven  aliiivc!  must  not  he  regarded  as  ipiite  accurate, 
thoiiL'h  the  errors  they  involve  cannot  be  material.  They  are  principally  taken  from  Berenlierg  and 
Co.'.--  Circular. 

[The  commercial  intercourse  of  the  United  States  with  Hamburgh  is  not  at  all  equal 
to  that  which  they  carry  on  with  Bremen,  notwithstanding  the  larger  population  of  the 
former  city,  and  its  advantages  of  situation  on  the  Elbe,  which  is  navigable  from  the  sea  up 
to  it  by  merchant  vessels  of  almost  any  burden. 

Hamburgh  participates  very  little  in  the  transportation  of  emigrants  from  Germany  to  this 
country.  It  receives  from  us  only  about  .3000  hog.s'iieads  of  tobacco  yearly.  A  good  deal 
of  quercitron  bark,  of  no  great  value  however,  is  annually  shipped  to  it  from  Philadelphia, 
either  directly  or  by  way  of  New  York. 

The  East  India  merchants  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  send  every  year  some  of  their  ships. 
laden  with  teis  and  other  goods,  from  Canton  directly  to  Hamburgh,  or  to  Cowes  and  a 
market,  whence  they  proceed  to  Hamburgh,  if  advices  i'roin  that  port  be  favourable. 

Considerable  quantities  of  Silesia  linens,  for  which  Hamburgh  is  the  chief  entrep'it  in 
Germany,  were  some  years  aso  exported  to  the  United  States,  and  then  nearly  all  re-exported 
to  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  This  trade  is  now  conducted  without  the  inter- 
vention of  this  country.  The  cargoes  we  now  receive  from  the  port  of  Hamburgh  consist, 
like  those  from  Bremen,  of  a  variety  of  German  mainifactures  imported  from  the  interior, 
together  witii  some  hair-cloth  made  in  the  place  itself',  and  used  by  our  cabinet-makers.  It 
js  chca|)or  than  the  corresponding  English  article,  and  is  of  a  tolerablv  good  quality. — 
Am.  E(L] 

HANSE,\TI(y  LEA(iUE.  an  association  of  the  principal  citie-i  of  the  north  of  Her- 
many,  Prussia,  (fee.,  for  the  oetter  carrying  on  o''  commerce,  an<l  for  their  iniilual  safety 
and  defence.  This  confciileracy,  so  celebrated  in  the  early  hi.story  of  modern  Europe,  con- 
tributed in  no  ordinary  degree  to  introduce  the  ble.ssings  of  eivili/.ation  and  good  government 
into  the  North.     The  extension  and  protection  of  comiucrce  was,  however,  its  niiiin  objcci. 


IIANSEATIC   LEAGUE. 


731 


in 


imiwyherep'^l;  All  cirelw 

In' ollUvs  "f  linnnir.      1  Hu  llliru 

•iirrv  on  aiiv  bufiness  in 
;„am.faclur.;r=<,  »l>ey  must 
r,.lloW.  !1iit  to  become  a 
'  ,V.  m  •,  iM  nil,  .•"•^'■■"^ 
enjoys  all  Uiu  nsbts  ami 

lire,  passive;  that  is,  it 
own.     There  is  nothing 
irDsperity  of  Haniburgh, 
is  a  mutter  of  paramount 
inlet  by  which  British 
sivi-  Euroi>can  countries. 
,rr    «Stc.  should  he  quite 
^ress  of  Vienna  in  1815. 
ilion  has  hitherto  had  no 
11  of  home  manufactures, 
has  prevailed  on  Anhalt, 
ios  amount,  on  some  of 
•ent.  od  valorem,  and  arc, 
t  a  just  sense  of  their  own 
•man  governmcnU  to  the 
>r  the  interest  of  Saxony, 
md  thei-  iniluenec  m  the 
p-r,  however,  as  the  Stade 
Uion  should  he  paid  to  our 
on  Hanover  to  emancipate 
>,l  hardly  expect  to  succ..>ed 
.  upper  itarts  of  the  Llbe 
trade  of  Hambur-h  would 
to  her,  would  be  tar  more 
[d  emporium. 

,(  Co  ,  aii.l  other  emini;nl  iiier- 
„,wcrx  U>  the  Circlar  Q«crics. 
in  a  wav  thatdues  iMViul  ctei  11 
'Iniriis  h.'ins  imlili:<luMl  or  ol.- 
.'  ri"'ar.li!ii  as  ipiitu  aicurate. 
,lly  laUeii  Crom  Berenberg  ami 

^burgh  is  not  at  all  equal 
lie  larger  population  of  the 
s  navigable  from  the  sea  up 

trrants  from  Germany  to  this 
Mcco  yearly.  A  good  doal 
.ped  to  it  from  Philadelphia, 

•ry  year  some  of  their  ships, 
iliurgh,  or  to  Cowes  and  a 
_  port  be  favoural)lc. 
'ch  is  the  chief  cntrcj)  )t  in 
id  then  nearly  all  re-exported 
onducted  without  the  inter- 
>  nort  of  llamburcth  consist, 
imported  from  the  interior, 
1  bv  our  caliinet-makers.    It 
'  a  tolerably  good  (luality.- 

citie;^  of  the  north  of  (u^r- 
und  for  their  nuilual  sutety 
ory  of  modern  Europe,  con- 
Irwtu.n  and  good  govomrncnt 
as,  however,  its  mum  objcc 


and  hciice,  a  short  account  of  it  n<,iy  not  W.  deemed  misplaced  in  a  wcrk  of  tliis  descrip- 
tion. 

Origin  and  Prmfrcfs  of  the  llinyitlii:  League.  —  Hamburn;h,  founded  !)y  Charlemagne 
in  the  ninth,  and  Tjulieck,  fouiidi^l  aiinit  the  middle  of  tlie  twelfth  century,  vere  the  earliest 
mRiubers  of  the  League.  The  distance  between  them  not  bi'ing  very  consid  "rabie,  and  being 
alike  interested  in  the  repression  of  those  disorders  to  whieh  most  parts  of  Europe,  and 
particularly  the  coast  of  the  Baltic,  were  a  prey  in  the  twelfth,  thirteenth,  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  they  early  formed  an  intimate  political  union,  partly  in  the  view  of  maintaining  a 
safe  intercourse  by  land  with  eich  oth..'r,  and  jiartly  for  the  protection  of  navigation  from 
the  attacks  of  the  pirates,  Vvfilh  whicli  every  soa  was  at  that  time  iiifesteil.  'J'h.'re  is  no 
very  distinct  evidence  as  to  the  period  when  this  alliance  was  consummated  ;  some  ascribe 
its  origin  to  the  year  11 G9,  others  io  the  year  1 200,  and  others  to  the  year  1211.  But  the  most 
probable  o;)inion  seems  to  be,  that  it  would  grow  up  by  slow  degrees,  and  lie  jjcrfeeted 
according  as  the  ailvantags  derivahlt^  from  it  became!  more  obvious.  Such  wr.s  the  origin  of 
the  Hanseatic  League,  so  called  from  the  old  Teutonic  word  hansa,  signifying  an  as.;ociation 
or  confederacy. 

Adam  of  Bremen,  who  flourished  in  the  eleventh  century,  is  the  earliest  writer  who  has 
given  imy  information  with  respect  to  the  conanercc  of  the  countries  lying  roi  iid  tlio  Baltic. 
And  from  the  errors  into  which  he  has  fallen  in  describing  the  northern  and  ea-t'^rn  shores 
of  that  sea  it  is  eviuent  they  had  been  very  little  frequented  and  not  at  all  known  in  his 
time.  But  from  the  beglnnin';  of  the  twelfth  century,  the  procress  of  coiunierce  and  navi- 
gation in  the  north  v/a.s  exceedingly  rapid.  The  countries  which  stretch  along  the  bottom 
of  the  Baltic,  from  Holstein  to  Russia,  and  which  had  been  occupied  by  barbarous  tribes  of 
Sclavonic  origin,  were  then  subjuiiated  by  the  kings  of  Denmark,  the  dukes  of  Saxony,  and 
other  princes.  The  greatei  , tI  of  the  inhabitants  being  exterminated,  their  place  wa-^  filled 
hy  German  colonists,  who  foundcil  the  towns  of  Stralsund,  Rostock,  Wisiner.  &(•..  Prussia 
•and  Pola'id  were  afterwards  subjugated  by  the  ('hrislian  princes  and  the  Knights  of  the 
Teutonic  Order.  So  that,  in  a  comparatively  short  period,  the  foundations  of  civilisation 
and  the  arts  were  laid  in  countries  whose  barbarism  had  ever  remained  impervious  to  the 
Roman  power. 

The  cities  that  were  established  along  the  coast  of  the  Baltic,  and  even  in  the  interior  of 
the  countries  bordering  upon  it,  eagerly  joined  the  Hanseatic  coni'ederation.  They  were 
indebted  to  the  merchants  of  Lubeck  for  sup|ilies  of  the  comniodilies  produced  in  more  ci- 
vilised countries,  and  they  looked  up  to  the.T;  for  protecticn  against  the  barbarians  by  whom 
they  were  surrouniled.  The  progress  of  the  League  was  in  cciisc([ue!K'i!  singularly  rapid. 
Previously  to  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  it  embraced  every  considerable  city  in  all 
those  vast  countries  extending  from  Livonia  to  Holland,  and  was  a  match  for  the  most  power- 
ful monarchs. 

Thi'  Hanseatic  confederacy  was  at  its  highest  degree  of  power  and  splendour  during  the 
fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries.     It  then  comprised  from  60  to  80  cities,  which  were 
distributed  into  4  classes  or  circles.     Lubeck  was  at  the  head  of  the  first  circle,  and  had 
under  it  Hamliurgli,  Bremen,  liostock,  VVismar,  &;c.    Cologne  was  at  the  hcai!  of  the  second 
circle,  with  2!)  towns  under  it.     Brunswick  was  at  the  head  of  the  third  circle,  consisting  of 
ilJ  towns.     Dantzic  was  at  the  head  of  the  fourth  circle,  having  under  it  8  towns  in  its 
vicinity,  besides  several  that  were  more  remote.     The  supreme  authority  of  the  League  was 
vested  ill  the  deputies  of  the  dillerent  towns  assembled  in  congress.     In  it  they  discussed  all 
their  measures  ;  decided  upon  the  sum  that  each  city  :ihould  contribute  to  the  common  fund; 
and  upon  the  (]uestions  that  arose  between    the  confederacy  and  other  jwwers,  as  well  as 
those  that  fre(|uen'  'v  arose  between  the  dillerent  members  of  the  confederacy.     The  place  for 
the  meeting  i>f  congress  was  not  fixed,  but  it  was  most  frequently  held  at  Lubeck,  which 
was  considered  as  the  capital  of   the  Ijea'j;ue,  and  there  its  archives  were  kept.     Some- 
times, however,  congress,  s  were  held  at  ILimliiirgh,  Cologne,  and  other  towns.  They  met  once 
every  ',i  years,  or  oftener  if  occasion    recjuired.     The   letters  of  convocation  specified  the 
principal  subjects  which  would   most  proliably  be   brought  under   discussion.     Any  one 
migiit  be  chosen  for  a  deputy;  and  the  congress  consisted  not  of  merchants  only,  but  also  of 
clergymen,  lawyers,  artists,  &c.     When  the  deliberations  were  concluded,  the  decrees  were 
formally  communicated  to  the  niagisfrales  of  the  cities  at  the  head  of  each  circle,  by  whora 
they  were  snbseqiu'iitly  (•oiiimunicaled  to  tiiose  below  them  ;  and  the   most  vigorous  mea- 
sures were  ndoj^led  for  carrying  them   iiito  ell'ect.     One  of  the  burgomasters  of   Lubeck 
presided  at  the  meetings  of  congress;  and  during  the  recess  the  magistrates  of  that  city  lia'l 
the  sole,  or  at  all  events  the  principd,  di,ecti<)ii  of  the  all'iirs  of  the  League. 

Besides  the  towns  already  meu'.ioned,  there  were  others  that  were  denominated  confed- 
erated cities,  or  allies.  The  lalt<'r  leitlier  coiitrilinted  to  the  common  fuiid  of  the  League, 
nor  sent  deputies  to  Congress;  ^'Acn  liie  members  were  not  all  on  the  same  fooling  in  respect 
to  privileges:  and  the  internal  commotions  by  which  it  was  frequently  agitated,  partly  origi- 
nating in  this  cause,  and  partly  in  the  discordant  inleresis  and  conflicting  pretensions  of  tho 
dillerent  cities,  materially  impaired  the  power  of  the  confederacy.     But  in  despite  of  these 


732 


HANSEATIC  LEAGUE. 


I 

hi 


I     J 


'  t 


tlisatl vantages,  tha  Tieac;iio  Kuccncdcd  for  a  lonjTlhcned  period,  not  only  in  coiilrollins;  its  own 
refractory  inMniuTS,  but  in  maiiing  itsi-lf  respi-ctcd  and  dreadod  l)y  otllt'r^<.  It  produced  nbio 
Rcnorais  and  inlmirals.  skilful  jioliticians,  and  sonic  of  tlio  most  cntcrprisiing,  succesaful,  and 
wealthy  merchants  of  modern  times. 

As  the  pnwer  of  the  confederated  cities  was  increased  and  consolidated,  they  hecame  more 
amhitions.  Instead  of  limiting  their  ellbrts  to  the  mere  advancement  of  commerce  and  their 
own  protection,  they  endeavoured  to  ac(iuirc  the  monopoly  of  the  trade  of  the  North,  and  to 
exercise  the  same  sort  of  dominion  over  the  Baltic  that  the  Venetians  exercised  over  the 
Adriatic.  For  this  pur|)ose  they  succeeded  in  obtaining,  partly  in  return  for  loans  of  money, 
and  partly  !iy  force,  various  privileges  and  immimities  form  the  northern  sovereigns,  which 
secured  to  t!ii."m  almost  the  whole  foreign  commerce  of  S(;andinavia,  Deinnark,  Prussia, 
Poland,  Rus;;ia,  dec.  They  exclusively  carried  on  the  herring  fishery  of  the  Sound,  at  the 
Fnme  time  that  they  endeavonred  to  obstruct  and  hinder  the  navigation  of  fiireign  vessels  in 
the  Baltic.  It  should,  however,  be  observed,  that  the  immunities  they  enjoyed  were  mostly 
indisiiensablii  to  the  security  of  their  commerce,  in  consequence  of  the  barl>arism  that  then 
]irevailed;  and  notwithstandinc;  their  attempts  at  monopoly,  there  cannot  be  the  shadow  of  a 
doubt  that  the  progress  of  civilisation  in  the  North  was  prodigiously  accelerated  by  the  influ- 
eiii.e  and  ascendancy  of  the  Hanseatic  cities.  They  repressed  piracy  by  sea  and  rolibery  by 
land,  which  must  have  broken  out  again  had  their  power  been  overthrown  before  civilisation 
was  fully  established ;  they  accustomed  the  iidiahitants  to  the  principles,  and  set  before  thera 
the  example,  of  pood  government  and  subordination;  they  introduced  amongst  them  conve- 
niences and  enjoyments  unknown  by  their  ancestors,  or  despised  by  them,  and  inspired  them 
with  a  taste  for  literature  and  science;  they  did  for  the  people  round  the  Baltic,  what  the 
Phcenicians  had  done  in  remoter  ages  for  those  round  the  Mediterranean,  and  deserve,  equally 
with  them,  to  be  placed  in  the  first  rank  amongst  the  benefactors  of  mankind. 

"In  order,"  as  has  been  justly  obsi  rved,  "  to  acci)m|)lish  their  purpose  of  rendering  the 
Baltic  a  large  field  fir  the  prosecution  of  commercial  and  industrious  jiursuits,  it  was  ncccs. 
sary  to  instruct  men,  still  barbarous,  in  the  rudiments  of  industry,  and  to  familiarise  them  in 
the  principles  of  civilisation.  These  great  principles  were  laid  by  the  confederation,  and  at 
the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century  the  Baltic  and  the  neighbouring  seas  had,  by  its  means, 
become  frp(juented  routes  of  communication  between  the  North  and  the  South.  The  people 
of  the  former  were  enabled  to  follow  the  ])rogress  of  the  latter  in  knowledge  and  industry. 
The  forests  of  Sweden,  Poland,  &c.  gave  place  to  corn,  hemp,  and  flax ;  the  mines  were 
wrought,  and  in  return  the  jiroduce  and  manufactures  of  the  South  were  imported.  Towns 
and  villages  were  erected  in  Scandinavia,  where  huts  only  were  before  seen:  the  skins  of  the 
bear  and  the  wolf  were  exchanged  for  woollens,  linens,  and  silks:  learning  was  introduced; 
and  printing  was  hardly  invented  before  h  was  practised  in  Uenmark,  Sweden,  &.c." — {Cat- 
tean,  Tublemi  dc  la  Mer  Biilfli/tic,  tom.  ii.  p.  l?.").) 

The  kings  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway  were  frequently  engaged  in  hostilities  with 
the  Hansc  towns.  They  regarded,  and,  it  must  be  admitted,  not  without  pretty  cood  reason, 
the  privileges  acquired  by  the  League,  in  their  kingdoms,  as  so  many  usurpations.  But 
their  efforts  to  abolish  these  privileges  served,  for  more  than  3  centuries,  only  to  augment 
and  extend  them. 

"  On  the  part  of  the  League  there  was  union,  subordination,  and  money ;  whereas  the  half- 
savage  Scandinavian  monarchies  were  full  of  divisions,  factions,  and  troubles;  revolution  was 
immediately  followed  by  revolutio;i,  and  feudal  anarchy  was  at  its  height.  'J'here  was  aiiother 
circumstance,  not  less  important,  in  favour  of  the  Hanseatic  cities.  The  popular  governments 
established  amongst  them  possessed  the  resjiect  and  confidenco  of  the  inhaliitants,  and  were 
able  to  direct  the  public  energies  for  the  good  of  the  state.  The  astonishing  prosperity  of  the 
confederated  cities  was  not  wholly  the  effect  of  commerce.  To  tne  undisciplined  armies  of 
the  princes  of  tin;  North — armies  composed  of  vassals  without  attachment  to  t'u'ir  lords — the 
cities  opposed,  besides  the  inferior  nobles,  whose  services  tht^  liberally  rewarded,  citizens 
accustomed  to  danger,  and  resolved  to  defend  their  liberties  and  j  ^perty.  Their  military 
operations  were  combined  and  directed  by  a  c-mncil  composed  of  n  ii  of  tried  talents  and 
experience,  devoted  to  their  country,  responsible  to  their  fellow  citizens,  and  enjoying  their 
confidence.  It  was  chiefly,  however,  on  their  marine  forces  that  the  cities  depended.  They 
employed  their  ships  indifferently  in  war  or  ciunmercc,  so  that  their  naval  armatiients  were 
fitted  out  at  coinjiaratively  small  expense.  Exclusive,  too,  of  these  favourable  circumstances, 
the  fortifications  of  the  principal  cities  were  looked  u[)on  as  impregnable;  and  as  their  cuni- 
mercc  supplied  them  abundantly  with  all  sorts  of  provisions,  it  need  not  excite  our  astonish- 
ment that  Lubeck  alone  was  able  to  carry  on  wars  with  the  surrounding  monarchs,  and  to 
terminate  Miem  with  honour  and  advantau:e;  and  still  less  that  the  League  sliould  long  have 
enjoyed  a  decided  preponderance  in  the  North." — {UAH  de  vvrljkr  Its  JJa/vs,  ■]'•"'  partie, 
torn.  viii.  p.  204.) 

The  extirpation  of  jiiracy  was  one  of  the  (/'jects  which  had  origmally  led  to  the  formation 
of  the  League,  and  which  it  never  ceased  to  prosecute.  Owing,  however,  to  the  bat.-arisin 
then  so  universally  prevalent,  and  the  countenance  openly  given  oy  many  jiiinces  and  noliks 


HANSEATIC  LEAGUE. 


788 


ill  controlliiv;!  ita  ow" 
^.r^.  It  proilucca  alUc 
ririing,  successful,  and 

te.l,  thcv  brciiine  n'oro 
of  coinim'rci-  ami  their 
c  of  the  North,  and  to 

,ns  exercised  over  the 
^,m  for  loans  of  money, 
l.crn  sovereigns  vvhu'li 
/,a,  DenmarlM  Prussia, 
rv  of  the  Sound,  at  the 
on  of  foreign  vessels  in 
py  enjoycl  were  mostly 
the  l.arl'arism  that  then 
nnot  he  the  shadow  of  a 

ncceleratcd  by  the  mllu. 
■V  l,v  sea  and  rohhery  hy 
hrown  before  eivilisation 
„loS  and  set  before  them 
cd  amongst  them  convc- 
them,andins5urLHHhom 

und  the  Baltic,  what  the 
,ean,  and  deserve,  equally 

f  mankind.  . 

purpose  of  rendering  the 
0U3  pursuits,  it  was  neccs. 
and  to  familiarise  them  in 
V  the  confederation,  and  at 
I  seas  had,  by  its  means, 
;;d  the  South.     The  people 
n  knowledge  and  industry, 
and  flax;  the  mines  were 
ah  were  imported      Towns 
.foreseen:  the  skins  ot  the 
,:  learning  was  introduced; 
>ark,  Sweden,  &c."-(Ca^ 

,  engaged  in  hostilities  with 
.without  pretty  cood  reason 
Lo  many  usurpations.     15u 
centuries,  only  to  augment 

hdmoney;  whereas  the  haU'- 
uid  troubles;  revolution  was 
Iheight.  TluM-e  was  aiioiher 
The  popular  governmenls 
Jjf  the  inhabilants,  and  vyere 
Ltonishing  prosperity  ot  the 
1  tt.o  undisciplined  armies  ot 
Lichmeul  to  their  lords-tlie 
,  liberally  rewarded,  cil.y.ens 

kd  1  •  s-rty.    'T'"''f  ""''^■"^y 

(of  ,1 'v.  of  tried  talents  and 
Icitizens,  and  enjoy ingtlunr 

toe  cities  depi''">'-^»-  ^'^^y 
Itheir  naval  armaments  were 
l,c  favourable  circumstances, 
Ugnable;  and  as  then- corn- 
iced not  excite  our  astonish- 

[rrounding  monarchs,  and  to 
[he  League,  should  long  have 

*i,rMvallv  h'^^  ^^  t^^*"  formation 
|,:how;wer,tothcbar.ar.sm 

iuy  many  princes  and  nobler 


to  those  encaged  in  this  infamous  profession,  it  was  not  possible  wholly  to  root  it  out.  But 
Jhe  vigorous  ellbrts  of  the  League  to  abate  the  nuisan('e,  though  not  entirely  successful,  served 
to  rentier  the  navigation  of  the  North  Sea  and  the  Baltic  comparatively  secure,  and  were  of 
fcignni  advantage  lo  connnercc.  Nor  was  this  the  only  mode  in  which  the  power  of  the 
oonfederaey  was  directly  employed  to  promote  the  common  interests  of  mankind.  'J'hcir 
exertions  to  protect  shipwrecked  mariners  from  the  atrocities  to  which  they  had  been  sultject, 
and  to  procure  the  restitution  of  shipwrecked  property  to  its  legitimate  owners,*  though,  most 
probably,  like  their  exertions  to  repress  piracy,  a  conscipicnee  of  selfish  considerations,  were 
in  no  ordinary  degree  meritorious;  and  contributed  not  less  to  the  advancement  of  civilisation 
than  to  the  security  of  navigation. 

Factories  belonging  fo  the  League. — In  order  to  facilitate  and  extend  their  commercial 
transaction;;,  the  League  established  various  factories  in  foreign  countries;  the  principal  of 
%vhich  were  at  Novogorod  in  Russia,  London,  Bruges  in  the  Netherlands,  and  Bergen  in 
Norway. 

Novogorod,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Volkof  with  the  Imler  Lake,  was,  for  a 
lengthened  period,  the  most  renowned  cmiiorium  in  the  north-eastern  parts  of  Kurope.  In 
the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century,  the  inhabitants  obtained  considerable  privileges  that 
laid  the  foundation  of  their  liberty  and  prosperity.  Their  sovereigns  were  at  first  subordinate 
to  the  grand  dukes  or  czars  of  Russia ;  but  as  the  city  and  the  contiguous  territory  increased 
in  population  and  wealth,  they  gradually  usurped  an  almost  absolute  independ(!ncy.  The 
power  of  these  sovereigns  over  their  subjects  seems,  at  the  same  time,  to  have  been  exceed- 
ingly limited ;  and,  in  ell'ect,  Novogorod  ought  rather  to  be  considered  as  a  republic  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  an  elective  magistrate,  than  as  a  slate  subject  to  a  regular  line  of  hereditary 
monarchs,  possessed  of  extensive  prerogatives.  During  the  twelfth,  thirteenth,  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  Novogorod  formed  the  grand  tntreput  between  the  countries  to  the  east  of  Poland 
and  the  Hanseatic  cities.  Its  fairs  were  freiiucnted  by  an  immense  concourse  of  peoi)le  from 
all  the  surrounding  countries,  as  well  as  by  numbers  of  merchants  from  the  Hanse  towns, 
who  engrossed  the  greater  part  of  its  foreign  commerce,  and  who  furnished  its  markets  with 
the  manufactures  and  products  of  distant  countries.  Novogorod  is  said  to  have  contained, 
during  its  most  flourishing  period,  towards  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  upwards  of 
400,000  souls.  This,  however,  is  most  probably  an  exaggeration.  But  its  dominions  were 
then  very  extensive ;  and  its  wealth  and  power  seemed  so  great  and  well  established,  and  the 
city  itself  so  impregnable,  as  to  give  rise  to  a  proverb.  Who  can  resist  the  tiods  and  great 
Novogorod?  Quis  cnnlra  Dcos  el  niagnam  Nuvugurdiuiu ? — {Coxt^s  Travds  In  the  North 
of  Europe,  vol.  ii,  p.  80.) 

But  its  power  and  prosperity  were  far  from  being  so  firmly  established  as  ;  ts  eulogists,  and 
those  who  had  only  visited  its  fairs,  appear  to  have  supposed.     In  the  latter  part  of  the  fif- 
teenth century,  Ivan  Vassilievitch,  czar  of  Russia,  having  secured  his  dominions  against  the 
inroads  of  tht-  Tartars,  nnd  extended  his  empire  by  the  conquest  of  some  of  the  neighbouring 
principalities,  asserted  his  right  to  the  principality  of  Novogorod,  and  supported  his  preten- 
sions by  a  formidable  army.     Had  the  inhabitants  been  animated  by  the  spirit  of  unanimity 
and  patriotism,  they  might  have  defied  his  eflbrts;  but  their  dissensions  facilitated  their  (ton- 
quest,  and  rendered  them  an  easy  prey.     Having  entered  the  city  at  the  head  of  his  troops, 
Ivan  received  from  the  citizens  the  charter  of  their  liberties,  which  they  either  wanted  courage 
ot  inclination  to  defend,  and  carried  oll'an  enormous  bell  to  Moscow,  that  has  been  long  re- 
garded with  a  sort  of  superstitious  veneration  as  the  palladium  of  the  city.     But  notwith- 
standing the  despotism  to  which  Novogorod  was  subject,  during  the  reigns  of  Ivan  and  his 
successors,  it  continued  for  a  considerable  period  to  be  the  largest  as  well  as  most  commercial 
city  in  the  Russian  empire.     The  famous  Richard  Chancellour,  who  pissed  through  Novo- 
gorod in  15r)L  in  his  way  from  the  (.^ourt  of  the  Czar,  says,  that '  .lext  unto  Moscow,  the 
city  of  Novogorod  is  reputed  the  chicfe^!  of  Russia;  for  although  it  be  in  majestie  inferior  to 
it,  yet  in  greatness  it  goelh  beyond  it.     It  is  the  chiefest  and  greatest  mart  town  of  all  Mus- 
covy ;  aiiil  albeit  the  emperor's  seat  is  not  there,  but  at  Moscow,  yet  the  coinmodiousness  of 
the  river  falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  whereby  it  is  well  fretjuented  by  merchants,  makes 
it  more  famous  than  Moscow  itself." 

But  the  scourge  of  the  destroyer  soon  afte.'  fell  on  this  celebrated  city.  Ivan  IV.,  having 
iliscovered,  in  1570,  a  correspondence  between  some  of  the  principal  citizens  and  the  King 
of  Poland,  relative  to  a  surrender  of  the  city  i'.ito  his  hands,  punished  them  in  the  most  in- 
human manner.  The  slaughter  by  which  the  bloodthirsty  barbarian  sought  to  satisfy  his  re- 
venge was  alike  extensive  and  indiscriminating.  The  crime  of  a  few  citizens  was  made  a 
pretext  for  the  massacre  of  '^ri,000  or  30,000.  Novogorod  never  recovered  from  this  dreadful 
Mow.  It  still,  however,  continued  to  be  a  place  of  ctmsiderable  trade,  until  the  foiindalion  of 
Pelcrsburgh,  which  immediately  became  the  seat  of  that  commerce  that  had  formerly  centred 

♦AsLTicsi  of  rcsohil ions  were  unanimously  aiireoil  to  hy  the  niprrliants  frctiuenlini;  tlie  port  of 
Wisliy,  oiH'  111'  tlie  |iriiui|iiil  enilioriiiiiis  of  ilic  l.i'amii!.  in  1"2^*7,  prciviilini!  fur  tlic  rcstnration  of  ship- 
wretlied  property  to  its  oriL'inal  owners,  anil  ttircalcMiini,'  lofjiHl  Irdiii  \.\i6'^ consodalitatemercaturum," 
any  city  tliat  illil  nut  act  tonforniubly  lo  llie  regulalioiiB  laid  down. 
Vol.  I.— 3  t^ 


■.n 


734 


HANSEATIC  LEAGUE. 


K 


I 

Co 


«1  » 

c5 


f  J 


I  f 


Rt  Novogorod.  The  degradation  of  thin  ill-fatwl  city  ia  now  roinplotc.  It  in  at  present  an 
inconsiderablo  place,  with  a  population  of  about  7,000  or  8,000 ;  and  is  rcniarkablo  only  for 
its  history  and  antiquities. 

The  merchants  of  the  Hanso  towns,  or  Hansards,  as  they  were  then  commonly  termed, 
were  established  in  Ijondon  at  a  very  early  period,  and  their  factory  here  win  of  considerable 
magnitude  and  importance.  They  enjoyed  various  privilei^es  and  iminutiitiiis;  they  were 
perniitted  to  govern  themselves  by  their  own  laws  and  regulations;  the  custody  of  one  of  the 
gates  of  the  city  (IJisho[)sgate)  was  committed  to  their  care;  and  the  duties  on  various  sorts 
of  imported  commodities  were  considerably  re<luced  in  their  favour.  These  privileges  neces- 
sarily excited  the  ill-will  and  animosity  of  the  English  merchunts.  The  Hansards  were 
every  now  and  then  accused  of  acting  with  bad  faith;  of  introducing  commodities  as  their 
own  that  were  really  the  produce  of  others,  in  order  to  enable  them  to  evade  the  duties  with 
which  they  ought  to  have  been  charged ;  of  capriciously  extending  the  list  of  towns  belonging 
to  the  association;  and  obstructing  the  comincrco  of  the  EuL^lish  in  the  Baltic.  EtVorts  wcro 
continually  making  to  bring  these  disputes  to  a  termination ;  but  as  they  really  grew  out  of 
the  privileges  granted  to  and  claimed  by  the  Hansards,  this  was  found  to  be  inipossil)le.  The 
latter  were  exposed  to  many  indignities;  and  their  factory,  which  was  situated  in  Thame.-: 
Street,  was  not  unl'requenlly  attacked.  The  League  exerted  themselves  vigorously  in  de- 
fence of  their  privileges ;  and  having  declared  war  against  England,  they  succeeded  in  ex- 
cluding our  vessels  from  the  Baltic,  and  acted  witii  such  energy,  that  Edward  IV.  was  ghid 
to  come  to  an  accommodation  with  them,  on  terms  which  were  any  thing  but  honourable  to 
the  Englisii.  In  the  treaty  for  this  purpose,  negotiated  in  M'/t,  the  privileges  of  the  mer- 
chants of  the  Hanse  towns  were  renewed,  and  the  king  assigned  to  them,  in  absolute  pro 
perly,  a  large  s|)ace  of  ground,  with  the  buildings  upon  it,  in  Thames  Street,  denominated  the 
Steel  Yard,  whence  the  Hanse  merchants  have  been  commonly  denominated  the  Association 
of  the  Steel  Vard  ;  the  imiperty  of  their  establishments  at  Boston  and  Lynn  was  also  sccurt'd 
to  them;  the  king  engaged  to  allow  no  stranger  to  participate  in  their  privileges;  one;  ot  ttm 
articles  bore  that  the  Hanse  merchants  should  be  no  longer  subject  to  the  judges  of  the 
English  Admiralty  Court,  but  that  a  particular  tribunal  should  be  formed  for  the  easy  and 
speedy  .settlement  of  all  disputes  that  might  arise  between  them  and  the  English;  iuid  it  was 
further  agreed  that  the  particular  privilci^es  awarded  to  the  Hanse  merchants  should  be  [nili- 
lislied  as  often  as  the  latter  judged  proper,  in  all  the  sea-port  towns  of  England,  an. I  such 
Englishmen  as  infringed  upon  them  should  be  |nmishcd.  In  return  fi)r  these  conce-sions  the 
English  acipiired  the  liberty  of  freely  trading  in  the  Baltic,  and  es[iecially  in  the  port  of 
Dantzio  and  in  Prussia.  In  1 198,  all  direct  commerce  with  the  Netherlands  being  suspenJcJ, 
the  trade  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Hanse  merchants,  whose  commerce  was  in  con;e  |inMice 
very  greatly  extended.  But,  according  as  the  spirit  of  commercial  enterprise  awakened  in 
the  nation,  and  as  ;he  benefits  resulting  from  the  prosecution  of  foreign  trade  came  to  be 
better  known,  the  privileges  of  the  Hanse  merchants  became  more  and  more  obnoxious. 
They  were  in  conseipience  considerably  modified  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  lli-nry 
Vlli.,  anil  were  at  length  wholly  abolished  in  1597. — (Andemoii'fi  Hist.  Cow.  Anno  M7l,t\r.', 

Tlie  dillerent  individuals  belonging  to  the  factory  in  London,  as  well  as  those  belongiiiirto 
the  other  factories  of  the  League,  lived  together  at  a  common  table,  and  were  eiij  lined  to 
observe  the  strictest  celibacy.  The  direction  of  the  factory  in  London  was  entrusted  to  an 
alderman,  2  assessors,  and  9  councillors.  The  latter  were  sent  by  the  cities  forming  the 
dillerent  classes  into  which  the  League  was  divided.  The  business  of  these  functionaries  was 
to  devise  means  for  extending  and  securing  the  privileges  and  commerce  of  the  association; 
to  watch  over  the  operations  of  the  merchants;  and  to  adjust  any  disputes  that  might  arise 
amongst  tiie  members  of  the  confederacy,  or  between  them  and  the  English.  The  !ea(;ue 
endeavoured  at  all  times  to  promote,  as  much  as  possible,  the  employment  of  their  own  ships. 
In  pursuanc  of  this  object,  they  went  so  far,  in  14'17,  as  to  forbid  the  importation  of  Kn!,dish 
merchandise  into  the  coid'ederated  cities,  except  by  their  own  vessels.  But  a  regulation  of 
this  sort  could  not  be  carried  into  full  elFect;  and  was  enforced  or  modified  according  :is  cir- 
cumstances were  favourable  or  adverse  to  the  pretensions  of  the  League.  Its  very  existence 
was,  however,  an  insult  to  the  English  nation  ;  and  the  irritation  produced  by  the  occasional 
attempts  to  act  U[H)n  it,  contributed  materially  to  the  subversion  of  the  privileges  the  Haiiseatic 
merchants  had  acijuired  amongst  us. 

By  means  of  their  factory  at  Bergen,  and  of  the  privileges  which  had  been  either  granted 
to  or  usurped  by  them,  the  League  enjoyed  for  a  lengthened  period  the  monopoly  of  the  com- 
merce of  Norway. 

But  he  principal  factory  of  the  liCaguewasat  Bruges  in  the  Netherlands.  Brim'slu'- 
came,  at  a  very  early  period,  one  of  the  first  commercial  cities  of  Europe,  and  the  centre  of 
the  most  extensive  trade  carried  on  to  the  north  of  Italy.  The  art  of  navigation  in  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  was  so  imperfict,  that  a  voyage  from  Italy  to  the  Baltic 
and  back  again  could  not  be  pertorined  in  a  single  season;  and  hence,  for  the  .sake  of  their 
mutual  conveiiiiMice,  the  Italian  and  Hanseatic;  merchants  determined  on  establishing  a  ma- 
gazine or  store-house  of  their  respective  products  in  some  intermediate  situation.     Bruges 


'1  <:,■ 


HARBOUR. 


735 


iplnto.     It  U  at  prcficnt  an 
mA  iH  rcmurkijblo  only  for 

c  thon  commonly  tormrd, 
y  here  win  of  coiisitlcrablo 
1(1  immunities;  tUey  vino 
;  tlin  custody  of  ono  of  the 
'the  duties  on  various  sorts 
r.     Those  privile;,'fs  neces- 
ints.    The  Hansards  were 
luein-^  comnioditiiM  as  their 
:!m  to  evade  the  duties  with 
r  the  list  of  towns  lielonRiiiK 
',  the  Baltic.     EtVorls  wero 
as  they  really  Rrew  out  of 
bund  to  l)c  impossilile.    Tho 
eh  was  situated  in  Thaiiie.-i 
tiemsclvcs  viRorously  in  de- 
land,  they  succeeded  ni  ex- 
r,  that  Edward  IV.  was  !;lad 
any  thing  but  honourable  to 
•1,  the  privileRcs  of  the  mcr- 
icd  to  them,  in  absolute  pro 
r.imes  Street,  denominated  the 
denominated  thi;  Association 
n  and  Lynn  was  also  s(i-uri.'d 
n  their  privileges;  one  ot  the 
subject  to  the  judi?es  ol  the 
1  be  formed  f»r  the  easy  and 
,  and  the  English;  and  It  was 
use  merchants  should  be  puh- 
towns  of  England,  anl  sudi 
■eturn  for  these  eouee-sions  the 
and  esi)ecially  in  the  port  of 
I  Netherlands  being  siispcndcJ, 
oinmerce  was  in  con-e  unnice 
lercial  enterprise  awakened  in 
of  foreign  trade  came  to  be 
.  more  and  more  obnoxious. 
ns  of  Henry  VII.  and  Hoiiry 
'.s  Hist.  Com.  Anno  117 1.  cVc) 
.,  as  well  as  those  belon^niij;  to 
n  table,  and  were  enj  liiied  to 
London  was  entrusted  to  an 
,  nt  by  the  cities  forming  the 
iness  of  these  functionaries  was 
commerce  of  the  association; 
any  disputes  that  might  arise 
..id  the  English.     The  league 
employment  of  their  own  ships. 
rbid  the  importation  of  English 
I  vessels.     But  a  regulation  of 
id  or  modified  acconliiig  hs  cir- 
.he  League.     Its  very  existence 
lion  produced  by  the  occasional 
of  the  privileges  the  Hanscatic 

which  had  been  either  granted 
iieriod  the  monopoly  of  the  eoin- 

the  Netherlands,  Brii'^'s  lie- 
's of  Europe,  and  the  centre  of 

The  art  of  navigation  in  the 
voyage  from  Italv  to  the  Baltic 
nui  hence,  for  the  sake  of  tln'ir 
Lnerniincd  on  ot.ilili-hiiig  a  ma- 
ntermediato  situation.     Bruges 


It 


was  fixed  iipon  for  this  purpose ;  a  disiinction  which  it  sepina  to  have  owed  as  much  to  the 
freedom  enjoyed  by  the  iiihnbitants,  and  the  liberality  of  the  government  of  the  Low  ('oun- 
triea,  as  to  the  conveniency  of  its  situation.  In  conseipience  of  this  prelcrence,  J3rnges 
sjieedily  rose  to  the  very  highest  rank  among  commercial  cities,  and  became  a  place  of  vust 
wealth.  It  was  .at  once  a  staple  for  English  wool,  for  the  woollen  and  linen  niainifactures 
of  the  Netherlands,  for  the  timber,  hemp,  and  llax,  pitch  and  tar,  tallow,  corn,  lisli,  iislies, 
Ac.  of  the  North;  and  for  the  spices  and  [ndiun  commodities,  as  well  as  their  domestic  ma- 
nufactures imported  by  the  Italian  merchants.  'IMie  fairs  of  Bruges  were  the  best  fri'ijuented 
of  any  in  Europe.  Ijiidovico  (Julccianlini  mentions,  in  his  Description  af  l/ir  L'nn  Cituii' 
Irif",  that  in  the  year  11)18,  no  fewer  than  5  Venetian  galleases,  vessels  of- very  considerable 
burden,  arrived  in  Bruges  in  order  to  dispose  of  their  cargoes  at  the  fair.  The  Hanscatic 
merchants  were  the  principal  purchasers  of  Indiiin  commodities;  they  disposed  of  them  in 
the  ports  of  the  ]{altic,  or  carried  them  ui)  thi<  great  rivers  into  the  heart  of  Ciermany.  Tho 
vivifying  ell'erts  of  this  commerce  were  every  where  felt;  the  regular  intercourse  opened  be- 
tween the  nations  in  the  north  and  south  of  Europe  made  them  sensible  of  their  mutual 
wants,  and  gave  a  wonderful  stimulus  to  the  si)irit  of  industry.  This  was  particularly  the 
case  with  regard  to  the  Netherlands.  Manul'actures  of  wool  and  llax  had  been  established 
in  that  country  as  early  as  the  age  of  (Jhurlcmagne ;  and  the  resort  of  foreigners  to  their 
markets,  and  the  great  additional  vent  that  was  thus  opened  for  their  manufactures,  tnade 
them  be  carried  on  with  a  vigour  and  success  that  had  been  hitherto  unknown.  These  cir- 
cumstances, combined  with  the  free  sjiirit  of  their  institutions,  and  the  modcMtion  of  the 
government,  so  gieatly  promoted  every  elegant  and  useful  art,  that  tho  Netherlands  early  be- 
came the  most  civilised,  best  cultivated,  richest,  and  most  populous  country  of  Europe. 

Decline  of  the  iftinsefilic  League. — From  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  power 
of  the  confederacy,  though  still  very  formidable,  began  to  decline.     This  was  not  owing  to 
any  misconduct  on  the  part  of  its  leaders,  but  to  the  jirogress  of  that  iinprovcnient  it  had 
done  so  much  to  |)romote.     The  superiority  enjoyed  by  the  League  resulted  as  much  from 
the  anarchy,  confusion,  and  barbaiism  that  prevailed  throughout  the  kingdoms  of  the  North, 
as  from  the  good  government  and  cnder  that  distinguished  the  towns.     But  a  distinction  of 
this  sort  could  not  be  permanent.     'J'he  civilisation  which  had  been  at  first  conlined  to  the 
cities,  gradually  s[)read  from  them,  as  from  so  many  centres,  over  the  contiguous  country. 
Feudal  anarchy  was  every  v;here  superseded  by  a  system  of  subordination;  arts  and  indus- 
try were  dilVused  and  cultivated  ;  and  the  aut'iority  of  government  was  at  lenjtli  (irmly  es- 
tablished.    This  change  not  only  rendered  the  princes,  over  whom  the  League  had  so  fre- 
quently triumphed,  superior  to  it  in  power;  but  the  inhabitants  of  the  countries  amongst 
which  the  confiderated  cities  were  scattered,  having  learned  to  entertain  a  jui-t  sense  of  the 
advantages  derivable  from  commerce  and  navigation,  could  not  brook  the  mperiority  of  the 
association,  or  hear  to  see  its  members  in  possession  of  immunities  of  which  ihoy  were  de- 
prived :  and  in  addition  to  these  circunistances,  which  must  s|)ecdily  have  occasioneil  the 
dissolution  of  the  League,  the  interests  of  the  dilVerent  cities  of  which  it  consisted  became 
daily  more  and  more  opposed  to  each  other.     Lubeck,  Hamburgh,  Bremen,  and  the  towns 
in  their  vicinity,  were  latterly  the  only  ones  that  had  any  interest  in  its  maintenance.     The 
cities  in  Zealand  and  Holland  joined  it,  chielly  because  t!iey  wuuld  otherwise  have  been  ex- 
cluded from  the  conmieree  of  the  Baltic  ;  and  those  of  Prussia,  Poland,  and  Russia  did  the 
same,  becaust-,  had  they  not  belonged  to  it,  they  would  have  been  shut  out  from  all  inter- 
course with  strangers.      When,  however,  the  Zealanders  and  Hollanders  became  snlnciently 
powerful  at  sea  to  be  able  to  vindicate  their  right  to  the  free  navigation  of  the  Baltic  by  force 
of  arms,  they  immediately  seceded  from  the  League ;  and  no  sooner  had  the  ships  of  the 
Dutch,  the  English,  &c.  begun  to  trade  directly  with  the  Polish  and  Prussian  Ilan-^e  towns, 
than  these  nations  also  embraced  the  first  o|)portnnity  of  withdrawing  from  it.     'i'he  fall  of 
this  great  confederacy  was  really,  theiefore,  a  consei|uence  of  tlie  iniinoved  stale  of  society, 
and  of  the  development  of  the  commercial  sjiirit  in  the  ditlerent  nations  of  Eurojie.     It  was 
most  serviceable  so  long  as  those  for  whom  its  merchants  acted  as  tiictors  and  c.irriers  were 
too  barbarous,  too  much  occupied  witli  other  matters,  or  destitute  of  the  neccssaiy  capital 
and  skill,  to  act  in  these  capacities  for  themselves.     When  they  were  in  a  situation  to  do 
this,  the  functions  of  the  Hanscatic  merchants  ceased  as  a  matter  of  course;  their  confede- 
racy fell  to  pieces  ;  and  at  the  middle  of  the  seventh  century  the  cities  of  Lubeck,  Hamburgh, 
and  Bremen  were  all  that  continued  to  acknowledge  the  authority  of  the  League.     Even  to 
this  day  they  preserve  the  shadow  of  its  power  ;  being  acknowledired  in  the  act  for  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  (lermanic  confederation,  signoil  at  Vienna,  the  Hili  of  .lune,  ISl.'S,  as  free 
Hanscatic  cities. — (From  an  article  in  No.  1:5,  of  the  h'urcii^n  Qtiarl.)-/!/  lievicic,  contri- 
buted by  the  author  of  this  work.) 

HAUBOL'R,  HAVEN,  on  PORT,  a  piece  of  water  communicating  with  the  sea,  or 
with  a  navigable  river  or  lake,  having  ue|itii  sulFicieiit  to  I'loat  ships  of  considerable  burden, 
where  there  is  convenient  anchorage,  and  wheie  ships  may  lie,  load,  and  unload,  screened 
from  the  winds,  and  without  the  reach  of  the  tide. 

Qualilics  of  a  good  Ilarbuur.  —  'i'hcre  is  every  variety  in  the  form  and  quality  of  har- 


lilt  ^' 


738 


HARBOURS. 


s 

S5         ; 

K 

s» 

•^ 

•^ 

P^ 

'^  , 

«r«i 

«i^ 

!l^ 

•i^ 

ij        M 

*-^ 

1*^          « 

S^ 

<^    i 

i:! 


hours,  'riiry  aro  cither  nntiiral  or  nrtificinl ;  hut,  howiivcr  fornind,  n  pood  Imrhonr  hIiouIcI 
have  Huflliciit  depth  of  wiitcr  to  mltnit  tho  liirfjoHt  Mlii|w  at  all  tiincw  of  tlio  tiilo  ;  it  Mhoiiid 
bo  easy  of  accoHx,  without  haviiu'  too  widi*  an  cntnincu  ;  th(!  iHittom  should  lio  clciiii  and  K^ud  ; 
ntid  8lii|)H  8li()\dil  ho  able  to  iio  dose  alongside  ijimyHor  piern,  that  lln)  rxpt'iiw  and  incorivoniruco 
of  loaditiu;  1111(1  unloading  l)y  nicaiiH  of  li;{hti.TH  may  bo  avi)id(<d.  Ships  lyiiit;  in  a  harbour 
that  is  land-locked,  and  surroutidcd  by  high  grounds  or  luiildingH,  aro,  at  once,  without  tho 
reach  of  storms,  tides,  and  currents  ;  and  may,  in  most  eases,  be  caBJIy  protected  from  hoHtilo 
attacks.  Bar  harbours  arc  those  that  have  bars  or  banks  at  their  entrances,  and  do  not, 
therefore,  admit  of  the  ingie-is  or  egress  of  largo  Khi[)s  except  at  high  water,  '^h(^^e  aro  most 
conimunly  river  harliours;  tho  sand  and  mud  brought  down  liy  the  stream,  and  driven  back 
by  the  waves,  naturally  forming  a  bar  or  bank  at  their  mouths, 

Jicfil  liritish  ilarbourK.  —  fiood  harbours  are  of  essential  importance  to  a  maritime  nation ; 
and  iininens<;  sums  have  been  expended  in  all  countries  ambitious  of  naval  or  commercial 
gnmtness  in  their  iin|"  'veineut  and  formation.  Portsmouth,  Milford  Haven,  and  the  Covo 
of  Cork  are  the  finest  liirboursin  the  Uritidi  islands,  l)eiug  suri)assed  by  very  few,  if  any, 
in  the  world.  Of  these,  Portsmouth  is  entitled  to  the  pre-eminence.  This  admirable  hur- 
bour  is  about  as  wide  at  its  i.jouth  as  the  Thames  at  Westminster  Uridge,  expanding  within 
into  a  noble  basin,  almost  sullicient  to  contain  the  whole  navy  of  ( Jreat  liritain,  Ifx  entrance 
is  unolistructed  by  any  bar  or  shallow;  and  it  has,  throughout,  water  adetiiiatu  to  float  tho 
largest  men  of  war  at  the  lowest  tides.  The  anchorage  ground  is  excellent,  and  it  ia 
entirely  free  from  sunken  rocks,  sand  batiks,  or  any  similar  obstructions.  'I'hc  western  sldu 
of  the  harbour  is  formed  by  the  island  of  Porlsea  ;  and  on  its  south-western  <'xtreniity,  at  llio 
entrance  to  the  harbour  is  situated  the  town  of  Portsmouth,  and  its  largo  and  important, 
suburli  Porfsea.  Here  are  docks  and  other  estiiblishuients  for  tho  building,  repair,  and  outlil 
of  shi|)s  of  war,  constructed  upon  a  very  large  scale,  and  furnished  with  every  conveniency. 
The  forlilications  that  protect  this  great  naval  r/iyw/,  are  superior,  both  as  respects  strength 
and  extent,  to  any  other  in  tho  kingdom.  "  Tiius,"  to  use  the  words  of  Dr.  Campbell,  '•  it 
appears  tlu»t  Portsmouth  derives  from  nature  all  the  |)rerogatives  the  most  fertile  wits  and 
most  intelligent  judges  could  devise  or  desire;  and  thattiusc  have  been  well  seconded  l)y  art, 
■without  consideration  of  expense,  which,  in  national  improvements,  is  little  lobe  regarded. 
Add  to  all  this,  the  striking  excellence  of  its  situation,  which  is  such  as  if  Providence  had 
expresiily  determined  it  for  that  use  to  wiiich  we  see  it  applied,  —  the  bridling  the  power  of 
France,  and,  if  I  may  so  speak,  the  peculiar  residence  of  Neptune."  —  (^Survvy  of  Gratt 
BrUdin,  vol.  i.  p.  370.) 

Portsmouth  harbour  has  tho  additional  and  important  advantage  of  opening  intrf  the  cele- 
brated road  of  Spithead,  between  the  Hampshire  coast  and  the  Isle  of  Wight,  forming  a  sale 
and  convenient  retreat  for  tho  largest  fleets. 

Milford  Haven  deeply  indents  the  southern  part  of  Pembrokeshin-.  It  is  of  gr4'at  extent, 
and  has  many  subordinate  bays,  creeks,  and  roads.  The  water  is  deep  and  the  anchoranu 
ground  excellent ;  and  being  completely  land-locked,  ships  lie  as  safely  as  if  they  were  in 
duck. 

Cork  harbour  hr.s  a  striking  resemblance  to  that  of  Portsmouth,  but  is  of  larger  extent ; 
it  has,  like  it,  a  narrow  entrance,  leading  into  a  capacious  basin,  allbrding  a  secure  asylum 
for  any  number  of  ships. 

Plymouth,  which,  after  Portsmouth,  is  the  principal  naval  depot  of  England,  has  an 
admirable  double  harbour.  The  roadstead  in  Plymouth  Sound  has  recently  been  much 
improved  by  the  construction,  at  a  vast  expense,  of  a  stupendous  br^iakwater  more  than 
1,700  yards  in  length.  This  artificial  bulwark  protects  the  ships  lying  inside  from  tho 
effects  of  the  heavy  swell  thrown  into  the  Sound  by  southerly  and  soutii-easterly  winds. 

London  stands  at  the  head  of  the  river  ports  of  Great  Britain.  Considering  the  limited 
course  of  the  Thames,  there  is,  probably,  no  river  that  is  navigable  for  large  ships  at  so  great 
a  distance  from  the  sea,  or  whose  mouth  is  less  obstructed  by  banks.  London  is  mainly 
indebted  for  the  unrivalled  magnitude  of  her  commerce  to  her  favourable  situation  on  this 
noble  river ;  which  not  only  gives  her  all  the  advantages  of  an  excellent  port,  accessible  at 
all  times  to  the  largest  ships,  but  renders  her  the  emporium  of  the  extensive,  rich,  and  popu- 
lous country  comprised  in  the  basin  of  the  Thames. 

The  Mersey,  now  the  second  commercial  river  in  the  empire,  is  more  incommoded  by  banks 
than  the  Thames ;  and  is  in  all  respects  inferior,  as  a  chatmel  of  navigation,  to  the  latter. 
Still,  however,  it  gives  to  Liverpool  very  great  advantages ;  and  the  new  channel  that  has 
recently  been  discovered  in  the  banks  promises  to  be  of  much  importance  in  facilitating  the 
access  to  and  from  the  port. 

Bristol  and  Hull  are  both  river  ports.  Owing  to  tho  extraordinary  rise  of  the  tide  in  the 
Bristol  Channel,  the  former  is  accessible  to  the  largest  ships.  The  Humber  is  a  good  deal 
impeded  by  banks;  but  it  is  also  navigable  as  far  as  Hull,  by  very  large  vessels.  The  Tyne 
admits  vessels  of  very  considerable  burden  as  far  as  Newcastle,  which,  next  to  London,  is  the 
most  important  port,  for  the  extent  of  the  shipping  belonging  to  it,  of  any  in  the  empire. 


HARDWARE. 


787 


n  ffooil  Imrtmnr  nhouU 
,  of  lUi'  tid.) ;  it  "1"'"^;* 
,„l,j  I,,,  cl.Mi.  nii'l  Koo'l ; 
,cnsfnmlir.<onv.«n.riico 


tii|w  lyii'«  '" 


II  hutbour 


.  at  once,  witluuit  tl.o 
1^  pr..lm-te.l  from  hoHlilo 
nitranccM.  unil  Ao  not. 
WiUer.  'n^''^"  '""  '""'^ 
stream,  unJ  J"^«"  '"*'•■'' 

icpto  a  maritime  nation; 
,  of  naval  or  coinmcrcml 
,nl  Haven,  and  the  Covo 
,s«cd  l.V  very  f.'W,  jt  any, 
^.^.  Tliis  adnnrablt!  niir- 
LlriduP.  expandint;  within 
reatUritain.  It«  entrance 
Uer  adequalo  to  float  the 
,a  is  cxeellent,  and  it  i>5 
ctions..  The  weMcrn  «ulo 
i-western  extremity,  allho  ^ 

1  its  lan;e  and  important.  \ 

Imiiding,  repair,  and  outhl 
,1  with  every  conven.ency. 
both  as  rcspectH  Htrenu'th 
,ords  of  Ur.  Campbell,  "  i 
,  the  most  fertile  vviU  and 
,  been  well  seo,onde.l  by  ar  , 
,„t3,  islittleloboregardc'd 
,  such  as  if  Vrov.denee  had 
-the  bridling  thM'^w^y' 
,tune."  — C^"'*'-'"'^"/^'""'' 

,„c  of  opening  into;  the  celp- 
,^c  of  Wight,  fonmn-asAle 

shirv'.     It  is  of  great  extent, 

I  is  deep  and  the  anchorage 

as  safely  as  if  they  were  m 

nth.  bnt  is  of  larger  extent; 
[,1,  aflbrding  a  secure  asylum 

I  depot  of  England,  has  an 
nd  has  recently  been  much 
dous  breakwater  more  than 

Lhips  l'.ing  i»^'J«  /'O'"  '^*' 

,d  soutli-easterly  wmds. 
„n  Considering  the  limited 
ible  for  large  ships  at  so  great 
L  banks.  Ltindon  is  mainly 
fr  favourable  situation  on  this 
I  excellent  port,  accessible  at 
[the  extensive,  rich,  and  popu- 

lis  more  incommoded  by  baiiks 

I  of  navigation,  to  the  lal  er. 
[nd  the  new  channel  that  has 
]"mportancc  in  facilitating  the 

Irdinaryriseofthetideintjie 
1  The  H  umber  is  a  good  deal 
lery  large  vessels.  The  Tyne 
VvvLh'nexttoLondon,isthe 

,  it,  of  any  in  the  empire. 


The  shall'>wnrR!<  of  lhi>  (Mydo  fr.iin  (irci'nork  up  to  filn^'jow  im-.  been  a  wtIihh  drawr- 
Imek  upon  the  ('(iiinnerciiii  pro.rve<s  of  tlic  Inltrr.  liiirije  siiirin  have  liren  expended  in 
iitti-iiipl:!  til  coiitr:!!'!  the  i''>ur,-e  and  to  deepe.i  the  beil  of  the  river;  niid  they  iiave  been  sn 
f.ir  •iii'cesHfiil,  that  ve^Kels*  of  ITiO  tons  biirdeii  may  now,  I'l-nerally  speaking,  nseeud  to  the 
eity  at  all  liiiiiM  of  ilie  tide.  ISiit  there  sicins  tilde  prolmbilily  of  ltd  ever  b^'coming  suitable 
lor  tlu)  navi^alioii  of  HJiips  of  jiretty  largo  burden. 

(Jenernlly  Kpenkini^  the  harbimr^  on  the  east  consts,  both  of  fireat  llritain  and  Ireland, 
nre,  with  the  exeeptioii  of  the  Tiiaincs,  very  infi'rior  to  ihos"  on  the  sontli  mid  we-tt  eoa^tH. 
.Several  liarliours  on  the  nliores  of  Sussex,  Kent,  liineolii,  tVe.,  that  once  adniiUcd  pretty 
IiiriC  fliiim,  are  now  coiiipli'lcly  choked  up  by  Hiind.  Large  suuis  have  been  exjieiided  upon 
•  the  ports  of  Varinniilli,  lloiton,  Snnilerla,i(i,  Leilli,  Dnmiee,  Alierdeen,  Ae.  I)ii!>li'i  Ii  ir- 
biiur  beini;  naturally  bad,  ami  obstructed  liy  a  bar,  a  new  Inriionr  has  been  lorined,  at  a  uieat 
expense,  at  Kiiu?stovvn.  without  the  bar.  in  deep  water.  There  has  also  been  a  larf,'(j  outlay 
U|ioii  the  harbouri  of  D.nianhadee,  I'ortpatriek,  ()te. 

For  an  ac'ount  of  the  shippiii;^  be|oii;:ino;  to  thedilVerent  ports  of  (treat  Uritain  and  Ire- 
land, the  ren(li!r  is  referred  to  llie  article  Sini'sin  this  work.  The  charges  on  account  of 
Docks,  I'ilola'^e,  &c.  are  specilied  under  ihi'se  articles. 

Far'-i^n  t/ii'luiiirs  and  Pari  .  -The  reader  will  lind  the  i)rineipal  foreign  commercial 
harbours  desrrilied  in  this  work  ai  eonsideralile  lenirlh  under  lh''ir  respective  titles.  'I'iic 
priiici|)al  Trench  port>  fir  the  accomtntdatioii  of  men  of  war  are  Hrest,  'l'.)ulon,  and  Ciier- 
bourg.  The  latter  has  been  very  greatly  improved  by  the  ennstrnciion  of  a  (,'ii:antic  break- 
water, and  the  excavation  of  iiiiiiiense  basins.  Hesides  Cadiz,  the  principal  ports  for  the 
Spanish  navy  are  Ferrol  and  (-'arthagena.  CroUiiladt  is  the  principal  leiid.'zvons  of  the 
Rus-ian  navy;  Laiidscrona  of  lliat  of  Sweden;  and  tiie  ITeldcr  of  tliat  of  llolLiiid, 

Law  iif  I'Jiiirldiid  «s  Id  Hail)  'iirn. — The  anchorage,  v'<tc,  of  sliips  was  re:,ni!;'.ted  by  .several 
Htatntes.  But  most  of  these  regulalioim  have  been  repealed,  inodilied,  or  r(!-cnacted  bv  the 
rA  (Jeo.  3.  e.  U!). 

Tills  net  aiuiioriso!!  llic  Admiralty  to  prnvlili-  for  the  itinorines  of  lil«  Majesty's  slii|is  ;  anil  iirnliililts 
any  |irlvalc  »lii|i  rroiii  I'l^Jli'iiiii:.'  lliiTi'tn.  Il  f'lirllii'r  aiillinri/.i's  itin  Ailmirally  In  pniliihit  111"  hnnniing 
of  iiiiy  Hliiii  iir  vrssi'l  at  any  jiliici'  (ir  jilan.-i  im  s'liorr  lliity  may  lliiiik  lit  ;  ami  li>  |ioiiil  mil  lln' I'lacrs 
wlwMi'  prlvi'ti!  fliips  sliail  ili-pii^il  iIk^  L'Mnpinvili'r  lliey  niiiy  liavr  on  liiinril  cMT'i'diim  .'>  l!n.  — (.1  ti.1  It 
pniliihit-!  till' use  iil'any  liri' nil  liiiiuil  :uiy  >liip  or  vi'M^i'l  tiiat  i.j  I'l'iiii!  liri'iiiiii'il  in  any  pnrt,  li  irliinit, 
or  liavi'ii.  Iic'tween  Iln;  linnrs  nl'  1 1  in  the  rvi'iiiie,'  ami  .">  in  llir  innrninL'.  iVnm  lln!  Isl  m'  Ortoln'r  In  tlii! 
'.\\f\  nl'Marili  litrlnovi',  ami  ImtwiMMi  llii'  lioiirs  ol'  II  in  tlm  rvi'iiiiii;  ami  I  in  llii;  imirnin;;,  I'miii  llii! 
Isl  111' April  111  tln^  HOili  1)1' Si'pti'inlM'r  imli|.iivi.' ;  iiml  il  pniliiliils  IIk;  iimUiii'.'  iir  Imilin:,' of  aiiy  pitcli, 
lar,  lall.iw,  4ii'.  wllliin  'yid  yard?"  nf  ;iny  nl'  liin  M.ij. 'sty's  nhip-<.  or  nl"  liis  Miij.'.!ly's  ilni-Jt-yiriN.  Ily 
aiMllicr  sc'ilinii,  till'  ki'i'piiiK 'il' cans  Hlintti'il,  and  llm  liriiu!  iiftlie  saini^  in  any  port,  is  prnliiliilei 
uml.T  a  pi'iialty  (if  ."iN.  fur  evi-ry  (jan  Ucpt  ;!iotli'il,  and  111..',  fur  rvrry  u'lin  disi  liiriicil  ~  c'H.)  'I'lia 
HWc'pini;  nr  rri'i'pinu'  fur  amliors,  Ace.  witliin  tli"  clislame  of  ITiO  y.'irds  nf  iiiiy  of  his  M.ijrsiy's  ships 
of  w.ir.  iiriif  his  Majesty's  iiim  riii!;.<,  is  pridiihitcd  under  a  pi'iially  of  111/,  t'ur  iivery  oll'.'m  i'.—  (}  10.) 
The  livadiiiL' and  iiiiluadiiii}  of  hallaft  i.s  ul.so  reniilati.'d  liy  this  statute ;  lint  I'lir  the  inovijicins  with 
respect  to  il,8ee  IlAi.i.\sr 

HARDWARE  (fi.!r,  Kurze  vmarcn ;  Du.  Yzcrltrmueri/ ,-  Da.  Incnkranii'arer  ,•  Svv. 
Jurnkriiin  ;  Fr.  Clinquailkric,  Qu:nca>/lcr!r  ,■  It.  Cluncaiflio ;  Sp.  Qitinrjuil/cria  ,■  Port. 
Qniiiral/iaria  ;  Rus.  Mjilafzc/inue  lnwarii),  includes  every  kind  of  Roods  manufaetuied  from 
metals,  eoinprisinp;  iron,  brass,  steel,  and  copjier  articles  of  all  description.^.  IJinniiigluiia 
and  Sheilield  are  the  principal  seats  of  the  Hritish  hardware  inanuraetures ;  and  from  these, 
iininense  ipiantities  of  knive.s,  razors,  scissars,  t>;ilt  and  plated  ware,  lire-arms,  &c.  are  snp- 
plieil,  as  well  for  exportation  to  most  parts  of  the  world,  as  for  home  eon^:ulnption. 

The  hardware  manufacture  is  one  of  the  most,  imjiortant  carried  on  in  (Jreat  Britain;  and 
from  the  abundance  of  iron,  tin,  and  copper  ores  in  this  country,  and  our  inexhaustible  coal 
mines,  it  is  one  which  seems  !o  be  established  on  a  very  secure  foundation,  'i'he  late  Mr. 
Htevenson,  in  his  elaborate  and  excellent  iirticle  on  the  statistics  of  Ijiiifland,  in  the  F.dhi' 
bwi^li.  Kiiri/clopwda,  )iublished  in  181.5,  estimated  the  value  of  all  the  articles  maile  of  iron 
at  io,()()(),()00/.,  and  the  persons  einjiloyed  in  the  trade  at  300,0(10.  .Mr.  Stevenson  esti- 
mated the  value  of  all  the  artii-les  made  of  brass  and  copprr  at  ;1,('00,()00/.,  and  the  (lersons 
employed  at  .'iO.OOO:  and  he  further  estimated  the  value  of  steel,  [dated,  and  hardwan!  arti- 
cles, including  toys,  at  4.000,000/.,  and  the  perso;is  employed  at  70,000.  So  that,  assuinimr 
these  estimates  to  be  nearly  correct,  the  total  value  of  the  goods  pro  bleed  from  dilli'ieut  sorts 
of  metals  in  EnRland  and  Wales,  in  1815,  must  have  amounted  to  the  sum  of  17,000,000/., 
and  the  peisons  employed  to  ;J"2(),000. 

'I'here  is  reason  to  believe  that  this  estimate,  in  so  far,  at  least,  as  respects  the  value  of  the 
mamiracture,  was  at  the  time  riUher  too  hi.;h;  but  at  this  moment  il  is  most  probably  within 
the  mark.  There  has  been  a  very  extraordinary  auguient.ition  of  the  (piantity  of  bar  and 
pig  iron  produced  within  the  last  l.j  years;  ami  the  rapid  increase  of  Binningham  and 
Shellicld,  as  well  as  of  the  smaller  seats  of  the  banKvare  manuficture,  shows  that  it  has 
been  increased  in  a  correspon  line;  |)roportion.  Wv  have  been  assured,  by  those  well  ac- 
quainted with  most  departments  of  the  tr.ule.  lliat  if  to  the  iron  and  other  hardware  manu- 
factures of  England  be  added  those  of  Scotland,  their  tnal  aggregate  value  cannot  now  be 

3  a  2  y;J 


i 


^ 

.^^v 


.\ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


k 


// 


{<     4|^ 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


Ul    125 


■  2.2 

™     136       ■■■ 
lU 


1 2.0 

ILLS. 

U    11.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnSTIR.N.Y.  USSO 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


^ 


738 


HARPOONER,  HATS. 


Jo 


.•  I 


reckoned  at  less  than  17,500,000/.  a  year,  affording  direct  employment,  in  the  various  do 
partmentt*  of  the  trade,  for  at  least  060,000  persons. 

Fall  of  Prices, — Owing  partly  to  the  reduced  cost  of  iron,  but  incomparably  more  to  im- 
provements in  manufacturing,  a  very  extraordinary  fall  has  taken  place  in  the  price  of  most 
hardware  articles  d''ring  the  last  12  or  15  years.  In  some  articles  the  fall  exceeds  80  per 
cent. ;  and  there  e  few  in  which  it  does  not  exceed  30  per  cent.  In  consequence,  the 
poorest  individuals  are  now  able  to  supply  themselves  with  an  infinite  variety  of  commo- 
dious and  useful  articles,  which  half  a  century  ago,  were  either  wholly  unknown,  or  were 
too  dear  to  be  purchased  by  any  but  the  richer  classes.  And  those  who  rellcr-t  on  the  im- 
portance of  the  prevalence  of  habits  of  cleanliness  and  neatness  will  readily  agree  with  us 
in  thinking  that  the  substitution  of  the  convenient  and  beautiful  hardware  and  earthenware 
household  articles,  that  are  now  every  where  to  be  met  with,  for  the  wooden  and  horn  arti- 
cles used  by  our  ancestors,  has  been  in  no  ordinary  degree  advantageous.  But  it  is  not  in 
this  respect  only  that  the  cheapness  and  improvement  of  hardware  is  essential.  Many  of 
the  most  powerful  and  indispensable  tools  and  instruments  used  by  the  labourer  come  under 
this  description  ;  and  every  one  is  aware  how  important  it  is  that  they  should  be  at  once 
cheap  and  elHcient. 

Account  of  the  real  or  declared  Valiip  of  the  diffpront  Articles  of  tlirdwnrn  cxportod  from  Great  Bri- 
tain to  Foreign  Countries,  during  the  Year  ended  5th  of  January,  lt)33. 

£       J.    d. 
BrRKS  and  copper  manufucturca  ......  010,226    4    9 

Hardware  and  cutlery  --....-.        l,4.i:!,207  17    5 

Iron  and  steel,  wro\iKht  and  unwrnnght         .  .  _  .  .         IjKiO.S.'in  10    2 

Mallien)atical  and  optical  inntrnnicnts  .....  Iti.l.lO  18    .5 

Plate,  plated  ware,  jewi'llnry,  and  watches    -  .  -  -  .  lT3.fil7  13     1 

Till  and  pewter  wares  (uxclusive  of  unwroiiglit  tin)  ...  ai.l.lOI    510 

Total  -  .  -  .     £3,'.r72,014    9    8 

The  exports  of  the  same  articles  during  the  year  ended  5th  of  January,  1920,  were  as  follows  :— 

£       s.  d. 

Brass  and  copper  manufactures  ......  653,859  13  5 

Ifardware  and  cutlery  -  .......         l,45!t,510  19  7 

Iron  and  slid,  wrought  and  unwrouHlit  (niallit^malical  instruments  not  specified)  !i.!l,4IS    8  1 

Tin  and  pewter  wares  (exclusive  of  unwrouglit  tin)  -  -  -  lti7,811  10  7 


Total 
Increase  of  the  exports  of  18.12  over  those  of  1819 


£2,915,6.30  11     8 
J£;l,05fi.:^^2  18    0 


The  East  Indies  and  China  are  by  far  the  most  important  markets  for  our  hrass  and  copper  nianu- 
fnclures.  The  total  expurls  of  these  arllrles,  in  IK)I,  amounted  to  (•03,121/.;  of  avIiIiIi  tlii-y  tuok 
34f^,(»l5/.,  till'  I'liilcd  States  ICiO.Sf).*!/..  and  Kraiice  91.5C0/.   Of  the  total  exports  of  lianlwjirf;  and  ciillcry 

in  l''3l.  a iiiitiiif;  to  1,622,12'.)/.  the  foiled  Stales  took  no  less  than  OUS,l(i'.i/  !   The  Hiilisli  po.-isessiona 

in  North  Ainrrira  and  the  West  Indies  were  the  next  most  important  customers  ;  liiit  the  e.vporls  to 
th(!ni  liotli  did  not  amount  to  lOO.OOO/.  Tlie  United  ."States,  and  the  possessions  now  referred  to,  take 
the  greatest  quantity  of  iron  and  steel  ;  the  e.vports  to  tlie  former,  in  IKtl,  lieiiiji  'il'-.TOT/.,  and  lliosi 
to  tlie  latter  2lj,22,3/.  The  United  (States  take  nearly  a  half  of  our  exports  of  plate  uml  plated 
ware,  &c. 

HARPOONER,  the  man  that  throws  the  harpoon  in  fishing  for  whales.  By  35  Geo.  3. 
c.  9C.  §  34.,  no  harpoonrr,  lino  manager,  or  boat  steerer,  belonging  to  any  ship  or  vessel 
fitted  out  for  the  Greenland  or  fiouthern  whale  fisheries,  shall  be  iinpres.scd  front  the  said 
service  ;  but  shall  be  privileged  from  being  impressed  so  long  as  he  shall  belong  to,  and  be 
employed  cm  board,  any  ship  or  vessel  whatever  in  the  fisheries  aforesaid. 

IIATiS  (Gcr.  Hiife ,-  Y^n.  Hoeden ,-  Fr.  Chapeaux;  \l,  Cnppelli;  Sp.  Sombrcrnn ,•  Rus. 
Scliliipii),  coverings  for  the  head  in  very  general  use  in  Great  Britain  and  many  other  coun- 
tries, anil  known  to  every  body.  They  are  made  of  very  various  forms  and  sorts  of  mate- 
rial. They  may,  however,  be  divided  into  two  great  classes,  viz.  those  made  of  fur,  wool, 
silk,  &c.,  and  those  made  of  straw ;  the  former  being  principally  worn  by  men,  and  the 
latter  by  women. 

Hats  (Fun,  Wool,  ktcV — The  manufacture  of  this  description  of  hats,  which  is  one 
of  very  considerable  importance  and  value,  was  first  noticed  as  belonging  to  England  in  the 
I4th  century,  in  reference  to  the  exportation  of  ralihit  or  coney  skins  I'rom  the  Netherlands. 
About  a  century  afterwards  (1463),  the  importation  of  hats  was  prohiliited.  A  iluty  of 
10s.  V)d.  a  hat  was  substituted  for  this  absolute  prohiliition  in  1816,  and  is  still  continued. 
The  following  instructive  details  with  respect  to  the  species  of  hats  ni..nufactured,  their 
value.  &c.,  have  been  obtained  from  the  highest  practical  authority  ;  and  may,  we  believe, 
be  safely  relied  on : — 

I.  Stuf  Hals— TMa  term  is  applied  hy  the  trade  only  to  the  hest  description  of  hats,  or  to  those 
broiiKht  to  the  hiphest  perfection  in  l.niiilon.  (Since  the  iiilrodiicticui  of  "  w'<terprooliiin."  it  Is  found 
unnecessary  to  use  so  valiialile  a  material  as  heaver  in  the  foundation  or  frame-work  (pf  tlieliest  hats. 
Intitead  of  it,  line  seasoned  hacks  of  Kiijtiish  coney  wool,  red  Vijionia  wool.  Dutch  carroted  coney 
wnid,aiid  a  small  (|uaiiiity  of  fine  .Saxony  lamli's  wool,  are  employed  with  equal  advantaite. 

The  covering,  i.e.  the  "napping,''  of  the  best  qualities  is  a  mixture  of  cheek  beaver,  with  while  and 


HATS. 


739 


nent,  in  the  various  do 

icomparahly  more  to  im- 

lace  in  the  r'"''"*'  "*^  •""** 
the  fall  exrceils  80  per 
it.     In  consequence,  the 
ifinite  variety  of  commo- 
vholly  unknown,  or  were 
ie  who  reflect  on  the  im- 
will  readily  agree  with  us 
ardware  an<l  earthenware 
le  wooden  and  horn  arti- 
geous.     But  it  is  not  iri 
re  irf  essential.     Many  of 
y  the  labourer  come  under 
It  they  should  he  at  once 


arn  exporind  from  Great  Bri- 
January,  1833. 

0111,226  4 
l,43:t.2fl7  17 
1  lti0.25n  10 

"        '  ifi.tno  18 

173.017  13 
2t3,l'.tl     5 


(1. 
9 
5 
2 
b 
1 
10 


.      £3,'.!72,014     9    8 

ry,  1820,  were  nsfollowa  :— 

£       ».    d. 

6.^:(,6.-.9  13    5 

l,45'.t,.')10  19    7 

„otspecifie..)9.M.8^8    1 


.     jEi.ai.l.fiSO  11    8 

.      £l,0.')fl.:iv2  18    0 

ff 

for  o\ir  lirnss  ami  coppor  nmnu- 

fP-i,12l/.;  of  wliirli  llii'y  i-"ili 

.vix.rls  onmrilwiir.;  utiil  riilkry 

>i  l(i''/  '  'I'lic  llvitisli  p«>ssc;^smnH 
'  custmii.Ts  ;  hut  tlu-  exp.irls  to 
sspsiiiins  imw  iffi-rrtMl  to.  tiiKc 

ir  exports  of  plale  ami  plate.l 

for  whales.     By  35  Geo.  3. 
niRing  to  any  t=hip  or  vessel 

be  iin|)ressfd  from  the  said 
|aa  he  shall  belong  to,  and  be 
8  aforesaid. 
[h.7//,-  ^|>-  Siwihrcriif! :  Rus. 

(ritai'n  and  many  other  coun- 
pua  forms  and  sorts  of  mute- 
fviz.  those  made  of  fur,  wool, 

)ally  worn  by  men,  and  the 

Uption  of  hats,  whieh  is  one 
1  belonsini?  to  Ktmland  in  the 
skins  from  the  Netherlands 
J  was  prohibited.  A  duty  of 
(l 8 10,  and  is  still  contmued. 
1  of  hats  in..nufaetured,  their 
gorily  ;  and  may,  we  believe, 

noHcriptWrn  of  hats,  or  l^o  those 

Ilia  wool.  Diilcli  <"rrolc(l  coney 
1  with  tMiiml  ailvaiitaue 
oVcAal  beaver,  with  white  and 


brown  staBc  henver,  or  seasoned  beaver,  crmmnnly  called  "  icooms."  Inferior  stuffs  are  napped  with 
ini.vtiiri-s  of  slacK  boaver,  nutria,  liarfs'  won),  and  iiiiisi|uush. 

Of  late  yiMirs,  hats  havn  been  much  rcducRd  in  wi'ivht.  Tliis  is  prinripalty  owinjr  to  the  new  me- 
thod of-'  watcrproofinK,"  wliich  is  elfvcted  in  tin;  bodit^s  of  the  hala  prior  to  their  heini;  napped.  TIh; 
elastic  properties  of  the  gums  employed  liiir  this  purpose,  when  dissolved  in  pure  spirits  of  wine,  give 
a  hoily  10  the  slulfs  which  allows  a  eood  deal  ofttieir  weifihtto  he  dispiMiaed  witli. 

Nut  21)  yeart'  ut;o,  'M>  ounces  of  stuff  were  worked  up  into  I  do/.en  ordinary  si/.ed  hats  for  gentlemen; 
at  pri  sent,  from  33  to  34  ounces  only  are  required  to  complete  the  siiuie  cpianlity.  It  is  proper  to  ob- 
serve that  the  heavy  duty  on  ICnalish  spirits  of  wine  is  very  injurious  tn  ilii>  manuficlure,  as  it  causes 
the  employment  of  inferior  dissolvents,  as  naphtlia  and  gas  spirit,  which  injure  the  unms. 

The  manufacture  of  the  liest  hats  employs  in  London  nearly  1, 0(H)  makers  and  linishers,  besides 
fjivinseniployment  to  nearly  3,000  men  in  (Moucestershire  and  Oerhyshirc,  in  body-making  and  ruf- 
tine.    The  gross  returns  amount  to  about  tilO,00<l{. 

2.  I'lnteil  Ilat.i.—\ext  to  fine  hats  are  those  designated  "  plated,"  so  railed  from  the  plate,  or  nap- 
piiia.  being  of  a  distinct  or  superior  nature  to  the  loiinilation  or  body.  Tlie  lattt  r  Is  g"ni'rally  formed 
of  Kent,  Spanish,  or  Sliopshire  wool ;  while  the  former  consists  of  a  mixture  of  line  heavier,  liares' 
wool,  nnis(|uasli,  nutria,  and  English  back  wool.  Kroni  the  cheapness  of  coal  and  the  purity  of  tim 
water  in  Lancashire,  (.'heshire,  and  Staffordshire,  the  whole  of  the  plating  traile  is  eiigross(Ml  by  them, 
'ihc  men  employed  in  the  3  counties,  including  apprentices,  do  not  exceed  3,01)0.  The  total  amount 
of  ictiirns  amount  to  about  l.OKIOOO/.,  inclusive  of  bonnets,  and  children's  fancy  heavtir  hats. 

3.  Flit  Unix  and  Curilien  are  I hc!  coarsest  spiM'.ies,  lieing  made  wholly  of  Kent,  Shmpshire.  and  Italian 
wocls.  Cordies  are  distinguished  by  a  fine  coveringof  camel  or  goal  hair.  A  very  large  trade  was  at 
one  time  carried  on  in  these  articlt^-< :  but  since  the  introduction  of  caps,  and  the  manufacture  of  infe- 
rior plates,  the  returns  have  sunk  from  1,000,000/.  to  scarcely  150,000/.!  Atherslone,  Rudgeley,  Bristol, 
and  Newcastle-undcr-Line,  are  the  principal  places  where  they  are  manufactured. 

4.  Silk  Hals,  imulu  {turn  silk,  plush,  or  shag,  manufactured  at  ('oventry,  Banbury,  and  Spitalfields, 
form,  at  present,  a  very  important  branch  of  tlie  hat  trade.  Many  thousand  dozens  are  exported  to 
Italy,  Gibraltar,  tliu  Cape,  Hylney,  am!  Van  Dieincn's  Laiul.  Little  progress  was  made  in  this  arti- 
cle for  the  first  quarter  of  a  century  after  its  invention,  in  consequence  of  the  hard  appearance  wliicti 
the  cane  and  willow  frame-work  necessarily  gave  the  hats;  but  now  that  beaver  iial  bodies  have 
been  used,  ns  well  as  those  of  lawn  and  muslin,  this  ditliculty  has  been  overcome,  and  silk  hats  have 
as  soft  an  outline  and  as  great  a  variety  of  shapes  as  lieaver  liats.  London  alone  produces  nearly 
150,001)  dozen  silk  hats  annually  ;  and  the  cpiantity  n.anufaciured  in  Mancliesler,  l.iverpoid,  llirming- 
ham,  and  Glasgow,  is  estimati^d  at  upwards  of  100,0(10  dii/,(.'n  more,  making  a  total  of  above  2,^0,000 
dozen.  Large  quantities  of  the  v.-ool  shells,  used  as  the  foundations  or  frame- work,  are  made  in  Ire- 
land by  the  aid  of  machinery.  The  worknum  are  distinct  fr(un  bcavei  hatters;  and,  owing  to  the 
competitiiMi  of  labourers,  the  rade  has  advanced  in  a  greater  ratio.  This  branch  gives  employment 
to  about  3,000  men. 

5.  Machiiienj,  11.^  applied  to  Hats. — Mr.  Williams,  an  American,  introduced,  a  few  years  since,  ma- 
chinery for  the  bowlnc,  breaking  up.  and  felling  woids  for  hats.  The  opposition  of  tiie  journeymen 
body-makers,  wlio  refused  to  assist  in  lln;  necessary  process  termed  bu.iiiiiiiir,  caused  it  to  lie  laid 
aside  :  it  is  now  used  only  in  tlie  preparation  of  the  shells  required  fur  silk  hats,  which,  as  already 
observed,  are  principally  made  in  Ireland. 

Mr.  Edward  Oller.-nshaw,  of  Manchester,  began,  in  1824,  the  finishing  of  hats  by  the  aid  of  machi- 
nery, but  the  pertinacious  opposition  of  the  men  prevented  his  acconqilishing  this  desirable  oliject. 
Lately,  Mr.  Johnson  of  Edinliurgh  obtained  a  patent  for  machinery  calculated  toetl'ecl  very  important 
improvements  in  the  art  of  rutllng  or  covering  the  hodies  of  hats.  But  we  understand  that  the  uppO" 
Eition  of  the  workmen  has,  also,  made  him  lay  aside  his  invention. 


(J.  Suinniari/  of  HesitUs. 


Halt. 

Fhtcd 
SlulKi 
Wools* 
Silk  • 


ralw:. 

I..      1. 

.     KOMl.GOO    0 

-       WO.OOO    0 

ItW.OOO    0 

.       jtiJ.OOO    0 

d. 
0 
0 
0 
0 

L.  2,4iO,000    0 

0 

Ucclartd  I'aliu  of  HaU  exported,  1832. 


All  sorts,  62,S>I  dozen 

Bt-avrr  and  felts 
Another 


L. 

'0,I8S 


d. 
0 


Official  Value 


14,377 


Tot.il  number  nr  men  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  beaver 

hats 17,000 

•  Including  felled  cap»  for  soliliers.  Ditto,  silk  hats 3,000 

Hats  (Straw). — It  is  most  probable  that  the  idea  of /?/«t7< H^q*  s/ra/t'.s  was  first  susTgcstcd 
by  the  making  of  baskets  of  osiers  and  willow,  alluded  to  by  Virufil,  in  his  Pastorals,  as 
one  of  the  pursuits  of  the  agricultural  population  of  Italy.  We  are  ii,'norant  of  tiic  period 
when  the  luanufacture  of  straw  i)lait  first  beeaine  of  importance  in  that  country  ;  but  it  ap- 
pears from  Coryat's  Cntditm,  puhlislied  in  16!  1,  that  "the  most  delicate  stniwen  hau" 
were  worn  by  both  men  and  women  in  many  places  of  Piedmont,  "  many  of  them  having 
at  least  an  hundred  scames."  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  art  of  straw  plaiting  must 
have  arrived  at  great  perfection  u[)wurds  of  two  centuries  since ;  but  it  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  followed  in  England  for  more  than  60  or  7(1  years,  as  it  is  within  tlie  remem- 
brance of  some  of  the  old  inhabitants  of  the  straw  districts,  now  alive,  that  the  wives  and 
daughters  of  the  farmers  tiscd  to  plait  straw  for  making  their  own  bonnets,  before  straw 
plaiting  became  eslaUiislied  as  a  maniif.icture.  In  fact,  t!>e  cu.stom,  among  the  women  in 
England,  of  wearing  bonnets  at  all,  is  coin|)arativcly  modem  :  it  is  not  yet  100  years  since 
"himdn  and  piiiiurs"  were  generally  worn,  and  it  was  only  the  ladies  of  quality  who  wore 
small  silk  hats. — (See  Mulcvlm's  Manners  and  Ctistoinn.) 

British  Plait.— T\\c  strain  plait  ili.^lriet  comprises  the  counties  of  Bedford,  Hertford,  and  Bucking- 
hani,  being  llii'  most  favoiiraldi'  for  the  produdi.in  of  tlie  wlieat  straw,  wliii  li  is  the  m;ilerial  chiefly 
used  in  EiiL'lind.  The  manuf  ictiire  is  also  l'.,lli)\ved  in  soiiKr  places  in  lissex  an  I  StilTulk,  but  very 
partially  in  other  counliis.  Uuriii!!  tlie  1  il('  war,  the  iiiqiorlation  of  straw  hats  from  Legli.irn  having 
in  a  iireat  measure  ceased,  tin  exlr  lordiiiarv  de^'rei:  of  eiiciMiracemenl  was  givi'ii  to  our  doiuestic  ma- 
niifaivliire,  and  a  proportional  deiiretMif  cninfirt  was  derived  liy  tlie  aL-riiullural  laliourers  in  these 
places,  by  the  wives  ami  chililreii  of  whom  it  was  chiefly  I'nlbuved.  This  produced  competition,  and 
led  to  an  inqirovement  of  Ihit  plat  by  .'iililliiifr  ihe  straw,  whit  li  had  formerly  liei'U  used  entire— to  a 
more  carefiil  selection  oi'thi!  straw  iiself-.iiid  also  to  improvi'iiieiils  in  (iiiisliing  and  bleaching.  So 
successful  was  straw  plaiting  at  this  period,  that  it  has  been  a.scettaiiied  that  women  have  earned  as 


\    •* 


l! 


n 


740 


HATS. 


I 


!i 


I     < 


M    ' 


mnrh  n"  2'1'?,  n  wrok  for  their  Inbnur.  ((*cc  F.riiii-nre  on  Hit  Poor  F.aini,  p.  277.)  Hiil  nt  tho  rnnrliisinn 
nl'llii'  wnt,  l.ciilKirii  liali'  ii|.Miii  caiiic  into  llic  iiiarkcl  ;  uiiil  IVoiii  tlirir  Hiipcriorily  in  liiiriuss,  coluiir, 
mill  iliiraliili;>,  llioy  Hpi't'illiy  iiciiiiiri'il  it  |iri  rrri'iiri:  ovi-r  our  liniiif  riiaiiiiriii'tiiro,  wlinli  i  iiiisi'i|iii'iitly 
lu'Cmi  lo  ilcfliiii'.  Klill  till!  waL'i's  rimliiiiiol  (.'ooil,  »8  \Ur  lauliioii  oCwpariiii;  l)iiii-''alili!  Hiraw  lialii 
had  irradiiJilly  cslalilishi'd  lliiflt'ovcr  Ilic  comitry,  wliirh  kr|>t  U|)  lliR  di'iiiariil  for  llinii  ;  and  iiiiiiiy  in- 
dividuals ahaiidoiii'd  thn  v\r>rkiii(.'of /<(//»ir  li:re  (aiiolliiT  ddiiirslir  inniMifarliiri!  ln'iiiliar  In  Hcdl'irilaiid 
JJiuk.i,  wliirli  ill  l^'iO  liad  falliMi  into  drcay  owinc  lo  Itu^  n|i|plii:i!ioiior  tiiailiiiiriy).  and  hrlook  tlii'in- 
si'lvi'!)  to  straw  plailini!,  as  a  iiioro  iirotiiablc  i'ni|iloyiiiriit.  With  lh(>  virw  (iriiii|ir'iviii|;  llii>  lonililinii 
of  tin:  straw  plailcrs,  wlio  from  llirir  IncrraKcil  ininilicrs  wf^ni  riMlnri'il  In  ^ri'at  disirrss,  and  i'iiahlliif> 
tlioni  lo  nii'i't  llie  fiirciun  coiiipt'tition,  llii' Sociutv  of  Arts,  ill  llic  years  l>-ii  uiiil  |}-'i7,  held  out  pn^- 
niinms  for  lliu  siirci-^sfiil  nppliralioii  of  souh!  of  our  iialivi!  gr 'sscs  or  slraw.  oltior  lliiiii  llii;  wheat 
Ktraw  in  prni  ral  use,  and  for  iiMproviiiniils  in  plailiiiK,  linisliiii(r.  and  l.leachiiiK.  Many  Bpi-ciineiiH 
weri!  s^'iil  to  the  Society  ;  and.  aiiioiicsl  oilier  randidales,  Sir.  I'arry,  of  London,  in  lN.i'i.  retcivcd  the 
larue  silver  nndal  for  an  iiiiilatioii  and  di'scription  of  the  iiiodi;  of  plaitine  the  Leghorn  hals.  Mr.  t'oli- 
liett,  also,  who  had  coiitrilinled  samples  of  plaitiim.  made  from  IS  ilitTerent  Morts  ofurass  iMliL'i'noiis  to 
Knilhinil,  rei-iived  a  siinilar  rewiiril.  The  piililicalion  of  these  contriliiilinn.s  in  the  Soriely"s  Traiisnc- 
lioiis  was  ftdlowcd  liy  the  most  lieiieticial  results  to  the  llrilish  iniiiiiifa<!liire.  Our  native  i;ras8va 
were  not  fuiiml  to  promise  niiiili  siireess.  nwiii);  to  Hie  hrillleness  of  their  stems  and  the  iinevi.unosH 
of  their  colour;  Rnt  Mr.  Parry's  (■nninuinieatioii  was  of  especial  iinportaiieo,  us  Ihe  straw  ofluscany 
speedily  lieeaine  an  article  of  import,  lie  iliMiiedi-tlcly  set  the  e.xample,  hy  leaeliinc  and  einployim; 
nliiivi!  70  wiinien  and  children  lo  plait  the  straw  liy  IIh;  Italian  method  ;  and  it  is  peculiarly  tfranryini; 
to  oli.-erve,  as  an  eviih^u-e  of  its  siii  cess,  that  while  the  jmporlatioli  of  I,e);linrii  liats  has,  iliirin'4  •'"-' 
last  few  years,  heen  (Ui  the  decline,  Ihe  iininiiiiiifiicliirrit  nia'rriul  hnn  brrn  frogrrfsivrlii  im  ihe  iiirria.iv. 
This  straw,  which  is  imported  at  a  nominal  duty  of  IJ.  n  cwt.,  is  chietly  plaited  in  oiir  straw  districts; 
and  the  'I'lisiMn  plait,  wliich  pays  a  duty  of  7.<.  per  Ih.  has  likewiKe  Ihmmi  laruely  imported,  and  made 
up  into  ItoiiMets  in  this  country,  of  ei|ual  lineuess  and  heaiity  lolhe  ffenninu  Leghorn  lial. 

I'lierc  is,  perhaps,  no  mannf.icliiru  more  deserving  of  encoiira!,'einent  and  sympathy  than  that  of 
straw  plait,  as  it  is  'piite  independent  of  machinery,  and  is  a  domi'stii'  and  healthful  eiiiploymont,  af- 
fordinu  siili.siHienct!  to  ureal  nuinhers  of  the  families  of  ai;ri(  iiltiiral  lahoiircrs,  who  w  ithoiil  this  re- 
source woiilil  he  reduced  to  parish  relief  liy  the  estimate  of  an  intelliKi'iit  itiiliviiliial.  intinialely 
aciiiiainled  with  the  niaiiulaclure.  it  is  considered  that  every  score  (or  20  yards)  of  plait  consunus  ii 
jKuind  of  straw  in  the  sta!e  in  which  it  is  hoiicht  of  the  farmer;  that,  at  an  averafie,  every  plaiter 
makes  \^>  yards  per  diem  ;  that  in  the  counties  of  TIerlford,  ll.dford.  ami  Ihicks,  there  are.  nt  an  ave- 
rage, 10  0011  scores  liroiiiiht  lo  marki't  every  day,  lo  make  wliiih  Ill,.':il0  persons  (women  and  chlli!ren) 
must  he  employed.  In  Dssex  and  Sulfolk,  it  is  estimated  that  9,000  scores  are  Ihe  daily  profluce,  to 
make  which  aliout  3.000  persiuis  areempleyed;  and  alioiit  1,000  [lersons  more  must  he  employed  tn 
convert  lliese  ipianiilies  into  lionnets.  Including  other  (ilaces  where  l!ie  mumifacinre  is  carried  on 
in  F.nclaiid,  there  are,  [lerhaps,  in  all,  a!"uil  ,10.000  perscuis  en)jaj.'ed  in  it.  The  earniniu's  of  the  women 
and  cliil.Iren  vary  I'roin  3(1.  tn  Xv.  Or/,  per  score,  or  from  l.<.  Ik/,  to  lO.v.  per  week.  'I'here  are  7  ilescrip- 
ticns  of  pi, It  ill  teiieral  use  ;  \  i;;.  ichcit  IhiiifUiblK  ilhe  lirsl  iiilrcduci'il),  plaited  with  7  entire  straws  ; 
split  .^Iruir.  inlriulilced  ahoiil  .'iO  years  sinn"  ;  jiatrnl  Diinslnhlr,  or  doiihle  7.  formed  of  It  split  straws, 
every  '.2  wetted  and  laid  toLellier,  invented  alioiil  -,">  years  since  ;  l)i  rou.'hire,  formed  of  7  split  ;.|iaws, 
invenled  ahout  Hi  years  since  ;  l„ili,ii  plnil  (an  in  itaiion  of  wlioli'  KiiiisLilile),  formed  of  dnulile  7,  and 
coarser  lliaii  p  item  Diinslalde,  invenled  ahout  10  years  since  ;  Hnlfunl  I.tghurn,  formed  of  Ui  or  doii- 
hlu  II  strtiws.  and  plaited  similarly  lo  the  Tuscan  ;  ai.d  Imlinii.  fnriiied  of  II  split  sir.iws.  Ihit  lliire 
are  (iiher  varieties  in  fancy  straw  plait,  not  tieiierally  in  demand  for  Ihe  home  trade,  hut  chietly  re. 
quired  fi  r  e.\p  •nation ;  siidi  as  the  A.i(7.'i,.;ir.  uf  7  straws;  the /».<'|.f,  of  17  straws;  the  fiirc  of  ii 
straws;  and  i/id/in/jirf,  of  i.'!  straws.  There  were  oilier  plaits,  called  n/,<^ir.  of  1  coarsi!  straws  split; 
and  pearl,  of  1  smull  straws  entire  ;  hut  th.'se  are  now  supers "ded.  The  principal  markels  are  l.ulon, 
DiiustaMi  ,  and  SI.  .Mliaii's,  when-  Ihe  plull  i.s  usually  hrought  every  morning  liy  the  plailers,  and 
hoiiv'hl  hy  the  dealers. 

Itiit  till'  ;idvaiiiiieits  which  t'ollowed  ilf  piildication,  hy  the  Society  of  Arts,  of  the  various  aitempts 
to  improve  ihe  trade,  were!  not  confined  to  l".n!;laiid.  Messrs.  .1.  &  A.  Miiir.  of  (ireenock.  (\\  ho  siili- 
seciueiitly  sent  specimens  lo  the  Sciciety,  and  recived  2  diU'erent  medals),  were  in  conseiiiiem  i;  at- 
tracted to  tie:  uiamifaciure.  and  In  isi;!.  established  straw  plaitinn,  in  imitation  of  Leghorn,  in  llie 
Orkney  Isla^ids.  willi  singular  success,  adopting  riir  straw,  dwarfed  liy  being  grown  on  peor  land,  as 
the  material  hesi  suited  for  Ihe  purpose.  In  the  oliiiialion  of  persons  largely  employed  in  the  trade 
in  London,  hals  nianiifactiired  in  Orkney,  are  i|iiile  eipial.  Iioih  in  colour  and  ipiality,  lo  those  of  Leg. 
Iiorn  ;  indeed,  some  of  the  plait  sent  lo  ihe  Society  was  so  tine,  as  In  lie  capable  of'niakiii!:  a  hat  of '0 
rows  ill  the  liriiii,  being  ei|ii,il  to  III  or  II  rows  in  an  inch;  but  we  learn  with  rei<ret  that  the  |ireva. 
lence  of  iiiillew  in  that  hiiinid  climate  is  ;o  inaiisplctnus  In  the  hleachiiu:  of  the  siraw,  thit  it  p>  eipial 
to  ."iO  per  cent,  oil  the  v;ilue  of  the  crop.  Tntliis  rircuiiislance.  and  tn  the  low  prices  nf  l.eirliern  hals 
of  late  years,  is  lo  be  ascribed  the  dillicully  they  have  had.  even  with  the  pntectiiig  duly  i.l  .'!/.  V. 
per  dozen,  in  wilbstaudiiiL'  the  couipelitioii  cd'the  foreign  in.'iiufK  Hirer.  In  their  letter  ti  Hie  Sdcieiy 
of  Arts,  of  the  lOlh  of  February.  I'»iti.  Messrs.  Miiir  stilled,—"  We  had  hist  yei'r  about  .'"airis  ofslraw, 
which  will  produce  about  li.O(K)  sere  ol  plait.- suppose  on  the  averai;e  of  11  si  ure  to  the  hai.  will  |i,. 
4,000  hals,  not  more.  We  think  them  one  hundredth  p:irt  of  ihe  consiiinptinn  of  Ihe  I'niled  Kinu'doin. 
These  4.000  hits  may  give  tn  the  inaniifai  Hirer,  inclitdiiig  his  prolil,  .'i.Oilli/,  I'nr  seed  aid  siraw  7 
acres  nf  land  wniild  be  rei|uired,  and  in  n  aiiiil'actiiring  .'>0U  persons  would  he  c.inslanlly  eiiipbiyeil  all 
the  year.  We  suppose  the  consiiinptinn  of  Leghorn  hats  to  be  not  less  than  .OOlLOOli/.  in  Hie  I  niled 
Kingdom  :  now  were  these  all  niade  liy  our  own  indiislrious  populaliuii,  700  acres  of  poor  l.i'id  \vi  iilij 

111 


be  reipiired.  and  50.000  persons  would  be  emplnyi  d  in  the  mnnufictiire 


-C/V 


'/•' 


.in.-.)     r\ 


plailers  in  Orkney  were  earning,  in  I^i7,  only  from  'is.  to  'h.  OJ.  per  week,  and  since  that  period  Hie 
trade,  it  is  iinderslood,  ha.s  dei  lined. 

Italian  I'lail.-in  Italy,  the  manufacliire  is  principally  followed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Florence, 


Pisa,  Sienna,  and  the  Val  d'Ariio,  in  the  Diichv  of  Tiiscanv  ;  and   it  i-.  also  esi,ibli>hed  .it  \i 


and 


other  places.  There,  as  in  Liigland,  it  Is  purely  a  dnnieslic  nianiif.ii  tun',  aid  Ihe  prniliice  is  collected 
by  dealers  who  go  round  the  country.  There  is  no  iiieans  of  eslini.iliiiL'.  Willi  aiiv  degree  o|':ic(iirai  y, 
the  iiiiniher  of  individuals  emplojed,  as  the  gnveriiment  is  entirely  iinprovid  d  with  slaii>liral  dilii, 
and  is  even  op;iosed  lo  any  beiiu!  cnllected.  Ihil  siipposini.'  that  ihiirland  tnok  ahnut  a  Hiirdoftlie 
Italian  nianiifacture  laml  it  iv  believed  that  we  hav4'  taken  nearer  a  Inlf  \  it  would  not  appear  that, 
even  in  the  iomsI  prosperous  times,  more  than  ISO.IIOO  persons  could  have  been  i  i  ;.Mged  in  it. 

The  desc  riiition  of  straw  used,  which  is  ciilHv.iled  solely  fir  ihe  purposes  oi  Hie  nianiilactiire.  and 
not  fur  the  grain,  is  the  Irittrmn  liirt;tili:m,  a  variety  of  bearded  wheal,  which  seems  to  diU'r  in  no  re. 
epect  from  the  spring  wheat  grown  in  the  vale  of  llveshiim  and  .-Hier  parts  of  Knglaiid.-  (7V(;ii.<.  nf 
Sir.  .Hrt..!.)  AOir  undergoing  a  certain  pre|i.iralory  process,  the  upper  parts  of  the  steirs  (Ininj  lirst 
sorted  as  in  cnlour  and  tiiickm  ss)  are  f.  rnied  into  a  pl.iit  of  generally  Ki  straws,  v.  huh  is  aliiTwanls 
knii:ed  logeiheral  the  edges  into  a  circular  sli.ipe  called  a  '  ll;il,"  or  hat.  The  tiiieiiess  of  Ihe  tials  is 
deterniined  hy  the  iiMinher  of  rows  of  plait  which  couipnsi' theiii  (counting  from  the  botluni  of  Hie 
crown  to  the  edgu  of  the  brim),  and  their  relative  flnuiiuHS  ruiiguH  fruiii  about  No.  ttU  tu  W,  being  the 


HATS. 


741 


77,)    Hnl  nt  Iho  ronrliisinn 

rriority  in  limin  :>^:^.  •■"I"'"'' 
irturc  wliiib  .i.iiKiMiiii'ntlv 
rinc  1)1111 'Mlilc!  Hlr:i\v  liiila 
1,1  r-r  Ihnii  ;  iiml  "'i'"}'  '"- 
„r.ui.TMliur1ol«.'itlnr.liiml 

.•hiii'TV).  Miiil  brtoDkllicin- 
nfiiii|".r.>vliiKlt'>-<nniliUon 
.rr.'iitilisir.'sx.  an<t.'iii»liliii« 

•V  aiitl   l^-*.  •"■''' '""  !"■'" 
r,iw.  "tlKT  timii  111"  "■l"':it 

the  I.ri;tiorn  Hats.  Mr.  (.ob- 
v„rtrt..fi!rassii'ili!!i'n.>ilslo 
,HinllifiH..rirly'^''lraiisac- 
i,-nir<'.  «)Mr  iialivi!  srassus 
rHlcnis  aii.l  tli.Mini'v.Miiioss 
i.r.nBlhc  straw  »l  liis.atiy 
1,V  IcailiiiiB  ami  iMiipl'>yiiii! 

„„iitisi.-cuii«riy(!M<iiy'';-! 

rKlinrii   lial-<  lias,  .liiriii'4  Hif 
,,roirrr.->MM!<l  <'"  ""•  t>,cr,ase. 
[ilnited  in  our  straw  diKtricts; 
larui'ly  iiii|'"ri>-«l,  ami  made 
lie  l.t'ijiiorii  liat. 
„,„l  .ympalliy  tlian  llmt  ot 
III  healllil'iil  .■iiii>liiy"i''"<.  »'- 
,ni.rer«,wliowitlmi.<i'l">;/';- 
liunit  imliviiliial.  iiitiiiiatily 
10  yards)  of  plait  cnnsiiims  a 
,1,1  ail  av.'raf!.-,  •■very  plaitcr 
\  Hacks,  tll.•toar.^nt  an  avc- 
,.rs„,m  (womt'ii  and  .  Iidi.ruii) 
or..s  aretluMli'.ily  Pro'lm'';   o 
,^  moro  iiiiiHt  l)C  empluyod  to 
Ihe  iiiunnl-Kturfi  is  .arrird  on 
I    Tlie  I'ariiiiiMs  "'  il'^-  wmnun 
r  wi'.'k.    Tlii'ro  lire  i  d.scrip- 
nlaitrd  with  7  entire  Ktraws; 
,'■7.  f..riiipdofI»  split  MrawH, 
„Ain',  rurm.M..r7spl|lMKivvs 
ialdiO,f"rmid  nt  dmihle  ,,and 
/..vrAurH,  |-..rniea  of  M..r  (1(111- 
I  of  11  split  straws.      .nl  ll.iru 
„„.,„„„«, rade,lmt.'lii..tly  r;;. 
.  of  17  straws;  tht-  inirc  ot  ^i 
!,lir.  of  1  coarse  straws  siilit  ; 
„.  princilial  markets  are  l.uton, 
moriiint?  l.y  ""-■  I'l;'"'-"-  «""' 
f  \rts,  ofihe  varionsaileinpis 
Miiir.  of  (Jreeiiock,  (\\li('  siili- 
ll'il«),  wen^  ill  eoiisenueiK  0  at- 
n  imitation  of  J.eiili'irP.  in  the 
beina  u'rowii  oti  P""r  '•'"''•  ''*" 
lari;(  Iv  emploveil   in  tlie  trade 
•randMiiality,  totlioseof  I..C- 
iM-apaMeofniakiima  liat  ot  Ml 
Irn  with  re;.rel   lint   t lie  preva- 
il: of  the  straw.  IhMl  il  i>  ('(liwu 
Ilielowpriicsof  LeL-lurn  hats 
the  pr(  lielitm  dniv  ol  •'■  V- 
111  llieir  lellcr  t"lli''  Society 
|,;,s,  ve;>rahontrMi.res.,t  straw, 
e  ol':is(.>re  to  111"  liat.  will  lie 
inplioiiof  Ihe  rn.ted  Kinu'donK 
,.-,.(111(1/.    Vor  seed  aril  >lraw   , 
Lild  he  cmslanlly  einiiloved  al 
.<s  than  .'jlKl.OC'.i/.  in  the  1  mted 
In.  700  acres  of  l"'"r  I''"'  "'.,'.',''' 
-Cl'nins  ,.fSor..1rly.)      I  he 
eek,  and  sime  tlial  lieriod  llii! 

Ihe  neisldiii'ir'i'"'''  "•"  '■'"I'c'if''; 
;ia<oe>Ia'ili>lie(l  at  Venice  aiM 
Ire.  avdlhe  produce  i.;  eollected 
I.,  ivilhaiivdeHree  ol  :icciua(y, 
Imrovid  d  Willi  station,  al  d:.'", 
fl'iml  loo'K  about  a  lliirdol  the 
|i;clf\  it  would  not  appear  that, 
MV  been  .  r^.i^'ed  in  "'•  , 

Irposesoi  till!  loaniil.iclnre,  and 
■  which  seems  to  dill'Tin  no  re- 
parts  <d'  Kimlaiid.-  (■/(•""•*■('; 
[r  parts  of  the  steiiH  (IniiiL-  hrsl 
lli  straws,  V.  Inch  is  allerwar.ls 
■,:,l.  The  fineness  of  llicll"!'';'' 
lintinu  from  Hm  tioHoni  (d  the 
Imabuul  No. '20  to  00,  being  the 


rows  rnntnincd  in  ihc  hrnndth  of  thp  brim,  which  Is  (jonnrnlly  8  inchp*.  They  nrn  nftnrwnrdi  BuRortpd 
into  Isl,  V!d,  and  ltd  ((iialilieH,  whieli  an;  ijetermiiiiMJ  by  the  culoiir  and  Irxlun  ;  the  mor-t  faiilllos  lieitig 
rleiiomln.'ileil  ttn^  1st,  while  the  most  deteetive  ih  described  as  the  :<d  i|ii»lity.  'I'liese  i|iialilies  iiro 
iiineli  iiilliienced  by  llii!  season  of  tin;  year  In  wliii  h  the  .straw  is  plaited.  Spriiii;  is  the  most  favoiini- 
ble,  not  only  for  pialtlii).'.  but  for  bleaehinv  and  llnlshiiiK.  I  lii;  dust  and  pi^rspiratimi  in  siininier,  and 
tile  bemimlieil  llii'jers  of  the  workwoiiien  in  wiiiier,  wh  'ii  tin  y  an;  euiiipi  lb d  to  ke>  p  within  their 
Miiioky  Inns,  plaiiinu  tin;  cold  and  wet  straw,  are  ei|tially  iiijiirions  to  lb»!  c(d(iiir  id' the  hats,  wlilcll 
no  bleachiiii,' can  improve.  The  tlals  are  afterwards  made  up  In  caseti  (d°  10  or  '.jli  do/.en,  assorted  in 
prosiressivi^  iiiiinbers  or  <ittalitieH,  ami  llie  price  of  the  middle  or  averajru  iiiiinlH^r  tioverns  the  whole. 
The  Br»::i  iiiiike  bears  the  lUKbesi  repute,  and  Ibi)  ^/•tnii  Is  C(Misi(lire(l  sei  diidary  ;  which  names  are 
Hiveii  to  the  tlals  from  the  norlhern  ilislrirts  where  they  are  plaited.  Ilorem  c  is  ihe  priecipnl  market, 
!ind  the  deiiiaiid  is  ehieliy  from  llimlainl,  France,  (•eriiiany,  and  America  ;  but  the  kinds  mostly  le- 
■|uired  an;  the  lower  niimberii;  the  very  finest  huts,  uiid  |iarlicUlarly  uf  late,  beiii;;  considered  too  cs.- 
pensive  for  tin;  buyers. 

The  importation  of  I.cRhorn  straw  hntfi  has  very  senslb'y  decrpnsed  of  Lite  ynnrs,  owiim  to  the 
chanue  of  f.ishion  in  fivoiir  of  silk  bonnets,  and  ulso'the  preVaiiiii),'  and  increasiii)!  praitiee  id'Hiivlisti 
dealers,  from  the  Inch  duty  on  tin;  niaiiiituitiired  artii  li;,  impi./tiiif:  the  »^traw  plati^.  and  the  hiraw  Itself 
lor  the  purpose  of  beini,' knitted,  plaited,  and  linislied  ill  this  country.  This  has  I.e.  n  atieiuled  willi 
serious  cous.iinences  to  tin;  poor  straw  plailers  ofTiihcany,  many  of  wlioiii  have  uliamloned  the  tradu 
.-111(1  betaken  llieinHi;lves  to  other  oi;ciipiilioiis.  particularly  to  ilie  workinu  (d'  red  woidleii  taps  for 
<;ree((;  and  Tiirk(;y  ;  liiinieiise  (|iiaiitities  of  which  have  been  exported  I'roiu  l.oahorii  since  Ihe  peace. 
With  the  view  of  coiinieractiii)!  the  ruinous  eH'ccls  which  our  lii;;h  duty  entailed  on  tlieir  triide,  tlio 
iiierchantN  and  deal(;is  In  Tuscany,  interested  in  the  straw  hal  maniilactiire,  petiliimed  their  iioverii- 
iiient,  ill  is:ili,  to  remonstrate  w  ilh  ours  on  the  snbje>  t ;  but  this  reiiionstrance,  if  ever  made,  was  not 
likidy,  from  the  condition  of  our  own  population,  '.o  be  very  favourably  rec(;ived. 

Tin;  followiii)!  prices  of  dill'ereiil  iiiiiiibi;rs  and  <|iialities  of  I,e|:horii  huts  are  conBidercd  such  as 
would  enconrasfe  the  work-people  in  Tuscany  to  produce  good  work  :— 


K 

r>t  quality. 

.Second  ({ualily. 
Tuuan.                    i'/iirlo*. 

'riiirii  i|u.i!iiy. 
Twoiii.                     KiigUth. 

ruicaii. 

EiiglUh. 

£      3.      d. 

£    a.     d. 

£    s.     d. 

No.  30. 

11   lire 

=        074 

10  lire        =       0      (1    ti 

8  lire        =        0      5    4 

■10. 

'Jl     - 

0    14    0 

m   —       =      0    i:i   4 

Ih    —        =        0    12    0 

45. 

ao   — 

..        0    17    4 

25    —         ^         0     10     8 

23    —        =        0    15    4 

The  straw  for  plaitina  a  No.  .SO.  at  8  lire,  rosts  2  lire,  nhniit  !,<.  4(7.  Enslish  ;  for  bleachiiifj  and  finish- 
ing. I  lira  -■  f*'/.;  llie  estimated  loss  of  rows  in  a  mass,  that  either  (lo  U|i  into  the  cn.wn  in  the  process 
of  tinishing  and  pressinu,  or  that  must  betaken  from  the  brim  to  reilii';e  it  to  London  imsisure  (22 
inches),  may  lie  calciilaled  at  1  lira  more,  or  Hi/.  As  it  reipiires  not  less  than  6  ilay.s  lor  plailiim  and 
kiiiltin;!  the  hat,  there  therefore  remains  only  4  lire,  or  Is.  f<J.  Hiifflish,  for  a  iieil.'.^  uork  >  Cheap  as 
subsistence  may  beon  the  continenl,  surely  this  miserable  pittance  is  not  calculated  ;oe.\cile  the  envy 
of  the  poorest  hihoiirer  in  tlnyland.  Hut  the  eariiini;s  of  the  straw  plaiters  so'ely  ilepifiid  on  their 
ahlliticN  and  industry.  The  ptraw  is  furiii.«h(;d  to  theni  to  lie  plaited  and  knitted,  and  lliey  are  paid 
acrordiiiB  to  the  iiiimiier  or  fineness  of  Ihe  hat.  Some  of  the  Uroizi  women  have  earned  as  much  an 
4  lire,  or  about  iv.  On.  to  ;iw.  per  day,  when  hats  were  al  the  hiKbesI,  (calculating  the  time  in  which 
they  can  plait  and  knit  a  hat,  at  8  days  f"or  a  No.  30.,  and  a  forlniglit  for  a  No.  40.) ;  and  these  chosen 
few  still  e.Trii  about  l.s.  (W.  per  day  ;  'but  taking  the  whole  plaiters,  tiie  follovina,  in  the  opinion  of  a 
house  lariicly  interested  in  Ihe  trade  in  Italy,  may  be  considered  as  u  fair  calculaliuii  uf  tliu  average 
wages  wbicli  have  been  paid  during  the  last  15  years: — 

Women  earned  per  du'iii,  in  the  vear  1817,  l.<.  (W. ;  1819-20,  M.;  1823-5,  l.s.  Ci/. ;  182fi-7,  6d.; 
1828-32,  5i/.  Men.  for  ironing  the  hats, -I.--,  a  day;  ditto,  for  pressing  and  washing,  U.  6d.  to  2*-. ; 
women,  for  picking  straw  ,  Is.  to  U.  id. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  import!)  into  England  of  Italian  straw  hatd,  straw  plait,  and  un- 
manufactured straw,  during  the  last  13  years  : 


Vean. 

flats  (ir  Bonnets  of  Straw 

I'taitin;  of  Straw. 

I'nmanufaci 

ircd  Straw. 

fmported. 

Exported. 

Consump. 

lion. 

Nrtt  Ri- 
\enue. 

Imported. 

F.i|>orted. 

Consnmp. 
lion. 

Nell  Re- 
venue. 

Imported, 

Nell  Re- 
venue, 

.V,i. 

i\'o. 

,V,i. 

I.. 

1.1,. 

ifcj. 

Lbi. 

L. 

LbJ. 

L. 

fS20 

6AilO 

2.(i-.2 

Tl,!)29 

20,461 

2 

2 

2 

tS2l 

I4l.tl2 

2.ti.a 

120,068 

3l,3(i-. 

44 

30 

2u 

ih22 

1  i:l.2>.) 

I2.-.1,-. 

117,020 

34,'.37 

.IIS 

523 

447 

fW3 

12'xmi 

ID.iliO 

I2l.tv'il 

35.3liO 

4,2yt 

3,034 

2,',79 

fSi4 

l»9,4  12 

5.07) 

f9'i,5(i>t 

6i,77l 

4,231 

4.!K16 

4,170 

ISii 

32:.IM0 

(1.2s  1 

217,447 

69,047 

14,037 

ll,S-.0 

1 0.073 

629 

n 

ISi6 

ill,WI7 

13,4M 

•2n4,!l74 

5«,l4'i 

S,S36 

9-.-) 

6,U1« 

S.'-Sf 

433 

36 

Is27 

2'i.l.S-J 

12.;M4 

2>"i,(i40 

72.4(>S 

3,92S 

9(M 

3,947 

3,;1W 

7S7 

79 

IS28 

3v  1.072 

s,377 

274,!106 

77,7-» 

,'..,•■02 

283 

A,  106 

4.313 

4,199 

420 

l^.-S 

IliO.lfli 

'27,IV» 

231.2)4 

G6.;193 

6.2S2 

487 

3,340 

2.-34 

6,0',0 

603 

IKW 

Ilii.fiCO 

34,112 

IBS.  52:, 

47.7cO 

li.lSJ 

7.-)6 

7.H.4 

6,ti(j9 

ls,-,sti 

l,8-)9 

IKII 

S  1,0(4) 

24.'J»0 

9,1.H17 

2e,(>i4 

23,3-,4 

2,102 

16,450 

t3,2s7 

22,314 

2,232 

1832 

ibg,m 

3-.,J71 

60,!'30 

I7,2»0 

19,109 

l,ti05 

17,911 

15,174 

48,054 

811 

The  duly, 

from  1820  to 

The  clut 
(ii.iiiit'tcr  V 

■  on  tills  of  less  than  2 
as,  diirifii;  tlu>  aljcivf  et- 
abifVu  2i  incti(»,  (if.  llii 

!  inchi-i  in 
riod,  3f.  Sj, 

Till!  rate  of  duly,  di 
WM  I7».  per  lb. 

ring  the  ab( 

jve  period. 

IS2*),    w.as  2 
from  It2j  to 

0   per  eeut.  ; 
IS32,  10  per 

per  dozi'u 

ii'nt.    It  is 
civt. 

now   Id.  per 

We  are  indebted  for  this  very  excellent  article  on  straw  hats  lo  Mr.  Robert  Slater,  of  Foro  Street, 
London. 

[The  value  of  Leghorn  ami  other  straw  hats  imported,  chiefly  from  Encfland,  France,  and 
Italy,  into  tlie  Ilniteil  States,  on  the  avi>raa;e  of  five  years,  ending  on  the  30tli  of  Septemher, 
183,S,  amounted  to  :?'139,.'M)1,  that  of  huts  of  fur,  wool,  and  leather,  imported  ahnost  wholly 
from  the  lirst  mentioned  country,  amountinir  only  to  >lti,H34  ;  and  about  $30,000  in  value 
of  the  former  deseviption  of  hats  are  re-cxfiorted.  Hats  of  domestic  manufacture,  to  the  value 
anniiilly  of  $17(),0U7,  have  ix-en  also  exported,  for  the  most  part  to  France,  South  Ame- 
rica, 'J'exas,  and  the  West  India  Islands. — Am.  Ed.] 


742 


HAVANNAH. 


I 

I 


1  ■« 


HAVA1S'N\H,  on  HAVANA,  a  Inrpre  nml  flourishini;  rify,  sitnntrd  on  the  north  roart 
of  tho  nolili!  isliiiiil  of  Culm,  <»f  wliicli  it  is  the  citpital,  tho  .Morro  rawtle  bfinij,  acconliiiir  to 
Humboldt,  ill  lat.  'V.)^  8'  15"  i\.,  Ion.  82°  ti'^'  45"  W.  'i'hc-  |i()|niliitioii,  «'X(lut*ivf  of  troops 
ami  straiisfru  (which  may  amount  to  S5, ()()()),  is  i)rol)al)ly  not  far  Hliorl  of  115,000.  In 
1817,  tliu  rcsiiU'iit  j)0|)iili:tioii  aniountcil  to  8U,598  ;  viz,  :)7,8S5  wliilfn.  9,010  frrc  rojoiircil, 
IZi-'JOl  fri(>  h\.w\i:i,  2.543  colouifil  slavos,  ami  21,799  black  slaves.  The  part  of  Havaniiah 
is  the  finest  in  the  West  Indies,  and  one  of  the  best  in  tht!  world.  'J'lie  eiitranee  is  narrow, 
but  the  water  is  deep,  without  bar  or  obstruction  of  any  sort,  and  within  it  expands  into  ,1 
magnilicenl  bay,  capal)le  of  acconimodatiiiQ[  1,000  hirffo  Hbi|)s;  vessels  of  tlie  ureate.-it 
draught  of  water  coming  close  to  the  (piays.  The  city  lies  along  the  entrance  to,  and  on 
the  west  sidi!  of,  the  bay.  The  suliurh  Uegia  is  on  the  opposite  side.  '1  he  Morro  ami 
Punta  cistles,  the  former  on  the  east,  and  the  latter  on  the  west,  side  of  the  entrance  of  the 
harbour,  are  strongly  fortilied,  as  is  the  entire  city ;  the  citadel  is  also  a  place  of  great 
strength ;  and  furtifications  have  been  erected  on  such  of  the  neighbouring  heights  as  coin- 
maiid  the  city  or  port.  Tho  arsenal  and  dock-yard  lie  toward  the  western  angle  of  the  bay, 
to  the  south  of  the  city.  In  the  city,  the  streets  arc  narrow,  inconvenient,  and  filthy  ;  but 
in  the  suburbs,  now  as  extensive  as  the  city,  they  arc  wider  and  better  laid  out.  Latterly, 
too,  the  police  and  cleanliness  of  all  parts  of  the  town  have  materially  improved. 

rmiii  its  posilidii,  u'tiicli  ci>iainaiul;<  both  UAutu  in  tlii;  (Inlf  of  Mevlco,  ils  Kreat  Hlrnnrrlh,  ami  cxrcl- 
Iciit  liarlxiiir.  Ilavaniiuli  is,  in  a  iioliiical  imiiit  ofviuw,  liv  t'lir  llii-  iiMi>,t  iiii|i(irlaiit  iii.iriliiiie  sialinn  in 
the  West  hidics.  As  a  (nauiu'n'iul  cily  it  ali^o  ranks  in  iliu  llrst  ciass  ;  l)eiii|;.  in  lliis  rrs|i<!('t,  seconil 
to  iioim  in  llie  New  World,  \i  w  \'t>ik  only  exctiited.  Kor  a  Icinj;  pi'riod,  llaviiiinali  (.'nsfrosscd  alnmst 
the  wliole  I'uri'iL'ii  trade  ol'  Cnha;  liut  since  tlii'  rcla.vaiiiin  ol'  the  oiil  idlnnial  systi'in.  v::riinis  pons, 
sncli,  I'lir  in.-lanii',  as  .Mat.inzaH,*  llnit  weri'  liardly  known  30  yuars  a','(,,  h.ivi!  lieccnne  places  nf  great 
coniinercial  inipiprnnce.  TIk!  rapid  exleiisiim  el' the  roininene  of  Havaniiah  is,  llurcfiire,  eiilirrly 
to  be  ascrilii  d  in  the  lYeedDin  il  now  enjoys,  and  to  llie  great  increase  of  wealth  and  iiopniation  in  the 
city,  and  I'eni  rally  llirniighont  the  island. 

Tlie  ailv.tnce  nfC'iiha,  dnriiii;  the  last  half  century,  has  been  very  creat ;  thonpli  not  inore,  perhaps, 
than  iiiiaht  have  iH'enexpeclcd,  from  il?  natural  advantasres,  at  least  since  lis  porlswrre  fn-ely  npened 
to  foreiL'iiers.  in  l-IW.  It  is  at  once  the  largest  and  ilie  best  siinated  of  the  West  Iidia  islanils.  It  is 
about  (Jll.i  iniles  jn  leimth  ;  but  its  breadth  iroin  north  to  soiilli  no  where  exceeds  117  miles,  and  Is  in 
many  places  njiich  lu>s.  Its  loial  area,  exilnslve  of  that  of  the  nonierouB  keys  and  islands  atl:i(  heil 
to  il,  is  alioni  ;il,.',0,)  scjnare  miles.  The  climate  is,  fiMierally  speakinj;,  delightful  ;  lln;  r"fresliiii;;  sua 
breezes  preventiea  the  heat  fioni  ever  beeoniing  excessive,  and  lillinf!  it  tor  the  (.'rowth  of  a  viist  va- 
riety of  products,  ilarricanes,  which  are  so  tiestrnclive  in  Jamaica  and  the  (.'arililite  islands,  are  here 
coniparalivi'lv  rare,  and  wlien  they  do  oci  nr,  far  less  violent.  The  soil  is  of  very  various  i|ualiiies  : 
There  is  a  cdiisiderabh!  extent  of  swampy  marshes  and  rocks  nnfil  for  any  sort  of  cultivalinn  j  hut 
there  is  much  soil  that  is  very  superior,  and  capaidc  of  allordin);  the  inoBt  luxuriant  ciops  of  .-ei:ar, 
collee,  maize,  te.  The  ancient  policy,  now  fortunately  abandoned,  of  restritling  the  trade  of  tin; 
island  to  'i  or .')  ports,  caused  all  the  population  to  conure^ate  in  their  vicinity,  neL'b'ctin^'  the  rest  of 
the  island,  and  allowliiKSOine  of  the  linest  land  and  best  sihintions  for  plantin;j,  to  remain  unoccupied. 
lint  since  a  ditlerenl  and  more  liberal  policy  has  been  followed,  pipulation  has  bei;un  to  extend 
itself  over  all  llie  most  fertile  ilistricts,  wherever  they  are  .>  be  met  with.  The  lirst  regular  census 
of  Cuba  was  taken  in  1775,  when  the  wlnde  resident  population  amounted  170,:!7(l  souls.  Hini'e  this 
period,  the  increase  has  been  as  follows  :— 1791,  272,110;  Isl",  SOl.Utlti  ;  unit  1N27,  7U-l,(;(i7  ;  exclusive 
of  strangers.     \.  e  subjoin  a 

Classification  of  tlie  Population  of  Cuba  according  to  the  Censuses  of  1775  and  1827. 


Whim       .... 

Free  niubltoe«    - 

Free  biwks 

Sl»vc«          .... 

Tolll     . 

1773. 

1S27.                                    1 

Miilr. 
54.  -Di 
10.021 
.'i,9.9 

2i',7T4 

FemaU. 

9,0(Hi 
5,ti29 
15,562 

Total. 
93.419 
19,027 
11,  VW 
44,336 

jWa/f. 
I(i»',b33 

2S0JS 
2:l,l«vi 
Icr.JUO 

Ftmnle, 
I4-',3ils 
2n.4S(i 
23,07') 
101.6,2 

311,031 

.'7.314 

21>t.,tl|2 

99,309 

71,0fil 

170,370 

403,905        1         300,3S2 

70-l,4s7 

We  rrajiljr  discover,  from  this  Ttlile,  that,  in  llie  terra  of  32  I 
yean,  from  IT73  'u  1^27,  the  iiicreaw  of  Uieditfercnt  claidcs  of  the  i 
iwpulatiou  lias  tetu  as  followb : — 

From       To      I'erct.  ' 

5-1,333    I6>i,6'3,  nr  209 

40,»61    M2,U9S,  —  24^ 


The  white  mile  population  incrv.osed 
The  wliik-  fLiiiilo  — 


The  free  mulatto  m:ilc  population 
'the  frei*  nail:itlfi  fi-male      — 
Thtf  free  M.ick  nialt*  — 

'I'he  free  Mack  f, male         — 
The  slave  (Mick  an.l  inulaMn),  male 
The  stave  (black  aiiJ  mulatto),  t't-iiiale 


From  To     Per  ct. 

lO.f.M  2M.3s,or  hO 

!l.'<«i  -^IKIii;,  —  227 

.3,H30  SJ.IKM,  —  301 

3,W9  '23,ll'6.  —  313 

2S,774  e-^.^lii,  _-,J7 

I3,3fc2  1(13,6,2,  —  5^6 


A  very  larsre  part  of  the  rapid  incrivisfi  of  the  black  population  is  to  he  ascribed  to  the  conlinnance 
of  the  slave  trade;  which,  unfertunately  for  the  retil  interei^ls  of  the  island,  has  been  prosi'cnii  d  of 
late  years  to  an  extent,  and  Willi  a  .  .;',)ur.  iinkiKiwn  to  any  former  period.  I'rom  l!"ll  to  Isf,  there 
werii  iuiporled  into  Cuba  lH,'i,()(10  .African  slaves  :  of  which  nuinher  llli.dlKl  are  said  lo  have  lieen  en- 
tered at  tin;  llavaniiah  Ciistom-honse  between  ISII  and  1>*2(II  .<ince  l.s?5,  the  iieporls  of  slivrs  are 
iirulersti)o(l  to  have  increased  ;  and  wen;  believed,  indeed,  to  lie  about  as  (.Teat  in  Is,'>v3  as  ever,  not- 
wilhslaiidiiiL' the  Iraile  was  to  have  enlirely  ceased  in  \b'H). —  (lii/Kirl  n/ ls;i2  um  lies!  huim  Ci./o/uo.s-. 
Minutes  iif  Uriilrnre,  p.  fll.)  It  is,  besides,  supposed  that  the  slaves  were  iindir-niled  in  tlie  ci  iisiis  ol 
1^27  ;  so  thai,  perhaps,  the  entire  population  of  Ihe  island  is,  at  present,  lillle,  if  al  all,  under  !«ill.(IIM). 
Tin;  pla!:t"rs  of  Cuba  derivt;  consideiable  assistance  from  free  lalniirers,  nioslly  of  an  Indian  mixed 
breed,  who  work  for  moderate  wanes.  They  are  •  il  much  eiiiployed  in  the  fields,  but  in  other  lirancbes 
of  labour  ;  and  particularly  in  bringing  the  sugar  from  the  interior  to  the  shipping  ports. 


♦  In  lf27,  Matnnzas  had  a  population  of  l.S.OOO  souls.  Murine  th"  snnip  year.  Its  Inipnrts  were 
valued  at  l.:is7,(i(i(l  iloll  rs,  and  its  exports  at  1,717. ;U7  dollars  ;  and  2;il  vessels  entered,  nml  "iiil  clear- 
ed from  its  port.  We  have  looked  into  our  latest  (iazetteers.  bin  to  no  purpose,  for  any  notice  of  Ibis 
place.  Those,  indeed,  who  know  that  Ihe  best  of  these  publications  sets  down  the  pupulatiou  uf  llu- 
vanimU  ui  25,U00,  will  probably  think  that  tliis  was  very  unnecessary  labour. 


j 


HAVANNAII. 


743 


intcd  on  the  nortli  roast 
istlc  bfini?,  iici'oriliii^  to 
ilioii,  fxclusivo  ol'  tro(>|w 
r  short  of  115,01)0.     In 
ili'M.  0,010  frrc  rolmircil, 
The  i):)rt  of  H;iviiimiih 
'I'lip  rntrmiii'  i«  narrow, 
williiii  it  cNiiuiulrt  into  !\ 
vpsscls  of   llu-  grcuti-rft 
till!  i-iilriiiir«'  to,  aiiil  on 
e  siito.     The  Morro  ami 
.u\c  of  lliR  <'iitriUHt'  of  the 
\n  also  a   jiliu-e  of  great 
hl)Ourins  hei!;hts  as  eom- 
wcstcrn  aiiRle  of  the  hay, 
iiivenicnt,  ami  lUthy  ;  hul 
belter  laid  out.     LuUcrly, 
illy  improved. 

18  croiit  strnii?tli.  ami  cxri'l- 
iiiporiaut  iiiariliriii'Miili..n  in 
„.jiiB.  ill  tlii^  rrs|.iTt  seL-ond 

lliivaiiiiiili  (MiLTiisscil  iiliiinsl 
i|,.iiial  svslnii.  v;:rii>iis  pons, 

li:ivc  lici'oiiiii  iiliUCH  <'I  sreat 
raiiiiali  is,  tluri'l'Tc.  fiilirrly 

wcHllliaml  poiiiilatum  iii  tlio 

I  •  tlimi!:li  not  ninic,  pctliaps, 
■c'ils  p.irls\v.r<!  Ir.-rls  npciifil 
III!  WrsI  li.ilia  ijilamls.  ll  ia 
■,.  cxceids  117  mill's,  and  is  in 
iiB  kcvs  anil  i^lamls  att;uhi'il 
(LMiiil'ilI'Ml  ;  ll>c  r"l"rt:sliiiin  sua 
I  iiir  till'  (inivvlli  "!'  a  v:ist  va- 
lliu  Carililx;!'  islamls,  an;  liiTC 

is  of  very  various  i|iiallii(!s  : 
r  any  sort  "f  ciiUivalinn  ;  Imt 
nost  Inxnriaiil  ciopsul'  riiL'ar, 
jf  ri'slriiling  Hi"  tri>'l«  "'  "i« 
.•iriniiv,  n'ii-'l<';''"K«''"''P^l."f 
laming,  to  remain  nnocfnpicd. 
nilation  liii'*  bt'tiiii  lo  I'xtind 
111  The  first  mttular  icnsiis 
lied  170,:JT{»  souls,     f-iiin;  tins 

;  and  l^i7,  704,b()7  ;  exclusive 

suses  of  1775  and  1827. 


IH7. 

■~ 

Fitni'lr. 

Tohil. 

3 

i.i.',a;« 

2<>.4.iO 

311,011 

.■7. Ml 

'•i.or'i 

4>-.'l  0 

0        1         10l,6'i2 

'li-l:'>lZ 

70.|,4»7 

3        1         30O,Ma   _ 

Frr 

m      To     Per  ct. 

Xi^^  ^^^^^^j:^ 

6,l|->0    2).SKH,-301 

'i.bM    2.-.,ii-ti,-W.'. 

VM,m,l»                 2N.7T.t  l-n.2;«>,-OT 

lllD), 

li.-m.il«             l''i 

"ifcj  1P3,G ,.',  —  ». 

0 

„.  iiscritied  tn  llifi  coiilinuaiire 
Inland,  lias  Immmi  proseriiK  d  of 
•i,,,!.     I'rcnn  IMl   to  \>-i:<  Hurr 

.(100  ari'  said  lo  liavi'  licni  cii- 

s?,'),  Ilii"   iniporls  of  sl-ivi'S  ar(! 

as  fiioat  ill  \>->--  as  pvrr,  not- 

1>  12  0/1  11  f.<f  liiiiia  ViliiiiiCf. 

nMMidrr-ral.Mlinlh.'.-.iisiisol 

lilllf,  if  al  all,  in.iliT  WKUKIO. 

•  r-   iiiosllv  of  !Oi  liidiioi  niixiiil 

he'  fu'lds.'liiil  in  oiliir  liranedes 

;io  sliipping  ports. 


I   VI' 


prvnii-  vrar.lts  IpT"!-"' "T'' 
I'lsenti'ii'd.  and  iil  <l'';if- 
nurpose.for  any  noiu-e  oM  iw 
is  down  the  iiopulalioa  w  ll>^- 
abour. 


Tht  article*  princmilly  fiportetl  fmm  Cuba  arc,  •iin''  "f  Ui*' 
ftnr»l  umlitv,  C'lirei",  ('itrtrct^  Lrpn'  wat,  himry,  muliiaK, n,  *i'  0[ 
<hnr,  till*  hnit  ii  lifriili-dly  *hc  itioil   iiii|M>rlint.    'I  he  f'<ll  )\viii< 

MporlaTiuii  nf  ttii^  iitaplf  irticlR  ;  — 
Account  uf  ttie  Gintirtttinn  nf  Siinr  from  IIivatii..ili,  from  1760 

In  IKW, 

£oxu,  at  41)0  It).  IM. 

From  1700  In  1767             i;l,(H)0  ft.uro.nOD 

I7»«-1790                 Gm.IV)  27.JliO,ial 

l-fKI—  l.xtlO               llll.WI  44,(llt.,|IO 

18(1(1—  l«IO                IT7,99S  7I,I(I<),M(1 

18111  —  IxiO               2n7,li9B  fl3,07>',40ll 

l>in— IStt               2VI,3S4  IQil.lVl.MKI 

In  I  KM                       'JTUULlS-l  l(is,4(F.,  .mi 

1827                             26l,»>4  1-2  IO.,P»I,M;ii 

IRW                            2(W.'."(i  ln-.l14  4"() 

iK!!t                            2im.».17  l04,:l4iM)l) 

1S30                            2!).>,:3J  117.(i!L'.-(l(l 

1811                             2:B.I,10  llO,Vlil)(0 

ItfU                            297,V'>7  ll9,(liJ,S(X) 

1831                            2SI,9i5  1  l3,n:0,0i.K) 


Ilul  ll.iviiiTUti  Iiaviti?  rratril  lo  t.e  Ihronly  jmrl  T  r  lIii*  fY|orU. 
tint!  nf  lufir.  .It  it  »'o  M.  fiirni'T  litiiri,  \ir  iiiiisl  uKrri  tf>  tin- tiado 
nf  lliL-  niliri  |'«trti.  In  ol.rtiti  a  r  t^^^c•  accntiiil  tf  llie  \»l,(,lf  iX['ort« 
nl  mif  ir,    Tht*  rnllnwiiix  arr  the  tuilljni'hi'UM  rflurnv  l-ir  I'>i7  ; 


Kx|iorU  of  luiar  from  Ha\aiuMh 

.SiriliiKn  • 
Niievilas  • 
M.1t.lll/:(S  • 

Trhiiliil    • 

J.itm 
Man»iillla 


Il!l,.r>l,ll7  Ibt. 

(..11  ■.'.'.■  I  — 

a7>,Jr>  — 

31l,'Mi4.'4l'>  — 

10,:ilil.3j7  — 

3'il.46i)  _ 

I. ',.00  — 

120,800  — 


Tntil 


Put  aa  Ihe  rii**nni.hoi»B  repnrln  an-  fuittnlr.l 
ilpDl)  the  aMDliijili'ih  Miat  a  ImiX  <•(  Ki).{ir  iM'lfht 
tiut  \rt  arrotMt  (37'»  11m.).  while  il4  iru'-  wentlil 
IS  .-it'iiTiIeiliiclitin  llie  Lire,  at  leitt  lU  mr,l4n 
( lOO  Ihv),  thi-y  aiM  to  their  ainntint  nne  tixteelitli 
(it  ihoulil  tw  out!  liftiwuth),  via.     ■ 


l4V-n3,10«   Iba. 


9.1.3^1118   lla. 


M.»kill?alntilnf    .     ri(i,|-,'-,9:4    lln. 


Tlila  is,  linwnvpr,  only  llio  riistom-liniisn  report.  A  ereat  deal  of  siicnr  lins  liecii  siinicslcd  out  of 
the  country.  TIk;  exports  from  Saniiai.'o  in  1M27,  as  (siveii  ahovc,  are  certainly  iiiinli  iindir  lln'ir  real 
anioiint  ;  for  at  Hint  period,  and  f.ir  H  or  4  years  after.  Hie  luslotiis  ollicors  coiiiiivid  wild  Hie  planters 
to  defraud  Hie  reveiiiK?,  and  carried  tlieir  il'epreilalioiis  lo  siicli  an  I'Xietit,  tlial  llic  diilirs  hecaim!  no- 
mitinl  iiifri'ly,  and  Hie  otliiial  returns  are  in  no  di'irree  to  !»■  dvpctidi'd  upon.  Hiilij^riiiieiilly,  liowever, 
these  otficers  were  disiiiissijd;  and  there  is  reason  to  iliink  that  the  returns  have  sine  liceii  nioro 
accurate.     Hut  siiiiimfliiiir  is  slill  exK^nsively  prai  tised,  particiilaily  from  the  unliceiiseil  ports 

It  appears  from  Hii;  siilijoined  account  (No.  III.),  that  tlieri'  has  lieeii,  since  lf-'i7,  a  treal  increase  in 
the  exports  of  suisar,  the  (iiniitily  shipped  from  the  various  licensed  ports  of  ll;e  islami,  haviiit,' 
aiiiouiited.  in  1833.  lo  7,li2l,,'>'i3  arrolias,  i<N),Oi;i,vj,'',  ||,^.  |||,t  to  iliis  we  iiiav  safely  add  at  least  one 
fourth  part  fo.  Iiipiiients  from  Hk!  unlicensed  purls,  ami  w  hat  was  oHi('rwi.<e  sciitOiil  of  the  country 
without  any  o'.cial  notice  ;  so  Unit  the  (Mitin- export  of  sugar  from  Culia,  at  present,  cannot  be  Iobb 
than  2-)(t.(mil,Mnollis..  nrrailifr  more  than  I10,(im(ton»: 

Next  to  siiiiar,  colVee  is  the  most  vuliiuhle  productioii  of  Ciiha.  lis  ciillivatioii  has  increased  with 
unprecedented  rapidity.  In  IMH),  there  were  ahoiii  t-O  plantalions  in  llic  island  ;  in  1^17,  there  were 
77!) ;  and  in  1H27,  tliere  were  no  t'ewer  than  S.OIiT.  of  ai  least  lO,!)!'!)  trees  each  1  In  IMll.  the  expurla- 
tioii  t'roiii  Ilavaniiah  was  l,2.')0,()00  lbs. ;  in  IWW.it  aiiiouiiled  to  K,()l)(),il()0  I  .s.  ;  from  1-1  j  to  1  ••211,  it 
aviTaeed  antiually  lS,lWi,2(Ml  llis. ;  ami,  in  l»''27,  it  amoiiiiti'il  lo  :^.').^:^7,I7')  llis. :  Tin;  (exports  from  the 
oilier  ports  have  increased  Willi  equal  rapidity.  They  amounted  in  IM7,  lo  I  l,J()'2,inf.  ||.s.  :  iiiaking 
Hie  total  exporlation  for  that  year  .lO.OSD.OHl  Ihs.  ThiMnw  prices  seem  to  have  checkcil  the  urowtli, 
or,  at  all  ifveiits,  to  havi;  diminished  the  exports  of  collee  from  Ciilia  in  ly2,S,  IHUi),  ami  ]:-:'M  ;  hut  siiico 
the  last  nieiilioned  yi^ar,  lliey  havi;  more  than  recovered  their  old  level.  The  tidal  I'xports  in  Ib33 
umoiiiiteil,  according;  lo  the  (^ustoiii-hniise  returns,  to  2.,')fili,:tritl  arrolias,  or  Iil,2.'>ll,i.l7.'i  Ihs.;  liiit,  an 
ill  (111'  case  of  siicar,  coiisiih^ralili'  additions  must  he  made  to  this  (iii.'iiilily  to  gi't  the  true  I'xport.  In 
the  ('iisloiii-.„iii9e  estimates,  colfce  hags  are  supposed  uniformly  !o  weiiili  l.'iO  Ihs.,  iliou;:li  it  is  well 
known  that  they  freiiueiillv  exceed  that  limit.  Tlio  exports  in  1>33  were  dislriluiled  as  fallows  ;  via. 
from  the  llavaiinali,  17,,'!.'t;i", IIM)  Ihs. ;  Matan/.as,  fi, l'2:i.07,')  Ihs. ;  all  (dher  ports.  Id  ■)(i:i,Miil  Ihs 

Toliacco  dilfers  iiiiicli  in  ((iiality  ;  hut  the  cifrars  of  Ciilia  are  consiilered  the  linest  in  the  world. — 
(See  Tobacco  )  l''oriiierly,  the  culture  and  sale  of  this  important  plant  were  monopolized  liy  (ioverii- 
iiieiit  ;  hut  since  |y2l  this  mniiopoly  has  heeti  wlndly  relimiuislK-d,  there  heiiii!  no  immrrany  restric- 
lioiirf  I'ither  on  the  |.'r(nvtli  or  the  sale  of  the  article.  The  cultivator  pays  a  duly,  «  liii  h.  however,  is 
lo  a  creat  (!xl(Mit  evaded,  of  I  per  cent,  ad  valorem  upon  llis  crop.  In  coiiseijuenci;  of  tlie  freedom  Huts 
l.'iv(Mi  to  the  hiisiness,  the  culture  and  exportation  of  lohacco  are  hotli  rapidly  extending' ;  s-  miich  so, 
thai  Hie  exporis  of  cigars,  which  amounted  in  18'20  to  only  107, ItM  arrobas,  had  increased  to  017,713 
arrolias  in  IH33  : 

Of  !t5.7tif<  liliils.  of  molasses  exported  in  1S33,  4<i,032  were  from  navannah,and  31,020  from  Matanzag. 

Wax  and  honey  uf  excellent  (|uality  are  largely  produced  in  Cuba,  and  form  conslderalile  articles  of 
trade. 

Tile  principal  imports  consist  of  corn  and  prain  of  all  sorts,  chietly  from  the  United  States  and  Spain; 
cotton,  hardware,  and  earthenware  |!oods  from  Eiii;laiid;  linens  from  Ilaniliuri.'h,  Itreiiiiii,  Hie  Nellier- 
lands,  Ireland.  &r.  ;  silver  and  )!ol(l  from  Mexico  ami  South  America;  indigo  ai.d  cm  hiiii'iil  from 
dilto  ;  wines,  spirits,  lii|iii'urs,  fruits,  iVc,  from  France  and  Spain  ;  lumber,  dried  hsli,  ami  salt  provi- 
i^ioiis,  from  tlie  United  Stales,  Newfounilland,  &c. ;  with  every  article,  in  short,  that  an  opulent  com- 
munity, ill  a  tropical  climate,  without  manufactures,  reiiuires. 

I.  Classiliud  Account  of  the  Articles  of  all  sorts,  and  their  Value,  iinpoitcd  into  Cuba  in  1831, 1833, 

and  1S33. 


Articlei. 


r.iquiila,  vii.— Wines,  spirila,  beer,  oil.  &c. 
I'nniiinnn.  viz  — I'nrk,  beef,  Jerkeil  beef,  &c. 
Spicea  viz— finiianion,  rinvea.  pepper,  &c. 
Kmi'a.  viz.— Olivef.  aluiniiiN,  raisina.  Ac. 
Attricul'iirai.  viz  — Fli'Ur.  rice,  peas  beam,  potaloea,  fcc. 
(ir.'Cerieii,  viz.— l-anl,  butler,  cheese,  caiidles,  soap,  &c. 
Fiab.  viz-— Herrmiri.  cod,ancliovie8,  &c.     - 
Collnna  and  iiieicery  .... 

Wniillen 

Linens  ...... 

Ijiiher  itooiii  ..... 

.Silks 

WikkI.  viz.  —Dealt,  hnops,  casks,  &c, 

llarlware        ...... 

Metals,  viz.— flipper,  iron,  lead,  &c. 

(iniil  cnin         ...... 

.Silver  Clin       ...... 

(it. IRS  VI are       ...... 

Karlheiiware  ..... 

live  s'ulls,  as  Inj^wooil,  Indigo,  &c.     . 
C'mlale  ■  •  ... 

Honks  an'l  jiaper         •  ... 

Melicities         ..... 

Ht-Tfimiery        ..... 

Jewe  liry  •  -  «  . 

All  other  articlei         .  .  .  - 


Total 


1831. 

IS32. 

1833. 

I.. 

/,. 

/.. 

26,'»,^.i2 

276,562 

329.202 

204,1^0 

165,733 

261,602 

ll,7|-> 

14.129 

ls,2(>9 

31.220 

'22.434 

2s,s,10 

iii)7,320 

57.',3-3 

72(1,513 

'264,1(14 

2!,2tO 

2-2,206 

M.m 

64,577 

61,13.5 

314,337 

31.2,763 

3:Hi.2-8 

.'•0.039 

52,770 

62,141 

472,148 

514,l!)4 

372,714 

IlKdOO 

93514 

79,243 

04  .Ml 

115,909 

82.3S9 

12 1,2 -,7 

12  VI 19 

135.036 

117,270 

133,662 

162.261 

30.502 

1S,.,57 

|--,'223 

177,298 

77,858 

I92,S.W 

22,0I>-. 

41.3W 

302,113 

li),r.K» 

ta.hm 

16,156 

31.211 

2-,-.|7 

19,169 

49,518 

3I>94 

5.1.621 

3W 

lO,."* 

30.M8 

34.I0O 

42,^69 

43.348     . 

30,7.56 

i2i,IOO 

•28,71-9 

8,429 

s,h;io 

8,949 

7,417 

0,|i>^4 

8,131 

115.691 

107,820 

140,(35 

ll     ■ 

3,249,446 

2,976,130 

1      3,866,396 

M/ 


"ill 


:'   I 


♦  The  o»porl8  from  Matanzas  in  1833  were  57,746,400  lbs. 


744 


HAVRE. 


II.  Account  of  the  QimnlilicB  ni"  the  prinripnl  Ariiclcn  of  Prodiiro  rxpnrtpd  frniii  tin-  various  liceimed 
I'orlK  III'  till!  Ihl.iiiil  III'  (.'iiliii,  rrom  \h'2li  tn  IMi:l,  hcilli  iiii'liisivc. 


I 

i 


Vara. 

Siinr. 

Rum. 

MnhiMi, 

Was. 

jtrriM'. 

I'iiirr. 

I'.pin. 

^r..^r.. 

\<m 

6,iiT.;i'ki 

■i.W 

(>>,'"0 

I.T7.l,-!lH 

2J/IIH 

IW7 

f.,-7H,l)^l 

2.4i7 

7-1,(1- ;i 

i;,iKji,.si 

ii,iM 

l».'S 

6.!W,ill-i 

^,MII 

Hi,-M 

I.JKI.I  «S 

21,1114 

IKW 

H.-.-M.'s 

4.'il!l 

ni,yT 

l,73(i,.'-.7 

2;i.4)<i 

IMI 

7,^0^.»sl 

,'>.:■.!)■) 

tk.,il» 

I,-fl''.''H» 

av4l 

IH4I 

7,I.H,:l-il 

S.klH 

H'l,(i<U 

2,i;lii,-.'<2 

2'),''i() 

I'.IJ 

7,H<3,II3 

a,-iJ9 

KXl.l-H 

iMA^-W 

ao.iii;) 

KW 

7,tiil,Vk» 

i,m 

k>,76» 

KMiflit 

4l,.'iJ() 

'loUa 


0. 


7  ,.-l 
7!.,lifl 

H'.Vil 

li7,l>l 
7li.4;iU 

(r2,t7> 


Cipn. 

.?>r.(n». 

I'i7.l(l4 
li;7.Jt)l 

2iiu;i> 
211.443 

4117,1 '.2 

a'ii.43<« 

4  to,  1.3 
617,713 


III.  An  Account  of  the  Value  of  the  Trnde  between  Cnim  mid  other  Countries  in  IMH,  an  ngcertalned 

by  the  CuHtonm'  llutiiriii<. 


CoiintriM. 

Imiinru. 

Elfmrti, 

Cnunlrin. 

Inirort*. 

Eiinrti, 

/.. 

/,. 

/.. 

Sp.in 

8,16.  IM 

665.:)!  7 

.NVthfrlandl     ■ 

42.417 

6r..6si 

•Viuth  Aniprin 

2!--|.(i!<S 

4iM) 

F(ir'ii)(al 

(1.401 

4pH 

'lh«  H«riflt- 'I'liMliI 

l!m,:i2i 

3i!i,;v,(i 

HunM   .... 

Ili.:l7l 

207,H.1-> 

'I  he  L'liiteil  Sra'*.* 

92U.4!'! 

9i:i.!i:l4 

.Swi-'ipii.-iiiil  Deiiniark  • 

;,vM 

l.'.,Ki7 

<»mt  Mrilaiti   . 

33-,-i77 

IW1.7S7 

'I'urk.y 

> 

I3,SM 

Kntici! 

19:1,327 

IIO.WI 
47,010 

Fnreiptii  itroJurr   in  ihirit  of 

Il;.ly     .... 

I0,7.V, 

tuba   .... 

90,495 

28'.,42« 

Hut  a  cnnsidornble  portion  of  tlie  iniportH,  espcciully  of  llinsi!  from  Spain,  are  not  intended  for 
rniisiiniptioii  in  Ciilia,  but  are  sent  thore  merely  en  entrepot,  or  till  it  be  found  convenient  to  ship 
them  fur  other  murkets. 

IV.  Aecnunt  of  the  Number  of  Vessels  that  entered  the  Port  of  Ilnvannah  from  Foreign  Countries 
in  18.S1,  183*2,  and  IH.SS,  specifying  the  Countries  to  which  such  VeHsels  belonged,  and  their 
Tonnage. 


Thff' 

irai 

1832. 

1^3,3.                      1 

.S1.|JI. 

Tntll. 

SItivl. 

Titu. 

.37H 

Titns. 

Spaniih          ..... 

334 

41,7fiH  1.2 

3s,ra«  3-» 

40,.'47 

Aiiipricin       ..... 

496 

R'i,ini  13 

4S9 

84,9i7  1-2 

Wi'l 

91.624  1-2 

Haiisr  Townl             -           -           -           . 

25 

4,226 

34 

6,314 

26 

4,r.l)0 

8 

l,07H 

ISl 

2,313 

10 

I.-29 

Krt'iirh            •                       ... 

It 

3,?i75 

18 

4,0(i7 

48 

10.162  1.2 

Netherlands    .           -           .           .            - 

8 

1,067  2  J 

26 

4,764 

8 

1,4-7 

Eiinliih 

64 

(i,403  1-4 

69 

i2,.5-i8  1.2 

46 

9,067  1-2 

Porlu<ueae      ..... 

2 

142 

4 

548 

S 

494 

2 

29:1  3-4 

221  1-2 

290 

Sardinian        ..... 

4 

762  3-4 

1 

22'2|.2 

6 

939  12 

Swedish           ..... 

1 

2W 

2«) 

6 

1,061  1.2 

ttanoverlan     -           .           -           -           . 

. 

• 

2.Mi 

2 

36GI.3 

Tuacan           ..... 

. 

• 

193  34 

Ateckleuburgh           .... 

. 

• 

• 

• 

I 

n9 

Russi.Tn          ..... 
Total! 

• 

• 

9S2 

" 

' 

176 

9o3 

145,0fr2  14 

I.W,36J  1.2 

l,04S 

168,293  1-2 

/)KtiM.— A  ciis'onM  duty  is  charifed  on  most  articles  f  xportot!  and 
imported.  In  t82S  the  tluiit's  on  impnrla  iinvluced  4.I&l.l!l-^»  dnl- 
Ian  beinc  eqn^l  to  an  ail  valorem  duly  of  18  I  3  [)er  cent,  on  the  iiii* 
porta  of  thai  ye^r.  Tlie  du'iwi  on  eiiK)rt»  durini?  thw  same  year  pro* 
duced  1,114,611  dollars,  equal  loan  ad  m/orr  m  duly  of  IH  12  per 
cent,  on  their  auuiuut.  According  to  the  taritli  the  duties  on  ni'«t 
imported  arlicles  arr  fixeil  at  either  24  or  30  per  cent,  ad  valmtm  ; 
but  all  Spanish  prothicts  imported  fn>ni  the  |ienttuul»  in  Spanish 
bottoms  (excrpt  tlnur,  which  pays  I  1-2  dollar  per  harrel),  pay  only 
61-4  percent,  duty ;  and  when  ini(>orted  in  foreign  hottoins  they 
my  12  per  cent,  less  'han  the  duties  on  corresponding  foreii?n  articles. 
These  products  inalte  about  a  third  part  of  the  imfiorts.  Until 
lately,  the  ex|>ort  duly  on  s^f^ar  wns  much  coinpl;iintil  of,  bein^  mi 
hl){h  as  2  3-4  dillars  a  box  ;  but  In  the  course  of  1833  it  was  re- 
duced lo  little  more  than  I  dollar,— a  rduction  which  has  Iteen  of 
material  consequence  to  the  planters.  Merchandise  that  has  once 
paid  the  duties  on  iinpnr'alinn,  |>ays  nolhini;  on  ex|Mirtalinn. 

Cuitoni'tKnise  /i«^t/n/to/w.— Kvery  master  of  a  vessel  is  bound  to 
have,  on  his  arrivil,  ready  fir  deliverv  to  (he  boarding  nffirert  of  the 
revenue,  two  inariifests,  containii/g  a  detailed  Btatenl^nt  cd  his  carifo ; 
and,  In  the  act  of  hinding  them  over,  is  to  write  ihereon  the  hour 
when  he  §;»  delivers  them,  lakiriff  care  that  they  he  counlersignol  by 
the  boardinc  officers  Within  12  hours  from  that  time  he  in»y 
make  any  atteratinn  he  pleases  in  the  said  manifests,  or  deliver  in 
new  ones  orrertrl.  Af'er  the  expintion  of  these  12  hours,  no 
alteration  will  tte  |  ermitted.  (iofKis  not  manifested  will  tw  confu- 
cated  without  remi-dy  ;  and,  if  their  value  should  not  exceed  l.tlX) 
dollars,  masters  of  vessels  will  be  liable  to  pay  a  penalty  of  iloulde 
the  amount  of  such  non*manifested  gixxls  :  If  they  do  excee<l  that 
luni,  and  L-elonnj  lo  th>'  inastM,  or  come  consiipied  to  him,  his  ves- 
lel,  freight,  and  other  emoluinents,  will  be  forfeile'l  to  the  re- 
venue. Goo>ls  over-manifested  will  p.iy  duties  as  if  they  were  on 
board,  (kiods  no'  m  nifesled,  but  claimed  in  time  by  a  consignee, 
will  be  delivered  up  to  the  latter;  but  the  master,  in  this  case,  will 
be  subject  to  a  line  eoual  in  nmnuni  to  that  of  such  ^ooda.  Gold  and 
silver,  not  manifested  by  cither  capltiu  or  consignee,  are  liable  to  a 
duly  of  4  per  cent.  G.kkIo  falling  .short  of  the  qu:inlity  manifested, 
when  lamfed,  and  not  being  inc'uded  in  any  invoice  of  a  con^tgnet^, 
will  render  the  mas'er  liable  to  a  penally  of  200  doll  irs  f'»r  each 
packai^e  to  f.tlling  short.  Rvery  c«)nsixnee  Isobliired  to  present  his 
invoice  or  no'e  nf  goods,  within  48  hours  alter  the  arrival  of  a  ves- 
•el ;  if  not,  such  ^oods  are  linble  lo  2  per  cent,  extra  dutv.  The 
■ame  is  tho  case,  if  such  note  do  not  contain  a  statement  of  ifie  num- 


I  her  of  pieces,  contents,  quality,  weight,  and  mensure.  All  goods 
iriipnried  in  vessels  exceeding  SO  tons  tiur'lien,  except  perinhable 
imwininnSf  bulky  articles,  and  liquors,  mav  be  put  in  de|)o?it  for  an 
indtiinite  term,  paying  I  |»er  cent,  inward  and  I  per  cent,  outward 
duty  on  the  vilue,  each  year.  When  enterel  (or  hnnie  ronsump* 
liori,  they  arc  liable  to  the  corrctpnndiii:;  dutv.  If  sidd  indeimit, 
the  exporter  piys  the  outward  duly. 

Tf^i'irtge  />iiiiu.— Spanish  vessels,  ^  -^  ils  per  ton.  (llher  nations, 
20  reals  per  ton  :  in  case  of  arrival  atnl  .It-harUire  in  ballas',  none; 
arriving  in  distres:),  4  reals  per  tun,  but  full  unties  if  the  cargo  be 
landed  or  taken  in. 

Wharf  />uh«f.— Spanish  vessels,  (i  reals  per  day.  O'her  nAlioni, 
19  reals  per  day  for  each  100  Ions  of  Iheir  retri^Vrine'-surenient. 

Moil  IK,!.— One  dfdiar  =•.  H  rea's  jltte  ■.--  2'^  rols  \tlli'n.  One 
doubloon  =  17  iloHara,  The  inerchauis  reckon  414  dollar*  ==  100/,, 
or  I  dollar  =  4f.  tir/.  very  nearly.  There  is  an  export  duty  of  I  per 
cent.  <m  irold,  and  2  per  cent,  on  silver. 

WcfifhU  ami  .t/(rt.ti(ra.— Or."  quintal  —  tOO  \h%..  or  4  arrobas  of 
2;ilbs. ;  100  lbs.  .S{>anish  =  li>:  3-4  Us.  Kn^lihh.  or  46  kilogrammes. 
109  varas  =  100  yanls;  40  vans  -  100  Ktrncli  tUs  or  auuesj  81 
varas  z=  lOOHrabant  ells;  108  varns  =  160  lliunburgb  ells.  1  fanega 
r=  3  bushels  nearly",  or  100  lbs,  S|'anish.  Aw  arn^ba  ol  wme  or  spirits 
=  4*1  Knglifh  wine  gallons  nearly. 

The  Npani.*h  auli-'ritiesdi^jraced  Ibemst  Kes  by  the  cotjntenance 
which  they  gave  to  piratical  liandiiti  lint  intest-"!  nrtny  of  the  |)orts 
of  Cub  1  liurinr  the  la'e  contest  between  Spain  u.d  In  r  nvoMed  colo- 
ni's.  anil,  on  pretence  of  cruising  against  the  Mexinns  :ind  Cotoni- 
bians,  cnniniiHel  .'dl  sor's  of  enorndties  The  eon.uierce  of  the 
I'nited  States  sntfirefl  so  much  fmni  their  ntl:i(ks.  tint  Ihey  were 
obliged  tnsend  a  considfrrable  squadrrn  tnati.ick  the  banlitti  in  their 
ftlrontrlinlds,  and  to  obtain  that  redrew  they  hid  in  vain  sought  from 
the  pneinmeiit  r>f  the  i.slanJ  ;  but  \<e  are  not  aurt-  that  Ihe  nuisance 
is  as  yet  entirely  atiated. 

In  compiling;  this  article,  we  have  cnn^ul'pd  ITi;nit,obf*'s  standard 
work,  llie  Estai  Pol  t  qitc  wr  I'hlt:  de  (HZ-o,  Hnri-*,  I^iti;  ami  ihe 
Supplement  (TaUcnn  Slnfttti'  uf)  il  en'to,  I'ariv,  1K)1;  the  excellent 
abstract  of  the  ('tindrii  FMtvlttUcu  rfr  Cttfa,  pubiishe*!  a'  Ilavannab 
in  1H29,  in  the  ^ititiricnn  (irtmtrrly  JUview  for  June  1S30 ;  the  Jitd' 
Ittin  de.1  SrreiHcs  (i "^i  s>'aj>h  iiurf,  \oin.  xxii.  |i.  riS:!, ;  Pniiuctt't 
Notes  on  MiT^io,  pp.  '279--29H.  (Kn*.  ed.);  Papt-n  jubhthrd  l<y 
Jit/ard  of  Trade,  part  iii.  pp.  biV—C^^l.  \  and  ;  rn-ale  r  fumunica- 
twits  from  intelli|{ent  British  merchants  cat.iblisheil  at  Ilavannab. 


HAVRE,  on  HAVRE  DE  GRACE,  a  commercial  and  strongly  fortiiicd  sea-port  town 
of  France,  on  the  English  channel,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  on  its  northern  bank,  in 
0°  6'  38''  E.     Population  24,000. 


lot.  490  29'  14"  N.,  Ion 


HAVRE. 


746 


1  from  llif  various  liccmed 


IiikIvi'. 


I  .rat 

Tol  aft  0. 

7  .'-l 
T.'.Mfl 
MM'il 
U-..II2 
Ibl',  I  .'< 
liT.lM 
7b.<30 
W,17> 


Ciptl. 

.1/  r'iat. 

1'|-,III4 
lli7.U6l 
2 10.33  > 
211.443 
4117,1 ''2 
33I,J3» 
4II«,U1 
617,713 


trie*  in  lH3n.  as  ascertained 


Inii">ri«. 


/.. 
42.417 

9.401 
1(|.'.I71 

7,13)1 


99,49S 


El|>ortl. 

/,. 

fir..6«l 

.|,ilS 
207,33-. 

ir..(-«7 

I3,!;33 

2e'>,42S 


Hpain.  arc  not  InleiHlcd  for 
je  fouiiil  coiivcniiiiit  lo  ship 


nnah  from  Foroicn  ConntrieB 
VesgL'ls  bi'longeii,  ami  their 


ItsTS.                      1 

vnn. 

.SViiw, 
.179 

Twit. 

xlB  3-4 

4li..'47 

[Ii7  1-2 

fiO'l 

9I.K4  1-2 

■VI4 

26 

4,''i00 

313 

10 

1.729 

067 

48 

10,162  1-2 

764 

8 

1,4-7 

,Vi8  1-2 

48 

9,0«7  1-2 

M8 

6 

494 

221  1-2 

1 

290 

222  1-2 

« 

939  12 

2^ 

6 

1,061  1-2 

2f>« 

2 

366  1-3 

193X4 

1 
1 

159 
176 

,362  1-2 

1,04!« 

168,293  1-2 

iwlily,  neijM.  »n(i  niewirf.  All  roods 
•clin;  80  Icpiis  hur'hen,  Mcent  iienilcible 
and  linunm,  may  I*  irat  i"  cl<;|""it  for  an 
iwr  cent,  inward  an.l  I  per  ci-iil.  outward 
'par  Whi-n  cnlotel  for  li'inii-  ronsiimp- 
corrispiiiidiii?  dut.v.  If  «dd  in  dnioiil, 
.ard  dnty. 

ijh  vewrU,  1  '■  ■>'»  I'er  Ion.  Other  nations, 
i.f  arrival  ai>l  a,|,ar-ure  in  l.all.i»',  none; 
lis  per  ton,  but  full  uiitits  if  the  cargo  be 

,li  v(«flv  fi  rcils  prr  dav.    Oilipr  nalioal, 

10(1  liiiu  lit  llieir  reili.'iT  nieasurcnielil. 

-  H  rra'«  ili'e   ~  2'  pals  v.ll.u..    One 

'hit!  niercliaiils  rirlioii  4)4  ilollan.  —  1001., 

nrarly.     'Ihere  i^  an  i'x|.orl  duly  of  I  ptr 

-nt.  on  silver.  .         ,.     .r 

—dr."  (iiiintal  -  100  lli«..  or  4  .arrolias  of 

m;  3-4  Us.  Kiijlisli, or  46  kilo?raininre. 

40  variH  =  IPO  Kioncli  i  Us  or  aunrs  ;  81 

.  lO-  varus  =  160  llaniliurRli  rlls.    1  t»n'^ 

)  II,!.  S|i»nisli.    An  arnibant  wine  or  spiritt 

'rdMra«'l  lliHilsilM-sbytlir  countenance 

ical  liandiMi  tint  infi d  many  of    llf^lwrU 

nnleM  bet«  ee.i  Spain  -....I  i.  r  fvo!";')  "  »• 
rriii.ine  against  the  Me«i<-in»  :'»d  Cnloin- 
I  „f  Vnoriidlirs  Tlie  .-oiMuerce  of  the 
mn  h  fmm  their  attacks.  th>t  they  were 
Iralde  squadron  b.  attack  th.-l.andllli  in  hen^ 
,  that  rVdn«  thcv  Ind  iii  vain  »ou<lit  from 
land  ;  hut  »e  irenoi  .un-  tint  ll«  nuiiaiica 

_le  we  have  con>ulled  HiiliiLnldf,  standard 

■"„■  '  i'.)  11  enM..,  rari.,  1K1I ;  Ihe  excellent 

.,^,„W,T;y«n..r.«orJun.l«0,.    J(-Jl. 

^;A'r7Kn™;M"  /•llr.r.  r"'-'-^''' .'1/ 
,  Ml  648-«''2. ;  »i»l  )  rifo'r  r  ■"imiHlua- 
■i'i'l,  merchants  e.t..l.lisli«l  at  llavanuth. 


ongly  fortified  sea-port  town 
iine,  on  its  northern  bank,  in 


Wiirlfli/r.— T)ie  h«rtiour  of  ITaTTe  cttitnti  of  2  Insini,  inrlmr  I 
wlihiii  the  wills  of  the  tnwii,  atfir.Iine  accnninioda'i'ui  for  .ii-  iji 
4  V)  ihipv  tajH!  lie  la  Hi  vr,  fmurtnt  ilu'  ii'irtitf  rn  r  itreniily  of  lli«* 
ftif.r,  \m  N.  N.  W  fn.in  llavrr.  dMinI  ahoiit  2  1-2  miles.  II  i< 
riovated  390  f"-et  alnive  the  level  o(  the  s  a,  an  I  is  surumu're  1  by  2 
li<bl-li'iii>"»  50  f.'«l  hifh.  The"-.  "  hirh  >•»  ■i:\  (.•<■'  apvrl,  i  ihil<it 
ixiwerfiit  fixrl  lulilv.  There  is  lU  >  s  hrilll.ii.t  tiarlN>iir-lii(hl  al  the 
rnlrance  lit  the  iciri,  on  the  eiir,*iiiity  of  the  weilem  ,|.lly.  Havre 
^as  2  (iia  l*tea  Is,  "llie  KTiat  or  oiib  r  rii,i  I  ii  aji.tul  a  Irariie  friini 
the  |ior(,  aril  rft*her  iimr.  thin  I-.!  haiin-  \V,S.  W.  friim  Cape  de  la 
Ilevej  llie  liille  nr  inner  rial  is  almiit  1-2  leafue  from  the  [lort, 
.Mid  abimt  3  4  of  a  mile  S.  S.  K.  Inun  i'i|ie  ile  la  lleve.  Tlit-y  are 
wparateil  by  Hie  Miid  hank  eallet  I.eelit;  lietween  wljch  and  the 
lank  called'  Let  fiauli  tU  la  lituk  is  the  weit  |i.v.!d>;e  hi  the  port. 


The  Hoc,  nr  si^nthem  pstsaje,  lien  Itetween  thn  T»it  menttnnft  henk 
an  I  II. It  rf  Amfir.  In  lln-  ;freai  rui  I  there  iifniin  0  o7  l-*fi'hninl 
ivaifT  at  el.ti ;  and  in  the  liltle,  fnim  3  In  3  Nl.  I.irve  «hi|is  .ilwa)i 
lie  in  the  forii.er.  'I  he  r.se  of  the  tnle  is  fnuit  22  tn  27  ft  el  ;  and  hf 
timiH  silvin'ace  of  it.  the  lari^etl  rl.\<  of  iiieichan»iiiei>  enter  the 
[lort.  The  waier  ill  Ih*-  harlioitr  ilo-»  not  lierin  pere-'ftild)  to  luU 
si  le  tillalHilifl  hours  afti-r  hi<h  wi.ler,— a  pecnliariiv  s^crilied  tA 
the  nirteni  'town  ihe  Seine,  acrom  the  enlrinre  to  the  harb"iir, U-in^ 
iiiiru'ietilly  powerful  tn  dam  up  fir  a  »hile  tbi-  «at.-r  in  ihe  hlter. 
I.arice  tleels  Iskiiin  .a'tvant.aiff  nf  lliiv  etrciiiiis'anre,  are  al  le  to  leave 
the  pnri  in  a  siiiKle  Ii  le.  and  ((el  to  rev.  even  lhou;;li  the  «  iii  I  sli"Uld 
lie  unfsvoiiDble  —I  --ef  Ptiin  tif  //niir,  piihlt»h<  d  1  >  Mr.  t.nurit  ; 
.Iririifoirr  dn  I'ummmt  Marttiiiu  Jur  1K13,  p.  2)1. ;  Cou/itr  nir 
la  /'/larrJ,  p.  *»9,  Ac.) 


Tradf,  ^-r. — Havrn  lioiim,  in  fiict,  Ihe.  princi|)al  Hea-porl  of  Purin,  most  of  thp  colonial  anil  ollii'r  fu- 
rnign  prniltii'tH  ili-siiiii^il  fur  tli»  t'linsiiiiiplinii  of  ihat  riiy  nri>  inipiirlcil  iiitu  it.  Il  lini*  aNo  a  ('llll^illl■rn- 
lile  Iraili?  nf  lis  own.  Tlie  principal  arliclps  ofcxpiirt  art'  »ill<  anil  wiinllrii  »lii(T-i,  larc,  u'lnvcH.lriiilti'U, 
perfiiniRry,  IliirBiiihly,  ("liainpaciic,  anil  iillinr  winon,  liraiiily.  Imnks,  A.r.  lloHidcH  rolniiiiil  pruiliii'tn 
and  spicus,  tli>!  itnpnrtM  prliiri|iully  consist  of  cotlnit,  iiMli!.'ii,  lohacco,  Itidi'S,  dye  wodiIh,  iron,  (in,  dried 
fisli,  ice.    (ir:iin  and  tlonr  are  Hoinetiiiies  iiiiportuil  and  soinciiiiieHe.xport<Ml. 

Miinif.i,  liriirhlt,  au,1  Mcaaurta  same  as  tliose  of  the  rest  of  France. —  (tSce  Hordiiai'X,  and  \Vei<iiit» 
ANn  MnAaviiKN.) 

Il  is  fstiiii.ilcd  that  the  entire  value  of  the  rtiflereni  articles  imported  into  Havre,  in  IWO,  nnionnted 
to 'i.VI,(l(l(l,(Hi(i  rraiics,  nr  iilioiit  10,(K)I),()00/.  slt'riin«.  ttflliis  siiiii,  llie  cotton  iinpurled  vva.-i  esliiniili'd  at 
20,000.(100  IV.;  llie  BiiLMrs  of  the  I'rencli  ciiloiiies  at  41,000,000  I'r..  and  thoae  of  I'orriL'ii  «(.iiiiiiirs  at 
8,000,000  fr. ;  roffre  11,000,000  fr.  j  indlBi>,2,(MiO,000  fr. ;  toliacco  4,000,11110  fr.,  &c.  Tlii>  <  iistnnis  diilien 
ut  Havre  diirinc  the  same  year  anioniiU'd  to  '2.'),IS7fi,.')3')  fr..l)i!iiifr  nearly  II  per  rent,  iipnn  llf  eiillniati'd 
value  of  itie  imports.  There  entered  Ihe  port,  in  the  same  year,  l.l^i  I'lemh  and  otlie  ■  ships,  coming 
from  foreien  cntinlries  and  tlie  colonies  of  France,  anil  '2,!i'.i.')  ciiaslinj  vessels,  iiicliidlnp  tlinse  iiaviKut- 
inc  the  river  ;  02  ships  entereil  en  rdtuhc  and  In  ballast. — {Bulletin  dcs  Scienci:ii  Ot'df^riijiliiijiirn.ttiiii. 
.\vi.  p.  aoo.  and  torn  xxiii.  p.  S70.) 

Jlrrinah. — In  1H33,  there  tMitered  Ihe  port,  44  ships  from  IMartinique,  7S  from  (iiiiulMlntipe,  21.1  from 
The  United  States,  311  from  Brazil,  1  from  Pern  and  Cliili,'23  from  llayli,(i  fyoni  Mcxicn.  II  frmii  Monte- 
Video  and  Buenos  Ayres,  2  from  Colomhia,  10  from  the  llavannah  and  St  Iiign,  1  from  St.  'riimnas,  2 
from  Cayenne,  3  from  Ki-nesal,  4  from  the  Isle  do  Uonrlion  and  the  Mauritius,  (i  from  tin-  I'.asl  Indies, 
2  from  China,  and  11  from  the  whale  fishery ;  in  all,  447.— (^nnuuire  dii  Commerce  Murilimt,  toiii.  ii.  p. 
345.) 

I'he  total  arrivals  at  Havre  in  1833  were 

Shipi. 
French  ships  (toni  foreign  countries  .•••,.       2.^0 

-— — ^—  French  colonies     .......       130 

— coasters     .........    2,V21 

" from  the  cod  And  whale  fishery  •  •  -  •  .14 

ForeiKu  vessels    ..........      49-> 


Tonnage^ 

freu-i 

44.934 

2,.vir, 

32,721 

1,613 

159.0!i3 

0,3JS 

4.040 

421 

12j.ll^» 

Totals 


3,410 


366,717 


In  respect  to  the  imports  of  cotton,  Havre  Is  to  the  other  French  Ports,  what  Liverpool  is  to  the  other 
ports  of  England.    We  subjoin  an 

Account  of  the  Imports  of  Cotton  into  France  in  1S33  and  1831,  with  the  Stocks  on  Hand,&c.,  spcci- 
fyins  in  detail  the  Imports  and  Stocks  of  Havre  and  Mirscilles. 


1833. 

IS34.                                              1 

Stock,  III  Jin. 
Havre 

Marseilles  . 
OlhLT  PorH 

Imports. 
Havre 

Marseilles   . 
Other  Port! 

Sold. 
Havre 

Marscillee   . 
Other  I'orta 

United 
States. 

Brazil. 

Ejypt. 

Other 
Sorts. 

Total  in 

diirereut 

Torts. 

United 
Stales. 

Braiil. 

links. 

.i,:iio 

3V1 
100 

E(t>pl. 

Other 

Sons. 

Balir 

4.107 
I.VK) 

Total  in 

difl'.n-ut 

Torts. 

Mlrt. 
16,270 
l,\M 
9,-.0 

Balrt. 
549 

Bala. 
750 

JInla. 

ISl 

1,300 
8J0 

JIaln. 
1 7.000 
3,200 
l.liCO 

Balr.i. 
29.h:12 
3,911 

1,40(1 

B.ila. 
'6,632 

Bain. 
34.(100 
15.000 
3,000 

1^1,370 

549 

•liO 

2,331 

22,000 

35,143 

3.790 

-.632 
i\   Id 

6,43', 

3.134 
11.519 
5.I0S 

.52,(05 

ISI.6II 
21,470 
14.239 

22,410 

2,127 

726 

91,290 

6,283 
16,012 
4,2S5 

210.304 
76.8S9 
19,210 

181.057 
19,667 
IS,074 

221,798 

l4,2-.a 

17,872 

201.447 
.•4.2)1 
23.974 

276,674 

217,320 

25,263 

37,260 

26,5S0     1     306,443 

20,213 

19,761 

lfiS.049 
1K,709 
13,789 

19.619 

1,777 

626 

31,398 

6,636 
I3.20i 
3,635 

193,304 
65.0S9 
18.0)0 

194,180 
23.078 
IS.874 

236,132 

15,698 

3,172 

742 

19,512 

23,375 

3.(162 
13.626 

.\3JS 

21.3.440 
t)3.2il 
21,974 

301.663 

2J0,'i47 

22,^22 

3I.39S 

22,476         276,443 

23,373 

22.1)46 

United  Stales. 

Brazil. 

Egypt. 

Olher  -Slirls. 

Total. 

Slock,  Isl  Jan.  1 
Havre 

Marseilles   . 
Other  Torts 

»5. 

• 

JIaiii. 

19,710 
600 
600 

2,000 
l.iO 

Bala. 
3,500 

Bah.: 
3(;o 

2.0OO 
1,2.0 

BaUi. 
I        30,000 

Accorlinff  to  the  American  official  accounts,  there  were  shipped  for  France,  iluring  the  year  ended  30lh  of  Srplemlier,  18.13.  76.812,449 lbs. 
of  cnlton.  value  I  at  8,84 '),359  dollars.  The  exports  to  Kbgtaud  during  Ihe  same  year  were  238,241,746  tbi.,  valued  at  26,25-1,970  liullars! 
—i.Pajmt  laid  before  Cun§rai,  22d  of  April,  li)34.) 

For  the  quantities  of  sugar  and  coflec  imported  into  Havre  in  the  years  1820,  1830,  1831,  and  1832, 
see  post. 

We  avail  ourselves  of  this  opportunity  to  lay  hefore  our  readers  the  following  official  stato- 
ments  as  to  the  Foreien  Trade  ami  Navigation  of  France  for  1833. 

On  th.i  next  puge  will  he  fotinil  an  account  of  Ihe  viiliie  of  the  different  descriptions  nf  ennds  (ex- 
clusive of  coin  and  hnllion)  imported  into  and  exported  from  France  in  H33,  sperifyinc  lite  mode  in 
which  they  were  imported  and  exported  ;  the  value  of  the  imported  goods  entered  for  home  con- 
eumption,  with  the  duty  thereon,  and  on  the  exports.— (j}(/rnini£{ru(ion  (2cs  Douanes,  1833,  p.  4.) 
Vol.  I.— 3  N  .94 


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A'.^f     ntntnil  mmmfrrr.  n*  npiillfd  to  liiiporirt.  iiipiin"  all  nrilrlfii  liii|Hirtcil  liy  icn  or  land,  without 

ln<|iiiriiiir  w  lic'lliir  tli.'y  iiri'  intcihlrd  i.i  lii>  imir'iiiiir.l,  ri'-i'\|iiirtcd.  or  iviif  Imi I.     Siirmil  rommtref, 

no  :i|iii!i  I  l.«  1  n;«<irl«,  miiniH  kii.  Ii  iiii|i>irti!d  arltrlrn  ua  liuvi;  b.'i-il  iidiiiitti'd  Inr  liuiiiu  iiiiiiiiiii|iti(in, 
lllid  r  iiiiyiMi'iil  nf  till'  nminiii't  diiijri, 

'till'  »iiii»  iliatJiH  iiMii  idil.iiiM  III  ri'liitiiin  to  rxpnrta.  rimernl  mmmirtr,  in  tlilii  inHi',  niiviiH  rll 
('Vpiirli-il  urn  Ik.  u  illKiiit  riLMrd  li>  llinr  nrlamj  wliilr  rperiitl  mnimtrre  iiiimiih  mirh  iiiily  tin  are  prii- 
iliiii'd  tty  til"  anil  nr  iMiiiiiil'ai'liiri-a  or  Kruiicc. 

Ai->-(iiiiit  Ml' till-  t{iiaiitiiii'ii  111"  till'  illfrTi-Ml  Horia  of  rottoii,  Miimr,  PolTi'i',  Iiidiiio,  ttc,  liiipnrti'il 
mill  ll:ivri',  iliiriii<.'  1^.(5,  l»:n,  l>.i:i,  iK.ia,  mid  I'-.'tl,  « iih  tin.  HlmkH  of  C'oltoii,  ki:.,  vxlallii||  uii  Ilia 
lal  of  Juiiimiy,  I^Hi  -  (./DMrriu/  rfii  Uarrt,  id  Jiiiiiiury,  hilli.) 


(°nuiitrli«  whtnca  lliair 


Ciiii'in. 
t'  ■>  Auicrin 
Hnnl 
Utlii  r  Bttrtt    • 


•  UlM 


Siifir. 
M  irllii  iiiiB  «i.il  Oiil  lilnu|ir,  liMi. 

Il'li'lrll                          .  .       1,,^ 

II  .vtui,  ill  iili.l  ti\,  Jim  •  bolr* 

tin/.  J           .           .  .     — 

II  M  I  ,n>rl«    •           •  •      » 

OH' . 

M  iriiuiqiie  aiKl  OuiJlloupr,  lih  !>, 

Ilillii.           .           .  .     — 

liiMii-           ■           .  .     _ 

It  I'lrlfin       •          -  •  li.^l*t 

llivti,  •lirei'l            •  •    lii«4 

III  '  !•  •  -  •  riiitif 
Vin.i'tt  utheriorti  •  ■  Imxi 
till  II-  .  .  .  In. 
li-im.          .          .  .Midk 

111.'.-.. 

Ki>i  liiliiii        .          .  (hnn 

Aiii<  ricui           .           -  Kmn* 

C'l'  II         ...  |iicki<i'i 

'I'l               •             •             .  tl|«U 

llilrt           •             .             .  Nn. 


MI|Mlfflii 


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1 1, ;  I  •> 
I  -,IJI 


4«.n(io 
Mfim 

77 

to 

6,S23 
2,1  If 

4,3911 

i;»o 

2,>l 

4i,U.'i 

4> 

7:1,11.1 

l'l2 

1)17 

3,ro 

4,771 

V.I.'iS 

I.T.,2iU 


IKII, 


124.1  in 
14  KM 
2,J  9 

ld7,WI 


2li,2:i) 

Sti' 

(«) 

3,5  <! 

I,ni2 

3,(»M 

61 

t-JI 

9,7.11 

I'l.! 

29,Ml'i 

l:|ii 

4^:1 

3,177 

;i:tj 

2.«  1 

II.MlO 

l.!i.;  VI 


MInfli.  Ill  M 
January,  l»3ll. 


IM.WIO 


9,«)0 


lit. 

'2,3ju,uoa 


Siiimnnry  Statement  of  the  Coiiininrro  of  !'r  iiico,  during  the  Ye.ir  1S,1,1. 


IMIiiRI*. 


liiiportk 


Mt^relianitiw  Iiiiimt'-I, 
((■..iifral  Conmicr.e.) 


R)rS«a. 


.Ntiipi-liI  '  '  ■hiiiiifirhiriii^  . 

l)l.       I'"'  C  ilMUlllUtlUU 

H , 

W'    u^lil       . 

T.'HI.     . 


Friuia- 

3a>2in.>iii 


tnno'i.iia 

27,5li,419 


407,117,179 


By  Laii'l. 


A'l  'I  'Iff, 
l3<i,.li;,JU 

l4,S7V9s7 
7  •.2Ji,J>3 


TnUl. 


Merchiii'llM'  pnlni-nl  f.ir  rtiiitiimiitinn. 
(S,,roiil  (■"imniTfi'.l 


Vahio. 


Fin 'in, 
4j9.IiJ7,79> 

ivi.w.m 

1M,0j.,772 


i2ti,l  ■,»,V;^ J 693,27 '1,7  a 

EXPORTS. 


fr.iiift. 

344,>2l,ii^ll 

111.9^.6™' 
34,(i9?  !tM 

491,137,471 


Duly  ncoival, 

""fill,.  •7"" 

41.I-  1 1, 1.77 

.wiafi.s"4 

(),I78,.>M 

ini,t>3(j,tiiti 


E»:iorl8. 


Bi"  • 

,M.iii<ilai"urt-J 


'I'.'lilt 


Frrnrli  Mirch.!!!  toe, 
(Oi-'it*ral  C'uiinit:irc.) 


BySRT. 


rmiirl. 
2(ri.;12.'.iM4 
3li.U-0,47i 

■•••0,40!l,5>9 


Bv  l.lnl. 

Fiaitrt. 
>,i0l.itn 
I'lT.lWi.li) 


TnUt. 


Frniiri. 
2ttl.i'>'l,(.-.2 
.1  'iAf  i,«(iO 

7ti6,3lt),3:j 


French  Mercliinli«i-. 
(Speciil  C  ininirrcF.) 


Viluf. 

Frntim, 
tM,(i'3.n27 
404,772,027 


S'i9,l2'>,n54 


Duly  receivftl, 

Fianri. 
>"s,-T7 
4i7,>ll2 

1,2 '16,379 


NAVIGATION. 


Arriv.ils. 


Ton. 

IlljU. 


V,.  I   7',iiit 

Fri"irli      I   :i.itit  :3HI.''7 

F..um:ii      '     i.lf'  62.',-3-. 

T'liU     I   *,''7e  9«),-«2 


M^Tchind-'f  im|inrlrl. 
lOeiienil  CoinniiTce  ) 


Frfneli 
Colonies, 


Foreign. 


Ftnnra. 


Fmiicf. 


Ti>t.ll. 
Franrt. 


Dfpirtiim    Sliipv 

i 


Ton- 


French  ani  Fir-ijti  M-p'-hiiilUr, 
(Geuer  il  Coniiiifrcn  ) 


French 


Fiirci^n.  T.i':il. 


.V'.         T'tii.   '     Frnnri,     i     /V.i,,,-  ,  ^",-r    '  i. 

6-l,0ji,2l5  i  211.0. nIO    27-4,i5t.;r»4    VVrneh  ft.iiT  i     3t-.-iO    42.tiJ!mt)i     l*t7.HlS  ni    2  ^M.fU*'.:*^'' 


6i-(m,^l>  t  4U3. -21,901    46T,|l7.i:il      T..t»U        S.2V>     T-^i  Hi-*    43,'iiJ,y«|    .W^T'iJ.fitlJ   5 •A40S5W 
WAREM'MSF.  TRADE. 


V.»hpF  t'f    II  n*hin(liM»:  — 

Ii)  V.  ir.  Ii  iiiM'  oil  ihe  3Nt  nf  DecenibiT,  ISJ2 

EiitcrcJ  iluriiig  tht!  yeir  1833 


/"For  rniniimp'ion 
Wiihlnvvii  from  warehouioilurinif  the  jrear  1833    -i  F'>r  re-t-xiorvmn  •   ■  ^f^^^^^f 

V.By  ch-iiiji*  uf  vMrehouie 


1  Ry  impnrtihoii       •  *  >  tt  i  ,!.i 

(  Ry  cliui^c  of  rtirehmiic 


Ftatia,  Frtiii't. 

■  97,  J -.1,177 
4'>i,29'.  X't:  ) 

10,9(1   .ii'lt  440  2,19,127 


24,0 12,  i7 1  ) 


III  wsroh'iitic  nn  the  31at  of  December,  1833 

3uS 


Tol:>l  -  ■     .'il7,til.',704 

-    27(>,<<'2,fl''4-) 

:  47;i''iiin|- ''"•*="'^'*' 

.      34s27,.i>2J 

.       I12,9(l0,|l| 


(I'l 


•'\ 


no 


HAVRE. 


Summary  Statement— con(i>tue({ 


I 

I 


) 

^ 


J   ' 


TRANSIT  TRADE. 

BOUNTIES,  COIN,  &c 

Export!, 

Value  of  Artu-lo!i,  which,  pnssiDf;  throui;h  Frnnce 
!rt  trantilu,  Ime  been  de)|iaiched  In  IS3J. 

Bounties :—                                                                                   Frana. 

Value  of  exports,  with  liounly  .          -           -          .     9S,2tj0,9l6 

Kecfivetl  for  tjountiei     ■           -           .           .           .      16,483,634 
Coin  and  bullion  : — 

The  trade  in  coin  and  bullion  is  not  taken  into  nccounl 
ill  the  ab.'Ve  slalenient  of  imports  and  exfmrts. 

Value  of  imports  aud  exports  of  coin  aud  }  itrports    -    199,506,830 
bullion                                                  Seaports    •     99,945,131 
Seilures  :— 

Aoioaut  of  seizures  on  importation      -           -          -       1,171,560 

By  French 
Ships. 

Frnnca. 
23,6(12,961 

By  Foreipi 
Shipl. 

ByUnd. 

Total. 

R»w  proil. 
Manufac. 

ToUIj 

Fraitcn. 

1,011,950 

27,236,CK1 

Fraiicf. 
2IP,.'tflS,ll2 
23,839,760 

/  ranct. 
47,03.1,023 

60,838,032- 

33,423,150 

2S.2-i6,033l  44,197,S72 

107,371,033 

Pricen  of  Commodities,  Duty  paid  and  in  Bond,  Tares,  Commercial  Allowances,  l^-e. — Those  important 
particulars  iiiiiy  be  leiirnert  by  the  inspection  of  tlie  suljjoineil  Price  Current  for  tlic  si-cond  week  of 
Septuiiiher,  lb3(i.  Tlio  duties  on  tlic  articles  ineiitionud  iire  niao  given;  but  it  i.'4  most  prohiiblu  tliat 
some  of  iheiiu  will,  at  no  very  distant  period,  be  varied.  But  the  other  particulars  embodied  iu  it  will 
always  render  it  an  important  document. 

Havre  Price  Current,  15lh  of  September,  1838. 


Ashes,  per  .50  kil. 
Pol,  New  York 

do.  • 

FiuLind 

Ru9si.i  Casan 
Pearl,  American 

do. 


Duty  paid. 
Fr.il.  Fi-.ct. 


Id  Bond. 
Fr.  cl.  Fr.  cl. 


67  Oto 
0  0  - 
50  SO  - 
53  0  - 
57  0  - 
0    0 


0    Oto   0 
0    0-0 


0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 


0    0 
T    0 


Duty  no  nett  weii(ht :  by  French  vessels  from  European  port.,,  ^1  fr. 
90  ct. ";  from  elsewiieie,  S  fr.  -3  ct.  By  foreign  vesatls,  11  fr.  53  ct. 
—(See  exceptiiins  at  Note  A.) 

Comuieicial  and  Custom. bouse  tare,  12  per  cent. 

Bark(.Ii-suits'),  per  l-2kil. 

I/ifliJa       .... 
Callvss-iya,  curled 
do',  flat    .... 
I)u»y  on  iK'tt  iveiglit :  by  French  ve 
37  1-2  ct.     From  countries  westof  Cape  Horn,  13  3-4  ct. 
vessels.  33  ct. 

Cuitoin-hoiise  tare :  on  chests,  12  pf r  cent. ;  on  srrons,  2  per  cent. 
Cnimnerci.il  tare :  ou  ca>es,  reni ;  on  serous  of  TO  kil.  and  iip- 
wanls,  Hkil. ;  of  40  kil.  and  upwards,  6kil. ;  aud  of  20  kil.  and  up- 
wards, 4  kil. 


nomia-il  1  50  to  0   0 

do.  I  33  .  2    0 

do.  I  33    -   2    0 

Pis  fnim  any  port  whatever. 
By  foreign 


Bees'  w.ix  per  1  2  kil. 

Nurlli  American  yellow 

1  90  lo 

2    0 

nominal 

Ni-w  Orleatif,  do. 

•     1  SO   • 

1  90 

nominal 

Russia 

2    0   - 

2  10 

nominal 

Hav.innall 

■    1  7ii  . 

1  bO 

nuinirial 

.Senegal 

.00- 

0    0 

0    0-00 

Duly  nil  *cms<i  weisht :  by  French  v(-sst'ls  from  Europem  port?. 
5  \-2  ot. ;  fri'in  elstwhere,  "4  J-'>  ct.  By  foreign  veada  from  any 
port  \v[i,itfvcr,  S  I-.  ct.— I2ii.'e  exceifdoiis  at  Note  A.) 

LoiiiuierCK)!  tare  :  real. 


Casai.i  liitnea,  per 

.2  kil. 

in  mats 

- 

•    nominM 

0  TO  to   0  72 

in  cliPits     • 

. 

•    nonitn.tl 

0  T2   •   0  T5 

Duty  nu  iirtt  weight :  by  French  vesu-Is  fniin  the  East  IniHes,  18 
1-3  ct. ;  from  eUt  w  here.  33  --3  ct.  By  ftireign  vessels  from  any  port 
wh;itpver,  5'>  ct.— (See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 

i'ustoiii-hniisp  tare  :  oii  chests^  12  per  cent,  i  on  mats,  2  per  cent. 

Conm.erci.il  tare:  real. 

Cochinnl.  per  1-2  kit. 

silviTV.  frnninrJ.  tofme        .    0    0  to   0    0        !0  50  to  Ifl  T'» 

fMXV.dn.  (in.     ■  -  -00-00        10    0    •  10  2.» 

black,  do.  <io.   .  .  .00-00        110-1125 

Duty  nn  iielt  weiijht  :  by  French  V(5wK  from  any  port  wlntever, 

i2  I.2'ct.     By  f 'rcizn  vts«^I«,  do.  88  ct.— ',N-e  excfp'tinus  at  .Note  A.) 

riisTnm-hoiise  t:ire  ;  in  casks,  12  per  cent. ;  iu  fitrrons,  2  jter  cent. 

Commercial  tare;  real. 

Cocoi,  Cnnccas,  per  1*2  kil>  *    noiiiinat  I  10  to    I  15 

Giiav.ir,uil  •  -  -        none  0  .'lO   •    0  .')'» 

Rraril      ...  by  French  vessels    0  60   •   0  e2 

Trini.laJ  -  -  •  nnrie  0    0        0    0 

Duty  on  nt'tt  u'eicht:  by  French  vessels  fnini  the  Frenrli  cnl(>- 
pies,  22  ct. ;  from  conntries  ^veiX  nf  C.ipe  llnrn,  27  1-2  ct. ;  fr<iin 
Eiirojitui  ports  ni  1-4  ct. ;  from  tlHeuIiere,  30  I-l  ct.  I'v  Coreiuii 
vw^eis  from  any  (Ktrt  xvliitever,  57  3-4  ct.— (See  exceptions  at 
Ko'e  A.) 
Cust'  mhniisr  tare  ;  on  c^sk\  12  per  cent.  ;  nn  bass.  3  per  cent. 
Commerci:.!  tare:  on  casks,  real ;  ou  b.i-^,  2  per  cent 

CotTee,  per  l-J  kil. 

tit.  D'linin;-!,  from  onlhiarj* } 
t'l  tine    -  •  •     S 

CtihT  .iij't  Porto  Rico    • 
I^O'iavra 
Rio 

Jiva,  Sumatra,  and  Padang 
Mocha   • 
Duly  Oil  tiftt  \vpi;ht:  \y  French  vess*  Is  fnun  the  Ki-^t  Imlics  42 
9-10  cf. :  from  European  [Kirts,  .5,7  ct. ;  from  elsewlit-re  52   l-l  ct. 
By  foreiscn  vtf^^fls  \wm  any  i>ort  whatever,  57  3-4  ct.— (S.e  exccp- 
tibnsat  N'ft'c  A.) 
Cu^t'  ni-Juuise  tare ;  on  caiks  12  per  cent. ;  on  bajp,  2  per  cent, 
rnuiuiercii!  f-ire  r  on  c.xsks  real ;  on  bi^.  2  per  cent. ;  on  Mocha 
e^flW.  ihe  t:ire  runt  from  4  1-2  to  12  12  kih  upon  bales  of  7^  lo 
200  kil. 

Copper,  South  Amerinn,  per  1-2  kil.  I  10  to  I  12  none,  nmn. 
RussMn  an'  British  •  *     I  25    •    I  20        none,  nnni. 

Dufy  on  ur')ss  w»-iirht :  by  French  vm-cIi  fr'iui  F'linipean  rorts, 
1  1-10  cV  ;  fforii  eUtMvjipre,  11-^0  ct.  Rv*  furei^n  \esse!s  from  any 
port,  wlutfvt  r,  I  I'J-JOct.— (See  exception*  at  Note  A.) 

Commercial  tare:  real. 


0    oto    0    0 

0  63  to 

0  6) 

0    0-00 

0  7:1  • 

1   n 

0    0.00 

0  73    - 

0    0 

0    0-00 

0  62    - 

OTl 

1    0   -    1  20 

0    0   • 

0    0 

1  40    -    1  4'. 

n  0  - 

0   n 

Iluly  paid. 

In  Bond. 

Fr    t.  Fr.  ct. 

Fr.  ct.  Fr.  ct. 

112,      1  57 

1     1  to    1  4G 

1  10   -    1  47 

099  -    1  30 

1  12   .    1  70 

1     I    .   1  59 

1  12   •    '77 

1    1    ■    1  66 

3    0   -   t  50 

0    0-00 

1  .10   -    1  %> 

1  19  ■   1  M 

1  30   .    1  bS 

t  19  •    1  74 

0    0-00 

none. 

1  33   .    1  45 

1  24  -   1  34 

I  35   .    i  43 

0    0-00 

0  80   -   0  90 

0  0-00 

Cotton,  per  1-2  kil. 

I'pland  • 

Alabann  and  Tennessee 

Mobile  - 

Louisiana 

Sea  Island 

Pernambuco 

K-iUh     - 

Maraiilnm 

.*^t.  Uomiijgn 

Paiia      - 

Sural  and  Benjfil  •  _  _        _    _ 

Duty  on  nett  weight :  on  lon«  or  shoit  staple,  by  Fiench  vessels 
from  the  French  colonies,  2  3-4  ct. ;  from  European  ports,  (Turkey 
excepted),  16  1-2  ct. :  from  the  Easi  Indies,  5  1-2  ct. ;  from  otlii;r 
countries,  1 1  ct.  By  fon  ieu  vtssi'ls  (except  from  Turkey),  19  I  4  ''t. 
Bv  French  vessels  (mm  Turkev.  S  1-4  ci. ;  bv  foreign  verBels  from 
Turkey,  13  3-4  ct.— (See  exceptions  .it  Note  A' ) 

t'u5tt<ni'h()U3P  tare  :  6  per  cent,  on  bales  of  50  kil.  and  above,  and 
8  per  cent,  nn  bales  under  50  kil. 

Commercial  tare ;  on  Unitei!  States'  cotton*,  6  per  cent,  cnrdi  oft'; 
on  Brazil  cottons,  4  per  cent. ;  on  St.  Dnniinso,  in  bales,  6  per  cent ; 
on  Cumana  and  Caraccas,  7  kil.  per  seron  above  40  kil. ;  and  6  kit, 
per  acron  of  40  kil.  and  under. 

Draft:  2  kil.  on  Sea  Ishnd  and  Bt>nsa) ;  3  kil.  on  all  other  de> 
scrip'ious  in  bales  exceeding  50  kil. ;  and  1  1-2  kil.  upon  bales  under 
50  kil. 

Elephants'teeth,  per  l-2kil.  -    3  50  lo   8    0  none 

Duty  on  U'tt  weight :  whole  or  in  pieces  of  more  than  1  kil.  by 
Frtmh  vts-teN  frfiUi  Soneeal,  13  31  ct. ;  frf>ni  niher  Africin  ?ttthr. 
ments,  22  ct. ;  frnm  the  E^st  luJies,  lit  1-4  c  . ;  (rom  elhe^berp,  30 
1-4  cl.  By  fnnipi  vessels  fp'm  any  port  wirttever,  38  1-2  ct. 
Pieces  of  1  kil.  and  under,  d(,ulile  the  above  dutiea.— (See  exceLtiooi 
at  Note  A.) 
Commercial  and  Custom-bouse  tare  :  real. 

Gums  Senegal,  |)er  1-2  kil.  -     I  2  >  (o    0    0        1  JO  to  0    0 

E.  India  copal,  scrape!  -20-25        OU-00 

cop:\l,  sofi,  not  scra])ed  •050-0  55       00-00 

shellac,  orange  •  •  •    I  9,'   -    I  9^»         nominal 

do.  garnet  -  -  -     1  bO   •    I  82        mmiinal 

do.  liver  -  -  -    I  45    -    1  55        nominal 

Duty  Oil  Senrjal,  cross  weight:  bv  French  vessels  from  Seriepal, 
5  1-2  c'.;  fnim  Eunt(  can  |>nrls,  13  3-4  ct. ;  from  elsewhf.-re.  II  cL 
By  foreign  \rssels  from  any  jKirl  whatever,  IG  1-2  ct. — ^See  excep- 
tions at  Note  A.) 
Commercial  tare  :  on  casks,  reil  ;  on  ba^  2  ner  cent. 
Duty  nn  cnpal,  nett  weiijUt :  by  French  veMtis  fmiii  thf  East  In- 
dies, 27   1-2  ct. ;  fmm  European  ports,  55  ct. ;  (rom  elscwlicre,  49 
1-2  ct.     By  foreign  ves-els  from  any  port  wlialever,  t>8  3-4  cl.— (^ee 
excpptioiis  at  Note  A.) 
Comnurcial  tare:  real. 

Duty  on  shellic,  nrtt  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  the  East  In- 
dies, 77- IdO  ct. ;  fnim  elsewhere,  2  1-5  ct.     By  foreign  vessels  from 
any  port  whatevi-r,  327  200  ct.  — (See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 
Commercial  tare:  real. 

Hnps,  American      -  •  •    0    0  to   0    0       0    0    none 

Diify  on  nett  weipht;  bv  French  vessels  fmm  any  port  \\hiit'ver, 
33  Ir.  per  50  kil.  By  foreign  vessels,  36  fr.  2  1-2  cl.--).See  excep- 
tions at  Note  A.) 

Commercial  tare  :  on  bales,  2  per  cent. 
Hilex.  jier  1-2  kil. 

Buenos  Ayres     •  • 

rern.nmlii'ico  and  Rahia,  salted 
Rio  .laneiro 

C.ulli.iiteiia  anil  Caraccas 
N>tilh  Americin  horse  hides,    ) 
per  50         •  -  '    \ 

Duly  nn  gross  weight :  by  French  vessels  fr"in  European  fuTts, 
5  I-J  rt. ;  from  eUewbere,  2  3-4  cl.  By  f'srei^ii  vessels  fi-oni  any 
port  v»  ha'ever,  S  1-4  ct.— (Sec  exceptions  at  No'c  A  ) 

Five  bull  hide- are  adniillel  among  100  hides  wiihnut  allowmre, 
and  I  kil.  is  .illoweil  f'>river)'  bull  hi  le  above  that  iiiiniUr  to  ihe 
extent  nf  12 ;  when  more  than  12  the  allowance  11  conJiliotiat. 
Horse  hair,  per  1-2  kil. 

Buen"8  Ayres,  short      -  -    I     5  to    I  10  none 

fnim  mixed  to  long     •  •    I  15    •    I  75  none 

Duty  on  gnm  wt-ight ;  by  French  and  foreign  vessels,  1  3-y  c(.— 
(See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 
('oniiiiercial  (ire  :  real. 
Intiig-^.  p'-r  1-2  kil. 
Heugil 

supi  rlii'e  violet  and  blue 
do.  Violet  aud  purple  - 


0  7610 
0  47    • 
0  TO    • 
0  33    - 

090 
0  63 
0  81 
0  60 

0 
0 
0 
0 

nio  0 
0   -   0 
0   -    1) 
0   .    0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

GO    0   - 

e5  0 

0 

0  .  0 

0 

0    oto  0    0 

0 

Oto  0   0 

11  50   -  11  75 

0 

0.00 

10  50    -  10  75 

U 

U  ■  0  0 

HAVRE. 


761 


II' 
1 


COIN,  ftc 


Frana. 
.     9»,.!tjO,9l6 

not  liken  into  Mcounl 

iiirti anJ  eximrts.  rj\R«v, 


lion 


l,ni,560 


anctf,  <^-e.-Tlirse  important 

Tilt  for  till-  pi'cnml  week  or 

hilt  it  is  MK'st  pioliKl''"  "'?' 

irliculars  embodied  in  it  will 


Duly  P'i''' 
fr  -t.  Fr.  a. 


.  I  12, 

.  1  10 

■  I  12 

■  1  M 

.  3    0 

.  I  no 

■  I  30 
.  0  0 
.  I  3S 
.  1  3.-. 

0  SO 


I  B7 

1  47 

1  70 

'  77 

i.  50 

1  95 

.    I  hi 

0    0 

.    I  45 

.    i  45 

0  90 


In  Bond. 
Fr.  c(.  Fr.  ct. 

I    I  to   I  46 


099 
I  I 
I     1 

0  0 

1  19 
1  19 

none. 
1  24  •   1  34 
0    0-00 
0    0-00 


J  3C 

1  .w 

166 

0  0 

1  84 

1  74 


;  Ions  or  sho,.  .mile,  b,  r.ench  veael, 
I  3-t  ,1. ;  (mm  Kuro|iein  ports  (Turkey 
[i  the  Emi  Indira,  5  1-^  ct.  j  f™in  " '"•/ 
,  viwH  (except  frr-n.  Turk.-y),  1»  14  ct. 
Irkey.  »  14  CI. ;  by  loreign  >e.'Mls  fron. 
icei.iions  it  Note  A  ) 
!r  cent,  on  bales  of  50  kil.  and  above,  ami 

J^tBl'states'  cotton.,  6  per  cent,  cords  off; 
„  . ;  on  St.  Don.iiim,  u.  Mies  6  |,er  cent 
7  U.l.  per  seron  above  40  kil.  i  and  b  kil. 

Knd  and  Bonjal  i  3  kil.  on  all  other  de- 
,^  50  k.l. ;  and  1  1-2  kil.  uiwn  bale,  under 

,;.  .    3  so  to   9    0  none 

>  hole  or  in  v\em  of  more  than  1  kil.  by 
Lr  U  3  ?  ct. ;  fronv  other  A  ricin  Hltle- 
";  ;K!,e,,l»l-4c'.jlrm„el>e-vl,er^30 
H.  fr'tri  auv  i'.ort  "hatever,  38  I-.  ct. 
double  the  above  dutic-l^ee  eicepiions 

n-housetare;  nal. 

1  2  ■>  to 

2  0   ■ 
0  50   ■ 


I  JO  to  0 
0  0-0 
0    0-0 

nominal 
noniiiial 
noniiiial 


0    0 

2    5 

0  55 

-    1  9i   •    I  95 

.   1  (in  •  1  82 

.     1  4-.    ■    1  55         - 
wei'ht;  bv  k'rench  vessels  fr..n,  Senepa , 
~    11  ;i-4  cl.;  from  elsewbi-re.  U  ct. 
,;  pnrt  whatever,  lli  1-2  cl.-vSee  exctp- 

i.ts  real ;  on  bags,  2  per  cent. 
'  h  '■  I)  French  vessels  fr<.o,  thf  East  In- 
,mi,ein  li>rls,  55  cl. ;  Iron.  .■Nc«bcrc  49 
Trim  any  IK.'rt  «tolever,68  3-4  ct.-(5« 

i.ht  •  bv  French  vessels  from  the  Kast  In-  Jl 

wlle^e, -2  1-5  ct.    By  forei?"  >.ssels  from  M 

70  ct.— (See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 

.    0    Oto  0    0       0    0    none 
i.v  French  vessels  from  any  |mrt  "Inlever, 
:,V,5,."^'els,36fr.2  1-2ct.-.Seeexccp. 

ales,  2  per  cent. 

0  7B  to  0  90 
lia,  salted     0  ■"    •    "  J^ 

'         .  n  70  -  0  SI 

ccas         .    0  55    -    0  60 


0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 


:  hides. 


ides,    J 


CO    0 


(5  0       0    0-00 


'l,v  Fri'MCh  vessels  fr"m  Eurt>pe.in  ports, 
■e  .2  3  4  cl.     Hy  l"rei.!n  vessels  Inun  any 

vTr^^lMluh.le  above  that  omnVrto  .1.0 
b  tluu  12  the  allowance  is  coiUitioual. 

.    1    5  lo   1  10  """« 

.    1  15    -    1  75  none 

r  by' French  and  foreign  vessels,  1  a-«  ct.- 


Iblug 


0  Oto  0  0 
II  50  -  11  75 
10  50   -10  75 


0  Oto 
0  0  • 
0    U  • 


0  0 
0  0 
0  0 


Indifto,  fine  violet  ind  dn.  • 

(rood  and  niiddl.  violet 

do.  hnI  do. 

lupertlne  red   ■ 

HOod  do. 

i)rJui.  lo  fine  copper  - 
Egyptian 

NUdr.as,  onlin.  to  fine     - 
Manill.i,  do. 
(Guatemala,  floret 

wibrc  salieate  • 

corti-s   - 
Cancels 


Duty  paid. 
Fr.  a.  Fr.  cl. 


10  0 
9  25 
9  73 

10  0 
9  25 
7  50 
fi  0 
5  50 

5  0 
7  75 
7  25 

6  50 
6    0 


-10  25 

•  9  7S 

•  10    0 

•  10  25 

•  950 

-  9    0 
.    M    0 

-  7  40 
■    §    0 

-  H    0 

•  7  50 

-  723 
8  '23 


Tn  nnnd. 
Fr.il.  Fr.  cl. 
0    0-00 


none 
0  ■  0 
0  .  0 
0  •  0 
0   •  0 

none 


Sugar,  brown  tn  yellow 
Dr.izil,  white 

bmwn  lo  yellow 
Benares 
Manilla 
Iluty  Oil  nelt  weight : 


Duly  on  nelt  weight :  hy  French  vessels  from  all  idaces  of  growth 
out  o(^Euro|ie,  27  1-2  ct. ;  from  European  perls,  1  Ir  65  cl. ;  from 
elsewhere,  1 10  ct.  By  foreign  vessels  from  any  jiort  whalever,  2  fr. 
20  ct.— (.See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 

Custom-house  tare;  on  chests,  casks,  anti  serous,  real,  or  at  the 
option  of  Hie  iln[>orter,  12  per  ceut.  on  cIk  >ts  or  casks,  and  9  per 
cent,  on  senms, 

Oininiercial  tare:  on  casks  or  chests,  real:  on  serous  of  100  lo 
llOltil.,  II  kil.:  on  do.  of  f5 10  99  kil.,  10  kil. ;  on  do.  of  70  to  84 
kil ,  9  kil. ;  on  do.  of  50  lo  69  kil.,  7  kil. 

Allowance :  1  kil.  per  chest 

Laedyc,  per  |.2kil.  ■  -    2    0  tn    5  40       0    0  tn   0    0 

Duly  on  nett  weight :  by  French  vts.sels  fnmi  the  East  Indies  27 

1-2  cL  ;  from  elsewhere,  41  1-4  cl.    Hy  foreign  vessels  fmm  any 

port  whatever,  55  cI.~(See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 
Commercial  and  custom-house  tare  :  real. 

Lead,  German,  per  50  kil.  •    15  50  to  35  87        nominal 

Spanish  and  British    -  •    35  50   •  35  87         uoininal 

Duty  on  gtwa  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  any  port  whalever, 

2  Ir.  75  cl.    By  foreign  vessels,  3  fr.  85  ct.— (See  exceptions  al 
Note  A.) 

Pepper,  light,  per  1-2  kil.    •  •    0  79  to  0  80       0    0  to  0    0 

huly  on  nelt  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  the  East  Indies,  and 
from  countries  west  of  tape  Horn,  22  cl. ;  from  elsewhere,  44  ct. 
By  foreign  vessels  from  any  (lort  whatever,  57  3-4  ct.— (See  excep- 
tions at  Note  A.) 
Custom-house  tare :  on  bags,  3  per  cent. 
Commercial  tare :  on  siutfle  bags,  2  |>er  cent. 
Pimento,  per  1-2  kil. 

Jamaica  -  -  -    French  vessel       0  30  to  0    0 

Tobago  -  -  .  none  0    0-00 

Duly:  Ijy  French  vessels  from  the  East  l.i.lies  and  from  roiinlries 

west  of  Cape  Horn,  24  3-4  ct. ;  from  elsewhere,  41)  1-2  cl.  By  foreign 

vessels,  63  1  4  cl. 

Tares :  as  f  -r  pepper. 
Quercitron,  per  50  kil, 

Philadelphia  ■  -  •    16    0  to  16  12       0    0  to  0    0 

New  Vork       -  -  •    14  75    -  15    0       0    0-00 

Duty  on  gross  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  European  jwrls, 

3  fr.  85  cl.  i  from  uliier  countries,  2  Ir.  20  cl.     By  foreign  vessels 
from  auy  port  whatever,  4  fr.  95  ct— (See  exceptions  at  Note  A.) 

Commercial  tare ;  12  per  cent. 

Quicksilver,  per  1.2  kil.      -  -    4  30  to    4  40         nominal 

Duty  on  gross  weight :  by  French  ve^sels  fruni  any  port  what. 

ever,  II  cl.  By  f.ireien  \essels,  12  1. 10 ct— (See  exceptions  at  Note  .■'..) 
Commercial  (are :  reil. 

Kice,  Carolina,  1835,  per  50  kil.  •  23  ,5010  26  0  0  OtoO  0 
Dulv  on  ijross  w fij;ht :  by  French  vessels  fiom  places  of  gmsvth 
out  of  Europe,  1  fr.  37  1-2  ct. ;  by  do.  'ntni  places  of  growlh  in 
Eimtpe,  2  fr.  20  ct  ,  by  do.  fmm  Euro|M-an  jiorts,  or  fmni  Pied- 
mont by  land,  3  fr.  30  ct.  By  foreign  vessels  from  any  port  what- 
ever, or  by  land  from  any  cnuutry  whatever,  Piedmont  excepted, 

4  tr.  25  ct.— (See  exceptions  at  Isole  A.) 
Commercial  tare  :  12  per  cent. 

Sallpeltw,  crude,  per  30  kil.  •       nominal  41    Oto  41  50 

Nitrate  of  soila  .  -00-00        24    0    -   0    0 

Duty  on  nelt  weight,  by  French  vessels  from  coiiiiiri, s  out  of 
Europe,  y  fr.  25  cl. ;  from  elsewhere,  II  fr.  By  foreign  vessels 
from  any  port  wha'ever,  13  fi.  75  ct.  Nitrate  of  soda  by  French 
vessels  from  counlriesout  of  Europe,  8  fr.  23  ct.  j  from  elsewhere, 
11  fr.     By  loreiin  vessels,  13  fr.  7i  ct 

Custoni-lKiuse  tare  :  2  per  cent. 

Coiiimerci.il  tare :  6  kil.  per  double  bale  of  the  customary  form. 

Sarsnjiarilla,  per  1-2  kil. 

Caraccis  •  •  -        nominal  1  25  to    I  50 

Mexico  -  -00-00        0  95    -    1     0 

Honduras  •  •  •         nominal  1  25   -    I  r,0 

Duly  on  nelt  weight :  by  French  vessels  from  European  ports,  .55 
ct ;  fmm  elsewhere,  41  14  ct.  By  loreign  vessels  fmm  any  port 
whatever,  8s  3-4  cl.— (.See  exceplinns  al  Note  A.) 

Cuslolii  h'luse  (are:  on  bales,  2  per  cent. 

Ct'iiimerci  il  tare :  on  bales,  according  lo  broker's  estimation  ;  on 
nailed  bundles,  the  cords  are  deducted. 
Skins,  deer,  each  -  -  •     I  75  In  6    0        0    0  lo  0    0 

Duly  per  ill  kil.  on  gross  weight:  by  French  vessels  friun  anv 
port  wha'ever,  :V>  ct    By  foreign  vessels',  tiii  1-2  ct— (See  exceptions 
llNole  A.) 
Spelter,  per  50  kil.  -  -    2'^  50  lo  2!i  30  none 

l)u*y  on  gross  weight:  5  1-2  ct.  per  50  kil.  without  diatinclion  of 
flag  of  derivation. 


Duly  paid.  In  Bond. 

Fr.  ct.  fy  ct.       Fr.  cl.  Fr.  cl. 
none  0    0-45    0 

-    0    0  -  0    0       4^    0     .14    0 

•  0    0    -    0    0        '20  50    ■  3K     0 

•  noni.  by  Fr.  ves.  38    0    -45    0 

•  noni.  by  Fr.  SIS.  3rt    (1    .45    0 
raw  sugars  not  while,  by  I'lench  vessel* 

fmm  ihe  East  Indies,  44  fr. ;  from  European  lH<iis,  .')2  fr.  23  ct. ; 
froni  elsewhere,  46  fr.  75  ct.  By  foreign  vessels,  35  fr,  Kaw  sugars, 
while  orcbiyed,  without  disliiietioii  efqu.ilily  or  nio:le  ol  f-ibrica- 
lion,  by  French  vessels  from  the  East  lu'lies.  49  fr.  GO  ct.  j  from 
Euro|>cai,  [lorts,  57  fr.  75  ct ;  fioiii  tlsewbere,  52  (r.  23  ct.  By 
foreign  vessels,  66  fr.— (See  exceptions  al  Note  A.) 

Custoni-house  tare :  on  chests,  12  [ler  cent. ;  nu  single  bags,  2  per 
cent. ;  on  double  bags,  4  |>er  cent. 

Commercial  tare:  Ihvanuah  and  St.  .Itgo,  chests,  13  per  cent.: 
Brazil,  17  per  cent. ;  on  b&gs  under  75  kil  ,3  kil.  la-r  bag  j  do.  oa  76 
kil.  and  upwards,  6  kil. 
Tallosv,  Russia,  per  50  kil-  •    61    0  lo  62    0  none 

Duly  on  gtoss  wri.(hl ;  by  French  vt-ssels  from  any  port  whalever, 
5  fr.  50  ct.  By  foreign  vessels,  7  fr.  13  ct— (See  exceptions  at 
Xnle  A.) 

Commercial  tare :  12  per  cent 


Sugar,  pr  50  kil. 

Martinique  and  Gaud. 

bonne  4e 

39  23  to  31 

0 

Ilavauuah,  white 

none 

51)    0   -.53 

0 

yellow 

none 

0    0-0 

0 

St.  Jaaro,  while 

none 

0    0  -56 

0 

Teas,  imperial,  per  1-2  kil. 

•    6  15  lo 

S25 

3  70  to 

4    0 

Guii|)owder 

.60- 

6  33 

4  '25   . 

4  27 

Hyson  - 

.    490    - 

5    0 

3  10    ■ 

550 

Young  hyson     - 

-    3S0    - 

Sf'O 

0    0    - 

0    0 

llysim  skin 

-    3  20    • 

323 

1  65   . 

1  70 

Pekoe    - 

-    4    0   - 

6    0 

3  73   ■ 

4  50 

Souchong 

-    2  83    ■ 

3    0 

1  60   - 

1  75 

Puuchong 

-    430   - 

4  30 

1  90    - 

2    0 

Duty  on  nett  weislit :  by  French  vessfis  fiom  the  Eisl  Indies,  82 
1-2  ct. ;  fn)m  China  60  cl. ;  frum  elsewhere,^  Ir  75  ct.  By  fureij^ 
vessels  from  any  poit  whalever,  3  fr.  30  ct.— (See  exceplious  at 
Note  A.) 

CuHloui -house  tare  :  real. 

foniniercial  (are :  en  imperial,  piirpowiler,  youn?  hyson,  anJ 

pekce,  in  kit.  per  chest;  on  hysi-n,  .inii  hy.snn  sk'in,  9  kil.'j  on  bou- 

choiiif,  13  kil.;  ou  half  chests  and  boxes,  c'unventiuoal. 

Tin,  Bnnca,  per  l-2kil.       •  -    1  7-i   •    I  76       0    U   •   0    0 

Briiish   •  -  -  .     I  70    •    I  72  none 

Peruvian  •  •  •    1  tO   -    I  ()3  none 

Duty  on  i^ross  weiKht :  hy  French  vessels  fmni  the  Kast  Indin, 
27  1-2  ct. ;  from  elsewhere,  I  fr.  10  ct.  Hy  foreign  vessels  from 
any  port  whaiever,  2  fr.  20  ct.  per  50  kil.— (See  exceptions  at 
Notf  A.) 

Cunimercial  tare:  ou  casks  real. 

Tortoise-shell,  per  1-2  kil.  -  .    3S    010  4.1    0       0    OtoO    0 

Du'y  on  nett  weiifht :  hy  French  vessels  from  the  Eaut  Indies,  55 
ct. :  from  Chin:*,  44  ct. ;  from  Kuropean  ports,  I  fr.  tO  ci. ;  from 
elsewhere,  W  12  ct.  By  foreign  vessels  i  f r.  65  ct.— (See  excep- 
tions at  Note  A.) 

Custnm-linuse  tare  :  on  ca«ks  or  cases,  12  per  cent. 

Commercial  t.ire  :  on  ca&ks  or  caaet,  real. 
Whalebone,  per  1-2  kil. 

northern  •  .  •    2  SO   -   3    0        nominal 

southern  -  •  -     I  SS    .    1  ftO       0    U    -   0    0 

Dulv  on  gnifci  weiifhl :  bv  French  vessels  from  any  port  whatevefi 
16  I-J  ct.     By  foreign  vessels,  ID  1-4  ct. 

Cfimuieicial  tare:  real. 

Allowance ;  2  per  cent,  on  southern  bone. 
Woods,  per '>0  kil. 


Logwooit,  Canipeachy 

llonlnras 

St.  Donnn^o  • 
Fustic,  Cuba 

Saut  I  Martha 

Pernanibuco  - 


10  0 

0 

OtoO 

0 

B  73 

none 

7  .50 

0 

0   -0 

0 

10    0 

0 

0  -0 

0 

22  50 

0 

0  -0 

0 

125    0 

0 

0  .0 

0 

.  9  7j  to 
.  8  ->0  . 
.  7  2.'-.- 
-  9  75  . 
•  19  0  • 
.  92  0  . 
Duty  on  gross  weight :  Brazil,  hy  French  ve&sets  from  Enropeaa 

rrl9,  4  fr.  40  ct. ;  frnni  elsev\  lien\  2  fr.  75  ct.     By  fnreiRn  vessels, 
fr  CO  ct.    Other  dye-woods,  hy  French  vis^el*  iioni  ihe  French 
cidonies,  44  ct. ;  frnni  Europt-an  jiorts,  1  fr,  b'l  cl.  :  from  elsewhere, 
'-2   12  ct.     By  foreifsn   \tssels,  3  fr.  30  cl.— (See   exceptioua  at 
Note  A.) 
Allowance ;  I  to  2  per  cent. 

ErjAayiatory  Remarks. 

The  above  duties  include  the  siir-(.TX  of  10  prr  cent. :  the  custom- 
house aitnVifs  the  re.il  t.ire  w  henever  t''p  intpnrter  de.-«ires  it. 

A'>ft'  A.— 1  he  treafri's  of  recipnci'v  entered  int-i  wiihthe  cnun- 
triefl  hereafter  inentiinied  introduce  the  tbllowiuff  deviations  from  tbo 
above  rates  of  iluty 

United  .V/aff*.— The  prochire  of  the  t'ni'ed  Spates,  except  that  of 
tlip  tisherits.  dircet  from  the  t'lii'ed  St  >'es,  in  I'ni'ed  Sta'es  vessels, 
pays  the  same  duty  as  if  inii>orted  by  French  vessels  from  the  L'nited 
Sli'ps. 

Ihazils  and  .Ifi TiVn.— The  prothue  of  tlie  Brnzils  and  Mexico^ 
imptirled  direc*  in  'ntiinal  ves;»«ds,  eiij'ivs  aisii  the  abnve  privile^*'' 

F,ne:ta»d. — The  prrnlucK  of  Africa.  Asia,  or  America,  imported 
from  ;iny  couidry  vvldtever  in  British  vest.eN,  it  ("nmi  any  port  of 
the  British  doniminri'*  in  Europe,  either  by  Krtnrh  or  foreign  ves- 
sels, can  only  be  a  Imi'Ie  I  in  ijcnl  f'-r  re  e\pori.i»oti. 

The  sinie  reiidirj'  n  is  app  icable  to  nil  K'iropean  prn,!uce  (except 
that  of  (ireil  Britain  and  its  pcssessions  in  Eimtpe).  when  imported 
by  British  ve^'.l  ts  tmm  other  ports  ti  an  Iht1^e  of  Gre.^t  Britain  or  its 
possession'!  in  Knrnpe. 

The  weight  of  50  kil-  is  equal  to  110  4-5  11>.  En-^hsh,  or  100 lb. 
Enzlish  are  equal  to  45  35-100  kil.,  aiiJ  the  cwt.  equal  to  50 
79-100  kit. 

Creiit.—A  1-2  nionlhs,  except  on  cntVto,  pinienlo,  pepper,  quick* 
silver,  an  1  clayed  sugars,  which  are  sold  at  3  1-2  months,  and  wheat 
at  2  1-2  months. 


Traffe  between  France  and  Ev^fand, — Nothing  can  more  strikinj^ly  illnstrate  the  mise- 
rable efforts  of  commercial  restrictions,  than  the  present  state  of  the  trade  !)etween  Great 
Britain  and  France.  Here  we  have  two  countries  of  vast  wealth  and  population,  near  neigh- 
bours, and  eich  possessing  many  important  articles  that  the  other  wants,  and  yet  the  inter- 
course between  thcni  is  inconsiderable.     At  a  distant  period  this  was  not  the  case.     Pre- 


■f  1 


I'M 


762 


HAVRE. 


I 

i 

S 


i|       I 


i    t; 


Navioation  ok  France,  1833. 
I.  Account  shnwing  Iho  Ships,  wlili  ilipir  Tniiiiudi!  iind  Crews,  tlmt  entftred  the  dilTerenl  rortt  of 
I'riince  in  lS3;i.  s|iP(ilyiiiB  iliose  tliat  enternd  each  uad  dittinguisliing  tietweeii  Fruiicii  iiiul  l-oreign 
Ships. — {Miuiniatration  des  Douanta  fur  1833,  p.  3U(i.) 


Fnrti. 


BiyoDim 

H-;nlf1IIX 

(I'hrr  port  J 
Rm  iKlli 
Ni'i'.-.   • 

O'htr  ports 
l/i'rit-iU 
n't«i      - 
Sliiit  Miln 
'■  h  rlf-tiiri; 
li.ili'il    ■ 
H.V'(^    - 

l);iifr  port* 
Al.lif.ille 
H-iuhcne 
ri'^iikrk    • 

IlliIIIL-       • 

Tuiil-n  . 

.M.>r„ill«i 

othtT  port! 
.Moii'p.llier 
IVrpii^nau 
Pallia     • 

Totals 


N.ivi{alinn  carried  on  jninlly  wilti  tlie  Fort^iKlitT. 


French  Ships. 


ahipt. 

To»n. 

Vi 

63j 

I.W 

30,1131 

123 

96 

12,990 

.T 

2H.' 

3 

231 

I't 

S77 

Hh 

4.9'<3 

245 

7.:ii6: 

Hi 

I0,i;l-. 

liM 

4I,9U 

\i 

1,217 

Ifi 

(■•90 

40,i 

17,24ll 

H'l 

10,3-,0i 

40 

1,1  3 

H2 

5,<H7l 

l,((lti 

9;t.97,-, 

Hi 

72li 

171 

11,277 

91 

■J,-R(l 

I6<i 

3,73o^ 

3,175 

262,109 

Crew. 

72 

1,974 

10 

85S 

2:1 

18 

78 

6S6 

I,  MM 

2.». 

SS 

2,7i!R 

l,07'i| 

1631 

sno 

7,2()li 

l,("Ol 
427, 

1,071; 


ForeiijD  ishipt. 


C.irr)'in(c  Iha 

ft'la^  <ii  (he 

Countries 

\vh»nce  they 

rnnie. 


Cither 
riags. 


Shift. 

ll:l 

20-.  I 

21 

102 

90, 

4' 

27 1 

M 

IIV 

172 

97 

470 

\X 

ISI 

1.014 

I  4 

i<; 

31 

1,13) 

3 

167 

2t) 
7b 


Tmtil. 
3,S06 

34,453 
2!>ll 

21,0,9 

14,778 
3  Hi 
3,6113 
i<,.W4 
9,167 

19.-'!0 

6.IISI 

U1..169 

21,1149 

21,3!)4 

oi^oie 

12,I6> 

198 

3,0S3 

1 3 -.,309 

109 

9.2(1-. 

922 

1.614 


Toim. 

I,4ti0 

t4,32» 

67; 

5,611; 

390 

601 
15! 

9t;u 
3,6IK) 
2liO 
2!'.- 
SIX) 
6,71,9 

99^ 

64,  2:; 

1311 

1,S76 

71 


Naviption  reiervcil  to  Freiicli  Shi|». 


Colonial  TnJo. 


Toint. 
17,086 

lj,i*35 

(180 

32,721 

17H 

4,9ri9 

24,691 


(,'rcu;. 
,005 


36 

1,645 
10 

2jS 

1,323  ■ 


l,t^  and  Whale 
t.^l'cry. 


Coasting  Trade. 


Tor  It. 

1^7 

4,345 

3,S8-i 

1,039 

79 


7,469 
5.9S3 

4,940 

1,716 

3SI 

516 

5,081 


1 1,055 
1,516 


Crtw,  I 
94 
459 

453 

174 

7 


2,47fi 
l,5'-3 

421 

195 

49 

90 

l.CbO 

8SR 
161 


.S7n>'».  i 

i!l5| 

2.472 

2.502 

I2.l4il 

L',6»i8 

7.136 

8,011' 

11.061 

3,tM* 

3,1110 

2.52-1 

2,-,2l 

2,147 

1,63! 

23t. 

9:-0 

651 

1,911 

4.127 

3,296 

I.3n2 

1.177 
2,-vl!. 


Tcunaee. 

IS.CS'H 

134,1^9 

54  (,91 

370,726 

1 3- ,103 
lStj.73,s 
147,>94 
114,125 
ir2,<i;--, 
llti,(96 
1')9.''03 
6 M.l  I 
67,1-28 
10.801 
67,513 
19.715 
84.551 
237.9(16 
145,740 
7  ■',.■25 
.10,186 
36,l.:13 


Vrtw. 

1,680 

13,949 

8,361 

44,556 

9,512 

2(',6«-l 

30,144 

36,487 

1.5,-81 

Kl.('57 

13.261 

P,32!' 

7.409 

6,4(;6 

1,113 

5.191 

2,1  37 

9.563 

1!'.229 

13,.133 

7,395 

6.t.73 

13,519 


3,175  262,109  22,8-)9    4.194  519,620  721 1 102,915  4S3'  96,04-    5,224  381    48,693'  8,033    78,123   2,523,632  308,478 

Tn'al<. 


PmH. 
nivnnne 

Bli-l,.,    1 

(filer  ports 
Riil.i-il.' 
Nintp* 

(i,li.*'-Iiorts 
I.Orinil 
Hn-st    • 
Saiti'  -MiJT 


Shipf. 

44J 

3.012 

2.5t,5 

12,  (■'4 
2,9-ri 
7.146 
8.013 

11.129 
3.%9 


Twin  fire, 
2I.8<)() 
231.712 
55.012 
4'l'.lUi 
1,5.-25 
l;!S9>0 
191  052 
157.(123 
137,223 


I'lirlt. 
riirrlvtitrg 
It'ini'ii  . 
Hivro  - 

(MtiiT  ports 
AbbrvillB 

n  .ui'>.,'iio 

Pii'ikiric 
Digiic  - 


,S/i.ri. 

Tanufifie, 

3,179 

Ili.WS 

2,71'i 

164,^81 

3.410 

366.717 

2,;ioi 

86.873 

1.841 

l''4.067 

i,«;ti 

r(7,'i7G 

I,4-i9 

9«.>:n7 

702 

21,026 

Pirrli. 
Toulon 
Mirseilles 

tMluT  ports   • 
M'ii.t|ieMiCr     • 
I'erpi.;nan 
B.islia  • 

General  total 


.SVlij'I. 
2.0 10 
6.831 
3,319 
I.'itU 

i.;o4 

2,797 
87,180 


Ttnnmee, 
9l.5,'-0 
567.161 
146.700 
102/90 
41,138 
42,  54 

3,353,219 


(For  Tahle  II.  seo  ne.tt  page.) 

viously  to  the  accession  of  William  III.,  the  import  of  wine  only  fro'"  France  amounted  to 
about  1 3..')0n  tuns  a  year,  nur  imports  of  brandy  and  other  articles  ileitis  proportionally  large. 
But  Loiii.s  Xf  V.  h.iviii','  cspouseil  the  ciiu.sc  of  the  exiled  family  of  Stuart,  the  British  govorn- 
mi^iit,  not  reciilli'ctiinT  that  the  liliiw  thoy  aimed  at  the  French  would  also  smite  their  own 
subjects,  jiiijuspd,  in  lti!):l,  a  (/!SCTimiiiatin<!;  i\uty  of  8/.  a  tun  on  French  wine,  and  in  1697 
raised  it  to  no  less  than  -i'-i/.  a  tun  !  It  is  prohalile  that  this  excess  of  duty  would  have  been 
repealeJ  as  soon  as  the  peculiar  circumstances  in  which  it  originated  had  disappeared,  had 
not  the  stiiitilations  in  tlie  famous  commercial  treaty  with  Portugal,  negotiated  by  Mr,  Me- 
thucn,  in  170.3,  given  it  jiermanence.  But,  according  to  this  treaty,  we  bound  ourselves  for 
the  future  to  charge  one  tli'ird  higher  duties  on  the  wines  of  France  imported  into  England, 
than  on  those  of  Portugal;  the  Portuguese,  by  way  of  compensation,  binding  theinsolves  to 
adiiiit  our  woollens  into  their  markets  in  preference  to  tiiose  of  other  countries,  at  a  fixed 
and  invariatile  rate  of  duty. 

Though  very  generally  regarded,  at  the  time,  as  the  highest  effort  of  diplomatic  skill  and 
address,  the  Melhnen  treaty  was,  undoubtedly,  founded  on  the  narrowest  and  most  contracted 
views  of  national  interest;  and  has,  in  conseijuence,  proved,  in  no  common  degree,  injurious 
to  both  parlies,  but  especially  to  England.  By  binding  ourselves  to  receive  Portuguese 
wines  for  tion  thirds  of  the  duly  payable  on  those  of  fVance,  we,  in  effect,  give  the  Portu- 
guese cffowers  a  monoooly  of  the  Drilish  market ;  at  the  same  time  that  Vt'e  excluded  one  of 
the  principal  ctjuivalents  that  the  French  had  to  oifer  for  our  commodilies,  and  jirovoked 
them  lo  retaliate.  This,  indeed,  was  no  dilRcult  task.  Unhappily,  they  were  but  too  ready 
to  I'lnbark  in  that  course  of  vindictive  policy  of  which  we  set  them  the  example;  so  that 
prohiliitions  on  the  one  side  being  immediately  followed  by  counter-prohibitions  on  the 
other,  the  trade  between  the  two  countries  was  nearly  annihilated  !  But  the  indirect  were 
still  more  i'ljurious  than  the  direct  conse(iuences  of  this  wretched  jiolicy.  It  ins|)ired  both 
parties  with  feelings  of  jealousy  and  dislike,  and  kept  them  in  the  frowning  attitude  of  mu- 
tu  il  di'riaii''e.  Each  envied  the  other's  [irosperity,  and  beiifj;  (lis]iosed  to  take  fire  at  even 
fancied  encroachments,  the  most  frivolous  pretexts  wen?  sufHcient  to  engage  them  in  contests 
that  have  filled  the  whole  world  with  bloodshed  and  confusion.  But  had  things  been  left  to 
their  natural  course, — had  an  unfettered  commercial  intercourse  been  allowed  lo  grow  up 
lietweeii  the  two  countries, — the  one  would  have  formed  so  near,  .so  vast,  and  so  prolitabic  a 
niarket  for  the  piodncc  of  the  other,  that  they  could  not  have  remained  long  at  war  without 
occasioning  the  most  extensively  ruinous  distress, — distress  which  no  government  would  be 


cd  the  difTercm  rortE  of 
ween  ITe.icU  uiul  ForeiB* 

ted  lo  French  bhip"; 1 


Vhale 
7- 


Couling  Trade. 


CrliK.lsliir'.  'Tcmiiii'r. 

--'       ■-'       I5A!^H 

134,l!-9 

51  t'.U 

in'',it;'i 


94 
459 


453 
174 

V 


2.4"'' 
1,5'.3| 

424I 

195! 

4D 

00 

l.CbO 

8SS 
161 


i!l5| 
2,47i, 

■i,:-.U2l 
U,l4>li 

7,I36| 
K,UI1'| 
11.061 
3,aiH 
3,1110 
iMM 

2.147 

l,63S 

23b 

9;-o 
I, PI  I 

4.12' 
3,21  iti 
1.312 
1,17' 

2,vr 


Crrw. 

1,5!* 

I3,!I49 
K,361 
44.ri56 

»,'vl2 


n)v''"3 

21 ',6(1-1 

lMi.73s 

30,144 

11:,. 94 

36,4h7 

Ii4.i2r> 

l.V!-l 

!r2,<l,'--, 

l.i.(67 

1  l|i,l  % 

13.261 

159,('93 

S,3S' 

6-'.l)l  1 

7.409 

67,^2!^ 

6,.1U6 

lO.bOl 

1,113 

fiT,V13 

5.191 

19.715 

2,137 

S4.5^l 

9.563 

237.906 

19.229 

I4',740 

13,333 

■;*,.7', 

7,39.1 

30,1W> 

5.fc73 

36,t:a 

13,319 

595i  S,035    7S',r23   2,523,632  S0ii,4p 


'nrli. 
n 

illn 
;.r  ports 
teMicr 


Shir'. 
2.110 
6,W1 
3,319 
l.H'l 
l.;n4 
2,797 


Tnrivmre. 
94,'i^0 
567.161 
146.700 
102.^99 
4'<,13S 
42,  54 


neral  lotul  li7,lS0       3,533,219 


froi'^  France  amounted  to 
tieins  proportionally  large. 
Stuart,  the  British  govern- 
ouUl  also  smite  their  own 
French  wine,  and  in  1697 
s  of  duty  would  have  been 
.ated  had  disappeared,  had 
;al,  negotiated  by  Mr.  Me- 
ty,  we  bound  our.selves  for 
:e  imported  into  England, 
ion,  binding  themselves  to 
other  countries,  at  a  fixed 

Tort  of  diplomatic  skill  and 
lowest  and  most  contracted 

common  degree,  injurious 
Les   to   receive  Portuguese 
i,  in  effect,  give  the  I'ortu- 
le  that  vv-e  excluded  one  of 
lommodilies,  and  provoked 
[v,  they  were  but  too  ready 
[iicin  the  example;  so  that 
lounter-proliibitions  on  the 
!     Hut  the  indirect  were 
l)olicy.     It  insjiired  both 
le  frowning  attitude  of  inu- 
Iposed  to  take  fire  at  even 
Ito  engage  them  in  contests 

3ut  had  things  been  left  to 

I  been  allowed  to  grow  up 
so  vast,  and  so  prolitablc  a 

liained  long  at  war  without 
no  government  would  be 


HAVRE. 


753 


n.  Account  showinR  the  total  Niimher  nf  Ships,  witli  their  Tonnaco  and  Crews,  entered  inwards  In 
tile  Uitlerent  Ports  of  France  in  ISXJ,  8pecit'yin|;  lliu  Cumitries  whence  they  raiiie.  Hint  dittlinguish- 
ing  between  Kreiicli  and  roreijjn  t^hipa.—  lJldiiuniilraliun  ilea  JJuiiaiies  for  1S33,  p.  SUS.) 


iiliips  entered. 

1 

Foreign.                                 I 

Countries 

French. 

Canning  the  Flags  of   | 

the  t 

nnjitry  whence 

Other  Flags. 

tht-y  came 

.S7ii>». 

Tominsc. 

CVcui. 

SInpt. 

Tviina^e. 

fri  w. 

./iifj 

/'(itimpt 

Cnw, 

Russia          ...... 

76 

11,«'2 

619 

42 

ll.l.'iS 

.341 

137 

23.611 

1,228 

Swedea         ...... 

S 

600 

44 

13" 

511,912 

1..377 

1 

2!<0 

14 

Norway       ...... 

9 

»M 

62 

592 

104,907 

5,2.14 

20 

ifi'O  I 

161 

Iknmark       ...... 

1 

69 

6 

;i4 

2,1(15 

lt.3 

20 

1.4C3 

96 

Prussia          ...            ... 

3 

327 

21 

153 

32,0.34 

1,398 

46 

5,161  . 

312 

Ilauseatic  Towns      ..... 

37 

3,1S<I 

216 

56 

5.470 

343 

21 

2,4m  I 

148 

Holland 

16 

l,0t,3 

93 

74 

7,419 

4N3 

60 

6.798  ■ 

333 

Ileli^iuiii        ...... 

50 

4.423 

320 

II 

1,16') 

(is 

11 

1,217   1 

71 

KiiKlaud  (Oiliralhr,  M.ilta,  «tc.)      . 

921 

3i.()W 

5,341 

1,632 

119,260 

13,293 

12 

2.4S9  1 

116 

)'orlU|pl  (M.vlcin,  Cape  de  Verde  Islands,  Azores) 

63 

7.210 

4>-x 

1 

70 

9 

7 

7lis 

63 

Sjiain  (the  Caitiries)            .... 

516 

33,077 

3,093 

536 

17,771 

4.112 

.57 

9.0-4 

690 

Austria         ...... 

7 

907 

lifl 

94 

23,906 

1.112 

17 

3,310 

215 

Sardinia         ...           ... 

699 

37,i3i 

3,996 

413 

19,528 

2.929 

22 

1,637 

205 

Two  Sicilies             ..... 

72 

10,719 

\,WJi 

171 

33,378 

2.2i;S 

13 

l.SSl 

141 

Tuscany,  Roman  Stati-s,  I.iicca 

130 

5,634 

878 

96 

5,280 

634 

127 

12,6-'2 

1,189 

Greece,  and  lis  islands  in  the  Archipelno 

3 

3S.9 

31 

20 

5.0.-9 

402 

2 

364 

2S 

Turkey,  and  its  islands  In  the  Archipelazo 

62 

9,(H2 

,527 

2 

203 

26 

26 

5,738 

340 

Eppt           ....'.. 

AJEieis          ...... 

Other  Stale?  of  narhary      .... 

30 

6,057 

302 

. 

. 

• 

1 

230 

12 

71 

9.("iS 

623 

. 

. 

22 

4,870 

272 

114 

11.933 

t39 

. 

. 

.1 

61 

9,148 

627 

other  territories  in  Africa   .... 

3 

r,<«i 

33 

India,  Kn^lish  possessions  .... 

24 

S.I119 

460 

. 

. 

. 

3 

824 

41 

Dutch  do.      .          .           ... 

4 

1,058 

61 

French  do.     ..... 

3 

970 

62 

China           ...... 

2 

767 

37 

Cochin  China,  Philippinej,  kc.      ■ 

3 

715 

2.3 

United  Slates             ..... 

59 

13.615 

759 

298 

93,248 

4,102 

2 

694 

24 

Hayli 

41 

bMi 

496 

English  possessions  in  America 

. 

4 

1,641 

67 

Spanish  do.    • 

4'* 

11,013 

W4 

3 

321 

32 

10 

2,006 

113 

Danish  do.    - 

6 

I.OIS 

71 

1 

2'iO 

12 

1 

236 

11 

lirazil 

43 

9,372 

651 

1 

230 

13 

2,383 

122 

Mexico         ...... 

17 

3.709 

234 

. 

. 

4 

865 

37 

Colombia      ...... 

15 

3,062 

179 

. 

. 

1 

204 

10 

Pern  (I.oweT  Peru)  .           .            .           .           - 

2 

409 

31 

Chili 

6 

1.342 

98 

Rio  dc  la  Pl.it.T,  Monte  Video,  Buenos  Ayres 

2> 

4,31.9 

261 

- 

. 

. 

197 

11 

Martinique   ...... 

ill 

2'<,3-'3 

l,-03 

(lua.laloupe  ...... 

159 

39,163 

2,1117 

Cayenne        ...... 

23 

4,1'<3 

2h9 

Sencsal         ...... 

20 

2.139 

IHO 

Bo-jrtxin       ...... 

Total  of  French  ships 

70 

2l,7i6 

1,233 

3.561 

338,157 

28,080 

Fishery,  cod             ..... 

369 

43,9.18 

7,629 

whale         ..... 

12 

4.757 

406 

Coasting  trade,  in  Hie  same  sea       . 

S6,6n.s 

1,937.512 

239,S63 

from  one  sea  to  tlie  other    . 

I,3li3 

lb9.767 

11,314 

interior  navigation  . 

Totals 

, 

20,1.52 

396,35:) 

67.301 

82,063 

2.930,4S4 

»l4,5f.3 

4.394 

519,820 

3S,SI1 

721 

1(S,913 

6,5:4  1 

willing  to  inflict  on  its  subjects,  and  to  which,  though  the  government  were  willing,  it  is 
most  probable  no  people  would  be  disposed  to  submit.  A  free  trade  between  England  and 
France  would  give  these  two  great  nations  U7W  common  interest,  it  would  occasion  not  only 
a  vast  increase  of  the  industry,  and  of  t'.ie  comforts  and  enjoyments  of  the  people  of  both 
countries,  but  would  be  the  best  attainable  security  against  future  hostilities.  "  We  know," 
said  Mr.  Villiers,  in  his  very  able  and  instructive  speech  (15th  of  June,  1830),  "  th.it  British 
enterprise  will  fetch  the  extremest  points  on  earth  in  the  business  of  exchange ;  but  here  are 
the  shores  of  France  nearer  to  England  than  those  of  Ireland  itself — nay,  Bordeaux  is  com- 
mercially nearer  to  London  than  it  is  to  Paris ;  and,  but  for  the  lamentable  perversion  of  the 
gifts  and  di.spositions  of  nature,  and  of  the  ingenuity  of  man — the  highways  of  commerce  be- 
tween these  countries — the  seas  which  surround  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  wash  the 
shores  of  France,  should  literally  swarm  with  vessels,  engaged,  not  only  in  the  interchange 
of  material  products,  but  in  dillusing  knowledge,  and  stimulating  improvement ;  in  creating 
everywhere  new  neighbourhoods;  in  consolidating  international  dependence ;  in  short,  in 
drawing  daily  more  close  the  bonds  of  international  peace  and  confidence,  and  thus  advanc- 
ing, while  they  also  served  to  conflrm  and  secure,  the  peace,  the  civilisation,  and  the  happi- 
ness of  Europe."* 

The  commercial  treaty  which  Mr.  Pitt  negotiated  with  France  in  1786,  was  the  first  at- 
tempt to  introduce  a  better  system  into  the  trade  between  the  two  countries;  and  it  is  one  of 
the  few  treaties  of  this  description  that  have  been  bottomed  on  fair  and  liberal  principles. 
But  the  Revolution  in  France,  and  the  lengthened  and  bloody  wars  by  which  it  was  follow- 
ed, totally  suppressed  that  mutually  beneficial  intercourse  which  had  begun  to  grow  up 
under  Mr.  Pitt's  treaty  ;  and  when  peace  was  again  restored  in  1815,  the  French  govern- 
ment unwisely  resolved  to  continue  the  system  of  Napoleon,  and  to  exclude  most  sorts  of 

♦  We  repret  to  have  to  add,  that  this  was  one  of  the  last  public  appearances  made  by  Mr.  Villiers. 
He  died  in  December,  1832,  at  the  early  age  of  31.  Ills  death  was  a  luilionnl  loss  that  will  not  easily  bo 
repaired,  few  have  ever  entered  upon  public  life  with  better  dispusilinns,  more  enlarged  and  com- 
prehensive views,  or  a  more  alncero  desire  to  promote  the  happiness  of  their  species. 

95 


fj 


i>l\- 


1 1 


11    t 


754 


HAVRE. 


i 

I 


.'    i; 


foreign  products  for  which  i.  substitute  could  be  found  at  home  !  But  the  wide-spread  dis- 
tress tlmt  has  resulted  from  this  absurd  pohcy,  and  the  more  general  ditfusion  of  sounder 
notions  as  to  th«  real  sources  of  public  wealth,  will,  it  may  be  confidently  predicted,  at  no 
distant  period,  induce  the  government  of  France  to  adopt  a  less  illiberal  and  irrational  sys- 
tem.— (See  BoBKEAUX.)  The  equalisation  of  the  wine  duties  in  this  country  will  accele- 
rate this  desirable  result.  It  shows  the  French  that  we  are  no  longer  influenced  by  the 
prejudices  in  which  the  discriminating  system  originated  ;  and  that  we  arc  ready  to  deal 
with  them  on  the  same  fair  and  c({ual  terms  as  with  any  one  else.  In  this  respect  the  mea- 
sure is  entitled  to  the  highest  praise ;  and  we  have  no  doubt  that  it  will  be  the  harbinger  of 
others  of  the  same  kind — of  a  reduction  of  the  exorbitant  duties  on  brandy,  for  example — 
both  here  and  in  France.  The  statesman  who  shall  succeed  in  abolishing  the  restraints  on 
the  commerce  of  the  two  countries,  will  render  the  most  essential  service  to  them  both  ;  anil' 
not  to  them  only,  but  to  all  the  world,  the  furthest  parts  of  which  have  been  harassed  by 
their  wars.  It  admits  of  demonstration,  that,  under  a  free  system,  the  trade  with  France 
would  be  incomparably  more  important  and  valuable  than  that  with  Russia,  the  United  States, 
or  any  other  country.  And  we  trust,  should  another  edition  of  this  work  be  called  for,  that 
wo  shall  have  to  congratulate  the  public  on  the  opening  of  this  "  broad  and  deep"  channel 
of  employment. 

The  following  Tables,  prepared  expressly  for  this  work,  give  a  pretty  complete  view  of  the 
trade  with  France.  Brandy,  madder,  silk  manufactures,  flax,  wine,  gloves,  &c.  are  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  import ;  for  the  raw  and  thrown  silk  comes,  as  already  mentioned,  almost 
wholly  from  Italy.  Brass  and  copper  manufactures  are  by  far  the  most  important  of  all  the 
articles  we  send  to  France,  at  least  through  the  regular  channels.  It  will,  probably,  sur- 
prise some  of  our  readers  to  learn  that,  in  1832,  the  real  or  declared  value  of  the  silk  goods 
nianufaclured  in  this  country  and  exported  to  France,  amounted  to  no  less  than  7.5,187/.! 
This  is  an  instructive  commentary  on  the  sinister  auguries  of  those  who  predicted  the  ruin 
of  our  manufacture  by  French  competition,  in  consequence  of  the  subversion  of  the  old  mo- 
nopoly system  in  1825.  The  most  important  of  the  other  articles  of  export  are  cottons, 
woollens,  sheep's  wool,  hardware  and  cutlery,  horses,  tin,  &c. 

A  glance  at  the  first  of  the  following  Tables  will  sufficiently  explain  the  real  causes  of  the 
depressed  state  of  the  French  trade.  The  duty  of  22s.  Gd.  a  gallon  on  brandy  is,  probably, 
about  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  fiscal  rapacity.  The  duties  on  wine,  verdigris,  gloves,  &c.  are  all 
very  much  beyond  the  mark.  Till  they  be  adequately  reduced,  the  trade  with  France  can 
never  be  any  thing  but  inconsiderable,  compared,  at  least,  with  what  it  ought  to  be. 

I,  Account  of  tlie  Imports  into  the  United  Kingdom  from  France,  specifying  the  Quantity  and  Value 
of  eacli  An  id.',  and  tlie  Amount  i)f  Customs  Duty  paid  tliereon,  during  tliu  Yuar  1832;  witlj  tlie 
Customs  Duty  received  on  encli  Article. 


Specie*  of  Imports. 


Annotto  ... 

Books  .  .  -  - 

U  v>ts,  felines  anJ  piloshes 

China  anil  earlhenware 

Clo;ks 

Colon  manufacture!  of  Europe 

Enji    .... 

Fl,i);     .  .  .  - 

Floiver«,  artificial 

Glass  bolIlM,  commoQ 

Hals,  straw 

Leather  gloves 

Linen.  caint)ric9 

MailJer 

Ma.ltier  rtot    • 

Nifp  ilcwork  and  embroidery 

ttyaten 

Fnines 

Silk,  raw 

thrown    • 

was'e       ... 
Silk  manufactures,  viz.: 

Silk  or  satin  ■  • 

Gauze         ... 

Cmne         .  .  - 

Velvet 

Ijcp,  millinery,  ftc.  tc.   • 
Skins,  i;uit,  undressed 
ki  I,  drwised 

l.urili,  tanned  or  dressed 
Spirits,  brauJv 

Toys  .... 
Venlieris  ... 
Wine,  French 

Wool,  8llft.*p"»  -  •  • 

Woollen  niarmfictures 
All  other  articles 


Denominations. 


lbs. 

cwt. 

pairs 

declared  Talus 


number 

cwt. 

dcclaml  value 

quarts 

uuntber 

pain 
pieces 

cwt 

declared  value 

bushels 

cwt. 

lbs. 


declared  v.alue 
number 


Jiroof  gallons 
ectared  value 
lbs. 
gallons 
Ills, 
declareil  value 
value 


Quantities 
ImiKirted. 


9,441 

I,3S1 

4r..i9l 

L.  S.Kil 

L.  2(>,-,il3 

L.  ti,3l>'> 

55,«:-.l,243 

31,512 

L.  2,160 

56:,749 

9,9,14 

1,313,106 

44,352 

39,690 

a),394 

L.  15,649 

77,9-.ci 

749,117 

145,.!Hi 
237,  i  16 

74,7'23 
4'<,17l 
13,310 

7,790 

I.  r,3.-cri 

20,298 

664,019 

fl,IV.9 

2.647,372 

i.  1.230 

4t,0'-9 

29:,157 

1,973 

L.  61,749 


Tot»l    •   L. 


official  Value  of 
the  Imports. 


L. 

944 

11,073 

9,459 

t!,823 

20,393 

6,365 

17,391 

55,558 

2,160 

12,137 

516 

37,827 

21,719 

84.685 

246,059 

13,649 

28,256 

3.004 

424,669 

175,322 

23,701 

148,438 

184,254 

3;),346 

20,824 

63,702 

1,691 

11,961 

51 

360,428 

1,230 

2.798 

33,232 

49 

61,749 

331,211 

2,452,894 


Amount  of  CuS' 
tonis  Unties   re- 
ceive:!   on   each 
Article    ini' 
iwrltxi. 

L. 

12 
6,042 
3.1-34 

i.xe 

6,f28 

775 

19,311 

131 

624 

7,649 

1.361 

27,195 

12.193 

8.nofi 

2,H21 
4,676 
fi,M6 
t,l21 
3,064 
48,,5f9 
llj 

40,909 

61,737 

12,201 

8,635 

16,322 

240 

3,319 

25 

1,799.947 

243 

2.4;U 

63,2S7 

33 

9,34 1 

84,574 

"2^271,249 


.( 


HAVRE. 


755 


But  the  wiJc-sprcad  di** 
ral  diffusion  of  sounder 
fidently  predicted,  at  no 
wral  and  irrational  sys- 
his  country  will  accele- 
nger  influenced  by  the 
It  we  arc  ready  to  deal 
In  this  respect  the  mea- 
will  be  the  harbinger  of 
1  brandy,  for  example — 
dishing  the  restraints  on 
3rvice  to  them  both ;  anil 
have  been  harassed  by 
n,  the  trade  with  France 
lussia,  the  United  States, 
,s  work  be  called  for,  that 
jroad  and  deep"  channel 

etty  complete  view  of  the 
,  gloves,  &c.  are  the  prin- 
drcady  mentioned,  almost 
most  important  of  all  the 
3.  It  will,  probably,  sur- 
•d  value  of  the  silk  Roods 
to  no  less  than  75,187/.! 
se  who  predicted  the  ruin 
subversion  of  the  old  mo- 
les of  export  are  cottons, 

)lain  the  real  causes  of  the 
on  on  brandy  ix,  probably, 
crdigris,  gloves,  &c.  are  all 
the  trade  vi\l\\  France  can 
lat  it  ought  to  be. 

vine  the  Quantity  nnrt  Value 
■       thoYuar  1S3-2;  with  the 


w 


i.9 

n 

30 
»9 
til 
73 
40 


L. 
944 

11,0-3 
9,4i9 
H,823 

20,593 
6,36i 
17,391 

5'>,Si8 
2,l(i0 
12,137 
516 
37,M7 
21,719 
W.6S5 

24G,n!i9 

13,649 

2Sl,2-.6 

3.004 

424,669 

173,322 
2,'.,701 

148,458 

ltM.2i4 

33,346 

20,!<24 

63,701 

1,691 

11,961 

51 

360,428 

1,230 

2.798 

33,232 

49 

61,749 

331,211 


Uinounl  nf  Cu»- 

official  Value  of  If^ivel    on   eicli 
the  Imporls.     j    jv^iicle    im- 
porftil. 


L. 

12 

6.042 

3.634 

2,376 

5,l'28 

775 

19,311 

131 

524 

7,649 

1.361 

27,195 

12.193 

8.000 

2,321 

4.676 

B.S46 

C.12I 

3,064 

48,5>9 

113 


.    L.  2,452,894 


40,<109 

63,737 

12,201 

8.633 

16,3  ►Z 

240 

3,319 

23 

1,799.947 

243 

2.431 

65,2S7 

S3 

9,34 1 

84,374 

"2;27 1,249 


11.  Account  of  the  Exports  of  Ilritisli  nml  Irisli  rrnclmc  nnd  Manufactures  from  the  United  Kingdom 
to  France,  specifying  llie  (iuantity  iiikI  Value  of  catli  Artiile,  during  llic  Year  ls:i-J. 


Specie*  of  EiporU. 


Apothecary  warn      -  •  ■  . 

Apparel  ..... 

Beer  and  ale    > 

Bnolti,  printed  .... 

Hrau  and  copper  manufactures 

Cabinet  and  upholstery  wares  .  . 

Cheese  ..... 

Coals 

Cotton  manufaclurcs  -  .  ■  . 

Uillo 

Karthenware  of  all  sorts 

Glass  of  alt  sorts         •  •  .  • 

Hardware  and  cutlery 

Horses  ..... 

Iron,  piK         ..... 

bar  and  bolt       .... 

cast  and  wrought 
Lead  and  shot  .... 

Leather  and  uddlery  .... 
Linens  ..... 

Lilliarge  of  lead  .... 

Machinery  an  I  inilNwork      ... 
Musical  instruments    .... 
Faiiiters^  colours  and  materials 
Plate  of  silver  .... 

Silk  i;oods  manufactured  in  the  United  Kingdom 
Spermaceti      ..... 
Stationery  ...  .  . 

Steel,  unwron^ht         .... 
Tin,  unwmugiit  .... 

Tin  and  pewter  wares,  and  tin  plates 
Whalebone     ..... 
Wool,  sheep's  .... 

Woollen  manufactures 
All  other  articles        .... 


Oflicial  Value  nf 

Declared  Value 

Denorainalions. 

Quantities 
eiported. 

Hrilii'i  and  Irish 
rrodure  and  .Ma- 
nufactures ex* 

of  llriliih  and 
Irish    Iniluce 
and    Manufac- 

jKirtPil. 

lurcs  exiwjrtfd. 

cwt. 

I,a23 

2,046 

8,225 

value 

. 

4,441 

4,441 

tuns 

55  1-2 

277 

975 

cwt. 

243 

973 

.5,51  s 

^ 

36,2b7 

191.822 

147.193 

value 

. 

2.217 

2,217 

cwt. 

160 

102 

.558 

tons 

41,006 

40,867 

11,119 

yards 

4,567,067 

186,3B8 

61, .124 

value 

3,542 

3.670 

pieces 

06,378 

241 

l,7;i8 

value 

. 

74 

23S 

'  cwt. 

3,673 

10,101 

28,260 

numbei 

529 

5.2P0 

23,995 

Ions 

2,759 

2,739 

9.348 

— 

1,6.36 

16,31,7 

8,119 

«. 

1,063 

32,916 

ll.KIl 

— 

63  1-2 

6>^6 

804 

value 

. 

1,136 

1,946 

yards 

291,961 

14,626 

14,7^0 

cwt. 

19 

9 

19 

value 

4,.52S 

4.528 

— 

. 

1,742 

1,742 

.— 

- 

2,293 

2,2fi3 

ounces 

4,028 

1,812 

1,528 

value 

. 

87,803 

73,187 

cwt. 

1,008 

7,562 

6,177 

value 

• 

3.048 

3,040 

cwt. 

1,&31 

2,638 

3,261 

_ 

8,508 

31,035 

29,472 

value 

. 

7,399 

7,399 

cw:. 

701 

3,503 

5.043 

lbs. 

736,482 

26,3(13 

3«,.341 

value 

45,320 

43,187 

ToUl    .  L. 

106,062 

103,860 

648,270 

674,791 

It  would  seem,  from  the  subjoined  accounts,  as  if  the  imports  into  Great  Britain  from  France 
very  much  exceeded  the  exports,  the  official  value  of  which  amount  to  only  848,270/.  a  year. 

Account  of  the  Amount  in  Oflicial  and  Real  Value  of  all  British  E.^ports  to  France,  in  each  Year  since 
1614;  distiiipuisliing  those  of  British  from  Colonial  Produce;  also,  an  abstract  of  the  Amount  in 
OlTicial  Value  uf  all  Imports  from  France  in  each  Year,  as  far  as  the  same  can  be  made  up  during 
that  Time. 


Years. 

onicial  Value  of  Im- 
ports into  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Official  Value  of  Ciports  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Declared  Value  of 
Brili'li  and  Irish 
J'mduce  and  .Mann- 
faclurts  exported 
from  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Itritiah  and  Irish 
Produce  and  Manu- 
factures. 

Foreis;!!  and  Coloni.^l 
>lcrcbandise. 

Total  Exports. 

£        s. 

rf. 

£       *.   d. 

£       s. 

d. 

£         s. 

rf. 

£       s.    rf. 

1814 

740,226  10 

0 

.377,799    9    7 

1,867,913  19 

4 

2,245,713    8  11 

582.702  15    0 

1815 

751,372    8 

11 

214,823  15    9 

!,-.28,8.')6    5 

3 

1,443,680    1 

0 

298,291  10    1 

18lfi 

417,782  17 

2 

321,070    4  11 

1,313,151  17 

8 

1,634,222    2 

7 

407.699  11     4 

1817 

527.865  13 

6 

596,753    7    0 

1,054,261     9 

9 

1,1)51,014  16 

9 

1,003,180  12    7 

1818 

1,1152.423  15 

7 

318,850  19    1 

877,912  13 

0 

1,196,763  12 

1 

369,503  14    9 

181!) 

642,011  14 

2 

248,078    0    9 

734,779    9  10 

982,857  10 

t 

299,493    6    8 

1820 

775,132    5 

6 

334,086  13    2 

629,814    9 

6 

1,16,3,901     1 

8 

390.744  10    3 

1821 

8t)5,6IO  12 

9 

.382,404    a    4 

1,037,100  15 

5 

1,419,504  17 

9 

438,265  18    5 

1822 

878,272  15 

0 

340,810  15     1 

bSg.l.-iO  11 

4 

1,185,961    6 

5 

4.37,009    2    5 

1823 

l.ll.'i.SOO    7 

0 

241,8.37  12  11 

74,3,574  16 

4 

985,411     9 

3 

349,636    4    1 

1824 

1,556,733  17 

5 

260,498    9    9 

864,500  16 

4 

1,124,999    6 

1 

3.38.635    8  11 

1825 

1,83.'),<)84  12 

0 

279,212    3    7 

692,402  18 

1 

1,171,615    1 

H 

360,709  10    1 

1826 

1,217,426    0 

U 

426,819  13    9 

656,124  10 

9 

1,082,944    4 

6 

488,4.38    6    7 

1827 

2,625,717  11 

10 

416,726    0    8 

13.3,503  12 

6 

550,829  13 

'i 

446,951    0    9 

1828 

3,178,825    3 

9 

418,945    2    7 

195,497    9 

2 

614,442  11 

9 

498,937  12    0 

182'J 

2,086,'J!)3  10  10 

509,921     1     3 

3,17,896  11 

6 

847,817  12 

9 

491.388    3  11 

l8:to 

2,,S28,I83  14 

11 

486,284    0     1 

181,065    1 

5 

667,349    1 

0 

475,884    3    2 

]8;)i 

3,056,154  12 

4 

635,927  13    5 

256,081  19 

7 

392,009  13 

U 

602,688    0    0 

1832 

2,452,894    0 

0 

848,270    0    0 

- 

- 

674,791    0    a 

But  though  the  fact  were  so,  it  would  not,  as  some  appear  to  suppose,  afford  the 
shadow  of  a  foundation  for  the  statements  of  those  who  contend  that  the  trade  wiih  France 
is  a  losing  one.  A  man  carries  nothing  but  money  to  the  baker's  shop,  or  the  butcher's ; 
and  yet  it  is  not  said  that  he  is  injured  by  dealing  with  them,  or  that  he  should  become  baker 
or  butcher  for  himself.  We  buy  certain  articles  from  France,  because  we  find  we  can  pro- 
cure them  from  her  on  more  reasonable  terms  than  from  any  other  country :  for,  were  it 
otherwise,  dw>s  any  one  suppose  we  should  send  a  single  ship  to  her  ports  ?  Whether  we 
carry  on  our  intercourse  with  the  French  by  sending  them  returns  in  bullion  or  ordinary 
products,  is  of  no  consetiuence  whatever.  We  may  be  assured  that  bullion  is  not  sent  to 
another  country,  unless  it  be  more  valuable  there  than  here  ;  that  is,  unless  its  exportation  be 
for  our  advantage. — (See  Balance  of  Tbade.)  In  point  of  fact,  however,  we  very  rarely 
Bend  any  bullion  to  France ;  and  the  proof  of  this  is,  that,  since  the  peace,  the  exchange  with 


'I 


'  pi 


^7    u 


ii... 


ii 


i 

\3 

"I' 


756 


HAWKERS  AND  PEDLAKS. 


I 

I 


li 


Paris  has  been  oflcner  in  our  fuvour  tlinn  aRiiinst  us.  When  the  bills  drawn  by  the  French 
on  us  exceed  those  we  draw  on  them,  the  balance  is  usually  paid  by  bills  on  Holland  and 
Hamburgh,  where  there  is,  ot  all  times,  an  excess  of  IJritish  produce.  It  is  idle,  therefore, 
to  attempt  to  revive  the  ridiculous  cry  as  to  the  dis.uivantaReousncss  of  the  French  trade,  be- 
cause the  imports  from  Franco  exceed  the  exports  I  The  imports  into  all  conimercial  coun- 
tries uniformly  exceed  the  exports;  and  the  facts  brought  forward  as  a  groinxl  of  complaint 
against  the  French  trade,  is  the  strongest  recommendation  in  its  favour.  Perhaps,  however, 
it  may  be  consolatory  to  those  who  are  so  alarmed  at  the  excess  of  imports  from  France,  to 
be  told  that  it  is  to  a  great  extent  apparent  only.  As  already  observed,  large  (|uantities  of 
silk  and  other  produce  from  Italy,  come  to  us  through  France,  and  are  reckoned  among  the 
imports  from  that  country,  when  they  are  in  reality  imports  from  Italy,  'i'aking  this  cir- 
cumstance into  account,  it  will  be  found  that  the  discrepancy  between  the  exports  to  and  im- 
ports from  France  is  immaterial. 

HAWKERS  AMI  PEDLARS.  It  is  not  very  easy  to  distinguish  Iwtwecn  hawkers  and 
pedlars.  Hoth  are  a  sort  of  itinerant  retail  dealers,  who  carry  about  their  wares  from  place 
to  place ;  but  tlie  former  are  supposeii  to  carry  on  business  on  a  larger  scale  than  the  latter. 
They  are  sulynct  to  the  same  regulations. 

R(n;H/afi()iis  as  fo  llairkers  and  Pedlars, — The  legislature  has  always  looked  with  suspi- 
cion upon  itinerant  dealers;  and  has  attempted,  by  obliging  them  to  take  out  licenses,  and 
placing  them  under  a  sort  o(  snrveil/ance,  to  lessen  their  numbers,  and  to  hinder  them  from 
engaging  in  dishonest  practices.  But  the  resident  dealer  has  so  many  advantages  on  his 
Bide,  that  these  precautions  seem  to  be  in  a  great  measure  superfluous.  It  should  also  be 
recollected,  that  before  shops  were  generally  established  in  villages  and  remote  districts, 
hawkers  and  pedlars  rendered  material  services  to  country  people ;  and  even  now  the  compe- 
tition which  they  excite  is  certainly  advantageous. 

By  the  50  Oeo.  3.  c.  41.,  hawkers  and  pedlars  are  to  pay  an  annual  licence  duty  of  4/. ;  and  if  they 

travel  witli  a  linr!'i>,  as!i,  or  utiier  beast,  lieariniz  or  drawinii!  Iiiirden,  tliey  are  siihjuct  tn  an  additional 
duty  ot'il.  for  cndi  hoa!!!  so  cinploycd.  The  granting  of  licences,  and  inanagonii.-nt  of  the  duties,  are, 
hy  a  lat'-  act,  placed  under  the  control  of  the  connnissinnurs  of  stamps. 

Ilawkprs  and  pcdlarn,  unless  householders  or  residents  in  the  place,  are  not  allowed  to  sell  hy  auc- 
tion to  the  highest  hiddfr:  penalty  50/.— half  to  the  informer,  the  other  half  to  the  king.  Uat  nothing 
in  the  act  e.vtcnds  to  hindiT  any  person  from  sidling,  or  exposing  to  sale,  any  sort  of  goods,  in  any 
puhlic  niarliut  or  fair ;  or  to  hinder  a  hawker  or  pedlar  from  selling  in  a  hired  room,  where  he  is  not  a 
resident,  provided  siich  sale  is  not  by  auction. 

Every  hawker,  before  he  is  licensed,  must  produce  a  certiflcale  of  good  character  and  reputation, 
signed  liy  the  clergyman  and  two  reputable  inhabitants  of  the  place  where  he  usually  ritsldes. 

EjV(!ry  hawker  must  have  iiiHcribed,  in  Roman  capitals,  on  the  most  conspicuous  part  of  every  pack, 
box,  trunk,  cas(>,  cart,  or  other  vehicle,  in  which  he  shall  carry  his  wares,  and  on  every  room  and 
shop  in  wliicli  he  shall  trade,  and  likewise  on  every  hand-bill  which  he  shall  distribute,  the  words 
"  Licensed  Hawker."  Penally,  in  default,  10/.  Unlicensed  persons,  wrongfully  using  this  designa- 
tion, forfeit  10/. 

Hawkers  dealing  in  smuggled  goods,  or  in  goods  fraudulently  or  dishonestly  procured,  are  punish- 
able by  forfeiture  of  licence,  and  incapacity  to  obtain  one  in  future,  besides  being  liable  to  all  the  other 
penalties,  forfoitures,  lie.  applicable  to  such  illegal  dealing. 

Hy  Stat,  fi  (ieo  4.  c.  SO.  it  is  enacted,  that  any  person  or  persons  hawking,  selling,  or  exposing  to 
sale,  any  spirits  on  the  streets,  highways,  &c.,  or  in  any  boat  or  other  vessel  on  thi;  wati-r,  or  in  any 
place  other  than  those  allowed  in  this  act,  shall  forfeit  such  spirits  and  KHI/.  for  every  such  otVeiicc. 
Any  person  may  detain  a  hawker  of  spirits,  and  give  notice  to  a  peace  otiicer  to  carry  the  olfender 
before  a  justice. 

Hawkers  trading  without  licence  are  liable  to  a  penalty  of  10/.  So  also,  if  they  refuse  to  show  their 
licence  on  the  demand  of  any  person  to  whom  they  offer  goods  for  sale,  or  on  the  diMuamI  of  any 
justice,  mayor,  constable,  or  other  peace  officer,  or  any  officer  of  the  cuslouis  or  excise.  Uy  0  Geo.  4. 
c.  83.,  hawkers  trading  without  a  licence  are  punishable  as  vagrants. 

To  forge  or  counterfeit  a  hawker's  licence  incurs  a  penalty  of  300/.  To  lend  or  hire  a  hawker's 
licence  subjects  lender  and  borrower  to  40/.  each,  and  the  license  becomes  forfeited.  Hut  the  servant 
of  a  licensed  Inwker  may  travel  with  the  licence  of  his  master. 

Hawkers  trading  without  a  licence  are  liable  to  be  seized  and  detained  by  any  person  who  may  give 
notice  to  a  constable,  in  order  to  their  being  carried  before  a  justice  of  peace.  Constables  refusing  to 
assist  in  the  e.xecution  of  the  act  are  lialde  to  a  penalty  of  10/. 

Nothing  in  the  act  extenils  to  prohibit  persons  from  selling  tiah,  fruit,  or  victuals ;  nor  to  hinder  the 
maker  of  any  home  manufacture  from  exposing  his  goods  to  sale  in  any  market  or  f;iir  in  every  city, 
borough,  town  cor|torate,  and  market  town  :  nor  iiny  tinlcer,  cooper,  gla/.ii'r,  plundier,  lia  mess -mender, 
or  other  perscui,  from  going  about  and  carrying  the  materi.ils  necessary  to  their  business. 

A  sinele  act  cif  selling,  as  a  parcel  of  handkerrlilefs  to  a  particular  person,  is  not  sulHcient  to  con- 
stitute a  hawker  within  the  meaning  of  the  statute. — (Hex  v.  Little,  H.  013.) 

By  the  52  (ieo  3.  c.  lOS  ,  no  person,  being  a  Iriider  in  any  goods,  wares,  or  manufactures  of  Great 
Britain,  and  selling  the  same  by  wholesale,  shall  he  deemed  a  hawker  ;  and  all  such  persons,  or  tlieir 
agents,  selling  by  whuUiinle  only,  shall  go  from  house  to  house,  to  any  of  their  cnsloriiers  who  sell 
again  by  wholesale  or  retail,  without  being  subject  to  any  of  the  pemillies  contained  in  any  act 
touching  hawkers,  pedlars,  and  petty  chapmen. 

No  person  committed  under  these  acts  for  non-payment  of  penalties  can  be  detained  in  custody  for 
a  longer  period  than  3  months. 

Hawkers  exposing  their  goods  to  sale  in  a  market  town,  must  do  it  in  the  market-place. 

Persons  hawking  tea  without  a  licence  are  liable  to  a  penalty,  umler  .M)  (Jeo.  3,  c.  11. ;  and  even 
though  they  had  a  licence,  they  would  be  liabli!  to  a  penalty  for  selling  tea  in  an  unentered  place.— 
(Chitty'sKtWl.  of  Burn's  Justice,  vol.  ii.  p.  1113.) 

Any  person  duly  licensed  to  trade  as  a  hawker  and  pedlar  may  set  up  any  lawful  trade  in  any  place 
where  he  is  resiili'ut,  though  he  have  not  served  any  appreTiticeship  to  'he  same,  and,  if  prosecuted, 
he  may  plead  the  general  issue,  and  have  double  costs. — (See  Chilly's  edit.  otBuriis  Justice,  vol.  ii. 
pp.  11U3— 1134.) 


lUY,  IIRMP. 


757 


Is  (1raw!i  by  thn  French 
y  bills  on  Hollanil  and 
c.  It  it  iillp.  tbiTctbre, 
of  the  rrorub  tri»ilc,  be- 
ito  ail  comtnrrciiil  coun- 

a  Rroniid  of  complaint 
)ur.  Porhnim,  however, 
imports  from  Fniiice,  to 
rved,  large  <iuiinlitie9  of 
are  reckoned  unions  the 

Italy.    TukinR  this  cir- 
jn  the  exports  to  and  im- 

ish  iKtween  hawkera  and 
at  their  wares  from  place 
trger  scale  than  the  latter. 

always  looked  with  suspi- 
i  to  take  out  licenses,  and 

and  to  hinder  them  from 
1  many  advantages  on  his 
luouB.  It  should  also  be 
ages  and  remote  districts, 

and  even  now  the  compe- 

cnce  dnty  of  4r  ;  and  if  thny 
■  \  lire  siihjecl  to  an  aiMillonal 
liinagoineiit  of  tlic  iluut-s,  aro, 

ire  not  allowed  to  ooll  by  auc- 
hulftothekinp.  Uat  ..nthnig 
*alp  any  sort  of  pnods,  lu  any 
Hired  rbom,  where  l.u  18  not  a 

ood  character  and  reputation, 
lere  lie  iisuuUy  rcisidos. 
nns.ici.o<i''l'''fl"'''^^'"y'"*''\' 
"arcs,  and  on  every  room  am 
he  8 liall  dixuihnie.  ihe  \yorda 
wrongfully  using  tins  dcsigna- 

inne'>tlv  procured,  aro  punisli- 
Jes  being  liable  to  all  the  other 

irking,  selling,  or  exposing  to 
,.s«el  on  the  water,  or  in  any 

100/.  for  every  such  otjence. 

otlieer  to  carry  tlie  olfcnder 

so  if  they  refuse  to  show  their 
ale.  or  on  the  deunnd  of  any 
isloms  or  excise.    Uy  j  (.eo.  4. 

To  lend  or  hire  a  hawker's 
„es  forfeited.    Uul  the  servant 

■il  bv  anv  person  who  may  give 
peace.    Conslahles  refusing  to 

or  victuals;  nor  to  hinder  the 
IV  market  or  fiir  in  every  city, 
tier,  plumber,  harness-mender, 

to  their  business.  .  ,  „„„ 
lerson,  is  not  sulhcient  to  con- 

rl-s^or  niannfactnres  of  Great 
1  and  all  such  persons,  or  their 
Iv  of  their  customers  wno  sen 
lenalties  contained  in  any  act 

I  can  be  detained  in  custody  for 

.1  the  market-place. 
Il,.r  M)  «ieo.  a.  c.  11.;  and  even 
tea  ill  an  unentered  place.- 

L  any  lawful  trade  in  any  plfice 

I,  <hl  same,  and,  if  prosecu  ed, 

(  edit,  of  Burn's  Jualuc,  vol.  n. 


TTin  hawkers'  and  pedlars'  duty  produce  d  In  isn2,  2.«..'>I2/.  gross  revenue  ;  Ihe  chnrt'es  of  rnllccllon 
are  very  lieavy,  Hmoniiiini!  to  livtween  5.000/.  iiimI  fiooo/.  Whatever,  iherel'ore,  may  be  the  other 
advantages  of  this  tax,  il  cunriol,  certainly,  lie  said  to  be  very  prodnctive. 

[In  the  United  States,  as  in  Great  Britain,  there  are  prejudices  against  peillnrs ;  which, 
here  as  there,  have  led  to  the  enactment  of  legislative  regulations  concerning  them.  For  a 
spee.imrn  of  these  the  reader  is  referred  to  I'u7-ilun's  Dli^cst  of  Ihe  Laws  af  PiniiKtjIi'unia, 
under  the  head  of  PtHllars, — Am.  Ed.] 

HAY  (Ger.  Hew;  li)\\.  Hovi ;  Vr.  Fo!n  ,•  It.  Fieno ,•  Sp.  Heno ;  Lat.  Fccnum),  any 
kind  of  grass  cut  and  dried  for  the  food  of  cattle.  The  husiness  of  hay-making  is  said  to  lio 
better  understood  in  Middlesex  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  kiiigdotn.  The  great  object  is 
to  preserve  the  green  colour  of  the  grass  as  much  as  possible,  and  to  have  it  juicy,  fresh,  and 
free  from  all  sort  of  mustiness. 

The  sale  of  hay  within  the  bills  of  mortality,  ami  30  miles  of  Ihe  cities  of  London  and  Westminster, 
is  resnlated  by  the  net  3«  fieo.  ,1.  c.  H8.  It  einccts.  that  all  hay  slinll  be  sold  liy  the  load  of  :;()  trusses, 
each  truss  wiMgliiiig  .'.(i  Uis.,  except  nfw  Iriy,  which  is  to  weifib  (iOllis.  till  the  Ith  of  September,  and 
aft>  rwnrds  5<!  lbs.  only;  so  that  till  the  llii  of  September  a  load  of  hay  weighs  exacllv  a  ton,  but 
thereafter  only  ISowt.  The  clerk  of  the  market  is  bound  to  keep  u  rei:ular  book  for  tlie  iiispectio« 
of  the  public,  specifying  the  names  of  the  seller,  the  Iniyer,  Ihe  salesman,  and  the  price  of  eacli  load. 
Salesmen  and  factors  are  prohibited  from  dealing  on  their  own  account. 

There  are  three  public  markets  in  Ihe  meiropolis  for  ihe  sale  of  hay  and  straw;  Whiiechnpel, 
Smithfield,  and  the  Ilaymarket.  An  act  (II  (!eo.  4  c.  I  i.)  lias  lieeii  obtained  for  the  renioviil  of  the 
market  from  the  Ilaymarket  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Ilegent's  I'ark:  but  the  removal  has  not  yet  lakeii 
place. 

Straw  Is  gold  hy  the  load  of  30  trusses,  of  3(5  lbs.  each,  makins  in  all  11  cwt.  64  lbs. 

It  is  aflirmed,  we  know  not  with  what  foundation,  that  considerable  frauds  are  perpetrated  in  the 
cale  of  hay  and  straw. 

HEMP  (GcT.Hanf,-  Dti.  Hennip,  Kciuiip ,•  Da.  Hamp ,-  Sw.Huntpa,-  Fr.  Chanwe; 
It.  Canape;  Sp.  Cmiarnu ;  Rus.  Kunapli ,  Kumipel ;  Pol.  Konope)  a  valuable  plant  (the 
Cannaijis  sativu  of  Linnaius),  supposed  to  be  a  native  India,  but  long  since  naturalised  and 
extensively  cultivated  in  Italy,  and  many  countries  of  Europe,  particularly  Russia  anil  Poland, 
where  it  forms  an  article  of  primary  commercial  imjiortance.  It  is  also  cultivated  in  different 
parts  of  America,  though  not  in  such  quantities  as  to  supersede  its  importation.  It  is 
stronger  and  coarser  in  the  fibre  than  flax  ;  but  its  uses,  culture,  and  management,  are  pretty 
much  the  same.  When  grown  for  seed,  it  is  a  very  exhausting  crop ;  but  when  pulled  green, 
it  is  considered  as  a  cleaner  of  the  ground.  In  this  country,  its  cultivation  is  not  deemed 
profitable ;  so  that,  notwithstanding  the  encouragement  it  has  received  from  government, 
and  the  excellent  quality  of  English  hemp,  it  is  but  little  grown,  except  in  sonic  few  districts 
of  Suffolk  and  Lincolnshire.  The  quantity  raised  in  Ireland  is  also  inconsiderable. — {Lou- 
don's Encyc.  of  Agricull.) 

E.xceedingly  good  huckaback  is  made  from  hemp,  for  towels  and  common  tablecloths.  Ijow-priced 
hempen  cloths  are  a  general  wear  for  hnsbandnicn,  servants,  and  labouring  manufacturers ;  the  belter 
sorts  for  working  farmers  and  tradesmen  in  the  country  ;  and  the  finer  ones,  J  wide,  are  preferred  by 
some  gentlemen  for  strength  and  warmth.  They  possess  this  advantage  over  Irish  and  oilier  linens, — 
that  their  colour  improves  in  wearing,  while  that  of  linen  deteriorates.  Hut  the  great  consumption 
of  hemp  is  in  the  manufacture  of  sailcloth  and  cordage,  for  which  purposes  it  is  peculiarly  titled  by 
the  strength  of  its  fibre.  English  hemp,  when  properly  prepared,  is  said  to  be  stronger  than  that  of 
every  other  country,  Knssia  not  excepted;  and  would,  therefore,  make  the  best  cordage.  It  is,  how- 
ever, but  little  us<>d  in  that  way,  ur  in  the  making  of  sailcloth ;  being  principally  made  into  cloth  for 
the  uses  already  stated. 

Hemp  has  been  cultivated  in  Bengal  from  the  remotest  antiquily.but  not,  as  in  Europe,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  being  maiiul'a>:tured  into  cloth  and  cordage.  In  the  Hindoo  economy  it  serves  as  a  substitute 
for  malt ;  a  favourite  intoxicating  liquor  called  banga,  being  produced  from  it !  This,  also,  is  the  uso 
to  which  it  is  applied  in  Eeyi)X.—  (,JUilbuni's  Orimt.  Cinimierce.  ifc.) 

The  price  of  hemp  fluctuated  very  nmch  during  the  war.  In  consequence  of  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  itsimportatiiui,  it  stood  at  a  very  high  level  from  It-OJi  to  1814.  This  was  the  principal  circumstance 
that  originally  brouL'ht  iron  cables  into  use ;  and  llie  extent  to  which  they  are  now  introduced,  has 
coiitrihnled  materially  I''  diminish  the  consumption  and  importation  of  hemp.— (7Vofte  on  Hiifh  and 
Low  Prices,  ad  ed.  p.  315.) 

Of  530,W0  cwt.  of  undressed  hemp  imported  in  1S3I,  500,1=03  were  brought  froni  Uussia,  9,472  from 
the  East  Indies,  7,405  from  Italy,  2,262  from  the  I'hilippiiie  Islands,  2,218  from  Ihe  linited  Stales,  and 
some  small  quantities  from  a  few  other  places.  The  dvuy  on  hemp  was  reduced  in  l!J32,  from  4s.  8d. 
to  II/.  per  cwt. ;  a  reduction  which,  considering  the  impurtance  of  cordage,  and  other  articles  made 
of  hemp,  cannot  fail  to  be  of  very  great  advantage. 

We  borrow  Ihe  following  particulars  with  respect  to  the  hemp  trade  of  Tetersburgh,  from  the  work 
of  Mr.  Biirrisow  on  the  commerce  of  that  ciiv  : — 

Ihtiip  forms  a  very  important  article  of  export  from  Pelersbiirgh,  and  deserves  particular  notice.  It 
i«  assorted,  acconling  to  its  quality,  into  clean  hemp,  or  firsts ;  out-shut  hemp,  or  seconds  ;  hulf-clcan 
kemp,  or  thirds ;  and  hemp  codilla. 

Of  the  first  3  sorts,  there  are  annually  exported  abcuit  2,000,000  poods,  the  greatest  part  in  English 
and  American  bolKuns.  It  is  brought  to  Petersburuli  from  the  interior,  beyond  Moscow,  by  water; 
and  its  quality  depends  very  much  on  the  country  in  which  it  is  produced.  That  brought  from 
Karalshev  is  the  best;  next  to  this,  that  produced  in  Uelev  ;  hemp  from  Gshatsk  is  ccuisidercd  inferior 
to  the  latter. 

As  soon  as  the  hemp  is  brought  down  in  the  spring,  or  in  the  course  of  the  summer,  it  is  selected 
and  made  up  in  bundles ;  both  operations  being  performed  by  sw<irn  selectors  (firuckens)  and  binders 
appointed  hy  government  for  this  purpose  ;  and  il  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  this  is  done  with  great 
iiiipurtialily  and  exactness. 

A  bundle  of  clean  hemp  weighs  from  55  to  65  poods;  ditto  out-shot,  48  to  55  ditto;  ditto  half-clean, 
40  to  45  ditto,— (I  pood  =  SO  lbs.  avoirdupois.) 
Vol.  I.— 3  8 


i! 


768 


HEMP. 


i 


»5 


Bindlnit  of  hemp  U  pniil  for  at  tlie  rnio  nf  2  rniilili'H  50  ropnrkx  for  clean,  8  rniible*  for  OHt-thol,  nnrt 
I  ronlili!  <i()  <'(ipi'(iis  tiir  linlf-rlnni,  (iiT  liiiiiilli';  iiiie  half  in  jiuid  by  thu  si'llvr,  and  the  other  hiilfby  thu 
piirrhniii'r,  iiiiil  It  chariffil  lucuriliiik'lv  hy  thi'ir  ancnlM. 

Thi!  I'xpmisi-  (if  Hf'lccli!)!;  hiMiip  i.i  .Ml  inpccks  piT  bi'rcovil/.  (nr  10  pnnil«),  nnd  in  th«  »Bmc  for  every 
Hort.  'I'd  i!Vcry  biiiidli!  of  iisHortHil  hemp  m  iitlai  hi'd  ii  ticket  Willi  the  iiiinu!8  of  the'  neliMliir,  binder, 
and  nwiirr.  and  llic  dale  nnd  yi'ar.  livery  liiimlle  Iwih  uI.-ki  alHxcd  to  it  a  piece  of  lead,  xlaiiipcd  on 
one  side  with  l!ii'  iniiic  id°  Ihe  i^i'li-i'idr,  ainl  on  tlii!  iither  with  thi-  Hort  of  hemp  nnd  the  lime  when  it 
was  HeliM'teil.  'Ihe  e.vlernal  iiiarkM  oI'uimmI  hemp  ari',  IIh  helim  of  an  eipial  Kreen  colour  nnd  free  t'roni 
liplll.i ;  lint  iiH  L'liud  ipiallty  ii  proved  by  Ihe  ntreiiKth  of  libre,  which  Khoiild  be  tine,  lliin,  nnd  lon|{. 
The  tirHl  norl  hImuIiI  be  (|iill(.>  clean  anil  free  from  HliillH  ;  the  »iif-.«/iiir  ix  le:<N  an  ,'  and  (lie /iu//-c<('un 
ConlninH  a  xtlll  iirealer  pnrtion  ofH;illN,  and  in  moreover  of  mixed  ipialitiex  and  rolmirg. 

Ah  a  perfect  kninvliik'e  of  Ihe  iinalilleM  of  hemp  nnd  tla.v  can  only  be  ucipiired  by  experience  nnd 
nttentiiiii,  aK'Hts  iHiially  employ  men  cnnstaiitly  occnpli'd  in  thii4  biisineinx ;  ity  which  meaii.t  lliey  arc 
Riire  of  L'ettini!  fjiioil.^  nf  the  lieHl  ijiiality,  anil  hav>'  the  best  chance  of  fziviri);  Hiiliiifiiction  to  their  prin- 
cipal;  bi'caiise,  al.hoiiuh  the  heeip  Ih  selected  by  xworn  iieluctorii,  yet,  owini;  to  the  <|ii;uitily  of 
blI^ineKs  and  the  spied  with  winch  It  mnsi  lie  exi-i  iited,  &i'.  there  are  ot^en  iireat  dilfercncuM  in  tho 
Bnino  sorts.  The  cliar);i'R  are  in  tliLs  way  snmewliat  lllcrl^'lHed;  but  this  is  trilline  in  comparison  of 
till!  advaiitaL'e  ualned.  'I'lie  part  ii"p:iral(!d,  or  picked  mil  in  cleanliiff  hemp,  is  called  litiiip  cmlilln  ;  it 
is  (renerilly  made  op  in  smill  Imnules  of  I  pooil,  wliich  are  a^'uln,  when  shipped,  bound  tojjclher  in 
InrL'e  bninlieH,  each  consi-niri!;  of  ^ib.nil  ^11)  sin<tll  ones. 

I'artlcniar  care  must  be  taken  to  siiip  le-mp  and  liax  in  tine  dry  weather;  if  it  ftct  wet,  it  hcnis  and 
is  totally  spoiled.  I'or  this  reason  every  vessel  takinu  in  hemp  or  tia.x  is  t'lirnished  with  mats  to  pre- 
vent its  cetiini;  damp.  Hemp,  beinu  litihl  and  bulky,  is,  when  stowed,  forced  into  the  hold  by  mennB 
of  winches,  which  remlers  the  operaiion  of  loadliif;  rather  slow. 

It  may  be  lakeii  as  a  general  rule,  that  the  prices  of  hemp  are  highest  in  the  months  of  May,  June, 
July,  and  the  e  irly  part  of  Aiil'iisi,  tlie  deiiiaiid  for  this  article  beinu  then  cre.itest,  ami  the  exportation 
tn  i\  til  America  being  piiiicip.illy  eH'ctcil  at  this  seusoii.  Again,  Ihe  prices  of  hemp  are  lowest 
in  llie  month  of  Heptemher  ;  the  re.ison  of  which  is,  that  the  less  opiili-nt  henip-nierchants  return  at 
the  end  of  this  inontli  to  their  own  connlry,  in  order  to  make  new  purchases  for  the  ensiiiiiB  year; 
and  rather  than  be  detained,  sell  the  ri'inainder  of  their  stock  some  roubles  bulow  the  market  price. 
'I'liis  caiD'es  a  iieneral  decline  ;  allliou<!li  an  nnnsnal  demand  for  the  article  happeniiiK  at  the  samu 
time,  or  political  events  or  rninonrs  occasionally  produce  u  contrary  elfiM't.  Two  VAXgt'^  warehouses, 
called  ambiirea,  are  built  in  I'etershurgli  for  tliu  special  purpose  of  liuusiiig  liciup,  where  the  greatest 
order  is  observed. 


liiiantlties  e.xportt 

d  ill  liritis 

1,  American,  and 

other  Foreign  i3h 

lis. 

Vmfs. 

In  Brilih  SMpn. 

American. 

Other  Forei.in  Ships. 

OranJ 
Toial. 

Clean. 

Out-sliol. 
/'i»Wl. 

IHlf- 

clean, 

/'i>  rf». 

Tnlal  in  nri- 

lih  ships. 

To'al. 

Clean. 

Out-thol. 

ll.iir- 

clean. 

ToUl  in 
Ki.n-i:ii 
Ships. 

Pii'rff. 

I'lrflt. 

Pmh. 

/',kW«, 

Pnodi. 

P.nW.. 

I>.m{%. 

/"iKlrft. 

1825 

l,(l!).S,il52 

101,633 

151,6.17 

1,355,232 

336,152 

101,144 

146,911 

99,945 

350,130 

2,011,514 

lh2S 

9 11, '.Ml 

73.750 

111,1(75 

1,I27,6.VJ 

216,()ti3 

18.\0t3 

186,105 

125,130 

49.i,h78 

1,8 11. .50(1 

1827 

1,0II.<.I,11 

3R,!».iy 

l(i(>,.'t()l 

l,2l.'i,l'JI 

288,700 

166,963 

111,155 

128,699 

409,817 

1,91.3,711 

|h28 

859,753 

106,0<,)8 

103,744 

l,00i),(i01 

292,652 

192,30i 

1.^0,130 

12.8,822 

471,251 

I,8:t3,.'i01 

18-W 

3il,7l'.» 

213,t52 

95,5t)3 

633,731 

139,.'i67 

3.^,947 

91,9.37 

108,311 

212,185 

l,0|.\l<Mi 

18.30 

481.(10(1 

2S2,66I 

187.."t55 

0.12.913 

74,221 

4.3,481 

157,629 

lOl.OiO 

306,150 

1,. 323, 121 

1831 

082,076 

202,611     210,01!) 

1,096.506     277,881 

21,481 

81,498 

57,109 

160.088 

l,.53 1,175 

1832 

617,237 

107,155     273,638  1  1,058,030     .334,482 

92,380 

120,703     229,961 

443,01} 

l,835„')5fi 

8ixty  poods  of  hemp  and  40  pooda  of  codilla  make  a  last  at  Petersbiirgh ;  63  poods  make  an  Englijji 
ton.— (pp.  47—52.) 

Riga  hemp  fetches  a  higher  price  than  that  of  Petersbiirgh.  It  is  divided  into  3  sorts:  viz.  rein, 
rhine,  or  clean,  out-shot,  and  pass  lieinp.  The  following  ure  the  prices  of  hemp,  duty  paid,  as  quoted' 
in  the  London  markets,  December,  1833: — 

Hemp,  East  India,  d.  p. 

Petersburgh,  clean 

out-shot 
half-clean  - 
Riga  rhine 


£  s. 

0  0 

25  10 

24  U 

21  0 

29  0 


d.  £  s. 
Oto  0  0 
0  —  26  ) 
0  — 2J  10 
0  —  21  10 
0—0    0 


d. 

0  per  ton. 
0     — 
0     — 
0      — 
0      — 


We  subjoin  a  stntement  of  the  various  charges  on  the  exportation  of  hemp  from  Petersburgh,  and 
on  its  iiiiportntioii  into  this  country. 


CUan  fianp  —1  bundle  k  63  pooils  =  1  too. 

Du'y,  3  mu.  60  cop   per  liercovi.i    - 
AdJi'lonil  duly,  10  percent. 
Quanunine  duly,  1  per  cent. 


Custom-house  chirres,  4  per  cent.     . 

R~criviii,)f,  vvei<hin<,  nnl  iilii|ii'ing,  3  3*4  rou.  per  bundle 

Hra<  killi,  '-0  c  ip   per  I.ereovil?. 

Biniliiilt,  lOcnp,  per  ilill.i       .... 

I.i<htera<r  nti '  .iMi  nduin;  'o  Crm  stadl,  8  rou.  per  bundle 

Reliiiiiii'  .!  1-1  Mil.  per  bundle,  1-2  chart;. d 

Brtikera,jt-,  60  cop.  per  ton     - 


Kou.  cop. 
.    22    fo 

■      2 

27 

•     0 

'ii 

7J.  25 

17 

.      3 

7i 

-      3 

ir. 

•      2 

Si 

■      8 

0 

1 

12 

.      0 

60 

R43    32 


Brokenife.  t-2  per  cent. 

Ciinitiiisiion  -iiid  ixtriv  chir^es,  3  per  cent. 

Slinips  n.i  drifis,  I  4  per  cent,  /  ,  »  ,„,  „_, 
Brok' rage,  M  per  ceiil.  J  1  2  P«r  cent. 


iOI 

/:." 

•r.n 

rf. 

u 

10 

« 

2 

12 

6 

•1 

1,1 

S 

0 

in 

0 

0 

;> 

0 

1 

lU 

n 

0 

4 

0 

Charges  of  importation  per  Ion,  taking  Iht  price  at 

Insurance,  My  U.,  an  I  iwlirjr 

Krt-i^ht,  .J2i.  tiff,  per  toil      .  -            -            . 

Customs  ami  Russia  dues    •  -           -           ■ 

L-iiidiii);  chtrj^en      .           .  ■           ■           - 

.Viiiiid  'lues  .--.-. 

Ihitciunt,  3  3-4  per  cent*     - 

BmKerage    .           .           .  • 

Per  Ion,  i.  10     5   0 

In  Ihe  atmve  calculation,  no  alloirance  is  rmde  Tnr  tlania<e; 
which,  if  can-  be  t«ken  tu  select  a  ifood  vfssci  an  I  an  eir!y  sfiMiii, 
itofH  II  t  amount  in  iniicn.  The  e^liiiiatus  :ire  nearly  ihi- 1  tvyt-n*  ni-s 
of  char)(e.  The  in-un\iice,  iiiletil,  in  somutiiin;-.  -is  I  .w  is  I2j.  bd. 
per  cent ,  nn.l  piilicy.  Th.it,  ho.vever,  it  only  in  'he  very  earieit 
part  of  the  season  j  i'  rises  lo  '»/.  pt-r  cent,  in  ihe  lu'umn, 
(Jut  shot  Hcmp.—X  buudlu  =  63  poods  =  I  Ion. 

Riu,  tap, 
Fixpil  charges  •  -  -  >  ■    46    11 

Olher  chir<  s  same. 

HatJ-aean  Hemj).—l  1-2  bundle  s  63  poods  =£  1  ton. 

Ak.  cop. 
Filed  charges  -  •  •  48    71 

Utber  durj{cs  samei 


n  2  rnii'ilen  for  oul-thol,  nnd 
lur,  uiitl  lliu  othiT  Imll  by  Uio 

O.nnil  iH  th<^  iiiiinfi  f"'  «vcry 
lUiiutH  of  llu!  HfltJ.K.r,  hinder, 
I  II  pit-ce  of  li'iiil.  ctHiiiiied  on 
riii-ni|i  mill  llin  >>">'•  wlu-ii  It 
III  (jnten  colour  niiil  lr<M!  Irom 
lioiilil  \w  lln.Mliiii,  nii'MoiiR- 
Ih  Ii'ss  so  ;  :>>i'l  ll>«  half-dean 
iRH  mill  roliiiira. 
.  luiiiiiroil  l)y  cxiwrii-iice  mid 
»*i  liy  which  nirmis  tlioy  nris 
^iiiL'ciiiwf.iflloiitolh.iir  prm- 
,.t,  owliis  to  WW  luitiiitiiy  ol 
irtcii  urciit  (lillVrcmu*  in  Iho 
id  i»  irilliiic  in  eomimricoii  ol 
ifiiip,  is  I'lilli^il  '"'"'P  fi"''""  i  " 
;ii  shipped,  h<iiiml  loBCllier  III 

ler ;  if  it  (fcl  wet,  it  licots  and 
is  fiirnlHhed  with  iniui  to  pre- 
forcud  into  the  hold  hy  means 

I  in  the  montlw  of  May,  Jinn-, 
I  Krc.itesl.iind  llie  exporliUiou 
lie  prices  of  hemp  lire  lowest 
•111  liiiinp-iiierihantu  ri!liirii  al 
■ihiises  for  the  ensiiinp  year; 
iiihles  helow  the  iii:irkel  price, 
irticle  hiippeniiiK  at  ih«  «m»« 
ir.Tt.  Two  large  warehouses, 
siiij;  hemp,  where  the  greatest 


iBt  EiRlit  Years,  specifying  the 
boreign  Ships. 


Forei.;n  Ships. 


Il.ilf- 

clean. 

P.NWf. 

9U,!)43 
125,130 
r2«,(i(KI 
12S,822 
1U8,3II 
I01,9j0 

57,10'J 
22»,<Jfil 


Tola!  Ill 
Fnrii!!! 


350, 1  HO 
4«.>,"78 
•10!I,S17 
471,251 
2I2,IH5 
300,150 
100.088 
443,014 


nnnd 
Tolal. 


2,0ll,r)14 
1,8  II. ,500 
1,013,711 
l,8a3,.'i(ll 
1,01:'),  IWi 
1,32:1.121 
l„53l,175 
l,8:t5,.')5« 


rgli ;  63  poods  iiiiike  an  English 


divided  into  3  sorts :  viz.  rein, 
of  hemp,  duty  paid,  as  ipioted 


I.      £  ». 

d. 

9  to   0    0 

0  per  ton. 

0  — 20     ) 

0      — 

0  —  21  10 

0      — 

0-21  10 

0      — 

0—0    0 

0      — 

of  hemp  from  Petersburgli,  and 

n  per  Ion,  Uking  the  price  at  401.  iier  'on.^ 

DlicT        •  •  •  •    "   ''"  * 

f""'         .  .  .  .    12    li   6 

■    4    13   8 

.own 

-  0     5    (1 

.   I    10  n 

-  0     4    0 
Per  Ion,  i.  10     5  0 


lion,  no  Jllowance  is  mvle  fur  .lanii«e; 
lu  sflwl  a  mxxi  vpssi-l  a"  I  »n  e»i!y  srwiii, 
Til,'  e«liinalB»  are  ni-arl)  ihi- 1  iwi-s'  n'vs 
icp,  ililetil,  ii  ••iniL'liiiiC'  aji  w  an  I2j.  W. 
llial,  lin.vever,  is  only  i"  'lie  vrry  ear.iejt 
e«  to  'W.  WT  cent,  in  the  in'iinin. 
-I  buuille  =  63  poods  =  1  ton. 

Rm.  cop, 
■    46    II 


J.— 1  1-2  bundle  =  63  pooJs  = 


I  Inn. 
»ii.  cop. 
.   4S    71 


IIEMP-SEED,  IIERUINGS  AND  nr:RRING  FrsilKRY.     759 

Tlenip  the  prndiirp  or  inaniirarliiri"  of  Rtirnpu  iniy  mil  lie  linporicil  iiilo  |lie  liiilrJ  Kiiiuiliiiii  for 
hniiie  cniHiiinpiion,  e.xcepl  in  llrilisli  HliipK,  or  In  iilii|w  of  llic  ciiiiMlrv  nf  wlm  li  it  it  tin'  |pi.i.|iM'e,  or 
frniii  which  it  U  iiiiporleil.  nniler  peniilly  of  furl'i'liiiiu  llu  jiaine  and  IOI».  Iiy  llie  iiiaslir  of  Uie  sliil).— 
(3  A,  4  Hill.  4.  c.  54.  nil.  and  22.) 

IIkmi'  iM\nii,i.a),  ciiniiiionlv  called  Manilla  wliili"  rope.  Mr.  Crawford  kIvob  ihe  fnllowinir  nrcoiint 
of  linn  article  :— "Of  the  wild  Itanana,  one  kind  (.l/«.«ii  iniilis)  urows  In  viihI  iiliniiilaiiii'  In  sonu'  of  Ihu 
iniwl  imrllu'rly  of  the  spice  islatiils.  In  the  urnit  island  nl' Miiiilinan,  In  the  riiilipi'iin's,  it  iMa  e.Mrii- 
sivi'  I'nri'slH.  rroiii  Hie  lllirnus  hark  or  e|iiderini!*  in  inaniitactnriMl  a  kind  nf  i  Imli.  in  t'ri'r,ni'nt  use 
anions  Ihe  natives.  Il  also  alfurds  the  material  of  lite  most  viliialili'  cord  me  »  liii  It  III'  iiidiL'enuiis 
prodiicis  of  the  Archipelairo  yield.  This  is  known  to  onr  Iradrrs  and  naviHiilnrs  nniler  Hie  name  of 
Manilla  rojie,  and  Is  ei|iially  ap|ilicuhle  to  tallies,  and  to  standing  or  riiiiniiii,'  rii^iiint!"  — ;//m'.  "/ 
Jirrhiittliiaii,  vol.  I.  p.  412.) 

llK>ii'(lNniAN),or  Hi'NM.  Thlsronsislsoflhe  Obreof  the  rroUiUnin  jiiiirrn.  a  toiallv  diir.Tcnt  plant 
from  Ihe  ranllalli.^  mtira,  which,  as  already  slated,  is  never  iiseil  liy  Hie  Itimlnos  lur  I'lulli  or  nml.iL'e. 
Sunn  is  L'riiwn  in  various  jilacis  of  Hiniln'slan.  The  slroiiilesl,  wliilesl,  and  inost  iliiriMe  >.|iei  ies  is 
produced  al  Comercolly.  During  those  periods  of  the  lale  war  when  the  interiiinrse  wilh  tlie  llallic 
was  iiiterriipled,  and  hemp  bore  an  ennrmous  price,  larire  ipiantilli's  of  sunn  were  impnrlcd  ;  Init  lliu 
fibre  beiiia  cmnparatlvely  weak,  the  arlicle  was  not  funnd  to  answer,  and  Hie  imporlation  has  siiico 
been  discontinued.— l,1/i/i)HrH'^  Vriciit.  Cuiiiiinne  ;  pniulc  infurmiitiun.) 

[Homp  is  importrd  into  the  United  StnUvs  chiffly  from  Uussiii :  tlio  annual  value,  on  an 
averaiTc  of  the  three  years  enilins;  Septemlior  UOth,  IHIIS,  iiniiDrtcii  from  that  (•(uiniry,  lieinR 
^Jil.^O.OOO,  while  the  whole  importation  of  it  amoiiiited  to  i^(i(i:},!);M.  'i'he  aiitiual  value  of 
all  articles  manufactured  from  hemp,  sail  duck  lii'iMi;tlie  princi|>iil  of  these,  imported  duriiit; 
the  same  period,  amounted  to  JliMl.ll?,  of  whieii,  >.")l'.),()ii>'  were  from  Kussia.  An 
average  (piautily  of  these  articles,  t>  the  value  of  ulioul  S  100,001),  wax  re-exported;  for  the 
nio.st  part  to  (^uba  and  the  other  West  India  island.-*,  and  to  ISouth  Amcfica. — Am.  E<J.] 

HE.MP-8EF.1)  (Fr.  C/ienrvl.s,  Cliaicvi ;  ilvr,  llanpaaf  ,■  It.  Caiinapucciit  ,■  l.nt.  Semen 
caunahinnm  ,-  Rus.  Kmiopljaiinc  Srnija),  the  si-ed  of  hemp.  Tiie  hest  hemp-.'^eed  is  that 
which  is  lirishtcst,  and  will  not  lireak  when  rublied.  It  is  used  either  as  seed,  or  for  crusliiiie; 
for  oil,  or  as  food  for  fowls.  Ueing  loaded  with  a  duty  of  2/.  per  quarter,  it  is  but  little  im- 
ported into  this  country. 

HERKIN(;!S,  am/HERRING  FISHERY.  The  herring  (C/uprn  hamvj^ua  of  T.in- 
na-us)  is  a  lish  too  well  known  to  require  any  description.  It  is  every  where  in  liigh  esteem, 
both  when  fresh  and  when  salted, 

"  Herrings  are  found  from  the  highest  northern  latitudes  yet  known,  as  low  as  the  northern 
coasts  of  France.  'I'hey  are  met  with  in  vast  shoals  on  the  coast  of  Aiiieriea  as  low  as 
Carolina.  In  Chesapeake  Bay  is  an  annual  inundation  of  those  fish,  wliieh  eowr  tlie  shore 
in  such  quantities  as  to  become  a  nuisance.  We  find  them  again  in  the  seas  of  Kaintsehatka ; 
and  probably  they  reach  Japan.  The  great  winter  reiide/.vous  of  the  herring  is  within  the 
arctic  circle:  there  they  continue  for  many  inonlhs,  in  order  to  recruit  themselves  after  the 
fatigue  of  sfiawning;  the  seas  within  that  .^^paco  swarming  with  insect  food  in  a  far  greater 
degree  than  those  of  our  warmer  latitudes.  'J'his  iiii:i;lity  army  bei;iiis  to  put  itst-if  ni  motion 
in  spring.  'J'hey  begin  to  ajipear  olfthe  Shetland  Isles  in  Ajiril  and  .May.  These  are  only 
the  forerunners  of  the  grand  shoal,  which  comes  in  .luiie  ;  and  their  appearance  is  marked  by 
certain  signs,  such  as  the  nimibers  of  birds,  like  giuinels  and  olhers.  which  follow  to  prey 
on  them;  but  when  the  main  body  apfiroaehes,  its  bivadlh  and  depth  is  such  as  to  alter  the 
.nppearance  of  the  very  ocean.  It  is  divided  into  distinct  c.ihimns  of  5  or  0  miles  in  length, 
and  .3  or  4  in  breadth;  and  they  drive  the  water  before  them,  wilh  a  kind  of  rippling. 
Sometimes  they  sink  for  the  space  of  10  or  15  minutes,  and  then  rise  again  to  the 
surface ;  and  in  fine  weather  rcllect  a  variety  of  splendid  colours,  like  a  field  of  the  most 
precious  gems. 

"  The  first  check  this  army  meets  in  its  march  southward,  is  from  the  Shetland  Isles, 
which  divide  it  into  two  parts  :  one  wing  takes  to  the  east,  the  other  to  the  western  shores  of 
Great  Britain,  and  fill  every  bay  and  creek  with  their  numbers:  the  former  prorceed  towards 
Yarmouth,  the  great  and  ancient  mart  of  herrings  ;  they  tlieii  pass  throngli  the  British  Chan- 
nel, and  after  that  in  a  manner  disapjuMr.  Those  which  t;ike  uiwards  the  west,  ai'ter  olfering 
themselves  to  the  Hebrides,  where  the  great  slationary  fishery  is,  proceed  to  the  north  of 
Ireland,  where  they  meet  with  a  second  interruption,  and  are  obliged  to  make  a  second 
division :  the  one  takes  to  the  western  side,  and  is  scarcely  perceived,  being  soon  lost  in  the 
immensity  of  the  Atlantic;  but  the  other,  that  passes  into  the  Iri.-h  Sea,  rejoices  and  feeds 
the  iidiabitants  of  most  of  the  coasts  that  liorder  on  it.  These  brigades,  as  we  may  cull  them, 
which  are  thus  separated  from  the  greater  colninns,  ari;  often  capricious  in  tlieir  motions, 
and  do  not  show  an  invariable  atlachn;eiit  to  tlieir  liaiuits. 

"This  instinct  of  niigratinn  w;'.s  given  to  the  lunriiiij;.-,  t'lat  they  miaht  depo.-it  their  siiawn 
in  warmer  seas,  that  would  mature  and  vivify  it  more  assurealy  than  those  of  the  fru/.en 
zone.  It  is  not  from  defect  of  food  that  tliey  set  thenv-elves  in  motion  ;  f  >r  t'.u^v  come  to  us 
full  of  fat,  and  on  their  return  are  almost  univers:illy  observed  to  be  lean  ■iiid  miserable. 
What  their  food  is  near  the  pole,  we  are  not  yet  ini'oriiied  ;  but  in  our  seas  tliey  feed  much 
on  the  onificns  inarhius,  a  crustaceoiis  insect,  and  soinetiines  on  their  own  fry. 

•'They  are  full  of  roe  in  the  cud  of  ,lune,  and  continue  in  perfecliou  till  the  beginning  of 


'M 


)iti 

I 


760 


IIERRINCJS  AND  IIKRRING  FISHERY. 


I 

I 


winter,  wlirri  llipy  drponit  llicir  Npnwn.  'I'lio  yomiR  bcrriiiRH  lipgiii  to  approach  the  nhorsN 
in  July  ami  .\iii<iist,  iuid  arc  then  tVoin  J  an  inch  to"  inchcH  iotiir.  'I'hoiigh  wr  havo  no 
jiarticiiliir  uuthority  lor  it,  yd.  um  very  fow  yoiui:^  hcrrini^s  nro  found  in  our  scan  during 
winlcr,  it  Hccins  inoNt  certain  that  titcy  niUHt  n^turn  to  thtir  parental  haunts  beneath  the  ice. 
Woine  of  iho  old  Ikerringii  continue  on  our  coast  the  whole  year." — (^I'ennanl'a  Urilisk 

The  herring  wan  unknown  to  the  ancients,  heing  rarely,  if  ever,  found  within  the  iMedi- 
terrunian.  'J'lie  Dutch  are  naid  to  have  engaged  in  the  (i«hcry  in  IKM.  The  invention  of 
pickling  or  Halting  herrings  is  ascrihed  to  one  UeukclM,  or  Urukelson,  of  Uicrvliet,  near  Sluys, 
who  <licil  in  V.Vi'l.  'J'he  I'niperor  Charles  \' ,  visited  his  grave,  and  ordered  a  magnificent 
tonilt  to  he  erected  to  his  memory.  Since  this  early  period,  the  Dutch  have  uniformly  main- 
tained their  ascendency  in  the  herring  fishery  ;  but,  owing  to  tlie  Reformation,  and  the 
relaxed  observance  of  Ijcnt  in  (Jatholic  countries,  the  demand  for  herrings  upon  the  Conti- 
nent is  now  fur  less  tlian  in  the  fourteenth  and  fitlecnth  centuries. 

Inipnrtnncr  i<f  the  /lerriii/,'  Fi.-hrrii.  Priinrt.tn  vf  it  in  Great  Britain. — Tlieri'  in,  pcrlinpa,  no  lirnnrh 
of  iiiiliistry,  tliu  iiiipiirlaiici.'  ul  uliiili  lian  lieiMi  so  iiiiicli  ovur-raleil  as  that  ul'tlie  h-'iriiii:  lixliery.  For 
liiiire  lliiiii  twii  ('('iiliirii-H,  ('(>tii|i:iiiy  after  riiiii|iaiiy  Iium  heeii  Ibriiii'd  I'nr  itt>  |irii)ie<'iitii)ti,  t'i:<liiii)!  vlllnKes 
have  liiM-ii  liiiill,  pii'i'H  t'nnslructcil,  lliiMrils  ami  reuiilaticiiis  exialiliHiicil,  and  viikI  hmiiim  evpeiidi'il  in 
liduiilii's,  and  yet  tin;  tislicry  rcniaiiiH  in  a  very  feelili;  ami  tinhcallliv  Hiate.  The  falHi-  eMliinales  that 
have  licen  limi!  i  iirrent  wilii  respci  t  tii  the  extent  and  valnu  iit'  the  hutch  h-  rrlii){  lihliery,  enntrilmteil 
more,  perlia|H,  lliin  :niy  tiling  lUe,  to  the  rorin.itioii  of  exa^'L'erntcil  iKitliiiiH  of  llii'  inipiirlniice  of  this 
IpiiMini's.i,  'I'leit  llie  lloll.inders  prnsiMMilcd  It  to  a  Greater  extent,  and  with  far  greater  snrceKH,  than 
uny  oilier  pi  npli-,  i^,  indeed,  most  Irne,  Theri;  is  not,  however,  thi!  KJiailow  of  a  (.'ronml  lor  lielievlii!{ 
that  thi'y  >'Ver  employed,  as  has  e.t'ieii  heeti  elated,  aliont  ir>li,(KiO  individual!!  in  the  lisliery  ami  the 
ein|i!oymen!s  immediately  sMtiservii  nt  to  it.  We  (pieslioii  wjn'ther  tiiey  ever  employed  «o  many  us 
.Ml.dOll.  At  till'  lime  when  the  Dutch  carried  on  the  llHliery  to  the  srealest  extent,  the  entire  population 
of  the  Seven  llniled  rrovinces  did  not  certainly  exceed  2,  KHi.dlKI ;  and  deiliictinu  a  half  for  woiiien, 
uml  I'rom  a  half  to  two  thirds  of  the  remainiii!,'  I, '21 II  i,l  Mil  I  fur  lioyi<  and  idil  men.  il  would  Inllow,  uccord- 
iiiL' to  till!  s'alemcnt  ill  ijuisliiin.  Unit  I'very  a^de-liudird  man  in  llolhiml  niiisl  Inive  heen  enjiia'cil  in 
the  lierrini!  fishery!  It  is  astonisliiii!,'  Innv  hiicIi  ridiculously  exn|.'ueratoil  acconiils  everohlnined  any 
cir<  Illation  ;  iind  still  more  so,  that  they  should  have  tieeii  referred  to  ami  (|Uii|ed  williont,  apparfiitly, 
any  doiilil  II 'iiii!  ever  unlerliiiieil  of  tiielr  aiiilienlii  ily,  down  to  our  own  limes:*  Had  they  heen 
Bifieil  ever  so  lilllr,  their  falselmod  uiiiild  liave  heen  ohvioii!);  and  we  kIioiiIiI  have  saved  innny 
liundreiU  of  ilioiiramts  of  poiinil.-t  that  have  hnpii  thrown  away  in  atteinptin^  to  rival  that  which 
never  existed. 

It  woiilil  hi!  impos.-iilili',  wilUiii  llie  limits  to  which  this  iiiiicle  iniiit  lie  conlincd.  In  jjive  any  detaileij 
nccount  of  llie  various  ailiiiipls  that  have  lieiMi  mad"  at  diirerent  periiidH  to  encoiir;(t' ■  and  holster  up 
the  herriinf  lisliery.  In  I71!l,  in  pursuance  of  a  recoiumeiidation  in  Ills  Majesty's  speech  at  Ihe  opening 
of  parliament,  and  of  a  report  of  a  commitlee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  riOO.OOO/.  was  suliscrlhed  for 
ciirryiii;;  on  the  fisheries,  under  a  corporation  called  "  The  Society  of  the  free  liritish  Fishery."  Tins 
Prince  of  Wales  was  chosi'ii  s-'overiior  of  the  Soci^'ly.  w  liich  was  patronised  liy  men  of  the  first  rank 
nnd  fortune^  in  the  slate,  lint  this  Society  did  not  trust  enlireiy  to  its  own  (•Iflirts  for  success.  'I'he 
duties  were  remitted  upon  the  salt  used  ill  the  tisMeries;  and  hesldes  llii.s  reasonable  encimrai;ein«iit, 
a  hii.'li  toiniaL'e  honnty  was  firaiiled  iipoii  every  hiiss  titled  out  for  tin'  deep  sea  fishery.  In  coiiso- 
qiieiice,  many  vessels  were  sent  out,  as  Dr.  Smith  has  truly  stated,  not  to  catch  herrings,  hut  to  ralcll 
the  buuatij ;  and  to  such  an  extent  was  this  ahusu  carried,  that  in  IT.^iU,  when  Ihe  tonnage  houiity  was 
60ji..  the  almost  incredihle  sum  of  1;V,)/.  7.<.  (id.  was  paid  as  liounly  w/io/i  ei-enj  tin  ■  re  I  nf  iiiercliunlablo 
herrinsr,^  that  yci/.-.  iiruiliicttl ! — (.ll'ialUi  nf  .Vdti,i>i.<,  vol.  iii.  p.  Sbfi.  JfCiillnrh'f  ed.)  iliit.  iiiuwithslnndiii}; 
this  encoiiraitemeiit,  such  was  Ihe  waste  and  mismaiiapeinent  of  the  t'omp  iny's  atlairs,  that  it  was 
speedily  destroyed.  Dr.  Smith  says,  that  in  17111  liardly  u  vestijje  remainud  of  ii.:  leiviiij;  ever  Im-'cu  in 
existence. 

lint,  notwithstanding  this  ill  success,  a  new  company  was  formed,  for  nearly  the  siiMe  objects,  in 
178li,  of  which  (ieorge  111.  was  patron.  It  has  had  nearly  the  same  fate.  "  For  a  season  oi  two,  busses 
were  fitted  out  by  the  sncic'ty;  hut  if  every  herriti);  caught  had  carried  a  ducal  in  its  iiiiN'th,  the 
e.\pense  <if  ils  capture  would  scarcidy  have  been  repaid.  Tlie  bulilile  ended  by  llie  society  for  htbing 
in  till!  deep  sea  ln'cnining  a  kind  of  biiililiog  society,  for  purchasing  ground  in  situations  where  curt:: 
and  tishernien  find  it  convenient  to  settle,  and  selling  or  letting  il  in  siiiull  lols  to  them,  at  such 
advance  of  price  as  yields  soinething  better  than  fishing  |irolUs."— (See  an  e.vctllent  article  on  the 
Her  rill"  Fiihery,  in  the  11th  ^Ulllber  of  the  Quarterly  Joi'rnnl  of  Jijrricultitre.) 

In  1M»8,  a  fresh  attempt  was  made  for  the  improvement  and  extension  of  the  fishery.  The  act  4.S 
Geo.  .1.  established  a  distinct  set  of  coininissinners  for  the  siiperinlemlence  of  all  nialiers  connected 
with  the  fishery,  and  authorised  them  to  appoint  a  suDicienl  niiiiiber  of  lisliery  ollicers.  to  be  stationed 
at  Ihe  dillerent  ports,  whose  duly  it  is  to  see  that  the  various  regiilations  with  respect  to  the  gutting, 
packing,  itc.  of  the  herriiiL's,  and  the  brandiiiL'  of  the  barrels,  are  duly  carried  into  etfect.  In  IWHt,  a 
bounty  of  'il.  |)er  ton  was  granted  on  all  vessels  employed  in  llie  deep  sea  herring  fishery,  of  above  fiU 
tons  burden,  but  payable  only  on  100  ton.s  ;  and  in  l^'2(i,  a  bounty  of  '2i'«.  per  ton,  which,  under  certain 
specified  circiiinslances,  might  be  incrr^ased  to,')(U.,  was  granfi'doii  all  vessels  of  from  la  to  111)  tons,  fitted 
out  for  Ihe  shore  herring  fishery;  and.  exclusively  of  these  bonnties  on  the  tonnage,  a  bounty  of  'is.  a 
barrel  was  allowed  on  all  herrings  cured  gutted  during  the  (i  years  ending  the  .llh  of  April,  \'iU),  and  a 
bounty  of '2.4.  Sit.  a  barrel  on  their  exportation,  whether  cured  gulled  or  nngiilled.  During  the  li  years 
ending  the  5lh  of  April,  l''i26,  the  boiiiily  on  herrliiL's  cured  gulled  w,is  !.»■.  a  barrel. 

It  is  stated  in  the  article  already  referred  to,  that  the  cost  of  a  barrel  of  cured  herrings  is  about  16s.; 
the  half  going  to  the  lishurman  fir  the  green  lish,  the  otln-r  half  to  th(>  ciirer  for  barrel,  salt,  and  labour. 
The  bounty  of  Is.  a  barrel  was,  therefore,  e(|nal  to  An//  ihe  value  of  the  lierriiiL's  as  sold  by  the  tislier- 
niaii,  and  to  ane  fourth  of  their  value  as  sold  by  tin;  cnrer!  In  coiiseiiiieiue  of  this  forced  system,  the 
fishery  was  rapidly  increased,  i  he  following  statement,  extracted  from  the  Ktprrt  n/  the  Coaimis- 
siunerj  vf  the  Fishery  Board,  dated  1st  October,  lb30,  shows  the  progress  it  has  made  since  IbOU:— 

*  They  seem  to  have  been  first  set  forth  in  a  treatise  ascribed  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  ;  and,  what  is 
very  singular,  they  were  admitted  by  Ue  Witt  into  his  excellent  work,  Ihe  'I'rae  Jatereft  of  Holland. 
They  have  been  implicitly  uUuptcd  by  Mr.  llurrow,  in  the  article  Fisheries  in  the  Hupplemcnt  to  the 
Encijclupicdia  Brilannica. 


:ky. 

to  npprooch  the  shoiwi 

'I'hmiRh  wc  havo  na 

mil  ill  our  nous  iluiing 

lu\unU  lieiK'rtlh  the  if'*". 

"—(^I'ennant's  British 

found  within  the  MrJi- 
Ifil.  The  invention  of 
,  of  Uiorvliot,  near  SUiya, 
1  orileri'J  a  nio(;nifi";nt 
ch  \\aso  uniformly  main- 
10  Reformation,  and  tho 
erringH  upon  the  Conti- 


liiTc  in,  piTliaiw.  nn  lirnnrh 
nlllie  h-rriiitt  lixlH'ry.     »■<'' 
nrcix.Miitii.ii.tisliiMUVilnKfS 
1111(1  va»l  Hiiiiiw  fxpi^iKli'il  \n 
i.      Till'  fiiWe  oHiiTimtfH  tlmt 
l',.rrin;!liflu'ry.i"iiiril:«il<!<i 
iisiif  llic  iiiipiirlami;  ol  lliw 
Ih  fur  i;ri:itcr  suici'mk,  iniin 
,w  .,f  11  prniiml  Inr  liclinvi..!? 
Iiials  ill  ilir  lisli.iry  ami  tlie 
rvcr  ciiiployr.l  «i.  iiiaiiy.u* 
(.vl.'iil.tlifenlire  pnpulation 
,|,.,liii  liim  a  liair  fur  womuii, 
,„.„,ii  wonl'l  lulli.w,  uccoril- 
„„iKt  liuv  l.,..-n  .'n^'al-'.'il  in 
I  aicounlf  ever  olilaln<Ml  n  ly 
(ni(il.'il\villiiiiit.  appi'rctilly, 
wn  liiu.'s;*     lla.l  ttii;yl'««n 
,-,.  f\\mM  liavi'  Biivc.l  iimny 
iMiipting  to  rival  that  which 

c..nlia.'.UtnKiv..a..ya.'ian.Mt 
q|()0iic(iur:iai-  and  tiiiUK'r  up 
ii..-tv-f  spfefliaX''""!'"!''!'" 
,  r.()d,00(!;.  was  !<iiti:<cril»'iJ  t"r 
.  free  Hnlisti  I'i.-<lifry-  1 1"" 
„i«r,lbvinenof  llielirstrank 

WM  eirlirl:"  for  success.  Uie 
U  reasonable  emtmrai;e»iem, 
.d-epse'ilisliery.  I"  ''""SC- 
to  catch  herriiiKs,  liul  to  nitch 
vh.'ntlietonim(.'el>i)Uiily  was 
„  ecen,  hml  of  inenhuntuble 
l,'s,.ct)  ktut.iK.iwillislninling 
■onipaiiv's  urtairs,  that  It  was 
null  of  ii-  i>^'"'ii!5  ever  Ik!C1i  m 

,r  nearly  the  sai.ie  olijects,  in 
•'  For  a  season  or  IW",  I'lisses 
ied  a  iliical  in  its  iiii..-th,  the 
nileilliv  llie  society  for  tuhniR 
mil  ill  situations  where  cnrtrs 
;,„all  lots  to  them,  at  such 
nil  excellent  arliclo  ou  the 

'',';;;r  l\.e  Ushery.    The  act  4S 

iiice  of  all  nialtera  contiecleil 

tiahery  Dtlicers.  h>  be  stationed 

„s  Willi  respect  to  the  gutti.ig, 

carried  into  etrect.     >"'""■»•,'' 

a  lieirir.i  lisliery,  of  above  tiO 

mr  ton.  which,  under  certain 

isVis  of  from  13  lo  fill  tons,  htted 

ilie  toiiiiatte,  a  bounty  ot  is.  a 

nd  the  r.Ui  of  April,  1M5,  and  a 

n^utted.    During  the  11  years 

I.,-,  a  barrel.  .  , 

.fiuredherrinps  18  about  16s.; 

irer  for  barrel,  salt,  and  labour. 

hcrrinna  as  sidd  by  the  tislier- 
,„.,M.r  Ibis  forciMl  system,  the 
,„,  tbeAq-eW  .,f  the  Comml,. 
it  has  made  since  IftOU  :— 


Walter  Raleigh  ;  a"'].  w><at  'f 
k  the  True  Interest  of  Ilulhvd. 
cries  in  the  Supplement  to  tUB 


Abntrnrt  of  the  Total  (linntiij  of 
as  the  Name  li;ive  beei  bru'iL'lit 

JlIM",  l-^.l'.l,  when  the  S\sl Ill 

look  place,  I.I  the  .'illi  of  .V|<ril,  I 
thine  ciireil  I'liKiilled.— (/'ar/ 
Tradf,  I'art  I.) 


tetMt. 


(JS  AND  HEURING  TISIIKIIY.  761 

r  While  Il,.rrinjs  ciin  d.  Iiiaiided  f.ir  Hoiinty.  .iiiil  e\|i'  rted.  in  so  fur 
iiii'l  r  llii'  Coijiiiisaiiru  id'  the  OlliierM  of  llie  l''i-li.iy.  Iroiii  the  IhI  ot 
illierio  III  furce  for  tlie  i;i.coiirii(!eiiieiil  ofilie  llriil.-li  llerniiij  Ki^hery 
I'lHO  ;  dlstiiiKUlshiim  each  Vear,  and  the  llerrmU'*  cured  bulled,  Iroiii 
Paiier,  No.  51.  rtess.  ISUU;    and   Papers  puhltalud  bij  H't  H'lurU  of 

T      *"""     '  '■'..._i 


Period  cxtendlii)!  from  1st  of  j 

.lime,  Iridll,  to  Jih  of  April,  J- 

IHlll            .  .         .         .      ) 

Your  eiiiling  Stii  of  April,  1^11 

It^l'i 

1HI3 

1814 

IKH 

IHUi 

1H17 

IMH 

l-^l!) 

IS^O 

l^il 

isii 

IS'2,1 

-  iH-n 

1N2J 

lN-211 

lb->7 

IS'iS 

If-i!) 

IHHO 

-  i-:u 


TnUl  ((utnlily  nf  tltrrlafi 
cumt. 


t'lKllllt't. 


Tniil. 


Va,  nil. 


^.iriili. 


42,518      -17,0371 


S2.U.lli 

!:tri.!wi 

LVi.TTO 
•JOl.CTIi 

;;(i;i,777; 

.•!I7,I!M); 

4i;i.:mH 

V'U.Cil.l 
'2-.'.'.,037 

a.'i.'i.i.'.o 

:i(i:i,;!n: 
:i  10,1  IS 

I  •ZVM7I} 

i  ■.m>,:m) 
I  .iiM.iiia; 
2.sii,o:t:(i 

I  .ITl.O'.Mi 


2ll,T.I7; 
ll'l.llllt 
ti:t..')>7i 
.')7,iil  1 
.')  1,7117 
•j;i.ti7(i3 

'jn.iaiij 
:!7,iiiii 
.■t.''i.:iiii 

'2.-,1^7i 
21.H'.17J 

.'.l'-,7 10} 
•I  l,2(i.''i- 
.•!i».ll.'>( 

liO.llS 

!J.'i,7.!7 

•p'.ti-i:)! 


00,1851 

«l,H97i 
lll,Al!l', 

irab^i 

1I0,.')1J1 
I(i(»,l3lij 
Iti.djlj 
i'j'2,:ii:ii 

•J-J7,l!91 

:iio,M)i 

:(rJ,l!»l', 
4 12,1 '.15  J 

:iifi,.M'aj 

3(12,  IPO  J 
3l7,r.(i.'>i 

:ri',2:i:!; 

2>-H,4',ri| 
;i!l!>,77M 

,iri.'),(t7'.il 

32!l,.-..'.7 

4;i!t,;t70 


'liilal 
Quaiitiiy  of 

lli'rriiicii 
l>iaii.|>.  I  for 

Hoiiriiv. 

iliintlt, 

.•)  1,701 

5S,rif,ni 

.'ih,;:m 

70,0-i71 

:iMK)i 

H:i.:i7ii 

110.4:111 

iio,oisi 

is.'f.o^.i; 

•r(),(i22; 

:;()'.i,7(Mi; 

;iiW,N72 

2l'..'t.20.'ii 

UIKI.IIO 

U'.l'l.dlll 

•270.HI1.; 

t!i'(.l'i--;l 

I  'J7!i,;ii7; 

2:1  l,bi7 
21S,l|Sl 
I  2;i7,0N,'> 


Total  Qinniiiy  of  Hcmn]< 
ci|Kiri«l. 


(liitlccl.        fniiilii-.l. 


Ti'UI. 


11,0631 

IS.SSO 

27,501 

40,1001 

34,W1) 

os,o;h 

HI, 5141 
IKM^Ol 
MMI7i 
212,:i011 
2  M.O'.IO 
2.V.I,4I5; 

2ia,soii; 

IliO.l.'iUi 
2.1H..-||I5; 
20l.s^2,t 

2i7,ira| 

I   10.'-).741 
210.700 

202.hi:i; 

I  177.770 

I  200,1,1:0 


Bat  nil. 

24,7S11 

I0.2.'53 

35,2.-0 

00,t25 

Kl,17ll 

72.;iti7; 

20.i4;;i 

2.1,148 

11,I'2 

1 1.NOOi 

0,420 

."s.noo 

<i,a,'''. 

1,125 
131 

2:1 

(■o.'i 

K'-3 

T  II  I- < 

.1.0:7 


hinrUt. 

35,818 

.T<.I33 

ln!l,7251 
llh,4031 
lll,3li.',i 
ln7.0^N 
i;!H,li2t-i 
I  It;2,.'i3(ll 
'  227,102 
2,'a.'>10 
I  2!M,H0ni 
I  21 1,0:;0 
170,445 
1  2.')0,030.; 
202,0101 
'  217,073J- 
j  1 1/.,  100 
211,050 
2(r>,8751 
1  Hi, 0541 
'  20 1,003 


On  Inokiii!,'  at  this  Table,  it  is  seen  that  the  fishery  made  nn  proijress  under  the  new  system  till  1H15, 
when  the  bounty  was  r.iis.-d  to  l.<.  This  is  a  siillicient  proof  of  the  factitious  and  iinnatiiial  state  of 
the  business.  Its  cvtension,  under  the  circiiiiisiances  in  (piestion,  instead  of  iilfordiu!!  any  proof  of 
its  bciiiK  In  a  really  lloiirisliin;!  condition,  was  distinctly  the  reverse.  Individuals  without  capital,  but 
who  nlilaineil  loans  siilhcieiit  lo  enabl)>  them  to  acipiire  boats,  barrels,  salt,  &c.  on  the  credit  of  the 
hnunty,  entered  in  vast  numln^rs  into  the  trade.  The  market  was  most  cnmnionly  glutted  with  lish ; 
mil  yet  the  teinplation  held  out  by  the  bounty  caused  it  to  be  still  further  overlnailed.  (ireat  injury 
was  coiiseiiueiilly  done  to  those  tish  ciirers Who  possessed  capital;  and  even  the  ^".-7/(  cihcm  were 
injured  by  tlie  system.  "Most  of  the  boats  employed  in  the  lisli,.'ry  never  touch  llie  water  but  during 
(i  weeks,  from  the  niidille  or  end  of  July  to  the  iiiidillo  of  Sepleinber.  They  are  owin'd  anil  s-ijled^ 
not  by  ri'i-'iil  ir  fislierinen  lollowiiiir  tlitit  vocatimi  only,  but  by  tradesinen,  sniiili  firmers,  I'lrin-seivants, 
anil  oilier  laiiilsiiiiii,  who  may  have  siithiient  sklli  to  1:  ana;.'e  a  boat  at  that  sei.uiii,  but  who  do  not 
follow  the  sea  except  for  the  ii  weelis  of  the  herring  fishery,  when  they  go  upon  a  kind  of  gainbling 
speculation,  of  earning  u  twelvemonth's  iiicoiini  by  0  weeks'  work." — (QimcdW//  .lounuil,  No.  II. 
p.  O.)!).) 

'  It  has  been  often  said,  in  vindication  of  the  bniinty  system,  that  by  extending  the  fishery  it  extended 
.in  iinporiaiil  nursery  for  seane'ii ;  but  the  precediiis!  statement  shows  that  such  has  not  been  the  elVecl. 
On  the  contrary,  it  litis  I  ended  to  depriss  llu;  conililion  of  the  genuine  lisherman,  by  liriii;.'ing  a  host  of 
interlopers  into  iln:  lielil ;  and  il  his  also  b  cii  prejodicliil  to  the  littb'  t'armers  and  tradesinen.  by  witli- 
drawiifii  llieir  attention  from  llieir  peculiar  business,  that  they  may  embark  in  what  has  hilherto  been 
little  less  than  a  sort  of  lollery  adventure. 

These  coiisei|iiences,  anil  tlie  increasing  ainounl  of  the  sum  paid  for  bounties,  at  length  induced  the 
government  10  adopt  a  ililferenl  system  ;  and  by  an  act  passed  in  1^25,  tin;  lioiinty  of  2.>-.  Si/.  011  exported 
lierriiiL's  was  iiiade  to  cense  In  l>'JO,  and  \s.  was  annually  deducted  from  the  bounty  of  4.<.  a  barrel  paid 
en  gutted  lierriiii;s.  till  it  eeasi'd  in  1>W.  Time  has  not  yet  bei^n  atforded  to  learn  ibe  full  ell'ect  of  thia 
measure.  We.  hinvever,  hive  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  it  will  be  most  aUvaiitai:eoiis.  The  fore- 
poiiiL'  Table  shows,  thai  thoiiL'h  llie  ipiaiitily  of  lierriiiL's  taken  and  exported  in  1>2'.1  and  ls;!0  IVII  oflT, 
there  was  a  material  increase  in  l!S;tl.  This  is  the  more  encouraging,  as  there  can  be  little  doubt  that 
the  supply  will  iienceforlh  be  proportioned  to  the  real  demand;  while  the  genuine  lisbermen,  and 
those  ciirers  who  liavi!  capital  of  their  own,  will  no  longer  bo  injured  by  tlie  coinputition  of  landsmen, 
and  of  persons  tradiniron  capital  furnished  by  govermneiit. 

The  repi'al  of  the  sail  l.iws,  and  of  the  duly  on  salt,  which  preceded  the  repeal  of  the  bounty,  must 
be  of  simial  service  to  the  tishery.  It  is  true  that  salt  used  in  the  fisheries  was  exeinpled  from  the 
duty  ;  lint,  in  order  to  prevent  the  revenue  from  being  defrauded,  so  many  reL'iilatiniis  were  enacted, 
and  the  dilhciillies  and  penalties  to  which  the  fislierinen  wi^re  in  consei|uence  snlijecled  were  so  very 
great,  tint  sum  '  of  tlieiii  chose  rather  to  pay  the  duty  upon  the  salt  they  made  use  of,  than  to  under- 
take coiitpllaiice  with  the  regulations. 

It  is  much  to  be  reLoeiied.  licit  when  government  repealed  the  bounty,  it  did  not  al-o  aliolish  the 
"  Klshery  Hoard,"  anil  llie  ollicers  and  regulations  it  bad  appointed  and  enacted.  .><o  l.-mg  as  the 
bounty  existed,  il  was  i|uile  proper  that  those  who  claimed  it  shoiibl  be  siilijected  to  such  regulations 
ns  governinent  chose  to  enforce  ;  but  now  lliat  it  lias  been  repealed,  we  see  no  reason  whatever  why 
the  fishery  shonlil  not  be  made  perfectly  free,  and  everyone  allowed  to  prepare  his  herrings  as  he 
thinks  best.  It  is  said,  indeed,  that  were  there  no  inspection  of  the  fish,  frauds  of  all  sorts  would  ho 
practised  :  that  the  barrels  would  be  ill  made,  and  of  a  delicieni  size  ;  that  the  lish  would  not  he  pro- 
perly packed  ;  that  the  lioiloui  and  midille  of  the  barrels  would  lie  lilled  witli  bad  ones,  and  a  few  good 
ones  only  placed  at  the  top;  that  there  would  not  be  a  sutlici.Micy  of  pickle,  ice.  Hut  it  is  obvious 
that  the  reasons  alleL'ed  in  vindlc.itlon  of  the  ollicial  inspection  kept  up  in  the  herring  fishery,  might 
be  alleged  in  vindication  of  a  similar  inspection  in  almost  every  other  branch  of  induslry.  It  is,  in 
point  of  fict,  utterly  useless.  It  is  an  attempt,  on  the  part  of  governnieiit,  to  do  that  for  their  subjects, 
which  they  can  do  fir  better  for  tliemselves.  Sii|)posing  the  olficial  Inspection  were  put  an  end  to,  tho 
merchants  and  others  who  buy  herriiiL's  of  the  ciirers  would  theinselves  inspect  the  barrels;  and  while 
any  attempt  at  fraud  by  the  ciirers  would  thus  be  ellet  tiially  obviated,  they  would  be  left  at  liberty  to 
prepare  their  herrings  in  any  way  that  they  pb  ased,  witliuiit  being  coiupuUed,  as  at  present,  to  follow 
3s2  96 


Sil 


I 


702 


IIIDF.S. 


I 

i 

I 


iiiily  ciiir  H>*()'iii,  or  to  prrpnri!  t'iKh  In  Ww.  Hiiiiir  wiiy  Cur  llic  lalili'ii  iif  tlin  |Hinr  n»  Cut  Itinni!  of  thi'  rirh 

Hi)  I'lir,  iiiil I,  i^  it  rmiii  lii'iiii;  Iriii'  tlia(  iIh'  iiiKprtfinii  h>k(i'iii  IciiiIh  In  |miI  iIhwii  irli  ki'ry,  lliiit  llicrr 

ll  iiiiii'li  r>';iHiiii  Id  lliliik  lliiil  ilx  ciri'i  I  in  dlni'lly  llir  ri'ViTHr.  'I'lU'  mirriillttnci  imti'Iiii'iI  liy  l|ii>  iillli'i'rn 
\*  liny  lliiiiK  lull  HiricI  ;  iinil  tlir  nlDci'il  hruml  \.*  iiUcii  iiHixi'il  In  tiarrrU  wlili  li,  wirif  It  iml  Icir  llii- 
uiiiliiiti  rvi'il  I'liiillilt'tiri!  Hull  U  ton  l'rri|iii'iilly  |il;u'i'il  In  it  liy  llic  niitv.iry,  mimiIiI  lii>  oii  tin;  cnri'i'it 
biiiiilH.     It  li  r:itlii'r  II  xrinrlty  iiii'ilx"!  Ili<-  <)•  li'<  linn  nl'  fraud,  Ihnii  iiuairiHt  iih  r.xiAlciiii- 

'I'lii'  itraiid  iiliji'i't  ol'  Ihi!  Ili'rrliiK  lUlii'ry  "  lioiird"  liiix  iici-ii  in  i-nrnrci'  hiiiIi  ii  HyHlcin  oi°  riirlnu  ii« 
would  liriiiu  llriliNli  licrrlnu-t  In  ii  luvt  I  willi  ||ioh<-  nl'  llit!  Diilili.     In  IIih,  liowi'vir,  llirv  liavr  rniii- 

Idi'tidy  liiili'd  ;  Dnlili  hrrriiiKH  tfriK'nilly  IVkIiIhk  dniildi',  anil  KniiM'tlnirn  rvcii  llirvr  liintH  tlir  |irlri-  of 
Iritinii  lii'rrliiiiii  In  iivcry  niiirki't  of  lOnrnpu.  Ni'IiIht  \*  Hint  In  lir  unndrri'il  at.  Tlir  rniiinnirrrt  or 
Diilrli  lifrrliiKii  arc  llii!  hiliiilillaniM  nl'  lln-  Nclln'rlaniN  and  of  llii'  (Jt'riiiiin  Inuitr,  ulio  iihc  IIii'iii 
riilliiT  an  It  luxury  Ihaii  aH  an  arlli'lc  nl'  I'nnd,  inid  wlm  do  niU  Kruilur  llin  prli'i'  lliiil  \*  ncri'KHiiry  In 
liavi'  till  III  In  till'  I'lnrHl  nnlrr.  'I'lii'  cniiHiinirrM  id'  llrillMli  lirrrliiUH.  nii  Ilir  nllirr  hand,  arc  Ilir  iii'iiinrii 
nl'  Hip  WckI  Iiidjr!i,  and  tlic  iinor  nf  Inland  and  Hmlland.  (Iirapiirsit  |i  Ilir  priiiir  rri|iil4lli'  in  Urn 
CKtliualinii  iirHili'li  piTHiinN  ;  and  nnthlnK  ran  In:  iiinro  rnllridy  aliHiird,  llian  tliiil  a  piililn  llmird  hIiiiiiIiI 
cnduavnur  tn  fiil'nriti!  Ilir  I'ikIi  riiriTH  In  ailnpl  niiiIi  a  Nyrtinn  iii  lli>'  prrparatmn  nl  licriiiiKK  an  iiiiiHt 
llirulllldv  rajsv  tlirir  priic  linyniid  llir  ini'ans  nf tliniif  by  wlmin  lliry  arr  Ikhii/IiI.  \VIi\  NliiMild  mil  Hid 
taxti'  III  llii'  riiiiMiiini'rH  lii^  rniinulti'il  an  iiiiiili  in  lliU  an  In  any  lliliii;  I'Nr  I  ll  umild  mil  lii'  iiinro 
riilii'iilniiM  In  atlciiipt  In  liavit  all  cIiithu  niaili' nf  ihi!  hiiiiii'  rn  liiir.i:'  and  llavnnr  ax  Siilimi,  ilian  it  it 
to  alli'iiipt  In  lirini;  up  all  lirrrlnuH  In  ilio  Klainlard  nf  llir  Diilrii. 

\Vr  tin,  Hii-ri'fnri',  liopi^  llial  a  npi'i'dy  riiil  may  lii>  piil  In  lliis  iiyiiti>ni ;  and  lliat  niir  lrL'i.-ilatiirii  ami 
lialrinlN  will  ri'ani' In  tnriiii  lit  Hii'iiiHi'lvrH  with  ri  lunirii  I'nr  llir  imprnvrim'nt  nf  ihi'  liwhrrirH.  'lln* 
vi'ry  hi'Ml  lliiiii.'  tliry  niii  dn  fur  llicin  U  In  Irt  lliiiii  aloiit'.  II  \h  mil  a  liiulni'xa  Hi:il  ii'i|uirrs  any  riirt 
of  advi'iitiliniiH  I'liinuraKi'imnt.  I'vi.'ry  nhslai  lu  In  ihr  vwny  Iniriiiliiriinn  nf  ti>li  iiiln  l.nndiiii  anil 
othiT  plarrH  niii;hl  ci'rtaliily  to  hii  ri'innvvd  ;  lint  all  dirrct  inU'rft'rriiiiH  w  illi  Hin  liHlicry  iiro  twin  tu 
b<!  In  the  hiHi  di'irriM!  prrnicioiiH. 

Of  Ihr  lhl,0.')l  liarrrlH  nf  hrrriiiKii  uxpnrli'd  frnni  (I'riMit  llritaiii  in  tin-  yrar  I'lidiiii;  the  5lh  of  April, 
1830,  H'.l,r>'-0  wi'iit  tn  Inlaiiil,  I'i7,li7'2  lu  placui  out  of  ICiirnpc,  (cliiflly  tlii!  Went  liuUi'n),  and  SI,3U3  to 
plucea  111  I'iUropo  other  Hiuii  Ireland. 

HIDEH  ((Jer.  Ilautr ;  Uti.  Hniihn  .■  Fr.  I'raux ;  It.  Cimju ;  Sp.  I'l/kjos,  P!rk.i .■  Kus. 
Kofi/ii),  Hip;iiii'y,  generally,  the  Kkiiiri  nf  lieasis;  liiit  the  tenii  is  mure  |iiirlii'iilarly  n|)|ilieil  to 
those  of  larce  eattle,  sueh  us  htillockH,  rows,  hornes,  &e.  Hides  are  raw  or  (jfreeii ;  that  is, 
in  the  state  in  which  they  are  taken  oil' the  rarease,  urilresseil  -with  >^alt,  alum,  and  Kaltjietrc, 
to  prevent  tlieni  from  |iiilrufyin!;;  or  they  are  eured  or  tanned.  'J'lie  hides  of  ISouth  ;\me- 
riea  are  in  the  highest  repute,  and  vast  ((uantities  of  tliem  are  anmnlly  imported  into  (ireut 
Uritain,  Jiargc  ijuantities  aro  also  imported  from  vurioun  parts  of  tliu  Coiiliiiuiit ;  uiid  from 
Morocco,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  &c. 

His  Maji'xty  is  authorised  tn  prohiliit,  by  prnrlanintlnii  or  order  In  roiincil  piildli<lied  In  the  /.nnihn 
Ga-.clli-,  tilt'  iinpnrlatinii  nf  any  liiiivs  or  skiiiH,  linriiH  nr  hoofs,  nr  any  (itlii-r  part  nl'iniy  ralHi'  or  hi'iisl, 
in  nrdi^r  tn  pruvcnt  any  coiitu);iuns  dislL'iiipL'r  frniii  buing  brnughl  into  the  kiiis^doin.— (:i  jc  I  III//.  >. 
c.  sa.  i  tiS.) 

An  Account  of  the  Weielit  of  the  Hides  imported  into  the  llnilcd  Kinciloin  lu  eacli  of  Hie  Seven 
Vears  I'liilliiK  Willi  l\i'A  and  Ihi!  KeviMiiie  annually  derived  frnni  Hie  i-aine  ;  specifying  lliu  Couii- 
tries  wheiicu  the  Hides  wi.'re  iinpnrted,  with  Hie  (Quantities  broiiKlit  from  each. 


Countries  from  wliidl 
iinp"ri>-'l. 

1826 

e^T 

1323. 

13'29. 

1330. 

1311. 
I'lrl.    tnill'9. 

1932. 

C'wt.   i,r\  //.I. 

t'lttaiimd  ItidtJ. 

Cuil.   qn.lla. 

Vwt.   t] 

y.11,1. 

Ciof.    1/ 

I.//.1. 

(uX.    1/ 

rrllj. 

t'trt     It 

rsll.l 

RuMi.i  • 

D,42li 

1     7 

14,792 

3    2 

1  l,4S4 

2  21 

17,139 

0    6 

22,345 

1     11 

U>,2H2    2  2i 

N77l' 

11  16 

>»i-ltii,iiiJ  Nur»-,iy  - 

- 

. 

7 

ll  15 

3 

0    5 

1 

(1    II 

nil 

(1  20 

.'IH      1   21  i 

73 

11  '26 

nt'iiiiiiik 

<),2»2 

3    3 

12,919 

0  14 

12,  LIS 

3    6 

4,991 

0  11 

2,176 

1     li 

9,112     1     0 

7,256 

0  2U 

IVuMia 

aw 

0    M 

2,074 

3  27 

0  775 

3  15 

2,9  ll 

2  20 

;i,i'9s 

2  111 

I3-,     1   IS 

197 

0  24 

(ifniiany 

U.JliO 

2  23 

n3,3(<6 

2  22 

3s,:l;t;5 

1  23 

.'3,3'.3 

3  23 

31,944 

1   II 

23, -..14    2    9 

I3,3(U 

0  27 

riiilcil  Ntllicrl.uidi     ' 

IA747 

3  21 

'21,'ilM 

0  27 

27,2S9 

3    2 

19,102 

2  26 

23,9M> 

1    4 

19,46,<    3  IJ 

11,315 

3  11 

Fnncft 

Hi 

U    8 

182 

0  lU 

Porliinl,  Miilfin,  anil 

Ihc  A  ir.res    . 

3KI 

1     7 

• 

- 

13 

1  19 

• 

. 

• 

- 

119 

0  15 

Sp^lii  iinil  ilieCanarin 

1 

2  22 

. 

• 

• 

30    2    9 

0 

0    6 

Gibmlur 

2,903 

2    0 

l[259 

2  22 

1,232 

I    7 

i,tos 

1    4 

1,152 

0  27 

1,731     0  17 

1,051 

0  16 

llaly     ■ 
Turkry 

i.n'is 

1  9 

2  13 

, 

. 

312 

0    0 

2,250 

0  12 

4,734    1    0 

4 

2  22 

Africa,  viz.  Mnmcco   • 

lO.Wi 

1     6 

668 

o'l7 

3 

2    4 

ti4 

0  13 

. 

60    0   0 

biirra     l.eoiie     aiut 

cn,isl    111  Cape  of 

Giioil  llnjjir 

l,KS 

2    9 

3,111 

1  27 

2,875 

2  17 

3,090 

2  25 

3,334 

2  IS 

3,502    1    6 

3,575 

2  27 

Capi-  nf  Oiioil  Hope 

anil  K-anIcrn  ci>.ist 

7,520 

3  27 

12J07 

1    3 

12,963 

1  20 

15,344 

0  22 

19,957 

1  21 

16,900    1    4 

13,193 

3  14 

East  lnilii'9  (inrluilini; 

iho  M.iurilius) 

2,37J 

0    S 

1,111 

1  25 

3,3.!2 

3  12 

3,605 

1  19 

5,104 

0  19 

3,376    0    5 

10,739 

0  26 

New  Smilh  W.ilo  and 

Van  Dienien's  l.anil  - 

513 

2  IG 

1,107 

1    7 

1,112 

3    1 

3,161 

1  10 

3,945 

0  13 

e,66i    0  II 

,719 

2    1 

South  Sra  Islincli  and 

Snnltiern  Fishery      - 

3 

3  18 

4 

0    0 

15 

3  12 

6 

2  15 

• 

• 

23 

2  12 

British  North  Ameri- 

can c^'li'iiii'i 

2,l!12 

0     1 

1,092 

2  20 

1,543 

1  22 

973 

3  24 

1,052 

2    6 

515    2  23 

399 

3  II 

Dritinh  Went  Iniliet     • 

3,775 

2  27 

4,23S 

1  13 

4,'i;l7 

0  21 

2,922 

2  25 

2,6.'2 

3    2 

2,493    3    6 

1,307 

2  16, 

Foreign  iln. 

1^3 

1  II 

(i2 

1  15 

2111 

3  23 

13 

2  15 

36 

2    S 

50    3    9 

1 

U.  S.  of  Aiiiirira 

12,162 

3  26 

11,  Via 

0    7 

19,627 

3  II 

20,11,2 

3    7 

16,(;io 

0  26 

4,20ii     1   13 

12,316 

0  15; 

Mexico 

> 

2,474 

0  24 

73 

0  26 

67 

2    2 

3,946 

2  17 

1.3    1     2 

1,423 

1    2; 

Guatnii    .1       • 

. 

1,3!6 

2    4 

446 

0    3 

49 

0    X 

239    0    3 

Colombia 

e'li 

3  12 

1,054 

1  20 

1,454 

2  21 

1,197 

2  24 

l!212 

0  ]* 

259    0    3 

239 

120' 

Ilrazil  - 

16,124 

1  22 

12,942 

2  11 

23,547 

3  17 

3,207 

0     1 

11,253 

2  19 

13,204     1     9 

17,767 

1    3. 

stall's  of  the  Rio  de  la 

I'laia 

79,027 

0  11 

3,59S 

3  11 

■lo.cn-, 

3    9 

156,019 

3  13 

171,122 

0  in 

lin,fvis   2  11 

6'i,6l3 

0    4' 

Chill     • 

7,949 

1  19 

6,366 

2  15 

11,266 

1    3 

3.431 

3  15 

.5,417 

3  26 

4,C96     1  17 

1,2.53 

2    2| 

Peru     • 

2,011 

3  13 

U14 

3    7 

1,726 

1  17 

2,3a2 

3 '22 

3,817 

2     3 

653    4    3 

2,938 

127| 

Giirnisc}-,  JcrMy,  Al- 
ijeniey,    and     Man, 

1 

1 

furei^n 

130 

1    9 

234 

1  15 

134 

2    7 

10 

1  22 

. 

• 

504     1     6 

452 

I    2 

Do.     do.     produce  of 

36  No. 

118 

2  14 

37 

3  27 

. 

. 

. 

8     1     0 

302 

0   Oi 

Total 

and  98  No. 

and  \H  No. 

121  > 

0. 

an.i  163  No. 

194,243 

3  24 

1  •■2,434 

0  13 

22-i,975 

3  15 

2^6,416 

3  13 

3:19,773 

'o'24 

■271,477    3    2 

186,932 

Tl 

and  36  No 

and  98  No. 

and  1S2  No. 

and  121  No, 

and  163  No. 

1 

r  tid  fcir  Ihni"!  "f  ""•  '•'* 
ilmvuirlikrry,  lli'>t[l"'f<- 
,  (MTdxiMlliyll"'  niniiT* 
liii  li,  vvrri!  ll  IK'I  •"'  ";'-■ 

VNOIllll    li""   "It    ll"!    til"'"* 

H  rXl^lfl"'' 

I'll  n  h)hH'Iii  ol  niriiiB  »• 
lii.wrv.r,  IlK'V  iMVr  11.111- 
.„  Ihri'i'  IlintH  llir  prliiMir 
I'll  111      Till'  rMiiiliiiiir*  i>r 
„„  (liWll>.  Willi   u^i'  tliilH 
nrli'i-  lliiii  i*  iii'ii'!-''iify  to 
llMT  liiinil,  i«r<!ll'i'  li'Cl"'" 
llii'  liriiiii'  rii|iii'ili'  I"  ";• 
11,1,1  II  piihlH   lli.iiril  Hlimilil 
ran, 111  o(  liii  iihuh  »*  """"t 
,..|il.     Win  i*liii"lil  ""•  "'" 
i.  I     It  wi.iilil  ii'il  •"•  """■•' 
liivimr  ii»  Slill Iliiiii  i'  '• 

1,1  lliiil  oiir  li!i:ii«l:iliir»  iiml 
„i'i,l  (iniii'  iHliiTli'H.  Ill'; 
,i.,i,  llial  iniuirrs  liny  nirl 
,„  III  li>li  iiiln  l.i'liilii"  '""' 
,iili  till'  liHlirry  iir<!  mirt!  to 

,.,r  liiiL'  llir  5H>"f  '^l""« 

kVi'Hl  \Mh>'*),  »'>•'  '^'.303  to 

Hji.  I'rllrjoK,  Virkif  i  Hus, 
ore  |inrlirnliirly  npiilii'il  to 
in-  ruw  or  i^vfi'ii ;  that  in, 
1  milt,  iiltii".  "'"1  wiltiM'Irc, 
I'll.!  liiili'rtof  iSoullt  Ainu- 
iiriUy  iini'orli'il  into  (Jn-at 
iho  Colli iuf lit;  undfrom 

im-il  iiiil.lii'lii'd  In  th"'  /■'""'"'» 
,'r  pari.. li.iiyiiiltl'' '''''';"*''• 
lliu  kiiisil'iiii'-l-'  *^  '  '•  '"•  * 

nu.l.'i"  i"  '•»'■''  "•■  "'"  f.''""" 
siuiits  Hpucilyiiirf  iliet.mii- 

..III  mull. 


i  1   . 

|l    11  Jol 

I    I.I 

i  II.' 

Ill' 

1     4 


IKll. 

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lo  0  m\ 

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an  2 

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4,:i<4  I    0 

bu  0  0 


X'fil    1    6 

1 

16,900    I    4 

3,376    0    5 

6,662    0  II 


mi. 

C'li'f.   .,"»•' 

b,71l     I.  Ill 

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■  l  No. 


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|2I  No. 


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|->3  I     2 

239  0    31 

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399    3  lt> 
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12,316  0  ir,. 
1,428    1    2j 

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2,938    1  27 1 

452    I    2 
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604     1     6 
8     1     0| 
a,,,!  163  Nn. 

17r47r'3~2|T86,9i>2    3    3| 

i  anil  163  No. 


iio(jsm:Ai)— HOPS. 

An  Aecniinl  nf  th»  Wciirlil  of  iliu  IIIiI.>k  liiipnrliMi— (aiiXiiNril. 


703 


C'liuolriri  (mm  wimb 

MiijNirlr.l. 

tuia. 

IW. 

lt». 

i*i>i. 

IMO. 

lUI. 

-     1 

\...  .//fcii/  M"  »f\l.U.i'l\ 

Nn.  nf 

/.*.    nl 

-V...  ,.l  l.l>.  it 

Sn.  «t  IMn} 

.Vr^  „/ 

IM.  Ill 

/Vk  1./ 

IM-of 

f>ifinfd  H^idu. 

Hi... 

ntAtv      tHl>    '   <^>«' 

fflii. 

.IVr 

Hu:     ilhtr 

Km. 

Ulur 

«.». 

,4ti,f 

Hut. 

i4lut 

//.<<». 

llida.  MhI»  ,  tlu>- 

l/M/r< 

llulu 

//i.(m   //,.*«. 

lluU: 

II  «Ui. 

//..Ifl 

lliiltl. 

Il'l'i 

Hutu, 

IlllWl*       • 

\Mi 

l,Ml 

7,62(1 

*,im 

1,1196 

. 

3,2  lU 

l,6Kl, 

|ii.iin>rk 

. 

• 

n\ 

60 

• 

'20 

l'riiMl4    • 

970 

3,761 

. 

<l« 

(ifrlliAliy 

4U8 

NfilirrUmli      . 

3M 

- 

2MI 

104 

KriiH'i-    . 

. 

6,1>M. 

218 

Kill  li.'lin  (itirluilinK 

III,.  Mmri'im) 

!>,«« 

1 

»ino 

1.740 

• 

a«,^u 

. 

16,03:1 

• 

11.142 

ll.iiith  Niirlh  Ainflrii-an 

rnldtlll'^ 

. 

. 

. 

27,91 1 

l',,',l'i 

33,7'iJ 

llil.iOl  Wt.ll  IlliliM 

. 

7,'*) 

r.  N.  nf  Aiiierio 

. 

• 

1.119 

. 

2i 

llr./il     • 

I7i 

31 

• 

• 

12,1167 

3,7|it 

1  lull        • 

. 

. 

• 

• 

li 

Uii'iiiry,    Jrrwy,    At- 

■  it-riirv,     mill     Man, 

fon-l(ii 
|)t).      ilii.      iirtHluce  uf 

Ti.t.l 

. 

* 

■ 

63 

I,9i.) 

M.nos     ■ 

W,fl6!)       • 

S6,8liH 

•4,971 
III.IIS 

■ 

60,440 

• 

77,M8 
1  |i),l'<7 

UI,I73 

62,313 

l.'iU.: 

lUl.MW 

7,1.21 

i(y,i,'<7ij 

";;'" 

l,il«  M-.,71-> 

.1,219 

I,.ih6  l2ll,ielM| 

Tlin  ralm  nf  iliiiii  nn  III.'  liiili-8  liiiportiMl  itiiring  tlio  uliiiv.!  yviirH  wtru  tliu  Hriiiiu  iik  tliimu  now 
cliarKt'll :  f.ir  which,  hkc  Tahii-'K. 

Aiiiniiiit  .if  Duty  riir^olvRd  on  Foruign  and  Ciilniilnl  lll<l.!i. 


IM6. 

1827. 

1..      ~l. 

26.319  |i|    3 
2,J19    8    0 

2.<,.M9    7    3 

1828. 

iaJ9. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

/.!       1.  d. 

24,242    2    » 

1,1711  13    2 

1  llillfl    ■ 
ill). 

/..     I.  ll. 

21,191  14    6 
17 17  12    4 

I..        I.  ./. 

34,1H1  n    0 

2,^12    1     4 

;..     I.  d. 

37,:i:9  11     6 
2,.1»8    2    8 

1..       ..  rf. 

42.V18  li    6 

1,317  12    6 

/..        1.  ll. 

32,MI    '1    s 

I,li37    2    3 

■rm.i     . 

2«,2in   fl  10 

37,3S3  16    4 

39,71.7  14    1 

43,H76  11     0 

3'l,^.-,l  11  II 

2-.,412  1.6  11 

Hiili'H  an. I  HkiiiM  payiiiir  .Inly  liy  w.'iKlit,  may  In-  .IrllVfr.'il  fri.iii  llin  l.iin.li'il  warclnniK.'H,  nn  Mm 
parlii'M  .'iilerlni;  an  aviTai;.'  \v.'lulil..liii'  .'iir.-  briii;;  lakiii  tliat  llir  InckrrM  iiiliially  rrlally  ami  rrwriuli 
the  Iiiilii8  ami  hkiim  nn  ilrllviTy  ;  ami  In  llii-  rasr  nl'  di'llvi'ry  t'nr  I'xpiirlalinn,  In  .'xpri'MH  in  .art  iniliiN 
III.'  I'xai'l  iiiiiiilirr  .Irliviri'il  Innii  llir  wnri'liniisi'.  In  nr.Irr  in  niiihlr  tin'  .'vpnrl  nlli.i'r  nn  llir  i|ii.iy  to 
cli.'i'k  III.'  .|ir.iiilily  ;  iiiul  llir  iin'rcliatit  j...  In  iiiitnrMr  nn  llii'  .n.kel  iiiiil  liill  llni  Inlal  iiuiiilier  ami  wuiKlit 
Hlilppv.l,  li.'l'nre  lilt!  viissi'l  in  HiiHVr.iil  In  rWnr.—  (Custjiii.i  Order,  Itli  Diir.  IM'2I.) 

[Hce  Imi'ohts  anh  Kxi-oiits. — Am,  Kd.'\ 

H()(i>'^nH.\D,  u  iiioa.'<iiri' of  cniiacity,  ronlainiiip;  fiS.J  Imperial  i;!iiloiiH.  A  iiogshcaJ  is 
CiiunI  to  i  u  i)i])e. — (^Sl•e  Wkihiits  ami  Mk.vsiiuks.) 

II0IjI1).\  V!S,  are  iiiiilcrstoiKl  to  \w  tiioHc  ilays,  rxclusivc  of  SundnyH,  on  which  no  rrijiiiar 
public  bu.siiu'ss  is  traiisacteil  nt  parti.'uiar  public  oll'i.'ts.  Tlicy  arc  cilluT  tix.'.l  .ir  vitrialilc. 
They  arc  not  the  hhiiu!  for  all  pulilic  oiliccs.  Tlio.'<e  kept  at  the  Hank  of  Eiiglaiiil  have 
recently  been  reiluccd  a  full  half. 

'I'lie  rnr'iahk  hiilldai/x  are,  Ash-VVe.lncfday,  (lood  Friday,  Easter  Monday  and  Tuesday, 
Holy  Thursday,  Whit  Monday  and  Tuesday. 

It  l8  nimrlp.l  liy  slat.Oflj-o.  4.i'.  100.  J  13  ,tlmt  nnlioliiUiyH  »lmll  lie  kept  liy  lli.<  riislonii  .'xr.'pt  ClirlHt- 
ninR-.lay  ami  (imiil  l-'riilay.  Hi.'  Kiiiti'H  lilrtliilay,  ami  ku.Ii  .layn  as  may  lit'  iippnlnl.'il  by  prnilamalinn 
fur  till'  piirpi.s.i  nfa  Ki'iicral  I'aNl. 

Th.i  7  »V  H  (Jci..  4  I',  fi.'l.  i  10.  .'iiai'ls  i|i;it  nn  linliilay^  sliall  lie  knpt  at  Ilii?  Kxrisr,  cMppl  ("lirinlniaB- 
day  anil  (Jniiil  Kriilay,  llii'  lilrllnlays  nl'  Ills  Majrsly  ami  tin;  Prince  nl'  Wiiirs,  llif  imnivrrHarii's  nl'  ilio 
Il.'Hlnratinii  nf  Cliarli's  II  ,  ami  nl*  liis  Mujesly's  cnrnnalinn,  anil  hiicIi  i|:iyd  as  ni:iy  he  appnlnle.l  by 
proclaniatii.il  t'nr  tlie  celehratinii  nf  a  uen.'ral  t'.i<t,  nr  sii.li  ilays  as  may  be  iippninleil  as  linliilays  by 
any  warrani  issiieil  fur  that  piirpnse  by  ibo  l.nrds  nrilio  Triasiiry. 

HONKV  (l)u.  Homtr,  Hotimi; ,■  Fr.  MIet ;  (Jer.  //»/?/>.■  It.  Mk  ■  I,,it.  Mil;  Rus. 
Med;  Sp.  3/, >■/),  a  vegetable  juice  collected  by  bee«.  •' Its  llavour  vari.'s  accDrdiiig  to  the 
nature  of  ihe  (lowers  from  which  it  is  collected.  Thus,  the  honeys  of  Minorca,  Narbonnc, 
and  England,  are  known  by  their  flavours;  nn.l  the  honey  iircpared  in  diHirent  jiarts  even 
of  the  same  country  differs.  It  is  separated  from  the  comb  by  dripping,  and  by  ex|ircssion: 
the  first  nielhod  atfords  the  jiuresl  sort ;  the  second  separates  a  less  pure  honey  ;  and  a  still 
inferior  kind  is  obtained  by  heating  the  comb  before  it  is  pressed.  When  obtained  from 
young  hives,  which  have  not  swarmed,  it  is  denominated  viririn  /innry.  It  is  soinctimetj 
adulterated  with  flour,  whicli  is  detected  by  mixing  it  with  tepid  water:  the  honey  dissolves, 
while  the  llonr  remains  nearly  unaltered.'' — {I'/imiisoii'.s  DLi/iciisalari/.) 

By  Stat.  *.3  Eli';!,  c.  8.  §  4.,  all  vessels  of  honey  are  to  be  marked  svith  the  initial  letters 
of  the  name  of  the  owner,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  Gs.  Hd. ;  and  contain,  the  lianel  32  gallons, 
the  kilderkin  Ifi  gallons,  and  the  firkin  8  gallons,  or  forfeit  .5.v.  fur  every  gallon  wanting; 
and  if  any  honey  sold,  be  corrupted  with  any  deceitful  nii.xlurc,  the  seller  shall  forfeit  the 
honey,  Ac. 

HOPS  (Oer.  Ihpfm ;  Du.  Hnppe ;  Fr.  Himhlon  .•  It.  Luppoli,  lint-icandJi ;  Sji.  Obion; 
Rus.  ChnnI  •  Lat.  Hamulus  Lupulus).  The  hop  is  a  perennial  rooted  plant,  of  which 
there  are  several  varieties.  It  has  an  annual  twining  stem,  which  when  supjiortcd  on  poles, 
or  trees,  will  reach  the  height  of  from  12  to  20  feet  or  mure.  It  is  a  native  of  Britain  and 
most  parts  of  Europe.    When  the  hop  was  first  used  for  preserving  and  improving  beer,  or 


Nil 

I 


764 


HOPS. 


it 


cultivated  for  that  purpose,  is  not  known — (see  Ale)  ;  but  its  culture  was  introclurpj  into 
this  country  from  Flanders  in  the  reign  of  llcnry  VIII.  Hops  arc  first  mcntinufid  in  the 
Slalute  Book  in  1553,  in  an  act  5  &  6  Edward  6,  c.  5.;  and  it  would  appear  from  an  act 
passed  in  1603  (1  Jac.  1.  c.  18.),  that  hops  were  at  that  lime  extensively  cultivated  in  Eng- 
land. Walter  Blithe,  in  his  Improver  Improved,  published  in  1649  (3d  cd.  I6ry3,  p.  241).), 
has  a  chapter  upon  improvement  by  plantations  of  hops,  in  which  there  is  this  striking  pas- 
sage. He  observes  that  "  hops  were  then  grown  to  be  a  national  commodity :  but  that  it 
was  not  many  years  since  the  famous  "ity  of  London  petitioned  the  parliament  of  England 
against  two  nuisances;  and  these  wci.  Newcastle  coals,  in  regard  to  their  stepch,  «Scc.,  and 
hops,  in  regard  they  would  apoyl  the  ladte  of  drink,  and  endanger  the  people :  and  had  the 
parliament  besn  no  wiser  than  tiiey,  we  had  been  in  a  measure  pined,  and  in  a  great  measure 
starved  ;  which  is  just  answerable  to  the  principles  of  lliose  men  who  cry  down  all  devices,  or 
ingenious  discoveries,  as  projects,  and  thereby  stifle  and  choak  improvement." 

After  the  lin|)s  liavu  been  picked  and  dried,  tlio  tiriplitest  and  linest  are  put  into  pockets  or  fino 
bugainn,  and  the  l)rown  into  coarse  or  lieavy  haptjinp.  Tlie  fornu'r  are  cliiclly  used  in  llie  brewing  of 
fine  jiles,  and  llie  latter  liy  llie  porter  lirewers.  A  juwket  of  liops,  if  tliey  Ite  food  in  (|Miility,  well  cnred, 
and  tii'lit  Iroildon,  will  weiali  iibont  IJcwt. ;  and  a  hnir  of  hops  will,  ander  the  same  coniiilions,  weigli 
almnt  ajc^'t.  If  the  weight  of  either  eXLHeds  or  falls  nincli  short  of  this  inediimi,  there  i-i  reason  to 
enspiM't  thai  Ihr  hops  are  of  an  inferior  (inality,  or  have  heen  hadly  rnaniifactnred.  The  hriyhler  tin; 
colour  of  hops,  the  )»re;iter  is  the  estimation  in  which  they  are  held.  Farnhani  hops  are  reckoned 
best.  'I'hc  e.vpiMi.se  of  farniiiit;  liop  plantations  is  very  jircuit,  ainountin<;  in  some  instances  to  from  702. 
to  101)/.  an  acre ;  and  the  produce  is  very  uncertain,  the  crop  being  fre(|uently  insutlicient  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  cnliivation. 

The  hop  growers  are  placed  under  the  surveillance  of  the  excise,  a  duly  of  2(/.  per  lb.  being  laid  on 
all  hops  produced  in  this  country.  A  hop  planter  is  obliged  to  give  notice  to  the  e.vcise,  on  or  before 
the  1st  of  .\n';nst  each  year,  of  the  number  of  acres  he  has  in  cultivation  ;  the  situation  and  number 
of  Ills  oasts  or  kilns  for  drying ;  the  place  or  places  of  bagging,  which,  with  the  storerooms  or  ware- 
rooms  in  which  the  packages  are  intended  to  lie  lodged,  are  entered  by  the  ollicer.  Mo  hops  can  be 
removed  from  the  rooms  thus  entered,  lietnre  they  have  been  weii'lied  ami  marked  by  a  revenue 
ollicer;  who  mirks,  or  ought  to  mark,  its  weight,  and  the  name  and  resilience  of  tlii"  grower,  upon 
each  bail,  pocket,  or  package.  C'ounterfeii  iiig  the  olticer's  mark  is  prohibited  under  a  penalty  of  1(10/., 
and  defacing  it  under  a  penalty  of  20/.  A  planter  or  grower  knowingly  putting  hops  of  diU'ereut  quali- 
ties or  value  into  the  same  has  or  package,  forfeits  2(1/.  And  any  person  mixing  with  hops  any  drug, 
or  other  tliini.',  to  cliange  or  alter  the  colour  or  scent,  shall  forfeit  51.  a  cwt.  on  all  the  hops  so  ciianged 
or  altered.  Ttie  malicious  cutting  or  destroyinir  of  hop  plantations  may  lie  punished  by  transportation 
beyond  the  seas  fur  life,  or  i'ny  term  not  less  than  T  years,  or  by  imprisonment  and  hard  laliour  in  a 
common  gacd,  for  any  tern,  not  exceeding  7  years. — {Loudon's  Eiicij.  of  ^■;ricuUure, ;  Stevenson's 
Surrcfi ;  Biini'n  .nislirc,  ^'{•c.) 

Tile  dutv  on  hops  of  the  growth  of  Orvit  Urilain,  produced,  in  1S.T2,  211,771/.;  of  which  sum  the 
Rochesti-r'district  paid  7j.b(il/.  lO.s.  10(/.,tlie  Sll^se\  Ni,10(l/.  Vh.  S/.,  and  the  Canterbury  -IfJ.IWt/.  18.,-,  2</. 
Tlie  number  of  acres  occupied  by  liop  plantations  in  that  year  were  47,101  ;  of  which  there  were  in 
the  Rochester  ilistrict  12,330,  in  Susse.x  8,51 1,  in  Hereford  ll",i):ii),  and  in  (Canterbury  7,602.  During  llio 
same  yc  \r  there  were  703,1,03  lbs.  of  liritisli  lin|is  e\piirliMl.  Of  foreJL'n  hops  11,107  lbs.  wore  imported, 
and  S(i,ll;{lbs.  exported.— (Tur/.  raper.  No.s.  '.10.  l'.)li.  ami  217.  Scss.  1^33.) 

Hops  e\porle<l  from  Great  Britain  are,  on  being  ai,'aiu  impo.l;.J,  to  be  treated  as  foreign,  whetlicr 
originally  so  or  not. 

[It  was  for  a  long  time  doubted  whether  the  hop  was  a  native  of  America  ;  but  the  fact 
has  been  settled  by  the  researches  of  our  botanists,  by  whom  it  has  been  found  growing 
spontaneou.sly  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  Missouri,  Mississippi,  and  other  American  rivens. 

Hops  were  early  cultivated  in  the  United  Stales  for  the  breweries,  and  as  an  article  of 
commerce  ;  and  their  cultivation  is  now  extensively  carried  on  in  New  York,  Massachu- 
setts, New  Hamp.shire,  and  Maine,  to  the  North,  and  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  to  the  West, 
In  Pennsylvania  they  have  almost  ceased  to  be  cultivated. 

The  TiOgislature  of  Massaeluisctts  was  the  first  of  the  State  governments  to  pass  a  law 
for  the  inspection  of  hops  ;  and  its  example  has  been  followed  by  nearly  all  the  hop  grow- 
ing States  on  the  sea-board.  By  the  inspection  laws,  no  hops  can  be  shipped  from  the  State 
they  are  raised  in,  even  to  an  adjoining  State,  without  having  been  inspected. 

Hops  are  cultivated  in  yards  or  plantations,  and  arc  raised  from  cuttings  of  the  female 
plant,  in  hills  containing  from  5  to  6  plants  ;  and  they  are  supported  by  poles  15  to  30  feet 
in  height.  They  ripen  and  are  gathered  about  the  (irst  week  in  September,  when  they  are 
dried  in  kilns.  When  so  dried,  tliey  are  obliged  by  the  inspection  law  to  remain  10  days 
previous  to  bagging ;  after  which  they  are  sent  to  the  inspector's  office  for  inspection,  who 
assorts  them  into  three  qualities, — 1st  atul  2d  sort,  and  refuse.  The  average  price  of  hops 
is  16  cents  |)er  pound.  A  ditrerence  of  3  cents  per  pound  is  usually  made  between  the  1st 
and  2d  sorts.  Each  bale  of  hops  is  marked  by  the  inspeclois  with  the  year  of  its  growth, 
its  quality,  and  the  inspector's  natne.     The  average  weight  of  a  bale  of  hops  is  200  pounds, 

Such  hops  as  grow  on  rich  lands,  along  the  river  bottoms,  are  generally  of  a  darli  colour 
and  strong  flavour.  Lands  of  this  description  often  produce  2,000  pounds  to  the  acre.  On 
the  uplands,  they  are  of  a  paler  colour,  and  liner  flavour ;  although  the  produce  per  aero 
seldom  exceeds  700  pounds.  In  this  climate,  hops  rapidly  lose  their  fine  flavour,  and  are 
generally  u.sed  the  season  they  are  raised.  If  kept  over  the  summer,  their  quality  depre- 
ciates to  such  an  extent,  that  they  rarely  command  one  half  the  price  they  did  at  first. 

Hops  have  been  exported  from  the  United  States,  principally  to  France  and  Germany. 
The  high  duties  imposed  on  the  importation  of  them  itito  tJreat  Britain  i)rcvents  any  from 
being  sent  to  that  country,  unless  after  a  failure  of  the  crops  there  has  occurred. — Am.  Ed.] 


HORN,  HORSE. 


765 


ure  was  introtlurpj  into 
3  first  mentii)iied  in  the 
ulil  appear  troin  an  act 
isively  cultivated  in  Eng- 

9  (3d  oil.  16.73,  p.  240.), 
there  is  this  striking  pas- 
commodity  :  but  that  it 

le  parliament  of  England 
to  their  stepch,  &c.,  and 
the  people :  and  had  the 

ed,  and  in  a  ^reat  measure 

10  cry  down  all  devices,  or 

iroveniont." 

ire  put  into  pnckets  or  flno 
iii;(ly  ii3f!(l  ill  till!  brewing  of 
!  L'ood  ill  (iiiiilily,  well  enroll, 
r  llie  siiiiiii'  I'diiiliiiiiiis,  wfiigli 
iiieiliiirii,  tlii^ri;  i?  reason  to 
fadiircil.  Tlio  lirialiter  tin; 
Fariiliaiii  liciiw  are  reckoned 
n  some  inslaiices  to  rrniiiTOi. 
ntly  inpiitlicient  to  defray  the 

y  of  2(/.  per  lb.  being  laid  on 
ce  to  the  excise,  on  or  before 
n  ;  the  situation  ami  iminher 
■illi  the  storerooms  or  ware- 
llie  ollicer.  ^o  Imps  ran  be 
(I  anil  marked  by  a  revenue 
•sidcnce  of  llie  grower,  upon 
lilted  under  a  piMialty  of  lOOZ., 
lilting  hops  of  diflerent  qiiali- 
1  niixinc  witli  lio|)»  any  drug, 
vt.  on  all  tlie  hoiis  so  clianged 
lie  punished  by  iransportation 
oniiient  and  I'lard  labour  in  a 
of  Agricidlure. ;    Stevenson's 

211,771/.;  of  which  sum  the 
be  Caiilerbiiry  IS.lW.W.  Itis.  Id. 
,101  ;  of  wbicli  there  were  in 
:;anlerbiiry  7,602.  During  llio 
opa  ll.UiT  lbs.  w^'re  imported, 

;  treated  as  foreign,  whether 

of  America  ;  hut  the  fact 
t  has  been  found  growing 
nd  other  American  rivers, 
erics,  and  as  an  article  of 

ill  New  York,  Massachu- 
ind   Indiana,  to  the  West. 

governments  to  pass  a  law 
y  nearly  all  the  hop  grow- 

be  shi|)ped  from  the  State 
n  inspected. 

•om  cuttings  of  the  female 
rtod  by  poles  1.5  to  20  feet 

September,  when  they  are 
ion  law  to  remain  10  days 
5  office  for  inspection,  who 
Tiie  average  price  of  hops 
Lially  made  between  the  1st 
ith  the  year  of  its  growth, 
jale  of  iiops  is  200  pounds. 

generally  of  a  dark  colour 
00  pounds  to  the  acre.  On 
Misrh  the  produce  per  acre 
their  line  flavour,  and  are 
iiiimer,  their  quality  depre- 

price  they  did  at  first, 

to  France  and  Germany. 
.  Britain  prevents  any  from 
re  has  occurred. — Am.  Ed.] 


HORN  (Du.  Hoom  ,•  Fr.  Came ,-  Ger.  Horn  ;  Lat.  Cornu),  a  substance  too  well  known 
to  require  any  description.  Horns  are  of  very  considerable  importance  in  the  arts,  being 
applied  to  a  great  variety  of  useful  purposes.  They  are  very  extensively  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  handles  for  knives,  and  in  that  of  spoons,  combs,  lanterns,  snuH-horns,  &c.  When 
divided  into  thin  plates,  horns  are  tolerably  transparent,  and  were  formerly  used  instead  of 
glass  in  windows.  Glue  is  sometimes  made  out  of  the  refuse  of  horn.  We  annually 
import  considerable  quantities.  At  an  average  of  1831  and  1832,  the  entries  of  foreign 
horn  for  home  consumption  amoimted  to  15,766  cwt. 

HORSE  (Ger.  Pferd.-  Du.  Paard ;  Da.  He.it.-  Sw.  Htht ,-  Fr.  Cheval .-  It.  Cavallo ,- 
Sp.  Cubullo  ;  Rus.  Losrhad ;  Pol.  Kon;  Lat.  Eqiius  ,•  Gr.  'la-.Toc),  a  domestic  quadruped 
of  the  highest  utility,  being  by  far  the  most  valuable  acquisition  made  by  man  among  the 
lower  animals. 

There  is  a  great  variety  of  horses  in  Britain.  The  frequent  introduction  of  foreign  breeds, 
and  their  judicious  mixture,  having  greatly  improved  the  native  stocks.  Our  race  horsc;,  arc 
the  fleetest  in  the  world ;  our  carriage  and  cavalry  horses  are  amongst  the  handsomest  and 
most  active  of  those  employed  for  these  purposes;  and  our  heavy  draught  horses  are  the 
ni0!>t  powerful,  beautiful,  and  docile  of  any  of  the  large  breeds. 

ISumber  and  Vvhit  of  Homes  in  Great  Britain. — The  number  of  horses  used  in  Great 
Britain  for  different  purposes  is  very  great,  although  less  so,  perhaps,  than  has  been  generally 
supposed.  Mr.  Middleton  (Survey  uf  Middlesex,  2d  ed.  p.  639.)  estimated  the  total  number 
of  horses  in  England  and  Wales,  employed  in  husliandry,  at  1,200,000,  and  those  employed 
for  otlK'r  purposes  at  600,000.  Dr.  (-olquhoun,  contrary  to  hi.s  usual  practice,  reduces  this 
estimate  to  1,500,000  for  Great  Britain:  and  in  this  instance  we  arc  inclined  to  think  his 
guess  is  pretty  near  the  mark.  The  subjoined  oflicial  statements  give  the  numbers  of  the 
various  descriptions  of  horses  in  England  and  Wales,  which  [laid  duty  in  1814,  when  those 
used  in  husbandry  were  taxed;  and  the  numbers,  when  summed  up,  amount  to  1,204,307. 
But  this  account  does  not  include  stage  coach,  mail  coach,  and  hackney  coach  horses,  nor 
does  it  include  those  used  in  posting.  Poor  persons  keejiing  only  one  horse  were  also 
exempted  from  the  duty ;  as  were  all  horses  employed  in  the  regular  regiments  of  cavalry 
and  artillery,  and  in  the  volunteer  cavalry.  In  Mr.  Middleton's  estimate,  already  referred  to, 
he  calculated  the  number  of  post  chaise,  mail,  stage,  and  hackney  coach  horses,  at  100,000; 
and  from  the  inquiries  we  have  made,  wc  are  satisfied  that  if  we  estimate  the  number  of 
such  horses  in  Great  Britain,  at  this  moment,  at  125,000,  we  shall  be  decidedly  beyond  the 
mark. 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  it  may  be  fairly  estimated  that  there  arc  in  Great  Britain  fron\ 
1,400,000  to  1,500,000  horses  employed  for  various  purposes  of  pleasure  and  utility.  They 
may,  probjibly,  be  worth  at  an  average  from  12/.  to  15/.,  making  their  total  value  from 
18,000,000/.  to  22,500,000/.  sterling,  exclusive  of  the  young  horses. 

Injliievce  of  Rail  mads  on  Ifurse.t. — The  statenisnts  now  made,  show  the  dependence  that  ought  to  be 
placed  on  the  estimates  occasionally  put  forth  by  siuiie  of  (lie  promoters  of  railroads  and  steam  car- 
riages. These  gentlemen  are  pleased  to  tell  us,  that,  by  superseding  the  eniployiiient  of  horses  in 
public  conveyances,  and  in  the  regular  carriage  of  goods,  the  adoption  of  their  project  will  enable 
1,000,000  horses  to  be  dispensed  with  ;  and  that,  as  each  horse  consumes  as  much  food  as  8  men,  it 
will  at  once  provide  subsistence  for  8,000.000  hiiinan  beiiisisl  To  dwell  upon  the  absurdity  of  such  a 
statement  would  be  worse  than  useless  ;  nor  should  we  have  thiuight  of  noticing  it,  but  that  it  has 
found  its  way  into  a  report  of  a  committee  of  the  House  of  (Commons.  It  is  sullicient  to  observe,  that 
thoii:;h  all  the  stage  and  mail  coaches,  and  all  the  public  wagons,  vans,  &c.  employed  in  the  empire, 
were  siipcrsediid  by  steam  carriages,  100,000  horses  would  not  certainly  be  rendered  superfluous.  The 
notion  that  I  horse  consumes  as  much  as  8  iiieii,  at  least  if  we  suppose  the  men  to  be  reasonably  well 
fed,  is  too  ridiculous  to  deserve  notice. 

The  facility  vvilli  which  horses  may  be  stolen  has  led  to  the  enactment  of  several  regulations  with 
respect  to  their  sale,  &c.  The  property  of  a  horse  cannot  be  conveyed  away  wilhout  the  express  con- 
sent of  the  owner,  deuce,  a  honit  fide  piirchasiT  gains  no  properly  in  a  horse  that  has  been  stolen, 
unless  it  be  bought  in  a/«ir,  or  an  open  market.  Tt  is  directed  that  the  keeper  of  every  fair  or  market 
shall  appoint  a  certain  open  place  for  the  sale  of  horses,  and  one  or  more  persons  to  take  toll  there, 
and  keep  the  place  from  lo  in  tlie  forenoon  till  sunset.  The  owner's  property  in  the  horse  st(den  is 
not  altered  by  a  sale  in  a  legal  fair  unless  it  be  openly  ridden,  led,  walked,  or  kepi  standing  for  one 
hoiiratleunt,  and  lins been  rri'islcrnl,  Wir  \\]\ich  the  buyer  is  to  pay  }d.  Sellers  of  horses  in  fairs  or 
markets  must  be  known  to  the  toll-lak(!rs,  or  to  some  other  creditable  person  known  to  them,  who 
declares  his  knowleilg(!  of  llieni,  and  enters  the  same  in  a  book  kept  by  the  toll-taker  for  the  purpose. 
Without  these  formalities,  the  sale  is  void.  The  owner  of  a  horse  stolen  may,  notwitlistandiiig  its 
legal  sale,  redeem  it  on  payment  or  ti'iider  of  tlie  price  any  time  within  6  iiionths  of  the  time  of  the 
theft.— (BiirH'."  .fusliee  of  ilie  Peace.  Chitli/s  ed.  vol.  iii.  p.  204.) 

In  order  lo  obviate  the  facility  atlonled'by  means  of  slaiichn'ring  houses  for  the  disposal  of  stolen 
horses,  it  was  enacted  in  17hO  (26(ieo.  :t.  c.^l.),  that  all  persons  keeping  places  for  slaughtering  horses, 
geldings,  sheep,  boss,  or  other  cattle  not  killed  for  butcher's  meat,  shall  obtain  a  licence  from  the 
quarter  sessions,  lirst  producing  t'rom  llie  luiiiifter  and  chnrchwardeiis,  or  from  the  minister  and  'i 
sulistantial  householders,  a  certilicale  of  their  litncss  to  be  entrusled  wilh  the  management  and  car- 
rying on  of  such  business.  Persons  slaughtering  h(.rses  or  cattle  withoiil  licence  are  guilty  of  felony, 
und  may  be  whipped  and  imprisoned,  or  transpirted.  Persons  licensed,  are  bound  lo  allix  over  the 
door  or  gate  of  the  place  where  their  business  is  carried  on,  in  leL'ible  cliaraclera,  the  words  " /.i- 
censed  ''nr  shivfrhterini;  Horses,  parsiianl  lo  an  Jlcl  passed  in  the  '2t\tli  Year  of  his  Mijesty  Kinir  ('Co.  III." 
The  parishioners  entitled  to  meet  in  vestry  are  authorised  to  choose  annually,  or  oflener,  inspectors, 
whose  duly  it  is  to  take  an  occourt  and  descriplion,  (tc  of  every  living  horse,  &c.  that  may  be  brought 
to  such  slauglitering  houses  to  he  killed,  and  of  every  dead  horse  that  may  be  brought  to  be  flayed. 
Persons  bringing  cattle  are  to  be  asked  an  account  uf  themselves,  unit  if  itlni  not  deemed  satisfactory, 


766 


HORSE  DEALERS. 


I 


they  may  be  carried  before  a  justice.  This  act  does  not  extend  to  curriers,  fellmonirers,  tanner*,  of 
persona  killing  iikoiI  or  ilistuiiipereil  cnttUt,  Tor  the  purpose  nl'  using  or  curing  llit-ir  liides  in  tlieir 
respective  liujinvsKus;  Inil  tliese,  or  any  other  perscuis,  wlin  slmll  knowingly  or  wilfully  kill  any 
sound  or  useful  horL.v  Al".,  shall  for  every  such  otl'iMice  forfeit  not  more  thnu20{.,aiid  not  less  than  ]i)l. 
The  stenling  of  horses  or  other  cattle  Is  a  capital  crime,  punishable  by  death.  1'lie  maliciously 
wounding,  maiming,  killing,  dec.  of  horses  and  other  cattle,  is  to  be  punislied,  at  tlie  discretion  of  the 
court,  by  trani<piiriution  beyond  seas  for  life,  for  any  term  not  less  than  7  years,  or  by  imprisonment 
for  any  term  not  exceeding  4  years;  and  if  a  male,  he  may  he  once,  twice,  or  thrice  publicly  or  pri- 
vately whipped,. should  the  court  so  direct.— (7  Ic  H  Oeo.  4.  c.  S».  }  25. ;  7  &  8  Geo.  4.  c.  30.  i  Iti.) 

The  duties  begin  to  be  charged  as  soon  as  horses  are  used  for  drawing  or  riding,  and  not 
previously. 

An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Horses  charged  with  Duty  in  the  Years  ending  tlie  5th  of  April,  1815, 
1825,  and  18,33,  the  Rates  of  Duty,  and  the  Produce  of  tlie  Duties. 


1814. 

1825. 

1832, 

Rates  of 

Rates  of 

Rates  of 

No.  of 

Duty  fur 

Amount  of 

No.  of 

Duly  for 

Amount  of 

No.  of 

Duty  for 

Amount  of 

Hones   uMd   for  riding  or 

Horses. 

each 

Duly. 

Horses. 

each 

Duly. 

Horses. 

each 

Duty. 

drawing    carriages,    and 

Horse. 

Horse. 

Horse. 

chargud     al    progressive 
rales: 

im. 

L.      >. 

d. 

i.  «.  d. 

L.      1.   d. 

r  Satne  ) 

t.      J.   d. 

FerwDS  keeping  1 

161,123 

2  17    6 

463,228  12 

6 

116,529 

1    8    9 

167,510    8    9 

123,663 

(  1823.5 
do. 

177,772  15    0 

—             2 

3I,«« 

4  14    6 

1W,453    9 

0 

27,418 

2    7    3 

64,775    0    6 

31,073 

73,403  19    3 

—             3 

12,774 

5    4    6 

ti<J.-41    3 

0 

10,2-1 

2  12    3!   2t),-59    2    3 

10,740 

do. 

2.S0i3    5    0 

—             4 

7,612 

5  10    0 

4I.St;6    0 

0 

ft,74S 

2  IS    0 

\h,wn  0  0 

.5,84  •> 

tlo. 

16,073  13    0 

—              6 

3,670 

5  116 

20,4(j»    f, 

0 

3,1 90 

2  15    9 

8,S92     i    6 

3,210 

do. 

8,947  17    6 

—              6 

3,060 

5  16    0 

I7,74S    0 

0 

2.172 

2  18    0 

6,29?  16    0 

2,138 

do. 

6,200    4    0 

—              748      - 

3,372 

5  19    6 

20,147  14 

0 

2,2:9 

2  19    9 

6,^08  10    3 

2,204 

do. 

6,!1«4    9    0 

—              9 

7^0 

6    I    6 

4,374    0 

0 

U"', 

3    0    9'      1,776  M    9 

532 

do. 

1.W3  19    0 

—             !Uto12    . 

2,079 

6    7    0 

13.201  13 

0 

I,4t8 

3    3    6l     4,719     1     0 

1,354 

do. 

4,298  19    0 

-             13  -  16    - 

74(i 

6    7    6 

4,:.i'.  l'> 

0 

u20 

3    3    9]     1,6J7  10    0 

719 

do. 

2,201  16    3 

—             17 

<jl 

6    8    0 

3J6    8 

0 

34 

3    4    0:         ins  16    0 

51 

do. 

163    4    0 

—             IS 

144 

6    9    0 

%li  IB 

0 

.'■>4 

3    4    6 

174     3    0 

126 

do. 

406    7    0 

—             19 

38 

6  10    0 

247    0 

0 

133 

3    5    0 

432    5    0 

76 

do. 

247    0    0 

—          20  &  upwards 
Total       - 
Horses  let  to  Iiire  • 

l,34J 
228,579 

6  12    0 

S,»!)6  16 

0 

1,018 

3    6    0 

3,339    8    0 
309,178    2    0 

1,142 

do. 

3,768  12    0 

813,378  II 

1 

171,447 

-         • 

IS2,878 

-        • 

329,839    2    0 

1,4.54 

2  17    6 

4,1N)    5 

"o 

1,702 

1     8    9 

2,416  12    6 

"~2,0-3 

do. 

2,979  18    9 

Rice  horse's 

660 

2  17    6 

1,610    0 

0 

711 

1    8    9 

1,022    1    3 

997 

do. 

1,433    3    9 

Other  tinrscs  and  mules : 

Not   wholly   used    in    hus- 

bandry    . 

177,025 

1    1    0 

185,876    S 

0 

Hordes  used  bonafi'le  in  hus- 

b.iudry,  13  hands  high  and 

atrave 

722,863 

0  17    6 

632,305    2 

6 

Do.  for  husbandry  or  other 

purimsKS  of  labour,  under 

13  hanils 

35,816 

0    3    0 

5,372    8 

0 

Horses   belonging   to   small 

farmers,  under  201.    rent. 

keeping  not   wore  tlwn  2 

horses 

38,0!0 

0    3    0 

6,701  10 

0 

Horses   used   for   riding  or 

drawing  cirna^es,  and  not 

excee,Iiii^  13  h'luds 

. 

19,121 

1    1    0 

20,077    1    0 

24,639 

do. 

23,870  19    0 

Horses  rode  by  farming  l)ai- 

litti.          .     '      .            - 

■ 

1,251 

1    5    0 

1,563  IS    0 

1,438 

do. 

1,797  10    0 

Do.    by   butchers,    where  1 

onlv  is  kept 

, 

. 

2,0fe9 

1    8    9 

4,296  13    9 

3,361 

do. 

4,635  13    0 

Do.  n  her*  2  are  kept  solely 

for  trade  • 

. 

1,085 

0  10    6 

569  12    6 

1,213 

do. 

636  16    6 

Horses  not  char9;eable  to  any 

for  the 

of  the  foregoing  duties,  and 

2d  horse' 

not  exempted 

. 

112,989 

0  10    6     5931D    4    6    123,723 

do. 

64,9-.7    4    0 

Mules 

Totals       . 

• 

410 

0  10    6         215    5    0 

348 

do. 

182  14    0 



1,201,307 

310,805 

.340,678 

JiJremp'ion.?.— Besides  the  above  account  of  the  horses  charged  with  duty,  we  have  been  favoured, 
by  the  Stamp  Office,  with  an  account  of  the  numbers  exempted  from  duly  iii  1832.  This  account  is  not, 
however,  to  he  relied  on  ;  Inasmuch  as  very  many  of  those  wliose  horses  are  not  liable  to  the  duties 
never  think  of  making  any  returns.  By  not  attending  to  this  ciicuiiistance,  we  inadvertently,  in  tin; 
former  edition  of  this  work,  under-rated  the  number  of  horses  engaged  in  certain  ileparlinents  of 
industry. 

The  rates  of  duty  payable  at  present  (1834>  on  horses  are  the  same  as  those  spccilied  in  the  above 
Table  for  1^25  and  IS.ta.  A  horse  bona  fide  kept  and  usually  em|ilo_veil  lor  the  purpose  of  husbandry, 
on  a  farm  of  less  value  than  200/.  a  year,  though  oi  rtisioiiall  v  used  as  a  riding  Imrsi',  h  exeiiiptcil  from 
the  duly.  And  husbandry  horses.  what<!Ver  may  b;;  the  value  of  \\w  t'arins  on  which  they  ari>  kept, 
may  he  rode,  free  of  duty,  to  and  from  any  place  to  which  a  biiiili'ii  shall  li.ive  been  t  arrieil  or  liroiiuht. 
back ;  to  procure  medical  assistance,  and  to  or  from  markets,  places  of  public  worship,  elections  of 
members  of  parliament,  courts  of  justice,  or  mei'tiiigs  of  commissioners  of  taxes. 

Brood  mares,  while  kept  fcrthe  sole  purpose  of  breeding,  are  exi'm|itcil  from  all  duty. 

Horses  may  be  let  or  lent  for  agricultural  purposes  without  any  increase  of  duty. 

Mules  employed  in  carrying  ore  and  coal  are  exempied  from  any  duty. — (See  tlie  Statutes  in  Chil- 
ty's  edition  of  Burn's  Justice,  vol.  v.  tit.  Jissest^ed  7'irc.s-.> 

Frenrli  Tftide  inllursen. — The  horses  of  France  are  not,  spijakiiig  senerally,  nearly  so  handsome, 
fleet,  or  powerful,  as  those  of  England.  Latterly,  liowev('r,  the  Kn.'iich  have  bt!(!n  making  t'reat 
efforts  to  improve  lite  bri'ed  of  horses,  and  have,  in  this  virw,  bei'ii  making  lar'.'e  import. itions  I'riim 
England  aiiJ  other  countries.  At  an  average  of  tlie  .'i  y(Mrs  eiiditig  with  l^iT,  the  excess  td'  horses 
Imiiorted  into  France,  above  those  exported,  amounted  to  about  13,()(HI  a  year.— (an//»N;i  <lai  Sciences 
Oiiigraiiliiqiien,  torn.  xlx.  p.  5.)  The  imports  from  England  have,  in  some  lute  years,  amounted  to 
nearly  2,0UO  horses. 

HORSE  DEALERS,  persons  whoso  business  it  is  to  buy  ami  .sell  horses. 

Every  person  carrying  on  the  business  of  a  horse  dealer  is  rei|ulred  to  keep  a  book,  in  which  he 
«hall  onter  an  account  of  th'e  number  of  the  horses  kept  by  him  fur  sale  and  for  u"".  specifying  thi» 


rlers.  fell  mongers,  tannera,  or 
r  curing;  their  liidcs  in  their 
owingly  or  wilfully  kill  any 
11,111 30^,  and  nnt  less  than  102. 
!  by  rieuth.  1'he  iniilicinuKly 
Idlied,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
I  7  years,  or  by  iniprisioninent 
'ice,  or  thrice  puhllcly  or  |)ri- 
&.  8  Geo.  4.  c.  30.  i  Iti.) 

drawing  or  riding,  and  not 


•nding  the  5th  of  April,  1815, 
the  IJiuties. 


1832. 

Df 

No.  of 
Horset. 

Rllejof 

Uuty  fur 

each 

Horse. 

Amount  of 
Duty. 

d. 
9 

6 

3 

0 

6 

>    0 

)    3 

9 

0 

)    0 

B    0 

3    0 

5    0 

i    0 

I23,G6S 

31,073 

10,740 

,5,84  ■. 

3,210 

'2,138 

2,204 

632 

1,334 

719 

51 

126 

76 

1,142 

1  Same  ) 

.      M     } 

1823.) 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

t.      ..   d. 

177,772  15    0 

73,409  19    3 

2!',C58    5    0 

16,073  13    0 

8,947  17     6 

6,200    4    0 

6,384    9    0 

l.WJ  19    0 

4,299  19    0 

2,jni  16    3 

163    4    0 

406    7    0 

247    0    0 

3,763  12    0 

329,839    2    0 

i    0 

182,878 

•        - 

i    6 
I    3 

1  0 
5    0 

3  9 

2  6 

4  6 

5  0 

2,073 
997 

24,639 
1,438 
3,364 
1,213 

123,728 
34S 

1  340,678 

do. 
do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 
do. 

2,979  18    9 
1,433    3    9 

25,870  19    0 

1,797  10    0 

4,633  15    0 

636  16    6 

64,9-.7    4    0 
182  U    0 

ditty,  we  have  been  favoured, 
y  ill  1832.  This  account  is  nnt, 
ies  are  not  liable  to  the  duties 
aiice,  we  inadvertently,  in  tlio 
,'ed  in  certain  departments  of 

s  those  specified  in  the  above 

I  lor  the  |mr|Mise  of  husbandry, 
ridini;  liorsi',  is  exiMiipted  from 
farms  on  which  they  ar.^  U'-fit, 

II  liavK  liHiMi  I  arried  or  lirouL'In. 
of  public  worship,  elections  of 
a  of  taxes. 

ed  t'roiii  all  duty. 

lase  of  duty. 

^— (See  the  Statutes  in  Chit- 

ener.illy,  nearly  so  Imndsoiiie, 
eiich  have  ht^en  maUiriK  ureal 
akinjr  larL'e  importations  from 
villi  IT-JT,  the  excoiis  of  horses 
I  a  year. — (Hnlhlin  dcs  Sciences 
some  lute  years,  amounted  to 


k1  sell  horses. 

cd  to  keep  a  book,  in  which  he 
alo  anil  for  u°  "■  specifying  thtt 


*  *  _ 


>i» 


HUNDRED  WEIGHT. 


•yw 


or  assessors  of  the  parish  in  which  the  par  y  resits     Pet^ai.vfLn^  *'"''''  1!'.«««"y  "'  Hie  assessor 
eis'e^LrS?.  tS^!"'  '""  ''''--'' ''  '"^/-rrf  o^„  t?.e?r"i'u^si^LSTn  S "rr^o^pol"';-^^^  «-  f^ 

^TBv?'^'^^^"^^^'^^^  distinguishing  between 

onheDu^^e8^-(P^p^  on  each  Class,  and  the  Produce 

ur:«i.:_  ii «-.».      -  .       .  ~  " ■ . 


:"^!'''Ml'!."„i"^,'""'°'.f*!^''"  ""•  We,lmin.ler, 


Number 
anened. 


74 


Rite  of 
Charge. 

L.    I.   d. 

25    0    0 


Amount  of 
Duty. 


L-     >.   d. 

1,850    0    0 


In  any  other  Part  of  Great  Britain. 


Total  Number  of  Hone 
Dealers, 


Number 
assessed. 


Bate  of 
Charge. 


£.   I.   d. 

12  10    0 


Amount  of 
Duty. 


Number 
aaseascd. 


Amount  of 
Duly. 


■ ^  'Z  10    0  12,037  10    0  1,037  |/m 

HUNDRED  WEIGHT,  a  weieht  of  n  2  ik»        ~,      '■ ' 

«i,  a  weight  of  112  lbs.  avoirdupois,  generally  written  cwt. 


13  887   10    0 


END  OF  VOL.  I. 


# 


